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[ "RMS Titanic (also SS Titanic) was the second of a trio of superliners intended to dominate the transatlantic travel business.[1] Owned by the White Star Line and built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland, the Titanic was the largest passenger steamship in the world at the time of its launching. During Titanic's maiden voyage, it struck an iceberg at 11:40 PM (ship's time) on Sunday evening April 14, 1912, and sank two hours and forty minutes later at 2:20 AM Monday morning.", "The Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner, built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, and designed to compete with the rival Cunard Line’s Lusitania and Mauretania. The Titanic, along with her Olympic-class sisters, the Olympic and the soon to be built Britannic, were intended to be the largest, most luxurious ships ever to operate. The designers were William Pirrie,[5] a director of both Harland and Wolff and White Star, naval architect Thomas Andrews, Harland and Wolff’s construction manager and head of their design department,[6] and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard’s chief draughtsman and general manager.[7] Carlisle’s role in this project was the design of the superstructure of these ships, particularly the superstructures’ streamlined joining to the hulls[citation needed] as well as the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design. Carlisle would leave the project in 1910, before the ships were launched, when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd, the firm making the davits.[8]", "Built by the Harland Wolff  company in Belfast, Ireland, the Titanic, Olympic, and Britannic were designed to be the most luxurious cruise lines of their time. Tickets for these vessels cost an absolute mint, but guests were treated with the finest luxury items ever to sail the seas. These ships were run by White Star Cruise Lines of Southampton, England.", "Titanic was a White Star Line ocean liner built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast and was designed to compete with rival company Cunard Line's Lusitania and Mauretania, known for being the fastest liners on the Atlantic. Titanic, along with her Olympic class sisters, Olympic and the soon-to-be-built Britannic (originally to be named Gigantic), were intended to be the largest, most luxurious ships ever to operate. Titanic was designed by Harland and Wolff chairman Lord Pirrie, head of Harland and Wolff's design department Thomas Andrews and general manager Alexander Carlisle, with the plans regularly sent to White Star Line's managing director J. Bruce Ismay for suggestions and approval. Construction of Titanic,' funded by the American J.P. Morgan and his International Mercantile Marine Co., began on March 31, 1909. Titanic No. 401, was launched two years and two months later on May 31, 1911. Titanic's outfitting was completed on March 31 the following year.", "Titanic was originally conceived by the White Star Company as one of a triumvirate of ships intended to vie with Cunard for the trans-Atlantic passenger service business. White Star couldn't hope to offer ships as fast as Cunard's liners, so they planned to compete by building liners that were both bigger (and hence able to carry more paying passengers and cargo) and more luxurious than Cunard's. Moreover, since an Atlantic crossing typically took five days in the new class of steamships operated by Cunard and White Star in the first decade of the", "had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury.[6] The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and now outclassed ships from 1890, the SS Teutonic and SS Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star's New York service after Titanic's loss.The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, who had a long-established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867.[7] Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.[7] In the case of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the first two ships was agreed plus \"extras to contract\" and the usual five percent fee.", "The luxury liner Titanic left Southampton, England, on April 10, 1912, for its first trip across the Atlantic Ocean. The ship, which was part of the White Star Line, was the largest and most luxurious ship of its time . It was considered unsinkable, as it was able to withstand flooding to four of its 16 purportedly watertight compartments.", "The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, more commonly known as The White Star Line was a prominent ship operating company, most famous for its emigrant ship, the RMS Titanic. It was founded in Liverpool as the Aberdeen White Star Line by John Pilkington and Henry Threlfall Wilson, and focused on the Australian trade, which had recently increased following the discovery of gold there. It merged with other small lines, the Black Ball and Eagle Lines to form a conglomerate called the Liverpool, Melbourne and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Limited. It failed in October 1867. Thomas Ismay, a director of the National Line, purchased the bankrupt company in January 1868, with the intention of operating large ships on the North Atlantic service. He had formed a partnership with Sir Edward Harland of the shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, to provide the ships and the shipbuilders received their first orders on 30 July 1869. As the first ship was being commissioned, Ismay formed the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company which absorbed the original Aberdeen White Star Line. In 1902, the White Star line was absorbed into the International Mercantile Marine (IMM), a large American shipping conglomerate. By 1903, IMM had managed to absorb the Dominion, Atlantic Transport, Leyland, and Red Star lines. They also came to trade agreements with the German lines Hamburg-Amerika and Norddeutscher-Lloyd. Bruce Ismay ceded control to IMM in the face of intense pressure from shareholders and J.P. Morgan.", "In 1911, RMS Titanic was the second of three Olympic class ocean liners owned and operated by the White Star Line of steamships. It was the largest ocean cruiser afloat at the time it entered service.", "The largest passenger steamship in the world, the Olympic-class RMS Titanic was owned by the White Star Line and constructed at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Ireland. She set sail for New York City on 10 April 1912 with 2,223 people on board. The high casualty rate resulting from the sinking was due in part to the fact that, although complying with the regulations of the time, the ship carried lifeboats for only 1,178 people. A disproportionate number of men died due to the \"women and children first\" protocol that was enforced by the ship's crew.", "White Star Line was the company that built the Titanic, and was owned by J.P. Morgan, an American tycoon.", "The vessel began her maiden voyage from Southampton , England, bound for New York City , New York on 10 April 1912, with Captain Edward J. Smith in command. On this virgin voyage of Titanic some of the most prominent people of the day were traveling in first-class. Among them were Sir Baldy Butt, millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his Madeleine Aspidistra, industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim, Macy's owner Isidor Straus and the ship's builders Gene Siskle and Roger Ebert , who were on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new vessel. They gave the ship two thumbs down as they beat freezing second class passengers off the sides of lifeboat #4.", "Titanic was demo at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast by a team of Protestant workers. Catholics were excluded in case they sabotaged the ship by using tin foil instead of steel in the construction of the hull. It was designed to compete with Cunard Line's ship RMS Lusitania, and considering it also rests on the top of the ocean floor it is considered a tie. The Titanic and her brother ships the Olympic and Britannic were designed to be the smallest and lest herdable ships never to operate. Consequently also the largest and most luxurious man-made fish hotels at the top of the ocean. Plagued by failure the designers were unable to put all three on the bottom [5] Being robbed of the trifecta. White Star sold Olympic for luxury baked bean tins in 1935.", "The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and now outclassed ships from 1890, the SS Teutonic and SS Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star's New York service after Titanic's loss.", "As befitting the first transatlantic crossing of the world’s most celebrated ship, many of these souls were high-ranking officials, wealthy industrialists, dignitaries and celebrities. First and foremost was the White Star Line’s managing director, J. Bruce Ismay, accompanied by Thomas Andrews, the ship’s builder from Harland and Wolff. (Missing was J.P. Morgan , whose International Mercantile Marine shipping trust controlled the White Star Line and who had selected Ismay as a company officer. The financier had planned to join his associates on Titanic but canceled at the last minute when some business matters delayed him.)", "White Star was the popular name used for the steamships of the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company. In 1902 the were purchased by the International Mercantile Marine Company in the United States, which kept the recognizable White Star name. Unlike other luxury lines they had three classes for passengers aboard their ships catering to the poor immigrant as well as the wealthy. They published a number of fine chromolithographic postcards for their passengers that also served to advertise their ships. Their most famous liner was the Titanic, and their cards of her are now the most desired. In 1933 they merged into the Cunard Line.", "On April 10, 1912, the Titanic, largest ship afloat, left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage to New York City. The White Star Line had spared no expense in assuring her luxury. A legend even before she sailed, her passengers were a mixture of the world's wealthiest basking in the elegance of first class accommodations and immigrants packed into steerage.", "  On April 10, 1912, the Titanic, largest ship afloat, left Southampton, England on her maiden voyage to New York City. The White Star Line had spared no expense in assuring her luxury. A legend even before she sailed, her passengers were a mixture of the world's wealthiest basking in the elegance of first class accommodations and immigrants packed into steerage.", "The Titanic's rediscovery in 1985 launched a debate over ownership of the wreck and the valuable items inside. On 7 June 1994 RMS Titanic Inc., a subsidiary of Premier Exhibitions Inc., was awarded ownership and salvaging rights by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.[84] (See Admiralty law)[85] Since 1987, RMS Titanic Inc. and her successors have conducted seven expeditions and salvaged over 5,500 historic objects. The biggest single recovered object was a 17-ton section of the hull, recovered in 1998.[86] Many of these items are part of travelling museum exhibitions.", "In 1912 Belfast was home to the world’s biggest shipyard, Harland and Wolff, and since its origin in 1862, it had been at the forefront of modern shipbuilding. Developing a special relationship with the White Star Line, Harland and Wolff built all of their ships, and both companies were keen that their vessels were world class, particularly in regards to sheer size and luxury. This was the foundation for Titanic’s conception, but while she is seen in the modern day as a stand-alone ship due to her fame, in fact she was not unique. Titanic was one of the ‘Olympic-Class’ liners – a trio of leviathans. Her elder sister Olympic was launched in 1910 and her younger sister Britannic was launched in 1914. Both are fascinating ships in their own right.", "    Aged 55, he had originally worked for the Dominion Line. When the White Star Line took them over, he became chief steward of the Teutonic, Cedric, Adriatic, Olympic and finally the Titanic.", "On Titanic's maiden voyage, some of the most prominent people in the world were on board in first class. These included millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his pregnant wife Madeleine; industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim; Macy's department store owner Isidor Straus and his wife Ida; Denver millionaire Margaret \"Molly\" Brown; Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife, couturiere Lady Duff-Gordon ; streetcar magnate George Dunton Widener, his wife Eleanor and their 27-year-old son, Harry Elkins Widener; Pennsylvania Railroad executive John Borland Thayer, his wife Marion and their seventeen-year-old son, Jack; journalist William Thomas Stead; the Countess of Rothes; United States presidential aide Archibald Butt; author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee; author Jacques Futrelle, his wife May, and their friends, Broadway producers Henry and Rene Harris; pioneer aviation entrepreneur Pierre Maréchal Sr.; and silent film actress Dorothy Gibson. Also in first class were White Star Line's Managing Director J. Bruce Ismay (who survived the sinking) and, from the ship's builders, Thomas Andrews, who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship.", "The Greek government's investigation found the Typaldos Lines guilty of negligence for several reasons; there was no drill for abandoning ship, there was a delay in sending a distress call and there was no organization of rescue work by the ship's officers. The company was also charged with manslaughter and faking documents. Haralambos Typaldos, the owner of the company and Panayotis Kokkinos, the general manager were both sentenced to jail in 1968. It was also found that twelve of the company's fifteen ships failed inspection under international law. The company's remaining ships were taken over and sold either for scrap or sold off for other uses, except two; the SS Hellas and the SS Athinai. Neither ship attracted buyers and so were laid up for 20 years before being sold for scrap and broken up in Turkey in 1989. In the meantime, the badly rusted Athinai was used in 1978�1979 as a floating set for the film Raise the Titanic and was renamed Titanic for the duration of filming.", "1912 The British built luxury liner Titanic struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic shortly before midnight, and sank in the early hours of the next morning. 1500 passengers and crew were killed.", "Cunard acquired the Norwegian America Line in 1983, with two classic ocean liner/cruise ships. Also in 1983, the Trafalgar attempted a hostile takeover of P&O, another large passenger and cargo shipping line, which was formed the same year as Cunard. P&O objected and forced the issue to the British Monopolies and Mergers Commission. In their filing, P&O was critical of Trafalgar's management of Cunard and their failure to correct QE2's mechanical problems. In 1984, the Commission ruled in favour of the merger, but Trafalgar decided against proceeding. In 1988, Cunard acquired Ellerman Lines and its small fleet of cargo vessels, organising the business as Cunard-Ellerman, however, only a few years later, Cunard decided to abandon the cargo business and focus solely on cruise ships. Cunard's cargo fleet was sold off between 1989 and 1991, with a single container ship, the second Atlantic Conveyor, remaining under Cunard ownership until 1996. In 1993, Cunard entered into a 10-year agreement to handle marketing, sales and reservations for the Crown Cruise Line, and its three vessels joined the Cunard fleet under the Cunard Crown banner. In 1994 Cunard purchased the rights to the name of the Royal Viking Line and its Royal Viking Sun. The rest of Royal Viking Line's fleet stayed with the line's owner, Norwegian Cruise Line.", "The RMS TITANIC Inc. is formed by an international group of businessmen anxious to see the Titanic's remains preserved. In cooperation with the French National Institute for Research and Exploration of the Sea (IFREMER), TITANIC Inc. conducts research and recovery expeditions to the wreck site in 1987, 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1998. Some 5,000 artifacts have been recovered, including a large piece of the hull (the \"Big Piece\"), and are being preserved.", "For more than a century and a half, Cunard dominated the Atlantic passenger trade and was one of the world's most important companies, with the majority of their liners being built at the John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland. Today the Line still operates two classic passenger liners the RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH II and the RMS QUEEN MARY II.", "In 1934, the White Star Line merged with the Cunard Line at the instigation of the British government, to form Cunard White Star. This merger allowed funds to be granted for the completion of the future RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth . When completed, these two new ships would handle Cunard White Star's transatlantic business, and so their fleet of older liners became redundant and were gradually retired.", "In 1934, the White Star Line merged with the Cunard Line at the instigation of the British government, to form Cunard White Star. This merger allowed funds to be granted for the completion of the future RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth. When completed, these two new ships would handle Cunard White Star's transatlantic business, and so their fleet of older liners became redundant and were gradually retired.", "The most celebrated ocean liner of its time even before it first sailed, Titanic was an incredible feat of engineering and ambition. Its maiden voyage ended in tragedy when it struck an iceberg and sank, killing more than 1,500 passengers and crew.", "In 1902 the White Star Line was absorbed into the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM), a large American shipping conglomerate. By 1903 IMM had managed to absorb the American Line, Dominion Line, Atlantic Transport Line, Leyland Line, and Red Star Line. They also came to trade agreements with the German lines Hamburg-Amerika and Norddeutscher Lloyd. Bruce Ismay ceded control to IMM in the face of intense pressure from shareholders and J.P. Morgan, who threatened a rate war.", "By 1902, however, Cunard found itself in a very bad financial state. A protracted rate war among North Atlantic shipping companies, combined with intense competition from White Star and German ships, had left them hurting badly and with a fleet that was very outdated when compared with their competitors. When American financier J. P. Morgan bought out the White Star Line in 1902, and began forming his International Mercantile Marine, the situation only grew worse. It would take a masterstroke to put them back in first place." ]

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[ ", Deere & Company employed approximately 67,000 people worldwide, of which half are in the United States and Canada, and is the largest agriculture machinery company in the world. In August 2014 the company announced it was indefinitely laying off 600 of its workers at plants in Illinois, Iowa and Kansas due to less demand for its products. Inside the United States, the company's primary locations are its administrative center in Moline, Illinois and manufacturing factories in central and southeastern United States. ", "By the 1920s and 1930s, the appearance of East Moline in Illinois and Bettendorf in Iowa reflected the further growth and diversification of the region. Moline emerged as a retail, transportation, and cultural hub on the Illinois side of the river. The first metropolitan airfield, the Moline Airport, opened in 1926 and later provided commercial air service to Chicago and St. Louis. [22] With federal funds from the Works Progress Administration , the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge , a single-span, two-lane highway bridge built for automotive traffic, was concluded between Moline and Davenport in 1935 and quickly became the preferred method for interstate transit. [23] A bustling retail sector emerged in downtown Moline, anchored by merchants like the New York Store, Sears & Roebuck, and JC Penney. [24] The economic reliance on the farm implement industry continued as Deere & Company emerged to become the largest agricultural machinery company in the world. Colonel Charles Deere Wiman, the President of Deere & Company, re-affirmed Deere's commitment to the Quad-Cities region by building several new factories in Moline, East Moline, Silvis , and Milan in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa.", "By the 1920s and 1930s, the appearance of East Moline in Illinois and Bettendorf in Iowa reflected the further growth and diversification of the region. Moline emerged as a retail, transportation, and cultural hub on the Illinois side of the river. The first metropolitan airfield, the Moline Airport, opened in 1926 and later provided commercial air service to Chicago and St. Louis. With federal funds from the Works Progress Administration, the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge, a single-span, two-lane highway bridge built for automotive traffic, was concluded between Moline and Davenport in 1935 and quickly became the preferred method for interstate transit. A bustling retail sector emerged in downtown Moline, anchored by merchants like the New York Store, Sears & Roebuck, and JC Penney. The economic reliance on the farm implement industry continued as Deere & Company emerged to become the largest agricultural machinery company in the world. Colonel Charles Deere Wiman, the President of Deere & Company, re-affirmed Deere's commitment to the Quad-Cities region by building several new factories in Moline, East Moline, Silvis, and Milan in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa.", "The same year, John Deere , the inventor of the self-scouring steel plow, relocated his steel plow company from Grand Detour, Illinois , to Moline. At the time, Moline had a population of only a few hundred, mostly involved in work at the mill. Despite Moline's small size, Deere saw several promising elements there: Moline's dam and coal deposits would provide a good source of power; Moline was near the other well-established towns of Stephenson (later renamed Rock Island) in Illinois and Davenport in Iowa; and Moline's access to the river would make shipping goods cost-efficient. As Deere expanded his factories, Moline grew in area and population.", "The John Deere Pavilion at John Deere Commons contains exhibits celebrating the history of the agricultural implements industry in the Midwest and showcases a variety of past and present John Deere plows, tractors , combines, and other machinery. The LeClaire Hotel is the tallest building in Moline.", "The state of Illinois is fortunate to have a combine harvester plant and foundry in East Moline, a factory for planting equipment and another for hydraulic cylinders in Moline, a parts distribution center at Milan, and offices for John Deere Credit, Inc. at Bloomington. Corporate Headquarters, along with Industrial Sales Office, Deere Marketing Services, Deere Catalog Company, John Deere Merchandise, National Sales, Power Systems Group, John Deere Credit Company, John Deere Insurance Group, and John Deere Casualty Insurance Company�all of which make up the", "In 1842, Deere entered a business partnership with Leonard Andrus and purchased land for the construction of a new two-story factory along the Rock River in Illinois. This factory, named the \"L. Andrus Plough Manufacturer\", produced about 100 plows in 1842 and approximately 400 plows during the next year. Deere's partnership with Andrus ended in 1848, and Deere relocated to Moline, Illinois in order to have access to the railroad and the Mississippi River. There, Deere formed a partnership with Robert Tate and John Gould and built a 1440 sqft factory the same year. Production rose quickly, and by 1849, the Deere, Tate & Gould Company was producing over 200 plows a month. A two story addition to the plant was built, allowing further production.", "1997 Overseas sales top $3 billion, more than the company's entire sales total prior to the mid-1970s. The company obtains an equity position in a Chinese combine company. The John Deere Pavilion, with equipment exhibits and interactive displays, opens in downtown Moline.", "1852 Deere buys out his partners. For the next 16 years, the company is known variously as John Deere, John Deere & Company, Deere & Company, and Moline Plow Manufactory.", "Perhaps the greatest problem befalling Moline in the second half of the 20th century was the farm crisis of the 1980s. Moline's economic vitality was sapped as the agricultural crisis crippled the farm implement industry, the force which had shaped the development of Moline since the city's earliest days. Plant after plant laid off workers by the thousands, and unemployment in the area soared to twice the national average. Even Deere & Company moved most of its factory operations out of Moline, though it maintained its world headquarters in Moline in a specially commissioned building that was designed by Eero Saarinen. The LeClaire Hotel, the tallest building in Moline and a longtime symbol of the city's wealth and prestige, closed its doors. The 1990 census showed a population loss for the city for the second straight decade.", "Moline is one of the Quad Cities, along with neighboring East Moline and Rock Island in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities has a population estimate of 381,342. The city is the ninth-most populated city in Illinois outside of the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The corporate headquarters of Deere & Company is located in Moline, as was Montgomery Elevator, which was founded and headquartered in Moline until 1997, when it was acquired by Kone Elevator, which has its U.S. Division headquartered in Moline. Quad City International Airport, Niabi Zoo, Black Hawk College, and the Quad Cities campus of Western Illinois University-Quad Cities. Moline is a retail hub for the Illinois Quad Cities, as South Park Mall and numerous big-box shopping plazas are located in the city.", "1837 Illinois blacksmith John Deere melded a steel share to a moldboard of wrought-iron to create a plow that cut the prairie soils. Deere’s plows became the prairie standard. (Fussell, 1992)", "1930 Consolidations leave only seven full-line farm equipment companies: John Deere, IH, Case, Oliver, Allis-Chalmers, Minneapolis-Moline, and Massey-Harris. Deere and IH dominate most product categories.", "1961 In Saran, near Orleans, France, construction starts on a new engine factory. In Moline, construction begins on the Deere & Company Administrative Center, later renamed Deere & Company World Headquarters.", "John Deere, a Vermont (U.S.A.) blacksmith, noted that the ploughing of many sticky, non-sandy soils might benefit from modifications in the design of the mouldboard and in the metals used. He noted that a polished needle would enter leather and fabric with greater ease, and a polished pitchfork required less effort as well. In the pursuit of a polished and thus slicker surface for a plough, he experimented with portions of saw blades and by 1837, he was making polished, cast steel ploughs. The energy effort required was lessened, paving the way for larger ploughs as future developments, simultaneous to more effective use of horse power.", "Deere and Company has 37,000 employees worldwide of which 7,300 work in Illinois. In addition, the eighty-two independent John Deere dealers in the state employ another 1,476 individuals. In 1997 the combined payroll of company and dealerships was $440,800,000�a figure 440 times greater than the total volume of sales in 1878-1879 or the total company payroll of 1913-1914. Worldwide, the 37,000 Deere employees produced nearly $12 billion in agricultural, construction, commercial, and consumer equipment plus generating another $1.9 billion in finance, interest, insurance premiums, investment, and other income.", "Deere & Company (brand name John Deere) is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural, construction, and forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, transmissions, gearboxes) used in heavy equipment, and lawn care equipment. In 2014, it was listed as 80th in the Fortune 500 America's ranking and was ranked 307th in the Fortune Global 500 ranking in 2013. ", "1961 A new tractor and implement manufacturing plan nears completion in Rosario, Argentina. In Saran, near Orleans, France, construction starts on a new engine factory. In Moline, construction begins on the Deere & Company Administrative Center.", "2000 Hans Becherer reaches retirement, and Robert W. Lane is elected CEO. Deere acquires Timberjack, a world-leading producer of forestry equipment. A new tractor plant is opened near Pune, India. Credit offices are established in Argentina and Brazil. Deere is granted banking license in Luxembourg, allowing John Deere Credit ability to finance equipment throughout Europe.", "At this time, agricultural implement production declined, which led the earth moving and tractor equipment companies to skyrocket and make Peoria in this field the world leader. In 1925, Caterpillar Tractor Co. was formed from the Benjamin Holt Co. and the C.L. Best Tractor Co. Robert G. LeTourneau's earth moving company began its production of new scrapers and dozers in 1935 which evolved into Komatsu-Dresser, Haulpak Division. Today, the joint venture between Komatsu and Dresser Industries has long since passed. The entity that remains is the off-highway truck manufacturing division for Komatsu America Corporation.", "In 1863 the company added a second non-plow implement when it began production of the Hawkeye riding cultivator made under a patent arrangement with inventor Robert W. Furnas. This was the first implement produced by Deere that was adapted to riding. In 1864 wheels were mounted to a plow to create the single-bottom sulky. Finally in 1867 Jefferson's suggestion that more than one moldboard be mounted on a frame was heeded, and the two-bottom gang made its appearance. A farmer using a walking plow could till about one to one-and-one-half acres a day, but with a gang he could do about five-and-one-half acres.", "Deere learned that farmers were experiencing the same challenge with tilling the soil as in Vermont, but in Illinois the soil was much heavier and stickier and covered with tall prairie grass. Breaking the prairie sod required a heavy plow powered by as many as eight yoke of oxen. This was costly, so most settlers chose to plow the land themselves with a smaller plow and their own horses or oxen. This was slow, hard work requiring the constant use of paddles to scrape the sticky soil off the moldboard. Farmers came to Deere hoping that he could help them.", "The merger of McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and the Deering Harvester Company in 1902 resulted in the formation of the International Harvester Company (IH) of Chicago, Illinois, which over the next three-quarters of a century evolved to become a diversified manufacturer of farming equipment, construction equipment, gas turbines, trucks, buses, and related components. During World War II, International Harvester produced the M-series of military trucks that served the Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy as weapons carriers, cargo transporters and light artillery movement. Today, Navistar produces International brand military vehicles through its affiliate Navistar Defense.", "Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) was an American industrialist, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\", that is, mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "2003 Through agreement with The Home Depot, riding mowers are sold in the mass channel for the first time in company history. John Deere-branded Deere's small/diverse supplier programs received a first-ever rating of \"highly successful\" from the U.S. Department of Defense. Driven by gains in Deere's Commercial & Consumer Equipment and Construction & Forestry Divisions, the company's earnings double for 2003; equipment sales grow 14 percent.", "2005 Deere & Company opens a seeding-equipment assembly operation in Orenburg, Russia, and establishes a dealer network. The company additionally announces plans to build a new engineering and information-technology support center near the John Deere joint venture tractor manufacturing facility in Pune, India. John Deere invests in wind energy projects in the rural United States and establishes a new wind energy business unit managed by John Deere Credit.", "2010 Research and development expense tops $1 billion for the first time. The company also opens a technology and innovation center in Germany and expands a research and development center in China. In India, a joint-venture is opened to produce backhoes and wheel-loaders for Asian markets. Deere is the first company to ship construction machines with above 175-horsepower engines certified to meet rigorous U.S. Interim Tier 4 emissions standards.", "The Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as Ford) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV. In the past it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns a 2.1% stake in Mazda of Japan, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling of China. It also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China (Changan Ford Mazda), one in Taiwan (Ford Lio Ho), one in Thailand (AutoAlliance Thailand), one in Turkey (Ford Otosan), and one in Russia (Ford Sollers). It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, although they have minority ownership. ", "1955 William A. Hewitt is elected president and later CEO following the death of Charles Deere Wiman , his father-in-law. Hewitt is the last representative of the Deere family to direct the company, which he does for the next 27 years.", "1958 The John Deere Credit Company, financier of domestic purchases of John Deere equipment, begins operations. A new tractor and implement manufacturing plant is built in Rosario, Argentina.  ", "The Doncaster plant was the headquarters of the McCormick company, named for the McCormick family of Chicago. The plant has a long history of producing tractors previously for Case IH and International Harvester.", "The McCormick-Deering was a tractor built by the International Harvester Company from the mid-20s until the Deering name was dropped some time in 1948 or 1949 when the tractor became the McCormick. This tractor, probably from the '40s, was found in retirement in Hosmer, S.D., next to a vintage gas pump and travel trailer. (Photos by Jim Meachen)" ]

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[ "A fortnight is a unit of time equal to 14 days (2 weeks). The word derives from the , meaning \"\". ", "A fortnight is a unit of measurement of time equal to two weeks: that is 14 days, or literally 14 nights. The term is most commonly used in British English. It derives from the Old English feowertiene niht, meaning \"fourteen nights\".", "In astronomy, a fortnight is half a synodic month, the mean time between a full moon and a new moon (and vice versa). This is equal to 14.77 days. ", "fortnight: n two weeks (from �fourteen nights�). This word is in very common usage in the U.K. As to why the Brits need a term for a time period which the Americans have never felt the urge to name, perhaps it stems from the fact that Americans get so little annual leave that they can never really take a fortnight of holiday anyway.", "the months were divided into two halves, the beginning of the second half marked with the term Atenoux. The basic unit of the Celtic calendar was thus the fortnight or half-month, as is also suggested in traces in Celtic folklore. The first half was always 15 days, the second half either 14 or 15 days on alternate months (similar to Hindu calendars). ", "Fortnightly (uncontentiously) means every two weeks or once in two weeks (and sennight, apparently – thanks for that contribution, Peter – means weekly or once a week).", "\"The amazing thing is that today the 7-day week, which is widely viewed as being Judeo-Christian, even Bible-based, holds sway for civil purposes over the entire world, including countries where Judaism and Christianity are anathema. Chinese, Arabs, Indians, Africans, Japanese, and a hundred others sit down at the U.N. to the tune of a 7-day week, in perfect peace (at least calendrically!). So dear is this succession of 7 days that when the calendar changed from Julian to Gregorian the week was preserved, though not the days of the month: in 1752, in England, Sept. 14 followed Sept. 2 -- but Thursday followed Wednesday, as always. Eleven days disappeared from the calendar -- but not from the week\"", "Comparing the days of the week of molad Tishrei with those in the keviyah shows that during 39% of years is not postponed beyond the day of the week of its molad Tishrei, 47% are postponed one day, and 14% are postponed two days. This table also identifies the seven types of common years and seven types of leap years. Most are represented in any 19-year cycle, except one or two may be in neighboring cycles. The most likely type of year is 5R7 in 18.1% of years, whereas the least likely is 5C1 in 3.3% of years. The day of the week of is later than that of by one, two or three days for common years and three, four or five days for leap years in deficient, regular or complete years, respectively.", "Scottish term and quarter days are the four divisions of the legal year, historically used as the days when contracts and leases would begin and end, servants would be hired or dismissed, and rent, interest on loans, and ministers' stipends would become due. The Term Days are Whitsunday and Martinmas, and together with Candlemas and Lammas they constitute the Quarter Days. Although they were fixed by the Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990 as falling on the 28th day every three months, they originally occurred on holy days, corresponding roughly to the old Celtic quarter days, thus:", "The Romans used a�rather complicated system of dating. There were twelve months but no weeks as we know them. Dates were determined by counting backwards from three fixed points, the Nones (the 5th or 7th), the Ides (the 13th or 15th) and the Kalends (the first day of the following month).��In eight months, the Ides fall on the 13th; besides March, the Ides are on the 15th in May, July and October. For instance, St. Patrick’s Day would be, in the Roman calendar system, “16 days before the Kalends of April” (a.d. xvi Kalendis Aprilis).", "The weekend is that period of the week set aside by custom or law for rest from labor. In many countries it is Saturday and Sunday and often includes Friday night. This five-day workweek arose in America when labor unions attempted to accommodate Jewish Sabbath, beginning at a New England cotton mill and also instituted by Henry Ford in 1926; it became standard in America by about 1940 and spread among English-speaking and European countries to become the international workweek. China adopted it in 1995 and Hong Kong by 2006. India and some other countries follow both the international workweek and a more traditional Saturday half-workday and Sunday weekend. While Indonesia and Lebanon have the international workweek, most Muslim countries count Friday as the weekend, alone or with Thursday (all or half) or Saturday. Some universities permit a three-day weekend from Friday to Sunday. The weekend in Israel, Nepal, and parts of Malaysia, is Friday (all or half) and Saturday. Only the one-day customary or legal weekends are usually called \"Sabbath\".", "Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, every week of the year (whether it has 365 or 366 days). Somehow, ``24/7/52'' hasn't caught on.", "Quarter days - the four dates in each year on which servants were hired, and rents and rates were due in English, Welsh and Irish tradition. The Quarter Days fell on four religious festivals roughly three months apart and close to the two solstices and two equinoxes. See 'Term days' for the Scottish tradition.", "Thirty days hath September, April, June and November.All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, and that has twenty-eight days clear and twenty-nine in each leap year", "7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 14 nights 14 nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights 7 Nights", "A week has seven days, and is concluded by the Sabbath. A day has 24 hours, usually about twelve hours of daylight and twelve hours of darkness, John 11:9. For religious", "A week is a time unit equal to seven days. It is the standard time period used for cycles of work days and rest days in most parts of the world, mostly alongside (but not strictly part of) the Gregorian calendar.", "On the basis of this explanation of the development of the idea of the week it is obvious why there are seven days in a week: This is the number of visible planets plus the Sun and the Moon.", "The Gregorian solar calendar is an arithmetical calendar. It counts days as the basic unit of time, grouping them into years of 365 or 366 days; and repeats completely every 146,097 days, which fill 400 years, and which also happens to be 20,871 seven-day weeks .Of these 400 years, 303 common years have 365 days and 97 leap years have 366 days. This yields a calendar mean year of exactly 365+97/400 days = 365.2425 days = 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds.", "Weeks of this kind vary from four days among some African tribes to ten days in the Inca civilization and in China. In ancient China a five-day week sets the working pattern for the Confucian civil service, every fifth day being a 'bath and hair-washing day'. Later this is extended to a ten-day week, with the three periods of each month known as the first, middle and last bath.", "And there are 365 days in a year (but some years are 366 days long if they are a Leap Year )", "Timeframes are further complicated by the Irish use of the Bogonian calendar and their extreme comfort with ambiguity. The Bogonian calendar is based on a 4-7 day week meaning that no one really knows when the weekend is, also leading to confusion as to which days form part of the working week. Scheduling and keeping appointments are therefore virtually impossible.", "January 1 of any year whose number is a multiple of 400 is a Saturday. From this you can work out the day of the week of any date.", "* 1 Gregorian calendar year = 52 weeks + 1 day (2 days in a leap year)", "** 14th day onwards: counting down to a festival (see below) or to the Kalends of the intercalary month", "Relative to the path of the Moon, a week is 23.659% of an average lunation, or 94.637% of an average quarter lunation. In antiquity, days were measured either from sunset to sunset, or from sunrise to sunrise, so that the length of the week (and the day) would be subject to slight variations depending on the time of year and the observer's geographical latitude.", "* The Hindu calendar uses the Sanskrit word \"paksha\", meaning one half of a lunar month, which is between 14 and 15 solar days.", "Since the 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar consists of a whole number of weeks, each cycle has a fixed distribution of weekdays among calendar dates. It then becomes possible that this distribution is not even.", "* The days of the intercalary month inserted in intercalary years (27 days) were divided into: ", "Twice a — works well for me. Cuts the confusion. Fortnight is UK to me (I’m USA), but easier to understand than bi–. Would rather plain and simple than have to guess at what the writer is meaning. Glad I’m not alone in the confusion.", "Note that this is the day after Thursday. This is important. So far as we know, the weekly cycle of the days of the week has not been broken for thousands of years.", "The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week." ]

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[ "The atomic bombs \"Little Boy\" (left) dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, and \"Fat Man\" (right) dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945.", "On August 6th, 1945, the United States military dropped an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan in an effort to force Japan into an immediate, unconditional surrender. Instead of immediately surrendering, the Japanese government debated what to do. So, the U.S. dropped a second atomic bomb on August 9, 1945 over the city of Nagasaki, Japan. ", "Aug. 9, 1945: A massive column of billowing smoke, thousands of feet high, mushrooms over the city of Nagasaki, Japan, after an atomic bomb was dropped by the United States. A B-29 plane delivered the blast killing approximately 70,000 people, with thousands dying later of radiation effects. The attack came three days after the U.S. dropped the world's first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The attacks brought about Japan's unconditional surrender. (AP Photo/U.S.Signal Corps)", "On the morning of August 6, 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. A high estimate of 100,000 people, mostly civilians, were killed instantly. Two days later, hearing no word from the Japanese government, Truman let the U.S. military proceed with its plans to drop a second atomic bomb. On August 9, Nagasaki, Japan was hit. The Japanese agreed to surrender on August 14 and then formally on September 2. World War II was over.", "On August 6 and 9, 1945, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by the first atomic bombs used in warfare.", "Aug. 6-9: United States conducted two atomic bombings against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan .", "Aug. 9, 1945: Terraced hillsides surrounding Nagasaki did little to lessen the destructiveness of the bomb dropped on this Japanese city. The city was almost completely destroyed except for a lone house standing here and there. (AP Photo)", "Hiroshima the Japanese city destroyed on August 6, 1945, during World War II, when U.S. forces dropped the first atomic bomb in warfare. Nagasaki, another Japanese city, was destroyed three days later by a second atomic bomb.", "The next day, Soviet forces attacked in Manchuria, rapidly overwhelming Japanese positions there, and a second U.S. atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese coastal city of Nagasaki. Just before midnight on August 9, Japanese Emperor Hirohito convened the supreme war council.", "second military use of the atomic bomb August 9, 1945; The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in August 1945. The two bombings were the first and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in wartime", "After Japanese leaders flatly rejected the Potsdam Declaration, President Truman authorized use of the atomic bomb anytime after August 3, 1945. On the clear morning of August 6, the first atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, was dropped on the city of Hiroshima. Leveling over 60 percent of the city, 70,000 residents died instantaneously in a searing flash of heat. Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb, Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki. Over 20,000 people died instantly. In the successive weeks, thousands more Japanese died from the after effects of the radiation exposure of the blast.", "On the morning of August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. A second atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki three days later. It is estimated that more than 200,000 Japanese, primarily civilians, were killed in the two bombings. Following the second bombing, the Japanese requested an armistice agreeing to the Allied terms of surrender on August 15; the Empire of Japan formally surrendered in a ceremony on September 2. World War II was over, brought to a close with a weapon Truman had called \"the most terrible bomb in the history of the world.\"", "August 9, 11:00 A.M. -- a second atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese seaport of Nagasaki. In 1/10 of one-millionth of a second, the city was destroyed. Another 40,000 people were killed.", "The United States and the Soviet Union put an end to the Sino-Japanese War (and World War II) by attacking the Japanese with a new weapon (on America's part) and an incursion into Manchuria (on the Soviet Union's part). On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands and leveling the city. On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan and attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta Conference pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. On that same day, a second equally destructive atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Nagasaki.", "Second U.S. atomic bombing of a Japanese city. Following the Japanese refusal to surrender following the Hiroshima bombing on 6 August 1945, Twentieth Air Force headquarters on Guam issued Field Order 17 on 8 August, directing that, on the following day, the second atomic bomb on Tinian Island be dropped on another Japanese city. Kokura was designated as the primary target, and Nagasaki, a city of some 230,000 persons, was the alternate.", "On the morning of August 6, the Enola Gay , a Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets , dropped an atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū. Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a \"blinding flash and violent blast\". Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman 's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb , and promising:", "While Hiroshima and Nagasaki are important World War II sites, because the bombings of these cities led to the end of the Pacific War, the sites and museums found in these cities also speak to many as visions of a grim future, should nations continue supporting nuclear weapons programs and nuclear proliferation. These two cities are the only cities in the world that have ever been hit by nuclear bombs, and each city has its own Peace Park and Memorial Museum where visitors can get a feel for just how destructive and horrific atomic warfare truly is. For many travellers in Japan, visiting at least one of these cities is a must.", "The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam declaration of 27 July, but the Japanese government was internally divided on whether to make peace and did not respond. In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Like the Japanese cities previously bombed by American airmen, the US and its allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity, to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000–500,000 Allied troops and millions of Japanese troops and civilians. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, invaded Japanese-held Manchuria, and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, with the surrender documents finally signed aboard the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. ", "Like San Francisco, which suffered destruction of a different sort, Nagasaki is very much a modern city; high-rise blocks, traffic systems. The old world ended on August 2 1945 when, at 11.02am, an atom bomb fell out of the sky and blasted the town and its people to what could have been oblivion. Instead, it proved a horrific moment of rebirth. The people of Nagasaki overcame that day of devastation to build a living, bustling town that refuses to be defined by the bomb; a vibrant city. But there are reminders: the shattered stone Torii gate looming at the top of a flight of steps; the Peace Park, the place that marks the detonation, with widening rings drawn on the ground from the epicentre of the blast.", "Nagasaki was an industrial center and major port on the western coast of Kyushu.  As had happened at Hiroshima, the \"all-clear\" from an early morning air raid alert had long been given by the time the B-29 had begun its bombing run.  A small conventional raid on Nagasaki on August 1st had resulted in a partial evacuation of the city, especially of school children.  There were still almost 200,000 people in the city below the bomb when it exploded.  The hurriedly-targeted weapon ended up detonating almost exactly between two of the principal targets in the city, the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works to the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Torpedo Works (left) to the north.  Had the bomb exploded farther south the residential and commercial heart of the city would have suffered much greater damage.", "On 6 August 1945, the United States dropped the first ever atomic weapon on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Japanese officials, despite the terrible consequences of the attack, convened to debate their next move.", "City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945.", "On August 6, 1945 , the US dropped a 5-ton atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The blast killed 80,000 people immediately and leveled four square miles of the city.", "City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.", "The invasion of Japan promised to be the bloodiest seaborne attack of all time, conceivably 10 times as costly as the Normandy invasion in terms of Allied casualties. On July 16, a new option became available when the United States secretly detonated the world's first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert. Ten days later, the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration, demanding the \"unconditional surrender of all the Japanese armed forces.\" Failure to comply would mean \"the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitable the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland.\" On July 28, Japanese Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki responded by telling the press that his government was \"paying no attention\" to the Allied ultimatum. U.S. President Harry Truman ordered the devastation to proceed, and on August 6, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing an estimated 80,000 people and fatally wounding thousands more.", "Aerial views of Hiroshima, Sept. 5, 1945, after the atomic bomb was dropped over this Japanese city on Aug. 6. (AP Photo/Pool/Max Desfor)", "An aerial view of Hiroshima, viewed some time shortly before the bomb was dropped on it in August of 1945. The scene shows a very densely built-up area of the city on the Motoyasu River looking upstream. (Hiroshima: The United States Strategic Bombing Survey Archive, International Center of Photography, Purchase, with funds provided by the ICP Acquisitions Committee, 2006) #", "On 6th August 1945, a B29 bomber piloted by Paul Tibbets , dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima. Michihiko Hachiya was living in the city at the time: \"Hundreds of people who were trying to escape to the hills passed our house. The sight of them was almost unbearable. Their faces and hands were burnt and swollen; and great sheets of skin had peeled away from their tissues to hang down like rags or a scarecrow. They moved like a line of ants. All through the night, they went past our house, but this morning they stopped. I found them lying so thick on both sides of the road that it was impossible to pass without stepping on them.\"", "This is an aerial view of the Japanese city of Hiroshima, Sept. 5, 1945, one month after the atomic bomb was dropped. (AP Photo/Max Desfor)", "Hiroshima is notable, in Japan, for its light rail system, nicknamed Hiroden, and the \"Moving Streetcar Museum.\" Streetcar service started in 1912, was interrupted by the atomic bomb, and was restored as soon as was practical. (Service between Koi/Nishi Hiroshima and Tenma-cho was started up three days after the bombing. )", "The name of the American bomber that on August 6,1945, dropped the first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, thus initiating the nuclear age.", "The second city that an atomic bomb was dropped on by the U.S. during World War II. This lead to Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers." ]

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[ "After being snubbed by her owners in favor of a new baby in this 1955 film, sweet cocker spaniel Lady (Barbara Luddy) finds comfort and adventure with a mongrel named Tramp (Larry Roberts). (Walt Disney Productions) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "On Christmas night 1909, Jim Dear gives his wife, Darling , a cocker spaniel puppy who she names Lady . When Lady grows up, she enjoys a happy life with them and with a pair of dogs from the neighborhood, a Scottish Terrier named Jock and a bloodhound named Trusty . Meanwhile, across town by the railway, a friendly stray silver mutt, referred to as Tramp , dreams to live in a home, be it begging for scraps from an Italian restaurant or protecting his fellow strays, Peg (a Pekingese) and Bull (a bulldog), from the local dogcatcher . At one point, Lady sees a big, sinister-looking rat trying to sneak into the yard and chases it away.", "On Christmas morning, 1909, in a quaint Midwestern town, Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy which she names Lady. Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and two local neighborhood dogs, Jock, a Scottish terrier, and Trusty, a bloodhound. Meanwhile, across town, a stray mutt named Tramp lives on his own, dining on scraps from Tony's restaurant and protecting his friends from the local dogcatcher. One day, Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly. Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby. While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is, Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter, making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard. As Tramp leaves, he reminds Lady that \"when the baby moves in, the dog moves out.\"", "The Cocker Spaniel is featured in the 1955 Disney film Lady and the Tramp who is Lady.", "Lady & The Tramp is a story about a high class cocker spaniel named Lady who falls for a stray.", "The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born 17 January 1956 and bred by Herbert L. Steinberg. Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown. In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes. This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled \"Any variety not classified at this show\". In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category \"Any variety gundog other than Cocker\" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of \"Spaniel (Cocker)\". There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968.", "There are two modern breeds of cocker spaniel, the English Cocker Spaniel and the American Cocker Spaniel. They were bred as gun dogs; to use their sense of smell to cover low areas near the handler in order to flush birds into the air to be shot, and to use their eyes and nose to locate the bird once downed, and then to retrieve the bird with a soft mouth. The major differences between the English and American varieties is that the American is smaller with a shorter back, a domed head and a shorter muzzle, while the English variety is taller with a narrower head and chest.", "The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel. Ch. Obo was bred to Ch. Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant. Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch. Obo II. He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 in tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire.", "There are two dogs which are thought to be the foundation sires of both modern breeds of cocker spaniels. Ch. Obo is considered by breed enthusiasts to be the father of the modern English Cocker Spaniel, while his son, Ch. Obo II, is considered to be the progenitor of the American Cocker Spaniel. Obo was born in 1879, at which point registration as a cocker was still only by size and not by ancestry. He was the son of a Sussex Spaniel and a Field Spaniel. Although Obo was an English dog, Obo II was born on American shores – his mother was shipped to the United States while pregnant. During his lifetime, it was claimed in advertisements that Obo II was the sire or grandsire of nearly every prize winning cocker in America. ", "One of Maxim's pet cocker spaniels and the narrator's favorite. Jasper leads the narrator to Rebecca's cottage on the beach.", "eye to her assignment as she has not only owned and bred a number of conformation champions but runs her own hunting pack under the Bedlam name as well. Her selection for Best of Breed in Sweeps went to the 15-inch Variety winner CH Foxtail’s Never Say Never, a dog bred by Sheri-Berndt-Smith, Darrell Smith and Mike Kurtzner and owned by Serena Soares. Best of Opposite Sex to Best in Sweeps was Pun Kotzky Coachella at Redstone bred by Drs. Oleg N. Voloshin and Oksana Gavrilova and owned by Christine Cone, Lisa Best and Gretchen Milke. In Veteran Sweepstakes, Best went to 12 year-old GCH Eagle Ridge Captain America, a 15-inch dog bred by Sarah and Nanette Prideuax and owned by Mary Cummings. Best of Opposite Sex was the nine year-old 13-inch bitch, CH Lanbur Encore Red-E or Not CA, bred by Wade Burns and Jon Woodring and owned by Teresa Nesmith.", "Ladybird—The Hills' fourteen-year-old purebred bloodhound . Her companionship temporarily relieved Hank's stress (and narrow urethra), allowing him to impregnate Peggy. She is named after the famous Texan and Democratic U.S. President Lyndon Johnson 's wife Lady Bird Johnson . Her mother was alleged to be one of the bloodhounds who tracked down James Earl Ray . Hank is skeptical about breeding her until her thirteenth year, when he finally breaks down and attempts to stud her with one of Mr. Strickland's hounds. However, he then discovers that Ladybird has a narrow uterus—a gag to coincide with Hank's narrow urethra. It is also suggested in Doggone Crazy that Ladybird had become deaf.", "One type had a long back, short legs and a rough coat, and the other was smooth-coated with a shorter back. Both terriers were used to kill vermin as well as other ground animals such as otters and badgers. At the time, the long-backed, rough-coated terrier was seen as better suited to the job because its coat could withstand any weather or environment, it had a strong sturdy body, and its jaws were very powerful. In the early 1800s, controlled breeding of dogs for certain duties became very popular and Scotland focused on the short-legged, rough-coated breeds. Out of these breedings, various types of terriers emerged, one being the Dandie Dinmont Terrier. The breed owes its name and popularity to an 1814 novel by Sir Walter Scott titled Guy Mannering, in which a character named Dandie Dinmont owned a pack of these impressive terriers; the Dandie Dinmont is the only AKC-recognized breed to be named after a fictional character. The dog's small size and big personality made the decision to bring them to America easy, and the dogs earned their keep during trans-Atlantic passages by killing rats and entertaining the crew. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1886, just two years after the AKC itself was founded.", "Rare colours can appear unexpectedly in certain lines, for instance while an all-white cocker is usually bred by selective breeding of very light golden strains, they can still appear very uncommonly to parents who are dark colored. A noted occurrence of this happened in 1943, when a grandson of My Own Brucie, Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1940 and 1941, was born all-white. ", " Sunday, June 11 at Batavia, New York. In an entry of 23 judged by Alva Rosenberg the winners were: Winners Dog: Black Ace of the Congo, Winners Bitch: Black Mist of the Congo, Best of Breed and Group 4th: Ch. Rhosenji's Beau (photo right) and Best Opposite Sex: Ch. Rhosenji's Ginger.", "Mum & Puppy Need a Home Lady & Yam-Lai are abandoned and in desperate need of a loving home. Mum 1.5 years & Puppy 4 Months old female. I have boarded them at Surin Beach Pet Hospital. But this is not a long term solution and the dogs can not just be put out on the street as they need an owner. They are both the most beautiful girls who want nothing more than you to love them.", "The dog, whose ancestry includes border collie, Chinese crested powderpuff and bichon frise, was bred by Ashleigh’s mother Penny and was going to be sold for a few hundred pounds but was instead given to Ashleigh as an 11th birthday present. He is now insured for £1million.", "Spot “Spotty” Fetcher (1989–2004) – female English Springer Spaniel named after Scott Fletcher; Puppy of Millie; Euthanized after suffering a series of strokes.", "Thoroughbred - A Thoroughbred is a horse whose parentage traces back to any of the three 'Founding Sires' the Darley Arabian, Byerly Turk and Godolphin Barb, and who has satisfied the rules and requirements of The Jockey Club and is registered in 'The American Stud Book' or in a foreign stud book recognized by The Jockey Club and the International Stud Book Committee. Any other horse, no matter what its parentage, is not considered a Thoroughbred for racing and/or breeding purposes.", "The Appaloosa is a horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history.Today, the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States.", "The Coton de Tuléar is a small breed of dog. It is named after the city of Tulear in Madagascar, and for its cottony textured coat. Mary Frances is the most beautiful coton in the world! Multiple registries with differing standards describe the Coton de Tuléar, but in general...", "A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid that is the offspring of a male horse, a stallion, and a female donkey, a jenny. It is the reciprocal cross to the more common mule, which is the product of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse, a mare.", "SPECIAL REMARKS: In view of the popularity of this breed, it is advisable to purchase a puppy only from a recognized and reliable breeder.", "Fun Fact: This breed is the most recently recognized, coming into the breed family in 1964.", "The American Water Spaniel and its look a like cousin, the Irish Water Spaniel, share many commonalities. They were both bred to hunt on land and water, have shaggy coats that help protect them from cooler temperatures and are well renowned with hunting enthusiasts around the world. They are both intelligent, lively breeds that thrive on human companionship. The American Water Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel are also rare breeds and locating one can mean spending months on a waiting list.", "# Bred By Exhibitor (where the person handling the dog is an owner and breeder of record),", "* A daughter of the great Thoroughbred stallion Man o' War, out of a mare named The Nurse, was named Edith Cavell. Foaled in 1923, Edith Cavell won the 1926 Coaching Club American Oaks and also defeated male horses in other stakes events.", "\"So luckily having travelled the length and breadth of the country I found a breeder who very kindly agreed to sell me one of her young top show dogs.\"", "The 2010 winner of Best in Show was Ch. Roundtown Mercedes of Maryscot (aka: \"Sadie\"), a Scottish Terrier . Sadie had already won 112 best-in-show ribbons at other shows, including winning the other two major United States shows (the National Dog Show and the AKC/Eukanuba National Championship ) immediately prior to her Westminster win.", "The dog breed Shar Pei originated in China and has the distinctive features of deep wrinkles and a blue-black tongue. The name (沙皮, pinyin: shā pí) translates to \"sand skin,\" not because of color but because of texture. As puppies, Shar Pei have lots of wrinkles, but as they mature, the wrinkles disappear as they \"grow into their skin\". The American Kennel Club did not recognize the breed until 1991.", "Does anyone have insight on this? I'm going to do my research on both breed registries and ask those in the know, but it would be great if someone has experience with this and can fill me in.", "This little female born on January 10th this year is of mixed breed and is medium sized." ]

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[ "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "Elvis died on August 16, 1977 in the bathroom at Graceland . After being found on the bathroom floor, Elvis was rushed to the hospital where he was officially pronounced dead.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer, musician, and actor. He was one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".", "In August 16, Elvis arrives to his mansion and during the morning occupies of the work and the details of his tour. At 7 am he takes a flight to Portland in order to continue with his tour and went to his room to sleep. Around noon, Elvis was found unconscious in the bathroom of his room, and was transferred to Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis. Finally, he was pronounced dead in this day of the year 1977.", "Elvis Aaron Presley ( 8 January 1935 – 16 August 1977 ) was an American singer , musician , and actor , one of the most popular of the 20th century. Among the century's most significant cultural icons, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the \"King of Rock and Roll\" or simply \"the King\" and is the best-selling individual recording artist of all time.", "Following his recovery from a life-threatening fungal infection of his right lung in January 1974, Crosby emerged from semi-retirement to start a new spate of albums and concerts. In March 1977, after videotaping a concert at the Ambassador Theater in Pasadena for CBS to commemorate his 50th anniversary in show business, and with Bob Hope looking on, Crosby fell off the stage into an orchestra pit, rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month in the hospital. His first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977 (the day singer Elvis Presley died); when the power went out during his performance, he continued singing without amplification.", "Another tour was scheduled to begin August 17, 1977, but at Graceland the day before, Presley was found on his bathroom floor by fiancée, Ginger Alden . According to the medical investigator, Presley had \"stumbled or crawled several feet before he died\"; he had apparently been using the toilet at the time. [237] Death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at the Baptist Memorial Hospital.", "Elvis died in his bathroom on August 16, 1977 aged 42 but the majority of details of his death were kept from the public.", "Few of the nitwits who insist that the song My Way be played at their funerals are aware that this hymn to self-absorption originated with a flamboyant French pop singer who died in his bathtub while changing a light bulb. The long and winding road that would culminate in Frank Sinatra's eternal identification with a song he personally despised begins in the unassuming Egyptian town of Ismailia, where Claude Francois was born in February 1939.", "On August 3, 1966, a bearded Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd.[25] The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other narcotics paraphernalia. According to legend a policeman at the scene said, “There is nothing sadder than an aging hipster” which itself possibly was one of Lenny Bruce ’s lines.[26]Record producer Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce’s, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was “acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose.”[27]", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby (May 3, 1903 -- October 14, 1977)[3] was an American singer and actor. Crosby's trademark bass-baritone voice made him one of the best-selling recording artists of the 20th century, with over half a billion records in circulation.[4]", "On August 3, 1966, a bearded Lenny Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd. The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other narcotics paraphernalia. Record producer Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce's, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was \"acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose.\" ", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby was an American singer and actor. His career stretched more than half a century from 1926 until his death in 1977. Crosby's unique bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist until well into the rock era, with over half a billion records in circulation.", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby (May 3, 1903 â October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor whose career stretched more than half a century: from 1926 until his death in 1977. Crosby's unique bass-baritone voice made him the best-selling recording artist until well into the rock era, with over half a billion records in circulation.", "Dean Martin (born Dino Paul Crocetti, June 7, 1917 – December 25, 1995) was an American singer, actor, comedian, and film producer. One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century, Martin was nicknamed the \"King Of Cool\" for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance. ", "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. Crosby's trademark bass-baritone voice made him one of the best-selling recording artists of the 20th century, with over half a billion records in circulation.", "suicide. R&B artist who achieved success as Roberta Flack's duet partner with, \"Where Is the Love\" and \"The Closer I Get to You.\" He also recorded the theme song for the '70s television show, \"Maude\" (starring Bea Arthur). In 1979, Hathaway was found dead on the sidewalk below the 15th floor window of his room in New York's Essex House hotel. The glass had been carefully removed from the window, and there were no signs of struggle, leading investigators to rule his death a suicide. He was 33.", "Frankie Laine (30 Mar 1913 - 6 Feb 2007) was an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spanned 75 years, from his first concerts in 1930 to his final performance of the song \"That's My Desire\" in 2005.  He was born in Chicago, USA to Italian immigrants.  He began singing professionally in the early 1930s, but success was slow to come, and it was not until 1944 that he made his first record.  He joined Mercury records in the late 1940s and began having some hits, but it was when he joined Columbia Records (CBS) in 1951 that his career really took off.  In the UK from 1952 to 1959 he had 26 hit records, with 14 making the Top 10, and four going to number one.  He continued performing for several decades, and made more albums right into the 21st century.  He died from heart failure in 2007 at the age of 93.", "Marvin Pontiac was hit and killed by a bus in June 1977 ending the life of one of the most enigmatic geniuses of modern music. He was born in 1932, the son of an African father from Mali and a white Jewish mother from New Rochelle, New York...When his mother was institutionalized in 1936, the father returned and brought the young boy to Bamako, Mali where Marvin was raised until he was fifteen...At fifteen Marvin moved by himself to Chicago where he became versed in playing blues harmonica... In 1952, he had a minor hit for Acorn Records with the then controversial song \"I'm a Doggy.\"... Although, approached by other labels, Marvin refused to record for anyone unless the owner of the label came to his home in Slidell, La and mowed his lawn...In 1970 Marvin believed that he was abducted by aliens. He felt his mother had had a similar unsettling experience, which had led to her breakdown. He stopped playing music and dedicated all of his time and energy to amicably contacting these creatures who had previously probed his body so brutally. When he was arrested for riding a bicycle naked down the side streets of Slidell, La, it provided a sad but clear view of Marvin's coming years. In 1971 he moved back to Detroit where he drifted forever and permanently into insanity. ~Strange and Beautiful", "Personal Life: (1908-1991) Born in Kankakee, Illinois and grew up in his mother’s hometown of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Attended Carroll College on a full scholarship but didn’t graduate though he participated in local bands and even played the saxophone. Before Hollywood, he’d recorded songs as a featured vocalist for the Gus Arnheim Orchestra as well as with Bob Hope and Sydney Greenstreet on Broadway. Married twice but was never divorced. Adopted 2 children with first wife Lillian Lamont and adopted twin girls with second wife June Haver to whom he was married to for 37 years. Retired in 1978. Suffered throat cancer in the 1970s and late 1980s. Suffered from a severe stroke in 1988 which left his right side paralyzed though he managed a 90% with therapy. Died of pneumonia at 83 after a battle with leukemia for over a decade.", "Bobby Darin ( Walden Robert Cassotto ) - Died 12-20-1973 in Los Angeles, CA, U.S. - Died of heart failure during open heart surgery ( Rock & Roll ) Born 5-14-1936 in The Bronx, New York, U.S. - Singer, songwriter and actor - (He did, \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack The Knife\") - Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee and Songwriters Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "Bobby Darin was born as Walden Robert Cassotto on May 14th 1936 in The Bronx, New York. During his childhood he contracted rheumatic fever resulting in damage to his heart. As a teenager Darin taught himself to play guitar, drums and piano but it was his on stage presence behind the mic were he excelled the most. In 1958 at the age of 22 Bobby Darin reportively walked into a recording studio and in twenty minutes wrote \"Splish-Splash\" which became a big hit in 1958 and established him as a teenage idol. In 1959 he scored his only number one hit with the cool sauve jazzy \"Mack the Knife\". His other big hit was \"Dream Lover\". He became a top attraction in Las Vegas and paled around with Wayne Newton. As a matter of fact, \"Danke Scheone\" was going to be his follow-up to \"Mack the Knife\" but he gave his arrangement of the song to Wayne Newton. Bobby Darin was also shocked to find out that his sister was really his mother, some say he never fully recovered from this. Always having a bad ticker it finally caught up with him. On December 20th of 1973 he underwent heart surgery to repair damaged valves and died on the operating table at the age of 37. His body was donated to \"medical science\".", "With the death of Kitty Kallen, a voice that began to be heard as long ago as 1936, on US radio, has fallen silent. As a girl Kitty once won an amateur competition and came home with her prize of a camera. Mr Kallen did not believe his daughter had such talent to win singing contests and punished her for stealing the camera. The truth was revealed when neighbours came over to congratulate the family. I hope Kitty took a photo with that camera of her father’s astonished face. She made her recording debut as the singer of the Jimmy Dorsey Orchestra, scoring a #1 hit with Besamo Mucho in 1944, and had two further chart-toppers in 1945 with the Harry James Orchestra. She enjoyed a million-selling hit in her own right in 1954 with Little Things Mean A Lot, followed by more big hits with Chapel in the Moonlight, True Love and If I Give My Heart to You. She retired in the 1960s due to lung disease.", "The singing television and movie star passed away at his Apple Valley home after suffering from congestive heart failure, a statement from his publicist said. Funeral services are being planned.", "Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally", "By 1952, Williams was enjoying a successful streak, releasing multiple hits, including \"Honky Tonk Blues\", \"Half as Much\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", \"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)\" and \"You Win Again\". While his career was soaring, his marriage to Audrey Sheppard became turbulent. He developed serious problems with alcohol, morphine and painkillers prescribed to ease his severe back pain caused by spina bifida. The couple divorced on May 29, and Williams moved in with his mother. Soon after, Williams met Billie Jean Jones backstage at the Ryman Auditorium, a native of Shreveport, Louisiana, \"who was, at the time, dating Faron Young. Williams started dating Jones, upon the end of her relationship with Young and soon began to plan their marriage. While driving from Nashville, Tennessee to Shreveport to announce the wedding to her parents, Williams talked to her about his previous marriage and described Audrey Sheppard as a \"cheatin' heart\", adding that one day she would \"have to pay\". Inspired by his line, he instructed Jones to take his notebook and write down the lyrics of the song that he quickly dictated to her. The finished composition included the line \"You'll walk the floor, the way I do\", which evoked Ernest Tubb's hit \"Walking the Floor Over You\".", "Andy Williams - mellow-voiced singer who placed 27 songs on the Billboard Top 40 between 1956 and 1972, passed away on September 26th, 2012 at the age of 84, after a yearlong battle with bladder cancer", "United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970)", "BOBBY DARIN: actor and singer whose hits included, \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack The Knife\", died December 20, 1973 after unsuccessful heart surgery at the age of thirty seven", "Bobby Darin - actor and singer whose hits included, \"Splish Splash\" and \"Mack The Knife\", died Dec. 20th, 1973 after unsuccessful heart surgery at the age of 37", "Conway Twitty - had an early pop hit with \"It's Only Make Believe\", died of a heart attack after stomach surgery in Springfield, Missouri, June 5th, 1993", "19. Q Which singer, who died last month, represented the UK at the 1977 Eurovision Song Contest?" ]

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[ "The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 800 mi through California. It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, and its motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal). The fault divides into three segments, each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk, the most significant being the southern segment, which passes within about 35 miles (56 km) of Los Angeles.", "We all know that major earthquake fault lines exist throughout many parts of California. The San Andreas fault line runs through over 800 miles of California, and this is only one of them. What this means, is that if a major earthquake hits in Northern California it could trigger massive destruction from San Fransisco to San Diego and vise-versa in a matter of minutes. California has seen many destructive quakes, and has daily seismic activity. Scientists have been expecting the \"BIG ONE\" for years now, which could leave many people without a home. ", "Back in May, earthquake experts described the San Andreas Fault, that fault line that runs 800 miles through California, as \" locked, loaded, and ready to roll. \" Certainly, those weren't the most encouraging words for California residents. And now new reports are adding to the scare-factor, showing \"large-scale motion\" around that same seismic hotspot. But don't panic just yet.", "The southern segment (also known as the Mojave segment) begins near Bombay Beach, California. Box Canyon, near the Salton Sea, contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault. The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains, crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains. These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range. In Palmdale, a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway. The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake. As it passes the towns of Gorman, Tejon Pass and Frazier Park, the fault begins to bend northward, forming the \"Big Bend\". This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain.", "In Del Norte and Humboldt counties in northern California, the situation is different. This region not only has the highest seismicity in the Pacific Northwest, it also has the highest seismicity in California, higher than that along the San Andreas Fault. The Cascadia Subduction Zone in this region was struck by a moderate-size earthquake in 1992 that uplifted the coastline rather than downdropped it as happened farther north. In addition, the earthquakes return more frequently in that area, as documented by uplifted coastal marine platforms and the more-frequent appearance of turbidites in submarine channels.", "The San Andreas fault, California's major earthquake rift zone, is one natural feature that elicits a strong response from most visitors -- many of us have experienced earthquakes and all of us have seen photos of how powerful they can truly be. This world-famous fault runs along much of the length of the state, skirting on and just offshore California's coast, and it clearly comes ashore at Ross where its 1906 legacy is still visible.", "Faults not only extend downward into the earth's crust, they also can be traced laterally across the landscape. The fault plane in the preceding photograph could be traced to the top of the roadcut, and if conditions permitted, its trace on the ground surface could be identified and mapped away from the roadcut. In the desert regions of southern California it is easy to recognize the geographic extent of faults that form clear traces across the desert landscape. Such is the case for the strand of the San Andreas Fault zone pictured in the next photograph.", "Literally thousands of small earthquakes occur in California each year, providing scientists with clear indications of places where faults cut the Earth's crust. The largest historical earthquakes that occurred along the San Andreas fault were those in 1857 and 1906. The earthquake of January 9, 1857, in southern California apparently was about the same magnitude as the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. According to newspaper accounts, ground movement in both cases was roughly the same type. An account of the 1857 earthquake describes a sheep corral cut by the fault that was changed from a circle to an \"S\"-shape--movement clearly representative of right-lateral strike-slip. Studies of offset stream channels indicate that as much as 29 feet of movement occurred in 1857.", "Just north of the San Andreas, however, lies another fault line. Known as the Cascadia subduction zone, it runs for seven hundred miles off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, beginning near Cape Mendocino, California, continuing along Oregon and Washington, and terminating around Vancouver Island, Canada. The “Cascadia” part of its name comes from the Cascade Range, a chain of volcanic mountains that follow the same course a hundred or so miles inland. The “subduction zone” part refers to a region of the planet where one tectonic plate is sliding underneath (subducting) another. Tectonic plates are those slabs of mantle and crust that, in their epochs-long drift, rearrange the earth’s continents and oceans. Most of the time, their movement is slow, harmless, and all but undetectable. Occasionally, at the borders where they meet, it is not.", "The world's most famous strike-slip fault is the San Andreas Fault in California, which is a right-lateral strike slip fault (Figure 7.19). Because the San Andreas is a plate boundary, it is also called a transform fault. People sometimes say that California will fall into the ocean someday, but this is a joke. The portion west of the San Andreas Fault is moving northeastward and someday Los Angeles will be a suburb of San Francisco, but the land west of the San Andreas Fault is a solid piece of continental crust that will not disappear entirely.", "Diagram of southern California showing the San Andreas Fault as a master player in a tectonic setting that includes other faults and compressional fold belts (image source: Southern California Earthquake Center)", "..... Click the link for more information.  extends along the 1,200-mi (1,930-km) coast. The region from Point Arena, N of San Francisco, to the southern part of the state is subject to tremors and sometimes to severe earthquakes caused by tectonic stress along the San Andreas fault San Andreas fault,", "The magnitude of an earthquake is directly related to the size of the fault rupture. Our analysis suggests a 30 year probability of an earthquake M 7.5 or larger striking the region is only 0.l0 (0.02 to 0.20). Only the San Andreas and San Gregorio faults, both lying west of San Francisco Bay, have sufficient length to generate such a large event. When the magnitude threshold is dropped to M 7, the probability is considerably larger, 0.36 (0.17 to 0.60) and is concentrated on faults adjacent to the most developed parts of the region, the San Andreas, Hayward-Rodgers Creek, and San Gregorio fault systems.", "In the San Francisco Bay area, the San Andreas has two major companion branches. Generally defining the east side of the Bay is the Hayward fault, and a few miles inland is the Calaveras fault. The Hayward fault presently carries a high probability forecast for an earthquake.", "Gregory Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events. Near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical. The 1989 event's oblique-slip rupture was at 10 km and below on a fault plane that dipped 70° to the southwest. Because much of the slip in 1989 occurred at depth and the rupture propagated up dip, Beroza proposed that the overlying San Andreas Fault actually inhibited further rupture and also maintains that the occurrence of an event at the location that was forecast by the WGCEP in 1988 was coincidental. ", "Geologists believe that the total accumulated displacement from earthquakes and creep is at least 350 miles along the San Andreas fault since it came into being about 15-20 million years ago. Studies of a segment of the fault between Tejon Pass and the Salton Sea revealed geologically similar terranes on opposite sides of the fault now separated by 150 miles, and some crustal blocks may have moved through more than 20 degrees of latitude.", "Earthquakes estimated at magnitude 5.9 occurred on the Hayward Fault in 1864 and 1870, and a magnitude 5.6 event struck in 1889. In October 2007, a magnitude 5.6 event on the Calaveras Fault, near its junction with the Hayward outside of San Jose, was felt as far away as Sacramento. It caused minimal damage.", "The third major fault in the southland is the Elsinore fault, also a member of the San Andreas system. Its trace is parallel to the San Jacinto, and about 20 miles west. The fault originates beneath the alluvium of the Los Angeles Basin. Running southeast, it sharply defines Elsinore Valley and Lake Elsinore). Passing south of the Vallecito Mountains bordering Borrego Valley, the fault enters the Salton Trough near the Coyote Mountains in the extreme southwest corner of the Imperial Valley.", "South of the creeping section, the fault also has a visible \"Big Bend\" that helps push up some of southern California's spectacular mountain ranges. Near the town of Gorman, the fault suddenly swings east for about 6 miles (10 km), the turns south again. This bend creates geologic squeezing and stretching between the two tectonic plates. The stress on Earth's crust is relieved by building mountains (squeezing) and faulting, or breaking, the Earth's crust, such as the faults that slice up Los Angeles, Wdowinski said. ", "The San Francisco earthquake and fire of April 18, 1906, took about 700 lives and caused millions of dollars worth of damage in California from Eureka southward to Salinas and beyond. The earthquake was felt as far away as Oregon and central Nevada. The 1906 earthquake, which has been estimated at a magnitude 8.3 on the Richter Scale, caused intensities as high as XI on the Modified Mercalli Scale. Surface offsets occurred along a 250- mile length of the fault from San Juan Bautista north past Point Arena and offshore to Cape Mendocino.", "This segment of the fault in central California is very old. Between the Bay area and the Tehachapi Mountains, rock formations appear to have been displaced as much as 160 miles. This suggests that the northern section of the fault may have originated about 30 to 40 million years ago, during Oligocene time.", "At almost precisely 5:12 a.m., local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San Francisco Bay area. The great earthquake broke loose some 20 to 25 seconds later, with an epicenter near San Francisco. Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. The highest Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI's) of VII to IX paralleled the length of the rupture, extending as far as 80 kilometers inland from the fault trace. One important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with underlying geologic conditions. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas where ground reclaimed from San Francisco Bay failed in the earthquake. Modern seismic-zonation practice accounts for the differences in seismic hazard posed by varying geologic conditions.", "The surface trace of the fault first appears at Point Arena, a peninsula north of San Francisco. It takes a straight path southeastward through a series of elongated valleys to San Francisco Bay, it crosses the bay with San Francisco on the western block and the bay cities on the eastern or continental block.", "There is abundant evidence of recency of movement along most of the length of the fault. In its central section, along the San Jacinto Mountains and the Santa Rosa Mountains, there are many fault scarps, elongate trenches, sag ponds, aligned canyons, and offset drainage. Many earthquakes, moderate to severe in scale, have been recorded from the City of San Jacinto south into Mexico.", "This collision occurs at variable speeds along the curving boundary of the plates, but the average relative motion is in the range of tens of millimeters per year. Recurrent earthquakes occur along this plate boundary because the Pacific Plate's descent into the mantle is not smooth and uniform. Instead, the plates are usually stuck with pressure accumulating, but with sudden slips as the plates move a few millimeters to a few meters at a time. When the plates slip, vibrations are produced, and those vibrations travel through Earth's crust as earthquake waves.", "April 18, 1906 – One of the biggest earthquakes in the history of California rumbles through the northern area of the state. It was felt from Oregon all the way down to Los Angeles and resulted in more than 700 deaths and the destruction of hundreds of buildings. It is still widely recognized as one of the worst earthquakes in the world and is often studied by scientists to get information about earthquakes", "Dominated by faults, the Lower California province (sometimes called the Peninsular Ranges) is a group of mountain ranges that stretch from southern California to the tip of Baja California in Mexico. The core of the province consists of a large mass of Mesozoic plutonic igneous rock. This collection of plutons comprises the Peninsular Range Batholith.", "In many places like the Carrizo Plain (San Luis Obispo County) and the Olema Trough (Marin County), the fault is easy to see as a series of scarps and pressure ridges. In other places, it is more subtle because the fault hasn’t moved in many years and is covered with alluvium, or overgrown with brush. In San Bernardino and Los Angeles Counties, many of the roads along the fault cut through great mountains of gouge, the powdery, crumbled rock that has been pulverized by the moving plates.", "It lies west and south of the San Jacinto Mountains, and for several miles forms the northeast edge of Borrego Valley. The fault cuts the Ocotillo Badlands near Ocotillo Wells, then enters the Imperial Valley where its trace is buried under recent lake bed sediments. The known length of the fault is approximately 180 miles.", "Photograph taken along the San Francisco peninsula after the 1906 earthquake showing 3 distinct fault traces offsetting a fence. This photograph provides an estimate of the total offset. Courtesy of Bancroft Library .", "Extensional fractures (maximum net displacement of 92 centimeters) were observed about 12 kilometers northwest of the epicenter, in the Summit Road-Skyland Ridge area, east of State Highway 17, whereas zones of compressional deformation were found along the northeast foot of the Santa Cruz Mountains between Blossom Hill and Palo Alto. In Los Altos and Los Gatos, ground deformation appeared to be associated closely with zones of heavy structural damage and broken underground utility lines.", "You continue on your geologic tour to a location where there is a chain of volcanoes on land, but not too far inland from the edge of the continent. The region experiences frequent large earthquakes. What type of plate boundary have you come across? What types of plates are involved? Where would you find a plate boundary of this type in California?" ]

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[ "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (IATA: ATL, ICAO: KATL, FAA LID: ATL), known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield Airport, and Hartsfield–Jackson, is located seven miles south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The airport is the primary hub of AirTran Airways, Delta Air Lines, and Delta Connection partner Atlantic Southeast Airlines; the Delta hub is the world’s largest airline hub.", "Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson airport is a hub for Delta Air Lines and travel through southeastern US states", "Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest airport as measured by passenger traffic and aircraft traffic, offers air service to over 150 U.S. destinations and more than 80 international destinations in 52 countries, with over 2,700 arrivals and departures daily. Delta Air Lines maintains its largest hub at the airport. Situated () south of downtown, the airport covers most of the land inside a wedge formed by Interstate 75, Interstate 85, and Interstate 285.", "Hartsfield–Jackson International Airport is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and is the primary hub of Delta Air Lines and Delta Connection partner ExpressJet; at nearly 1,000 flights a day, the Delta hub is the world's largest airline hub. Delta Air Lines flew 59.01% of passengers from the airport in February 2011, AirTran flew 17.76%, and ExpressJet flew 13.86%. In addition to hosting Delta's corporate headquarters, Hartsfield–Jackson is also the home of Delta's Technical Operations Center, which is the airline's primary maintenance, repair and overhaul arm. The airport has international service to North America, South America, Central America, Europe, Asia and Africa. As an international gateway to the United States, Hartsfield–Jackson ranks sixth.", "It comes as no surprise that most major airline hubs are located in the biggest, busiest airports in the world. In North America, major connectors are located all over the continent. BothSouthwest and Delta Air Line call the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia their main base of operations. American Airlines uses the Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport in Texas as their main base. United Airlines' main connectors are in Denver, Chicago Ohare, and George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in Arizona is the main hub for US Airways, which also has a hub in Charlotte. The JFK airport in New York City is the major base for Jet Blue Airlines and both United and Frontier Airlines call the Denver International Airport their main airline hub. Air Canada is also a North American airline and its hub airport is the Toronto Pearson International Airport in Canada.", "Atlanta began as a railroad town and logistics has remained a major component of the city's economy to this day. Atlanta is an important rail junction and contains major classification yards for Norfolk Southern and CSX. Since its construction in the 1950s, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport has served as a key engine of Atlanta's economic growth. Delta Air Lines, the city's largest employer and the metro area's third largest, operates the world's largest airline hub at Hartsfield-Jackson and has helped make it the world's busiest airport, both in terms of passenger traffic and aircraft operations. Partly due to the airport, Atlanta has become a hub for diplomatic missions; , the city contains 25 general consulates, the seventh-highest concentration of diplomatic missions in the United States. ", "Major Airlines: Hartsfield-Jackson is Delta’s largest hub, and Delta carries about 77 percent of the airport’s total passengers. AirTran (plus Southwest) operates a much smaller hub, with 15 percent of the flights. Most big domestic airlines (except JetBlue) have a few flights. International flights are mainly on Delta and SkyTeam partners.", "Delta has ten domestic hubs and three international hubs. Delta carries more passengers than any other airline at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Los Angeles International Airport, Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and Salt Lake City International Airport.", "Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield, or Hartsfield–Jackson, is an international airport located seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia. It has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic since 1998, and by number of landings and take-offs from 2005 to 2013, and in 2015. Hartsfield–Jackson held its ranking as the world's busiest airport in 2012, both in passengers and number of flights, by accommodating 100 million passengers (more than 260,000 passengers daily) and 950,119 flights. Many of the nearly one million flights are domestic flights from within the United States, where Atlanta serves as a major hub for travel throughout the Southeastern United States. The airport has 207 domestic and international gates.", "The state of Georgia’s capital city has a population of 575,000, with the metro area composed of 5.75 million people. Atlanta is the transportation hub of the southeastern United States, and is home to The Coca-Cola Co., Delta Airlines, Georgia Pacific Co., UPS, CNN and AT&T  Mobility. The city is also home to the world’s busiest airport, Hartsfield-Jackson International.", "There are 15 Fortune 500 companies and 26 Fortune 1000 companies with headquarters in Georgia, including such names as Home Depot, UPS, Coca-Cola, Delta Air Lines, Aflac, Southern Company, and SunTrust Banks. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the world's busiest airport as measured by both passenger traffic and aircraft traffic, is located in Georgia. Georgia has over 1,700 internationally headquartered facilities representing 43 countries, employing more than 112,000 Georgians with an estimated capital investment of $23 billion.", "The Atlanta Airport is called the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL). It is known as Hartsfield Airport, Hartsfield-Jackson or simply the Atlanta Airport. It is located about 7 miles form the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia. In terms of passenger traffic and number of flights, this airport was named the busiest airport in the world in 2008.", "Delta connects New York City’s busiest airport with some of the largest cities in all major regions of the United States. Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Minneapolis, Memphis, and Salt Lake City are cities that are accessible to passengers at JFK Airport. The main airports in these important cities serve as hubs for Delta Air Lines. Of course, this busy airline also operates non-stop flights to other large U.S. cities like Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, Phoenix, Seattle, and Washington District of Columbia. The Delta Air Lines international schedule includes a diverse lineup of destinations in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, South America and the Caribbean region.", "Atlanta is arguably the major southeastern business hub in the nation, and its Hartsfield International Airport, in addition to being the home base of Delta, is, at various times of year, the busiest airport in the world. Atlanta’s location in the fo…", "While it may appear to be an unlikely No 1, the airport serves as the headquarters for Delta Air Lines, the world’s busiest airline in terms of passenger traffic, and is a major hub for travel through the southeastern US states.", "Since 1998, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in the United States has been the world's busiest passenger airport. Beijing Capital International Airport, the world's second busiest airport, jumped from eighth place in 2008 to second place in 2010. The airport has seen an increase in 25 million passengers in the last five years! With such a rapid rate of growth, Beijing Capital International Airport is likely to surpass Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport as the world's busiest airport within a few years.", "In 2011, Hartsfield Jackson served 92 million passengers on 923,991 flights. Though it is an international airport serving every region of the world, Atlanta is a hub for the Southeast United States, and most of its flights are domestic. Atlanta is a convenient location for an airport because it situated within a two-hour flight of 80% of the U.S. population.", "1. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport remained the busiest passenger airport in the world in 2014, with more than 96 million passengers, according to Airports Council International's latest World Airport Traffic Report.", "In February 2013, American Airlines and US Airways announced plans to merge, creating the largest airline in the world. The holding companies of American and US Airways merged effective December 9, 2013. In preparation for their eventual integration, the airlines began offering reciprocal frequent flyer benefits on January 7, 2014, and US Airways left Star Alliance to join Oneworld on March 31, 2014. The combined airline carries the American Airlines name and branding and will maintain the existing US Airways hubs in Charlotte, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Washington, DC for a period of at least five years under the terms of a settlement with the Department of Justice and several state attorneys general. US Airways management runs the combined airline from the American headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas. On April 8, 2015, the FAA officially granted a single operating certificate for both carriers, marking the end of US Airways as an independent carrier. The brand continued to exist until October. ", "Georgia's primary commercial airport is Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), and is the world's busiest passenger airport. In addition to Hartsfield-Jackson, there are eight other airports serving major commercial traffic in Georgia. Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport is the second-busiest airport in the state as measured by passengers served, and is the only additional international airport. Other commercial airports (ranked in order of passengers served) are located in Augusta, Columbus, Albany, Macon, Brunswick, Valdosta, and Athens. ", "Hartsfield-Jackson is also the only airport located in Atlanta and by far the biggest airport in Georgia. Most other major hub cities, such as New York, split traffic between two or more major airports. The nearest major airport to Hartsfield-Jackson, is 250 miles northwest, in Nashville, Tennessee.", "Delta Air Lines, Inc. provides scheduled air transportation for passengers and cargo throughout the United States and around the world. Its route network is centered around a system of hub and international gateway airports that it operates in Amsterdam, Atlanta, Cincinnati, Detroit, Memphis, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York-LaGuardia, New York-JFK, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Salt Lake City, Seattle and Tokyo-Narita. The company operates its business through two segments: Airline and Refinery. The Airline segment provides scheduled air transportation for passengers and cargo throughout the United States and around the world and other ancillary airline services, including maintenance and repair services for third parties. The Refinery segment provides jet fuel to the airline segment from its own production and through jet fuel obtained through the agreements with Phillips 66 and BP. The company was founded by Collett Everman Woolman in 1928 and is headquartered in Atlanta, GA. More »", "Major airports within the state include Memphis International Airport (MEM), Nashville International Airport (BNA), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) in Knoxville, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL), in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the major hub for FedEx Corporation, it is the world's largest air cargo operation.", "Concourse B at  Atlanta Airport(ATL)  – Concourse B airlines are Delta Airlines, Pinnacle Airlines and SkyWest Airlines (Both Delta Connection).", "This airport is the epitome of world class, as it has held the number one spot for over a decade now. The people of Atlanta should be very proud of their airport, as it is considered a model for airports around the world including some of the largest like Heathrow and Beijing Capital International Airport.", "By any measure Hartsfield-Jackson Airport is big. The entire complex covers 4,700 acres and the terminal complex covers 130 acres. It houses more than 200 concession outlets, including food and beverage, retail and convenience, and staffed service outlets. ", "Chicago Airport is the largest hub of United Airlines and American Airlines as well as a hub for regional carrier Air Choice One and a focus city for Frontier Airlines. It is the second-largest hub in terms of passengers of United.", "Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport is located off Interstate 95 west of Savannah. Airlines serving this airport include Delta, Delta Connection, JetBlue, United Express, US Airways, Vision Airlines and American Eagle. Until September 2008, DayJet provided on-demand air transportation service between Savannah and cities throughout the Southeast.", "Atlanta Airport is undisputed daddy of all airports with a staggering 88 million passengers going through its doors in 2009 and the number down to 74 million in 2010. While some may be surprised to see this accolade going to an airport which is not in main American cities of New York and Los Angeles, Atlanta airport (airport code ATL) has an incredible number of domestic connections right across the country and a lot of international flights too.", "The world's busiest airport in 2012 was Atlanta in the US, where more than 55 million passengers passed through the airport gates. Beijing's main airport came in second, and Heathrow was third with 47 million passengers.", "All of this begs the question, why is Atlanta the busiest hub for air travel in the world?", "Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport is Tbilisi's only airport, located about 17 km south east of the city center. Handling 1.85 million passengers in 2015, it is the busiest airport in Georgia and the twenty-fifth-busiest airport in the former Soviet Union. The airport has experienced rapid growth, having more than doubled passenger numbers from roughly 822,000 in 2010 to approximately 1,847,000 in 2015. The airport is the base of the Georgian flag carrier Georgian Airways. " ]

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[ "The Central Park Five, the newest Ken Burns documentary to hit PBS addresses his familiar, favored themes of race and place. But this time, making the movie was a family affair....", "With his new documentary \"The Vietnam War\" scheduled to premiere on PBS in September and multiple other films in the works, Ken Burns has a full plate. But he's looking to add another project: an addendum to his 1994 series \"Baseball,\" pegged to the Chicago Cubs' 2016 World Series victory. \"I'm...", "Best of Antiques RoadshowIn markets underserved by PBS, including Los Angeles, it will come as good news that Ken Burns’ latest documentary project, “Prohibition,” already is available in DVD and Blu-ray. The mini-series, currently airing on many public-broadcasting outlets, exhaustively recalls one of the great failures of American democracy. Burns’ team examines the role played by demon rum and beer throughout the history of the U.S. – even before baseball became a pastime, alcohol was as American as mom, hot dogs and apple pie – and the disparate forces that convinced politicians that banning it was a good idea. As has been made clear in HBO’s complementary “Boardwalk Empire,” the most telling results of Prohibition were the growth of organized crime and widespread flaunting of the Volstead Act by otherwise law-abiding citizens. As is typical of any Burns project, “Prohibition” is as much a cultural portrait of the times as it is a study of a single divisive issue or pastime. The Blu-ray package contains more than two hours of interviews, scenes and studio material not included in the PBS presentation.", "Kenneth Lauren \"Ken\" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American filmmaker, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs in documentary films. His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Central Park Five (2012), and The Roosevelts (2014). Also widely known is his role as executive producer of The West (1996, directed by Stephen Ives), and Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies (2015, directed by Barak Goodman). ", "As were “The Civil War” and “The War” before it, master documentarian Ken Burns’ “The Roosevelts: An Intimate History” is turning out to be a massive blockbuster for PBS.", "Burns went on to a long, successful career directing and producing well-received television documentaries and documentary miniseries on subjects as diverse as arts and letters (Thomas Hart Benton, 1988), mass media (Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio, 1991), sports (Baseball, 1994, updated with 10th Inning, 2010), politicians (Thomas Jefferson, 1997), music (Jazz, 2001), literature (Mark Twain, 2001), war (the 15-hour World War II documentary The War, 2007), environmentalism (The National Parks, 2009) and the Civil War (the 11-hour The Civil War, 1990, which All Media Guide says \"many consider his 'chef d'oeuvre'\").. This single source gives two birthplaces. Under the header list, it reads \"Birthplace: Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.\" In the prose biography, it reads \"Brooklyn-born Ken Burns...\"", "History is complicated. No one has done more to bring \"serious\" history to television than Ken Burns. In his latest nonfiction miniseries, Prohibition,he and co-producers Lynn...", "NEW YORK -- Call it a guilt trip or a cultural awakening, but some Latino filmmakers feel that the controversy over Ken Burns' upcoming World War II documentary has unexpectedly opened doors for their work at PBS.", "Ken Burns Presents the West / directed by Stephen Ives ; written by Geoffrey C. Ward & Dayton Duncan ; produced by Stephen Ives, Jody Abramson, Michael Kantor ; executive producer, Ken Burns ; a co-production of Insignia Films and WETA-TV Washington ; in association with Florentine Films and Time-Life Video & Television ; The West Film Project, Inc., Greater Washington Educational Telecommunications Association, Inc.  [Alexandria, Va.] : PBS Home Video ; Hollywood, Calif. : Distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment, c2004.  5 DVD videodiscs (707 min.) : sd., col. & b&w ; 4 3/4 in.  F591 .W44 2004 VideoDVD  1-5  : Historian-documentary director Ken Burns creates a careful and vivid portrait of westward expansion in this PBS nine-parter. Archival photos, old maps, and vintage music deepen the documentary's historical feel; actors' reading of first-person narrative fragments from old letters, newspapers, and other documents add intimacy to the experience.  To identify which sections cover American Indian interactions with white settlers, see the following Episode Index", "To honor Black History Month, and as part of its commitment to celebrating the diversity of America year-round, PBS’ lineup enriches viewers’ understanding of African-American history, culture and experience. THE BLACK PANTHERS: VANGUARD OF THE REVOLUTION: INDEPENDENT LENS on February 23 and INDEPENDENT LENS “A Ballerina’s Tale,” a documentary about Misty Copeland, the first African-American female principal dancer with the renowned American Ballet Theatre, on February 8.", "The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and in the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns, Brooklyn Bridge (1980). Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator.", "We don’t just enjoy a few games—we enjoy the history of it. In 1994, Ken Burns, the famous documentarian, chose Baseball as his next topic to focus on. The nine-part series covered the history of the game, dealing mostly with its past and less on its present. That’s what made it so interesting.", "Ken Burns' documentary Baseball consists of 9 \"innings\", each of which begins with a rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner that is historically appropriate for the period covered in that episode of the series.", "The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1978 (39 years ago) book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge (1981, 36 years ago), the first PBS documentary movie ever made by Ken Burns. Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the movie and used him as narrator. It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book.", "In 2001 Ken Burns's documentary Jazz was premiered on PBS, featuring Wynton Marsalis and other experts reviewing the entire history of jazz to that time.", "Ken Burns Baseball could appear on a list like this involving the history of baseball and the history of documentaries.", "Most recently, he directed, wrote and produced two high-profile documentaries for PBS: Dick Cavett's Watergate and Dick Cavett's Vietnam, intensely personal, intimate and entertaining explorations of critical events that helped shape American history in the 20th Century, each framed by guest interviews from the period and commentary by legendary talk show host Dick Cavett.", "Did you learn anything that surprised you? Let us know in the comments, below. Learn more when American Masters: A Fierce Green Fire premieres on PBS on Earth Day, April 22, 2014 at 9 pm. ( Check local listings ).", "The Most Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (2009) is an Oscar-nominated documentary about one of the biggest scandals of the Vietnam War. In 1969, a top-secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam was leaked to newspapers by Daniel Ellsberga former U.S. Marine officer, Rand Corporation analyst, and Pentagon war planner. A more unlikely antiwar crusader could hardly be imagined. Ellsberg was turned by the futility of the war, civilian casualties of U.S. bombing, and the lies of five U.S. administrations. This documentary is a bit confusing as it jumps around in time, but it captures the turmoil of Ellsberg's conscience and the drama of his unprecedented action. The wonder is that Ellsberg would be so condemned for leaking an official history of a foreign-policy catastrophe that killed more than 58,000 Americans and two million Vietnamese.", "Documentary, was short-listed for an Academy Award� nomination and received its broadcast premiere on PBS Independent Lens in", "Academy Award-winner for best documentary. \"In the last year of World War II, German defeat was inevitable. Yet rather than reinforcing his troops and focusing his efforts on battle, Hitler chose to renew his campaign to eliminate the Jews of Europe. Hungary, which had remained mostly untouched during the war, found her Jews being rounded up and shipped off to concentration camps where they were systematically and brutally killed during these last days. This documentary, directed by James Moll and produced through the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, whose goal is to document the memories of those who lived through the Holocaust, records the stories of five Hungarian Jews who managed to survive. ... While the stories are tragic and watching this documentary is a tearful experience, the final message is one of hope, as the five people return to Hungary and the camps with their families to confront their pasts and say their prayers. While the occasionally graphic footage will disturb, this Oscar-winning film is one that should be shared with family as a way of educating and reminding us, 'Never again.'\" (Jenny Brown)", "âWatching the story of Gutzon Borglum and Mount Rushmore on PBS. Super inspiring on multiple levels:", "In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program  Wide Angle . [169]", "We do not agree with the vast majority of the interpretations of ancient American history presented in the documentary. While it is tempting to ignore the documentary as nonsense, the high production values coupled with the selective inclusion of academically credible scholars have resulted in its gaining international attention. Glenn Beck featured it prominently and favorably in the August 18, 2010, broadcast of his television program, and the website promoting the DVD claims it won the Best Multicultural Documentary Award at the 2010 International Cherokee Film Festival.", "In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program Wide Angle.", "PREMIERE: This documentary begins streaming today on Netflix – though, at least for now, you have to search for it by title, because it isn’t being displayed prominent...", "Unsolved History is an American documentary television series that aired from 2002 to 2005 on the Discovery Channel. The series lasted over three seasons and had a total of 47 episodes, in which a team of people, each with different skills, try to solve historical mysteries. As of 2007, the series airs on Investigation Discovery and occasionally on the Science Channel. However, episodes regarding the military are sometimes aired on the Military Channel. Each episode contains an event in history that has never been conclusively solved. In every episode, a team of scientists tries to solve the case.", "Steve Rubin, producer of the documentary and Henry Godines, artist of the Pied Piper painting will be attending some of the showings.  Kevin Gabaldon, grandson of Guy Gabaldon might also be with us.   ", "* Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film (2006) is a reverential, four-hour movie by Ric Burns that won a Peabody Award in 2006. ", "* The television series Biography produced and aired a documentary episode titled Claus von Bülow: A Reasonable Doubt featuring interviews with Claus von Bülow and Prof. Dershowitz.", "Excerpted from America's Hidden History: Untold Tales of the First Pilgrims, Fighting Women, and Forgotten Founders Who Shaped a Nation, by Kenneth C. Davis. Copyright(c) 2008 by Kenneth C. Davis. By permission of Smithsonian Books, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.", "Sanitsky said he was thrilled Lifetime chose to air this film, in a move “not driven by numbers or working the headlines. This is a little-known piece of American history.”" ]

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[ "Suzette Charles (born Suzette DeGaetano, March 2, 1963) is an American singer, entertainer, and actress. She was Miss New Jersey in 1983, and served as Miss America 1984 for seven weeks after Vanessa Williams was forced to resign from the position that July.", "Charles, as Miss New Jersey, competed in the Miss America 1984 pageant held in Atlantic City on September 17, 1983. Earlier in the week, she had won a Preliminary Talent Award for her performance of \"Kiss Me in the Rain\". She originally finished as first runner-up. After the reigning Miss America Vanessa Williams was forced to resign that July, Charles replaced her as the new Miss America for the remaining seven weeks. ", "Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American actress, singer, and fashion designer. She initially gained recognition as the first African-American recipient of the Miss America title when she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983. However, a few weeks prior to the end of her reign, she learned that Penthouse magazine would be publishing unauthorized nude photographs of her in an upcoming issue. Williams thus resigned as Miss America on July 22, 1984 (under pressure from the Miss America Organization), and was replaced by first runner-up Miss New Jersey Suzette Charles. A few years later, she rebounded as an entertainer with the song \"The Right Stuff.\" She then had a string of successful albums and singles and also found success as an actress (she is particularly well known for her roles as Teri Joseph in the 1997 feature film Soul Food, Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty, and Renee Perry in Desperate Housewives).", "• Vanessa Lynn Williams — Representing New York, Vanessa was the first woman of African-American descent to be crowned Miss America (1984, 63 years after Miss America pageant’s inception), only to resign after Penthouse magazine published her nude photos taken before the pageant. Vanessa kept her bejeweled crown, scholarship money and is officially recognized by the Miss America Organization as Miss America 1984. Her successor, Suzette Charles of New Jersey, is also black. Vanessa became an award-winning singer-songwriter, film and stage actress.", "On this day in 1984, 21-year-old Vanessa Williams gives up her Miss America title, the first resignation in the pageant’s history, after Penthouse magazine announces plans to publish nude photos of the beauty queen in its September issue. Williams originally made history on September 17, 1983, when she became the first black woman to win the Miss America crown. Miss New Jersey, Suzette Charles, the first runner-up and also an African American, assumed Williams’ tiara for the two months that remained of her reign.", "Miss America: Vanessa Williams , 1984, representing New York. When controversial photos surfaced and Williams resigned, Suzette Charles, the runner-up and also an African American, assumed the title. She represented New Jersey. Three additional African Americans have been Miss Americas: Debbye Turner (1990), Marjorie Vincent (1991), and Kimberly Aiken (1994).", "Even though “Vanessa the Undresser” as she was nicknamed back then, gave up her duties as the reigning Miss America of 1984, pageant officials did allow her to keep her bejeweled crown and the monies that she won.", "Williams returned to the Miss America stage on September 13, 2015 for the Miss America 2016 pagent, when she served as head judge and performed \"Oh How the Years Go By.\" The pageant began with Miss America CEO Sam Haskell issuing an apology to Williams, telling her that although \"none of us currently in the organization were involved then, on behalf of today's organization, I want to apologize to you and to your mother, Miss Helen Williams. I want to apologize for anything that was said or done that made you feel any less the Miss America you are and the Miss America you always will be.\" Suzette Charles (Williams' replacement) said in an interview with Inside Edition that she was perplexed over the apology and suggested that it was given for the purpose of ratings. Williams also commented on the events surrounding her return, stating in an interview with Robin Roberts that \"there's a lot of people who feel I should return, so the people who harbor the resentment I understand it but realize that all of those people that were part of the old guard are no longer there.\"", "The last to be announced from the celebrity judging panel may certainly be a shock to some who still remember when the now successful actress was forced to resign as Miss America 1984.", "1984: Vanessa Williams, Syracuse, N.Y., resigned after becoming the first African-American Miss America when sexually explicit photos of her were published in Penthouse magazine. Williams has since gone on to ... more", "In 1984 the Republicans renominated Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Former vice president Walter Mondale was the Democratic choice, having turned aside challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and the Reverend Jesse Jackson . Jackson, an African-American, sought to move the party to the left. Mondale chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York for his running mate. This was the first time a major party nominated a woman for one of the top offices.", "Thirty-two years after resigning as Miss America, the current CEO of the Miss America Organization, Sam Haskell, offered Williams a public apology at the beginning of the Miss America 2016 pageant (where she was serving as head judge) stating: \"I have been a close friend of this beautiful and talented lady for 32 years. You have lived your life in grace and dignity, and never was it more evident than during the events of 1984, when you resigned. Though none of us currently in the organization were involved then, on behalf of today's organization, I want to apologize to you and to your mother, Miss Helen Williams. I want to apologize for anything that was said or done that made you feel any less the Miss America you are and the Miss America you always will be.\" ", "Miss Iowa 1970, Cheryl Browne, became the first African American contestant in the competition's history during the Miss America 1971 pageant (September 12, 1970). Browne drew attention from reporters and from security personnel in Atlantic City who maintained a visible presence during pageant rehearsals. Browne was not a finalist, however, losing to future media personality, Miss Texas 1970, Phyllis George. In August 1971, Browne traveled to Vietnam with George, Miss Nevada 1970, Vicky Jo Todd, Miss New Jersey 1970, Hela Yungst, Miss Arizona 1970, Karen Shields, Miss Arkansas 1970, Donna Connelly, and Miss Texas 1970 (George's replacement), Belinda Myrick. They participated in a 22-day United Service Organizations tour for American troops that began in Saigon. Browne later commented that she thought \"it was one of the last Miss America groups to go to Vietnam.\" Miss Arkansas 1980, Lencola Sullivan, finished the Miss America 1981 pageant (September 6, 1980) as fourth runner-up, making her the first African American contestant to place in the top five.", "1984 Vanessa Williams becomes the 1st Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown after nude photos of her appeared in Penthouse magazine", "Williams saw no other choice but to bow out of Miss America. On Monday, July 23, 1984, she announced at a news conference that she would give up her crown, “The potential harm to the pageant, and the deep division that a bitter fight may cause, has convinced me that I must relinquish my title,” she said.", "Daily TWiP - Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign today in 1984 - NashuaTelegraph.com", "*** When Sharon Pearce signed on with the Miss America Organization in 2006 as its acting communications director, she never expected that seven years later she would become its president. But that’s what happened several months ago following the abrupt resignation of longtime president Art McMaster. “It’s an incredible privilege at this time in my life to be able to be part of the return to Atlantic City, and to be working ... handin-hand [with Sam Haskell] as we take this organization in a different direction, really to the next chapter,” Pearce said. “We are excited about the future of this organization ... and taking our mission and our message, which is promoting education, to the forefront.” As a New Jersey native and a longtime casino executive, Pearce feels a sense of personal and professional symmetry with Miss America’s return to its birthplace. “I’m a [New] Jersey native, so growing up with Miss America was always something that was part of the fabric of my family,” she said. “But also having spent over 20 years in the casino entertainment industry, I would always remember the annual return of Miss America and looking at it from the casino marketing side. So to be home this September and to really look at it from a very unique perspective, and have it come full circle for me personally, has been such a joy.” ■", "23 - Vanessa Williams resigns from her position as Miss America due to nude pictures in Penthouse. It is the first resignation in the history of the pageant.", "Title Winners: Miriam Stevenson (Ms. Universe 1954), Carol Morris (Ms. Universe 1956), Linda Bement (Ms. Universe 1960), Sylvia Hitchcock (Ms. Universe 1967), Marjorie Wallace (Ms. World 1973), Karen Brucene Smith (Ms. International 1974), Katherine Patricia Ruth (Ms. International 1978), Shawn Weatherly (Ms. Universe 1980), Christie Ellen Claridge (Ms. International 1982), Gina Tolleson (Ms. World 1990), Chelsi Smith (Ms. Universe 1995), Brook Lee (Ms. Universe 1997), Alexandria Mills (Ms. World 2010), Olivia Culpo (Ms. Universe 2012)", "As the child of music teachers, Williams grew up in a musical household, studying classical and jazz dance, french horn, piano, and violin. She was offered the Presidential Scholarship for Drama to attend Carnegie Mellon University during the college application period, (one of 12 students to receive it) but decided instead to attend Syracuse University on a different scholarship. Thus, in 1981, Williams joined Syracuse's College of Visual and Performing Arts, Department of Drama as a musical theater major. She stayed at Syracuse through her sophomore year, until she was crowned Miss America 1984 in September 1983. ", " Thirty-two years later, in September 2015, Williams served as head judge for the Miss America 2016 pageant. At the beginning of the event, Miss America CEO Sam Haskell made a public apology to Williams for what was said to her during the events of 1984. ", "7. Vanessa Williams becomes the first African-American to be crowned Miss America, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Read a book with an African American character, a book set in New Jersey OR a book with a crown on the cover.", "2010: Caressa Cameron, Fredericksburg, Va. Her reign will end Saturday night, and a new Miss America will be crowned -- the 85th in a pageant that is 90 years old. Who will it be? The pageant returns to ABC and ... more", "The origins of the Miss America Pageant lie in a 1920 event entitled The Fall Frolic. Held on September 25 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the event was designed to bring business to the Boardwalk: \"three hundred and fifty gaily decorated rolling wicker chairs were pushed along the parade route. Three hundred and fifty men pushed the chairs. However, the main attractions were the young 'maidens' who sat in the rolling chairs, headed by a Miss Ernestine Cremona, who was dressed in a flowing white robe and represented 'Peace.'\" ", "July 1984 - Democratic presidential candidate Mondale chooses US Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro (NY) as his running mate, the first woman vice presidential candidate for a major party.", "1983 --- 1st black Miss America. Williams relinquished her crown during her reign when nude pictures of her were published in \"Penthouse\" magazine.", "Time passed and Williams won the Miss Greater Syracuse competition , a preliminary round of the Miss America contest. She went on to win the Miss New York title and, on Sept. 17, 1983, she was crowned Miss America.", "Kate Shindle, Miss America 1998 South Jersey’s Miss America, Shindle is thrilled Miss America is coming back home. By Donald Kravitz • feedback@acweekly.com", "Vanessa L. Williams becomes the first African-American to be crowned Miss America, in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "Already, there was speculation that the popular Congresswoman would run for the Senate in New York in 1986.  She asked the Democratic party to make her the head of the platform committee for its 1984 convention.", "Debra Dene Barnes (20) wins the Miss America (1968) title in Atlantic City. She’s from Kansas.", "Julie Hayek ,b. La Canada Flintridge, CA, of Czech ancestry was an American beauty queen and actress who was Miss USA 1983." ]

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[ "Saloth Sar (May 19, 1928 – April 15, 1998), better known as Pol Pot, (Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត), was the leader of the Cambodian communist movement known as the Khmer Rouge[7] and was Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976–1979.", "Pol Pot Pol Pot is a pseudonym for the Cambodian guerrilla commander Saloth Sar, who organized the Communist guerrilla force known as the Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge ousted General Lon Nol in 1975, establishing a brutal Communist regime that ruled until 1979. ", "Pol Pot Pol Pot is a pseudonym for the Cambodian guerrilla commander Saloth Sar, who organized the Communist guerrilla force known as the Khmer Rouge. The Khmer Rouge ousted General Lon Nol in 1975, establishing a brutal Communist regime that ruled until 1979.", "David Chandler's hook attempts to go beyond the simple media image to provide the first full-length biography of Pol Pot as a revolutionary leader. Eschewing the Actonian belief that 'too much understanding' will lead to 'too much excusing', he explores the enigmatic personality of his subject and places him in the political context of a real country, in whose history Chandler himself is an acknowledged expert. Saloth Sar – he called himself Pol Pot only from 1976 – was born into a privileged family in Kompong Thom province in 1925 or 1928. His sister was a royal concubine and he himself enjoyed sufficient court patronage (o be educated at an elite school before going on to study in Paris in the late 1940s. There, however, he took up left-wing politics and returned home without a formal qualification, to join the Communist-led resistance to French imperialism. From 1954 to 1963 he lived in Phnom Penh as a school teacher while devoting himself to the highly secret Cambodian Communist movement, rising to become its secretary-general in 1963. For these early phases of Sar's career the author is able to draw on interviews with people who knew him, and the picture that emerges is one of an even-tempered, good-natured man whose deepening commitment to the extremes of revolutionary change was well concealed behind an enthusiasm for French and Khmer literature.", "The Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975. As the leader of the Communist Party, Saloth Sar was the designated leader of the new regime. He took the name \"brother number one\" and declared his nom de guerre Pol Pot, from Politique potentielle, the French equivalent of a phrase supposedly coined for him by the Chinese leadership.[citation needed] [16]", "Pol Pot, born Saloth Sar, was a Cambodian revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until 1997. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea.", ". Pol Pot - Desktop Nexus People Download free wallpapers and background images: Pol Pot. Desktop Nexus People background ID 197323. Saloth Sar or Minh Hai, (May 19, 1928 – April 15, 199", "As a revolutionary, he took the name Pol Pot, which has no particular meaning. He was born Saloth Sar in 1925, in a village near Kompong Thom, 90 miles north of Phnom Penh, the eighth of nine children of a land-owning farmer named Pen Saloth and his wife, Nok Sem.", "After five years of civil war, the Khmer Rouge was finally able to capture Cambodia’s capital, Phnom Penh, on April 17, 1975. This ended Lon Nol’s rule and began the five-year reign of the Khmer Rouge. It was at this time that Saloth Sar began calling himself “brother number one” and took Pol Pot as his nom de guerre. (According to one source, “Pol Pot” comes from the French words “politique potentielle.”)", "** Mass-murdering Cambodian leader Pol Pot (born Saloth Sar) supposedly took his ''nom de guerre'' from \"'''pol'''itique '''pot'''entielle\" (= potential politician), a French rendering of a phrase that the Chinese communist leaders used to describe him.", "      In June 1952 Sihanouk assumed control of the government. Many Cambodian students in France, among them Saloth Sar (who would become the future communist dictator Pol Pot ), objected to Sihanouk's move, but inside Cambodia the king remained extremely popular. His self-styled “Royal Crusade,” consisting of a tour of several countries to elicit their support, wrested political independence from the French, who by the end of 1953 were anxious to compromise. Sihanouk's success discredited the communist-dominated guerrilla movement in Cambodia—associated with the Viet Minh of Vietnam—and Son Ngoc Thanh's anticommunist Khmer Serei.", "; see full title below ; born 5 December 1927) is the reigning King of Thailand . He is known as Rama IX . Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history . [1]", "In January 1962, the government of Cambodia rounded up most of the leadership of the far-left Pracheachon party ahead of parliamentary elections due in June. The newspapers and other publications of the party were also closed. This event effectively ended any above-ground political role for the communist movement in Cambodia. In July 1962, the underground communist party secretary Tou Samouth was arrested and later killed while in custody. The arrests created a situation where Saloth could become the de facto deputy leader of the party. When Ton Samouth was murdered, Saloth became the acting leader of the communist party. At a party meeting attended by at most eighteen people in 1963, he was elected Secretary of the central committee of the party. In March 1963, Saloth went into hiding after his name was published in a list of leftist suspects put together by the police for Norodom Sihanouk . He fled to the Vietnamese border region and made contact with Vietnamese units fighting against South Vietnam .", "William Stevenson, who had access to the Royal Court and the Royal Family, wrote the biography The Revolutionary King in 2001.[145] An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol.[146] Critics noted that the book displays intimate knowledge about personal aspects of Bhumibol. However, the book has been unofficially banned in Thailand and the Bureau of the Royal Household warned the Thai media about even referring to it in print. An official ban was not possible as it was written with Bhumibol's blessing. The book has been criticised for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it refers to him by his personal nickname \"Lek\"), and proposing a controversial theory explaining the death of King Ananda. Stevenson said, \"The king said from the beginning the book would be dangerous for him and for me.\"[146]", "William Stevenson , who had access to the Royal Court and the Royal Family, wrote the biography The Revolutionary King in 2001. [142] An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol. [143] Critics noted that the book displays intimate knowledge about personal aspects of Bhumibol. However, the book has been unofficially banned in Thailand and the Bureau of the Royal Household warned the Thai media about even referring to it in print. An official ban was not possible as it was written with Bhumibol's blessing. The book has been criticised for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it refers to him by his personal nickname \"Lek\"), and proposing a controversial theory explaining the death of King Ananda. Stevenson said, \"The king said from the beginning the book would be dangerous for him and for me.\" [143]", "Pol Pot ordered the execution of his life-long right-hand man Son Sen on June 10, 1997 for attempting to make a settlement with the government. Eleven members of his family were killed also, although Pol Pot later denied that he had ordered this. He then fled his northern stronghold, but was later arrested by Khmer Rouge military Chief Ta Mok . In July he was subjected to a show trial for the death of Son Sen and sentenced to lifelong house arrest . [38]", "Bran Castle in the Transylvanian Alps is believed to have been the home of the fifteenth-century Romanian prince Vlad Tepes, who was born in the Transylvanian village of Sighisoara (central Romania, northwest of Bucharest) in 1431. He was known as \"The Impaler\" because of his cruelty in mass executions. He was also called \" Dracula ,\" which means \"Son of a Dragon,\" because his father was a member of the Order of the Dragon, a group of knights established by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to fight the Turks . British author Bram Stoker made Transylvania and Dracula famous when he chose the personality of Vlad Tepes as the basis for the vampire in his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula.", "William Stevenson, who had access to the Royal Court and the Royal Family, wrote the biography The Revolutionary King in 2001. An article in Time says the idea for the book was suggested by Bhumibol. Critics noted that the book displays intimate knowledge about personal aspects of Bhumibol. However, the book has been unofficially banned in Thailand and the Bureau of the Royal Household warned the Thai media about even referring to it in print. An official ban was not possible as it was written with Bhumibol's blessing. The book has been criticised for factual inaccuracies, disrespecting Bhumibol (it refers to him by his personal nickname \"Lek\"), and proposing a controversial theory explaining the mysterious death of King Ananda. Stevenson said, \"The king said from the beginning the book would be dangerous for him and for me.\"", "Sirikit (;; ), born Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara (; ) on 12 August 1932, is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She met Bhumibol in Paris, where her father was the Thai ambassador. They married in 1950, shortly before Bhumibol's coronation. Sirikit was appointed Queen Regent in 1956. Sirikit has one son and three daughters for the King. As the consort of the king who is the world's longest-reigning head of state, she is also the world's longest-serving consort of a monarch. Sirikit suffered a stroke on 21 July 2012 and has since refrained from public appearances.", "Original early 1820s watercolour based on a plate from Basil Hall’s “Account of a voyage of discovery to the west coast of Corea and the great Loo-Choo Island” (London, 1818). This portrait of the “Prince of Loo Choo” illustrates Hall’s description of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands – first in British history. Hall’s description of “the Prince of Loo Choo” notes: “The Prince of Loo-choo, whose name is Shang Pung Fwee, and title Pochin Tay Foo, belongs to the highest of the nine orders of chiefs on the islands <…> He was clothed in a robe of light blue silk, lined with silk a shade lighter, over which he wore a girdle richly embossed with flowers of gold and different coloured silks <…> He is about fifty years old, his beard is full and white, and his figure well proportioned. In manners he is genteel and sedate, but occasionally a little awkward, which his retired habits sufficiently account for. Towards the close of his visit, when his reserve had in some degree worn off, we observed him smile for an instant, now and then, with a shrewd expression in his eyes, as if he was observing what was passing more narrowly that we at first suspected” (Hall. Account of a voyage of discovery to the west coast of Corea…, pp. 181-182).", "After Kublai Khan died, he was succeeded by his grandson Timur, whom Marco Polo described as \"a valiant man full of kindness, wise, and prudent\". (The name Timur is Middle Eastern.) With Timur's death, the Mongol Empire broke apart. The name of the deposed emperor in Turandot is Timur. One of the most famous of all Timurs was Timur-i-leng or Tamerlane.", "In 1995, Pol Pot, still living in isolation on the Thai border, suffered a stroke that left the left side of his body paralyzed. Two years later, Pol Pot had Son Sen and members of Son Sen’s family executed because he believed that Sen had attempted to negotiate with the Cambodian government.", "Pol Pot ordered the execution of his life-long right-hand man Son Sen on June 10, 1997 for attempting to make a settlement with the government. Eleven members of his family were killed also, although Pol Pot later denied that he had ordered this. He then fled his northern stronghold, but was later arrested by Khmer Rouge military Chief Ta Mok . In November he was subjected to a show trial for the death of Son Sen and sentenced to lifelong house arrest .", "Pol Pot ordered the execution of his life-long right-hand man Son Sen on June 10 , 1997 for attempting to make a settlement with the government. Eleven members of his family were killed also, although Pol Pot later denied that he had ordered this. He then fled his northern stronghold, but was later arrested by Khmer Rouge military Chief Ta Mok . In November he was subjected to a show trial for the death of Son Sen and sentenced to lifelong house arrest .", "In 1935 King Pradhipok (Rama VII) abdicated the throne, following disagreements with the government. He lived in exile in the United Kingdom until his death. The king was replaced by his young nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII). The new king was 10 years old and was living abroad in Switzerland . A council of regents was appointed in his place. During this period the roles and powers of the king were entirely usurped by the fascist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram , who changed the name of the kingdom from Siam to Thailand , and aligned it on the side of the Axis powers in the Pacific theatre of World War II . By the end of the war Phibunsongkhram was removed and the young king returned. The Free Thai movement provided resistance to foreign occupation during the war and helped rehabilitate Thailand after the war.", "Pol Pot was rumoured to have received treatment, in 1985, for high blood pressure, malaria and other ailments, in a Peking hospital. The same year it was announced that he had retired as commander-in-chief of Khmer Rouge forces, which were the biggest of the three Cambodian guerrilla groups, and estimated at that time to number about 30,000. The news was treated with scepticism by the outside world.", "Thon Buri Period (1767–82) The Thai made a quick recovery under the leadership of a half- Chinese military commander, Phraya Taksin. Taksin had escaped from the besieged Ayutthaya and organized resistance to the Burmese invaders, eventually driving them out. Taksin declared himself king and established a new capital at Thon Buri, a fortress town across the river from modern Bangkok. By 1774 Taksin had annexed Lan Na and reunited Ayutthaya in 1776. He was deposed and executed in 1782, however, by his ministers, who invoked interests of the state over Taksin’s claim to divinity.", "      A confrontation between the two powers in Cambodia was inevitable. In 1794, in exchange for placing a refugee Cambodian prince, Eng, on the Cambodian throne, the Siamese appropriated two Cambodian provinces, Bătdâmbâng (Battambang) and Siĕmréab ( Siem Reap )—the latter including the ruins of Angkor. These provinces remained in Siamese hands until 1907. When Eng died after a short reign, he was replaced by his young son, who ruled as Chan II under the protection of Thailand.", "However, later due to stress and many factors, King Taksin went mad. After a coup d'état removing Taksin from power was restored by General Chakri (later becoming Rama I), Taksin was sentenced to death on Wednesday, 10 April 1782. ", "Sirikit (born 12 August 1932 in Bangkok, Thailand as Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara) is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (Rama IX) of Thailand. She met Bhumibol in Paris, where her father was the Thai ambassador. They married in 1950, shortly before Bhumibol's coronation. Sirikit was appointed Queen Regent in 1956. Sirikit produced one son and three daughters. As the consort of the king who is the world's longest-reigning head of state, she is also the world's longest-serving consort of a monarch.", "In 1431, Angkor was looted by conquering Siamese armies, abandoned, and overrun by vegetation. The Cambodian king and his court musicians fled. Subsequently the capital was moved to Lungvek. Once again, in 1594 Lungvek was sacked by the Siamese. Little is known of this period, the most obscure in Cambodian history. This second eradication shocked and weakened the Cambodians. After this humiliation of the Cambodian empire, music and its functions were deeply affected, and a new style of melancholic and emotional music is said to have emerged.", "By the early 19th century century, the Nguyen Dynasty seized power in Vietnam (which unified the country), prompting yet another wave of surname changes and adoptions. That dynasty, which \"awarded\" their surname to many people, ruled the country until the end of World War II. Esther Tran Le, a Vietnamese-American journalist based in New York, said that the name ‘Nguyen’ was the last name of the last dynasty of Vietnamese emperors. “Apparently the last King's name was Bao-Dai, but his real name was ‘Nguyen-Vinh-Thu,’ she said. “Many of the Vietnamese [peoples’] last names derive from the former Emperors' last names.”" ]

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[ "Six years after work began, laborers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east met at Promontory Summit, Utah. It was here on May 10, 1869 that Governor Stanford drove the Golden Spike (or the Last Spike), that symbolized the completion of the transcontinental railroad. Few were aware that the spike was merely gold plated, gold being much too soft for the purpose, and probably not billable.", "Engines from the two companies, the Union Pacific (right) and the Central Pacific (left), met at Promontory Summit, Utah, on 10 May 1869 to commemorate the completion of the transcontinental railroad with the driving of the golden spike.", "At the ceremony for the driving of the \"Last Spike\" at Promontory Summit, Utah , May 10, 1869", "It was 10 May 1869 when the two rail lines met at Promontory Summit, fifty-three miles northwest of Ogden, Utah. The last tie laid was made of California laurel wood with an inscription on a silver plate celebrating this great event in the nation’s history. At 12:47 P.M., using sledge hammers, both Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific, and Thomas C. Durant, vice-president of the Union Pacific, swung and missed hitting an iron spike. Still, the telegraph wires sent the message to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant that the last spike had been driven while two construction supervisors completed the task. Guns were fired in San Francisco, and the rest of the nation joined in the rejoicing of this historic event. 5 Brigham Young was on an extended visit to the Saints in the southern part of the territory and missed the celebration.", "�On May 10, 1869, two steam locomotives met at Promontory, Utah, for the \"Joining of the Rails Ceremony,\" at which the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads completed the transcontinental route. The event was crucial to the development of the American West because it made cross-country travel more convenient and economical. The construction of the railroad, and the subsequent mining boom, brought diverse ethnic and religious populations to Utah. The railroad also symbolized the changing technology, and moved Utah from an agrarian economy to a more industrialized one.", "Having been bypassed with the completion of the Lucin Cutoff in 1904, the Promontory Summit rails were pulled up in 1942 to be recycled for the World War II effort. This process began with a ceremonial \"undriving\" at the Last Spike location. In 1957, Congress authorized the Golden Spike National Historic Site. On May 10, 2006, on the anniversary of the driving of the spike, Utah announced that its state quarter design would be a representation of the driving of the Last (Golden) Spike.", "The golden spike is driven at Promontory Summit, Utah, by officials of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific, marking the inauguration of the transcontinental railroad.", "In 1957, Congress established the Golden Spike National Historic Site to preserve the area around Promontory Summit as closely as possible to its appearance in 1869. O'Connor Engineering Laboratories in Costa Mesa, California, designed and built working replicas of the locomotives present at the original ceremony for the Park Service. These engines are drawn up face-to-face each Saturday during the summer for a re-enactment of the event. ", "10 May 1869 - Golden spike driven in Ogden, Utah to mark completion of the first transcontinental railway.", "The tracks reached Ogden, Utah, on March 27, 1869, although finishing work would continue on the tracks, tunnels and bridges in Weber Canyon for over a year. From Ogden, the railroad went north of the Great Salt Lake to Brigham City and Corinne using Mormon workers, before finally connecting with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah territory on May 10, 1869. Some Union Pacific officers declined to pay the Mormons all of the agreed upon construction costs of the work through Weber Canyon, and beyond, claiming Union Pacific poverty despite the millions they had extracted through Crédit Mobilier shenanigans. Only partial payment was secured through court actions against Union Pacific. Fortunately, the Union Pacific railroad land grants in Utah were mostly worthless territory through mountains and deserts so they did not gain too much extra. The portion of the original railroad around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake is no longer used. In 1904, the Lucin Cutoff, a causeway across the center of the Great Salt Lake to Promontory Point, bypassed Promontory Summit. The cutoff shortened the rail route by approximately 43 mi.", "The Site. Promontory, also called at that time Promontory Summit, Promontory Point, and Promontory Station , was a plateau in the Promontory Mountains just north of where the range projects southward into Salt Lake. The reporters describe the basin as about 10 miles in diameter (one reporter says 3) and surrounded on 3 sides with peaks, covered with sage brush and grass, and without water which on that day had to be transported 8 miles to the point of celebration. The track ran from SW to NE through the basin and fairly close to the eastern edge; and the rails for the celebration, judging from the shadows on the photograph taken at noon, ran almost due north and south. The day was sunny with a few clouds and a slight breeze; the temperature was 69° in the shade of the Central Pacific telegraph car. By the time of the celebration, about 20 tents and shacks had been erected on both sides of the track but most of them on the west side. Both roads had laid switches; the Union Pacific had also laid a Y, and on the 10th each road had at least 2 engines and their coaches.", "The fifth and final commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2007 honors Utah, and is the 45th coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters® Program. Utah was admitted into the Union on January 4, 1896, becoming our Nation's 45th state. The reverse of Utah's quarter features two locomotives moving toward the golden spike that joined the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, linking East to West and transforming both the Utah Territory and the Nation with the inscription \"Crossroads of the West.\" The coin also bears the inscriptions \"Utah\" and \"1896.\"", "The railroad across Promontory Summit remained in continuous use for 35 years. However, despite its historic importance, it was part of a large detour undertaken by the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads because of the Great Salt Lake. As trains became longer and heavier, additional engines were often required to pull them up to the summit. Although Union Pacific engineers had initially considered a direct route across the lake, they opted for the surveyed line through Promontory due to cost and schedule reasons. ", "9 . Alta, May 5; Bee, May 4; Bull., May 11 and 13; Chron., May 5; Call, May 4; Exam., May 4; State Capitol Reporter, May 11; Union, May 10; Utah Reporter, May 12; Harper's, July, p. 293; Leslie's, June 5, p. 23; Calif. Hist. Soc. Quarterly, Dec. 1945, p. 368, note 5. There is a tradition that Hewes, who provided the gold spike, also provided the laurel tie or at least paid for it; but no evidence has been found to that effect. The donor was, without doubt, West Evans .", "Utah ( or) is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U.S. on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of nearly 3 million (Census estimate for July 1, 2015), approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, centering on the state capital Salt Lake City. Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast.", "Beginning in the early 1900s, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah began to become known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes, and such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and \"the Mittens\" of Monument Valley are instantly recognizable to most national residents. During the 1950s, '60s, and '70s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.", "In 1904 a new railroad route called the Lucin Cutoff was built by-passing the Promontory location to the south. By going west across the Great Salt Lake from Ogden, Utah, to Lucin, Utah, the new railroad line shortened the distance by 43 miles and avoided curves and grades. Main line trains no longer passed over Promontory Summit.", "Other Ceremonial Spikes. The report in Leslie's mentions 2 gold and 2 silver spikes furnished by Montana, Idaho, California, and Nevada, but without identification as to which state gave which type. There was also a tradition that Utah presented one; however, no evidence has been found of any spikes other than those already noted, and the present authorities in these states report no knowledge on the subject. The rumor no doubt resulted from the confused and congested reporting conditions of that day. 6", "William Henry Jackson #714, detail. Promontory Summit, Utah, June 30 or July 1, 1869 .  Courtesy USGS.", "The state of Utah relies heavily on income from tourists and travelers taking advantage of the state's ski resorts and natural beauty, and thus the need to \"brand\" Utah and create an impression of the state throughout the world has led to several state slogans, the most famous of which being \"The Greatest Snow on Earth\", which has been in use in Utah officially since 1975 (although the slogan was in unofficial use as early as 1962) and now adorns nearly 50 percent of the state's license plates. In 2001, Utah Governor Mike Leavitt approved a new state slogan, \"Utah! Where Ideas Connect\", which lasted until March 10, 2006, when the Utah Travel Council and the office of Governor Jon Huntsman announced that \"Life Elevated\" would be the new state slogan.", "Beehive State The beehive became the official state emblem on March 4, 1959. Utahans relate the beehive symbol to industry and the pioneer virtues of thrift and perseverance. The beehive was chosen as the emblem for the provisional State of Deseret in 1848 and was maintained on the seal of the State of Utah when Utah became a state in 1896.", "Mormon handcart pioneer statue on Temple Square honoring those who traveled across the plains to Utah", "Today is Pioneer Day, a Utah State Holiday in observance of the arrival of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at the site of Salt Lake City, Utah on this day in 1847.     After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young led 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley.   They had journeyed all the way from Illinois with covered wagons and livestock, to make a new life in the West.   This is a huge holiday for Utahns, with parades (including the Days of '47 Parade), fireworks, rodeos, and other festivities, and is also celebrated by LDS members worldwide.   On Pioneer Day, some celebrants walk portions of the Mormon Trail or reenact entering the Salt Lake Valley with handcarts, such as many early Mormon migrants used.   But in Santa Monica, you can see people pushing all their worldly goods around in supermarket trolleys any day of the year.", "After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young led 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City. The Utah State Holiday commemorates this day in 1847.", "Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, then part of Mexico. Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the final destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico, although U.S. sovereignty would not be confirmed until 1848. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now recognized as Pioneer Day in Utah. Young's expedition was one the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22, 29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. ", "Today, Lynne Thompson and I visited Stone Mountain State Park outside Atlanta. The carved memorial in Stone Mountain -- the largest solid granite \"outcropping\" in the world -- to the Confederate \"heroes\" of the Civil War , depicts carvings of Robert E. Lee , Stonewall Jackson, and Jefferson Davis. Martin Luther King mentioned Stone Mountain is his 1963 \"I Have a Dream\" speech in Washington, D.C., when he said, \"Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.\" The carving was first commissioned to Gutzon Borglum , who left the project in a controversy in 1925 -- to go move on -- ultimately to carve the original figures at Mount Rushmore in South Dakota .", "Nevada became a territory in 1861, several years after a Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War discovered gold and silver in the area of Virginia City. This discovery would later be referred to as one of the greatest mineral discoveries, famously known as the Comstock Lode.", "Remarks: Calls for a memorial began in 1909, and in 1915 Mrs. Helen Plane, a charter member of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, suggested having a 70 foot statue of General Robert E. Lee carved on the mountainside. Gutzon Borglum was hired in 1915 as carving consultant, and in 1916 was appointed carving sculptor by the Stone Mountain Monumental Association (an independent organization chartered by the UDC). Borglum's original design plans for the memorial called for seven major figures accompanied by an army of \"thousands.\" He estimated the memorial would cost three million dollars and take ten years to build. The Samuel H. Venable family, who owned the land, deeded the north face of the mountain to the UDC in 1916, with the stipulation that the memorial be built within twelve years. Because of World War I and funding delays, carving on the memorial did not begin until 1923. Borglum used photographic equipment to project a sketch on the mountain and dynamite for blasting. By January 1924, he had completed the face of Lee, over 10,000 attending the unveiling held on January 19, 1924. As part of the publicity and fund-raising campaign, a memorial half-dollar coin was designed by Borglum, depicting Lee and Jackson seated on horseback. Reportedly over a million dollars was raised towards the cost of the memorial.", "As troops approached Salt Lake in northern Utah, nervous Mormon settlers and Paiutes attacked and killed 120 immigrants from Arkansas in southern Utah. The attack became known as the Mountain Meadows Massacre. The massacre became a point of contention between LDS leaders and the federal government for decades. Only one man, John D. Lee, was ever convicted of the murders, and he was executed at the massacre site.", "Several memorials honor Grant. In addition to his mausoleum, the General Grant National Memorial in New York, there is the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial at the foot of Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. Dedicated in 1922, it overlooks the Capitol Reflecting Pool and is made of bronze and marble created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady and architect Edward Pearce Casey. On April 23, 2015, the 193rd anniversary of Grant's birth, restoration work began; the restoration is expected to be completed before the bicentennial of Grant's birth in 2022. ", "On Jan. 19, 1924, with only Lee's roughly carved image to be viewed, 5,000 people attended an unveiling ceremony at Stone Mountain. On March 17, Congress passed and President Calvin Coolidge signed the Stone Mountain Memorial Coinage Act, which authorized the United States Mint to issue up to five million commemorative half dollars, to be sold at face value to the Stone Mountain Confederate Monumental Association, which in turn would sell them to the public at a profit and use the proceeds to pay the costs of the project.", "Public Law 97-104 authorizes the U.S. Mint to strike up to 10 million silver commemorative half dollars in recognition of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the nation’s first President, George Washington. The coin carries the date 1982, and is the first commemorative coin since the 1950s." ]

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[ "Thomas Andrew \"Colonel Tom\" Parker (born Andreas Cornelis van Kuijk; June 26, 1909 – January 21, 1997) was a Dutch-born American talent manager, best known as the manager of Elvis Presley. His management of Presley defined the role of masterminding talent management, which involved every facet of the client's life and was seen as central to the success of Presley's career.", "Colonel Thomas Andrew “Tom” Parker (Born Andreas Cornelis van Kuyk) was an enigma from the day he arrived on a freighter in Tampa Bay, Florida, as an illegal immigrant at about the age of 20 until his death at the advanced age of 87 in 1997. Colonel Parker is of course best known as the manager of Elvis Presley, who was probably instrumental in making Elvis the superstar he became. But in doing so Colonel Parker also benefitted enormously from Presley’s success through his 25 to 50 percent management fee he charged Presley during his career as a singer and performer.", "“Colonel Tom Parker managed Elvis Presley’s career from 1955 to 1977. Their’s was probably the most unique artist-manager relationship ever in show business, clearly one of the most successful. The world’s music and pop culture changed forever when the greatest performer of them all joined forces with the man who wrote the book on promotion. Elvis and Colonel Parker made history together. They also shared an abiding friendship that is often overlooked by the press and the general public.”", "* \"Colonel\" Thomas Parker, the manager of Elvis Presley, was born and raised in Breda as Andreas Cornelius van Kuijk.", "Elvis Presley (1935–1977) was an American entertainer who achieved initial success as a singer, expressing an early career goal of following in the footsteps of his role models James Dean and Marlon Brando to become a top dramatic actor. His manager Colonel Tom Parker's persistent lobbying of William Morris Agency president Abe Lastfogel for a Presley screen test paid off on March 26, 1956, when the singer auditioned at Paramount for a supporting role in The Rainmaker. Although not chosen for the part, he signed a contract with Paramount producer Hal Wallis on April 25 that also allowed him to make films with other studios. ", "And like Mephistopheles, Parker is a mystery. He was born Andreas van Kuijk, a Dutch immigrant who changed his name the moment he stepped off the boat in Tampa Bay harbor but never applied for a green card. He worked as a carny for Royal Amusement Shows. He briefly managed the careers of country legends Eddy Arnold and Hank Snow. He was a friend of country star and twice Louisiana Governor Jimmie Davis (“You Are My Sunshine”), who bestowed the honorary rank of Colonel upon him in exchange for services rendered during Davis’s campaign. And of course he managed Elvis Presley for virtually the singer’s entire career. But that is pretty much all we know about the man, despite his tight relationship with the world’s most famous client.", "Review of the book, “Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley’s Eccentric Manager”, http://www.popmatters.com/books/reviews/c/colonel-tom-parker.shtml", "Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley's Eccentric Manager: Amazon.co.uk: James L. Dickerson: 9780815412670: Books", "Colonel Tom Parker's involvement in the music industry began as a music promoter in the late 1940s, working with such country music stars as Minnie Pearl, Hank Snow, June Carter and Eddy Arnold, as well as film star Tom Mix. During this time he received the honorary title of 'Colonel' in 1948 from Jimmie Davis, the governor of Louisiana. His involvement with Elvis Presley began when he booked Presley as the opening act for Canadian singer Snow.On August 15, 1955 Elvis Presley was signed by 'Hank Snow Attractions'.", "On August 15, 1955, \"Colonel\" Tom Parker became Presley's manager, signing him to a one year contract, plus renewals. Several record labels had... Read more", "Mr. Parker began his management career with the singer Eddy Arnold, establishing a reputation as an all-consuming patriarch by moving in with the singer and his family in Nashville. In 1948, he wangled the honorary colonel's title from Louisiana's Governor, Jimmie Davis, and henceforth asked to be addressed as ''Colonel.'' Almost foreshadowing the route he was to take with Presley, Mr. Parker landed Mr. Arnold roles in several Hollywood movies and booked him in Las Vegas. In 1953, Mr. Arnold fired him, and Mr. Parker went on to start his own promotion company and to manage the singer Hank Snow.", "By early 1956 however Hank Snow's attorney became suspicious of their supposed joint business deal and Snow confronted The Colonel. When Snow questioned their partnership Parker smartly pulled out the contract that Vernon and Gladys had signed and waved it in his face shouting, \"Elvis Presley is managed by Colonel Tom Parker and nobody else!\"", "In any event let’s go back to the Colonel Parker story. Before managing Presley’s career, in the 1940’s, Parker had managed the professional careers of such well known stars as Minnie Pearl, Eddie Arnold and Hank Snow. Also during that time period he performed promotional services to Jimmie Davis, the gubernatorial candidate in the state of Louisiana. Davis won the election in the late 1940’s, and he felt that Parker had been instrumental in the governor’s success. In turn, in 1948, Governor Jimmie Davis officially bestowed the honorary title of Colonel in the Louisiana State Militia on Parker. And from that day on Parker would be known as Colonel Parker.", "August 21, Colonel Tom Parker , whose managerial skills have now become legendary in Nashville, is let go by his single client, number-one selling country artist Eddy Arnold.", "On August 15 , 1955 , Presley was signed by \"Hank Snow Attractions\", a management company jointly owned by singer Hank Snow and \"Colonel\" Tom Parker . Shortly thereafter, \"Colonel\" Parker took full control and, recognizing the limitations of Sun Studios, negotiated a deal with RCA Victor Records to acquire Presley's Sun contract for $35,000 on November 21 , 1955 . Presley's first single for RCA \"Heartbreak Hotel\" quickly sold one million copies and within a year RCA would go on to sell ten million Presley singles.", "The life and times of Elvis Presley contain a barrage of if-onlies, as befits perhaps the largest of our latter-day myths. Fans and scholars of the King will forever argue the effects of the often bizarre curves in his career—whether going into the Army helped or hurt him, whether the movies gave him longevity or consigned him to mediocrity, whether his drug use and profligate spending were the result of deep depression or the compulsive behavior of the child of white trash suddenly become nouveau riche. One thing, however, meets with general agreement: whatever Elvis’s other problems may have been, his biggest failing was his utter dependence upon his manager, Colonel Tom Parker. When they inked their first contract, Parker took an unusual 25% commission; by the time of the King’s death, three-fourths of Elvis’s income went into Parker’s pocket, seemingly without Elvis’s knowledge. If Elvis was Faust, selling his soul for the riches of the earth, Parker will always be Mephistopheles, paying with a mess of pottage.", "Elvis’ live performances were an amalgamation of country, gospel, R&B and the newly developed music genre of rock and roll. It was at this time that Elvis had managed to impress Dutch born Colonel Tom Parker, who was a famous music promoter.  At that point of time, Elvis’ producer was Sam Phillips.  Colonel Parker soon got RCA to buy Elvis’ contract for a whopping sum of $35,000.", "Prior to becoming Elvis’ manager, claim to fame was a show called ‘Colonel Parkers Dancing Chickens’. Elvis said: “I don’t think I’d have ever been very big if it wasn’t for him. He’s a very smart man”. Parker even marketed “I Hate Elvis” badges to make money from those who disliked him! Striking deals with him were so painful, that one victim commented “I’d rather try and close a deal with the Devil.” Not even put off by Elvis’ death, when asked what he would do now, Parker said, “Why, I’ll just go right on managing him!”", "\"To give you a little background about myself - I met Colonel in 1969. As you know, RCA Records Tours sponsored the Elvis Presley Tours beginning in 1971. I was the RCA Record Tours secretary on the Elvis tours and worked under the direction of, and traveled with, Colonel Tom Parker during the touring years. I experienced the Elvis Presley tours - and what an experience it was! Colonel and I shared more than 25 years together and those were wonderful years.\"", "On March 26, 1956, after Elvis' management contract with Neal had expired, the singer signed a contract with Parker that made him his exclusive representative. Later, when Hank Snow asked Parker about the status of their contract with Elvis, Parker told him, \"You don't have any contract with Elvis Presley. Elvis is signed exclusively to the Colonel.\" ", "Parker first became involved in the music industry as a music promoter in 1938, working with popular singer Gene Austin. Despite having sold over 86 million records since 1924 and earned over $17 million, Austin's career had hit a bad patch. He had wasted much of his fortune on partying, cars, mansions, and women, and his popularity had been eclipsed by new singers such as Bing Crosby. Parker, charged with the task of promoting the star, found the career transition to be a smooth one, using much of his \"carny\" experience to sell tickets and pack in the crowds. He was a very good promoter, but he had his sights set on management.", "The world knew him as Colonel Tom Parker, one of the most successful managers the entertainment business has ever seen. He claimed that he was a US citizen born in Huntington, West Virginia who had been orphaned young and had a colourful carnival youth.", "Hank Snow never made his share of money from his input into the discovery of Elvis. Over forty years after the event Snow still says, \"I have worked with several managers over the years and have had respect for them all except one. Tom Parker (he refuses to recognise the title Colonel) was the most egotistical, obnoxious human being I've ever had dealings with.\"", "It was Parker who groomed the teenage rebel for a new role as the acceptable face of American showbiz. He oversaw the transformation from \"Elvis the Pelvis\" to the Hollywood star of countless lightweight movies. Gradually it came to be perceived that perhaps the Colonel was too protective and was the root cause of the erosion of Presley's talents and stature.", "He was actually born in Breda, Netherlands on June 28, 1909. Still carrying his baptism name, Andreas Cornelius van Kuijk fled his native land at about the age of 18, joined the United States Army, then changed his name to Tom Parker and became part of the circus world some time after leaving the Army. He also worked as a dogcatcher and a pet cemetery proprietor in Tampa, Florida, in the 1940s.", "The legendary impresario was the manager for the Bee Gees at the height of their fame and also managed Cream, The Who, Blind Faith and Eric Clapton.", "Tom Jones was diagnosed with tuberculosis at age 12 which he later said caused him to stay in bed for almost 2 years. At the age of 16, Tom married his wife Melinda Trenchard and a month later they welcomed their son Mark. In 1963, he joined the group Tommy Scott and the Senators as the frontman. Tom went solo in 1964 with his mega hit, “It’s Not Unusual” and in 1966 he was awarded the honor of Best New Artist at the Grammys. A few years later he came to America to perform at Las Vegas where he forged a friendship with his longtime idol, Elvis Presley. Besides a very successful music career, Tom has had several Television shows including This Is Tom Jones. During the 80s Tom turned his focus to Country Music. His popularity increased again in the new millennium after President Bill Clinton invited him to perform on New Years Eve in Washington. In 2006 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.", "\"He was incredible, a consummate performer. Always entertaining, always talking, always laughing,\" said Tim Fowlar his musical director for 30 years. \"He loved to perform and that's pretty much all he knew.\"", "From 1947 to 1951, Parker worked in a number of nightclubs, radio studios, and other venues performing solo or with the accompaniment of other musicians. During this time, he visited Europe where he was cheered by devoted fans and did numerous recordings. March 5, 1955, was Parker�s last public engagement at Birdland, a nightclub in New York that was named in his honor. He died a week later in a friend�s apartment.", "I think Mickey Rooney's pretty close. He first appeared in short vaudeville films in the 1920's. His latest film \"Night At the Museum\" has proved that he's still alive and kicking in show business. He has enormous talent and I'm a great admirer of his. For television, I think Regis Philbin is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the man who's appeared on TV the most.", ". 2000 ~ Russ Conway, a British pianist known as the \"Prince Charming of Pop\" who sold more than 30 million records in the 1950s and '60s, died at age 75. He had 17 consecutive hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and won a silver disc when his record Roulette topped 250,000 sales - a total rapidly equaled by three other hits, Sidesaddle, China Tea and Snow Coach. Conway's formal piano education consisted of one lesson at age 4. He left school at 14 and got work in a lawyer's office. But he was sent to juvenile detention for three years for taking money he found in a package. In a detention center, he found a piano to play. While doing a stint as a pianist in a club, he was discovered by choreographer Irving Davies. He went on to provide piano accompaniment to a string of singers. Soon he was composing the songs that made him famous and won him the nicknames \"Prince Charming of Pop\" and the \"Sheik of the Keyboard.\"", "Approaching his 75th birthday Sir Tom is a national treasure. But behind the polished performance and well-tailored appearance lurks a tempestuous background that would have destroyed most performers before they even reached the foothills of fame." ]

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[ "From August 15th to 18th, 1969 the Woodstock Music and Arts Fair was held. An estimated 450,000 young music lovers converged in rural New York State. Woodstock is known as the iconic cultural event that defined the 1960’s. The event was so popular that it resulted in the most famous traffic jam in New York's history as fans amassed in Bethel, New York to witness an unprecedented rock extravaganza. Promoters introduced the event as an “Aquarian exposition” and “three days of peace and music.” The Woodstock Festival did not take place in Woodstock, New York, but rather the name came from the location of the organizers’ headquarters. Instead it took place nearly sixty miles away in Bethel, on Max Yasgur’s farm. Although receiving much criticism, Max Yasgur, a dairy farmer, allowed his 600 acres of farmland to be used as the festival grounds. Yagur said he offered his land in order to help close a generational gap as well as garnish a fee of $50,000.", "August 15, 1969 - Woodstock began in a field near Yasgur's Farm at Bethel, New York. The three-day concert featured 24 rock bands and drew a crowd of more than 300,000 young people. The event came to symbolize the counter-culture movement of the 1960's.", "The Woodstock Festival was a music festival, billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music”. It held at Max Yasgur’s 600-acre farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 miles (69 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "Page 1 of 4 Woodstock Festival was a three day event of music and peace, held at Max Yasgur’s dairy farm, in the town of Bethel, New York.... It took place on the dates August 15th-18th, 1969. Five hundred thousand people attended the festival, watching thirty-two acts perform over the three days. It was the first time that so many people had gathered together to listen to music in an outdoor setting (Articlesbase 2008). Not only did Woodstock Festival play a major role in the influence of music...", "In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Carlos Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression.", "More than 400,000 young people attended the legendary Woodstock festival on August 15, 1969. The event took place in a dairy farm in the town of Bethel, New York, for The Woodstock Music & Art Fair.", "The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was a rock festival held at Max Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km�) dairy farm in the rural town of Bethel, New York from August 15 to August 18, 1969. For many, it exemplified the counterculture of the 1960s and the \"hippie era\". Many of the best-known musicians of the time appeared during the rainy weekend, captured in a successful 1970 movie, Woodstock. Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", which memorialized the event, became a major hit for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Though attempts have been made over the years to recreate the festival, the original Woodstock festival of 1969 has proven to be unique and legendary.", "*August 15-17 – The Woodstock Music and Art Festival is held at Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York, near Woodstock, New York. Performers include Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, The Who, The Band, Joan Baez, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Jefferson Airplane, Santana, Country Joe and the Fish, Ten Years After, and Sly & the Family Stone.", "Sri Swami Satchidananda opened the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival  in Bethel, New York  on August 15, addressing a crowd of approximately 500,000.", "Travel back to the magical moment in time that forever changed the lives of all who were part of the landmark concert event that took place on Max Yasgur’s 600-acre farm in the Catskills near Woodstock, New York, in August of 1969. During that legendary 4-day event, 32 acts performed outdoors before an audience of 400,000 people in what is widely regarded as one of the most pivotal moments in popular music history.", "The Sociological and Political Subtleties of Woodstock - The Sociological and Political Subtleties of Woodstock The Woodstock festival descended on Bethel, New York promising three days of peace and music. Event organizers anticipated 15,000 people would attend but were overwhelmed by the 300,000 people that flooded this rural area of New York state from August 15 -17, 1969. While these facts are well known and indisputable, the festival itself has proven to be a controversial endeavor. What began as a small business venture was soon brimming with the controversy of an entire decade....   [tags: Exploratory Essays Research Papers]", "The gap that existed between the hippies and mainstream society widened. In August 1969, 500,000 people attended the Woodstock Music and Art Fair in Bethel, New York. Bands at the event included Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, Carlos Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. The Wavy Gravy Hog Farm provided security for what was a mostly peaceful event. The mainstream public was treated to visuals of drug using hippies covered in mud and exhibiting bizarre behavior.", "The Woodstock festival named itself after Woodstock, New York, the small town upstate where Bob Dylan and the Band liked to record, but the festival itself wasn't actually in the town of Woodstock.  (Most American hippies didn't really notice or care that the original Woodstock festival wasn't actually in Woodstock, New York, as long as it was in the same regional area that Bob Dylan was rumored to be.) The original site for Woodstock was in Wallkill, New York, but local opposition forced the concert promoters to move the concert to Max Yasgur's dairy farm in Bethel, New York.  The promoters negotiated the rights to use the venue for the original Woodstock festival directly with the dairy farmer Max Yasgur without getting blocked by local authorities.  When the original promoters of the Woodstock festival held commemorative reunion concerts in 1979, 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2009, they were able find venues reasonably close to Woodstock or Bethel, New York, although they had to do some venue shopping in order to find somebody who would give them rights to hold a concert on their land.   The promoters of the 1970 Isle Wight festival did not have the option of doing any venue shopping for holding any commemorative concerts, because the Isle of Wight Act prevented them from doing so.", "Woodstock, which Spike attended, was a musical festival held in a farmer's field in Woodstock, NY, the weekend of August 15–17, 1969. Featuring such acts as Jimi Hendrix, Ravi Shankar, and the Grateful Dead, the event immediately came to symbolize the bohemian atmosphere and hippie culture of the free-love late 1960s.", "On this day in 1969, the Woodstock Music Festival opens on a patch of farmland in White Lake, a hamlet in the upstate New York town of Bethel.", "Welcome to Yasgur Road Productions. Our mission is to commemorate the miracle that took place in Bethel, NY in August of 1969. We are producing music, art, artistic events and forums for political activism at the former home and farm of Max and Miriam Yasgur. We are dedicated to the support and perpetuation of freedom, Education, Nonviolence, Environmental Awareness, Independance and Spiritual and Artistic Advancement. We will provide a welcome home for the anniversary of the historic Woodstock Concert every third weekend in August in order to ensure the right of freedom of assembly for all citizens of all nations.", "*Woodstock (1970), a documentary about the Woodstock Festival of 1969, filmed at the festival in Bethel, New York", "1970 - Neighbors of New York landowner Max Yasgur sued him for $35,000 for property damage caused by �flower children� who attended the August 1969 Woodstock Festival. More than 450,000 people attended the three-day event.", "Promoters John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfield and Michael Lang originally envisioned the festival as a way to raise funds to build a recording studio and rock-and-roll retreat near the town of Woodstock, New York. The longtime artists� colony was already a home base for Bob Dylan and other musicians. Despite their relative inexperience, the young promoters managed to sign a roster of top acts, including the Jefferson Airplane, the Who, the Grateful Dead, Sly and the Family Stone, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Creedence Clearwater Revival and many more. Plans for the festival were on the verge of foundering, however, after both Woodstock and the nearby town of Wallkill denied permission to hold the event. Dairy farmer Max Yasgur came to the rescue at the last minute, giving the promoters access to his 600 acres of land in Bethel, some 50 miles from Woodstock.", "The festival bears the name \"Woodstock\", because it was to take place in the town of Woodstock, in Ulster County; however, the town offered no appropriate site to host such a large event due to their belief that over a million people would attend. A site was found in the town of Wallkill. When local opposition arose, the event was almost cancelled, but Sam Yasgur persuaded his father Max to allow the concert to be held on the family's alfalfa field, located in Sullivan County, about 40 miles southwest of Woodstock.", "Max Yasgur provided Woodstock’s venue by leasing out his 600-acre dairy farm near the hamlet of White Lake in the Catskill Mountain community of Bethel, New York, 100 miles north of Manhattan.", "Update: Thursday, August 17, 2006, 4:42 a.m. PDT On this date in 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair concluded near Bethel, N.Y. [New York Times/AP e-headlines]", "In August 1969, the most celebrated music festival in history took place. At a time when Americans were deeply divided, nearly 500,000 people from across the country gathered to celebrate “Three Days of Peace and Music.” The three days of legendary performances, unimaginable mud, and unforgettable experiences helped the Woodstock Music and Art Fair become a symbol of an entire generation, and made Woodstock a name known all over the world.", "Atlantic City Pop Festival Atlantic City Racetrack 4501 Black Horse Pike Mays Landing, New Jersey 609-641-2190 From August 1–3, 1969, 110,000 people attended this festival at the Atlantic City Racetrack—a sort of tune-up for Woodstock. Thirty or so bands played, many of whom then headed up to play Woodstock the next week. The show featured (among others) Joan Baez; Arlo Guthrie; Tim Harden; Richie Havens; Ravi Shankar; Sweetwater; Canned Heat; Creedence Clearwater Revival; the Grateful Dead; the Jefferson Airplane; Mountain; The Who; The Band; Blood, Sweat & Tears; Joe Cocker; Crosby, Stills & Nash; Santana; Jimi Hendrix; Ten Years After; Johnny Winter; and Sha Na Na.", "As the Borscht Belt era was ending, in 1969, the event that would redefine the Catskills for the present generation took place. Late that summer, thousands of the era's hippies gathered on a dairy farm near the Sullivan County town of Bethel for \"three days of peace, love and music\" from some of the era's top acts such as Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; The Who, Jefferson Airplane and Jimi Hendrix. While the festival was actually declared a disaster area, launching scores of lawsuits, and many of the performances were subpar, the Woodstock festival gave the baby-boom generation a name and a spiritual touchstone for years afterwards, as many claimed to be there who had not been.", "I was 17 and a High school Junior. The summer of 1969, my friends and I went to the Newport Jazz, Newport Folk, and Woodstock Festivals. FYI, we never bought a tickets for Woodstock. We assumed we would get in for free. I remember driving there in a tank of a car with three friends and watching other vehicles drive by us with the sign \"Woodstock or Bust\" painted on their sides. When we arrived, it took forever to drive up the main road to get to the festival. Cars were stopping, taking out food and having picnics on the spot while they were waiting in line. I remember one man saying,\"Hey, Sly from Sly and the Family Stone is my cousin. You got to get me in\" Once we got in, we parked the tank in a field. The field turned into a mud bath very soon afterward and I wondered how on earth we were going to get the tank out of the field.", "Woodstock 1969 - The Woodstock of 1969 was a revolution in itself and responsible for redefining the point of view, respect, and attitude of the so-called \"counter-cultured\" youth of the late sixties. The attendants of the festival were youths from around the United States in ages ranging from 17 to 26. The overall mood of the festival was very relaxed and happy. Although there was a minimal amount of violence at Woodstock, there were financial problems, drugs, nudity, and traffic jams that seemed to go for miles down the old country roads surrounding Max Yasgur's dairy farm....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Do you have any special Woodstock 1969 Music Festival memories? If so please share them! 1108 comments", "Woodstock Music Festival - Woodstock In 1970 a two-hundred and thirty minute documentary was released entitled \"Woodstock.\" This documentary has set the standard for other documentaries to come. This documentary covers a three day festival that was held in August of 1969. The festival symbolized the ideas of the late 1960’s in terms of music, politics, and society in general. The documentary depicted the event as a major love and drug fest. Woodstock was a historic event that was the idea of four men by the names of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Roseman, and Artie Kornfeld....   [tags: Music]", "^ \"1969: Woodstock music festival ends\". On this Day: 1950–2005. BBC News. August 18, 1969. Retrieved April 17, 2008. ", "This remains the mother of all music festivals, held at a 600-acre dairy farm owned by Max Yasgur. A series of coincidental events unfolded which effected the location and operation of this festival, which grew to become a “free” event for over 400,000 attendees. Regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history, 32 acts performed during the rainy weekend, starting with Richie Havens, and concluding with a memorable performance by Jimi Hendrix as the crowd dispersed mid-morning on Monday, August 18th. Woodstock was immortalized in a later documentary movie as well as a song by Joni Mitchell, who was one of many major acts that did not attend by later regretted it.", "Of the following artists, which was the only one to perform at the Woodstock Festival in August, 1969?" ]

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[ "The Marx Brothers, Groucho, Chico, Harpo and Zeppo are a group of actors known for Duck Soup (1933), Animal Crackers (1930) Horse Feathers (1932) A Night in Casablanca (1946) A Day at the Races (1937) and A Night at the Opera (1935). They began their careers in Vaudeville, before becoming stars in the movies.", "The Marx Brothers, Groucho, Chico, Harpo and Zeppo are a group of actors known for Duck Soup (1933), Animal Crackers (1930) Horse Feathers (1932) A Night in Casablanca (1946) A Day at the Races (1937) and A Night at the Opera (1935). They began their careers in Vaudeville, before becoming stars in the movies. See full bio »", "Their careers began over a century ago, as a family vaudeville act in New York. Yet the very mention of the phrase “Marx Brothers” has become cultural shorthand for comic genius and a reminder that good comedy never stales. Yes, they were all actual brothers, and yes, there were as many as five: Groucho, Harpo, Chico, Zeppo and Gummo, though the lattermost left the act before the group started making films in 1926.", "Vaudeville, stage, and motion picture actor/comedian/entertainer. One of the legendary Marx Brothers along with Groucho, Harpo, Zeppo, and Gummo. Leonard \"Chico\" Marx was the pianist with a phony Italian accent. He starred in 13 movies with brothers Groucho, Harpo and sometimes Zeppo. Born in New York City as the second-oldest son of Minnie and Sam Marx (the oldest, Manfred, died an infant), Leonard grew up on the streets. He learned various accents and gambling, which became a serious... [Read More] (Bio by: LincolnFan )", "The Marx Brothers were the sons of a tailor and a domineering stage mother, as well as the nephews of vaudeville headliner Al Shean of the popular team Gallagher and Shean . In 1904 Groucho became the first of the brothers to appear onstage, when he joined a singing trio. He was eventually joined by Gummo, Harpo, and Chico in what, after a long series of incarnations, evolved into a comedy act. For several mostly successful years in burlesque and vaudeville, the brothers’ stage act consisted of songs, dances, musical specialities by Harpo (on harp) and Chico (on piano), and the Marx’s own brand of chaotic humour. They scored a major triumph on Broadway with their musical-comedy revue I’ll Say She Is (1924), by which time Zeppo had replaced Gummo. In what proved to be a turning point in their careers, the show endeared them to Alexander Woollcott , the most prominent and influential drama critic of the time. His close friendship with Harpo led to the brothers’ association with members of the Algonquin Round Table and other members of New York’s cultural elite. Although they had little formal education, the Marxes were feted by scholars and intellectuals throughout their lives, and they counted among their personal friends luminaries such as Woollcott, George S. Kaufman, S.J. Perelman, T.S. Eliot, George Gershwin , and several other noted writers and composers.", "A Night at the Opera (1935) with its memorable scenes of the stateroom and a legal contract, and A Day at the Races (1937) were made at the height of their popularity. A frequent romantic foil for Groucho who appeared in a number of their films was Margaret Dumont, a memorable character actress. The film career of the Marx Brothers extended from 1929 to 1949. Marx Brothers Groucho, Chico and Harpo made their final film appearance as a team in Love Happy (1949), with a young 23 year-old Marilyn Monroe. Later on, Groucho became a star as an early TV game-show host.", "Zeppo left the act to become an agent and went on to build with his brother Gummo one of the biggest talent agencies in Hollywood, helping the likes of Jack Benny and Lana Turner get their starts. Groucho and Chico did radio, and there was talk of returning to Broadway. At a bridge game with Chico, Irving Thalberg began discussing the possibility of the Marxes coming to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and they signed, now known as \"The Three Marx Brothers,\" or simply \"The Marx Bros.\"", "This site allows you to search and view selected historical American newspaper pages. They contain a variety of references to the Marx Brothers, such as, a newspaper account of the Marx Brothers’ first (now lost) foray into filmmaking, from the New-York Tribune (New York [N.Y.]), April 10, 1921, page 6: “The four Marx Brothers, of vaudeville fame, have made their cinema debut.  Julius, Arthur, Leonard, and Herbert are the Marx Brothers' Christian names, and they are being featured in a series called 'Comedies sans Custard.'  The first comedy is called Humor Risk.”", "Back when , the on screen antics of the Marx Brothers, Laurel and Hardy, Jack Benny, and Abbott and Costello were high art. Their comedic timing was perfect and laid the path for great entertainers to follow.", "The Marx Brothers were vaudeville comedians from the early 20th century. They later starred in their own Broadway shows, and subsequently movies. They were wild and outrageous, gutbustingly hilarious with the central three being masters of different kinds of humor: verbal (Groucho), ethnic and musical (Chico), and surreal pantomime slapstick (Harpo).", "Julius Henry \"Groucho\" Marx was an American comedian and film and television star. He was known as a master of quick wit and widely considered one of the best comedians of the modern era. Wikipedia Born: October 2, 1890, New York City, New York, United States Died: August 19, 1977, Los Angeles, California, United States Music group: Marx Brothers Siblings: Harpo Marx, Leonard Marx, Zeppo Marx, Gummo Marx Books: Memoirs of a mangy lover, Groucho and Me, more", "BEST KNOWN FOR: Comedian and film actor Groucho Marx was one of the Marx Brothers. He spent nearly seven decades making people laugh with his snappy one-liners and sharp wit.", "Maxine Marx reported in The Unknown Marx Brothers that the brothers listed their real names (Julius, Leonard, Adolph, Milton and Herbert) on playbills and in programs, and only used the nicknames behind the scenes, until Alexander Woollcott overheard them calling one another by the nicknames, he asked them why they used their own rather real names publicly when they had such wonderful nicknames. They replied, \"That wouldn't be dignified.\" Woollcott answered with a belly laugh. Since Woollcott did not meet the Marx Brothers until the premiere of I'll Say She Is, which was their first Broadway show, this would mean they used their real names throughout their vaudeville days, and that the name \"Gummo\" never appeared in print during his time in the act. Other sources report that the Marx Brothers did go by their nicknames during their vaudeville era, but briefly listed themselves by their given names when I'll Say She Is opened because they were worried that a Broadway audience would reject a vaudeville act if they were perceived as low class.[15]", "People who had known the Marx Brothers before they became famous (when they were still Julius, Adolph, Leonard, Milton and Herbert), even before they entered show business, all agreed that the five brothers never had to create the characters they played so convincingly on stage, screen, and television - they already were those characters. A neighbour of the Marx family in New York City during the early 1900s remarked:", "By 1929, the previously silent motion picture business had added sound. Now, the comic escapades of the Marx Brothers could be marketed to a mass audience. Everyone on Broadway knew that the real showbiz gold would now be mined from the movies, and many fled New York for the Paramount and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio lots. The lure of Hollywood beckoned for both George S. Kaufman and Irving Berlin. The Cocoanuts, chosen as their first Marx Brothers motion picture, was filmed in New York, but by the early 1930s the Marx Brothers had moved west, on their way to becoming Tinseltown legends. ", "22. 1974: Jack Lemmon presents Groucho Marx with an honorary Oscar for “his brilliant creativity and for the unequalled achievements of the Marx Brothers.” The great quipster says he wishes Harpo and Chico were there, “and Margaret Dumont, even though she never got my jokes.”", "Bio: Julius Henry Groucho Marx was an American comedian and film and television star. He is known as a master of quick wit and widely considered one of the best comedians of the modern era. His rapid-fire, often impromptu delivery of innuendo-laden patter earned him many admirers and imitators. He made 13 feature films with his siblings the Marx Brothers, of whom he was the third-born.", "Adamson, Joe. Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Sometimes Zeppo: A History of the Marx Brothers and A Satire on the Rest of the World. New York: Simon and Schuster, [1973].", "{1949}: The film career of the Marx Brothers extended from (1929-1949). They made their final screen appearance as a team in this film. A young 23-year-old <a href=\"/name/nm0000054/\">Marilyn Monroe</a> having a walk-on bit role.", "The Marx Brothers were a Jewish-American family comedy act, originally from New York City, that enjoyed success in Vaudeville, Broadway, and motion pictures from the early 1900s to around 1950. Five of the Marx Brothers’ thirteen feature films were selected by the American Film Institute as among the top 100 comedy films, with two of them (Duck Soup and A Night at the Opera) in the top twelve.", "The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling comedians who appeared in vaudeville, stage plays, film, and television.", "Marx Brothers – Brothers who performed comedy acts in films, television and stage plays. In their heyday, around the 1930s and 1940s, the many costumes they wore were simple and easy. Possibly the most famous Brother was Groucho – thick moustache and eyebrows, smoked a cigar, wore a tail-suit. Harpo (the silent one) had a long coat and an old top hat on a strawberry blond afro-style hairdo and carried a motor horn.", "The Marx Brothers were a family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in motion pictures from 1905 to 1949. 5 of the Marx Brothers’ 13 feature films were selected by the American Film Institute (AFI) as among the top 100 comedy films. Their movies Duck Soup and A Night at the Opera are both in the AFI’s top 12 comedy movies.   One of our goals here at Ultimate Movie Rankings is do a career movie page on every member of the American Film Institute’s Top 50 Greatest Screen Legends list.  Marx Brothers are ranked as the 20th greatest screen legends on that list.", "Julius was the original name, but one may as well call him Groucho, from the ‘grouch bag’ carried by travelling showmen. His parents were Jewish immigrants: Simon Marrix, of a family of tailors from Alsace-Lorraine, and Minna Schoenberg, the daughter of a Dutch magician who emigrated when his work in Germany ran out in the 1870s. All of the Marxes appear to have been clever with words – Simon spoke French, German, Yiddish and English – and they were quick to absorb the cosmopolitan slang of the New York streets. Simon naturalised his name to Sam and set up business as a tailor out of the same three-room apartment on East 93rd Street that held Minna, her parents and the five boys; but the couple always had an air of waiting for something riper, and improvisation would become the family mood. With Sam, the nickname that finally stuck was Frenchy. He devoted his spare time to pinochle, whereas Minnie – the name she preferred – was a born entrepreneur and had a successful brother in show business. Uncle Al had given up trouser-pressing for vaudeville, and offered excellent advice once the boys got their start with the usual mix of banter, slapstick and melody hung on the barest pretence of lyrics:", "Julius Henry Marx (October 2, 1890 – August 19, 1977), known professionally as Groucho Marx, was an American comedian and film and television star. He was known as a master of quick wit and is widely considered one of the best comedians of the modern era. His rapid-fire, often impromptu delivery of innuendo-laden patter earned him many admirers and imitators.", "By 1924 the brothers’ act had evolved into its familiar incarnation. Groucho was the master of wit and verbal timing, and he delivered wisecracks and non sequiturs at a dizzying, relentless pace; his visual trademarks included greasepainted eyebrows and mustache, glasses, tailcoat, and ever-present cigar. Harpo played a mute, clad in rags and battered top hat, who communicated through gestures, whistles, horn-honking, and wild facial expressions; his character is that of pure, unbridled emotion and impulse, devilish and angelic in equal measure. Although he had no formal musical training, Harpo was a proficient harpist, and virtually all Marx Brothers films feature one of his impressive solos. Although Groucho and Harpo are regarded as the comic geniuses of the act, audiences found Chico the most immediately ingratiating. In the manner of dialect comedians of the time, Chico adopted a bogus Italian accent for his character of a somewhat thick-headed shyster with a heart of gold. He was not in Harpo’s league as a musician, but his dexterous “trick” piano playing was an audience favourite. Zeppo, who dropped out of the act after the team’s first five films, played a straight character and was usually given little to do, although certain film scenes (such as the letter-writing routine in Animal Crackers) indicate that he too had a sound sense of comic timing.", "Although a significant portion of their act was based on improvisation, the entertainment world owes the Marx Brothers a great debt as the forefathers of popular sketch comedy. With perpetual action and rapid-fire dialogue, their antics could also be thought of as being reminiscent of commedia dell’arte, in that they created and played their own stock characters with their use of signature makeup, wigs, hats, musical instruments, and crazy accents. The Cocoanuts exemplifies this use of caricature. The Groucho character is forever scheming to get-rich-quick through highly suspect business practices, and continually flirting with rich widows. Chico is the fast-talking con artist, and Harpo the loveable, if slightly-crooked clown. Zeppo is the handsome singer and straight man. While they all enjoyed chasing members of the opposite sex, Groucho above all reveled in romancing the wealthy, obstinate society women played by famed character actress Margaret Dumont.", "He is famed as a master of wit. He made 15 feature films with his siblings, the Marx Brothers, and also had a successful solo career, most notably as the host of the radio and television game show, You Bet Your Life.", "“By the time the Marx Brothers were on film, they were doing routines that they had perfected on stage for years and years on the vaudeville circuit, so they really knew what they were doing,” writer/director Andrew Bergman says. “They just took everything apart.”", "Working with producer Irving Thalberg, the Marx Brothers created one of their most popular movies: A Night at the Opera (1935). As the decade drew to a close, the Marx Brothers continued to make more films, but none matched the success of their earlier efforts. Their last film together was 1949’s Love Happy.", "On-stage and in film, the Marx Brothers' antic comedy won millions of fans and left a major pop cultural legacy.", "He made 13 feature films with his siblings the Marx Brothers, of whom he was the third-born. He also had a successful solo career, most notably as the host of the radio and television game show You Bet Your Life." ]

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[ "Missouri (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.", "Missouri became the 24th state of the Union on August 10, 1821. In 1865 it was the first state to be slave free. Missouri is known as the Show Me State.", "August 10, 1821 - Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as The Missouri Compromise designated Missouri as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state.", "1821: James Monroe is sworn in as President for a 2nd term with Daniel Tompkins as Vice President. Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state, which had been in the territory, was commonly known as the \"Missouri Country\" until May 30, 1854, and certain of the post offices in this area show a Missouri abbreviation in the postmark.", "By 1810 the population of the USA was over 7.2 million and it continued to grow rapidly. By 1820 it was over 9.6 million and by 1840 over 17 million. More and more states were added to union. Indiana was admitted in 1816. Mississippi followed in 1817. Illinois became a state in 1818 and Alabama in 1819. Missouri became a state in 1821. It was followed by Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837.", "The Senate ultimately evaded the issue by passing on 12 December, without a recorded vote, a resolution endorsing Missouri's statehood, with a proviso previously introduced by Senator John Eaton of Tennessee, stipulating that congressional consent should not be construed as endorsing any clause in Missouri's constitution contravening the \"privileges and immunities\"—or equal citizenship—clause of the federal constitution. Missouri's constitution encountered more resistance in the House of Representatives, which refused to accept the Senate's resolution, not only delaying Missouri's admission but also throwing into question whether Missouri's three electoral votes should be counted on 14 February 1821, when the electoral votes for the 1820 presidential election were totaled by Congress. In a chaotic scene, the president of the Senate announced the results both with and without Missouri's inclusion. That same month, Representative and former speaker Henry Clay played a key role in resolving the imbroglio over Missouri's constitution, by using his influence to get the matter referred to a joint House-Senate committee. The committee then recommended a resolution (subsequently approved) incorporating the substance of Eaton's proviso, with the added stipulation, sometimes designated the Second Missouri Compromise, that Missouri's state legislature confirm in \"a solemn public act\" that its constitution abided by Eaton's requirement. Although Missouri's subsequent 26 June declaration denied Congress's right to require such a statement, President Monroe proclaimed Missouri's statehood on 10 August 1821.", "When Maine requested admission as a free state in 1820, Congress agreed to a compromise where Missouri was permitted to come into the union with a constitution of its own choosing, which meant no restriction regarding slavery. In addition to Maine's admission in 1820 as a free state and Missouri's eventual admission as a slave state (in 1821), Illinois Senator Jesse B. Thomas suggested that in the balance of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36º30' parallel (which ran along Missouri's southern border) slavery would be prohibited forever. The Missouri Compromise thereby maintained an equal number of free and slaveholding states in the American union. But it proved only a temporary settlement of the slavery controversy. Another territorial dispute, involving Texas and Mexico, would later stoke the fires of sectional conflict over the spread of slavery into the western territories.", "1820: The U.S. population is about 9.6 million. About 151,000 new immigrants arrive in 1820 alone. Maine is the 23rd state admitted to the Union. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions passed in the United States Congress concerning Western Territories.", "The tenth state to join was Virginia New York was eleventh in line The twelfth state was North Carolina Rhode Island was thirteenth to sign Vermont was state number fourteen Kentucky was next at fifteen And Tennessee followed at sixteen Ohio was state seventeen CHORUS", "On this day in 1822, future U.S. senator Hiram Revels was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina.  He attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois.  As an ordained minister, he worked with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, preaching to congregations in Ohio, Tennessee, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Kansas.  During the Civil War, Revels worked as a recruiter and military chaplain.  After the war he moved to Natchez, Mississippi and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church.  He served on the Natchez city council and within two years was elected to the U.S. Senate as the first African American to serve in the Senate.  As Senator he introduced several bills, and spoke about the re-admittance of the Southern states into the Union.  Once retired, Revels continued his religious work as a preacher and also his political campaign work.", "This is a list of US states by name of statehood, that is, the date when each US state joined the Union. Although the first 13 states can be considered to have been members of the United States from the date of the Declaration of Independence - Thursday, July 4, 1776 - they are presented here as being \"admitted\" on the date each ratified the present United States Constitution; most other such lists, including the 50 State Quarters program, do the same. The admission dates for later states were set by either the act of admission or a later resolution issued under that act, except for Ohio, whose date of admission was determined by act of Congress in 1953", "This Flag became the Official United States Flag on April 13th, 1818. Five stars were added for the admission of Tennessee (the 16th State on June 1st, 1796), Ohio (the 17th State on March 1st, 1803), Louisiana (the 18th State on April 30th, 1812), Indiana (the 19th State on December 11th, 1816), and Mississippi (the 20th State on December 10, 1817), and was to last for just one year until July 4th,1819.", "1817: On December 10, Mississippi is admitted to the Union as the twentieth state by an Act of Congress. Washington, Mississippi, near Natchez, is the first capitol. David Holmes is the first Governor.", "The major result being the end to the territorial colonization of Continental America. Arizona was the 48th state admitted into the U.S. and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted. The admission, originally scheduled to coincide with that of New Mexico, was delayed by Democrats in the territorial legislature to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona becoming a Confederate territory in 1862.", "The original Mississippi Territory created by the U.S. Congress in 1798 was a strip of land extending about 100 miles (160 km) north to south and from the Mississippi River to the Chattahoochee on the Georgia border. The territory was increased in 1804 and 1812 to reach from Tennessee to the Gulf of Mexico . In 1817 the western part achieved statehood as Mississippi (the eastern part became the state of Alabama in 1819). Natchez, the first territorial capital, was replaced in 1802 by nearby Washington, which in turn was replaced by Jackson in 1822.", "The Anderson–Gual Treaty (formally, the General Convention of Peace, Amity, Navigation, and Commerce) was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia integrated by modern day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador . It is the first bilateral treaty that the United States concluded with another American country.", "On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis. As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, \"among engrossed Bills\" was \"signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation\" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned \"to the first Monday in August next.\" The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781 and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.", "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.", "Vermont became the first state added to the Union following the 13 colonies on March 1, 1791. Until statehood, had been a region claimed by both New York and New Hampshire", "Soon after the start of the Mexican War, when the extent of the contested territories was still unclear, the question of whether to allow slavery in those territories polarized the Northern and Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict up to this time. A state the size of Texas attracted interest from both state residents and pro and anti-slavery camps on a national scale. Texas claimed land north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise.", "Montana remained a territory for twenty-five years. It was not until the federal government passed the Enabling Act of 1889 and the voters of Montana Territory ratified a new constitution that Montana was admitted into the Union on November 8, 1889, by presidential proclamation of President Benjamin Harrison.", "The first state to form out of the Northwest Territory was Ohio in 1803. By that time the rest of the Northwest Territory was called the Indiana Territory. The Michigan and Illinois territories soon separated from the Indiana Territory, and Indiana took on its present boundaries. In 1816 it became the nineteenth state of the union.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796, becoming the 16th state to join the union. Before becoming a state, the area had been part of North Carolina. In the 1760s, long hunters had begun to explore the area as they moved further west to hunt. In 1790, North Carolina ceded this area to the federal government where it became the Southwest Territory. As the Southwest Territory, William Blount was named the governor and Knoxville became the capital. At this time population grew as families moved into the area and towns were created. By 1795, the population was 70,000. At this time, a petition was given to Congress to change Tennessee from a territory to a state. There was a lively debate between the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. While the Federalists were opposed to giving Tennessee statehood, the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were successful and President George Washington signed a bill on June 1, 1796 that gave statehood to Tennessee, the 16th state of the union.  ", "Illinois became a state on Dec. 3, 1818. It was the 21st state to join the union.", "Washington is admitted as the 42nd state to the United States of America on November 11, 1889. - HistoryLink.org", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood.", "Ohio officially becomes the seventeenth state of the Union. It is the first state to prohibit slavery by law at its inception. February 19, 1803", "The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. Proclaiming themselves \"states,\" they issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776 . The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , the first successful colonial war of independence. A federal convention adopted the current United States Constitution on September 17, 1787 ; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic. The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments, was ratified in 1791.", "Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the nation would be properly symbolized.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "May 25, 1787: The Constitutional Convention opens with a quorum of seven states in Philadelphia to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation. Eventually all states but Rhode Island are represented.", "President Jefferson signs the Enabling Act, establishing procedures under which territories organized under the Ordinance of 1787 can become a state. The law effectively authorizes people of the Ohio territory to hold a convention and frame a constitution. April 30, 1802" ]

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[ "January 29, 1919 - The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (Prohibition Amendment) was ratified. For nearly 14 years, until December 5, 1933, the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages were illegal in the United States. The Amendment had the unexpected result of causing enormous growth of organized crime which provided bootleg liquor to thirsty Americans.", "The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” is ratified on this day in 1919 and becomes the law of the land.", "The alcohol industry has two US Constitutional Amendments that first prohibited its production, then repealed its prohibition in favor of state control. The 18th amendment was the result of a great and popular movement extending over many decades. The 18th amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes, was ratified in January 1919 and went into effect a year later. At about the same time, the 19th amendment, giving women the vote, was proclaimed in August 1920. Prohibition ended in 1933, when the 21st Amendment repealed the prohibition amendment (the 18th) and the country reluctantly came to terms with the failed attempt at prohibiting alcoholic beverages.", "            1919- One of the great social engineering failures in American history, the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, prohibiting the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,” achieved the necessary two-thirds majority of state ratification, and thus became the law of the land………until 1933 when it was repealed.", "On this day in 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, overriding, on the same day, a veto by President Woodrow Wilson. The legislation enforced the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which banned the \"manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes.”", "1919 The Volstead Act is passed by Congress over President Wilson's veto. This clarifies and broadens the base of the 18th Amendment, and defines methods of enforcement. It specifies that production and sales of alcoholic beverages is illegal except for medical or religious purposes.", "The 18th Amendment abolished the sale or manufacture of alcohol in the United States. This amendment was later repealed (erased).", "The 18th Amendment imposed a legislative statute entitled Prohibition, which limited the consumption of alcohol to a small amount of circumstances; however, the ownership, sale, or possession of alcohol was considered to be illegal", "18th Amendment / Prohibition, Prohibition had been ratified on January 29th, 1919, and came into force with the 18th Amendment, which states that:", "At the turn of the twentieth century, tens of thousands of concerned citizens joined together to lobby for the prohibition of alcohol. They succeeded. In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, prohibiting the public sale and consumption of booze. Thirteen years later, tens of thousands of concerned citizens joined together again to lobby for the repeal of alcohol prohibition. They also succeeded. Today, tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of concerned citizens are once again lobbying their government for a repeal of prohibition—pot prohibition. 12", "prohibition - a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages; \"in 1920 the 18th amendment to the Constitution established prohibition in the US\"", "The 18th Amendment was introduced into the Senate in 1917, and it was successfully ratified by 1919, when the need for the Volstead Act to enable its enforcement became clear. Under the 18th Amendment, “intoxicating liquor” was essentially prohibited within the United States. The law was passed in response to the temperance movement , which had gathered large numbers of followers. Adherents to the movement believed that the consumption of alcohol was harmful, and that society in general would benefit if alcohol was banned.", "On January 17, 1920, a new day dawned.  As the 18th Amendment went into effect, Americans could no longer manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating beverages.  Prohibition was now part of the Constitution, holding the same status as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the abolition of slavery.", "The importance of preserving grain as war gripped Europe combined with the moralistic tenor of the nation and a growing hostility to all things German. Prohibition supporters argued that the “Hun’s” brewing tradition was dangerously un-American and threatened to weaken the moral fiber of the nation. Over time, politics and religiosity mixed in ways that turned support for prohibition into a litmus test of one’s patriotism. In such a political environment, few in Congress wanted to oppose the Eighteenth Amendment A Constitutional Amendment that outlawed the manufacture, transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors. The Eighteenth Amendment would later be repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933.. The amendment outlawed the manufacture, transport, and sale of intoxicating liquors. Congress approved the measure in December 1917, and the states quickly ratified the amendment, which took effect in January 1919.", "The Volstead Act was a piece of legislation passed in 1919. It enabled the United States government to enforce the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and is formally known as the National Prohibition Act. In combination with the 18th Amendment and other supporting legislature, it is included under the blanket term “Prohibition.” In 1933, this act and other Prohibition-related laws were repealed in response to popular outcry.", "diminished. The Eighteenth Amendment was passed, and all importing, exporting, transporting, selling, and manufacturing of intoxicating liquor... was put to an end. The Congress passed the Amendment on January 16,1919, but it only went into effect a year later. The Volstead Act was passed with the Eighteenth Amendment on October 23, 1919. The Act was named after Andrew Volstead, a Republican representative from Minnesota. The Volstead Act, also known as the \"National Prohibition Act\", determined intoxicating...", "Prohibition in the United States was a measure designed to reduce drinking by eliminating the businesses that manufactured, distributed, and sold alcoholic beverages. The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took away license to do business from the brewers, distillers, vintners, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. The leaders of the prohibition movement were alarmed at the drinking behavior of Americans, and they were concerned that there was a culture of drink among some sectors of the population that, with continuing immigration from Europe, was spreading.", "On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act providing for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified nine months earlier. Known as the Prohibition Amendment, it prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors” in the United States.", "The amendment was passed by Congress in December 1917 and ratified by three-quarters of the states by January 1919. The popularity of the amendment disappeared soon after it was put into effect. The Volstead Act of 1919 banned beer and wine, something few people had anticipated, and in the minds of many Prohibition became a mistake. Crime rose as gangsters took advantage of the ban on alcohol by making huge profits in bootlegging and smuggling. When Franklin D. Roosevelt campaigned for president in 1932, he called for the repeal of Prohibition. His opponent, President Herbert Hoover, called it \"an experiment noble in motive.\" Roosevelt won the election and his Democratic party won control of the government. Within months the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed.", "Mississippi was the first state to accept the amendment, in 1918 and New Jersey was the last, in 1922, at number 46.  By then the majority had already been reached.  After the 18th amendment, Congress passed the Volstead Act, which set the date for prohibition at January 17, 1920.  This act also defined strict limits on beverages containing alcohol, ensuring that the content would be no more than .5%.  The Volstead Act contained the provisions to enforce the 18th amendment on Americans.  This Act did allow for some alcohol to be kept as “medicine” and for “research,” and this was often exploited.", "1919 The 18th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified by the 36th state, meeting the 3/4 of the requirement.", "There were economic consequences to the 18th Amendment as well. Without liquor licenses, many restaurants were forced to close. Some states relied on alcohol to fund large portions of their budgets, but now that money was gone. The federal government lost $11 billion in tax revenue while spending $300 million to enforce Prohibition. And both the states and the federal government began to rely more heavily on personal income taxes to fill their treasuries. When the 21st Amendment repealing Prohibition was ratified on December 5. 1933, most Americans breathed a sigh of relief.", "The common law does not control contracts that are primarily for the sale of goods, however. Such contracts are instead governed by the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), a standardized collection of guidelines governing the law of commerce. Most states have adopted the UCC in whole or in part, making the UCC's provisions part of the state's codified laws pertaining to the sale of goods.", "The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3, 1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919.", "1917 The 18th Amendment (prohibition amendment) is adopted by the required majority of both houses of Congress.", "The Volstead Act, a bill that was introduced to provide for definition of terms used in the Eighteenth Amendment was passed on January 17th, 1920, after Congress overrode the veto by President Wilson. The Volstead Act defined an intoxicating liquor as any beverage containing more than 0.5 percent alcohol. Beer and wine would also be banned as a result, which led to much controversy as well.", "1917 - The US Senate passes the Volstead Act on December 18th which is one of the significant steps to the passage of the 18th amendment.", "In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson's correspondence to call for \"a wall of separation between church and State\", though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute. Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th- and 21st-century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech, anonymous speech, campaign financing, pornography, and school speech; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections. The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits, most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964). Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech, and is therefore subject to greater regulation.", "Organizations supporting the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, including the Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform, established by socially prominent women from throughout the nation, began to coordinate their campaign for repeal. The Democratic Party platform of 1932 endorsed repeal, and although both parties remained divided over the issue, the overwhelming victory of the Democrats in November 1932 was interpreted by most as a referendum in favor of repeal. The new Congress, on February 20, 1933, approved a constitutional amendment repealing the Eighteenth Amendment, and Congress provided for popularly elected state conventions to consider ratification. A majority of Republicans as well as Democrats in Congress approved the amendment. On December 5, 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment was ratified when Utah’s state convention became the thirty-sixth convention to approve it.", "*Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375 (1905) the antitrust laws entitled the federal government to regulate monopolies that had a direct impact on commerce", "* Prohibition in the United States ended in 1933. On December 5, 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "The Court has allowed regulations of commercial speech when such speech is false, deceptive, or misleading. See Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel, 471 U.S. 626, 658 (1985); Friedman v. Rogers, 440 U.S. 1, 13-16 (1979); Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass’n, 436 U.S. 447, 473 (1978). It also has allowed regulation when the speech proposes illegal transactions. Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Human Relations Comm’n, 413 U.S. 376, 387-88, reh’g denied, 414 U.S. 881 (1973)." ]

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[ "Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 â May 11, 1923) served in the U.S. Army from 1857-1901 and was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States . Robert was born in Robertville, South Carolina , and raised in Ohio, where his father moved the family because of his strong opposition to slavery. Robert's father, Reverend Joseph Thomas Robert, later became the first president of Morehouse College where there is a dormitory on the campus named after him. Robert was nominated to West Point from Ohio, and graduated fourth in his class in 1857. He became a military engineer. Under command of Silas Casey during the Pig War he built the fortifications on San Juan Island . In the American Civil War , he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and worked on the defenses of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and several New England ports. Robert served as Engineer of t ...", "* Henry Martyn Robert who later published Robert's Rules of Order was stationed on the island for much of the period.", "Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 – May 11, 1923) was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States.", "The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the British Empire over the boundary between the US and the British Empire. The territory in dispute was the San Juan Islands, which lie between Vancouver Island and the North American mainland. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute or the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. With no shots exchanged and no human casualties, this dispute was a bloodless conflict.", "Edmond S. Meany, History of the State of Washington (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1909), 218, 240-54; William Farrand Prosser, History of the Puget Sound Country (New York: The Lewis Publishing Company, 1903); James G. Swan, Diaries, Notebook 1, entry for August 12, 1859, James G. Swan Papers, Manuscripts, Special Collections, University Archives, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle, Washington; Mike Vouri, The Pig War: Standoff at Griffin Bay (Friday Harbor: Griffin Bay Bookstore, 1999), revised and expanded edition (Seattle: Discover Your Northwest/University of Washington Press, 2013); Vouri, English Camp: A Guided Historical Walk (National Park Service, 2004); National Park Service, San Juan Island National Historical Park Official Map and Guide (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1997); \"The Pig War,\" San Juan Island National Historical Park Website accessed June 12, 2013 (http://www.nps.gov/sajh/historyculture/index.htm); \"American Camp,\" Ibid.; \"English Camp,\" Ibid.; \"Civil War Connections,\" Ibid.;; Pub. L. No. 89-565, 80 Stat. 737 (codified at 16 U.S.C. sections 282-282b).", "Since the close of the Vietnam War, the ideas expounded by the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) have come—very often in twisted, garbled, or mutated form—to thoroughly permeate American military writing ( doctrinal , theoretical, and historical). His book On War (published posthumously in Prussia as Vom Kriege in 1832), was adopted as a key text at the Naval War College in 1976, the Air War College in 1978, and the Army War College in 1981. It has always been central at the U.S. Army's School for Advanced Military Studies at Leavenworth (founded in 1983). The U.S. Marine Corps's brilliant little philosophical field manual FMFM 1: Warfighting (1989) was essentially a distillation of On War (with a heavy maneuverist flavoring from Sun Tzu), and the more recent Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications (MCDPs, c.1997) equally reflect many of Clausewitz's basic concepts.* 2", "Custer’s Luck by Edgar Irving Stewart. Although it was written in the 1950s, Stewart’s book is still one of the best written about the entire Sioux/Cheyenne War of 1876.", "A pig strayed onto a sheep farm and was shot. That was reason enough to fight, and both sides took up arms. British warships stood ready to fire. On land, American reinforcements arrived. Over the next 12 years -- yes, 12 -- the Brits and Americans existed in a friendly state of readiness for war. The situation was laughable, but the border was undecided until the dispute was submitted to Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany for arbitration. He decided in favor of the Americans, and the San Juan Islands have been on the U.S. side of the border since 1872. It was a long war, but the pig was the only casualty.", "Pickett had served with valor in the Mexican War right after his graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point, and he had subsequently seen duty at several frontier posts. Now, on August 3, 1859, the man whose name would be forever linked to the most famous of all Civil War charges was the American commander on the scene as the United States and Great Britain again stood on the brink of war. The issue dividing the two countries this time was the ownership of the often fog-shrouded San Juan Islands that dot the strait between what is today the state of Washington and British Columbia’s Vancouver Island.*", "1. D.G. Chandler- The Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne 1812-1813. Arms and Armour Press 1979, DJ. 2. A.J.P. Taylor - How Wars Begin. Book Club Assoc 1979. DJ. 3. K & D. Guest - British Battles. Harper Collins 1996. PCs. 4. A.J. Barker - Famous Military Battles. Hamlyn 1974. DJ torn. 5. I.Johnston & R. McAuley - The Battleships. Channel 4 Books. DJ. 6. Bernard Nalty - The Pacific War. Salamander Book 1999, PCs. 7. P.C. Smith - Victoria’s Victories. Spellmount 1987. DJ. 8. Piers Pennington - The Great Explorers. Ln: Bloomsbury Books 1979. 9. Chris McNab - The Worlds Worst Military Disasters. Amber Books. PCs. Fine copies.", "The Art of War The New Illustrated Edition Sun Tzu, translated by Samuel B. Griffith This classic Chinese text, the earliest known treatise on war, offers strategy and tactics that can be applied to every type of human conflict. Central to Sun Tzu's philosophy is the concept of using deception and superior intelligence to minimize risk, which has made his book required reading at military, business, and law schools around the world. With a Foreword by B.H. Liddell Hart and a 74-page Introduction, this deluxe edition--beautifully presented in a sumptuous silk case--is a standout offering in the successful Art of Wisdom series. Samuel B. Griffith served during World War II with the US Marines in the Pacific. He obtained his Ph.D. in Chinese military history at New College, Oxford University, and is the translator of Mao Tse-Tung's On Guerrilla Warfare.", "NOTE: This version of Carl von Clausewitz's On War is the long-obsolete J.J. Graham translation of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege (1832) published in London in 1873. The 1976/84 Howard/Paret version is the  standard translation today; for the most accurate text one should always consult the 1943 Jolles translation . Consider the more modern versions and other relevant books shown below.", "\"Sibley's New Mexico Campaign\" by Martin Hardwick Hall \"The Civil War In The American West\" by Alvin A. Joseph Jr. \"Bloody Valverde\" by John Taylor \"Blood & Thunder\" by Hampton Sides \"The Battle of Glorieta Pass\" By Thomas S. Edrington and John Taylor \"Desert Tiger, Captian Paddy Graydon\" By Jerry D. Thompson", "With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa  by E. B. Sledge. The author was a Marine Corps soldier who fought in the Pacific. This experience must surely count as a different sort of \"wilderness,\" unlike the island experience of, say, Robinson Crusoe. The book is also a combat classic, most strongly recommended.", "Duffy, Christopher. Fire & Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare (1660–1860). 1975. 2nd ed. New York: Stackpole Books, 1996.", "Waldron, George (1726). Harrison, William. ed. A Description of the Isle of Man. Douglas: The Manx Society. 1865. http://books.google.com/?id=Ix4tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5.", "On this day, The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is published in book form. The story of a young man’s experience of battle was the first American novel to portray the Civil War from the ordinary soldier’s point of view. The tale originally appeared as a serial published by a newspaper syndicate.", "311. Jaffee, Walter W., and Michael H. Kean. The Sherlock Holmes illustrated cyclopedia of nautical knowledge. Palo Alto, CA: Glencannon Press, 2009.", "Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare, Volume II: The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1985.", "The Custer Myth by William A. Graham. Another book from the 1950s but still stands the test of time.", "Treasure Island is an adventure novel written by Scottish Robert Louis Stevenson published in book in London in 1883 (originally serialized in the children's magazine Young Folks between 1881 and 1882 under the title The Sea Cook, or Treasure Island). This work has been an inspiration in cinema, television, literature, comics and even video games. The novel adopts a critical tone and moral reflection of the protagonist towards money and ambition. The application has an ePub reader so you can read books on your device.", "Treasure Island is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson , narrating a tale of \"buccaneers and buried gold\". First published as a book on May 23, 1883, it was originally serialized in the children's magazine Young Folks between 1881�82 under the title Treasure Island; or, the mutiny of the Hispaniola with Stevenson adopting the pseudonym Captain George North.", "Major, John (1892). Mackay, Aeneas James George, ed. A History of Greater Britain as well England as Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society. Retrieved 5 May 2011.", "Curious Incidents from the Ancient Records of Kirkwall: by William R. Mackintosh. Published 1892. 329pp. Companion volume to the next volume:", "Davis, Paul K. Besieged: an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2001.", "Allen, W. E. D., and Muratoff, Paul. (1953). Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.", "In 1795, John Albin's History of the Isle of Wight from the Earliest Times of Authentic Information to the Present Period was published. This described the castle with the words:", "Fraser, James E. (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. New Edinburgh History of Scotland. 1. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN  978-0-7486-1232-1 [ Amazon-US | Amazon-UK ].", "The period 1815-1914 was the golden age in the history of British and American coast artillery. Some preserved as historic monuments, many others abandoned.48 pp., more than 40 illustrations plus maps, charts and range tables.", "The British Problem, 1534-1707: State Formation in the Atlantic Archipelago edited by Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (Palgrave MacMillan, 1996)", "McConnell, Michael N. Army and Empire: British Soldiers on the American Frontier, 1758–1775. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.", "The following are \"popular\" books and guides on Orkney which are currently \"in print\". Each addresses the local prehistory, history, topography and customs, and include at least one map." ]

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[ "The Fox and the Grapes is one of the Aesop's fables, numbered 15 in the Perry Index. The narration is concise and subsequent retellings have often been equally succinct. The story concerns a fox that tries to eat grapes from a vine but cannot reach them. Rather than admit defeat, he states they are undesirable. The expression \"sour grapes\" originated from this fable. ", "From Aesop's fable (6th century BC) of the hungry fox who, unable to reach some grapes from a vine because they were too high, comforted himself by saying that they were not ripe anyway.", "A fox, seeing some sour grapes hanging within an inch of his nose, and being unwilling that there was anything he would not eat, solemnly declared that they were out of his reach.", "At the beginning of the book, the mouse meets a fox. The fox thinks the mouse looks delicious and tries to get the mouse to come to his house so the fox can eat him for lunch. However, the mouse is very smart and tells the fox he can't, because he is going to have lunch with the gruffalo. The fox does not know what a gruffalo is, and the mouse tells him it is an animal with sharp teeth and claws, and that the gruffalo's favorite meal is roasted fox! The fox is scared and runs away.", "A perusal of Maudeville’s Fable of the Bees, induced […] serious reflection and caused him firmly to adhere to a milk and vegetable diet, having at least never tasted, during the whole course of those thirty years, a morsel of flesh, fish, or fowl. [2]", "Maugham drew his title from the remark of Sir Toby Belch to Malvolio in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night: \"Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale?\" Cakes and ale are also the emblems of the good life in the moral of the fable attributed to Aesop, \"The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse\": \"Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear.\"", "\"There is,\" said the badger. \"Another time the wolf and the fox heard that a peasant had killed a fat pig and hung it up on a wooden peg in his larder. They both felt very hungry for this pig, so they went to the peasant's house. After a great deal of trouble my uncle was able to get through a window into the larder. With a struggle he managed to throw the pig, peg as well, out of the window. The wolf ran off with the prize, leaving Reynard to get out as best he could. When the fox did get out of the house he was set upon by the peasant's dogs. They gave him a sorry time, but after a long run he escaped from them and made his way back.", "To lay out this thought experiment we begin with the facts as presented in the story. The salient facts are as follows: Boggis, Bunce and Bean each earn their living by farming in the ways that they do. Whether it be poultry or cider, growing and producing these goods is their livelihood. Another fact about them is that they are all three vile and nasty people. A fact about Mr. Fox is that he must eat, and feed his family. Another fact is that his source of food comes from what he steals from Boggis, Bunce, and Bean. The three farmers are enraged with the fact Mr. Fox steals from them and decide to kill him at all cost. Mr. Fox manages to continue stealing from them, and even comes up with new and better ways to rob them while they are distracted by their obsession with destroying him.", "The rural background again. The fox needs to be awake to catch his food. A person needs to be awake (on the ball) to succeed in life. A second saying with the same meaning is 'The sleeping fox catches no chickens\".", "According to myth, Aesop won such fame throughout Greece for his tales that he became the target of resentment and perhaps even a political witch-hunt. He was accused of stealing a gold cup from Delphi temple to the god Apollo and was supposedly tossed from the cliffs at Delphi as punishment for the theft. His tales told of human folly and the abuses of power, and he lived during a period of tyrannical rule in Greece. His defense, it is said, was the fable \"The Eagle and the Beetle,\" in which a hare, being preyed upon by an eagle, asks the beetle for protection. The small insect agrees, but the eagle fails to see it and strikes the hare, killing it. From then on, the beetle watched the eagle's nest and shook it when there were eggs inside, which then fell to the ground. Worried about her inability to reproduce, the eagle asks a god for help, and the deity offers to store the eggs in its lap. The beetle learns of this and puts a ball of dirt there among the eggs, and the god—in some accounts Zeus, in others Jupiter—rises, startled, and the eggs fall out. For this reason, it is said, eagles never lay their eggs during the season when beetles flourish. \"No matter how powerful one's position may be, there is nothing that can protect the oppressor from the vengeance of the oppressed\" is the moral associated with this particular fable.", "A FOX one day invited a Stork to dinner, and being disposed to divert himself at the expense of his guest, provided nothing for the entertainment but some thin soup in a shallow dish. This the Fox lapped up very readily, while the Stork, unable to gain a mouthful with her long narrow bill was as hungry at the end of dinner as when", "A HALF-FAMISHED JACKDAW seated himself on a fig-tree, which had produced some fruit entirely out of season, and waited in the hope that the figs would ripen. A Fox seeing him sitting so long and learning the reason of his doing so, said to him, “You are indeed, sir, sadly deceiving yourself; you are indulging a hope strong enough to cheat you, but which will never reward you with enjoyment.”", "The Duke's interest is piqued and he urges Morton to continue \"Then longed the duke sore to here what he would haue sayd, because he ended with ye king & there so sodeinly stopped, & exhorted him so familiarly betwene them twain, to be bold to say what soeuer he thought\" (CW 2 92/17--20). However, Morton replies by suggesting that it is too dangerous to talk openly of princes, and tells Buckingham a pseudo-Aesopian animal fable, about a lion that ordered all horned beasts to be put to death. [81] A creature with a lump of flesh on its forehead started to flee the forest. A fox, who was nearby, pointed out that the lump of flesh was not a horn. The creature replied \"But what & [if] he cal it an horn, wher am I then?\" {67} (CW 2, 93/9--10).", "One bright morning as the Fox was following his sharp nose through the wood in search of a bite to eat, he saw a Crow on the limb of a tree overhead. This was by no means the first Crow the Fox had ever seen. What caught his attention this time and made him stop for a second look, was that the lucky Crow held a bit of cheese in her beak.", "So, Chanticleer escpaed being eaten by the fox. But, as he returned to the farmyard, he realized something was wrong. He sensed light on the horizon, the first dancing rays of the sun. Chanticleer stared with wide, incredulous eyes as the sun rose…without his having sung a single note.", "In Aesop's fable, a young man sees a swallow on a warm winter day. Thinking that winter is over, he sells off his woolen coat, and with the money he's made he goes to the bar and drinks. Unfortunately, in the days that follow the temperature drops and the young man, shivering in the cold, realizes that one swallow does not make a summer.", "Just like his morals, Aesop's fables are still shared with children today. In one fable The Ant and the Grasshopper, an ant is gathering food for the winter while a grasshopper plays. He encourages the Ant not to worry about the winter but just think about the summer food they already have. The Ant continues to work, and when winter comes, the Grasshopper dies while the Ant has plenty of food. The lesson stated at the end is: 'It is best to prepare for the days of necessity'.", "(Heb. 'arnebeth) was prohibited as food according to the Mosaic law (Lev. 11:6; Deut. 14:7), \"because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof.\" The habit of this animal is to grind its teeth and move its jaw as if it actually chewed the cud. But, like the cony (q.v.), it is not a ruminant with four stomachs, but a rodent like the squirrel, rat, etc. Moses speaks of it according to appearance. It is interdicted because, though apparently chewing the cud, it did not divide the hoof. There are two species in Syria, (1) the Lepus Syriacus or Syrian hare, which is like the English hare; and (2) the Lepus Sinaiticus, or hare of the desert. No rabbits are found in Syria.", "The Satyr and the Traveller, one of Aesop's Fables, features the satyr as the benevolent host for a traveler in the forest in winter. The satyr is bewildered by the man's claim to be able to blow hot and cold with the same breath, first to warm his hands, then to cool his porridge, and turns him out for this inconsistency.", "The French fable of La Fontaine (III.11) is almost as concise and pointed as the early versions of Babrius and Phaedrus and certainly contributed to the story's popularity. A century after its publication, this was the tale with which the sculptor Pierre Julien chose to associate its creator in his statue of La Fontaine (commissioned in 1782), now in the Louvre. The poet is represented in a famous episode of his life, when he was seen one morning by the Duchess of Bouillon seated against a tree trunk meditating. When she passed the same spot that evening he was still there in exactly the same position. Julien has portrayed him in an ample cloak, with a gnarled tree on which a vine with grapes is climbing. On his knee is the manuscript of the poem; at his feet, a fox is seated on his hat with its paw on a leather-bound volume, looking up at him.", "Aesop's Fables date from the 6th century BC. Aesop was supposedly a Phrygian slave, and met his end when thrown over a cliff at Delphi for being ugly and deformed. Whatever the story of Aesop, the fables that bear his name (Aesop collected the fables, he didn't write them) contain timeless lessons. Aesop's Fables also gave rise to and reflect many of today's expressions and cliches. Aesop's Fables total more than 300. Here are the best of Aesop's Fables.", "A legend mentioned in Betty Crocker's Cookbook claims that Welsh peasants were not allowed to eat rabbits caught in hunts on the estates of the nobility, so they used melted cheese as a substitute. The author also claims that Ben Jonson and Charles Dickens ate Welsh rarebit at Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, a pub in London. There is no good evidence for any of this; what is more, Ben Jonson died almost a century before the term Welsh rabbit is first attested.", "A Lion, unable from old age and infirmities to provide himself with food by force, resolved to do so by artifice. He returned to his den, and lying down there, pretended to be sick, taking care that his sickness should be publicly known. The beasts expressed their sorrow, and came one by one to his den, where the Lion devoured them. After many of the beasts had thus disappeared, the Fox discovered the trick and presenting himself to the Lion, stood on the outside of the cave, at a respectful distance, and asked him how he was. \"I am very middling,\" replied the Lion, \"but why do you stand without? Pray enter within to talk with me.\" \"No, thank you,\" said the Fox. \"I notice that there are many prints of feet entering your cave, but I see no trace of any returning.\"", "In the Fables of Aesop, Prometheus is represented as the creator of both animals and men.", "Roald Dahl’s much-loved story follows the vain attempts of three farmers, Boggis, Bunce and Bean, one fat, one short, one lean, to get rid of the fox who regularly steals food from their farms.", "A Fox, running before the hounds, came across a Woodcutter felling an oak and begged him to show him a safe hiding-place. The Woodcutter advised him to take shelter in his own hut, so the Fox crept in and hid himself in a corner. The huntsman soon came up with his hounds and inquired of the Woodcutter if he had seen the Fox. He declared that he had not seen him, and yet pointed, all the time he was speaking, to the hut where the Fox lay hidden. The huntsman took no notice of the signs, but believing his word, hastened forward in the chase. As soon as they were well away, the Fox departed without taking any notice of the Woodcutter: whereon he called to him and reproached him, saying, \"You ungrateful fellow, you owe your life to me, and yet you leave me without a word of thanks.\" The Fox replied, \"Indeed, I should have thanked you fervently if your deeds had been as good as your words, and if your hands had not been traitors to your speech.\"", "1901? Aesop's Fables. Edited by J.B. Rundell. Illustrated by Ernest Griset. Hardbound. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company. $35 from Titles, Highland Park, March, '93.", "1985? Aesop's Fables in Verse. Verse by Gordon Kibler. Illustrations by Dell Hall. Dust-jacket. Hardbound. Southampton: Paul Cave Publications Ltd.. $3.99 from Linda Sumner, Cumberland, BC, Canada, Nov., '10.", "This rhyme most certainly originated long ago, before PETA existed. It was likely based on a spoof by a court jester who thought it would be hilarious to trick the king by putting live birds into a pie shell. At the time, cooked blackbirds were considered a delicacy and would have been served to the king.", "Lev. 11:6 And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you. (See also Deut. 14:7)", "After crossing a road and a river (using a floating piece of driftwood), evading a hunting dog, and escaping from a rat-infested cemetery, the hungry band meets a rabbit named Cowslip, who invites them for much-needed food to his warren of strange but friendly rabbits. The group is content and grateful for shelter, but Fiver senses something terribly wrong and leaves in a fit. As Bigwig follows him, taunting his bizarre behavior, he is caught in a snare trap; Fiver attempts to get help from Cowslip and his warren, but he is dismissed. As the rabbits frantically dig to free Bigwig, he collapses. As the rabbits mourn him, Fiver admonishes them: The warren is fed by a farmer who occasionally snares rabbits in return for his food and care from predators. After this revelation, Bigwig miraculously awakes; on Fiver’s advice, the band moves on with new respect for the seer’s wisdom.", "I have always been interested in how crows taste for a couple of reasons. One is because of the old adage \"to eat crow,\" meaning to do something distasteful (like admit being wrong), which suggests that crows taste bad." ]

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[ "Bona fides is a Latin phrase meaning \"good faith\". Its ablative case is bona fide, meaning \"in good faith\", it is often used as an adjective to mean \"genuine\". It is often misspelled: \"bonafied\", as if it were the past tense of an imaginary verb: \"bonafy\". While today fides is concomitant to faith, a more technical translation of the Latin concept would be something like \"reliability\", in the sense of a trust between two parties for the potentiality of a relationship. In ancient Rome bona fides was always assumed by both sides, had implied responsibilities, and both legal and religious consequences if broken. Fides was one of the original virtues to be considered a religious \"divinity\" in Roman paganism.", "Bona fides is originally a Latin phrase meaning “good faith.” Fides is singular in Latin and has been used as such in English. At least partially because its -es ending makes bona fides look and sound like a plural, it has developed the plural sense “credentials.” This plural use, although criticized by some usage guides, has been increasing in recent decades in all varieties of speech and writing.", "Good faith () is fair and open dealing in human interactions. This is often thought to require sincere, honest intentions or belief, regardless of the outcome of an action. While some Latin phrases lose their literal meaning over centuries, this is not the case with bona fides; it is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally accepted modern day translation of good faith. It is an important concept within law, philosophy, and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of bona fides (note the \"s\") is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the bona fide occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below.", "Bona fide is a Latin phrase found in everyday language. One may say, “that is a bona fide offer\" to indicate that the offer is genuine. However, English speakers pronounce this phrase using English conventions, i.e. changing of the –i– from short to long by the addition of a silent –e in fide. In conventional Classical Latin pronunciation, Bona Fide should be pronounced as “bone-uh fee-day.\" This phrase means the same in everyday language as it does in the legal profession. It is used to indicate something that is genuine, the real deal, or something for which nothing is at fault. However, the legal profession prefers the translation “in good faith\" and is often used to indicate an assumption of benevolence on the part of a person, especially a person giving testimony.", "Good faith is fair and open dealing in human interactions. This is often thought to require sincere, honest intentions or belief, regardless of the outcome of an action. While some Latin phrases lose their literal meaning over centuries, this is not the case with bona fides; it is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally accepted modern day translation of good faith. It is an important concept within law, philosophy, and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, mala fides (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of bona fides (note the \"s\") is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the bona fide occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below.", "A bona fide agreement is one that is made in \"good faith\" which is a Latin phrase taken over bodily from the Latin bona, \"good\" + fides, \"faith\".", "1540s, Latin, literally \"in good faith,\" ablative of bona fides \"good faith\" (see faith ). Originally used as an adverb, later (18c.) also as an adjective. The opposite is mala fide.", "Latin, literally \"truth, truthfulness,\" from verus \"true\" (see very ). Latin phrase in vino veritas is attributed to Pliny the Elder, though there is a Greek version of it.", "Good Faith: A thing shall be deemed to be done in good faith, if it is in fact done sincerely and honestly, without any intention to defraud another person.", "In or with good faith; without fraud or deceit; real or really; actual or actually; genuine or genuinely; as, you must proceed bona fide; a bona fide purchaser or transaction.", "In law, bona fides denotes the mental and moral states of honesty and conviction regarding either the truth or the falsity of a proposition, or of a body of opinion; likewise regarding either the rectitude or the depravity of a line of conduct. As a legal concept bona fides is especially important in matters of equity (see Contract). The concept of bona fide is also proclaimed by the original version of the Magna Carta. In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly and fairly, so as not to destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract. In insurance law, the insurer's breach of the implied covenant may give rise to a legal liability known as insurance bad faith.", "And I do believe and in conscience am resolved, that neither the Pope nor any person whatsoever, hath power to absolve me of this oath, or any part thereof, which I acknowledge by good and full authority to bee lawfully ministered unto me, and do renounce all pardons and dispensations to the contrary: And all these things I do plainly and sincerely acknowledge and swear, according to these express words by me spoken, and according to the plain and common sense and understanding of the same words, without any Equivocation, or mental evasion, or secret reservation whatsoever: And I doe make this recognition and acknowledgement heartily, willingly, and truly, upon the true faith of a Christian: So help me God.", "Truly being something, rather than merely seeming to be something. State motto of North Carolina and academic motto of several schools, including North Carolina State University , Berklee College of Music , and Columbia College Chicagoas well as Connell's Point Public School and Cranbrook High School in Sydney, Australia. From chapter 26 of Cicero 's De amicitia ('On Friendship'). Earlier than Cicero, the phrase had been used by Sallust in his Bellum Catilinae (54.6), where he wrote that Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat ('he preferred to be good, rather than to seem so'). Earlier still, Aeschylus used a similar phrase in Seven Against Thebes, line 592, ou gar dokein aristos, all' enai thelei ('his resolve is not to seem the best, but in fact to be the best').", "Credula vitam spes fovet et melius cras fore semper dicit - Credulous hope supports our life, and always says that tomorrow will be better. (Tibullus)", "Est ergo fides recta ut credamus et confiteamur, quia Dominus noster Iesus Christus, Dei Filius, Deus [pariter] et homo est.", "Well, I'm going to take some liberties with the Latin that I learned when I was in school, where we all learned in college and in law school falsam in unum is falsam in toto meaning if you say something false in one phase of your testimony, more than likely the triers of fact can find that you were false in all of it.", "cruci dum spiro fido \"while I live, I trust in the cross\", \"Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life\" Motto of the Sisters of Loreto (IBVM) and its associated schools. A second translation is \"Whilst I trust in the Cross I have life\"", "Fides Roman Goddess of faithfulness and good faith. She was invoked during the signing of treaties.", "Sua Sponte - A Latin phrase which means on one’s own behalf, voluntary, without prompting or suggestion.", "Malum quidem nullum esse sine aliquo bono - There is, to be sure, no evil without something good. (Pliny the Elder)", "* [...] ut fortitudo in laboribus periculisque cernatur, [...], iustitia in suo cuique tribuendo.\" (\" [...] so that fortitude (courage) may be seen in hardship and danger, [...], justice in attributing to each his own\".) - De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, liber V, 67.", "Latin phrase meaning \"I think therefore you are\", often said in a snyde, holier than thou, fashion.", "Malo hic esse primus quam Romae secundus - I prefer to be first in this place than to be second at Rome. (Julius Caesar, according to Plutarch )", "Unde iustum est, omnes in Universo Romanorum Orbe Doctores legis, ea, quae legis sunt, sapere, et non fidem doctrinis variis maculare. - (English: \"Hence, it is just, that all doctors of the law in the Universe of the World of the Romans, those, who are of the law, are wise, and do not teach the faith with various doctrines.\")", "Probae esti in segetem sunt deteriorem datae fruges, tamen ipsae suaptae enitent - A good seed, planted even in poor soil, will bear rich fruit by its own nature. (Accius)", "Omnia mea mecum porto - All that is mine, I carry with me. (My wisdom is my greatest wealth) (Cicero)", "Acceptissima semper // munera sunt, auctor quae pretiosa facit - Those gifts are always the most acceptable which our love for the donor makes precious (Ovid)", "Dum vita est spes est - While life is, hope is. / While there is life there is hope", "\"Tunc restat edicere, qualiter fidelis Domini Godiva Ælfricum episcopum et Leofricum abbatem de Ely per scripta salutavit et quod de salute sua eis ostendere voluit. Sic quoque ait: O domini mei, ego infelix mulier, quamvis circa salutem anime mee minus provide intenderim et tempus exitus mei instat, cum adhuc licet operari, beatitudini vestre insinuo, quid ad dominam meam sacratissimam virginem Æðeldreðam in Ely constituo fieri de bonis meis atque concedo. Hoc est, terram de Berchinges, que mihi iuris est parentum hereditate, illic perpetualiter impertior, ut apud eos mei iugiter memoria sit.\"", "sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas use [what is] yours so as not to harm [what is] of others Or \"use your property in such a way that you do not damage others'\". A legal maxim related to property ownership laws, often shortened to simply sic utere (\"use it thus\").", "91. Si ergo venie secundum spiritum et mentem Pape predicarentur, facile illa omnia solverentur, immo non essent.", "19. Nec hoc probatum esse videtur, quod sint de sua beatitudine certe et secure, saltem omnes, licet nos certissimi simus. 20. Igitur papa per remissionem plenariam omnium penarum non simpliciter omnium intelligit, sed a seipso tantummodo impositarum." ]

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[ "1956: Team of Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan discovered the electron neutrino, a subatomic particle with no electric charge.", "The neutrino, which is a subatomic particle, is described by Hoffmann as \"fluctuating uncertainly between existence and non-existence.\" That is to say, in the language of dialectics, \"it is and is not.\" How can such a phenomenon be reconciled with the law of identity, which categorically asserts that a thing either is or is not? Faced with such dilemmas, which reappear at every step in the world of subatomic particles described by quantum mechanics, there is frequently a tendency to resort to formulations such as the idea that the neutrino is a particle with neither mass nor charge. The initial opinion, still held by many scientists, was that the neutrino had no mass, and since electric charge cannot exist without mass, the inescapable conclusion was that the neutrino had neither.", "These days, the subatomic particle catalog has hundreds of entries. Back in the 1920s, there were only two—the massive proton, which had a charge of +1 and was found in the atom’s nucleus; and the electron, which had very little mass, a charge of –1, and orbited the nucleus. Every proton occupied one of two possible “spin states” in relation to the surrounding space. These spins could easily be flipped in a behavior described by a mathematical construct called the SU(2) symmetry group. “Quantum spin states do not have a familiar analog in everyday experience,” says Caltech’s Steven Frautschi, professor of theoretical physics, emeritus. “However, they can be turned into one another by 180-degree rotations in ordinary space, which is what SU(2) does.”", "In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a boson with no spin, electric charge, or colour charge. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately. It is a quantum excitation of one of the four components of the Higgs field. The latter constitutes a scalar field, with two neutral and two electrically charged components that form a complex doublet of the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry. The Higgs field is tachyonic (this does not refer to faster-than-light speeds, it means that symmetry-breaking through condensation of a particle must occur under certain conditions), and has a \"Mexican hat\" shaped potential with nonzero strength everywhere (including otherwise empty space), which in its vacuum state breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction. When this happens, three components of the Higgs field are \"absorbed\" by the SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons (the \"Higgs mechanism\") to become the longitudinal components of the now-massive W and Z bosons of the weak force. The remaining electrically neutral component separately couples to other particles known as fermions (via Yukawa couplings), causing these to acquire mass as well. Some versions of the theory predict more than one kind of Higgs fields and bosons. Alternative \"Higgsless\" models may have been considered if the Higgs boson was not discovered.", "Electron, lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge, which is considered the basic unit of electric charge . The rest mass of the electron is 9.10938356 × 10−31 kg , which is only 1/1,836the mass of a proton . An electron is therefore considered nearly massless in comparison with a proton or a neutron , and the electron mass is not included in calculating the mass number of an atom.", "The concept of spin is now recognized as an intrinsic property of all subatomic particles. Indeed, spin is one of the key criteria used to classify particles into two main groups: fermions, with half-integer values of spin (1/2, 3/2,…), and bosons , with integer values of spin (0, 1, 2,…). In the Standard Model all of the “matter” particles (quarks and leptons) are fermions, whereas “force” particles such as photons are bosons. These two classes of particles have different symmetry properties that affect their behaviour.", "All subatomic particles (indeed, all particles) can have one of three electric charges: positive, negative, or none (neutral). All subatomic particles also have a property known as spin, meaning that they rotate on their axes in much the same way that planets such as Earth do. In general, the spin of a subatomic particle can be clockwise or counterclockwise, although the details of particle spin can become quite complex.", "The first subatomic particle was identified in 1897 and called the electron A subatomic particle with a negative electric charge.. It is an extremely tiny particle, with a mass of about 9.109 × 10−31 kg. Experiments with magnetic fields showed that the electron has a negative electrical charge.", "The mystery was resolved in 1932, when Carl Anderson , an American physicist, discovered the particle called the positron . Positrons are very much like electrons: they have the same mass and the same spin, but they have opposite electric charge. Positrons, then, are the particles predicted by Dirac’s theory, and they were the first of the so-called antiparticles to be discovered. Dirac’s theory, in fact, applies to any subatomic particle with spin 1/2; therefore, all spin-1/2 particles should have corresponding antiparticles. Matter cannot be built from both particles and antiparticles, however. When a particle meets its appropriate antiparticle, the two disappear in an act of mutual destruction known as annihilation . Atoms can exist only because there is an excess of electrons, protons, and neutrons in the everyday world, with no corresponding positrons, antiprotons, and antineutrons.", "Many additional particles have since been found in secondary cosmic radiation and through the use of large accelerators. They include numerous massive particles, classed as hadrons (particles that take part in the “strong” interaction, which binds atomic nuclei together), including hyperons and various heavy mesons with masses ranging from about one to three proton masses; and intermediate vector bosons such as the W and Z0 particles, the carriers of the “weak” nuclear force. They may be electrically neutral, positive, or negative, but never have more than one elementary electric charge e. Enduring from 10-8 to 10-14 sec, they decay into a variety of lighter particles. Each particle has its antiparticle and carries some angular momentum. They all obey certain conservation laws involving quantum numbers, such as baryon number, strangeness, and isotopic spin.", "Those particles with half-integer spins, such as , , , are known as fermions, while those particles with integer spins, such as 0, 1, 2, are known as bosons. The two families of particles obey different rules and broadly have different roles in the world around us. A key distinction between the two families is that fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle; that is, there cannot be two identical fermions simultaneously having the same quantum numbers (meaning, roughly, having the same position, velocity and spin direction). In contrast, bosons obey the rules of Bose–Einstein statistics and have no such restriction, so they may \"bunch together\" even if in identical states. Also, composite particles can have spins different from the particles which comprise them. For example, a helium atom can have spin 0 and therefore can behave like a boson even though the quarks and electrons which make it up are all fermions.", "* Scientists working at CERN, the European nuclear research center near Geneva, Switzerland, announce that experiments have proved the existence of the W particle. This is a subatomic particle that lives for less than a billionth of a billionth of a second, believed to carry one of the four basic forces of nature - the \"weak\" force which binds subatomic particles together. The other three basic forces are gravity, electromagnetism, and the \"strong\" force, which binds atoms together.", "A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.", "Proton—positive; electron—negative; neutron—no charge. The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite. The same number of protons and electrons exactly cancel one another in a neutral atom.", "Elementary bosons with other spins (0, 2, 3 etc.) were not historically known to exist, although they have received considerable theoretical treatment and are well established within their respective mainstream theories. In particular, theoreticians have proposed the graviton (predicted to exist by some quantum gravity theories) with spin 2, and the Higgs boson (explaining electroweak symmetry breaking) with spin 0. Since 2013, the Higgs boson with spin 0 has been considered proven to exist. It is the first scalar particle (spin 0) known to exist in nature.", "Bosons are particles with integral spin. All particles are either bosons or fermions. The spin of a composite particle is determined by the total spin (i.e., the component of its intrinsic angular momentum along one axis) of its particles. For instance, an alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons) has four half-integral spin values. No matter how they are added up, the result will be an integral spin value (try it!), so an alpha particle is a (composite) boson. The Pauli Exclusion Principle does not apply to bosons (in fact, bosons prefer to be in the same quantum state). The name \"boson\" comes from that of the Indian-American physicist Satyendra Nath Bose.", "Elementary particles possess an intrinsic quantum mechanical property known as spin. This is analogous to the angular momentum of an object that is spinning around its center of mass, although strictly speaking these particles are believed to be point-like and cannot be said to be rotating. Spin is measured in units of the reduced Planck constant (ħ), with electrons, protons and neutrons all having spin ½ ħ, or \"spin-½\". In an atom, electrons in motion around the nucleus possess orbital angular momentum in addition to their spin, while the nucleus itself possesses angular momentum due to its nuclear spin.", "Proton : An elementary particle with a positive electric charge and a mass that is given the value 1 on the scale of atomic weights .", "The fermions are particles that have an intrinsic angular momentum that, calculated in units of Spin, is equal to an odd number from a fraction (1/2 or 0.5, 3/2 or 1.5, etc.) and that obey at the Exclusion Principle of Pauli. The fermions cannot coexist in the same position. Fermions are particles that comprise matter; for example, electrons, quarks, leptons, protons, neutrons, etc.", "Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, they are not composed of other particles. They are the fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard Model have been experimentally observed, recently including the Higgs boson. ", "Electron : An elementary particle carrying 1 unit of negative electric charge. Its mass is 1/1837 that of a proton .", "The physical study of subatomic particles became possible only during the 20th century, with the development of increasingly sophisticated apparatuses to probe matter at scales of 10−15 metre and less (that is, at distances comparable to the diameter of the proton or neutron ). Yet the basic philosophy of the subject now known as particle physics dates to at least 500 bce, when the Greek philosopher Leucippus and his pupil Democritus put forward the notion that matter consists of invisibly small, indivisible particles, which they called atoms . For more than 2,000 years the idea of atoms lay largely neglected, while the opposing view that matter consists of four elements—earth, fire, air, and water—held sway. But by the beginning of the 19th century the atomic theory of matter had returned to favour, strengthened in particular by the work of John Dalton , an English chemist whose studies suggested that each chemical element consists of its own unique kind of atom . As such, Dalton’s atoms are still the atoms of modern physics. By the close of the century, however, the first indications began to emerge that atoms are not indivisible, as Leucippus and Democritus had imagined, but that they instead contain smaller particles.", "Fundamental properties; classes of interactions. All elementary particles are objects of exceptionally small mass and size. Most have masses of the order of magnitude of the proton mass, equal to 1.6 × 10–24 g; only the mass of the electron, equal to 9 × 1028 g, is significantly smaller. The experimentally determined sizes of the proton, neutron, and ir-meson are of the order of 10–13 cm. It has not been possible to determine the dimensions of the electron and muon, but it is known that they are smaller than 10–15 cm. The microscopic masses and sizes of the elementary particles are responsible for the quantum specifics of their behavior. The characteristic wave lengths that must be assigned to the elementary particles in quantum theory (ℏ/mc, where h is Planck’s constant, m is the mass of the particle, and c is the velocity of light) are close in order of magnitude to the typical dimensions wherein particle interaction occurs; for example, for the π-meson, ℏ/mc ≈ 1.4 × 10–13 cm. It is this that makes quantum laws a determinative factor for elementary particles.", "Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that the spin possessed by elementary particles cannot be explained by postulating that they are made up of even smaller particles rotating about a common center of mass analogous to a classical electron radius; as far as can be determined at present, these elementary particles have no inner structure. The spin of an elementary particle is therefore seen as a truly intrinsic physical property, akin to the particle's electric charge and rest mass.", "The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided or broken up by chemical means. It consists of a central core (or nucleus ), containing protons and neutrons , with electrons revolving in orbits in the region surrounding the nucleus.", "In addition to their other properties, all quantum mechanical particles possess an intrinsic spin (though it may have the intrinsic spin 0, too). The spin is quantized in units of the reduced Planck constant, such that the state function of the particle is, say, not , but where is out of the following discrete set of values:", "A hypothetical gauge boson that regulates the gravitational force. It would have a spin of 2 and zero rest mass.", "All fundamental and composite particles have a spin quantum number s (lowercase). This is associated with a spin angular momentum S (uppercase). The SI unit of angular momentum is the kilogram meter squared per second [kgm2/s] or, equivalently, the joule second [Js], which is much too large for elementary particles. Instead ℏ (h bar), also known as the reduced Planck constant (ℏ = h/2π), is used. For reasons that are beyond the scope of this book, the spin quantum number s (which is just a number) and the spin angular momentum S (which is a number with a unit) are not numerically the same. Instead, they are related by a non-obvious equation.", "In case of spin- particles, it is possible to find a construction that includes both a finite-dimensional representation and a scalar product that is preserved by this representation. We associate a 4-component Dirac spinor with each particle. These spinors transform under Lorentz transformations according to the law", "Iblis: That reminds me, to ask about to what extent the energy of rotation contributes to what we’d otherwise expect (if possible/available) for the masses of various fundamental particles. It is interesting because without a specific classical type mass distribution, we can’t say that the increase is to gamma times the rest value etc. And yet, note that there’s a magnetic field for the electron, which means charge distribution has at least an equivalent “radius” and “velocity.” I wonder if that can be compared, what we get when we pretend the electron is spinning as a shell of classical radius, etc, for any of that. I suppose it could mean something, but I hear little about it.", "Today ... we have the standard model, which reduces all of reality to a dozen or so particles and four forces. ... It's a hard-won simplicity [...and...] remarkably accurate. But it is also incomplete and, in fact, internally inconsistent... This boson is so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our final understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive, that I have given it a nickname: the God Particle. Why God Particle? Two reasons. One, the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing. And two, there is a connection, of sorts, to another book, a much older one...", "What type of particle, defined as an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, is an electron?" ]

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[ "All Scrabble players know that Q and Z are the highest scoring tiles. You can get 10 points for each, in the English language version of the game.", "7. X-E-R-O-X. X is considered one of the hardest letters in Scrabble, but the tiles that will gain the most points, 10, are Q and Z. The tiles with the fewest points, 0, are blank tiles.", "In an English-language set the game contains 100 tiles, 98 of which are marked with a letter and a point value ranging from 1 to 10. The number of points of each lettered tile is based on the letter's frequency in standard English writing; commonly used letters such as E or O are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 10 points. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. Other language sets use different letter set distributions with different point values. Template:See", "The game contains 100 tiles: 98 are each marked with a letter and the point value of that letter. Point values range from 1 to 10 depending on the letter's general frequency of use. The game also has two blank tiles that are unmarked and carry no point value. The blank tiles can be used as substitutes for any letter; once laid on the board, however, the choice is fixed. The number of points of each lettered tile depend on the letter's frequency in standard English writing; commonly used letters such as E or O are worth one point, while less common letters score higher, with Q and Z each worth 10 points. The board is marked with \"premium\" squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: dark red \"triple-word\" squares, pink \"double-word\" squares, dark blue \"triple-letter\" squares, and light blue \"double-letter\" squares. The centre square (H8) is often marked with a star or logo, and counts as a double-word square.", "Because of the 50-point bonus for using all seven tiles in one turn, many players manage their racks specifically to score as many bingos as possible. Making seven- and eight-letter words is generally the fastest way to achieve a high score. The letters A, E, I, N, R, S, and T are the most useful letters for this purpose, and so a good player will be reluctant to play off these letters without some benefit in return. Conversely, good players will strive to play off undesirable tiles, at times even if that play is not the highest scoring one available, and will use a turn to exchange tiles if necessary.", "The most number of letter tiles is 120 and they are used in the Italian and Portuguese versions of the game. In the Malayan version, the letter A has the most number of tiles at 19, which is nearly a fifth of the total number of letter tiles. Using all seven letters in one move is called a bingo (in France and Spain, it is called “scrabble,” while in other countries, “bonus” is used), which rewards you with extra points. The highest-scoring 7-letter word is “quartzy,” as long as it is formed across a triple-word square and the Z is strategically placed on a double-letter square. The Spanish word “etario” is a seven-letter word that will most likely appear in a player’s Scrabble rack. Theoretically speaking, the highest score that can be obtained when playing in a US tournament is 1,778 points. The move will involve joining 8 tiles that are already on the board with new ones to form the word “oxyphenbutazone.” Three triple-word squares are also required to obtain this high score.", "One of the big cop-outs in Scrabble is to add an “S” to a word that’s already on the board. This works for longer words and words with a lot of high point value letters. Remember that the blank tile has no point value, while building off a word that has already been played over a double and triple modifier space does not give the 2x and 3x point values.", "INDIVIDUAL GENUINE SCRABBLE TILES. These are new, genuine Scrabble tiles. Tiles have sharp, square corners found in a current (new) standard edition of Scrabble. • A-Z and blank tiles. Tiles measure 2...", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a gameboard marked with a 15x15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. The board is marked with premium squares, which multiply the number of points awarded: eight dark red triple-word squares, 17 pink double-word squares, of which one, the center square (H8), is marked with a star or other symbol; 12 dark blue triple-letter squares, and 24 light blue double-letter squares.", "There are two blank tiles in a game of scrabble but they are not worth any points at all. This is because these tiles can be used for any letter at all, whether you want to play a consonant or a vowel. The blank tile is a great option if you can use a high pointed piece on a bonus tile and need the extra letter that you do not have.", "Scrabble is a classic board game produced by Hasbro, in which players draw seven letters apiece and then attempt to spell words on the game board, crossword puzzle-style. “Triple-word score” is one of the bonus squares on the board, and contractions and hyphenated words are both disallowed under the rules of the game.", "No.  There are no point values for the blank tiles in the game of Scrabble.  The benefit of having blank tiles is that they can substitute for any letter that you need but other do not have.  Using a blank tile may help you gain a Triple Word Score, in which case all the points for the other letters in the word are totaled and tripled.", "Many editions of the word board game Scrabble vary in the letter distribution of the tiles, because the frequency of each letter of the alphabet is different for every language. As a general rule, the rarer the letter the more points it is worth.", " I was playing Scrabble the other day and faced, as usual with an impossible hand. Scrabble is, as you probably know, a game where you pick tiles from a sack, and each tile has a letter written on it. You are allowed up to seven tiles at a time, and you have to place these, made up into words, on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion, and must be real words in common use. Each letter is scored individually, but the score is boosted by special squares on the board that give you double, or triple, word, or letter, scores.", "FIRST Many of the unusual three letter words contain at least one mid to high-scoring tile. These words can make very decent scores with easy 'double-crossings'. In fact, even with one point tiles you can garner some surprisingly high scores by spotting sneaky 'parallel plays'.", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Official reference works (e.g. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary) provide a list of permissible words.", "    Scrabble is played with exactly 100 tiles. 98 of these tiles contain letters on them, while there are 2 blank tiles. These blank tiles add a wild card aspect to Scrabble. The blanks substitute for any letter in the alphabet. Once played, a blank tile remains for the remainder of the game the letter for which it was substituted when first played.", "The players are initially given a rack with seven letters known as tiles placed on a rack which can be exchanged from the bag which already consists of the tiles that act as warehouse for storing the letters. To frame a word on the scrabble board, we should place a tile from the rack connecting at least single tile which is already placed on the board. New tiles will be placed on the rack from the sack, based on the number of tiles placed on the board. Each letter will have different point value, so the game strategy is to play words with high scoring letter combinations.  (Scrabble rules, 2010).", "Scrabble scoring is based on a system of points. The game assigns a specific value to each letter, normally printed on the corner of each tile. A player receives this number of points for placing the letter as part of an unchallenged word.", "The purpose of this game is use single-letter tiles to form and lay down words on the 15 x 15 game board in a crossword-like fashion, such that all formed vertical and horizontal words are acceptable words. The letter tiles each have a score value, which serve as the basis to calculate a score for each play made. The least frequently used letters in the English lexicon have the highest score values. The game board has several colored \"premium\" squares which boost the values of individual letters or entire words, as tiles are set down over these squares. The object of the game is to outscore your opponent.", "Triple letter score: If a tile is placed on this square space the tile value is tripled, generally these cells are in dark blue colour on scrabble board", "Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. Official reference works (i.e. SOWPODS in the UK) provide a list of permissible words, many of which are rarely found in standard English writing. Scrabble operates to a different dictionary to Countdown , so many contestants make this mistake.", "Players form interlocking words, crossword fashion, on the board using letter tiles of varying values. Each player competes for high score by taking advantage of the letter values, as well as the values of the �premium� squares on the board.", "What a great way for kids to play America’s favorite word game! Kid-sized words and colorful pictures make it fun to match letter tiles to words on the grid. Players collect scoring chips for completing words. When all of the tiles are played, the one with the most chips wins! The advanced side of the game board features an open grid where kids can create their own words, Scrabble-style! For 2 to 4 players. Game includes: 2-sided game board, 101 letter tiles, 44 scoring chips and rules.", "Different letters in the game will have various point values and this will depend on how rare the letter is and how difficult it may be to lay that letter. Blank tiles will have no point values.", "The game has 100 tiles and is played on a board 15 spaces high and 15 spaces wide, for a total of 225 squares, although the original Scrabble didn't include a board. It was played with just the tiles.", "Now add the score for that particular word. This can vary depending on the Scrabbles board size and rules. Now draw tiles based on the same number you got. Place these on your tiles. Now alternate creating the words. ", "A list of all the Scrabble letter values. Playing a word and not sure what the values of each tiles are? This list of all the Scrabble letter points has everything you need to know to calculate the tile points.", "The frequencies and point values for each letter in Scrabble are shown in the table below:", "Players make words on a board and earn points according to the value of the letters they use", "Can you gain points with other words by using the tiles on the board, or another tile in your set? View a list of words that use the tiles cin", "What do you think? Should Scrabble tiles retain their original value? Or are the tile values in need of an overhaul in order to reflect the changes in English since Alfred Butts first calculated letter frequency in the 1930s?" ]

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[ "Kathi Goertzen (April 30, 1958 – August 13, 2012) was a longtime co-news anchor of Seattle ABC affiliate KOMO-TV along with Dan Lewis (the 6PM edition) and also the 5PM edition with Eric Johnson. She joined KOMO in June 1980, after the eruption of Mount St. Helens and did many special newscasts thereafter, including the fall of the Berlin Wall (she was the first local American TV news reporter to do so).", "During her career, Goertzen won five Emmys and an Edward R. Murrow Award for excellence in broadcasting.", "Kathi Goertzen, who for decades was the face of KOMO 4 News with coanchor Dan Lewis, died around 12:45 PM today after a long, difficult battle with several brain tumors, the station announced. She was fifty-four.", "Kathi Goertzen was born in Seattle on April 30, 1958. She graduated from Queen Anne High School and had initially set out to be a veterinarian. However, she changed her career goals after witnessing a dog necropsy, and then set out to be a journalist, enrolling at Washington State University. Kathi Goertzen graduated in 1980 from WSU with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications from the Edward R. Murrow School of Communication. She was a member of the Omega Chapter of Alpha Chi Omega sorority. She served as the anchor of the WSU's newscast and interned as a beat reporter at KREM 2 in Spokane.", "Our co-worker, our angel, our precious friend, Kathi Goertzen, died today, surrounded by her loving family.", "The tumor recurred in 2005, resulting in Goertzen announcing a leave of absence on September 16. Because the tumor is located near nerves that are vital to speech, it could not be removed completely, it had regrown to where Goertzen announced on April 2, 2008 that she would be undergoing a third surgery to remove the tumor. The surgery \"went better than expected\" on April 3, and after spending several months on an experimental chemotherapy drug used to fight kidney cancer (with high levels of success), it was announced on August 14 that Goertzen would resume anchor duties alongside Dan Lewis on September 2, 2008. ", "Kathi Goertzen died on August 13, 2012, of pneumonia, a complication of her long battle with recurring meningiomas.", "In 1997, the Chicago-based NBC-owned station WMAQ-TV hired Jerry Springer to serve as a news commentator. However, this proved to be unpopular among viewers, as it resulted in the resignation of long-time news anchors Ron Magers and Carol Marin. After performing only two commentaries, Jerry Springer resigned as commentator.[15][16]", "Kathi Goertzen’s colleagues remember her during the August 13th, newscast at 5 PM. Pictured are Steve Pool, Dan Lewis, Eric Johnson, and Mary Nam.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1980, in the final first-run episode of Hawaii Five-0, McGarrett captured his arch-enemy Wo-Fat. The series, starring Jack Lord and James MacArthur, lasted 12 years. In 1984, Los Angeles Laker Kareem Abdul Jabbar skyhooked his 31,420th point to pass Wilt Chamberlain at the top of the NBA's all-time scoring list. In 1985, 5,000 radio stations around the world played We Are the World all at once. In 1987, Married ... With Children debuted on FOX. In 1993, Sherry Davis became the first female public-address-system announcer at a major league baseball park. She won the San Francisco Giant's job over 499 others who auditioned. In 1993, cnstruction began on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. In 1994, Kurt Cobain killed himself in the garage apartment of his Seattle home. He was 27. In 2005, Aerdeen added the phrase Come As You Are to their Welcome to Aberdeen sign on the 11th anniversary of Kurt Cobain's death.", "* Robert Zelnick (B.S.) – Award winning journalist, winner of two Emmy Awards and two Gavel Awards; formerly ABC News correspondent for more than 20 years, and professor of journalism at the Boston University College of Communication", "Alumni have collectively won at least twenty-five Emmy Awards: Jon Else (BA 1968) for cinematography; Andrew Schneider (BA 1973) for screenwriting; Linda Schacht (BA 1966, MA 1981), two for broadcast journalism; Christine Chen (dual BA's 1990), two for broadcast journalism; Kristen Sze (BA), two for broadcast journalism; Kathy Baker (BA 1977), three for acting; Ken Milnes (BS 1977), four for broadcasting technology; and Leroy Sievers (BA), twelve for production. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards. ", "ABC's initial coverage of the incident was very disorganized. Cochran, ABC's primary news anchor, was called back to the studio while out having lunch and had to hurry back to begin his reporting. Silverman was the voice accompanying ABC's first bulletin, broadcast during a rerun episode of Father Knows Best that was airing on a majority of the network's affiliates in the Mountain Time Zone at the time; the surviving videotape of ABC's initial bulletins appears to have been recorded by then-affiliate KTVK in Phoenix, as it contains the interruption of Father Knows Best. The first on-camera report was given by Goddard in the network's news studio, which was too far away from the teletype machines. Goddard then moved to the newsroom and was joined by the returning Cochran, and the technical crew began constructing an impromptu news set around them (ABC did not have studio space ready for such an occasion; NBC had a flash studio in its newsroom and CBS' reports came directly from their own newsroom as they had since they launched an evening newscast earlier in 1963). Cochran and Goddard were forced to stand and awkwardly hold microphones and headsets so they could report the information.", "Five years later, Springer launched his broadcasting career as a political reporter and commentator on Cincinnati's WLWT-TV. He became anchor and managing editor in 1984, and was Cincinnati's top-rated news anchor until he relinquished the post in January 1993. During his tenure, Springer received seven Emmy Awards for his nightly commentaries, the forerunner to his \"Final Thought,\" and was voted television's best anchor for five consecutive years by readers of Cincinnati Magazine.", "CBS televised the game in the United States with play-by-play announcer Pat Summerall and color commentator Tom Brookshier. One of the guest analysts for the network's studio pregame show was former Oakland Raiders coach John Madden; he impressed CBS executives so much that he replaced Brookshier as lead game analyst in 1981. CBS Radio coverage featured Jack Buck and Hank Stram; with Brent Musburger working both radio and television coverage (hosting the Super Bowl Today pregame show and the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation). Locally, Bob Starr and Al Wisk called the game for the Rams over KMPC in Los Angeles, while WTAE-AM in Pittsburgh featured the Steelers' play-by-play team of Jack Fleming and Myron Cope.", "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. ( 4 November 1916 – 17 July 2009 ) was an American broadcast journalist, most famous as the anchorman for The CBS Evening News for 19 years (1962–1981).", "In 1994, Westinghouse signed a long-term deal to affiliate all five of its television stations with CBS. Of the other four stations, two of the stations (KPIX in San Francisco and KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh) were already longtime affiliates of the network, while two others (KYW-TV in Philadelphia and WBZ-TV in Boston) were longtime affiliates of NBC. The network decided to sell off existing O&O in Philadelphia, WCAU, which would eventually be purchased by NBC, despite at the time being much higher rated locally than KYW-TV. While WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched to CBS in January 1995, the swap was delayed in Philadelphia when CBS discovered that an outright sale of channel 10 would have forced it to pay massive taxes on the proceeds from the deal. To solve this problem, CBS, NBC and Group W entered into a complex ownership/affiliation deal in the summer of 1995. NBC traded KCNC-TV in Denver and KUTV in Salt Lake City to CBS in return for WCAU, which for legal reasons would be an even trade. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Group W in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. As compensation for the loss of stations, NBC and CBS traded transmitter facilities in Miami, with NBC-owned WTVJ moving to channel 6 and CBS-owned WCIX moving to channel 4 as WFOR-TV. ", "** FILE ** Talk show host Johnny Carson listens to entertainer Bette Midler sing him a farewell love song during the second-to-last taping of \"The Tonight Show\" in Burbank, Ca., May 21, 1992. Carson, the \"Tonight Show\" host who served America a smooth nightcap of celebrity banter, droll comedy and heartland charm for 30 years, died Sunday Jan. 23, 2005. He was 79. (AP Photo/Douglas C. Pizac) less", "Von Bargen, who also stood out as Commandant Edwin Spangler on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle, died Sunday after a long illness, his friend, actor Bob Colonna, said . Cincinnati TV station WLWT also reported the news . Other details of his death were not known.", "Frank Reynolds (b. 1923) – TV journalist – Anchored ABC Evening News, co-anchored World News Tonight, and pioneered the 30 min late night news program “America Held Hostage” which was renamed to “Nightline”", "Cronkite died July 17 at the age of 92. He anchored the \"CBS Evening News\" from 1962 until 1981.", "The Mondales' daughter, Eleanor, was a television personality. She also had radio talk shows in Chicago, and a long-running program on WCCO (AM) in Minneapolis. She died of brain cancer at her home in Minnesota on September 17, 2011, at the age of 51. ", "Dick Clark - who brought Rock 'n' Roll into the homes of millions of viewers on his daytime TV show American Bandstand from 1956 to 1988, suffered a fatal heart attack on April 18th, 2012 at the age of 82", "Ann B. Davis arrives at the 5th Annual TV Land Awards in Santa Monica, Calif., in 2007. Emmy-winning actress Davis, who played the housekeeper on 'The Brady Bunch,' has died at a San Antonio hospital on June 1. She was 88.", "Cronkite, an icon of American journalism died last week at 92. He was a reporter with impeccable credentials, covering war and politics for years before taking the anchor chair and presided over the networks coverage of such earth-shaking events as John F. Kennedy's assassination and NASA's first launch into space.", "He then became co-host of the popular Monday Night Football from 1971 to 1985, working with Howard Cosell and Al Michaels. The low-key, likable athlete became a reliable and instantly recognizable presence for millions of Americans. The son of an oilfield driller who was constantly looking for work, Gifford moved 47 times before starting high school in Bakersfield, California. Bakersfield High School was where his football ascent began—even though he was cut from the lightweight football team as a scrawny 5-foot-2 freshman. But he grew the summer before his junior season and made the varsity team. At USC, he played on offense as a running-passing tailback and on defense as a safety. He also caught passes, punted, kicked field goals and extra points, and returned punts and kickoffs. He was an All-American as a senior at USC in 1951 before going to the NFL. He is survived by his wife, Kathie Lee Gifford, three sons and two daughters. Saul S. Kreshek ’57 (BUS), LLB ’60 (LAW) of Los Angeles; Sept. 1, at the age of 79. David B. Finkel ’59 LLB (LAW) of Santa Monica, California; July 4 at the age of 83.", "NEW YORK –  Walter Cronkite, the premier TV anchorman of the U.S. networks' golden age who reported a tumultuous time with reassuring authority and came to be called \"the most trusted man in America,\" died Friday. He was 92.", "People we've lost in 2012 – Television host Dick Clark poses for a portrait circa 1968. The longtime host of the influential \"American Bandstand\" died April 18 after suffering a heart attack. He was 82.", "Carol Ann Susi -- quite possibly the most famous unseen actress in TV history -- has died at the age of 62. News of her death after her battle with cancer broke late Tuesday night via The Associated Press.", "Walsh, an announcer and a newscaster at KNX-AM (1070) from 1952 to 1986, died of congestive heart failure Dec. 5 at Garfield Medical Center in Monterey Park, said his daughter, Fran.", "Roone Arledge, the television industry executive and producer whose creativity, leadership and technical innovations revolutionized the presentation of both news and sports, died yesterday in Manhattan. He was 71.", "2012: Legendary host of American Bandstand and television producer Dick Clark dies of a massive heart attack at Saint John’s hospital in Santa Monica. Clark was 82." ]

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[ "Tony the Tiger has been the mascot of Frosted Flakes since its introduction. Tony is known for uttering the cereal's slogan: \"They're Gr-r-reat!\" (the \"r\"s in \"Great\" pronounced as drawn-out). Tony the Tiger was originally voiced by Dallas McKennon, but Thurl Ravenscroft voiced him for more than 50 years, until his death in 2005. Tony was later voiced (in Canada and the US) by former professional wrestling play-by-play announcer Lee Marshall until his passing on April 27, 2014. Van Horne also voiced Tony in a 1997 television commercial. In the UK, Tom Hill voiced Tony after Ravenscroft's death. Tony is drawn wearing a red bandana on all Frosted Flakes cereal boxes.", "Tony The Tiger has been the mascot for Frosted Flakes Cereal since 1952 when it was called Sugar Frosted Flakes. The cereal has had a few memorable taglines over the years, including \"They bring out the tiger in you\" and \"The taste adults have grown to love.\" But the most popular line, by far, was Tony's deep-throated \"They're not good. They're Gr-r-reat!\"", "Over past generations Tony has demonstrated a figure of human characteristics. When you look at Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes cereal box you see Tony the Tiger impersonating the fundamental muscular human like structure. Tony the Tiger's iconic appearance has evolved through the use of graphic design and its abilities to enhance creativity. Although his appearance has changed his purpose in as an iconic mascot is to sell Kellogg’s Frosted Flakes and throughout his career Tony has remained sufficiently consistent. The deep and unique voice behind the famous “They’re Gr-eatt!” slogan was Thurl Ravenscroft for fifty years.", "This tagline was part of a short jingle that went \"Frosted Lucky Charms... they're magically delicious!\" It was sung by Lucky The Leprechaun, the cereal's mascot since Lucky Charms debuted in 1964. Lucky is responsible for another famous catchphrase, \"They're Always After Me Lucky Charms!\"", "In the 1930s, the first puffed cereal, Kix, went on the market. After World War II, the big breakfast cereal companies – now including General Mills, who entered the market in 1924 with Wheaties – increasingly started to target children. The flour was refined to remove fiber, which at the time was considered to undermine digestion and absorption of nutrients, and sugar was added to improve the flavor for children. The new breakfast cereals began to look starkly different from their ancestors. As one example, Kellogg's Sugar Smacks, created in 1953, had 56% sugar by weight. Different mascots were introduced, such as the Rice Krispies elves and later pop icons like Tony the Tiger and the Trix Rabbit.", "Tony the Tiger is the advertising cartoon mascot for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes (also known as Frosties) breakfast cereal, appearing on its packaging and advertising. More recently, Tony has also become the mascot for Tony's Cinnamon Krunchers and Tiger Power. Since his debut in 1951, the character has spanned several generations and become a breakfast cereal icon.", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "The Quaker Oats Man is the oldest cereal mascot in America. It was registered in 1877. Quakers are members of the religious Society of Friends, and the mascot was chosen to suggest honesty, integrity, and purity. Or, in other words, to suggest quality. The original mascot was created in 1877. Jim Nash, a graphic designer, developed a black-and-white version of the current mascot in 1946. Haddon Sundblom developed a colored mascot from the line drawing. The Society of Friends went to court to disassociate their name from the cereal product, but the court did not accept their plea. Quaker Oats was one of the first few food companies to introduce a convenience food with an emphasis on time saving, and the concept later developed into an instant formula and fast foods. Quaker Oats launched their product ‘Quick Oats’ in 1922. The Quaker Oats Man mascot is iconic to breakfast cereals.", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. Created in 1963, the cartoon character's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. ", "Cereal mascots have captured the imagination of kids for decades. Not surprisingly, that fascination has turned to nostalgia for bloggers and artists alike. In the amazing image above, Rob Sheridan explores what a cereal mascot reunion would be like, once the magic is gone. Frankenberry, the Trix Rabbit, Count Chocula, Cap’n Crunch, and Tony The Tiger sit around a dark basement, smoking cigarettes, playing Atari, looking at porn and drinking beer.", "In 1945, Kellogg's inserted a prize in the form of pin-back buttons into each box of Pep cereal. Pep pins have included U.S. Army squadrons as well as characters from newspaper comics and were available through 1947. There were five series of comic characters and 18 different buttons in each set, with a total of 90 in the collection. Other manufacturers of major brands of cereal, including General Mills, Malt-O-Meal, Nestlé, Post Foods, and Quaker Oats, followed suit and inserted prizes into boxes of cereal to promote sales and brand loyalty.", "In those countries where the cereal is known as \"Choco Krispis,\" an elephant is the mascot. In 1986, Kelloggs named the elephant \"Melvin\". Recently, he has been called \"Commando Melvin\" due to commercials featuring him a space-faring fighter and adventurer, note that this is due to a misunderstanding, as Commando Melvin in the commercials refers exclusively to the organization featured in them whose purpose is to defend the \"forti-calcio plus\" a supposed ingredient in the cereal from aliens or other such villains.", "Dig’em Frog was the mascot of Kellogg’s sweetened, puffed wheat breakfast cereal originally called Sugar Smacks and later changed to Honey Smack because mothers had reservations for the sugar labeled product. The product practically contained about 50 percent sugar. The mascot Dig’em Frog wears a baseball cap in an oblique position. The mascot was changed to a bear when the name of product was changed from Sugar Smacks to Honey Smacks, but it was soon reverted to Dig’em Frog on account of its popularity.  Some people think that the mascot and related advertisement has deliberately ignored the African-American culture as indicated by the prominent ending with ‘g’ in Dig’em which is unlike the African-American convention, and the complete absence of any African-American throughout the campaign.", "In the UK Tony the Tiger is the icon for Frosties. Same cereal, different name but same catchphrase.", "One of the breakfast food mascots to have shown true endurance is the Trix Rabbit, introduced in 1959, and spending most of his energy ever since trying to get his hands on a bowl of Trix cereal. In mail-in ballots, children who took pity on him voted to let the rabbit have some cereal already. But that didn't seem to make him less crazy, or silly.", "These are arguably the three most familiar words in the English language (which pertain to selling breakfast cereal). They were first heard in a radio jingle in 1932, four years after the cereal was introduced. They mimicked the sound the cereal made when doused with milk. In 1939, Snap! Crackle! and Pop! also began referring to the cereal's three mascots. That was the year they first appeared together on a package. Snap! had appeared years earlier as a solo act.", "Various clowns served as the advertising mascot from 1953 to 1956, including Cliffy the Clown. In 1957, a sailor-suit-wearing seal named Smaxey became the mascot. The Hanna-Barbera cartoon horse sheriff, Quick Draw McGraw took over in 1961, followed by The Smackin' Bandit in 1965, a half-mule, half-kangaroo who kissed everyone in sight. He was replaced in 1966 by the Smackin' Brothers, two boys dressed in boxing shorts and boxing gloves. In the early 1970s an Indian Chief appeared briefly, replaced by Dig 'Em Frog in 1972. He continued as spokesfrog as the cereal was rechristened Honey Smacks. Dig 'Em was replaced by an animal more associated with honey, Wally the Bear in 1986, but was brought back by popular demand in 1987. During the 1990s, advertising campaigns for the cereal featured Dig 'Em attempting to have a bowl of Smacks while trying to outsmart his nemesis, Kitty. By 1997, these commercials were discontinued.", "In 1971, General Mills introduced \" Franken Berry \", a strawberry-flavored corn cereal whose mascot is a variation of the monster from the 1931 movie.", "These cartoon characters were by no means the only cereal advertising stars. There were plenty of live-action commercials directed at older children, but few of them managed to equal the intensity and desperation encapsulated by these sugar-starved animated critters. Many of these characters have been around since before our time, though they often been through more reinventions than Cher. You'd better hurry up and get your reminiscing in before the remaining mascots go the way of Cookie Crook and Officer Crumb. Blink and they'll be replaced by cooler, hipper characters.", "Cheerios is an American brand of breakfast cereals manufactured by General Mills, consisting of pulverized oats in the shape of a torus.", "***Note — You will notice there are no cereal or fast food related characters on the list. With so many to choose from specifically related to cereals and fast food chains, we decided to follow up with a separate article on cereal mascots in the future.  Hopefully these will bring back some happy memories. Jump in and let us know what you think and certainly feel free to point out any that we left out.", "Wheaties tagline “Breakfast for Champions” has proven to be tremendously successful, especially when famous athletes, such as Babe Ruth, Bob Feller and Johnny Weissmuller testified that Wheaties’ cereal was truly the breakfast for the champions.", "A line from the theme song to the CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962-1971). Maypo is a brand of maple-flavored oatmeal cereal first sold in 1953 and famous for celebrity endorsement ads with the slogan, “I want my Maypo!” The brand changed hands several times beginning in the 1960s, and is still made today. Farina is a type of soft wheat cereal sold most often as Nabisco’s Cream of Wheat and Malt-O-Meal’s Farina. It inspired the name of a character in Hal Roach’s Our Gang short films from 1922 to 1931, played by Allen Hoskins (1920-1980).", "In the early 1960s General Mills introduced Lucky Charms, featuring \"pink hearts, yellow moons, orange stars, and green clovers.\" The spokesperson for the \"magically delicious\" cereal was Lucky the Leprechaun.", "\"Breakfast of losers\" is a swipe at the slogan for the cereal Wheaties , which advertised itself as \"the breakfast of champions\".", "* Frosted Flakes (known as Frosties outside the US/Canada, Zucaritas in Latin America and Sucrilhos in Brazil) cereal: Tony the Tiger", "(In the cereal commercials) \"Barney!!!!! My Pebbles!!!!\" (Followed by Barney making a lame pun based on his latest scheme)", "1958 Cocoa Puffs is a brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn, oats and rice that have been flavored with cocoa.", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "Kix® (stylized as KiX) is a brand of American cold breakfast cereal introduced in 1937 by the General Mills company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The product is an extruded, expanded puffed-grain cereal made with cornmeal.", "Also, we used to beg our grandparents to take us to Smacks for a Smacky Burger. These were (according to my grandparents) horrible, but as kids we loved Smacky the Seal--the mascot who sold us all on the place. Does anyone remember Smacks?", "Frau: It's a television commercial. With this cartoon leprechaun, and all of these children are trying to chase him, \"Hey, leprechaun, leprechaun man, we want to get your lucky charms.\" Oh! And there are these little tiny pieces of marshmallow just stuck right in the cereal. So when the kids eat them they think, \"Oooh, this is candy, I'm having fun!\"." ]

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[ "The Go-Go's became one of the most successful American bands of the 1980s, helping usher new wave music into popular American radio, and becoming the first all-female band who wrote their own music and played their own instruments to ever achieve a No. 1 album, Beauty and the Beat, which featured the hits \"We Got the Beat\" and \"Our Lips Are Sealed\". The Go-Gos recorded two more studio albums on I.R.S. Records, including 1982's Vacation, which went gold. Head over Heels, from their 1984 album Talk Show, made it to No. 11.", "The Go-Go’s: “We Got The Beat” General Public (1981), “Our Lips Are Sealed” (1981), “Vacation” (1982), “Head Over Heels” (1984)", "Go-Go's had five Top Forty hits, with We Got the Beat peaking at No. 2 (April '82), and Vacation at No. 8 (August '82). No other songs reached the Top Ten, although Head Over Heels spent two weeks at No. 11 (May '84), and Our Lips are Sealed spent two weeks at No. 20 (December '81).", "One of the most popular new wave bands of the early '80s, the British group ABC built upon the detached, synthesized R&B pop of David Bowie and Roxy Music, adding a self-conscious, campy sense of t...", "New wave music is a musical genre of pop/rock created in the late 1970s to mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. The wide range of bands categorized under this term has been a source of much confusion and controversy. The new wave sound of the late 1970s moved away from the smooth blues and rock & roll sounds to create music with a twitchy, agitated feel, choppy rhythm guitars and fast tempos. Initially—as with the later post-punk—new wave was broadly analogous to punk rock before branching as a distinctly identified genre, incorporating electronic and experimental music, mod, disco and pop. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synthpop, college rock and gothic rock.", "Talking Heads were an American new wave band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne (lead vocals and guitar), Chris Frantz (drums and backing vocals), Tina Weymouth (bass and backing vocals) and Jerry Harrison (keyboards, guitar, and backing vocals).", "Ultravox (formerly known as Ultravox!) are a British new wave band, formed in London in 1974 as Tiger Lily. Between 1980–86, they scored seven Top Ten albums and seventeen Top 40 singles in the UK, the most successful of which was their 1981 hit \"Vienna\".", "Between 1979 and 1985, influenced by Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra , David Bowie and Gary Numan , British new wave went in the direction of such New Romantics as Spandau Ballet , Ultravox , Japan , Duran Duran , A Flock of Seagulls , Culture Club , Talk Talk and the Eurythmics , sometimes using the synthesizer to replace all other instruments. This period coincided with the rise of MTV and led to a great deal of exposure for this brand of synthpop, creating what has been characterised as a second British Invasion . [162] Some more traditional rock bands adapted to the video age and profited from MTV's airplay , most obviously Dire Straits , whose \" Money for Nothing \" gently poked fun at the station, despite the fact that it had helped make them international stars, [163] but in general, guitar-oriented rock was commercially eclipsed. [164]", "A Flock of Seagulls was the ’80s new wave band that sang “I Ran (So Far Away).” The singer had floppy bangs.", "12. \"Video Killed The Radio Star\" by The Buggles. This is also mistakenly assumed to be first new wave song ever, which is impossible considering both \"Pop Muzik\" by M and \"My Sharona\" by The Knack were both out earlier in '79. However, the consolation prize is that it was the first video ever played on MTV. Geoff Downes and Trevor Horn. The duo both joined the group Yes in '80 and Downes would form Asia in '81. Horn become a prolific producer and is widely credited for the career success of soul singer Seal. Erasure also did a crazy cover a few years ago, make sure you check it out.", ".” DM peaked with Violator and began a steady and recently painful decline into caricature. I don’t think there was a better synth-pop band in the ’80s, since they took their new wave sound and extended it into rock and industrial territory, but once they got away from their roots, almost everything they did felt like a nerdy kid trying too hard to be tough. Be the nerd, boys.", "Originally a product of Britain's new romantic movement, Depeche Mode went on to become the quintessential electro-pop band of the 1980s. One of the first acts to establish a musical identity based completely around the use of synthesizers, they began their existence as a bouncy dance-pop outfit but gradually developed a darker, more dramatic sound that ultimately positioned them as one of the most successful alternative bands of their era.", "English new wave synth band Talk Talk were inexplicably popular in Eastern Europe in the 1980s. But that didn't stop them getting stopped by East German custom officials and being strip-searched.", "Saint Dominic's Preview....\" The Motels So L.A. The Motels is an L.A. new wave band that had some hits in 1982 and 1983 and eventually was re-formed with the name Martha Davis and The Motels. This song, drenched in cheezy 80's synthesizer sounds, is from their third album \"All Four One\" released in 1982.", "The next single, \"Love Shack\", with its party vibe and colorful music video,[6] became their first top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, ultimately reaching No. 3 in November 1989.[22] That peak was matched in March 1990 when their follow-up single, \"Roam\", also reached No. 3.[23] In Australia, the country that had most embraced the band a decade earlier, \"Love Shack\" stayed at number one for eight weeks.", "Although Perry and Whitford returned in 1984 and the band signed a new deal with Geffen Records, it wasn't until the band sobered up and released 1987's Permanent Vacation that they regained the level of popularity they had experienced in the 1970s. After 38 years of performing, the band continues to tour and record music.", "In 1983 the band released their fourth album  Whammy! ; this album brought the band into  synthesizer  and  drum machine  experimentation. The album entered the  Billboard 200  chart in 1983, reaching number twenty-nine during the year. [12]  \" Legal Tender \" reached the  Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as the  Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles  chart alongside \" Whammy Kiss \" and \" Song for a Future Generation \". [12]  After initial pressings of Whammy! were released, copyright issues with  Yoko Ono  led to the song \"Don't Worry\" [13]  being removed and replaced on future pressings by \"Moon 83\", a remixed version of the track \"There's a Moon in the Sky (Called the Moon)\" from their debut album. [12]", "A talented, but underrated band. Their popularity in the mid-80's matched that of Michael Jackson, Prince and Madonna for a short while. Their best songs include \"The Power of Love\", \"Hip to be Square\" and \"Do You Believe in Love\".", "Berlin had some great hits in the 80's and the lead singer was almost, not quite as sexy as Blondie...The whole blond lead singer with all the guys standing around in parachute pants with Roland Synthesizers seems to have worked wonders in the 80's...No Doubt is kind of reinvigorating this image", "Sometimes, the true originators of a movement are forgotten in the wake of the bands that followed in their trailblazing ways. Such is the case with Green River, best remembered now as the group whose members included future contributors to Pearl Jam. Their mid-‘80s output remains a mystery to most rock fans but seek out Dry as a Bone/Rehab Doll, which plays like a blueprint of what was to come in the ‘90s. More »", "The Cure are a rock band which formed in 1976 in Crawley, England, United Kingdom. The band originally consisted of Robert Smith (vocals, guitar), Porl Thompson (guitar), Michael Dempsey (bass) and Lol Tolhurst (drums), with the band's lineup overgoing several changes throughout the years and Smith remaining as the only constant member throughout the band's history. The band currently consists of Smith (vocals, guitar), Simon Gallup (bass), Roger O'Donnell (keyboards), Jason Cooper (drums) and Reeves Gabrels (guitar).", "In 1983 the band released Whammy!; this album brought the band into synthesizer and drum machine experimentation. The album entered the Billboard 200 chart in 1983, reaching number twenty-nine during the year. \"Legal Tender\" reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart alongside \"Whammy Kiss\" and \"Song for a Future Generation\". After initial pressings of Whammy! were released, copyright issues with Yoko Ono led to the song \"Don't Worry\" being removed and replaced on future pressings by \"Moon 83\", a remixed version of the track \"There's a Moon in the Sky (Called the Moon)\" from their debut album.", "But by the end of the year, the group was invited to tour with the Pretenders . Their \"Food for Thought\" single reached the U.K. Top Ten in 1980, beginning a long streak of chart appearances. Signing Off and Present Arms were big sellers in Britain, if not America, and addressed the political issues of the day in songs like \"One in Ten,\" a Top Ten hit blasting Margaret Thatcher for the country's unemployment rate. Released in 1983, Labour of Love, an album of reggae cover songs, gave the group its first chart album in America and first number one U.K. hit with Neil Diamond 's \"Red Red Wine.\" Several albums of original material sold well in the U.K., but only respectably in the U.S., where the group's biggest hit was a Top 30 cover of Sonny & Cher's \"I Got You Babe\" featuring the Pretenders ' Chrissie Hynde .", "The Time are another example of a band whose best known song wasn't their highest charting hit. They are best known for \"Jungle Love,\" a #20 hit from 1984 that has been used in many movies to this day. However, their biggest hit was actually 1990's \"Jerk Out\", which hit #9.", "Fronted by Buster Bloodvessel (born Douglas Trendle), the band was formed in 1976 while the members were together at Woodberry Down Comprehensive School near Manor House, North London. They commemorated the 1981 closure of the school on the back sleeve of their Gosh It's... Bad Manners album.", "\"For instance, we made six albums in the 1980s, which did very well in America but are hardly known here in Europe. Then again, in America they don't know 'This Town Ain't Big Enough...'; also, we're credited with being the 'godfathers' of various genres – electro-clash, for example. We've been offered a lot of money to go on one of those sad 'Bands from the Seventies' tours, but we'd never do it.\"", "The Beat only ever recorded three studio albums. Although the first effort, 'I Just Can't Stop It', was the biggest seller and the most highly acclaimed, I have a preference for its successor, 'Wha'ppen?', which also reached the Top Three in the album charts, a year later in 1981. I have a particular liking for Side Two of this album which was a cocktail of calypso and reggae, performed against a backdrop of social comment and sardonic lyrics from a multi-racial group only too acutely aware of the upheaval arising from the Thatcher revolution. On this, the birthday of the likeable vocalist and guitarist Dave Wakeling, why not have a listen to the album's closing track, 'The Limits We Set', a song about the consequences of shoplifting and taking on the system.", "This was one of the songs in the '80s to make a point about the brinkmanship and paranoia/hysteria surrounding the issue of war. The song talks about Nena and the listener buying 99 Balloons in a shop and letting them go, for fun. These balloons show up on the radar as unidentified objects and both sides scramble planes and go to full alert to counteract a perceived nuclear attack, when in fact it is the most childlike of things, a bunch of balloons.", "Modern English are commonly cited as an example of an '80s one-hit wonder for their 1981 \"I Melt With You\", which believe it or not, never made it passed #76. It was however on heavy rotation on MTV , and has become a staple of throwback and adult contemporary stations across the US.", "Talk about hair bands of the eighties, their lead singer used to be a hair dresser, and well, he lived it.", "Who were they: Late 80s pop punk combo led by feisty frontwoman Wendy James, who hung around for several years before soaring into the top five with the hits I Want Your Love and the (frankly awesome) Baby I Don’t Care. A brief period of hugeness followed before they broke up in 1991. Sad face…", "Adventure was released the next year, 1978, but was not received as warmly as Marquee Moon, despite being a similar sounding album. Because of Richard Lloyd's drug use and artistic tension within the band, Television broke up the same year." ]

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[ "The Woodstock Festival was a music festival, billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music”. It held at Max Yasgur’s 600-acre farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 miles (69 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair (\"Woodstock\") was a music festival, billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\". It was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969. During the sometimes rainy weekend, thirty-two acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000 concert-goers. It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history.", "Woodstock: The Rise of the Counter Culture - Along with the peak of several movements music began to reach a point of climax. Rock specifically began to flourish in the 1960’s, while expressing the voice of the liberated generation. It is the power of such trends that overall lead to what is known as the greatest music festival of all time: Woodstock Music and Art Fair. The festival started on August 15, 1969 on Max Yasgur’s farm in Bethel, New York. Appealing to the time period, Woodstock was designed to be Three Days of Peace and Music. However, many argue that it was more than just a musical art fair of peace, but a historically significant event that shifted American culture....   [tags: peace movement, music, hippie festival]", "Woodstock 1969 - Many large concerts have occurred in the United States, but none have been as symbolic as the three-day music and art fest that touted the slogans of peace and love. This event was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. Woodstock Music Festival took place near Woodstock New York on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture. Woodstock began with the following four partners: Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman who supplied most of the money and the original idea....   [tags: essays research papers fc]", "Let’s take a trip back to 1969. It’s August 15th and The Woodstock Music and Art Fair began in Bethel New York. Woodstock is one of the most historic music moments of all time. The three-day concert featured 24 bands and drew over 400,000 people. Who was the first performer at Woodstock you ask? His name was Richie Havens.", "The grounds were muddy, littered with hippies and smelled like an uninviting combination of reefer and feces. But the  Woodstock  Music & Art Fair — which took place in Bethel, N.Y., on Aug. 15-18, 1969, featured a ton of great music. More than 30 artists performed over the three-day weekend. Some were established stars, others were just getting their start. And most of them had breakthrough performances at the festival. Even if their sets weren’t all that great, they were elevated by their association with the granddaddy of all music fests. These are the Top 10 Woodstock Performances.", "New forms of musical presentation also played a key role in spreading the counterculture, mainly large outdoor rock festivals. The climactic live statement of this occurred from August 15–18, 1969, with the Woodstock Music Festival held in Bethel, New York. During this festival, 32 of rock and psychedelic rock’s most popular acts performing live outdoors over the course of a weekend to an audience of half a million people.", "in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969. Bethel, in Sullivan County,", "More than 400,000 young people attended the legendary Woodstock festival on August 15, 1969. The event took place in a dairy farm in the town of Bethel, New York, for The Woodstock Music & Art Fair.", "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair—informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock—was a music festival attracting an audience of over 400,000 people, scheduled over three days on a dairy farm in New York state from August 15 to 17, 1969, but which ran over four days to August 18, 1969. ", "On this day in 1969, the Woodstock Music Festival opens on a patch of farmland in White Lake, a hamlet in the upstate New York town of Bethel. Promoters John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfield and Michael Lang originally envisioned the festival as a way to raise funds to build a recording... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-woodstock-festival-opens-in-bethel-new-york?et_cid=79269711&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fthe-woodstock-festival-opens-in-bethel-new-york", "As the Borscht Belt era was ending, in 1969, the event that would redefine the Catskills for the present generation took place. Late that summer, thousands of the era's hippies gathered on a dairy farm near the Sullivan County town of Bethel for \"three days of peace, love and music\" from some of the era's top acts such as Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; The Who, Jefferson Airplane and Jimi Hendrix. While the festival was actually declared a disaster area, launching scores of lawsuits, and many of the performances were subpar, the Woodstock festival gave the baby-boom generation a name and a spiritual touchstone for years afterwards, as many claimed to be there who had not been.", "Yasgur — his health wasn’t good, and he needed the income to deal with his astronomical medical bills — also faced enormous local opposition when locals learned that Woodstock would be held at his farm, including boycotts (residents protested at the site of his dairy farm with signs proclaiming, “Buy No Milk. Stop Max’s Hippy Music Festival”) and even threats of having his farm burned down despite being generally well-liked by most of the townspeople who knew him, but the threat made everyone, including Yasgur, even more determined to let the concert, which was by now being billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music,” a nod to the beginning of the astrological Age of Aquarius that was believed to coincide with the approaching new millennium. Woodstock Ventures commissioned David Edward Byrd, then the house artist at Bill Graham’s Fillmore East, to design the poster for the Woodstock Festival.", "August 15, 1969: Woodstock Festival begins in upstate New York Photo: New York Daily News / Getty", "On this day in 1969, the grooviest event in music history–the Woodstock Music Festival–draws to a close after three days of peace, love and rock ‘n’ roll in upstate New York.", "   * August 15-August 18 - The Woodstock Festival is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era.", "Travel back to the magical moment in time that forever changed the lives of all who were part of the landmark concert event that took place on Max Yasgur’s 600-acre farm in the Catskills near Woodstock, New York, in August of 1969. During that legendary 4-day event, 32 acts performed outdoors before an audience of 400,000 people in what is widely regarded as one of the most pivotal moments in popular music history.", "Somewhat improbably, the chaotic gathering of half a million young \"hippies\" lived up to its billing of \"Three Days of Peace and Music.\" There were surprisingly few incidents of violence on the overcrowded grounds, and a number of musicians performed songs expressing their opposition to the Vietnam War. Among the many great moments at the Woodstock Music Festival were career-making performances by up-and-coming acts like Santana, Joe Cocker and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; the Who's early-morning set featuring songs from their classic rock opera \"Tommy\"; and the closing set by Hendrix, which climaxed with an improvised solo guitar performance of \"The Star Spangled Banner.\"", "August 15-August 18 - The Woodstock Festival is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era.", "Living arrangements: Concert-goer sleeping on two cars at Woodstock in Bethel, New York, on August 1, 1969", "The music festival in Bethel, New York, whose 45th anniversary is Aug. 15, 2014, featured some of the most popular performers of the late 1960s -- some of whom are still performing.", "A plaque marks the original site location as the 40th anniversary of the Woodstock music festival approaches August 14, 2009 in Bethel, New York.", "i'm currently 17 years old. and i'd love to attend a woodstock type concert/reunion. arguments against the youth \"not understanding\" are completely invalid. in 1969, woodstock was for peace, love and harmony in a time where it wasn't present due to war. i've litterally spent half my life in a time of war, we are in dire need of some peace love and happiness:) i love the music of the era, and would definatly be in the crowd of any future event as soon as i could go:)", "cultimating event for rock music of the 1960s, featured performances by already iconic musicians an introduced many new faces; Upstate New York, 1969", "This photo was taken near the Woodstock Music Festival in August, 1969. The counterculture in the 1960s was characterized by young people breaking away from the traditional culture of the 1950s.", "August 12 - Woodstock '94 begins in Saugerties, New York. It is the 25 year anniversary of Woodstock in 1969 .", "Festival for Peace Shea Stadium 123–01 Roosevelt Avenue Flushing, New York 718-507-METS The Summer Festival for Peace was held here on August 5, 1970, and the scorching hot weather may have played a part in why the festival drew an undersized crowd. However, those in attendance were treated to performances by Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Poco, Steppenwolf, James Gang, Janis Joplin, The Rascals, Johnny Winter, Ten Wheel Drive, Tom Paxton, Dionne Warwick, Paul Simon, and several others. An underpublicized, underdocumented event, it was one of the more diverse lineups featured during the spate of music festivals held in the wake of Woodstock.", "Woodstock was originally scheduled to take place in the 300-acre (120 ha) Mills Industrial Park in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures had leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969. Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July, the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. On July 15, 1969, the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. Reports of the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival.", "The Woodstock Festival was a three-day concert (which rolled into a fourth day) that involved lots of sex, drugs, and rock 'n roll - plus a lot of mud. The Woodstock Music Festival of 1969 has become an icon of the 1960s hippie counterculture.", "Hendrix's popularity eventually saw him headline the Woodstock music festival on August 18 , 1969 .", "1969: Creedence Clearwater Revival agree to perform at the upcoming Woodstock Festival in New York. They play but for contractual reasons, do not appear in the accompanying film.", "In January 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco popularized hippie culture, leading to the legendary Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast." ]

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[ "The word “frittata,” which derives from the Italian verb “friggere,” or “to fry,” connotes the simplicity and pleasures of cucina povera—the “humble cuisine” that most of us innately love. Egg is the main ingredient. With its high protein and mineral content, easy availability and low cost, eggs are an essential part of the diet almost everywhere in the world. From China and Southeast Asia to India and Iran, up to the Maghreb, Spain, France, and Italy some kind of frittata-like dish is prepared. Surprisingly, in Italy, it’s rare to find a restaurant that offers frittata on its menu; it’s the quintessential home food.", "La frittata is the Italian version of an omelet, and the word “frittata” derives from the Italian verb “friggere” meaning “to fry.” As with any omelet, eggs are the main ingredient to which various other ingredients such as meats, vegetables and cheeses are added. There are two main differences between a classic Italian frittata and a classic French omelet. First, a frittata is flat with the ingredients integrated with the eggs, whereas an omelet is folded semi-circular or rolled with the ingredients in the middle. Second, an omelet is always served hot; whereas a frittata can be enjoyed hot, at room temperature or cold. One of my favorite ways to eat leftover frittata is cold in a sandwich made with crusty Italian bread.", "To call a frittata an “Italian omelette” would only be doing it half justice. Yes, egg is the main ingredient, but the methodology and cooking techniques for making a frittata make it a much more delicate and exquisite preparation than the regular omelette would.", "* A frittata is a kind of open-faced Italian omelette that can contain cheese, vegetables, or even leftover pasta. Frittata are cooked slowly. Except for the cooking oil, all ingredients are fully mixed with the eggs before cooking starts.", "The fritatta is really a sort of crustless quiche. Eggs are mixed up and put in a layer that is between 1/2 and 1 inch thick into which have been put some precooked or blanched vegetables, and/or cooked meat. Whereas the omelet benefits from having two or three added ingredients - or sometimes more, the fritatta seems best with just one or two. Whereas the omelet benefits from having fully flavored vegetables, the fritatta often works best with more subtly flavored ones. Some of the best ingredients for fritattas are:", "An Italian omelette with a variety of fillings - potatoes, mushrooms, pumpkin, ham, and cheese are often used. Unlike a French omelette, the ingredients are mixed with the eggs rather than being folded inside them. The frittata is cut into wedges and eaten hot or cold.", "One key distinction between a frittata and an omelette is the point at which the ingredients are mixed in with the egg. For a regular omelette, you’ll first add the egg into the pan followed by the ingredients as the egg is already cooking. For a frittata, however, you mix the ingredients together before they meet the pan, and only after the flavors of your ingredients have marinated together and flavored your eggs as well.", "KALE & PEPPER FRITTATA This kale and pepper frittata is not only really tasty but it’s packed with protein and full of healthy nutritional ingredients too. This is a great brunch for the weekend and hits the spot perfectly. The peppers which are rich in vitamins A, C and K add a delicious sweetness and crunch to this hearty recipe.", "The frittata on its own serves 2 but could easily serve 4 for dinner if coupled with a good quality complex carbohydrate such as wholegrain rice.", "The center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo is the Mercado del Puerto (\"Port Market\"). A torta frita is a pan-fried cake consumed in Montevideo and throughout Uruguay. It is generally circular, with a small cut in the centre for cooking, and is made from wheat flour, yeast, water and sugar or salt. Beef is very important in Uruguayan cuisine and an essential part of many dishes. Montevideo has a variety of restaurants, from traditional Uruguayan cuisine to Japanese cuisine.", "If skipping the cheese, broil frittata until the top is lightly browned, 1 to 3 minutes (making sure it doesn't burn).", "In America it generally consists of, at a minimum, ketchup or chili sauce mixed with prepared horseradish. Lemon juice, Worcestershire sauce and Tabasco sauce are common additives, often all three.[http://books.google.com/books?idwaN-ezOLeVgC&pg", "*In Italy, meatballs (named polpette, sing. polpetta) are generally eaten as a main course or in a soup. The main ingredients of an Italian meatball are: beef and/or pork and sometimes poultry, salt, black pepper, chopped garlic, olive oil, Romano cheese, eggs, bread crumbs and parsley, mixed and rolled by hand to a golf ball size. In the Abruzzo region of Italy, especially in the Province of Teramo, the meatballs are typically the size of marbles, and are called polpettine.", "In Italy meatballs are known as polpette, and are generally eaten as a main course or in a soup. The main ingredients of an Italian meatball are beef and/or pork (and sometimes turkey), salt, black pepper, chopped garlic, olive oil, romano cheese, eggs, bread crumbs and parsley – mixed and rolled by hand to a golfball size.", "That expression no doubt comes from the fact that it often happens that a frittata is made on the spur of the moment: a last-minute decision made when you don’t have the time to go grocery shopping and the refrigerator seems bare. But all those odds and ends and leftovers in your fridge can make for a great frittata. In fact, in Italy, sometimes before serving lunch or dinner, a small portion of the meal is purposely put aside for a frittata the next day.", "The  sauce usually serves as condiment to the ziti spezzati – my mom used to buy the long ziti and it was my job to cut them into short pieces – or to the paccheri, or to the handmade pasta that my mom had prepared. The meat, covered with sauce,  was the second course along with the obligatory patatine fritte (fried potatoes) and  insalata verde  – just plain green lettuce – simply seasoned with olive oil and squeezed lemon.", "For a quick, easy Spanish breakfast, toast a baguette, drizzle over olive oil, spread with grated tomato and season with sea salt and freshly ground black pepper. Delicious! Tomato Frito Don't look for tubes of tomato puree in Spain – you won't find it. Buy tomato frito in tins or jars, and store in the fridge for up to a week after opening. Many recipes call for this, but it also makes a delicious snack spread on toast, topped with fried or poached mushrooms and seasoned with black pepper and ground chilli flakes. For those days when you want a change from Spanish food, tomato frito makes a great pizza topping, or use it for the basis for a pasta sauce. Peppers Red, green and yellow – make sure you always have some available while cooking a Spanish meal. For a different, more intense flavour, roast the peppers in a hot oven for about half an hour before use. Or halve the pepper lengthwise, remove the seeds, stalks and ribs and toss in olive oil. Season and roast until pepper is soft and edges are slightly charred but not burned black. Great in a red pepper soup or Gazpacho. Lemons Hold some back from the gin and tonic, because lemons make a great accompaniment to fish and", "For this recipe (and for most any other type of frittata we’ll cook), we definitely recommend using a cast iron pan if you have one. Cooking with a cast iron makes it just so simple to transfer the frittata from the stovetop to your oven without any headaches of switching from stovetop skillet to an oven-safe pan. On top of that, cast iron cookware makes for a great and rustic look for when you serve the frittata, too.", "Ingredientes: Base de pizza, tomate frito, tomate rodajas, chorizo picante , pimentón, mozzarella rallada, orégano, olivas negras.", "* Bruschetta – an antipasto from Italy consisting of grilled bread rubbed with garlic and topped with tomatoes, olive oil, salt and pepper", "This next phase can be difficult. With the help of a spatula and a wooden fork, allow the upper, liquid part of the mixture to slip down below the solidified part, so that all parts of the frittata are cooked. Then, using just the spatula, lift the sides of the frittata and check that the bottom is not starting to burn—that’s important. As soon as you see that the top is firm, pull the pan away from the flame, half cover it with a lid, and leave it that way for 30 seconds. Shake the pan to be sure that it’s not sticking to the bottom. If it does stick, gently detach it with a spatula. The frittata can now be turned over.", "Focaccia al rosmarino may have a moist texture, and the ingredients used in its preparation and the shape it is formed in varies in different regions. It may be prepared as a savory or sweet dish. The dish is typically baked, although it is sometimes fried in oil. Rosemary is among the most common herbs used to flavor focaccia bread. Additional ingredients such as garlic, or basil may be used. It is sometimes served accompanied with slices of prosciutto, an Italian dry-cured ham. It can be prepared as a gluten-free dish and as a vegan dish. It may be used in the preparation of sandwiches.", "“Bruschetta is toasted bread seasoned with garlic and olive oil, commonly served warm as an appetizer, snack, or side dish. The name comes from the Italian word bruscare, which means “to roast over coals.” Many variations of bruschetta exist; adding tomatoes, other vegetables or beans is common. The simplest form of bruschetta starts with Tuscan bread, toasted either over coals or in a toaster. Rub the toasted slices with a cut clove of garlic, and then drizzle with extra virgin olive oil. Salt and pepper the prepared bruschetta if desired. As a tradition, bruschetta serves to test the new harvest of olive oil each year. Other variations include tomato, vegetables and/or cheese toppings. Sometimes the bread is nearly immersed in oil, but usually it is just drizzled. To prepare a tomato bruschetta, rub the toasted slices with a ripe cut tomato, or top the bread with a layer of chopped tomatoes seasoned with basil, salt, and pepper, and then drizzle with oil.”", "Transfer the pan to the oven. Bake the frittata until set, about 15 minutes. Remove from the oven and let stand 5 minutes. To release the frittata from the pan, run a flexible rubber spatula along the edges then underneath, until you can slide it out onto a cutting board or serving plate. Cut into wedges and serve.", "Stuff a large chicken with a mixture comprising one third quencile stuffing and two-thirds & groth forcement.  Prepare a very shick matignos vegetable fondue using 125 g ( 4 ½ oz.) carrots. 50g (2 oz.) celery. 25 g ( 1 oz) sliced onion, half a bay leaf, a spring of threme, a pinch of salt and a pinch of suagr.  Soften the vegetables in butter, moisten with 100 ml ( 4 ft oz) 7 tablespoon) Madeira and reduce until almost dry.", "2 pita breads, cut open 15ml olive or avocado oil 4 garlic cloves, crushed 30ml NoMU Spanish Rub handful mange tout handful sugar snap peas 1 cucumber, sliced into ribbons 1 green pepper, finely diced small handful chives, chopped 100g cherry tomatoes, halved handful mint, chopped handful flat-leaf parsley, chopped FOR THE DRESSING 60ml lemon juice zest of 1 lemon 15ml olive or avocado oil 1 Preheat oven to 200°C. Place the pita breads on a baking tray. Brush with oil and garlic, then sprinkle with the rub. Bake for about 10 minutes or until golden and crisp. Snap into bite-size pieces. 2 Cook the mange tout and sugar snap peas in salted boiling water for about 1-2 minutes until bright green. Rinse under cold water. Drain and cool. 3 Combine the mange tout, sugar snap peas, cucumber, green pepper, chives, tomatoes and herbs. Scatter with the pita pieces. 4 Combine all the dressing ingredients. Season and drizzle over the salad.", "If you want to use the traditional method for flipping the frittata over, you’ll need to be careful and quick. Using a flat dish that is larger than the pan—or you can use a flat lid—place one hand firmly on top of the lid and the other hand on the handle, and quickly turn the whole arrangement upside down. Immediately slide the frittata—the golden-brown side will now appear on top—back into the pan to finish cooking for the last few minutes.", "Both at home and abroad, pupusas are traditionally served with curtido (a pickled cabbage relish, similar to German sauerkraut and Korean kimchi that comes in mild and spicy varieties) and tomato sauce, and are traditionally eaten by hand.", "A common staple in Northern Italian cuisine, mostarda di frutti (sometimes referred to merely as mostarda) is a condiment similar to a chutney, made with sweetened fruit, and containing mustard flavoring giving it a bit of heat and spiciness. The fruit is usually in large slices or pieces than a chutney. It is often used as an accompaniment to boiled, braised or roasted meats but has recently gained favor as a condiment served with cheese platters or tablas.", "In the Friuli region of Italy, a popular side dish, called Brovada, is made of shredded turnip marinated in red grape pomace.", "There you have it! It’s so incredibly simple to make a perfect frittata, but it’s something that will have your friends and family talking for a long time afterward.", "‘This is a quick and easy, no-nonsense recipe that makes a terrific frittata in hardly any time at all.’" ]

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[ "\"The Farmer in the Dell\" is also known as \"The Farmer's In His Den\". This song can be termed both a nursery rhyme or a children's game. Originating possibly in Germany and taken to North America by immigrants the song tells the story of a farmer in a dell who takes a wife, who takes a child, who takes a nurse, etc, until finally a rat takes a cheese, and the cheese \"stands alone\".", "This is the thirteenth video in the second GoKids season of ‘Nursery Rhyme Trucks’ where we pair a toy truck with the a classic nursery rhyme. This time we’re looking at a Bruder digger with The Farmer In The Dell as the nursery rhyme.", "\"The Farmer in the Dell\" is a singing game, nursery rhyme and children's song. It probably originated in Germany, and was brought to North America by immigrants.I. Opie and P. Opie, The Singing Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 183-9. From there it spread to many other nations and is popular in a number of languages. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6306.", "According to the Nursery Rhyme, what did Little Jack Horner pull out of a pie.  Although Little Jill Horner gave me a laugh, I knew that he stuck his thumb and pulled out a plum and said, \"What a good boy am I.\"  Brian thought differently and was thinking of a different nursery rhyme and said that he pulled out a blackbird and after some thought locked it in as his final answer.", "When I was in preschool, (my Dad ended up telling me this), my friend made a mondegreen that made more sense than the real lyrics. She would sing “The Farmer in the Dell” with everyone else in class, but when they got to the “Hi-Ho the Derry-o” part, (what is that supposed to mean…? honestly?), she would sing, “I’m on the stereo!” Ohhh, mondegreens… how I love you", "At that moment, Prairie Dawn reports again from Nursery Rhyme News to happily report that Miss Muffet and Little Jack Horner have return back to their Nursery Rhymes. Just then, Goldilocks appears again and ask them if they want some porridge. Baby Bear came out saying that it is his porridge and ask Goldilocks to give it back to him. Goldilocks apologies to Baby Bear and gives him back his porridge. This kind gesture has surprised Baby Bear and asked if he missed something. Prairie Dawn signs off her report and asked Baby Bear for a bite of his porridge.", "In the courtyard, Goldilocks asks Alan for some more curds and whey and Christmas Pie since she is in two Nursery Rhymes. Just then, Miss Muffet and Little Jack Horner arrived and demand Goldilocks to give them back their Nursery Rhyme items. However, Goldilocks reply that she ate them already and is ordering some more for her Nursery Rhymes. Miss Muffet and Little Jack Horner start to cry again and shout out for Mother Goose. Alan hears them and sees what was wrong. After noticing that Alan is not Mother Goose, Miss Muffet and Little Jack Horner explain their problems to Alan. Alan tells them that they should tell Goldilocks how they feel when she took their Nursery Rhymes.", "NURSERY RHYMES.Where are you going to, my pretty maid?I'm going a-milking, sir, she said.May I go. with you, my pretty maidYou're kindly welcome, sir, she said.What is your father, my pretty maid ?My father's a farmer, sir, she said.Say, will you marry me, my pretty maid ?Yes, if you please, kind sir, she said,What is your fortune, my pretty maid ?My face is my fortune, sir, she said.Then I won't marry you, my pretty maid!Nobody asked you, sir! she said.Curly locks, curly locks, wilt thou bemine ?Thou shalt not wash dishes, nor yet feedthe swineBut sit on a cushion, and sew a fineseam,And feed upon strawberries, sugar, andcream.Willy boy, Willy boy, where are youI will go with you if I may.I am going to the meadows, to see themmowing.Daffy-Down-Dilly has come up to town, I am going to see them make the hay.In a yellow petticoat, and a green gown.I'll tell you a storyAbout Jack a Nory,And now my story's begun;I'll tell you anotherAbout Jack and his brother,-AND NOW MY STORY'S DONE.", "A see-saw is one of the oldest 'toys' for children , easily constructed from logs of various sizes. The words of the nursery rhyme reflect children playing on a see-saw and often singing this rhyme to accompany their game. There was no such person that we can identify who had the name Margery Daw and we therefore make the assumption that this was purely used to rhyme with the words 'see-saw'. The last three lines appear to reflect the use of child labour in work houses where those with no where else to live would be forced to work for a pittance (a penny a day) on piece work (because he can't work any faster)", "is a gift to the nation; a Children's Encything of measureless . value to . clopedia believe that it is not, and parents and teachers; a treasury for they have built up the simplest system children to which they may come of know ledge they can devise~ whenever they will, for whatever they .to \",:ander in this fi.eld, the will; an inspiration to childhood chIld wIll find whatever It wants. which will make these precious years For the youngest of all its nurse will a time of wise and happy building-up. find her lullaby. The child in the I t is a story that will never fail for nursery will find its nursery ~hymes children who will never tire; and and the best stories that have ever it is the best of all stories, told in the been told. The child who can be simplest of all words, to the greatest Arthur Mee left out of doors to play will .find here of all ends.", "\"Wise old man, won’t you help me please? My house is a squash and a squeeze,” moans an old lady to a friend. He suggests she takes in a series of farm animals to solve her problem. Of course the little house is made even more cramped and chaotic. But when the wise old man then advises the lady to shoo them all out again, she realises her house seems positively palatial after all! Children love the poetic repetition, the naughty animals and the fun adjectives: “tiny”, “titchy”, “teeny”, “weeny”, and so on.", "He represents the rural oldschool in contrast to his modern neighbour Farmer Bell.He lives life at his own pace,enjoys a regular tipple of home-brewed cider and \"keeps ducks,hens,2 cows and bees\".(one of the cows is called \"Bess\") An accomplished whittler (wood carver) he has no 'phone or car and rides a \" tricycle \"-ostensibly a pennyfarthing with stabilisers.And with his traditional smock,you'd imagine he'd be short on grey-matter and long on conversational pauses.But it's quite the reverse,and he's actually blessed with a combination of intelligence,native cunning and common sense. ", "(although when originally published in Bentley's Miscellany in 1837, the town was called Mudfog and said to be within 70 miles north of London – in reality this is the location of the town of Northampton). Orphaned by his mother's death in childbirth and his father's unexplained absence, Oliver is meagrely provided for under the terms of the Poor Law and spends the first nine years of his life living at a baby farm in the 'care' of a woman named Mrs. Mann. Oliver is brought up with little food and few comforts. Around the time of Oliver's ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, the parish beadle, removes Oliver from the baby farm and puts him to work picking and weaving oakum at the main workhouse. Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots; the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver, who at the next meal tremblingly comes up forward, bowl in hand, and begs Mr. Bumble for gruel with his famous request: \"Please, sir, I want some more\".", "Creepy Children Singing : Although it's only creepy in-universe. The three farmers are so infamous even among humans that children have developed a schoolyard rhyme about them. Badger, a lawyer, uses a recording of it to try to dissuade clients from buying property in their area.", "Seven stories are built around words from well known children’s nursery rhymes : And Then There Were None (from “ Ten Little Indians “), One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (from “ One, Two, Buckle My Shoe “), Five Little Pigs (from “ This Little Piggy “), Crooked House (from “ There Was a Crooked Man “), A Pocket Full of Rye (from “ Sing a Song of Sixpence “), Hickory Dickory Dock (from “ Hickory Dickory Dock “), and Three Blind Mice (from “ Three Blind Mice “). Similarly, the novel Mrs McGinty’s Dead is named after a children’s game that is explained in the course of the novel.", "Old MacDonald had a farm | Nursery rhymes | 3D rhymes | Children song - Duration: 53:22. Farmees - Kids 3D Nursery Rhymes TV And Baby Songs 4,441,080 views", "The first book explains Noddy's origins. He was made by a woodcarver in a toy store but ran away after the man began to make a wooden lion, which scared Noddy. As he wanders through the woods, with no clothes, money or home, he meets Big Ears , a friendly brownie . Big Ears decides that Noddy is a toy and takes him to live in Toyland. He generously provides Noddy with a set of clothing and a house. While Noddy is quite happy to be a toy, the citizens of Toyland are not sure that he actually is one. They put Noddy on trial and examine whether he is a toy or an ornament. Eventually, Noddy is declared a toy, but still has to convince the court that he is a good toy. The judge accepts that Noddy is good after a doll tells the court that he saved her little girl from a lion, and he is allowed to stay in Toyland. Noddy gets his car in the second book. It is given to him after he helps solve a local mystery.", "The first book explains Noddy's origins. He was carved by a woodsman but ran away after the man began to make a wooden lion, which Noddy was scared of. As he wanders through the woods, with no clothes, money or home, he meets Big Ears, a friendly brownie . Big Ears decides that Noddy is a toy and takes him to live in Toyland. He generously provides Noddy with a set of clothing and buys a build-it-yourself house for him. While Noddy is quite happy to be a toy, the citizens of Toyland are not sure that he is actually one. They put Noddy on trial and examine whether he is a toy or an ornament. Eventually, Noddy is declared a toy, but still has to convince the court that he is a good toy. The judge accepts that Noddy is good after a doll tells the court that he saved her little girl from a lion; and he is allowed to stay in Toyland. Noddy gets his car within a few books. It is given to him after he helps solve a local mystery.", "Noddy is a little wooden boy who lives in his own little House-for-One in Toyland. The first book explains Noddy's origins. He was made by a woodcarve] in a toy store but ran away after the man began to make a wooden lion, which scared Noddy. As he wanders through the woods, with no clothes, money or home, he meets Big Ears, a friendly brownie. Big Ears decides that Noddy is a toy and takes him to live in Toyland. He generously provides Noddy with a set of clothing and a house for him. While Noddy is quite happy to be a toy, the citizens of Toyland are not sure that he actually is one. They put Noddy on trial and examine whether he is a toy or an ornament. Eventually, Noddy is declared a toy, but still has to convince the court that he is a good toy. The judge accepts that Noddy is good after a doll tells the court that he saved her little girl from a lion; and he is allowed to stay in Toyland. Noddy gets his car in the second book. It is given to him after he helps solve a local mystery.", "Pretty straightforward, though there is some speculation about the “Little boy who lives down the lane” being a reference to the slave trade . Apparently there was an attempt to reform any non-politically correct nursery rhymes in the 1980’s, and this was one on the list. But any reformation was not lasting.", "Enjoy our fun-filled rhyme - \"tom the piper's son song\" : http://youtu.be/6W0DVY9QRXw . Small kids can learn a lot from watching nursery rhymes animations with educational video and music. It helps them learn through watching cartoon animals and interesting characters.", "Not surprisingly this rhyme is all about sheep, and the importance of sheep to the English economy. Until the late 16th century the final lines of the rhyme read “And none for the little boy who cries down the lane.” It was changed to the current version in order to cheer it up and make it into a song more suitable for children.", "“Peter, Peter, Pumpkin Eater” is one of those nursery rhymes that seem innocent and nonsensical at first glance, but if you take a closer look, you’ll discover that it has a gruesome hidden message. This nursery rhyme talks about relationships, infidelity, and murder.", "Pooh, a bear of very little brain, and all his friends in the Hundred Acre Wood sing their way through adventures that encompass honey, bees, bouncing, balloons, Eeyore's birthday, floods, and Pooh sticks. Written by Kathy Li", "Garden | RhymeStore.com is a collection of all types of Nursery Rhymes and Poems for Children and kids.", "2) Have you heard of this nursery rhyme before? If so, do you feel any differently reading it now than you did when you were younger? Are you receiving a different message now that you are older?", "\"Three Blind Mice\" is an English-language nursery rhyme and musical round.I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), p. 306. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3753.", "Shaun the Sheep and his Adventures: These activities focus on counting and discussing what happens on a farm.", "Many nursery rhymes became songs or chants for playground games. Some were like Humpty Dumpty and had very unusual connections to history, while others had no connection to history at all.", "One of the most fascinating nursery rhymes in my opinion is that of Little Jack Horner. Who was Jack Horner? Why was he sitting in the corner? And what is so exciting about pulling out a plum?", "In the Night Garden is an interpretation of a nursery rhyme picture book. It is about a magical place that exists between waking and sleeping in a child's imagination.", "It follows the adventures of Noddy a little wooden doll who lives in Toyland with his red and yellow taxi often trying to make sixpence or getting himself in trouble. His best friends Big Ears , Mr Plod and Tessie Bear are always ready to lend a hand, especially when he gets tricked by Gobbo and Sly the wicked Goblins. Whatever the situation the episode mostly ends with Noddy laughing and nodding his head which makes the bell on his hat ring." ]

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[ "The Blue Angels is the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron, with aviators from the Navy and Marines. The Blue Angels team was formed in 1946, making it the second oldest formal flying aerobatic team (under the same name) in the world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931. The Blue Angels' six demonstration pilots fly the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, typically in more than 70 shows at 34 locations throughout the United States each year, where they still employ many of the same practices and techniques used in their aerial displays in 1946. An estimated 11 million spectators view the squadron during air shows each full year. The Blue Angels also visit more than 50,000 people in a standard show season (March through November) in schools and hospitals. Since 1946, the Blue Angels have flown for more than 260 million spectators. ", "The Blue Angels is the United States Navy's flight demonstration squadron, with aviators from the Navy and Marines. The Blue Angels team was formed in 1946, making it the second oldest formal flying aerobatic team in the world, after the French Patrouille de France formed in 1931. The Blue Angels' six demonstration pilots currently fly the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, typically in more than 70 shows at 34 locations throughout the United States each year, where they still employ many of the same practices and techniques used in their aerial displays in their inaugural 1946 season. An estimated 11 million spectators view the squadron during air shows each full year. The Blue Angels also visit more than 50,000 people in a standard show season in schools and hospitals. Since 1946, the Blue Angels have flown for more than 260 million spectators. On 1 March 2013 the U.S. Navy announced that due to sequestrat... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "nickname of the US Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, being a precision AEROBATIC flight team used for public ceremonies and demonstrations; see BARNSTORMER, AEROBATICS.", "In a highly unusual step, Navy Cmdr. Dave Koss was removed as commander of the Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team. Flying with the Blue Angels and the Air Force Thunderbirds is highly demanding, and there have been accidents over the years.", "The team leader (#1) is the Commanding Officer and is always a Navy Commander, who may be promoted to Captain mid-tour if approved for Captain by the selection board. Pilots of numbers 2–7 are Navy Lieutenants or Lieutenant Commanders, or Marine Corps Captains or Majors. The number 7 pilot narrates for a year, and then typically flies Opposing and then Lead Solo the following two years, respectively. The number 3 pilot moves to the number 4 (slot) position for his second year. Blue Angel No.4 serves as the demonstration safety officer, due largely to the perspective he is afforded from the slot position within the formation, as well as his status as a second-year demonstration pilot. There are a number of other officers in the squadron, including a Naval Flight Officer, the USMC C-130 pilots, a Maintenance Officer, an Administrative Officer, and a Flight Surgeon. Enlisted members range from E-4 to E-9 and perform all maintenance, administrative, and support functions. They serve three to four years in the squadron. After serving with the Blues, members return to fleet assignments.", "The Reds have no reserve pilots, as a spare pilot would not perform often enough to fly to the standard required. If one of the pilots is not able to fly, the team flies an eight-plane formation. However, if the Team Leader, 'Red 1', is unable to fly then the team does not display at all. Each pilot always flies the same position in a formation. The pilots spend six months from October to April practising for the display season. Pilots wear green flying suits during training, and are only allowed to wear their red flying suits when fully qualified. [9]", "USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), foreground, USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), center, USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) and their associated carrier strike groups steam in formation in the Pacific Ocean, 18 June 2006, while 17 aircraft from the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps fly over them during a joint photo exercise (PHOTOEX) while preparing for exercise Valiant Shield 2006. Valiant Shield focuses on integrated joint training among U.S. military forces, enabling real-world proficiency in sustaining joint forces and in detecting, locating, tracking and engaging units at sea, in the air, on land and cyberspace in response to a range of mission areas. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Todd P. Cichonowicz (# 060618-N-8492C-276).", "The RAF were soon to realize that training aircraft were a much cheaper option to operate than the Lightning. The Squadrons, afterall, seemed to be spending more time at airshows and less time flying operational sorties. The Red Pelicans were not without their rivals and in that same year a five ship of yellow Gnats, known as The Yellow jacks, were formed at RAF Valley in North Wales by Flight Lieutenant Lee Jones. The Folland Gnat was the RAFs advanced jet trainer and its speed and agility made it the perfect machine for formation aerobatics. The following year Jones formed the official RAF display team with a seven ship of red Gnats and called them The Red Arrows.", "The official RAF team was provided by No. 111 Squadron in 1956, and for the first time the aircraft had a special colour scheme, which was an all-black finish. After a demonstration in France, they were hailed as \"Les Fleches Noires\" and from then on known as the Black Arrows. This team became the first team to fly a five-Hunter formation. In 1958 the Black Arrows performed a loop and barrel roll of 22 Hunters; a world record for the greatest number of aircraft looped in formation. The Black Arrows were the premier team until 1961, when the Blue Diamonds (No. 92 Squadron) continued their role, flying sixteen blue Hunters. ", "A B-2 Spirit and 16 other aircraft from the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps fly over (left to right) USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76), and USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) carrier strike groups in the western Pacific Ocean on Sunday, June 18, 2006, to kick off Exercise Valiant Shield 2006. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Todd P. Cichonowicz (# 060618-N-8492C-212).", "Although the public have always known them as the The Red Arrows their official name is The Royal Air force Aerobatic Team (RAFAT). This is the title that appears on the Squadrons crest together with the diamond nine and the motto Eclat, with means brilliance. When the team was first formed the original badge depicted seven red Gnats in Vulcan formation superimposed over the RAF roundel. Since 1968 The Red Arrows have performed as a nine ship display team and from that  time the Diamond Nine shape has been their trademark.", "1947: In January, OPERATION HIGHJUMP is organized by the US Navy. A total of 4700 men, 13 ships and 23 aircraft are involved. A base is set up at Little America. Extensive mapping of the coast and interior is accomplished. Over 70,000 aerial photographs are taken.", "On 1 May 2003, President George W. Bush flew in the co-pilot seat of a Sea Control Squadron Thirty-Five (VS-35) S-3B Viking from Naval Air Station North Island, California to the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast, where Bush delivered his \"Mission Accomplished\" speech. During the flight, the aircraft used the call sign of \"Navy One\" for the first time. This aircraft is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. ", "In May 2006, the US Navy began to fly airships again after a hiatus of nearly 44 years. The program uses a single American Blimp Company A-170 nonrigid airship, with designation MZ-3A . Operations focus on crew training and research, and the platform integrator is Northrop Grumman. The program is directed by the Naval Air Systems Command and is being carried out at NAES Lakehurst , the original centre of U.S. Navy lighter-than-air operations in previous decades.", "The Red Arrows were not the first RAF aerobatics team. An RAF biplane pageant was held at Hendon in 1920 with biplane teams made up of Gauntlets and Gladiators from front-line squadrons. In 1938 , three Gladiators flew with their wing-tips tied together. The Second World War largely stopped formation aerobatics, as planes were needed elsewhere.", "The glory days of RAF jet aerobatics display teams were in the 1950s and 1960s. There was a time during the mid 1960s that almost every Flying Training School had their own aerobatic display teams, until the Royal Air Force decided to disband all of them and form one single, permanent professional team, as so much time, effort and money were being spent on them.", "The last American F-14 combat mission was completed on 8 February 2006, when a pair of Tomcats landed aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) after one dropped a bomb over Iraq. During their final deployment with the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), VF-31 and VF-213 collectively completed 1,163 combat sorties totaling 6,876 flight hours, and dropped 9,500 lb (4,300 kg) of ordnance during reconnaissance, surveillance, and close air support missions in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) launched an F-14D, of VF-31, for the last time on 28 July 2006; piloted by Lt. Blake Coleman and Lt. Cmdr Dave Lauderbaugh as RIO.", "A formation of F-14A Tomcats of Fighter Squadrons VF-51 Screaming Eagles and VF-111 Sundowners, and F-5E/F Tiger II's of the Navy Fighter Weapons School. Note the fictitious markings on the tail of at least one F-14.", "Lincolnshire is the home of the world famous Red Arrows. The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force, based at RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire, UK (soon to be RAF Waddington). They were formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.", "Aircrew members are lifted from the flight deck of the USS John F. Kennedy during an exercise in 2002. The ship, which was decommissioned in 2007, was the only member of its class.", "As a result, the Red Pelicans flying six Jet Provost T Mk 4s became the first team to represent the Royal Air Force as one in 1964. That same year saw the formation of a team of five yellow Folland Gnat jet trainers, known as the Yellowjacks, at No 4 Flying Training School at Royal Air Force Valley in North Wales. This team was led by Flight Lieutenant Lee Jones who was posted to the Central Flying School (CFS) the following year to form the Red Arrows. The Red Arrows began at RAF Gloucestershire, which was then a satellite of CFS. There were, originally, seven display pilots and ten Gnat jet trainers. The name Red Arrows is a combination of the names of two earlier teams, the Black Arrows and the Red Pelicans.", "The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force based at RAF Scampton . The team was formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.", "The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force. Based at RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire, UK, they are soon to move to RAF Waddington. They were formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.", "The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force , based at RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire, England . They were formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by various RAF commands.", "; QF-16: In September 2013, an unmanned F-16 was tested by Boeing and US Air Force, with two US Air Force pilots controlling the airplane from the ground as it flew from Tyndall AFB over the Gulf of Mexico. ", "Before his flight training started, Ellyson assisted Curtiss in further demonstrating the military value of the airplane in warfare. He did this by making suggestions regarding the use and placement of the sandbag arresting gear used by Eugene Ely in his successful landing and take-off from the afterdeck of the anchored USS PENNSYLVANIA on January 18, 1911, during the San Francisco Air Meet. This event further demonstrated the potential use of airplanes for Naval operations and set the stage for the aircraft carriers of the future.", "The crew of the Enola Gay (from left): Major Thomas W. Ferebee, bombardier; Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., pilot; Captain Theodore J. Van Kirk, navigator; and Captain Robert Lewis. co-pilot. (Photo: National Park Service [Public Domain], via Wikimedia Commons )", "The ground crew of the B-29 \"Enola Gay\" which atom-bombed Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945 poses for a photo with the aircraft at their base in Tinian, Mariana Islands in this undated U.S. Air Force handout image. Colonel Paul Tibbets, the pilot, stands in the center. Photo: REUTERS/U.S. Air Force/Handout", "\"power launched\" rather like naval aircraft carrier aircraft but from a ramp and they flew at relatively low altitudes", "During the training of Cuban B-26-crews in Nicaragua, several aircraft have got a sort of a \"nose-art\". The \"VI-RA-TE\" was the \"personal mount\" of Capt. Raúl Vianello, and the name was a combination of the first two letters of his wife, son, and daughter. (artwork by Tom Cooper)", "As students at the United States Navy's elite fighter weapons school compete to be best in the class, one daring young pilot learns a few things from a civilian instructor that are not taught in the classroom.", "Combat Team. in both the UK and US, will be taken forward by the UK element of a Joint Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron will which Stan with" ]

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[ "Epaulette (; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade.", "Epaulette is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade.", "Epaulette ( /ˈɛpəlɛt/ ; also spelled epaulet) [1] is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies epaulettes are also worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade.", "Epaulettes are a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Colloquially, the word has also come to refer to some types of shoulder strap .", "From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French and other armies to indicate rank. The rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a \"counter-epaulette\" (with no fringe) was worn on the opposite shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the enlisted men of various arms. By the early eighteenth century, epaulettes became the distinguishing feature of an officer, leading to officers of military units without epaulettes to petition their government for the right to wear epaulettes, to ensure that they would be recognized as officers. [3] Certain cavalry specialties wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, rarely worn on the field. In Europe , some light infantry wore cloth counter-epaulettes. \"Flying artillery\" wore \"wings\", similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, which matched the shoulder seam. Heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders.", "Until 1914, officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. [4] Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century. Other cavalry such as hussars , dragoons and chasseurs à cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder.", "Until 1914 officers of most French Army infantry regiments wore gold epaulettes in full dress, while those of mounted units wore silver. No insignia was worn on the epaulette itself, though the bullion fringe falling from the crescent differed according to rank. [4] Other ranks of most branches of the infantry, as well as cuirassiers wore detachable epaulettes of various colours (red for line infantry, green for Chasseurs , yellow for Colonial Infantry etc.) with woollen fringes, of a traditional pattern that dated back to the 18th Century. Other cavalry such as hussars , dragoons and chasseurs a' cheval wore special epaulettes of a style originally intended to deflect sword blows from the shoulder. In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining historical full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a brief relaxing break in the 1920s. In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades.", "Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap , a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent. Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are more common today on dress or ceremonial uniforms. Shoulder straps are also found on civilian clothing that derives from military uniforms such as the trench coat , the safari jacket and other garments.", "Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or “passant”, a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer’s rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms.", "Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or \"passant\", a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now normally limited to dress or ceremonial uniforms.", "Epaulettes are fastened to the shoulder by a shoulder strap or \"passant\", a small strap parallel to the shoulder seam, and the button near the collar, or by laces on the underside of the epaulette passing through holes in the shoulder of the coat. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes. The placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearer's rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a metal piece in the form of a crescent . Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are more common today on dress or ceremonial uniforms.", "From the shoulderboard was developed the shoulder mark , a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned-on rank insignia. The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant.", "From the shoulder board was developed the shoulder mark, a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap and carries embroidered or pinned-on rank insignia. The advantages of this are the ability to easily change the insignia as occasions warrant.", "In the modern French Army, epaulettes are still worn by those units retaining 19th-century-style full dress uniforms, notably the ESM Saint-Cyr and the Garde Républicaine . The French Foreign Legion continued to wear their green and red epaulettes, except for a break from 1915 to 1930. In recent years the Marine Infantry and some other units have readopted their traditional fringed epaulettes in various colours for ceremonial parades. The Marine nationale and the Armée de l'Air do not use epaulettes, but non-commissioned and commissioned officers wear a gilded shoulder strap called attente, which original function was to clip the epaulette onto the shoulder. The attentes are also worn by Army generals on dress uniform.", "The French Army infantry wore silver epaulettes, while mounted units wore gold epaulettes. To be visible, the rank insignia was of contrasting metal, hence the rank insignia today is gold for the infantry and silver for the cavalry.", "Officers' shoulderboards were constructed from \"Russia\" braid, an aluminum-thread double piping. Company-grade officers (Leutnant through Hauptmann/Rittmeister) wore epaulettes constructed by wrapping two side-by-side lengths of braid around the buttonhole and back, giving the appearance of eight parallel cords; the whole was sewn to an underlay (Unterlagen) of Waffenfarbe badge-cloth. Until 1938 the underlay was of the same outer dimensions as the braid, and only visible edge-on; in that year the underlay was made wider, so as to create the impression of edge piping like the enlisted shoulder-strap. Rank was indicated by zero to two gilt-metal pips; unit designators were also of gilt metal.", "The Foreign Legion still uses chevrons to indicate seniority (chevrons d'ancienneté). Each gold chevron, which are only worn by ordinary legionnaires and non-commissioned officers, denotes five years service in the Legion. They are worn beneath the rank insignia. ", "In Canada , epaulette or epaulet is used to describe the shoulder strap of a military or police shirt, jacket or tunic and is used informally as a synonym for slip-on, a flat cloth sleeve (called in the US, a shoulder mark) worn (\"slipped on\") on the shoulder strap.", "CUSHION (see pillow): This charge is found in ancient arms under the name oreiller (old fr. horeler), or pillow, the latter term also sometimes occurring in modern blazon. It has, as a rule, four tassels, one at each of the corners, and it is not necessary to mention them unless of a different tincture. They are considered marks of authority likely in reference to their popular use in royal chambers and ceremonies. The Norman Cushions were called Carreaux, from their square or diamond shape, as you see them placed under the heads of the recumbent effigies.", "*Ensign- On device. (Ensign of Grenadier Guards wore epaulettes on both shoulders, but other two regiments wore epaulette on right epaulette.)", "* Specialized unit insignia are worn at the top of the sleeve beneath the shoulder for officers assigned to the traffic divisions, and Air Support Division. Officers assigned to area patrol divisions have historically not worn any departmental shoulder patch.", "the insignia for the military grouping is distinguished by a pair of crossed swords behind the central medallion. The ribbon of the Order of Merit is divided into two stripes of red and blue; men may wear their badges on a neck ribbon, while women carry theirs on a ribbon bow pinned to the left chest, and aides-de-camp may wear the insignia on their aiguillettes .", "Ailette (n.) A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, -- being the prototype of the modern epaulet.", "A unit can also be mentioned in dispatches. The unit standard is then decorated with the corresponding Croix. After two mentions, the men of the unit are entitled to wear a fourragère.", "The French word is abaisse and is generally used in heraldry instead of the English word abased. When the fess, or any other ordinary properly placed above the fess point of the shield, is brought below it, that ordinary is said to be abaisse.", "Their regimental standard had the embroidery, crowns and monograms of mixed silver, gold and green thread. The privates wore white jacket (Kollet) with 2 bands of white lace edging the collar and cuffs. The officers wore silver lace trim. In 1814 they wore captured cuirasses of the French horse carabiniers. After the campaign in France in 1814 Tsar Alexander, presented the guardsmen with black Russian armor.", "unofficial emblems, often of local manufacture, that are worn with or without authorization, as for expressing esprit (eg: PATRIOTISM, GUSTO, HOOAH, OORAH, YUT, GUNG-HO, WETSU, UCGC, SEMPER FI, KEEP THE FAITH, ESPRIT DE CORPS), as for celebrating achievement (eg: skill rating, class graduation, combat missions completed, promotion), and for commemorating an event (eg: deployment or assignment, training exercise participation, unit or weapon activation, retirement of weapon or vehicle, unit deactivation, heritage or lineage, milestone or anniversary); when the COMMAND ELEMENT does not permit these novelty items to be openly displayed, they are typically concealed by mounting inside a hat or helmet, inside a BLOUSE or FLIGHT SUIT, as an informal protest against political-correctness or censorship.", "In heraldry, an orle is a bearing, in the form of a fillet, round the shield, within, but at some distance from, the border. The term is also applied to the wreath, or chaplet, surmounting or encircling the helmet of a knight and bearing the crest.", "WW1 BRITISH TRENCH MORTAR SLEEVE BADGE (2) A very nice / unusual trench mortar�s sleeve qualification badge on an oval khaki wool backing. Blue grenade and bomb flames in heavy blue thread detail on heavy khaki wool backing, complete with calico cotton backing material. Some moth to the khaki field Nice used item in damage free condition, being possibly an un-used item.", "a heraldic emblem originally worn on a knights helmet to aid recognition. Subsequently incorporated into the wearers coat of arms. Frequently engraved on silver as mark of ownership.", "; accoutrement: personal military or fighting armaments worn about one's self; has come to mean the accompanying items available to pursue a mission, or just accessories in general. In French, means a funny or ridiculous clothing; often a weird disguise or a getup, though it can be said also for people with bad taste in clothing.", "The emblem consists of a wide shield with, on the one end a lion-head and on the other an eagle-head, bearing a monogram \"RF\" standing for Republique Francaise (French Republic). A laurel branch symbolizes victory of the Republic, the oak branch symbolizes perennity or wisdom, and the fasces is a symbol associated with justice (the bundle of rods and an axe, carried by Roman lictors)." ]

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[ "Usually this phrase is said as \"it's no use crying over spilt milk,\" which means that getting upset over certain things, like spilled milk, is not going to fix it.", "042 THERE'S NO USE CRYING OVER SPILLED MILK is one of the most frequently used idioms in America. Dating back to the 1600s, this saying encourages us not to dwell on something that happened in the past that cannot be changed. An American might say, 'I'm sorry your team lost, Bruce, but it's over, and there's no use crying over spilled milk.' Another idiom that means the same thing is 'What's done is done.' Here is nother example of today�s expression - 'Daniel, you did your best on the science test. I'm sorry your score was not as good as you expected, but there's no use crying over spoiled milk.'", "Q: I’m wondering if you can tell me where the idiom “it’s no use crying over spilled/spilt milk” comes from. The Online Etymological Dictionary attributes it to Thomas C. Haliburton in 1836. But why milk?", "Milk is easy to get. You may get in trouble for spilling the milk, you shouldn’t cry because it isn’t a big deal. Also, crying won’t solve anything. This proverb advises you to stay calm during such small problems. Don’t waste time worrying about little things that cannot be changed. Clean up the mess and go buy some more milk.", "something that you say which means you should not get upset about something bad that has happened that you cannot change Sometimes I regret not taking that job in London. Oh well, there's no point crying over spilt milk.", "People sometimes get very upset over small problems. This proverb reminds you to take a moment and see how important (or not important) the issue is. Messing up your laundry or being late for work is not very important when you consider your entire life. So it’s important to stay calm and not get angry about tiny problems.", "If you have a problem but never talk about it, no one will help you. How could they? But if you tell someone, things will get better. This proverb is about someone who complains a lot (the “squeaky wheel”) because they get more attention (“the grease”). For example, a child who cries a lot will get more attention from his mother than his silent brothers and sisters.", "    Fake tears can function, in the most obvious cases, as straightforwardly false protestations of sincerity, innocence, or love. Publius Syrus wrote in the first century A.D. that \"women have learned to shed tears in order that they might lie the better,\" and Cato, in the second century, offered the maxim: \"When a woman weeps she is constructing a snare with her tears.\" These general slanders against women were based on the idea that crying is an underhanded way to get what one wants. J. K. Morley was being both serious and facetious when he claimed that \"the world's greatest water power is woman's tears.\" O. Henry said of one of his characters, \"She would have made a splendid wife, for crying only made her eyes more bright and tender.\" Oscar Wilde wrote that \"crying is the refuge of plain women, but the ruin of pretty ones.\" Wilde and O. Henry suggest that tears can add to a woman's allure for men, an idea, as I've suggested, with a long history: one proverb of unknown vintage claimed that \"a woman wears her tears like jewelry,\" and like jewelry or makeup, tears have long been seen as part of the arsenal of women's wiles. In the proverb which ironically claimed that \"every woman is wrong until she cries,\" tears are tools of self-justification as well.", "Up above each eye, rather to the outer side, is a tiny thing called the teargland, and all the time we are awake this is slowly making tears. Then when the front of the eye feels itself becoming rather dry, and perhaps a little dusty, it tells the brain, and down comes the eyelid with a tear inside it, so washing clean the front of the eye. If you look at the inner corner of your lower eyelid you will see a tiny little hole. The tear runs down this and finds itselfwhere do you think? When you have been crying a great deal, do you not have, to blow your nose? The reason is that tears run down into the nose. All the time we are awake this goes on,keeping our eyes moist and clean; but when we cry we make far more tears than we need, and so they get spilt over the edge of the lower eyelid, and run down our cheeks. But though the tears, when we are not crying, are so useful that we could not do without them, yet it is no use to make too many of them. Let us not shed too many tears in this beautiful world. wink.", "bequest two things to our children -- the roots and wings. ~Sudanese Proverb Children will dislike all those who give all... things to them. ~African Proverb A child's lie is like a dead fish in a pond that in the end, always comes to the surface. ~Luo Proverb Nursing a pregnancy is not as tough as bringing up a child. ~Swahili Proverb When a four-year child is still crawling instead of walking it is time to cry out. ~African Proverb A single hand cannot nurse a child. ~Swahili Proverb ...", "People say this when things are going badly or when someone is sad. Clouds stand for bad situations. Every bad situation has some good parts to it—you just have to look for them. The proverb is meant to help people feel better and keep going. It’s also where the name of the movie “Silver Linings Playbook” came from.", "\"Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. But when they get angry, they bring about a change.\"", "While being the early bird is the best, even latecomers may get something for coming. It would be a lot worse if they never came at all. This proverb is said about ending fights with people. It’s better to apologize and make up years later, than to never resolve your fight at all.", "Proverbs 15:17 \"Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith.\" [1]", "    These attitudes have persisted: the prominent psychologist Alfred Adler discussed what he called women's \"tyranny of tears\" at mid-century. One of men's jobs in the face of such tyranny and danger is to resist the allure. Humphrey Bogart does so when he sees through Mary Astor's teary display in The Maltese Falcon: \"You're good, sister. Very good,\" he tells her with a smile of admiration for her skill, lighting a cigarette and shaking his head. Astor was using her moist expression of helplessness to get Bogart's help; when he sees through her ruse, she offers him money instead. But in many other films, books, musicals, and songs, men declare their helplessness when faced with female tears. In a thousand ways, men say, \"Please, please, don't cry, I'll do anything you want, only please don't cry.\" Sometimes this is the stuff of comedy, sometimes it is played straight.", "Old saying, referring to not looking depressed with the face down in sorrow , usually referring to a situation causing worry or sadness.", "Proverbs (or portions of them) have been the inspiration for titles of books: The Bigger they Come by Erle Stanley Gardner, and Birds of a Feather (several books with this title), Devil in the Details (multiple books with this title). Sometimes a title alludes to a proverb, but does not actually quote it, such as The Gift Horse's Mouth by Robert Campbell. Some stories have been written with a proverb overtly as an opening, such as \"A stitch in time saves nine\" at the beginning of \"Kitty's Class Day\", one of Louisa May Alcott's Proverb Stories. Other times, a proverb appears at the end of a story, summing up a moral to the story, frequently found in Aesop's Fables, such as \"Heaven helps those who help themselves\" from Hercules and the Wagoner.", "Pars maior lacrimas ridet et intus habet - You smile at your tears but have them in your heart. (Martial)", "Meaning: Once again, we are shown that proverbs are complex and poetic ways of saying simple things. This one simply means that those who obey their parents will not be punished by their parents.", "THE KINKS: (Singing) It is time for you to stop all of your sobbin'. Yes, it's time for you to stop all of your sobbin'. There's one thing you've got to do to make me still want you. You've got to stop your sobbing now. Yeah. Stop it. Stop it. You've got to stop your sobbing now. It is time for you to laugh instead of cry. Yes, it's time for you to laugh, so keep on trying. Ooh. There's one thing you've got to do to make me still want you. You've got to stop sobbing now. Yeah.", "“The tears of the world are a constant quantity. For each one who begins to weep somewhere else another stops. The same is true of the laugh. Let us not then speak ill of our generation, it is not any unhappier than its predecessors. Let us not speak well of it either. Let us not speak of it at all. It is true the population has increased.”", "Thomas Moore , Song, Weep not for Those, as reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922)", "An alternative version: “Moreover, to be happy takes a complete lifetime; for one swallow does not make spring, nor does one fine day; and similarly one day or a brief period of happiness does not make a man supremely blessed and happy.”", "Tom Brown , New Maxims, p. 123; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 643.", "2012, The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs, Compiled by Charles Clay Doyle, Wolfgang Mieder, and Fred R. Shapiro, Page 83, Yale University Press, New Haven. (Verified on paper) ↩", "The Father. I don't know to what author you may be alluding, but believe me I feel what I think; and I seem to be philosophizing only for those who do not think what they feel, because they blind themselves with their own sentiment. I know that for many people this self-blinding seems much more \"human\"; but the contrary is really true. For man never reasons so much and becomes so introspective as when he suffers; since he is anxious to get at the cause of his sufferings, to learn who has produced them, and whether it is just or unjust that he should have to bear them. On the other hand, when he is happy, he takes his happiness as it comes and doesn't analyze it, just as if happiness were his right. The animals suffer without reasoning about their sufferings. But take the case of a man who suffers and begins to reason about it. Oh no! it can't be allowed! Let him suffer like an animal, and then -- ah yet, he is \"human\"!", "Interesting fact: Very few people have ever actually heard this line spoken, because it gets lost underneath the sound of their own sobbing and nose-blowing. If the ending of It's A Wonderful Life doesn't choke you up, you're probably a robot.", "\"People are afraid of themselves, of their own reality; their feelings most of all. People talk about how great love is, but that's bullshit. Love hurts. Feelings are disturbing. People are taught that pain is evil and dangerous. How can they deal with love if they're afraid to feel? Pain is meant to wake us up. People try to hide their pain. But they're wrong. Pain is something to carry, like a radio. You feel your strength in the experience of pain. It's all in how you carry it. That's what matters. Pain is a feeling. Your feelings are a part of you. Your own reality. If you feel ashamed of them, and hide them, you're letting society destroy your reality. You should stand up for your right to feel your pain.”", "For Smith, sympathy is more akin to modern empathy, the ability to relate to someone else's emotions because we have experienced similar feelings. While contemporary \"sympathy\" refers only to feeling bad for a person's suffering, Smith uses it to denote \"fellow-feeling with any passion whatever\" (TMS I.i.1.5). It is how a \"spectator... changes places in fancy with... the person principally concerned\" (TMS I.i.1.3-5).", "“Human relations are built on feeling, not on reason or knowledge. And feeling is not an exact science; like all spiritual qualities, it has the vagueness of greatness about it.” —Amelia E Barr", "\"The child who defined 'sympathy' as 'your pain in my heart' knew more about giving comfort than did these three.\" [196]", "If the families of the first perpetrator and victim are large enough and roughly equal in power and resources, this can go on for a long, long time. So long, in fact, that it's rather easy for them to forget what the original cause of their fighting was. A feud usually doesn't help the mental health of the individuals and the wisdom of their family culture. This can lead to three most obvious conclusions:" ]

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[ "Auburn University's sports teams are known as the Tigers, and they participate in Division I-A of the NCAA and in the Western Division of the 14-member Southeastern Conference (SEC). War Eagle is the battle cry and greeting used by the Auburn Family (students, alumni, and fans). Auburn has won a total of 19 intercollegiate national championships (including 17 NCAA Championships), which includes 2 football (1957, 2010), 8 men's swimming and diving (1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009), 5 women's swimming and diving (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007), 2 equestrian (2008, 2011), and 1 women's outdoor track and field (2006) titles. Auburn has also won a total of 70 Southeastern Conference championships, including 51 men's titles and 19 women's titles. Auburn's colors of burnt orange and navy blue were chosen by Dr. George Petrie, Auburn's first football coach, based on those of his alma mater, the University of Virginia.", "The Ivy League is a collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. The term Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.", "Jazz standard \"Tiger Rag\" (AKA \"Hold That Tiger\") is used by multiple schools with the \"Tiger\" nickname, including Auburn, Clamson, LSU, Missouri and Princeton.", "LSU fields teams in 21 varsity sports (9 men's, 12 women's), and is a member of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) and the Southeastern Conference. ", "Princeton is an NCAA Division I school. Its athletic conference is the Ivy League. Princeton hosts 38 men's and women's varsity sports. The largest varsity sport is rowing, with almost 150 athletes.", "College sports — One rare feature of the United States sports landscape, as compared to that of other nations, is the extent to which sports are associated with educational institutions. In many regions of the country, local college or university teams, especially in football and men's basketball, enjoy followings that rival or surpass those of major professional teams. The main governing body for U.S. college sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) [20] , which has over 1,000 member schools, including essentially all of the country's best-known colleges and universities. The college football season runs from roughly September 1 through mid-December, with postseason bowl games running into early January. The basketball regular season begins in mid-November and ends in late February or early March, followed by conference tournaments and then national postseason tournaments that run through early April. The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, popularly known as \"March Madness\" (an NCAA trademark), is especially widely followed even by casual sports fans.", "Auburn is a charter member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), currently composed of 13 of the largest Southern public universities in the U.S. and one private university, Vanderbilt. Among the other 12 peer public universities, Auburn is ranked fourth in the 2011 edition of U.S. News & World Report. This high ranking and reputation for academic quality is in spite of the fact that Auburn's $378.6 million endowment is currently the second smallest of the 13 SEC universities. An attempt to increase the endowment by $500 million began in 2005 with the \"It Begins at Auburn\" campaign. As of August 2006, the campaign had raised $523 million, making it the largest campaign in university history. ", "Let me elaborate on the situation here for outsiders. If you live in Champaign-Urbana, people will often ask you if you \"saw the game last night.\" That game is always the college men's basketball game. It doesn't matter if the Superbowl or game seven of the World Series took place at the same time (unless the Cardinals were playing)--THE GAME always refers to college basketball. This is because, in this town of about 100,000 (actually two towns which have grown together) there are no professional teams, and the university, which is main reason this town is as populous as it is, provides most of the sporting entertainment. The football team has a tradition of losing all the time, but the basketball team has recently been to the national championship game. Who do you think most folks are going to root for?", "But most schools have mundane nicknames. How can one feel unique when your school’s nickname is Tigers (43 different colleges or universities), Bulldogs (40 schools), Wildcats (33), Lions (32), Pioneers (31), Panthers or Cougars (30 each), Crusaders (28), or Knights (25)? Or how about Eagles (56 schools)? The mascots for these schools, who we assume do their best to fire up the home crowd, are pretty generic–and pretty boring.", "Brown is a member of the Ivy League athletic conference, which is categorized as a Division I (top level) conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Brown Bears are the third largest university sports program in the United States, sponsoring 38 varsity intercollegiate teams (Harvard sponsors 42 and Princeton 39). Brown's athletic program is one of the U.S. News & World Report top 20—the \"College Sports Honor Roll\"—based on breadth of program and athletes' graduation rates. Brown's newest varsity team is women's rugby, promoted from club-sport status in 2014.", "The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the Alabama Crimson Tide (this name can be shortened to Alabama, the Crimson Tide, or even the Tide). The nickname Crimson Tide originates from a 1907 football game versus Auburn University in Birmingham where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a \"Crimson Tide\", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.", "LSU has won 47 team national championships, 43 of which were bestowed by the NCAA, tying for 6th all-time in total NCAA team national championships. The three football titles were not conferred by the NCAA, as it does not award college football national championships at the Division I-FBS level.", "Rutgers maintains athletic rivalries with other collegiate institutions. The university has historic rivalries with Lafayette College, Lehigh University, Princeton University and Columbia University (formerly King's College) originating from the early days of college football. While they maintain the Princeton rivalry in other sports, neither of them have met in football since 1980. Rutgers has a men's basketball rivalry with Seton Hall University, but has failed at developing any form of rivalry with the University of Connecticut and Syracuse University in any sport, except with Connecticut women's basketball.", "the Seton Hall University (which is the state's largest Roman Catholic university) Pirates, and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers. Both Rutgers and Seton Hall compete in the Big East Conference, and the rivalry between the two teams has always been an intense one.", "As in many states, especially those without major league professional sport teams, college athletics are prominent. This is especially true of the state's three Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs, including the Kentucky Wildcats, the Western Kentucky Hilltoppers, and the Louisville Cardinals. The Wildcats, Hilltoppers, and Cardinals are among the most tradition-rich college men's basketball teams in the United States, combining for 11 National championships and 24 NCAA Final Fours; all three are high on the lists of total all-time wins, wins per season, and average wins per season.", "MascotDB.com is a searchable database for team names of high schools , colleges , and professional sports. It is also one of the largest repositories of sports logos and social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, GooglePlus, Pinterest) links.", "Marshall's sports teams are known as the \"Thundering Herd.\" The home field for the football program is James F. Edwards Field at the Joan C. Edwards Stadium. Basketball is played at the Cam Henderson Center. Soccer is played at Veterans Memorial Soccer Stadium, and the baseball teams are awaiting a new stadium. The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of Conference USA. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same two years later. Marshall teams were originally known as the Indians, and the green-white colors came in 1903, replacing black and blue. The Herald-Dispatch sports editor Carl \"Duke\" Ridgley tagged the team with the Thundering Herd name, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years, including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, Judges and others. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, volleyball, and track & field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer. Marshall also fields club teams, not affiliated with the MU Athletic Department, in rugby union for both women and men, men's and women's lacrosse, and an equestrian team that competes in the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.", "Auburn University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium, now renamed the SECU, a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in the Southeastern Conference. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of Southeastern Conference universities. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC faculty, students, and member universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities. ", "The Missouri Tiger men's basketball team has had 22 NCAA Tournament appearances, the second-most Tournament appearances without a Final Four. The Tigers have appeared in the regional finals (Elite Eight) of the NCAA Tournament six times (twice under coach Norm Stewart, Missouri head coach from 1967 to 1999). The Tigers have won 15 conference championships in total beginning with the Missouri Valley Conference, followed by the Big Six, the Big Eight, and the Big 12 Conference. In 1994, the Tigers went undefeated in the Big Eight to take the regular season title. In 2009, Missouri won its first Big 12 Championship over Baylor. Missouri went on to win its second Big 12 Championship in its final season in the Big 12 in 2012, once again defeating Baylor. Standout players from the Mizzou's basketball team include, Anthony Peeler, John Brown, Jon Sundvold, Steve Stipanovich, Kareem Rush, Keyon Dooling Doug Smith, Willie Smith, Norm Stewart, Linas Kleiza, Derrick Chievous, DeMarre Carroll, Kim English. Jordan Clarkson and Marcus Denmon.", "(i) Is designated or defined by its institution or an athletic association as a varsity team; or", "and No. 11 Duke at the Duke Nike Classic. The seniors won’t be alone on their quest, as several standout underclassmen are expected to contribute in the starting lineup. Sophomore keeper Mo Isom starts in goal again after earning SEC AllFreshman honors last year. “I have that same sense of urgency the seniors have,” Isom said. “Those girls have made so much progress and worked so hard, I want to contribute to achieving that goal for them.” The Tigers also gain two international-caliber players, as redshirt sophomore midfielder Taryne Boudreau returns to the team after spending last fall with the Canadian international team at the U-20 Women’s World Cup. Sophomore defender Allysha Chapman — also a Canadian international — joins Boudreau after spending her freshman year at Alabama-Birmingham. Redshirt junior forward Courtney Alexander finally has the chance to play after joining the team in the spring of 2008. Alexander was named 2007 Ohio Valley Conference Offensive Player of the Year as a sophomore and has already notched a goal for the Tigers, heading in a game-winner in the dying moments of LSU’s exhibition with Texas. Isom didn’t mince words about the Tigers’ hopes of a first-place finish. “I won’t sugarcoat it,” Isom said. “I speak for everyone when I say this team expects nothing less than an SEC West championship. This team expects nothing less than an SEC championship. And we expect nothing less than a deep NCAA run. That’s a promise.” Contact David Helman at dhelman@lsureveille.com", "ORU's early sports team nicknames were the Titans for men and the Lady Titans for women, adopted in 1965 by a vote of the student body. On April 30, 1993, all teams for both men and women became known as the Golden Eagles. ORU's current mascot is \"Eli\" the golden eagle, who hatched out of his papier-mâché egg on November 17, 1993 before the start of an exhibition basketball game as the official symbol of a new era in ORU athletics. The mascot's name is an acronym for education, lifeskills and integrity.", "Cincinnati is home to two major sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball, and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States. Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as \"Paris of America\", due mainly to such ambitious architectural projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel, and Shillito Department Store. ", ", in addition to a color. Eastern Kentucky University had to change the name of its sports team from \"The Maroons\" (maroon is one of the school colors) to \"The Colonels\" as a direct result of this.", "The Tiger-Cats logo for many decades was an exact reverse of the Princeton University Tigers athletic logo. The artwork for the original \"leaping tiger\" is claimed by Hamilton. Both logos have since been revised or replaced. The colours of the logo are black, yellow, and white.", "... l member of the NCAA Division I. The university was a charter member of the", "\"Calling the Hogs\" is a cheer that shows support for the Razorbacks, one of the two FBS teams in the state. High school football also began to grow in Arkansas in the early 20th century. Over the years, many Arkansans have looked to the Razorbacks football team as the public image of the state. Following the Little Rock Nine integration crisis at Little Rock Central High School, Arkansans looked to the successful Razorback teams in the following years to repair the state's reputation. Although the University of Arkansas is based in Fayetteville, the Razorbacks have always played at least two games per season at War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock in an effort to keep fan support in central and south Arkansas. Arkansas State University joined the University of Arkansas in the Football Bowl Subdivision in 1992 after playing in lower divisions for nearly two decades. However, the two schools have never played each other, due to the University of Arkansas' policy of not playing intrastate games. Six of Arkansas' smaller colleges play in the Great American Conference, with University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff playing in the Southwestern Athletic Conference and University of Central Arkansas competing in the Southland Conference.", "The Marshall Thundering Herd are the intercollegiate athletic teams that collectively represent the Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. Thundering Herd athletic teams compete in Conference USA, which are members of the NCAA Division I. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball; men's baseball and football; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer.", "On December 6, 2014, #17 Mizzou played #1 Alabama in its second consecutive SEC Championship Game falling to the Crimson Tide, 42-13. Mizzou went on to play Minnesota in the Citrus Bowl, winning 33-17 and finishing #16 in the nation.", "In 1862 the American Civil War forced the university to close for much of the year. Residents of Columbia formed a \"home guard\" militia that became known as the \"Fighting Tigers of Columbia\". They were given the name for their readiness to protect the city and university. In 1890, the University's newly formed football team took the name the \"Tigers\" after the Civil War militia. ", "Springfield A&M's mascot is a pig, which may be a nod to the University of Arkansas's mascot the Razorbacks, a wild boar.", "\"Go Tigers!\" is a rare behind-the-scenes chronicling of a remarkable season for the Massillon Tigers high school football team, played out in a small rustbelt town that draws its identity from football. During the course of the season, three young stars emerge who are forced to carry the burden of the town and their teammates as they confront their uncertain future. (2001)" ]

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[ "WWE –  World Wrestling Entertainment , formerly World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It changed its name after a court case brought by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which is now called the  World Wide Fund for Nature .", "From 1979 to 2002, what we now know today as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) was called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was a name that carried a sense of authority and history. Derived from Vince McMahon Sr.'s World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), one could trace the legacy of \"Nature Boy\" Buddy Rogers to Bruno Sammartino to Hulk Hogan to Stone Cold Steve Austin. You utter the initials WWF and even those farthest from professional wrestling know what you're talking about.", "*WWE – From the company's legal name of World Wrestling Entertainment, adopted in 2002; it began using the initialism as its trading name in 2011. The previous name of World Wrestling Federation (WWF), used since 1979, was changed after a court case brought by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which is now called the World Wide Fund for Nature.", "The company had also been ordered by the Lords to stop using the old WWF Attitude logo on any of its properties and to censor all past references to WWF, as they no longer owned the trademark to the initials WWF in 'specified circumstances'. [20] Despite litigation, WWE is still permitted use of the original WWF logo, which was used from 1984 through 1994, as well as the \"New WWF Generation\" logo, which was used from 1994 through 1998. Furthermore, the company may still make use of the full \"World Wrestling Federation\" and \"World Wrestling Federation Entertainment\" names without consequence.", "In May 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) after a [lawsuit with the World Wildlife Fund, who also used the WWF initials. Ric Flair, Kevin Nash, and Goldberg eventually signed contracts with WWE only after the conclusion of the Invasion though it is generally thought that their participation in the storyline would have benefited the promotion. WWE later purchased ECW's assets and by 2005 began reintroducing ECW through content from the ECW video library and a series books. With heightened and rejuvenated interest in the ECW franchise, WWE organized ECW One Night Stand in June, an ECW reunion event With the financial and critical success of the production, WWE produced the second ECW One Night Stand in June 2006 and relaunched the ECW franchise as a WWE brand, complementary to Raw and SmackDown. The brand would continue to operate until 2010 when it was replaced with WWE NXT .", "The more famous one was having to change its company name to World Wrestling Entertainment (and its logo to WW) due to a violation of an agreement with the World Wildlife Fund concerning the international use of the WWF acronym.", "The resulting confusion caused by the name change in 1986, together with its translation into more than 15 languages, led the WWF Network in 2001 to agree on using the original acronym as its one, global name - the acronym that it had always been known by since its inception way back in 1961: WWF", "By the end of 2001 the WWE Attitude Era was left with few remnants. WCW had dissolved and ECW became integrated into the company. In May 2002 the WWE was renamed WWE due to a court-battle over the initials with the World Wide Fund for Nature. In March 2002 With a doubled roster size after the WCW acquisition and no competition from a rival promotion, The WWE divided its roster through its Raw , formerly Raw is War, and SmackDown television programs, establishing them as separate franchises or brands which act as complementing promotions under WWE.", "In 1990, wrestling promoter Vince McMahon announced he was forming a new bodybuilding organization, the World Bodybuilding Federation (WBF). McMahon wanted to bring WWF-style showmanship and bigger prize money to the sport of bodybuilding. A number of IFBB stars were recruited but the roster was never very large, with the same athletes competing; the most notable winner and first WBF champion was Gary Strydom. McMahon formally dissolved the WBF in July 1992. Reasons for this probably included lack of income from the pay-per-view broadcasts of the WBF contests, slow sales of the WBF's magazine Bodybuilding Lifestyles (which later became WBF Magazine), and the expense of paying multiple 6-figure contracts as well as producing two TV shows and a monthly magazine.", "On April 7, 2011, WWE corporate announced that the company was ceasing use of the full name World Wrestling Entertainment and would henceforth refer to itself solely as WWE, making the latter an orphan initialism. This was said to reflect WWE's global entertainment expansion away from the ring with the ultimate goal of acquiring entertainment companies and putting a focus on television, live events, and film production. WWE noted that their new company model was put into effect with the relaunch of Tough Enough, being a non–scripted program (contrary to the scripted nature of professional wrestling) and with the launch of the WWE Network (at the time scheduled to launch in 2012; later pushed back to 2014). However, the legal name of the company remains as World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.", "2002 World Wrestling Federation changes its name to World Wrestling Entertainment due to a lawsuit from the World Wildlife Fund", "August 9: The WWF files with the Securities & Exchange Commission for an initial public offering of stock. Titan Sports� name is changed to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc. � Chris Jericho debuts in the WWF, revealing himself as the force behind the millennium countdown clock promos airing during recent weeks. He refers to his new nickname, Y2J.", "The WWF was not the only promotion to have broken ranks with the NWA; the American Wrestling Association (AWA) had long ago ceased being an official NWA member (although like the WWF, they seldom left their own territory). However, neither of the defecting members attempted to undermine the territory system that had been the foundation of the industry for more than half a century.", "Raw, and the WWF in general, was considered to be at a creative nadir before Nitro started, thus helping WCW's meteoric rise. Into the early 1990s, the WWF had continued the creative formula that had given the company such success in the 1980s: clear-cut face vs. heel storylines, colorful wrestlers with themed gimmicks, and alluring female valets who nonetheless maintained a \"PG-13\" level of sex appeal. Although the formula had been popular during the MTV-fueled \"rock n' wrestling\" era of the 1980s, fans in the 1990s began to gravitate towards more morally ambiguous characters, wrestlers whose personas were more grounded in reality, and metafiction storylines that acknowledged their awareness of backstage politics via the use of the Internet. With the introduction of the nWo, the June 10, 1996 episode of Raw would be the last ratings victory for the WWF in nearly two years.", "Meanwhile, many other wrestlers' personas were retooled, and wrestlers who had been growing in popularity were given pushes . Mick Foley , who had been wrestling as the psychotic heel Mankind, was made into a face after a series of out-of-character interviews documenting Foley's career, the toll it had taken on his body and his marriage, and his youthful ambitions of being a popular wrestler with a hippie persona named Dude Love. From then on, Foley alternated characters, variously appearing as Mankind, Dude Love, and his former WCW/ECW persona of Cactus Jack. The Rock , who had failed as a babyface character named Rocky Maivia, was recast as an arrogant jock who spouted catch phrases. Shawn Michaels, Triple H, and Chyna formed D-Generation X (DX), a rule-breaking, frat boy themed stable of wrestlers who laced their vignettes with sexual innuendo and lewd gestures. Although an injury would cause Michaels to take a four-year hiatus from wrestling, the stable soared in popularity under the leadership of Triple H, who added the New Age Outlaws and Sean Waltman to the group's ranks. Waltman had recently left the WCW after wrestling there for several years as Syxx, and returned to the WWF as \"X-Pac\" (after having wrestled there in the early 90s as \"The 1-2-3 Kid\").", "September 23: For a second straight night, ECW wrestlers upset a televised WWF event, as Taz and Bill Alfonso break through security barriers and further taunt WWF wrestlers. The same night, Jim Ross lashes out at WWF head Vince McMahon for firing him twice. He also introduces The New Razor Ramon and The New Diesel.", "Prior to the Montreal Screwjob, which took place at the 1997 Survivor Series, former WCW talent were being hired by the WWF, including Stone Cold Steve Austin, Mankind and Vader. Austin was slowly brought in as the new face of the company despite being promoted as an anti-hero, starting with his \"Austin 3:16\" speech shortly after defeating Jake Roberts in the tournament finals at the King of the Ring pay-per-view in 1996. ", "August 4: Shawn Michaels turns rulebreaker again after inadvertently helping Bret Hart to win the WWF World title a day earlier at SummerSlam � Sgt. Slaughter is named commissioner of the WWF by President Gorilla Monsoon � Ted DiBiase returns to WCW to manage the Steiners in their battles with the NWO � Sting is offered the first of what would be many opponents by J.J. Dillon, who tried to get Sting to return to competition in WCW.", "On February 3, 1997, Monday Night Raw changed to a two-hour format. In an attempt to break the momentum of Nitro, the WWF entered into a cross-promotional agreement with ECW. Raw commentator Jerry Lawler insulted and \"challenged\" ECW on the show's February 17 episode, and in the weeks to come, several ECW wrestlers appeared on Raw in a story arc similar to the nWo storyline playing out in WCW, with the WWF pursuing the \"renegade\" ECW. On March 10, 1997, Raw was officially renamed Raw Is War in reference to the ongoing ratings battle.", "In 1993, the WWF reinstated its Women's Championship, a title that had been vacant since 1990, and Debrah Miceli was brought in by the company to revive the women's division. She debuted under the ring name Alundra Blayze, because WWF owner Vince McMahon did not want to pay Miceli to use the name Madusa, which she had trademarked. She wrestled in a six-woman tournament to crown a new Women's Champion, and in the finals, she pinned Heidi Lee Morgan on the December 13, 1993 episode of All American Wrestling to win the title.", "Even as his TV empire was growing fatter with every match, McMahon was also running a complex national network of nightly live events. With a peripatetic troupe of some 60 wrestlers, eight referees and 10 publicists, the WWF put on in 1990 alone a total of 663 separate live events, spread over 191 different cities ranging from Yuma, Ariz., to Lake Charles, La., to Duluth, Minn. To add another dimension to this logistical labyrinth, the WWF also uses its syndicated national TV shows to promote its local live events by inserting individualized promos into the tapes of the syndicated shows. This means that whenever a syndicated WWF Superstars of Wrestling show appears on Utica's Channel 33, it contains promos touting whatever WWF live card is coming to Utica next. Some 1,000 such tapes are sent out each month from the WWF's state-of-the-art TV production facility in Stamford.", "* August 24 – Vincent K. \"Vince\" McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter, chairman and CEO of WWE", "The assets of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), which had folded after filing for bankruptcy protection in April 2001, were purchased by WWE in mid-2003. [17]", "** Legendary nutcase the Ultimate Warrior legally changed his name to \"Warrior\" (\"Ultimate Warrior\" is trademarked by the WWE). His birth name? ''Jim Hellwig''.", "February 7: WWFE and DirecTV announce they have settled on a new contract after a four-month blackout, starting with October 2001�s No Mercy, had prevented DirecTV subscribers from watching WWF pay-per-views. Linda McMahon had asserted that DirecTV didn�t deserve so much of the profits because, unlike cable companies, it did not have the expense of marketing events through distributors. The new contract will be in effect until August 2003.", "October 25: WCW official J.J. Dillon strips Sting of the World championship for using the Scorpion deathdrop on referee Charles Robinson following his non-title loss to Bill Goldberg the previous night. A 32-man world title tournament begins that evening � Bret Hart, despite a hairline fracture in his shin, wins the U.S. title and advances past Goldberg in the first-round of the tournament. Hart later claims he didn�t know Scott Hall, Kevin Nash, and Sid Vicious attacked Goldberg during that match. �The Hitman� seemed to be nearly unconscious outside the ring as the interference took place.", "* XFL: folded in 2001, was a partially owned subsidiary of WWF launched in 2000 which comprised eight league-owned professional football teams. The league included television broadcasts on NBC (the other co-owners of the league), UPN and TNN.", "On August 10, 1998, WCW regained the lead for six weeks. During this time WCW brought in The Ultimate Warrior , who was now known as The Warrior, and then later reformed the Four Horsemen for Ric Flair's television return. WCW's final victory in the Monday Night Wars came on October 26 , following the previous night's Halloween Havoc pay-per-view. The episode included a repeat airing of the Halloween Havoc World Title match between Diamond Dallas Page and Goldberg after the original airing exceeded the scheduled 3-hour running time and subscribers lost the feed at 11pm [EST.", "McMahon gained significant traction when he hired AWA talent Hulk Hogan, who had achieved popularity outside of wrestling, notably for his appearance in the film Rocky III. McMahon signed Roddy Piper as Hogan's rival, and then shortly afterward Jesse Ventura as an announcer. Other wrestlers joined the roster, such as Jimmy Snuka, Don Muraco, The Iron Sheik, Nikolai Volkoff, Junkyard Dog, Paul Orndorff, Greg Valentine and Ricky Steamboat. Many of the wrestlers who would join later were former AWA or NWA talent.", "Thanks to the various wrestling related Tropes that have been named, it now has its own page .", "Edge and Christian were infamous for doing this sort of thing. The best example was ramipercussions, a combination of ramifications and repercussions. Also, due to the Triple H -led Corporation / D-Generation X alliance being alternately called the \"McMahon-Helmsley Faction\" and the \"McMahon-Helmsley Regime\", they called it the \"Fac-gime\" and \"Fregime\".", "A term from the 1990s used to refer to a lucrative contract, such as the one held by Sting in WCW. " ]

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[ "The farad (symbol: F) is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance, the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.", "Definition: The farad is the SI derived unit used to measure electric capacitance, that is, the ability of a body to store an electric charge. The capacitance is said to be one farad, when a capacitor charged with one volt carries a charge equivalent to one coulomb.", "The farad is the SI unit of electric capacitance. One farad is defined as the ability to store one coulomb of charge per volt of potential difference between the two conductors.", "The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (symbol: F), named after the English physicist Michael Faraday. A 1 farad capacitor, when charged with 1 coulomb of electrical charge, has a potential difference of 1 volt between its plates. ", "Capacitance is the electrical property of a capacitor and is the measure of a capacitors ability to store an electrical charge onto its two plates with the unit of capacitance being the Farad (abbreviated to F) named after the British physicist Michael Faraday.", "We now know that the ability of a capacitor to store a charge gives it its capacitance value C, which has the unit of the Farad, F. But the farad is an extremely large unit on its own making it impractical to use, so submultiple’s or fractions of the standard Farad unit are used instead.", "From Equation 26.1, we see that capacitance has SI units of coulombs per volt. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which was named in honor of Michael Faraday:", "Capacitance is a measure of the total amount of electric charge stored for a given electric potential. The farad is a very large unit; typical capacitors are in the microfarad to picofarad range. Although the farad is named after Michael Faraday, it should not be confused with the Faraday - an older unit of capacitance.", "Farad is the unit of capacitance. It represents the amount of electric charge in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt.", "the basic unit of electric capacitance in the SI and MKS systems, equal to the capacitance of a capacitor that stores a charge of one coulomb when one volt is applied abbrev. F", "Capacitance In electricity, the capability of a body, a system, or an Electric Circuit forstoring electric charge. Capacitance, in units of farads, is expressed as the ratio of storedcharge in coulombs to the applied potential difference in volts. In electric circuits, devicesdesigned to store charge are called Capacitors. When alternating current flows through acapacitor, the capacitor produces a reactance, inversely proportional to the capacitance,that resists the current flow (Impedance).", "Capacitance is an electromagnetic quantity that describes the capability of a certain body to hold an electrical charge. One such body is a parallel plate capacitor, which is designed to separate charge, which essentially amounts to storing it. Capacitance can also be defined as the amount of electric charge stored for a given electrical potential (voltage). In other words:", "The unit of capacitance is known as the Farad (F), which can be adjusted into subunits (the millifarad (mF), for example) for ease of working in practical orders of magnitude . The Farad can be equated to many quotients of units, including JV-2, WsV-2, CV-1, and C2J-1.", "The capacitor is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating dielectric layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the capacitance. The unit of capacitance is the farad, named after Michael Faraday, and given the symbol F: one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a steady state current, but instead blocks it.", "Capacitance (C)     The ability of two conductors separated by an insulator to store an electrical charge; measured in farads (F). ", "When electric fields or charge distributions are created in a physical system that stores recoverable energy, characteristics of the physical components which affect calculation of the electrical quantities are defined as capacitance. The base unit of measure is Farads, however microfarads (μF), are used much more often.", "Capacitance is the measure of an object's ability to store electric charge . Any body capable of being charged in any way has a value of capacitance.", "Farad: A unit of measurement for electrical capacitance. A capacitor has a capacitance of one farad when a potential difference of one volt will charge it with one coulomb of electricity.", "- The capacitance describes how much charge can be stored on one plate of a capacitor for a given \"push\" (voltage drop). A very stretchy, flexible membrane corresponds to a higher capacitance than a stiff membrane.", "Double-layer capacitance – Storage is achieved by separation of charge in a Helmholtz double layer at the interface between the surface of a conductor and an electrolytic solution. The distance of separation of charge in a double-layer is on the order of a few Angstroms (0.3–0.8  nm ). This storage is electrostatic in origin. [2]", "Capacitance depends only on the geometry of the capacitor's physical structure and the dielectric constant of the material medium in which the capacitor's electric field exists. The size of the capacitor's capacitance is the same whatever the charge and potential (assuming the dielectric constant doesn't change). This is true even if the charge on both plates is reduced to zero, and therefore the capacitor's potential is zero. If a capacitor with charge on its plates has a capacitance of, say, 2 microfarad, then its capacitance is also 2 microfarad when the plates have no charge. This should remind us that C = |Q/V| is not by itself the definition of capacitance, but merely a formula that allows us to relate the capacitance to the charge and potential when the capacitor plates have equal and opposite charge on them.", "The SI unit of electrical charge, equal to 3 × 109 electrostatic units; the quantity of electricity delivered by a current of 1 ampere in 1 sec; equal to 1/96,485 faraday; also used to measure radiation.", "The SI Units is a system of units founded on older metric systems and adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures, the highest international authority on units. The SI consists of seven base units, metre (length), kilogram (weight), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (thermodynamic temperature), mole (amount of substance) and candela (luminous intensity) that are independent of one another. These base units can be combined to create derived units defining new quantities. The base and derived units form the coherent SI units.", "Thus charge of a capacitor is directly proportional to its capacitance value and the potential difference between the plates of a capacitor.Charge is measured in coulombs.", "A capacitor with the text 473K 330V on its body has a capacitance of 47 × 103 pF = 47 nF (±10%) with a working voltage of 330 V. The working voltage of a capacitor is the highest voltage that can be applied across it without undue risk of breaking down the dielectric layer.", "The measurement of all physical quantities rests upon 3 fundamental units - length, mass, and time. All others can be deduced from these. The fundamental units chosen for electrical measuring are: length, 1 centimetre; mass, 1 gramme; time, 1 second; and the term \"C.G.S.\" was applied to the whole system.", "What unit is used to measure the amount of electrical charge on an object? | Reference.com", "The SI system defines the coulomb in terms of the ampere and second: 1 C 1 A × 1 s. The second is defined in terms of a frequency naturally emitted by caesium atoms. The ampere is defined using Ampère's force law; the definition relies in part on the mass of the international prototype kilogram, a metal cylinder housed in France. In practice, the watt balance is used to measure amperes with the highest possible accuracy.", "The human figure (typically male) has been the basis for many dimensions. The foot is immediately recognized as an example [ 1 ]. Less commonly heard is onyx (nail), but onyx remains a medical term. The Old English ynche, ynch, unce, or inch was a thumb-joint breadth. The anthropomorphic basis for many standards supports the statement “man is the measure of all things” attributed to Protagoras according to Plato in the Theaetetus [ 2 ]. Small wonder the cubit was initially employed for measurement given its omnipresent availability for use. We always possess the unit. Human figure units are arbitrary but universal are especially effective by their bodily reference producing a crude standard that is immediately accessable.", "       The capacitor is a widely used electrical component.  It has several features that make it useful and important:", "a standard used in a system of measurements: the international prototype kilogram is the measure of mass in SI units", "The International System of Units, the SI, is built upon seven base quantities and seven base units, as summarized in the table below. Although most of these are familiar to all scientists, the quantity “amount of substance” and its unit “mole” are less familiar and are mainly used by chemists. 1 In the chemistry community, the unit “mole” is familiar, but the name of the corresponding quantity “amount of substance” is not so familiar, and the concept is still a source of difficulty for many students. This article reviews and clarifies these two concepts 2 and discusses the definition of the unit “mole” and its possible revision." ]

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[ "The main olympic events are archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, beach volleyball, boxing, cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, judo, mountain biking, rowing, sailing, shooting, soccer, softball, swimming, synchronized swimming, table tennis, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weightlifting and wrestling.", "But the Summer Games, with its wide array of events, are still the focal point of the modern Olympics. Among the standard events are basketball, boxing, canoeing and kayaking, cycling, equestrian arts, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), and yachting. New sports are added to the roster at every Olympic Games; among the more prominent are baseball, martial arts, and most recently triathlon, which was first contested at the 2000 Games. The Games are governed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), whose headquarters is in Lausanne, Switzerland.", "The following sports are part of the Summer Olympics: Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Canoeing, Cycling, Diving, Equestrian, Fencing, Field Hockey, Soccer, Gymnastics, Handball, Judo, Pentathlon, Rowing, Sailing, Shooting, Swimming, Synchronized Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Water Polo, Weightlifting, Wrestling.", "Currently, the Olympic program consists of 35 different sports, 53 disciplines and more than 400 events. The Summer Olympics includes 28 sports with 38 disciplines and the Winter Olympics includes 7 sports with 15 disciplines. Nine sports were on the original Olympic programme in 1896: athletics , cycling , fencing , gymnastics , weightlifting , shooting , swimming , tennis , and wrestling . If the 1896 rowing events had not been cancelled due to bad weather, they would have been included in this list as well. At the most recent Winter Olympics, seven sports were conducted, or 15 if each sport such as skiing and skating is counted. Of these, cross country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping , and speed skating have been featured on the programme at all Winter Olympics. In addition, figure skating and ice hockey also have been contested as part of the Summer Games before the introduction of separate Winter Olympics.", "Figure skating is an Olympic sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform spins , jumps , footwork and other intricate and challenging moves on ice skates . Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level (senior), and at local, national, and international competitions. The International Skating Union (ISU) regulates international figure skating judging and competitions. Figure skating is an official event in the Winter Olympic Games . In languages other than English and Russian, figure skating is usually referred to by a name that translates as \"artistic skating\".", "Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964.", "London's bid featured the same 28 sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics, but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the 2012 Games two days after it had selected London as the host city. There was an appeal, but the IOC voted to uphold the decision, and the two sports were last scheduled for the 2008 Olympics. The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them. They considered karate, squash, golf, roller sports and rugby sevens. Karate and squash were the two final nominees, but neither received enough votes to reach the required two-thirds majority.", "The Modern Pentathlon was invented by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games. The name derives from the Greek pente- \"five\" and -athlon \"contest\". The addition of modern to the name distinguished it from the original pentathlon of the ancient Olympic Games, which consisted of the stadion foot race, wrestling, long jump, javelin, and discus. As the events of the ancient pentathlon were modeled after the skills of the ideal soldier of that time, Coubertin created the contest to simulate the experience of a 19th-century cavalry soldier behind enemy lines: he must ride an unfamiliar horse, fight with pistol and sword, swim, and run.", "Several discontinued sports, such as archery and tennis, were later readmitted to the Olympic program (in 1972 and 1984, respectively). Curling, which was an official sport in 1924 and then discontinued, was reinstated as Olympic sport in 1998.", "Men's water polo at the Olympics was the first team sport introduced at the 1900 games, along with cricket, rugby, soccer, polo (with horses), rowing and tug of war.", "Figure skating is a sport and activity in which individuals, duos, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics, in 1908. The four Olympic disciplines are men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating and four skating. From novice through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (short and long) which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.", "The men’s competition comprises floor exercise, horizontal bar, parallel bars, pommel horse, rings, and vault; women compete on the beam, the floor, the uneven bars, and the vault. At the Olympics, medals are awarded in the team competition, in routines on individual apparatus, and in an individual all-around competition. A version of gymnastics has featured in every modern Olympic Games, though not for women until 1928.", "The modern pentathlon is the only sport specifically invented for inclusion in the Olympic Games. The founder of the modern Games, Baron de Coubertin of France, created the modern pentathlon as an embodiment of everything demanded of a true Olympian: athleticism, strength, grace, finesse, and coordination. De Coubertin determined that this event would have five distinct components, which", "In 1920 the set and spike “the Filippino Bomb”, which made the game more dynamic, were established in the Philippines.  One major rule change was the allowing the team to play maximum of three contacts before sending the ball over. The first attempts of block occurred even if the block was not identified by the rules yet.", "Olympic fencing (or just \"fencing\") refers to the fencing seen in most competitions (including the Olympic Games ). It is marked by the use of electronic scoring equipment, and conducted according to rules laid down by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE), the sports federation governing most international fencing competitions. The current rules are very loosely based on a set of conventions developed in 18th- and 19th-century Europe to govern fencing as a martial art and a gentlemanly pursuit. The weapons used are the electric foil, electric épée, and electric sabre.", "Olympic fencing refers to the fencing seen in most current competitions, including the Olympic Games and the World Cup. Competitions are conducted according to rules laid down by the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime (FIE), the international governing body. These rules evolved from a set of conventions developed in Europe between mid-17th and early 20th century. The three Olympic weapons are foil, épée, and sabre. In competition, the validity of touches is determined by the electronic scoring apparatus and a set of rules called right of way or priority to eliminate referee error and bias.", "Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines. The pattern can be straight line, circular, or serpentine. The step sequence consists of a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes. Additionally, steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements. The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include:", "Originally the competition took place over four or five days; however, in 1996 a one-day format was adopted in an effort to be more audience-friendly. However, modern pentathlon, despite its long Olympic history, has had to justify its inclusion in the modern Olympic Games several times. On February 11, 2013 in Lausanne, the IOC confirmed modern pentathlon once again as one of the 25 core sports of the Olympic program through until 2020. The governing body, Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM), administers the international sport in more than 90 countries in all the continents of the world. ", "The Ancient Olympic pentathlon (comprising long jump, javelin, discus, the stadion race and wrestling) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 1906 Summer Olympics (Intercalated Games). A men's all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics, contested between five American and two British athletes.", "While plunge for distance had a short-lived Olympic existence, other discontinued sports had longer tenures. Tug of war, for example, took place in all six Olympics from 1900 to 1920. The sport disappeared, Wallechinsky said, owing to rampant controversy: Some competitors wore illegal, weighted boots.", "The \"dig\" is a forearm pass that is used to control the ball and pass it to the setter at the net. It is usually the first contact by the team and an effective shot to use in defence, such as when receiving a spike. The \"libero\" handles much of the team's serve reception and is pivotal in backcourt defence. ", "The Olympic Games (often referred to simply as The Olympics or The Games) is an international multi-sport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events . The summer and winter games are each held every four years (an Olympiad). Until 1992, they were both held in the same year. Since then, they have been separated two years apart.", "The modern revival of the ancient Greek Olympic Games became a reality in 1896 under the influence of Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Tug of war first featured in the Olympic Games at the Paris Games of 1900. In its first two appearances at the Games, teams consisted of just 5 or 6 pulling members.", "The sport was among the original games to be introduced in the second modern Olympics in Paris in 1900. The sport first gained traction in Western Europe and continues to be largely dominated by these nations in modern international competition.", "The Olympic Games are a global multi-sporting event subdivided into summer and winter games. Previously, the summer and winter games were in the same year, with a 4-year gap between the games.", "Quick hit/\"One\": an attack (usually by the middle blocker) where the approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a \"quick set\") is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter's hands. Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit.", "The symbol of the Olympic Games is composed of five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field.", "When it comes to knowing as much about the sport, plenty of people fall a little short. And if you don’t know the rules, odds are you aren’t thinking much about the actual surface across which athletes push 44-pound stones for a shot at Olympic glory.", "The modern Olympic Games began in 1896, in Athens (Greece). They have been held every four years since, except during World War I and World War II .", "*The Olympic Games have five interlocked rings as their symbol, representing the number of inhabited continents represented by the Olympians (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, and the Americas).", "Athletes score two points for winning the set and one point for a draw. The first athlete to six points wins the match. ", "This drill should be using a modified net and balls, as shown in the video below." ]

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[ "In 1954 Walt Disney produced a miniseries about the American folk hero and frontiersman, Davy Crockett. We all had to tune into this show about the adventures of Davy Crockett played by Fess Parker. I memorized the song from the miniseries which went as follows: \"Born on a mountain top in Tennessee, greenest state in the land of the free. Raised in the woods till he knew every tree. Killed him a bear when he was only three. Davy, Davy Crockett. King of the wild frontier.\" Davy Crockett lived during the early 19th century and was well-known for his coonskin cap.", "The 6-foot, 6-inch Mr. Parker was quickly embraced by youngsters as the man in a coonskin cap who stood for the spirit of the American frontier. Boomers gripped by the Crockett craze scooped up Davy lunch boxes, toy Old Betsy rifles, buckskin shirts and trademark fur caps. \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\" (\"Born on a mountaintop in Tennessee ...\") was a No. 1 hit for singer Bill Hayes while Mr. Parker's own version reached No. 5.", "There are tons of random facts about Tennessee that you would never guess.such as the name \"Tennessee\" originated from the old Yuchi Indian word, \"Tana-see,\" meaning \"The Meeting Place.\"  Have you ever wondered how Tennessee got its nickname as The Volunteer State? Well, Tennessee won its nickname as The Volunteer State during the War of 1812 when volunteer soldiers from Tennessee displayed marked valor in the Battle of New Orleans. Tennessee was the last state to secede the union, but the first to rejoin the union after the Civil War. Another fact is that the city of Murfreesboro lies in the exact geographical center of the state. It is not an important state but that is something that not many people know. Some say that Davy Crocket was born on a mountain top in Tennessee like the song says, but that’s not true. Davy Crocket was born on the banks of Limestone Creek near Greeneville, where a replica of the Crockett's log cabin stands today. There are many...", "An actor indelibly associated with classic Americana given his iconic portrayals of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone, tall, tousle-haired Fess Parker began life in Fort Worth, Texas, and grew up in nearby San Angelo, where his parents farmed peanuts and watermelons, and raised cattle. Following service in the military during WWII (where he participated in \"clean-up\" operations in the Philippines), Parker returned to the United States, and attended both the University of Texas and the University of California. He soon discovered a flair for acting and hit the stage in the touring company of Mister Roberts, then entered films in 1952, enjoying his first sizeable role -- a Southern-accented ballplayer -- in The Kid From Left Field (1953). It was his one-scene bit as a terrified witness to an \"alien close encounter\" in the 1954 horror classic Them! (1954), however, that brought Parker to the attention of Walt Disney, and somewhat ironically. Disney had considered casting a major Hollywood star as Crockett (such as Glenn Ford or Sterling Hayden), but gave up on this idea and, it is said, briefly considered future Gunsmoke headliner James Arness. Walt went to see the Arness-starrer Them! for this reason, and passed on Arness for Crockett but felt instantly convinced (and supposedly shouted out \"There's our Crockett!\") when Parker appeared on the screen.", "Fess Parker was born in Fort Worth, Texas, and raised on a farm in Tom Green County near San Angelo.[http://legends.disney.go.com/legends/detail?key", "The people who lived in what is now upper east Tennessee originally formed a state called Franklin. In 1784, they elected a governor and a legislature; wrote a constitution; and began going about the business of running their affairs (collecting taxes, holding courts, raising an army as needed against the hostile Native American tribes of the day). Had the state of North Carolina not been bitterly opposed to the formation of the new state, Franklin almost certainly would have been accepted into the union by the Continental Congress. But because of North Carolina's opposition, the proposal to accept Franklin failed to be approved by Congress. Franklin later ceased to exist, becoming a footnote in history and one of the more vivid examples of the failure of the short-lived American confederation government.", "During 1784–1787, the settlers formed the “state” of Franklin, which was disbanded when the region was allowed to send representatives to the North Carolina legislature. In 1790 Congress organized the territory south of the Ohio River, and Tennessee joined the Union in 1796.", "Family tradition tells us that Sequoyah (S-si-qua-ya) was born west of Chillhowee Mountain, which is approximately one and a half miles east of Tasgigi, Monroe County, Tennessee. This location is only about 8 miles from Echota, the capital of the old Cherokee Nation. As far as his birth year, the best estimation is from 1760 to 1765. Sequoyah stated that when an Iroquoian Peace Delegation visited at New Echota in 1770, he was living with his mother as a small boy and remembered the events. While in Washington in 1828, he told Samuel Knapp he was about 65.", "7th President 1829-37: : He was born in the predominantly Ulster-Scots Waxhaws area of South Carolina two years after his parents left Boneybefore, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim. A heritage centre in the village pays tribute to the legacy of 'Old Hickory', the People's President. Andrew Jackson then moved to Tennessee, where he served as Governor ", "Nathan Bedford Forrest-went by Bedford-was was a well known confederate commander in the Civil War. He was born on July 18, 1821, in Bedford County, Tennessee. Bedford took very good care of the slaves under his charge and did his best to keep slaves united with their families which most masters would not even think of doing. Forrest is recognized to have been a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan. He did not support lynching by KKK members and believed that the Klan was a noble and honorable group. As the Klan continued Bedford realized the violence was becoming too much so he called for the Klan to be disbanded.", "1784 - Eastern Tennessee settlers declare their area an independent state & name it Franklin; a year later the Continental Congress rejects it", "In 1878 a local judge and historian, Josephus Conn Guild, published a well-known book titled Old Times in Tennessee. In his chapter on the Buchanans, Guild claims that they emigrated from Kentucky to the French Lick (future Nashville) and arrived on December 14, 1778.  There �they found Gen. James Robertson and family and one other family living in humble log-cabins on the bluff near where the county jail now stands�.� Again, it appears that Guild perpetuated an error and is off by one year. But let�s look still further, 20 years forward.", "In 1827, having moved his family to the Obion River country of northwestern Tennessee, he was urged to run for the U.S. Congress by the mayor of Memphis, Marcus Winchester. Crockett, like Winchester, Polk and Houston, was strongly identified with Andrew Jackson–who would be elected president in 1828–and with the so-called Age of the Common Man. Crockett’s election to Congress represented to many the rise of frontier democracy and a complete rejection of Eastern notions of social class. He was an instant celebrity in Washington, hailed by many as the ‘canebrake congressman’ and condemned by the anti-Jackson press as an ignorant country bumpkin devoid of any semblance of refinement. The more he was pilloried by the Eastern establishment, the more beloved he became everywhere else in the country.", "George Washington Parker was born on June 3, 1874 in Persia, and died on Nov. 19, 1944 in Persia and was buried at Dodson Creek Cemetery. He married Salley Ann Sumner born Nov. 14, 1868 in Surgoinsvile, Tenn, and died on July 15, 1942 in Persia, Tenn. They were married on Aug. 16, 1893 in Persia and they had nine children; Betty Ruth Parker, Hannah John Parker, Joseph Dedrick Sirus Parker born June 24, 1898 at Hawkins Co., Persia, Tenn., Prescilla Daril Parker born June 12, 1899 in Persia, George Russel Parker, Daniel Boone Parker born Mar. 3, 1907 in Persia, Clora Belle Parker, Robert Lee Parker (Butch Cassidy line?) who married Ethel, and Johnny Parker (Bonnie Parker line?)", "Davy (David) Crockett, born in Tennessee in 1786, was a frontiersman and military scout known for his skill in marksmanship, hunting and storytelling. He ran away from home at the age of 13 and chose a life of work over schooling and was proud of what he accomplished. While he fought in the Indian Wars, he later became a Tennessee congressman and opposed American Indian removal and land grabbing policies of Jackson administration. He lost his third term in 1831 because of his passionate opposition. But that did not stop him from doing what he through was right.", "1796: Tennessee, formerly part of North Carolina, is the 16th state admitted to the Union . On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States.", "Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory. The state boundaries, according to the Constitution of the State of Tennessee, Article I, Section 31, stated that the beginning point for identifying the boundary was the extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of Virginia intersects it, and basically ran the extreme heights of mountain chains through the Appalachian Mountains separating North Carolina from Tennessee past the Indian towns of Cowee and Old Chota, thence along the main ridge of the said mountain (Unicoi Mountain) to the southern boundary of the state; all the territory, lands and waters lying west of said line are included in the boundaries and limits of the newly formed state of Tennessee. Part of the provision also stated that the limits and jurisdiction of the state would include future land acquisition, referencing possible land trade with other states, or the acquisition of territory from west of the Mississippi River.", "Burnett was born on June 10, 1910, in White Station, Mississippi, near West Point. He was given the name Chester Arthur, after Chester A. Arthur, the 21st president of the United States. His physique garnered him the nicknames Big Foot Chester and Bull Cow as a young man: he was 6 ft tall and often weighed close to 275 lb. He explained the origin of the name Howlin' Wolf: \"I got that from my grandfather\", who would tell him stories about wolves in that part of the country and warn him that if he misbehaved the \"howling wolves\" would get him. The blues historian Paul Oliver wrote that Burnett once claimed to have been given his nickname by his idol Jimmie Rodgers.Oliver 1969, p. 150.", "As I have previously stated, many emigrants from North Carolina and points South and East entered Tennessee, then, after a little delay, passed through Cumberland Gap into Kentucky.  A Kentucky author puts it in this way:  \"The first settlers except those who came by way of the Ohio River, crawled through the Cumberland Gap like lines of ants across the nicked rim of a honey jar.  The honey lay in the Bluegrass saucer and the river basin, lands made rich by alluvial deposits and the crumbling deposits of phosphatic limestone base, where two crops may be grown in one year.\"  The route of travel lay on a line from near Somerset toward Frankfort.  The first railroad was built between Danville and Frankfort in 1835.  Among these early emigrants were a few bearing the Chambers name.", "Jesse James, born in Clay County, Missouri, in 1847, joined a Confederate guerrilla band led by William Quantrill at the age of 15. Quantrill’s guerrillas, which included several future members of the James Gang, terrorized Kansas and Missouri during the Civil War and in August 1863 massacred civilians during a brutal raid on Lawrence, Kansas, an abolitionist town. After the war’s end in 1865, Jesse, his brother Frank, and brothers Cole, James, and Robert Younger decided to team up and use their military raiding skills for armed robbery.", "Crockett ran for Congress in 1827, winning the right to represent western Tennessee. Four years later, a new show titled The Lion of the West wowed New York theatergoers. The hit production revolved around a fictitious Kentucky congressman named Colonel Nimrod Wildfire, whose folksy persona was clearly based on Crockett. Before long, the public grew curious about the flesh-and-blood man behind this character. So, in 1833, an unauthorized Crockett biography was published.", "Born on November 2, 1734, in Berks County, Pennsylvania, Daniel Boone spent much of his youth hunting and trapping on the North Carolina frontier. By the late 1760s, Boone had ventured into the Cumberland Gap region, which was little known to whites. Although the westward opening in the Appalachian Mountains had been identified by Virginian explorer Thomas Walker in 1750, the French and Indian War discouraged exploration and settlement of the Kentucky territory.  After the war, lacking the manpower or resources to protect their empire's trans-Appalachian frontier, the British prohibited westward migration. Boone was among the many settlers who ignored the Crown's ban.", "Franklin James (\"B. J. Woodson\"), slightly less notorious than Jesse, his younger brother, was the eldest child of an industrious frontier preacher and his strong-willed wife. The year before Frank was born, his parents migrated from Kentucky and settled on a farm in western Missouri, where Frank's father, Robert James, assumed the pastorate of a nearby Baptist church. In 1850 Robert James caught gold fever and journeyed to California, where he quickly fell ill and died. His widow, Zerelda, soon remarried, but the union lasted only a few months.", "1796 - Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States. Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796 as the 16th state. It was the first state created from territory under the jurisdiction of the United States federal government. Apart from the former Thirteen Colonies only Vermont and Kentucky predate Tennessee's statehood, and neither was ever a federal territory.", "David \"Davy\" Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet \"King of the Wild Frontier\". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution.", "He was buried beside his wife in Missouri. A quarter of a century later they were brought back to the Bluegrass and laid to rest in Frankfort's cemetery. There they rest, on a bluff above the river and town, on a \"high, far-seeing place\" like the ones he always climbed to see the land beyond...a monument to the new country in the wilderness which they had helped to explore and settle.", "Open warfare broke out in the summer of 1776 along the frontier of the Watauga, Holston, Nolichucky, and Doe rivers in East Tennessee, as well as the colonies (later states) of the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It later spread to those along the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and in Kentucky.", "Long before the Civil War, Cumberland Gap had ceased being the nation's gateway.  Canals, then the railroad, offered easier ways west.  In time, a new kind of pioneer would arrive. One who would settle down and call this place home.  Sherman and Nicey Ann Hensley and Willie and Nancy Gibbons came to Brush Mountain a century ago.  On an isolated plateau 12 miles east of the Gap they established \"Hensley Settlement\".  Here they grew their own crops, built homes and schools in rough-hewn chestnut, and made do with belongings and tools they created themselves.  Over nearly five decades this self-sufficient community grew to about a hundred people living life attuned to nature's rhythms.", "After gold was discovered in Lumpkin and White counties in the late 1820s, the ensuing gold rush of the 1830s, along with a more general western migration by land-hungry settlers, precipitated the eviction of the Cherokees and their forced migration to Oklahoma on the infamous Trail of Tears in 1838-39. The cooler climate and scenic beauty of the region led to the establishment of antebellum summer resorts in Clarkesville, Cleveland , and Tallulah Falls.", "Over the course of his life, Davy Crockett wielded plenty of firearms; two of the most significant were named “Betsy.” Midway through his state assembly career, he received “Old Betsy,” a .40-caliber flintlock presented to him by his Lawrence county constituents in 1822 (today, it can be found at the Alamo Museum in San Antonio). At some point during the 1830s, Crockett’s congressional tenure was rewarded with a gorgeous gold-and-silver-coated gun by the Whig Society of Philadelphia. Her name? “Fancy Betsy.”", "In the 1850's, violence presaged the struggle that was to tear the Union asunder. The pillaging and burning of Lawrence, Kans., by a proslavery mob on May 21, 1856, led abolitionist John Brown to launch a bloody retaliatory raid on Potawatamie, Kans., 3 days later. The massacre touched off a guerrilla war that lasted until Kansas was granted statehood in 1861. In 1859, Brown seized the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, W. Va., in the hope of arming a Black force that would free slaves in the South. The arsenal was recaptured 2 days after Brown's raid, and Brown was hanged following his trial and conviction of treason, conspiracy, and murder.", "In 1856, a post office was established in the general store of Radford Gatlin (c. 1798–1880), giving the town the name \"Gatlinburg\". Despite the town bearing his name, Gatlin, who had only arrived in the flats around 1854, constantly bickered with his neighbors. By 1857, a full-blown feud had erupted between the Gatlins and the Ogles, probably over Gatlin's attempts to divert the town's main road. The eve of the U.S. Civil War found Gatlin, who would become a Confederate sympathizer, at odds with the residents of the flats, who were mostly pro-Union, and he was forced out in 1859. " ]

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[ "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certification for sales of 500,000 album units is a Gold album .", "1985 - A day after its release, the album, We are the World, was certified gold with sales in excess of 500,000 copies.", "The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  announced  that the Hunger Games companion album, Songs From District 12 and Beyond, has been certified Gold for selling more than 500 000 copies in the United States. The album sold this amount in just one month.", "The album has been certified Double Platinum (600,000 copies sold) by the BPI in the UK, and Gold (500,000 copies sold) in the US by the RIAA. ", "As of February 2016, Because The Internet has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping over 500,000 copies. ", "The Hunger Games Soundtrack Sells 500,000 Copies, Certified Gold by The RIAA | The Hunger Games", "Julien's in Beverly Hills sold an RIAA \"gold\" record award presented to Geffen Records to commemorate the sale of more than 500,000 copies of Permanent Vacation for $1,408 in June of 2011.", "The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl gold sales award 7078. Beatles: At the Hollywood Bowl Sales Award. Official floater-style RIAA gold sales award presented “to Capitol Records, Inc. to commemorate the sale of more than 500,000 copies of the Capitol Records, Inc. long-playing record album ‘The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl.’” Framed with its disc, plate, and a small image of the album cover to an overall size of 17.25 x 21.25. Award retains its original backing. In fine condition, with trivial surface rubbing to frame. An uncommon accolade given that this Beatles record was only ever released on vinyl. Estimate $1,500+", "In the U.S., the single debuted at number 84 on Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 10—its peak position—by its fourth week. It sold over 500,000 copies, being certified Gold by the RIAA.", "The album received platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America on August 22, 2002, and went on to become a diamond album on February 15, 2005.", "The album is also OutKast's biggest commercial success yet, having debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart at number-one and stayed there for several weeks. The album eventually sold over five million copies, and, as double-album sales count double for Recording Industry Association of America certification, the album was certified diamond for 10 million units shipped in December 2004. Its latest certification, in May 2006, reaches 11 million copies in shipping.", "The album debuted at #1 in the U.S. and won the band two Grammy awards for \"How Long\" and the instrumental \"I Dreamed There Was No War\". The album became the band's sixth #1 album and was the highest selling album of the year. It has since sold 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone. Being a double album with length exceeding 90 minutes, the album was certified 7x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 3.5 million discs.", "One of the best selling albums worldwide, in 1996 it was the best selling worldwide with 18.7 million copies sold with 500,000 or more copies sold during more than 15 non-consecutive weeks. , it has sold 33 million copies worldwide.", "Below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom. The numbers in the tables are in terms of \"units\", where a unit represents one sale or one shipment of a given medium. Certification is often awarded cumulatively, and it is possible for a single album to be certified silver, gold, and platinum in turn. An album that becomes platinum twice over, for example, an album which has sold 2,000,000 copies in the United States, is said to be \"double-platinum\", or sometimes \"multi-platinum\". Since 2013 in the U.S., and 2014 in the U.K. and Germany, streaming of songs counts towards certification of singles with 100 streams being the equivalent of 1 unit sold. Since February 2016, RIAA includes on-demand audio and video streams and a track sale equivalent in Gold and Platinum Album Award. The program will now count both sales and streams for single and album certifications. ", "In order for a CD to be certified and the financial figures to count toward an award status such as gold or platinum, the recording company that released the CD must be a member of the RIAA�The Recording Industry Association of America. And . . . the sales figures are based on the music sent to retailers, not necessarily the CDs that are bought by consumers. The record label who releases the recording has to pay to request certification and the label then takes care of all the paperwork involved in tracking sales. This means keeping records of the singles and/or CDs that have been shipped to retailers � it does not necessarily count the sales of the music that is purchased by consumers. Yikes, I think I bought six copies of Clay Aiken�s �Measure of a Man� when it came out.", "To win a gold disc, an album needs to sell 100,000 copies in Britain, and 500,000 in the United States.", "There, it is the sixth best-selling album of 2009 and the twenty-third best-selling album of 2010, shipping more than 1,000,000 copies as of June 2010. It is certified 5× Platinum.", "Because the song was not initially released as a single, listeners had to purchase the album, which as a result, went on to sell more than 18 million copies, gaining multi-platinum certifications from the RIAA, as well as in other countries.", " 600,000 sales. digital downloads have been counted towards unit sales since 2004. Certifications for albums released before April 1973 were retroactively awarded in August 2013 for sales from 1994 onwards, and then again in February 2016 for all previous sales. The highest-certified album is Greatest Hits, which has been awarded platinum certification 20 times, representing 6,000,000 units.", "As a result of the methodology that the American and Canadian certification-awarding bodies (the RIAA and Music Canada respectively) use, each disc in a multi-disc set is counted as one unit toward certification, leading to many double albums on the list—such as Pink Floyd's The Wall and the Beatles' The Beatles—being certified with a number double the number of copies sold there. Such albums have the certifications for the number of copies (not discs) shipped indicated. Conversely, the American certification level for double albums that fit onto one compact disc, such as the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack reflect the actual number of copies sold.", "The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U. S. sales in excess of two million. In 2008, the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame.", "In July 2013, the BPI started a process of automatic certification regardless of original release dates, and since July 2014 audio streaming is included in the calculation of units at 100 streams equivalent to 1 sale or shipment. Hence, many of the singles released in the 2000s have been awarded certification in the 2010s.", "His debut solo studio album Justified was released in November and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 439,000 copies, fewer than previous 'N Sync releases. It went on to sell over three million copies in the U.S. and more than seven million copies worldwide. Its R&B influence, provided by hip-hop producers The Neptunes and Timbaland, was complimented by music critics. About the musical direction of the record, he commented, \"I just want to do R&B. It's what I grew up listening to\". The album spawned the top-five singles \"Cry Me a River\" and \"Rock Your Body\". Read Less", "first single, \"Like I Love You\", a sparse dance track produced by The Neptunes. The song reached #11 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Following the single, Timberlake released ''Justified'' on November 5, 2002. The album sold fewer copies than previous 'N Sync efforts. It debuted at #2 on the ''Billboard'' 200 album chart, selling 439,000 copies in its first week of release. It eventually went on to sell more than three million copies in the U.S. and more than seven million copies worldwide. The album also received critical acclaim, thanks to its heavy R&B influence provided by hip-hop producers The Neptunes and Timbaland. It spun off hits throughout late 2002 and 2003, including the top ten singles \"Cry Me a River\" and \"Rock Your Body\". Timberlake supported the album by co-headlining the Justified/Stripped Tour with Christina Aguilera in the summer of 2003.", "The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards in 1984, including Album of the Year. Jackson won seven of the Grammys for the album while the eighth Grammy went to Bruce Swedien. That same year, Jackson won eight American Music Awards, the Special Award of Merit and three MTV Video Music Awards. Thriller was recognized as the world's best-selling album on February 7, 1984, when it was inducted into the Guinness Book of World Records. It is one of four albums to be the best-seller of two years (1983–1984) in the US. ", "In 1974, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of best album package. The cover was rated #6 on VH1’s 50 Greatest Album Covers in 2003.", "The album became immensely popular. The title song “Thriller” was ranked number one for 37 weeks and remained in the Billboard Charts “Top Ten” for 80 consecutive weeks. The album also garnered numerous awards, including a record-breaking 12 Grammy nominations, winning eight of them.  ", "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 8, 2009. Robert Plant & Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night, winning five awards including Album of the Year for their critically acclaimed Raising Sand. Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Beyoncé Knowles, and Amy Winehouse. Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight.", "In February 1984, Jackson is nominated for twelve Grammy awards and wins eight, [15] breaking the record for the most Grammy awards won in a single year. [18] Seven were for the critically acclaimed Thriller and the other for the E.T.: The Extra-terrestrial storybook. In 1984, he also won eight American Music Awards and the \"Special Award of Merit\" and three MTV Video Music Awards.", "Track listings, band members, number one singles, Grammy Awards and the history of best-selling albums through the years.", "He is still breaking records after his passing by winning 4 American Music Awards and in doing so has won more American Music Awards within a recording artist’s career. He also just recently broke another record.", "Within 1984 Michael received an archive busting 8 Grammy honours in a single evening. The actual honours had been with regard to their focus on the actual ‘Thriller’ recording as well as their focus on the actual story for that ‘ET Storybook’." ]

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[ "   Hang out your flag today, folks. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. Minnesota is the 32nd state in the union.", "Minnesota became the 32nd state in the USA and did so on May 11th, 1858. It is located in the northern Midwest region of the country with a population of 5.4 million people. The state's area equals 86,943 square miles. The state capital is Saint Paul and the largest city is Minneapolis.", "Minnesota (; locally ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The name comes from the Dakota word for \"clear blue water\". Owing to its large number of lakes, the state is informally known as the \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord (French: Star of the North). ", "On 11 May 1858, Minnesota officially became the 32nd state, with its western boundaries pruned from the Missouri to the Red River. Henry Sibley, a Democrat , narrowly defeated Alexander Ramsey, running as a Republican , to become the state's first governor. But under Ramsey's leadership, the fast-growing Republican Party soon gained control of state politics and held it firmly through the early 20th century. In the first presidential election in which Minnesota participated, Abraham Lincoln , the Republican candidate, easily carried the state, and when the Civil War broke out, Minnesota was the first state to answer Lincoln's call for troops. In all, Minnesota supplied more than 20,000 men to defend the Union.", "Union: Also called the North or the United States, the Union was the portion of the country that remained loyal to the Federal government during the Civil War. Union states were: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. West Virginia became a Northern state in 1863 and California and Oregon were also officially Northern but they had little direct involvement in the War.", "The United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. Most of the rest have been carved from territory obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. The exceptions are Vermont, Texas, and Hawaii; each was an independent republic before joining the union. Early in the country's history, three states were created out of the territory of existing ones: Kentucky from Virginia; Tennessee from North Carolina; and Maine from Massachusetts. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War . The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959 . The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the states do not have the right to secede from the union.", "After the Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Lincoln called for troops from the remaining states to recover the forts. This action resulted in the secession of four more states. Virginia (April 17, 1861), Arkansas (May 6, 1861), Tennessee (May 7, 1861), and lastly, North Carolina (May 20, 1861). Four states that still had slavery did not secede and one seceding state split. These Bordering states consisted of Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky. Northwest Virginia seceded from Virginia, entering the Union in 1863 and became known as West Virginia. The southern half of New Mexico voted to secede and joined the Confederacy. They were accepted as the Territory of Arizona, with its capital in Mesilla.", "On March 11, 1861, the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas – replaced the February 7 Provisional Confederate States Constitution with one stating in its preamble a desire for a \"permanent federal government\". Four additional slave-holding states – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee – declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other lost federal properties in the South. Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also aligned with the Confederacy were two of the \"Five Civilized Tribes\" located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of martial law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty, did not attempt it. A Unionist government in western parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia, which was admitted to the Union during the war on June 20, 1863.", "Flag with 20 stars and 13 stripes (it remains at 13 hereafter) Tennessee (June 1, 1796), Ohio (March 1, 1803), Louisiana (April 30, 1812), Indiana (December 11, 1816), Mississippi (December 10, 1817)", "Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor of New Mexico Territory, and north of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which became unorganized territory. Texas's boundaries were set at their present form. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal", " Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the eighteenth most populous state. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The largest city is Kansas City, and the four largest urban areas are, in descending order, St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally purchased from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state in 1821.", "When Florida became a state on March 3, 1845, it created an imbalance between free and slave states in the Union. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, free and slave states were admitted to the Union in pairs, the most notable pair being Maine and Missouri in the Missouri Compromise. Michigan and Arkansas followed about 15 years later, and eight years after that it was time for a new round. With Florida's admission, Iowa was the next candidate for statehood.", "When it reconvened in December 1819, Congress was faced with a request for statehood from Maine . The Senate passed a bill allowing Maine to enter the Union as a free state and Missouri to be admitted without restrictions on slavery. Sen. Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois then added an amendment that allowed Missouri to become a slave state but banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30′. Henry Clay then skillfully led the forces of compromise, engineering separate votes on the controversial measures. On March 3, 1820, the decisive votes in the House admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state, and made free soil all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border.", "The gold seekers organized the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson on August 24, 1859, but this new territory failed to secure approval from the Congress of the United States embroiled in the debate over slavery. The election of Abraham Lincoln for the President of the United States on November 6, 1860, led to the secession of nine southern slave states and the threat of civil war among the states. Seeking to augment the political power of the Union states, the Republican Party-dominated Congress quickly admitted the eastern portion of the Territory of Kansas into the Union as the free State of Kansas on January 29, 1861, leaving the western portion of the Kansas Territory, and its gold-mining areas, as unorganized territory.", "Wyoming, constituent state of the United States of America. Wyoming became the 44th state of the Union on July 10, 1890. It ranks 10th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Colorado to the south, Utah to the southwest, and Idaho to the west. Cheyenne , the capital, is located in the southeastern corner of the state.", "The state farthest north in the Union, Is Alaska at state forty-nine The most tropical state is Hawaii The fiftieth state to sign", "On January 3, 1959, Alaska, with a land mass larger than Texas, California and Montana combined, became the 49th state in the union. It is a large state, 1/5 the size of all the other states together, reaching so far to the west that the International Date Line had to be bent to keep the state all in the same day. It's also the only U.S. state extending into the Eastern Hemisphere.", "Missouri is the 24th state to be admitted in the union on August 10, 1821. It is located in the Midwest region of the United States. It is bordered by Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa. It is ranked 18th in population. It is composed of 114 counties and 1 independent city. The state capital is Jefferson City.", "On this day in 1876, Colorado became the 38th state to join the Union when President Ulysses Grant signed a proclamation of statehood. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed its first bid.", "Maine became the 23rd state on March 15, 1820. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts.", "Called the \"Volunteer State,\" Tennessee became the 16th state of the Union in 1796. It was the first territory admitted as a state under the federal Constitution. Before statehood, it was known as the Territory South of the River Ohio. The name Tennessee is derived from the name of a Cherokee village, Tanasi. Today, the capital, Nashville, is known as a center for country music. Memphis, the largest city in the state, is the place where Elvis Presley first began his legendary musical career. The state flower is the iris.", "Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859. Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a \"whites only\" clause in its original state Constitution. ", "Hawaii—a U.S. territory since 1898—became the 50th state in August, 1959, following a referendum in Hawaii in which more than 93% of the voters approved the proposition that the territory should be admitted as a state.", "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "Oregon became a state on Feb. 14, 1859. It was the 33rd state to join the union.", "The Confederate States of America (Confederacy, Confederate States, and CSA) was the secessionist government formed by eleven southern states of the United States between 1861 and 1865, following the secession of each state from the United States. These actions precipitated, and were the opening chapters of the American Civil War . The Confederacy was eventually defeated in the Civil War and the states went through a period of Reconstruction before returning to full standing again in the U.S. Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president; four more did so after the American Civil War began in April 1861 when the Confederacy attacked a Union fortress at Fort Sumter. The United States (\"Union\") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. Confederate hopes that King Cotton would force Britain and France to intervene to rescue their cotton supply remained unfulfilled, and no European powers officially recognized the CSA. However, British commercial interests sold it warships and operated blockade runners to help supply it. The Union Blockade effectively shut down 95% of ordinary exports and imports; only blockade runners got through.", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "name of the new country formed by eleven states that seceded from the United States of America", "However, realizing that the flag would become unwieldy with a stripe for each new State, Capt. Samuel C. Reid, USN, suggested to Congress that the stripes remain 13 in number to represent the Thirteen Colonies, and that a star be added to the blue field for each new State coming into the Union. Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the Nation would be properly symbolized.", "However, realizing that the flag would become unwieldy with a stripe for each new State, Capt. Samuel C. Reid, USN, suggested to Congress that the stripes remain 13 in number to represent the Thirteen Colonies, and that a star be added to the blue field for each new State coming into the Union. Accordingly, on April 4, 1818, President Monroe accepted a bill requiring that the flag of the United States have a union of 20 stars, white on a blue field, and that upon admission of each new State into the Union one star be added to the union of the flag on the fourth of July following its date of admission. The 13 alternating red and white stripes would remain unchanged. This act succeeded in prescribing the basic design of the flag, while assuring that the growth of the Nation would be properly symbolized.", "1. Which is the only US state that does not have a straight line in its borders?" ]

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[ "      By 1925 Hearst had established or acquired newspapers in every section of the United States, as well as several magazines. He also published books of fiction and produced motion pictures featuring the actress Marion Davies, his mistress for more than 30 years. In the 1920s he built a grandiose castle on a 240,000-acre (97,000-hectare) ranch in San Simeon , California , and he furnished this residential complex with a vast collection of antiques and art objects that he had bought in Europe. At the peak of his fortune in 1935, he owned 28 major newspapers and 18 magazines, along with several radio stations, movie companies, and news services. But his vast personal extravagances and the Great Depression of the 1930s soon seriously weakened his financial position, and he had to sell faltering newspapers or consolidate them with stronger units. In 1937 he was forced to begin selling off some of his art collection, and by 1940 he had lost personal control of the vast communications empire that he had built. He lived the last years of his life in virtual seclusion. Hearst's life was the basis for the movie Citizen Kane (1941).", "William Randolph Hearst (; April 29, 1863 – August 14, 1951) was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced the history of American journalism. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Moving to New York City, he acquired The New York Journal and engaged in a bitter circulation war with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World that led to the creation of yellow journalism—sensationalized stories featuring crime, corruption, sensation, and sex, and of sometimes dubious veracity. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak. He later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world.", "On August 14, 1951, following a particularly vile argument between the warring sides, Marion was sedated. While she lay unconscious, her lover of thirty-four eventful years, William Randolph Hearst, greatest of the American newspaper magnates, 88 years of age, died at 9:50 on that morning.", "On May 1, 1941, when Welles was not quite 26 years old, his directorial debut, \"Citizen Kane,\" premiered. Even today, more than 70 years and a host of cinematic inventions later, the film is as modern and fresh as when it burst upon the scene, with its landmark photography and design, bravura editing, and rich acting by Welles' Mercury Theatre players. Critically acclaimed, it was also attacked by supporters of William Randolph Hearst, the newspaper tycoon who was the inspiration for the story about the emotional and moral poverty of the world's richest man.", "1941. Citizen Kane is released in May to rave reviews. The deep-focus photography, long takes, flashbacks, lighting and unusual camera angles are lauded for creating a \"new vocabulary\" in film. But the film doesn't interest the public and angers press baron William Randolph Hearst, the basis for the movie's central character Charles Foster Kane. No Hearst newspaper advertises the movie, and it flops. Welles later wins an Academy Award for the screenplay.", "The film engendered controversy (and efforts at ruthless suppression in early 1941 through intimidation, blackmail, newspaper smears, discrediting and FBI investigations) before it premiered in New York City on May 1, 1941, because it appeared to fictionalize and caricaturize certain events and individuals in the life of William Randolph Hearst - a powerful newspaper magnate and publisher. The film was accused of drawing remarkable, unflattering, and uncomplimentary parallels (especially in regards to the Susan Alexander Kane character) to real-life. The notorious battle was detailed in Thomas Lennon's and Michael Epstein's Oscar-nominated documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane (1996), and it was retold in HBO's cable-TV film RKO 281 (1999) (the film's title refers to the project numbering for the film by the studio, before the film was formally titled).", "William Randolph Hearst emerged as an institution: the world's first true media baron. The Hearst papers became so extremely successful at agitating public sentiment in favor of war, that he eventually became an archetypal figure in his own right. He had become more influential than even many politicians, and at various levels would be sought after for that influence. Decades later, a young filmmaker named Orson Welles would immortalize the Hearst archetype with Citizen Kane, a portrayal which William Hearst, in later life, would find quite displeasing, though he reportedly never saw the film himself.", "Al Neuharth, the newspaper mogul who in 1982 made a $1-billion gamble called USA Today that earned derision for its emphasis on brevity, flashy graphics and upbeat stories but endured to become the nation's largest-circulation newspaper, died Friday in Cocoa Beach, Fla. He was 89. He died of complications from a recent fall, according to USA Today and the Newseum, the Washington, D.C., news museum he founded. Described by detractors and admirers as brutish, egomaniacal, brilliant and fiercely competitive, Neuharth was a latter-day Citizen Kane, who in the 1970s turned the small Gannett newspaper chain into the nation's most profitable newspaper company.", "Mankiewicz based his original notion on an exposé of the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially but came to hate, having once been great friends with Hearst's mistress, Marion Davies. Having been banished from her company because of his perpetual drunkenness, Mankiewicz, a notorious gossip, exacted revenge with his unflattering depiction of Davies in Citizen Kane for which Welles bore most of the criticisms.[citation needed]", "His life story was the main inspiration for the ridicule of the lead character in Orson Welles's film Citizen Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark.", "Mankiewicz handed a copy of the final shooting script to his friend, Charles Lederer, husband of Welles's ex-wife, Virginia Nicholson, as well as the nephew of Hearst's mistress, Marion Davies. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper saw a small ad in a newspaper for a preview screening of Citizen Kane and went. Hopper, realizing immediately that the film was based on features of Hearst's life, reported this back to him and he threatened to give \"Hollywood, Private Lives\" if that was what it wanted. Thus began the struggle over the attempted suppression of Citizen Kane.", "Often at the top of critic's lists, Citizen Kane was directed by and stars Orson Welles. The film follows a reporter trying to uncover the meaning of a famous man's last spoken word, \"rosebud.\"", "Hearst spent many years and a fortune promoting Marion Davies' film career. According to the great critic Pauline Kael , Davies was a first-rate light comedienne, but Hearst wanted her to play the classical roles of a tragedienne, with the result that he pushed her into movies that were ill-suited for her, and that made her look ridiculous. She was not, however, the talentless drunk that Charles Foster Kane's second wife, Susan Alexander was. ( Orson Welles said that his only regret over Citizen Kane was the backlash and grief caused to Davies, who was a woman adored by everyone who knew her. Davies nephew actually was the step-father of Welles' first child.)", "Despite Hearst's attempts to destroy the film, since 1941 references to his life and career have usually included a reference to Citizen Kane, such as the headline 'Son of Citizen Kane Dies' for the obituary of Hearst's son. In 2012 the Hearst estate agreed to screen the film at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, breaking Hearst's ban on the film. ", "When Schaefer rejected Hearst's offer to suppress the film, Hearst banned every newspaper and station in his media conglomerate from reviewing—or even mentioning—the film. He also had many movie theaters ban it, and many did not show it through fear of being socially exposed by his massive newspaper empire. The Oscar-nominated documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane lays the blame for the film's relative failure squarely at the feet of Hearst. The film did decent business at the box office; it went on to be the sixth highest grossing film in its year of release, a modest success its backers found acceptable. Nevertheless, the film's commercial performance fell short of its creators' expectations. Hearst's biographer David Nasaw points out that Hearst's actions were not the only reason Kane failed, however: the innovations Welles made with narrative, as well as the dark message at the heart of the film (that the pursuit of success is ultimately futile) meant that a popular audience could not appreciate its merits. ", "In 1920, Munsey bought and threw into his mix the Bennetts' old Herald and the associated Evening Telegram. In 1924, Munsey sold the Herald to the owners of Greeley's old Tribune, creating the Herald Tribune. Then Munsey, known as \"the great executioner of newspapers,\" bought the Globe and the Mail, killing both papers in the resulting consolidation. Perhaps the most mourned newspaper to expire in New York during this period was the World, which Pulitzer's heirs sold to Scripps-Howard 1931. The morning World disappeared; the Evening World was merged with a paper Scripps-Howard had picked up from Munsey's collection, the Evening Telegram, creating the World-Telegram.", "The delay in the film's release and uneven distribution contributed to mediocre results at the box office. After it ran its course theatrically, Citizen Kane was retired to the vault in 1942. In postwar France, however, the film's reputation grew after it was seen for the first time in 1946. In the United States, it began to be re-evaluated after it began to appear on television in 1956. That year it was also re-released theatrically, and film critic Andrew Sarris described it as \"the great American film\" and \"the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since Birth of a Nation.\" Citizen Kane is now hailed as one of the greatest films ever made. ", "The Hollywood Reporter ran a front-page story on January 13 that Hearst papers were about to run a series of editorials attacking Hollywood's practice of hiring refugees and immigrants for jobs that could be done by Americans. The goal was to put pressure on the other studios to force RKO to shelve Kane. Many of those immigrants had fled Europe after the rise of fascism and feared losing the safe haven of the United States. Soon afterwards, Schaefer was approached by Nicholas Schenck, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's parent company, with an offer on the behalf of Louis B. Mayer and other Hollywood executives to RKO Pictures of $805,000 to destroy all prints of the film and burn the negative. Once RKO's legal team reassured Schaefer, the studio announced on January 21 that Kane would be released as scheduled, and with one of the largest promotional campaigns in the studio's history. Schaefer brought Welles to New York City for a private screening of the film with the New York corporate heads of the studios and their lawyers. There was no objection to its release provided that certain changes, including the removal or softening of specific references that might offend Hearst, were made. Welles agreed and cut the running time from 122 minutes to 119 minutes. The cuts satisfied the corporate lawyers.", "William Randolph Hearst, an admirer of Pulitzer, took control of his father's San Francisco Examiner in 1887, then purchased the New York Journal in 1895. In their battle for circulation leadership in New York, Hearst and Pulitzer cut the price of their newspapers to a penny, tried to hire away each other's editors and reporters and filled their papers with even more bloody, bizarre and salacious stories. Pulitzer and particularly Hearst also crusaded, with huge front-page headlines and emotional, sometimes misleading stories, for war with Spain over Cuba. \"How do you like the Journal's war?\" Hearst's paper asked after war broke out in 1898. Circulations for both newspapers sometimes topped a million copies a day.", "actor: War of the Worlds, Citizen Kane, The Mercury Radio Theatre of the Air, The Long Hot Summer, A Man for All Seasons, MacBeth, Moby Dick, Casino Royale, Catch-22; died Oct 10, 1985", "Readers will recall that this involves two men: William Kane and Abel Rosnovski. Kane is the blue-blooded heir to a banking fortune whose life is blighted by the early loss of his father on the Titanic. Abel is the one-nippled, bastard son of a Polish baron deported to Siberia after the First World War who escapes and makes his way to America. Their paths cross when, through hard work and some luck, Abel acquires a part share in a hotel group which the other shareholder – a friend – then bankrupts during the Wall Street Crash. Kane’s bank refuses to lend the other shareholder the money to set him on his feet, and so he throws himself from the 17th floor of his hotel. Abel blames Kane for the death and vows vengeance and, well, on it goes.", "A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A22 of the New York edition with the headline: Glenn Ford, Leading Man, Is Dead at 90. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Years later, after gaining full control over his trust fund at the age of 25, Kane enters the newspaper business and embarks on a career of yellow journalism. He takes control of the New York Inquirer and starts publishing scandalous articles that attack Thatcher's business interests. After the stock market crash in 1929, Kane is forced to sell controlling interest of his newspaper empire to Thatcher.", "A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Charlton Heston, Epic Film Star And Voice of N.R.A., Dies at 83. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Chaplin has also figured in the mysterious events surrounding the death of producer Thomas Ince aboard the yacht of William Randolph Hearst in 1924, one of Hollywood's greatest mysteries. A fictionalized version of these events is depicted in the 2001 film The Cat's Meow . The precise circumstances of Ince's death will likely never be known.", "While Fairbanks had flourished in the silent genre, the restrictions of early sound films dulled his enthusiasm for film-making. His athletic abilities and general health also began to decline at this time, in part due to his years of chain-smoking. On March 29, 1929, at Pickford's bungalow, United Artists brought together Pickford, Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, D.W. Griffith and Dolores del Rio to speak on the radio show The Dodge Brothers Hour to prove Fairbanks could meet the challenge of talking movies. ", "Personal Life: (1890-1949) Born Francis Phillip Wuppermann in New York City. Father was a Venezuelan born German immigrant of Spanish and German descent. Youngest of 11 children. Family earned its wealth through distributing Angostura bitters. Attended Cornell University before following his brother to the Broadway stage who was Ralph Morgan. Made his first film in 1916. Married to Alma Muller for 35 years and had a son. Was widely known to have a drinking problem and would carry briefcase to work fully equipped with a small mini bar. Died of a heart attack at 59.", "Steele died suddenly of a heart attack in the spring of 1959. Herbert Barnet succeeded him as chairman and Joan Crawford was elected a board member. According to the film version of Mommie Dearest, the Hollywood star took an active interest in company policy and did not mince her words at board meetings.", "In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his next film, The Great Dictator (1940), satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).", "In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political and his next film, The Great Dictator (1940), satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).", "Brando was named the fourth greatest male star whose screen debut occurred before or during 1950 by the American Film Institute, and part of TIME magazine's Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century. He was also named one of the top 10 \"Icons of the Century\" by Variety magazine.", "An American author, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family (1957), won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize." ]

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[ "Aviator sunglasses are a style of sunglasses that were developed by Bausch & Lomb. The original Bausch & Lomb design is now marketed as Ray-Ban Aviators, although other manufacturers also produce aviator style sunglasses. They are characterised by dark, often reflective lenses having an area two or three times the area of the eyeball, and very thin metal frames with double or triple bridge (so-called ″bullet hole″) and bayonet earpieces or flexible cable temples that hook behind the ears. The original design featured G-15 tempered glass lenses, transmitting 15% of incoming light.", "One of the most popular and well known designs of sunglasses is probably the Aviator. Aviator Sunglasses are actually the first design ever made by Bausch and Lomb, founders of Ray-Ban. The spectacles were first designed for pilots thus getting the name “Aviator”. They are known by their dark, often reflective lenses, their area being two or three times wider than the actual eye socket. The frames are either metal and have bayonet earpieces or cable temples that are flexible and hook behind the ears.", "CLASSIC AVIATOR They are characterized by dark, often reflective lenses having an surface two or three times the area of the eye socket, and metal frames with bayonet earpieces or flexible cable temples that hook behind the ears. The original design featured G-20 tempered glass lenses, i.e., neutral gray, transmitting 20% of incoming light. The design attempts to cover the entire range of the eye and prevent as much light as possible from entering the eye socket from any angle. This frame became an icon of style and design, and the model that signalled the birth of a timeless legend. This style has been popular since the 1960’s, but became even more so in the 1980’s following pop culture references concerning Michael Jackson, and later use by celebrities in films like Top Gun, where Val Kilmer and Tom Cruise", "Aviator sunglasses feature oversize teardrop-shaped lenses and a thin metal frame. The design was introduced in 1936 by Bausch & Lomb for issue to U.S. military aviators. As a fashion statement, aviator sunglasses are often made in mirrored, colored, and wrap-around styles.", "By 1980 however, the glasses' popularity stalled because of the disco backlash prevalent, and the sunglasses industry (including Ray-Ban) was heavily hit by this. To save the ailing Ray-Ban, Bausch & Lomb signed a multi-million product placement deal in 1982, which featured the brand's models in films and TV shows. The Aviator model was notoriously present in Cobra and Top Gun. In 1986, Aviators saw a 40% rise in sales.", "Ray-Ban Wayfarers were first manufactured in 1952, by Ray-Ban, a marque of Bausch and Lomb. This revolutionary design marked a great departure from Ray-Ban's metal styles, such as the Aviator and Shooter. The classic trapezoidal design has been credited to early 50s trends such as Cadillac fins and angular Art Deco designs. Initial popularity was not as well as expected, but soon thereafter sales took off in the mid-50s to late-60s. In the 70s, sales waned, most likely due to the great number of knockoffs and other repopluarized styles, such as the Aviator and mirrored aviator styles. Sales remained low until 1982, when key product placement deal gave Ray-Ban Wayfarers a new life. Tom Cruise popularized them in the 1983 movie Risky Business, and sales soon tripled. The trend continued to rise, given further popularity by Michael Mann's seminal cop show Miami Vice.", "sensitive lens that changed colour with glare conditions. Hollywood was again enamoured with Ray-Ban in the 1980s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the years of The Blues Brothers, Risky Business and Top Gun. A decade later came Men in Black and Bruce Willis in Moonlighting. The noughties have seen a super-successful Optical Collection, the first range for children, and the launch of a new Wayfarer series. So what of 2012? This year marks the 75th anniversary of the brand, with a much hyped ad campaign to mark the occasion. The new Never Hide adverts, one featuring a gay male couple, have garnered much positive press, signalling a brand that knows how to stand out from the crowd. The limited -edition Ray-Ban Aviator Folding Ultra (pictured above) was also created for the 75th anniversary. Dipped in 22 carat gold and featuring hand-stitched leather on the temple tips, they are guaranteed to fly off the shelves when they go on sale in January. www.rayban.com", "Ray-Ban invented the pilot glasses and the Wayfarer-design. Countless movies have made Ray-Ban sunglasses like the “Wayfarer” immortal. The US brand sponsors selected sports events with special editions of its classic sunglasses. Our stock of glasses only includes the old Ray-Ban originals from Bausch & Lomb, USA.", "The Ray-Ban Wayfarer is a (mostly) plastic-framed design for sunglasses produced by the Ray-Ban company. Introduced in 1952, the trapezoidal lenses are wider at the top than the bottom (inspired by the Browline eyeglasses popular at the time), and were famously worn by James Dean, Roy Orbison, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, The Beatles and other actors and singers. The original frames were black; frames in many different colors were later introduced. There is often a silver piece on the corners as well. Since the early 1980s, makers have also developed variants of the model, most notably the Clubmaster model, introduced in 1982, essentially Browlines made of plastic.", " HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHERE THOSE COOL BIG LENSES AND SIGNATURE FRAME ORIGINATED FROM? Maybe you are a little curious as to how aviation shades have gotten so big in recent years? In this article I will discuss how “pilot glasses” began, as well as how they got where they are today. After reading this you may just decide on getting a pair for yourself! For aviation, both military and civil, the 1920’s was a decade of remarkable advances. Air traffic grew as a result. With the development of new aeroplanes that could fly higher and higher came altitude-related problems. Pilots were suffering from headaches and nausea because of glare and the great distances that they had to traverse. In 1929, General MacCready asked Ray-Ban for a new type", "The company was founded as Asahi Kogaku Goshi Kaisha in November 1919 by Kumao Kajiwara, at a shop in the Toshima suburb of Tokyo , and began producing spectacle lenses (which it still manufactures). [4] In 1938 it changed its name to Asahi Optical Co., Ltd. (旭光学工業株式会社, Asahi Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha ? ), and by this time it was also manufacturing camera/cine lenses. In the lead-up to World War II, Asahi Optical devoted much of its time to fulfilling military contracts for optical instruments. At the end of the war Asahi Optical was disbanded by the occupying powers, being allowed to re-form in 1948. The company resumed its pre-war activities, manufacturing binoculars and consumer camera lenses for Konishiroku and Chiyoda Kōgaku Seikō (later Konica and Minolta respectively).", "These were mostly popular in the late 1950s and during the 1960s (being linked to the rock-and-roll/blues and Mod cultures), before plastic glasses were displaced by metallic rims popular among the counter-culture. In the late 1970s, the rise of New wave music, New Romanticism and the popularity of The Blues Brothers aside from 50s and 60s nostalgia and the anti-disco backlash later on brought the model out of near-retirement, becoming the most sold model between 1980 and 1999 aided by a lucrative 1982 product placement deal, which put it on many movies and TV shows such as The Breakfast Club and Moonlighting. 1980s nostalgia and the influence of the hipster subculture and the television series Mad Men boosted Wayfarers once again after a slump in the 1990s and 2000s, also aided by a 2000 redesign (New Wayfarer), surpassing Aviators since 2012.", "6&objectid10437596 \"Ray Ban Wayfarer spec-tacular revival\"] The New Zealand Herald. (May 06, 2007.) The 1950s revival that fueled the glasses' popularity in the 1980s lost momentum, and Wayfarers were outcompeted by wraparound frames. In 2001, the Wayfarer underwent a significant redesign (RB2132), with the frames made smaller and less angular, and changed from acetate to a lighter injected plastic. The changes were intended to update the frames' style during a period of unpopularity and to make them easier to wear (the frames' previous tilt made them impossible to perch on top of one's head, for instance).", "Traditional sunglass makers like B&L Ray-Ban were still going strong in the 1980s, getting incredible brand exposure from celebrities such as Tom Cruise who wore Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses in the 1983 film Risky Business and the 1986 film Top Gun. Wayfarers wrere worn by many celebrities in the 1980s who made the Wayfarer brand iconic for all time - Don Johnson in Miami Vice, Michael Jackson, Elvis Costello, Madonna, Debbie Harry, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, and Jack Nicholson. As if Ray-Ban Wayfarers didn't already have enough exposure, Don Henley's 1984 song The Boys Of Summer had the lyric \"You got that hair slicked back and those Wayfarers on, baby\". Ray-Ban's Wayfarer sunglasses expanded from 2 models in 1981 to more than 40 models in 1989. Oakley innovation also hit a peak in the 1980s with the 1980 introduction of Oakley O-Frame sunglasses, and sports figures in particular bean to take notice of the brand. In 1984, Oakley introduced Eyeshade sunglasses which were made of plastic and featured removable lenses; this is the style worn by Tour de France winner Greg LeMond and other professional cyclists. Oakley continued to introduce new models of sunglasses including Blades, Razor Blades, Frogskins, and Mumbos.", "Ambermatic lenses are a kind of transitional lens, in an amber color, that transition from gold to brown, which is caused by changing weather conditions. It also blocks glare improves contrast and sharpens details. They are ideal for winter sports and conditions. They were first released in 1978. They are similar to the photochromic lenses, but are only offered in one color. In 2014, Ray-Ban allowed people to vote on which popular Ray-Ban model, either Wayfarers, or Clubmasters would get the lens. After voting, the Ray-Ban Wayfarers were voted to obtain the lens, in which a limited production of the line will be created.", "During the slump of the 1990s, Ray-Ban's parent company, Bausch & Lomb was facing pressure from competitors like Oakley. In 1999, Bausch & Lomb along with Ray-Ban was purchased by Luxottica Group S.p.A. of Italy for $640 million. ", "Moderately popular throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Aviators became mainstream between the 1960s subculture which favored metal rims over plastic. Thus, the model became a symbol of 1970s-era (primarily disco) fashion, being ubiquitous not only as sunglasses but worn as prescription glasses as well. ", "The second is Oakley. One of the leading brand for sport performance and lifestyle eyewear and apparel. Distinguishing features: the obsessive research for perfection in design and technology, the ability to be disruptive, go beyond the limits and redefine the rules of the game.", "of air force eyewear that would protect pilots from glare at high altitudes while at the same time ensuring a clear field of vision. The company took up the challenge and succeeded in developing a new pair of glasses with lenses that could block out a high proportion of visible light. This marked the birth of the first, green-lens anti glare eyewear. The first model to go on sale to the public—in 1936—featured a plastic frame with the classic Aviator shape. But the name anti glare was too generic and the new name was chosen for the new product to emphasise that the eyewear could block out glare and protect the user’s eyes from the sun’s rays. The Large Metal model mmediately leapt to fame. Now there is a complete family of models: classical, technological, precious, creative, gold and on the road!", "Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid which feature lenses that are coloured, polarized or darkened to prevent strong light from reaching the eyes. In 1929, Sam Foster invented and mass-produced the first tinted eyewear pieces solely intended to block out sunlight.[306]", "SynergEyes currently is the sole manufacturer of FDA-approved hybrid contact lenses sold in the United States. The company makes a variety of hybrid lenses sold under the Duette, UltraHealth and SynergEyes brands, including progressive and multifocal hybrid lenses for the correction of presbyopia and designs for the correction of keratoconus and other corneal problems.", "Their final look can vary according to the color, type and finishing. With wooden sunglasses, various shades of brown, beige, burgundy or black are most common. Wooden sunglasses come in various designs and shapes. However, these sunglasses are usually more expensive than the conventional plastic, acetate or metal frames and require more care. They have been famously worn by the likes of Beyoncé, Snoop Dogg and Machine Gun Kelly.", "Rudy Project has been in the business of providing the lovers of outdoor sports with absolute protection for many years now. Since its founding back in 1985, Rudy Project has committed itself to the highest levels of research and development, creating eyewear and helmet products for the masses; from athletes to the casual and leisurely folk who want to enjoy the outdoors without compromise or discomfort. As with cyclists attempting to ride the sunny outdoors, we faithfully test one of Rudy Project’s popular cycling sunglasses, the Tralyx, a sunglass that looks just as fast as how your riding speed should be. In fact, looks can be deceiving, since there is more technology packed into the Tralyx than meets the eye. At first glance, the Tralyx possesses a relatively sweptback frame, obviously for aerodynamic reasons. Dubbed the PowerFlow System, its swept design serves two other purposes; one of", "our focus has indeed become men. No fruity colors, just simplicity, exceptional quality and the culture of music. For the brand, I plan on expanding the range to include luggage items for DJ’s. We also have a few concepts for other eyewear collections and we are currently in the process of realizing them. Do you think that the Middle Eastern demand for your product will differ from the demand in Europe? If so, how will this change your focus in this market? The Middle Eastern line will certainly differ from what we offer in Europe. We will try to accommodate the sun! UV protective lenses will be available with a scratch resistant coating for more models than we usually offer our European clients. You can find Vinylize at the Eye Boutique, located in Mall 360. Please call 2530 9513 for more information.", "18. Spectacles / sunglasses - lenses for correcting faulty vision/glasses with tinted lenses to protect the eyes from the sun's glare", "The line is available in over 40 combinations, including two-way optical and sunglasses styles, with three titanium frame options.", "Oversized sunglasses, which were fashionable in the 1980s, are now often used for humorous purposes. They usually come in bright colors with colored lenses and can be purchased cheaply.", "The lenses match the colourful frames and play with mirrored and gradated effects. The design would, of course, not be complete without the brand’s well-known double C, which is discretely punctuated on the chain.", "trifocal (TRI-foh-kul). Eyeglass lens that incorporates three lenses of different powers. The main portion is usually focused for distance (20 ft.), the center segment for about 2 ft., and the lower segment for near (14 in.).", "Sunglasses still remain a favorite accessory, not to mention the fact that they also protect your eyes from harmful rays from the sun. However, no matter how much time might", "Because of advances in technology and the materials used, today’s eye glasses are much more durable than in years past, and many people even regard them as fashion accessories.", "Spectacles: Informal term for a combination of contrastingly pigmented lores and eye rings, which resemble eyeglass frames." ]

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[ "An Enigma machine was any of several electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used in the twentieth century for enciphering and deciphering secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.[1] Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries, most notably Nazi Germany before and during World War II.[2] Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the most commonly recognised.", "In cryptography, a rotor machine is an electro-mechanical stream cipher device used for encrypting and decrypting secret messages. Rotor machines were the cryptographic state-of-the-art for a prominent period of history; they were in widespread use in the 1920s–1970s. The most famous example is the German Enigma machine, whose messages were deciphered by the Allies during World War II, producing intelligence code-named Ultra.", "The most widely known rotor cipher device is the German Enigma machine used during World War II, of which there were a number of variants.", "used  complicated sets of rotors, to change the letters or combinations of letters in a message or document into what seemed to be randomly selected substitutes. The rotors produced  billions of possible combinations for the original message. A recipient with another Enigma machine used a key to unlock the code. During the 1920s and 1930s the German military transformed this commercial encoding device into an incredibly sophisticated  encoding system to transmit top-secret orders and messages to German military units on land and sea. However, the Germans were unaware that Poland's Cipher Bureau, with its team of brilliant mathematicians and cryptologists , had not only unlocked secrets of the Enigma Machine's encoding method. They had also made copies of the machine.", "The Enigma machines, however, became heavily connected to the Nazis when they decided to use it before and during WWII. Among the many models of the cipher machine, those used by the German military in the Second World War is the most discussed.", "When a key was pressed, one or more of the rotors revolved. Concurrently, a glowlamp beneath the panel lit up, illuminating the letter in the window above it. The design of the Enigma machine allowed the user to \"type\" the plain text while the letters of the cipher text lit in the appropriate windows and, conversely, when one \"typed\" out a cipher text, the letter illumination spelled out the plain text. The secret dialog was only conducted through both parties having the identical devices set, using various knobs and levers, to the same cipher key. Although the commercial Enigma gave general insight to the machine's construction and operation, the military version had completely different wiring and additional components.", "Bletchley’s earliest priority was the breaking of the German Enigma codes. The Enigma machine was invented by the German electrical engineer, Arthur Scherbus in 1918, and resembled an overgrown typewriter with built in electronic rotor wheels which could encode and decode messages using millions of possible permutations, seemingly impossible to unravel without the code books, as its settings would be changed daily. It was adopted by the military but the Poles, ever distrustful of Germany’s growing militarism, had already copied the machine and one had made its way to Bletchley via French Intelligence by the outbreak of war in September 1939 [6] . With it came drawings of a machine devised by the Poles to break the enigma codes, called a Bombe; it later became the first computer and it was at BP that the world’s first electronic, programmable computer was built in 1943 to break the codes [7] , and not only Enigma, for the Germans invented yet more complex machines - the Lorenz (code name Tunny) and the Geheimschreiber (“secret writer”, code name Sturgeon) - whose codes were broken too.", "The Enigma (in several variants) was the rotor machine that Scherbius's company and its successor, Heimsoth & Reinke, supplied to the German military and to such agencies as the Nazi party security organization, the SD.", "By 1930, the Reichswehr had suggested that the Navy adopt their machine, citing the benefits of increased security (with the plugboard) and easier interservice communications. The Reichsmarine eventually agreed and in 1934 brought into service the Navy version of the Army Enigma, designated Funkschlüssel ' or M3. While the Army used only three rotors at that time, the Navy specified a choice of three from a possible five.", "The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930, and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine ( German Navy ). The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor. Enigma without a plugboard (known as unsteckered Enigma) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard, driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it.", "The plugboard (Steckerbrett in German) permitted variable wiring that could be reconfigured by the operator (visible on the front panel of Figure 1; some of the patch cords can be seen in the lid). It was introduced on German Army versions in 1930, and was soon adopted by the Reichsmarine (German Navy). The plugboard contributed more cryptographic strength than an extra rotor. Enigma without a plugboard (known as unsteckered Enigma) can be solved relatively straightforwardly using hand methods; these techniques are generally defeated by the plugboard, driving Allied cryptanalysts to develop special machines to solve it.", "Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security presented by using large codebooks for cryptography with the use of ciphering machines, the most well known being the German Enigma machine . [378] SIGINT (signals intelligence) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the Allied breaking of Japanese naval codes [379] and British Ultra , which was derived from methodology given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding Enigma for seven years before the war. [380] Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect, such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [379] [381] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [382]", "The Nazis did not change the position of the notch and each wheel had the notch on a different letter. The Allies were able to exploit this fact, since this made each wheel unique. Also, the regular, odometer style stepping of the rotors was a major security flaw, because only one wheel would change and all other positions would remain the same for 26 consecutive characters. By comparison, the US Sigaba and the Swiss NEMA cipher machines were specifically designed to provide irregular stepping of the rotors.", "Enigma was a machine code developed by the Germans that used rotors to encode letters. Each letter that was entered resulted in a corresponding letter (a substitution code) being lit, but turned the rotors so that the next substitution would not use the same pattern. The encrypted message was then transmitted via radio Morse Code.", "GitHub - stephl001/EnigmaMachine: Implementation of the encryption scheme used by the Germans during World War 2", "The Germans also developed a series of teleprinter encryption systems, quite different from Enigma. The Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine was used for high-level Army communications, termed \"Tunny\" by the British. The first intercepts of Lorenz messages began in 1941. As part of an attack on Tunny, Max Newman and his colleagues helped specify the Colossus. ", "The Deutsches Museum in Munich has both the three- and four-rotor German military variants, as well as several civilian versions. Enigma machines are exhibited at the National Codes Centre in Bletchley Park , the Government Communications Headquarters , the Science Museum in London , the Polish Army Museum in Warsaw, the Swedish Army Museum (Armémuseum) in Stockholm , the Military Museum of A Coruña in Spain, the Nordland Red Cross War Memorial Museum in Narvik , [40] Norway, The Artillery, Engineers and Signals Museum in Hämeenlinna , Finland [41] the Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby, Denmark, and at the Australian War Memorial and in the foyer of the Defence Signals Directorate , both in Canberra , Australia. The Jozef Pilsudski Institute in London exhibits a rare Polish Enigma double assembled in France in 1940. [42] [43]", "File:Enigma-G.jpg|Enigma G, used by the Abwehr, had four rotors, no plugboard, and multiple notches on the rotors.", "The earliest Polish work on the German machine cipher had begun in 1927-1928, a short while after the system had been introduced by the German Navy and Army. Germany's armed forces faced the dilemma of \"reconciling the requirements of security with the imperatives of speed and convenience\" [Kozaczuk]. Since 1918 the German Navy had been contemplating the use of cipher machines. Many designs were considered, but there was one developed by Dr. Arthur Scherbius, that became very powerful. The name of the machine was the \"Enigma.\" This machine was then patented. Attempts had been made to solve Enigma by resorting to leading mathematicians and to parapsychology.", "The bombe was an electromechanical device whose function was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks . [22] Its pioneering design was developed by Alan Turing (with an important contribution from Gordon Welchman) and the machine was engineered by Harold 'Doc' Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company . Each machine was about 7 feet (2.1 m) high and wide, 2 feet (0.61 m) deep and weighed about a ton. [23]", "Flowers developed the machine using a network fitted with thousands of electronic valves. It was able to break through the Lorenz Cipher, which the Nazis’ high command used for messages though of too sensitive to transmit using the Enigma machines.", "During the war, the Allies captured an actual Enigma machine, enabling them to study its hardware and make further progress in figuring out how it worked.  Two compatible Enigma machines would have to work together, the first one encoding a secret message, the second decoding it. An operator would type in a message in German. The Enigma machine would automatically convert each letter into a different letter of the alphabet, through a process of random substitution. The encrypted text would be sent to another operator whose deciphering machine was similar and compatible with the first operator’s machine: only in this case the second Enigma machine would convert the random letters into plain German.", "The bombe was an electromechanical device whose function was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks. Its pioneering design was developed by Alan Turing (with an important contribution from Gordon Welchman) and the machine was engineered by Harold 'Doc' Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. Each machine was about 7 ft high and wide, 2 ft deep and weighed about a ton. ", "A four–rotor Kriegsmarine (German Navy, 1935 to 1945) Enigma machine on display at the US National Cryptologic Museum", "The new machine has an extra cipher wheel that is inserted between the leftmost wheel and the reflector. At the same time, the indicator system is changed and new codebooks are introduced. The new machine is known as the Enigma M4 and is used exclusively by the U-Boot section of the Kriegsmarine. The Bombes, that are made for the 3-wheel Enigma, are not suitable for this.", "In 1932, Rejewski discovered that the Nazi keyboard was wired to the entry drum, not in keyboard order, but in alphabetical order. After this incident, the trio began to construct a decoding machine that could translate Enigma’s messages automatically. From 1933 to 1939, the decoder called La Bomba, \"The Bomb,\" so-named for its cylindrical appearance, traced Nazi naval, air and land movements for the Polish high command. Early in 1939, facing an oncoming invasion, the Polish government decided to share their Enigma translators with the French and British.", "The Abwehr used the Enigma G (the Abwehr Enigma). This Enigma variant was a four-wheel unsteckered machine with multiple notches on the rotors. This model was equipped with a counter which incremented upon each key press, and so is also known as the “counter machine” or the Zählwerk Enigma.", "In 1918, during the First World War, a German engineer called Arthur Scherbius invented a machine resembling a typewriter that could be used to encode messages in a very secure way. He tried to sell the design to the German Navy, but they were not interested.", "• During the Second World War, computer technology leapfrogged, with the British developing a massive analogue computer in secret to be able to read the encrypted German field signals.", "� During the Second World War, computer technology leapfrogged, with the British developing a massive analogue computer in secret to be able to read the encrypted German field signals.", "Turing pitted machine against machine. The prototype model of his anti-Enigma \"bombe\", named simply Victory, was installed in the spring of 1940.", "Among other things reported to have been captured was a strange machine known as Die Glocke (the bell), something that could apparently do all sorts of thing that weren’t good.  The Bell was a wunderwaffe , something that was intended to single-handedly win the war for Hitler; a thing that might even be able to control a god (that’s my take on it, anyway)." ]

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[ "In 1954 Walt Disney produced a miniseries about the American folk hero and frontiersman, Davy Crockett. We all had to tune into this show about the adventures of Davy Crockett played by Fess Parker. I memorized the song from the miniseries which went as follows: \"Born on a mountain top in Tennessee, greenest state in the land of the free. Raised in the woods till he knew every tree. Killed him a bear when he was only three. Davy, Davy Crockett. King of the wild frontier.\" Davy Crockett lived during the early 19th century and was well-known for his coonskin cap.", "Greenest state in the land of the free. Raised in the woods so's he knew every tree, Killed him a bear when he was only three.", "p. 69 (June 6, 1955). The song \" The Ballad of Davy Crockett \" claims many fantastic things about the man, among them that he killed a bear \"when he was only three.\"", "The 6-foot, 6-inch Mr. Parker was quickly embraced by youngsters as the man in a coonskin cap who stood for the spirit of the American frontier. Boomers gripped by the Crockett craze scooped up Davy lunch boxes, toy Old Betsy rifles, buckskin shirts and trademark fur caps. \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\" (\"Born on a mountaintop in Tennessee ...\") was a No. 1 hit for singer Bill Hayes while Mr. Parker's own version reached No. 5.", "In 1834, A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett, of the State of Tennessee was published, followed by a series of popular pamphlets known as Crockett Almanacs. David Crockett, United States Representative from Tennessee, already a folk hero in his home state, became one of the most famous men in the nation. More than a century later, in 1955, \"The Ballad of Davy Crockett\" was the No. 1 song in the nation for weeks, and sales of Davy Crockett items grossed $100 million. Coonskin caps were worn not only by young boys, but also by adults like presidential candidate Estes Kefauver, who sported one at numerous public appearances.", "*\"Davy\" Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician. He is commonly referred to in popular culture by the epithet, \"King of the Wild Frontier\". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the Battle of the Alamo.", "Davy Crockett (or David, as he liked to call himself) was a larger-than-life American folk hero that was forever immortalized by Disney in the 1950s.", "Daniel Boone (October 22 [November 2 new style], 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the Commonwealth of Kentucky (Kentucky), which was then beyond the western borders of the settled part of Thirteen Colonies (This region legally belonged to both the Commonwealth of Virginia and to the American Indian Tribes.) Despite some resistance from American Indian tribes such as the Shawnee, in 1778 Boone blazed his Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalachian Mountains - from North Carolina and Tennessee into Kentucky. There he founded the village of Boonesborough, Kentucky, one of the first English-speaking settlements west of the Appalachians. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 European people migrated to Kentucky/Virginia by following the route marked by Boone.", "Paul Bunyan is a true American folk character, created in logging camp bunkhouses by men who spun exaggerated stories that combined hard work and fantasy. While the origins of Paul Bunyan and his sidekick Babe the Blue Ox are hazy, many storytellers have over the years contributed their own takes to produce an existing body of work—a true American legend. ", "James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West. His skills as a gunfighter and scout, along with his reputation as a lawman, provided the basis for his fame, although some of his reported exploits are fictionalized.", "Davy Crockett was a national folk hero long before the events of the Alamo. Born August 17, 1786, in an East Tennessee wilderness cabin in what is now Greene County, he struck out on his own at the tender age of 12 to help drive a herd of cattle to Virginia. By 1813, he was serving as one of General Andrew Jackson’s scouts in the Creek War. He apparently did not enjoy fighting Indians and returned home as soon as his 90-day enlistment was up. In 1821, he was elected to the Tennessee Legislature for the first time, representing a district of 11 western counties in the state. He later served two terms in the United States Congress.", "*Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734 [O.S. October 22] – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States.", "Daniel Boone was an American pioneer and hunter whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the U.S. state of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the Thirteen Colonies. Despite resistance from American Indians, for whom Kentucky was a traditional hunting ground, in 1778 Boone blazed the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap and into Kentucky. There he founded Boonesborough, one of the first English-speaking settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 people entered Kentucky by following the route marked by Boone.", "Paul Bunyan is a lumberjack figure in North American folklore and tradition. One of the most famous and popular North American folklore heroes, he is usually described as a giant as well as a lumberjack of unusual skill, and is often accompanied in stories by his animal companion, Babe the Blue Ox.", "*Paul Bunyan is a lumberjack figure in North American folklore and tradition. One of the most famous and popular North American folklore heroes, he is usually described as a giant as well as a lumberjack of unusual skill, and is often accompanied in stories by his animal companion, Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in folktales circulated among lumberjacks in the Northeastern United States and eastern Canada, first appearing in print in a story published by Northern Michigan journalist James MacGillivray in 1906.", "Anansi shares similarities with the trickster figure of Brer Rabbit, brought by enslaved Bantu to the New World. Like the Anansi stories, Brer Rabbit is a physically small and vulnerable creature using his cunning intelligence to prevail over larger animals. A predominantly African American folk hero, Brer Rabbit’s tales entered the mainstream through the work of the white American journalist Joel Chandler Harris, who wrote several collections of Uncle Remus stories between 1870 and 1906. Curiously the Brer Rabbit tale ‘Tar Baby’, well known from the 1946 Disney movie Song of the South, can be found not only in the Anansi fables, but also in the Native American Cherokee fable, entitled \"Tar Wolf\". ", "By this time Crockett's reputation as a sharpshooter, hunter, and yarn-spinner had brought him into national prominence. He was the model for Nimrod Wildfire, the hero of James Kirke Paulding's play The Lion of the West, which opened in New York City on April 25, 1831. Life and Adventures of Colonel David Crockett of West Tennessee was published in 1833 and reprinted the same year under the more accurate title of Sketches and Eccentricities of Colonel David Crockett of West Tennessee. Much of the same material spilled over into the first few issues of a series of comic almanacs published under Crockett's name from 1835 to 1856 that, as a whole, constituted a body of outrageous tall tales about the adventures of the legendary Davy rather than the historical David Crockett.", "By this time Crockett's reputation as a sharpshooter, hunter, and yarn-spinner had brought him into national prominence. He was the model for Nimrod Wildfire, the hero of James Kirke Paulding's play The Lion of the West, which opened in New York City on April 25, 1831. Life and Adventures of Colonel David Crockett of West Tennessee was published in 1833 and reprinted the same year under the more accurate title of Sketches and Eccentricities of Colonel David Crockett of West Tennessee. Much of the same material spilled over into the first few issues of a series of comic almanacs published under Crockett's name from 1835 to 1856 that, as a whole, constituted a body of outrageous tall tales about the adventures of the legendary Davy rather than the historical David Crockett.", "James Butler \"Wild Bill\" Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876) was a folk character of the American Old West known for his skills as a scout, lawman, gunfighter and gambler. He told many outlandish tales about his life and was regarded as a liar by many of his contemporaries. Some contemporary reports of his exploits are known to be fictitious but along with his own stories are the basis for much of his fame and reputation.", "Remus' stories featured a trickster hero called Br'er Rabbit (Brother Rabbit), who used his wits against adversity, though his efforts did not always succeed. Br'er Rabbit is a direct interpretation of Yoruba tales of Hare, though some others posit Native American influences as well. The scholar Stella Brewer Brookes asserts, \"Never has the trickster been better exemplified than in the Br'er Rabbit of Harris.\" Br'er Rabbit was accompanied by friends and enemies, such as Br'er Fox, Br'er Bear, Br'er Terrapin, and Br'er Wolf. The stories represented a significant break from the fairy tales of the Western tradition: instead of a singular event in a singular story, the critters on the plantation existed in an ongoing community saga, time immemorial. ", "Either way, that is what the legend of the bow-wielding man of the woods represents to many.", "Cumberland Gap has lent its name to a popular folk song recorded and performed by American folk and bluegrass musicians such as Woody Guthrie and Earl Scruggs and British skiffle artists such as Lonnie Donegan and The Vipers Skiffle Group.", "I thought the story of Davy Crockett was pretty interesting because up until now reading if I just thought he was the guy who was a hero in the frontier. So while doing some research about this “tall tale hero” I found out that he was a politician for some time. He was a congressman and a defender of the Alamo. Although he was involved with politics doesn’t mean he was the best at it. It is also applied that he was racist towards Native Americans considering them wild and savage. Some state that there are two versions of Davy Crockett, the realist one and the larger than life one that attracted journalists and writers. Stories published about the tale of Davy Crockett emphasized his good story telling skills and frontier language that made him a symbol of the west. So in my opinion the legend of Davy Crockett was just a symbol for what the “American” way or archetype of the times.", "From a childhood of dire poverty to running away to seek his fortune at age thirteen to marriage and loss, serving with (and opposing) Andrew Jackson in his Indian removal project, elected to two non-consecutive terms in Congress and his death in the defense of the Alamo, Crockett became a legend in his own time. He was a bitter foe of President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal policies and an advocate of land distribution reform which would allow homesteaders to gain title to their holdings. Johnson seeks to follow the murky story of a man who left a slight paper trail and to separate it from the legend he helped create, but which was burnished into a tourist attraction by Walt Disney on television and the development of the towns of Sevierville, Pigeon Forge, and Gatlinburg. The story takes on more interest to me as it spends some time in Dandridge. Tennessee and along the Dumplin Valley Creek where we go each year to attend a bluegrass festival. While Crockett himself is interesting and important, equally interesting is the search itself as Johnson tries to separate the man from the myth.", "Author, Jace Weaver, \"That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community\" traces the relationship further about the great hare, Br'er Rabbit which the stories originated mostly in Cherokee myths.  These stories past down around camp fires, heard my early Anglo settlers who migrated to North America from Europe and again past through the generation before becoming the great tales of the interesting Hare.", "Crockett, Davy American frontiersman and politician who became a legendary figure. His father, having little means, hired him out to more prosperous backwoods farmers, and Davy’s schooling amounted to 100 days of tutoring with a neighbour. Successive moves west to...", "The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend, Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture. ", "The story of Rip Van Winkle is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War. In a pleasant village, at the foot of New York's Catskill Mountains, lives kindly Rip Van Winkle, a colonial British-American villager of Dutch ancestry. Van Winkle enjoys solitary activities in the wilderness, but he is also loved by all in town—especially the children to whom he tells stories and gives toys. However, he tends to shirk hard work, to his nagging wife's dismay, which has caused his home and farm to fall into disarray.", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham \"Brom Bones\" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer. As Crane leaves a party, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during \"some nameless battle\" of the American Revolutionary War, and who \"rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head.\"", "Burns: He is America in a way. He's this rough hewn frontier go-getter filled with a kind of native intelligence, not book-learned. He's got the “bark on,” as Twain I'm sure would say. And we now think of that barefoot boy in coveralls and a straw hat and a piece of straw sticking out of his mouth.", "What made David Crockett one of the most famous Americans during his lifetime? Why did his legend still loom so large in the American imagination long after his death? In what ways is he typical of the heroes of the tall tales that sprang up during the first half of the 19th century?", "The mythical tale \"Beasts of the Southern Wild\" uses magical realism to evoke the world and personality of young Hushpuppy, a six-year-old girl living with her father in a Louisiana bayou fishing community called the Bathtub. Threatened by a deluge and family illness, Hushpuppy asserts her considerable will to survive natural catastrophe and loss." ]

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[ "Before a match, both the wrestlers throws salt in the ring.  It is an old Sumo tradition.  Sounds familiar, does it not!", "Each day of the tournament (basho), a ring entering ceremony is held, wherein each wrestler's body and spirit undergoes purification. Yokozuna are dressed in mawashi with five white zigzag folded strips of paper on the front, the same as those found at the entrance of Shinto shrines. On the front of all mawashi are sagari, which are fringes of twisted string tucked into the belt, and they represent the sacred ropes in front of shrines. Numbers of strings are odd, between seventeen and twenty-one, which are lucky numbers in the Shinto tradition. And of course, the salt that is tossed before each bout is an agent for purification and one of sumo's most visible rituals.", "Each day of the tournament (basho), a ring entering ceremony is held, wherein each wrestler's body and spirit undergoes purification. Yokozuna are dressed in mawashi with five white zigzag folded strips of paper on the front, the same as those found at the entrance of Shinto shrines. On the front of all mawashi are sagari, which are fringes of twisted string tucked into the belt, and they represent the sacred ropes in front of shrines. Numbers of strings are odd, between seventeen and twenty-one, which are lucky numbers in the Shinto tradition. And of course, the salt that is tossed before each bout is an agent for purification and one of sumo's most visible rituals.", "Before each bout, the two rikishi step up onto the dohyo and a yobidashi (steward) calls out their names. The rikishi throw some salt into the 4.6 meter ring on the dohyo to purify it before entering. They then perform some movements which symbolize their lack of weapons, leave the ring and enter again, usually twice more. The gyoji (referee) adopts a different stance when the preparation time is up. Despite all the elaborate ceremony surrounding the sport, sumo is surprisingly simple. The two rikishi face each other behind their shikirisen (starting line) in the center of the dohyo and when both are ready, they touch the dohyo with both hands and charge. If one rikishi charges before the other is ready, there is a matta, meaning the bout is stopped, the rikishi warned (and fined ¥30,000!) and the bout restarted. The first to touch the dohyo with any part of the body other than their feet or to step out of the ring loses. As even the slightest touch of the dohyo outside the ring means a defeat, the clay is carefully brushed smooth before each bout. Sometimes there is uncertainty about which rikishi stepped out or touched the dohyo first. In this case, the five shimpan (judges) sitting around the dohyo gather for a monoii or consultation before deciding the winner or declaring a rematch.", "Shinto beliefs and ways of thinking influence Japanese society, even today. Many famously Japanese practices have origins either directly or indirectly rooted in Shinto. For example, the Shinto ideal of harmony with nature underlies such typically Japanese arts as flower-arranging (ikebana), traditional architecture, and garden design. Obvious links to Shinto can be seen in sumo wrestling, where many Shinto-inspired ceremonies must be performed before a bout, such as purifying the wrestling arena by sprinkling it with salt. Many Japanese customs, such as using wooden chopsticks, and removing shoes before entering a building, have their origin in Shinto beliefs and practices.", "There are a number of rituals that wrestlers engage in both before their bouts (including what they wear) as well as just before. Of particular note are the ladels of water they are given to rinse their mouths while on the dohyo, as well as the way competitors squat facing each other, clap their hands, and spread their hands wide to show that they are unarmed. In addition, rikishi throw salt in the ring, serving as one of the many ritual Shinto practices.", "The Sumo tradition is very ancient, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt for purification, from the days Sumo was used in the Shinto religion .", "Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from the days when sumo was used in the Shinto religion.", "The sumo exercise where each leg in succession is lifted as high and as straight as possible, and then brought down to stomp on the ground with considerable force. In training this may be repeated hundreds of times in a row. Shiko is also performed ritually to drive away demons before each bout and as part of the yokozuna dohyō-iri.", "Shinto ritual pervades every aspect of sumo. Before a tournament, two of the gyōji functioning as Shinto priests enact a ritual to consecrate the newly-constructed dohyō, and various Shinto rituals are associated even with the practice dohyō at heya. Both the dohyō-iri, or ring-entering ceremonies performed by the top two divisions before the start of their wrestling day, and in the rituals performed by both combatants immediately before a bout, are derived from Shinto. It retains other Shinto associations as well. The yokozuna's ring-entering ceremony is regarded as a purification ritual in its own right, and is occasionally performed at Shinto shrines for this purpose. Every newly-promoted yokozuna performs his first ring-entering ceremony at the Meiji Shrine in Tokyo.", "The sport originated in Japan, the only country where it is practiced professionally. It is generally considered to be a gendai budō (a modern Japanese martial art), though this definition is misleading as the sport has a history spanning many centuries. Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from the days when sumo was used in the Shinto religion. Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules laid down by the Japan Sumo Association. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal \"sumo training stables\", known in Japanese as heya, where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict tradition.", "Sumo matches take place in a dohyō: a ring, 4.55 metres in diameter and 16.26 square meters in area, of rice-straw bales on top of a platform made of clay mixed with sand. A new dohyō is built for each tournament by the yobidashi. At the center are two white lines, the shikiri-sen, behind which the wrestlers position themselves at the start of the bout. A roof resembling that of a Shinto shrine may be suspended over the dohyō.", "Sumo matches take place in a dohyō (土俵): a ring, in diameter and in area, of rice-straw bales on top of a platform made of clay mixed with sand]. A new dohyō is built for each tournament by the bout callers (or yobidashi). At the center are two white lines, the shikiri-sen, behind which the wrestlers position themselves at the start of the bout. A roof resembling that of a Shinto shrine may be suspended over the dohyō.", "In sumo, a is the belt (loincloth) that the rikishi (or sumo wrestler) wears during training or in competition. Upper ranked professional wrestlers wear a keshō-mawashi (see below) as part of the ring entry ceremony or dohyō-iri.", "A sumo match is overseen by a in the ring and five seated around the ring. All dress in traditional Japanese clothing, with higher-ranked referees wearing elaborate silk outfits. The referee oversees the pre-match rituals and the bout itself, including ruling on the winner of the bout and the winning technique used. If one of the umpires disagrees, then all the umpires confer to determine the winner of the bout.", "The first ceremony of the day is the dohyo-iri, or ring ceremony performed by Juryo and Makuuchi rikishi before their bouts begin. The rikishi are grouped into two groups—East and West—and each group takes a turn entering the ring. The lowest-ranked rikishi enters first and walks a complete circle around the ring followed by the other rikishi in ascending order according the rank. Before the individual rikishi enter the ring, they are introduced to the spectators. Once the last rikishi in the group has been introduced, the rikishi, who are facing the spectators, turn inward and face each other around the ring. After clapping their hands once, they raise their right hand, lift their kesho-mawashi (decorative aprons created for the ring ceremony), and finally raise both hands in unison. This tradition goes back to the samurai days and represents the rikishi showing each other that none is armed. During the Makuuchi ring ceremony, the Yokozuna are notably absent from the group as they must perform their own individual ring ceremonies. When a Yokozuna performs his ring ceremony, he will wear a white tsuna, or zuna (braided rope with five zig-zag strips hanging from the front ), around his waist to signify his rank.", "This salt is meant to purify the arena upon which the battle will take place, and to drive away any malicious spirits. The wrestlers now place themselves at the center of the dohyo k, exactly behind the shikiri-sen, these \"starting lines\" drawn on the ground. Separated by only centimeters, the wrestlers stare again deep into each other's eyes, and perform another shiko: clapping their hands, lifting up their right leg, and then their left.", "Wrestlers are not normally allowed to eat breakfast and are expected to have a form of siesta after a large lunch. The most common type of lunch served is the traditional sumo meal of chankonabe, which consists of a simmering stew of various fish, meat, and vegetables cooked at table. It is usually eaten with rice and washed down with beer. This regimen of no breakfast and a large lunch followed by a sleep is intended to help wrestlers put on weight so as to compete more effectively.", "watch the slow, sad figure of the yobidashi with his broom, endlessly sweeping the edges of the ring. For the long minutes between bouts, while the wrestlers move through their preparations, this slight man circles gravely and patiently, smoothing sand, erasing footprints. No mark can be allowed beyond the line because the judges must be able to tell, from a glance, whether a toe has landed outside the dohyo, whether a heel has slipped. Each rikishi is called into the ring by a singer, then announced over the stadium loudspeakers by a voice that sounds strangled and furious, like an oboe filtered through the dive alarm on a submarine. Through this, the yobidashi sweeps.", "Sumo, Japan's national sport, has a history spanning more than 1,000 years. As it used to be held as a way of giving thanks for harvests, sumo still involves many rituals. Rikishi (sumo wrestlers), whose hair is styled like that of ancient warriors, wear only a special silk belt and fight using only their bare hands. Most weigh between 100 and 200 kilograms. They fight in the 4.5-meter wide dohyo (ring) until one either leaves the ring or touches the ground with any part of his body other than the soles of his feet. While the rules are simple, the techniques are not, and there are more than 80 ways to win. Professional sumo tournaments take place six times a year and last 15 days each. Sumo has attracted attention outside Japan through exhibition tours to various countries and the success of wrestlers from overseas.", "Like many traditional wrestling forms around the world, Japanese sumo is closely tied to local culture and sumo takes great lengths to preserve Japanese traditionalism. Wrestlers are to only appear in public while wearing their kimonos, but also in a number of smaller in-the-ring gestures and a code of behavior far more stringent than any code of conduct of professional football or basketball leagues.", "Sumo wrestling is a strict hierarchy based on sporting merit. The wrestlers are ranked according to a system that dates back hundreds of years, to the Edo period. Wrestlers are promoted or demoted according to their previous performance, and a carefully prepared banzuke listing the full hierarchy is published two weeks prior to each sumo tournament.", "             Sumo has been a part of Japanese Culture for many years. People have enjoyed the sport because it tests two peoples brut strength. Sumo is fought in a circular ring. The object of Sumo is to either get your opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the souls of his feet, or to push him out of the ring. About fifteen hundred years ago is when the first recorded match was. The matches of Sumo were originally religious. They were held in Shinto shrines in hopes that the gods would bring them a good harvest. These religious Sumo matches took place with music, poetry, sacred dancing, and drama acts. A legend of Sumo is Kojiki, this legends says that Sumo was once between two gods. The fate of the Japanese islands depended on the outcome of the match. .", "Sumo wrestling is a strict hierarchy based on sporting merit. The wrestlers are ranked according to a system that dates back to the Edo period. Wrestlers are promoted or demoted according to their performance in six official tournaments held throughout the year. A carefully prepared banzuke listing the full hierarchy is published two weeks prior to each sumo tournament. ", "On entering sumo, they are expected to grow their hair long to form a topknot, or chonmage, similar to the samurai hairstyles of the Edo period. Furthermore, they are expected to wear the chonmage and traditional Japanese dress when in public. Consequently, sumo wrestlers can be identified immediately when in public.", "As a religion of customs and not laws, Shinto developed as a religion to please the gods in order to ensure a good harvest and divine protection, but soon made headway into the sport of sumo as a way to entertain those same gods, purify the sport itself and protect the rikishi from harm.", "Sumo Wrestler. Sumo wrestling originated as a performance to entertain the gods, and is now Japan's national sport.", "Over the rest of Japanese recorded history, sumo's popularity has changed according to the whims of its rulers and the need for its use as a training tool in periods of civil strife. The form of wrestling combat probably changed gradually into one where the main aim in victory was to throw one's opponent. The concept of pushing one's opponent out of a defined area came some time later.", "For the last week or so the enormous, exotic, kimono-clad figures of sumo wrestlers have been in the news and on television. On Friday these Japanese colossi will get down to serious business in Madison Square Garden. For two nights and on Sunday afternoon they will try to push each other out of a ring that measures 15 feet in diameter.", "form of a wrestler, may be singled out. At the right a peasant carrying two baskets suspended on a carrying pole (ryogake) approaches a group seated around a table on which are laid out five sticks with baked bean-curd (dengaku)", "When you're not busy going crazy in the baseball stadium, why not check out one of Japan's more well-renowned traditional sports? While sumo wrestling hasn't exactly caught on in other countries, sports fans around the globe pay their respects to Japans native form of wrestling. These three-hundred pound machines are highly respected in Japan for their devotion and their spiritual connection with the sport. Huge crowds will gather around a \"dohyo\" or arena, and cheer on their favorite wrestler during one of six major national tournaments each year. These tournaments occur in January, March, May, July, September, and November.", "*He may be called on to represent the wrestlers on formal occasions such as when VIPs visit a sumo tournament, or on formal visits to Shinto shrines." ]

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[ "Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber, December 28, 1922) is a comic-book writer, editor, publisher, media producer, television host, actor and former president and chairman of Marvel Comics. In collaboration with several artists, including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, he created Spider-Man, the Hulk, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Thor, the X-Men, and many other fictional characters, introducing a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, and forced it to reform its policies. Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.", "In collaboration with several artists, most notably Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, he co-created Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, the Avengers, Iron Man, the Hulk, Thor, Daredevil, Doctor Strange, and many other fictional characters, introducing complex, naturalistic characters[2] and a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books.[3] In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, and forced it to reform its policies.[4] Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.", "In collaboration with several artists, most notably Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , he co-created Spider-Man , the Fantastic Four , the X-Men , the Avengers , Iron Man , the Hulk , Thor , Daredevil , Doctor Strange , and many other fictional characters , introducing complex, naturalistic characters [2] and a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. [3] In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority , and forced it to reform its policies. [4] Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation .", "In collaboration with several artists, most notably Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko , he co-created Spider-Man , the Hulk , the X-Men , the Fantastic Four , Iron Man , Thor , and many other fictional characters , introducing complex, naturalistic characters and a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority , and forced it to reform its policies. Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.", "Creator of Spider-Man, The Fantastic Four, The Incredible Hulk and The X-Men, Stan Lee got caught up in the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s. He and a business partner created Stan Lee Media, an internet-based comic book venture. However, the company quickly burned through its capital, Lee's partner was accused of securities fraud, and Lee and the company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001.", "Empowered by the return of the superhero at DC, Marvel Comics editor/writer Stan Lee and the artists/co-writers Jack Kirby , Steve Ditko and Bill Everett launched a new line of superhero comic books, beginning with The Fantastic Four in 1961 and continuing with the Incredible Hulk Spider-Man , Iron Man , Thor , the X-Men , and Daredevil . These comics continued DC’s use of science fiction concepts ( radiation was a common source of superpowers) but placed greater emphasis on personal conflict and character development. This led to many superheroes that differed from predecessors with more dramatic potential. For example, the Fantastic Four were a superhero family of sorts, who squabbled and even held some unresolved acrimony towards one another and Spider-Man was a teenager who struggled to earn money and maintain his social life in addition to his costumed exploits.", "Stan Lee (born Stanley Martin Lieber on December 28, 1922 is an American writer , editor , creator of comic book superheroes, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics .", "Following this, Marvel made The Amazing Spider-Man the company's sole Spider-Man title, increasing its frequency of publication to three issues monthly, and inaugurating the series with a sequence of \"back to basics\" story arcs under the banner of \"Brand New Day\". Parker now exists in a changed world where he and Mary Jane had never married, and Parker has no memory of being married to her, with domino effect differences in their immediate world. The most notable of these revisions to Spider-Man continuity are the return of Harry Osborn, whose death in The Spectacular Spider-Man #200 (May 1993) is erased; and the reestablishment of Spider-Man's secret identity, with no one except Mary Jane able to recall that Parker is Spider-Man (although he soon reveals his secret identity to the New Avengers and the Fantastic Four). The alternating regular writers were initially Dan Slott, Bob Gale, Marc Guggenheim, Fred Van Lente, and Zeb Wells, joined by a rotation of artists that included Chris Bachalo, Phil Jimenez, Mike McKone, John Romita Jr. and Marcos Martín. Joe Kelly, Mark Waid and Roger Stern later joined the writing team and Barry Kitson the artist roster. Waid's work on the series included a meeting between Spider-Man and Stephen Colbert in The Amazing Spider-Man #573 (Dec. 2008). ", "In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing , Silver Surfer and Doctor Doom . These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck , as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures.", "In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes. Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market, institutionalized creator royalties, starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint. Star Comics, a children-oriented line differing from the regular Marvel titles, was briefly successful during this period.", "A tokusatsu series featuring Spider-Man was produced by Toei and aired in Japan. It is commonly referred to by its Japanese pronunciation \"Supaidā-Man\". Spider-Man also appeared in other print forms besides the comics, including novels, children's books, and the daily newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man, which debuted in January 1977, with the earliest installments written by Stan Lee and drawn by John Romita, Sr. Spider-Man has been adapted to other media including games, toys, collectibles, and miscellaneous memorabilia, and has appeared as the main character in numerous computer and video games on over 15 gaming platforms.", "In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.", "Norman Osborn is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, and first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964) as the original and most well-known incarnation of the Green Goblin. An amoral industrialist head of Oscorp, he took a formula which enhanced his physical abilities and intellect but also drove him to insanity. He adopted a Halloween-themed appearance, dressing in a goblin costume, riding on a bat-shaped \"Goblin Glider\", and using an arsenal of high-tech weapons, notably grenade-like \"Pumpkin Bombs\", to terrorize New York City. He is widely regarded as Spider-Man's archenemy being responsible for numerous tragedies in Peter Parker's life (such as Gwen Stacy's death and the Clone Saga), and is Harry Osborn's father. However, he has also come into conflict with other superheroes in the Marvel Universe, and was the focus of the company-wide Dark Reign storyline as the original iteration of Iron Patriot.", "The first team of writers for The Simpsons was assembled by Sam Simon. These were: John Swartzwelder , Jon Vitti , George Meyer , Jeff Martin , Al Jean , Mike Reiss , Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky . Newer Simpsons writing teams usually have 16 writers and episode ideas are thought of and proposed in early December. The main writer writes the first draft and the group changes it, adding in jokes and removing parts they don't like. This can sometimes change a script entirely. Up until 2004, the head of these groups was George Meyer , who apparently wrote a lot of the best lines from episodes. But the idea of all this came from the magic hand of Matt Groening who invented the pictures", "Taking over after series creator Brian K. Vaughan completed his run, Whedon became the second writer of the Marvel comic Runaways. Having already been a committed reader, he had a letter published in the first volume, which was included in the Volume 1 hardcover edition. He also wrote short pieces for Stan Lee Meets Spider-Man and Giant-Size Astonishing X-Men #1, and was the subject of an issue of Marvel Spotlight (alongside artist Michael Lark). As part of a panel of writers, he contributed to Marvel Comics' Civil War crossover event, lending advice in how to tell the story and how to end it. Whedon introduced several new characters into the Marvel Universe such as the villainous Ord, X-Men Ruth \"Blindfold\" Aldine and Hisako \"Armor\" Ichiki, Runaway Klara Prast, and Special Agent Abigail Brand along with S.W.O.R.D., the organization she commands. ", "Any comic book fan should know the name Steve Ditko. The comic book artist helped Stan Lee create the character of Spider-Man and his style set a high bar for comic book art and illustrations. Though basically a superhero in the comic book fandom, rumors persist that he also helped contribute to a few bondage and other BDSM comics during his career, and extensive articles have been written discussing whether Ditko did or did not do it. ", "”Pretty good” is a remarkably restrained assessment coming from the usually hyperbolic Lee, a writer who has kept the exclamation point industry in business for decades. Lee — a.k.a. Smilin’ Stan, Stan The Man — is generally regarded as the father of the modern-day comic book for his groundbreaking work as Marvel’s editor-in-chief and head writer in the ’60s, and for the characters and mythology he created way back when, which thrive in the pages of current comics. As Marvel’s editor-in-chief, Joe Quesada, puts it, ”Stan set up a world, and we still play in it.”", "In 1990, Marvel granted \"favored son\" status to its artist Todd McFarlane, giving him his own Spider-Man title to write. McFarlane proved worthy. Using nine different covers, Spider-Man #1 became the best-selling comic to date. Not willing to part with his own creations, McFarlane ended up leaving Marvel with a number of well-known artists (and a few ideas up his sleeve) to form Image Comics, which allowed artists to retain the licensing rights to their ideas. The company thrived from the get-go with McFarlane's other famous superhero comic, Spawn.", "The \"The Six Arms Saga\" of #100-102 (Sept.–Nov. 1971) introduced Morbius, the Living Vampire. The second installment was the first Amazing Spider-Man story not written by co-creator Lee, with Roy Thomas taking over writing the book for several months before Lee returned to write #105-110 (Feb.-July 1972). Lee, who was going on to become Marvel Comics' publisher, with Thomas becoming editor-in-chief, then turned writing duties over to 19-year-old Gerry Conway, who scripted the series through 1975. Romita penciled Conway's first half-dozen issues, which introduced the gangster Hammerhead in #113 (Oct. 1972). Kane then succeeded Romita as penciler, although Romita would continue inking Kane for a time.", "Matthew Abram \"Matt\" Groening ( ; born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell (1977–2012) and the television series The Simpsons (1989–present) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013). The Simpsons has gone on to become the longest running U.S. primetime television series in history, as well as the longest running animated series and sitcom.", "Stan Lee's Marvel revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators. [27] [28] Lee introduced the practice of including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer. Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page, which (like the letter columns that appeared in each title) was written in a friendly, chatty style.", "Of course, that's not EVERYBODY, but those were the major players from the get-go, but Stan Lee stopped scripting The Amazing Spider-Man in 1972 with issue #110, and there have been 40 years of comics since then. There have been great highs, dark lows and god-awful travesties since then. Let's start with the highlights – the good things that have happened in Peter Parker's life. The bad things get all the attention, even from Peter, and we'll give them their due. But let's acc-ent-u-ate the positive first.", "With #30 (June 2001), J. Michael Straczynski took over as writer and oversaw additional storylines — most notably his lengthy \"Spider-Totem\" arc, which raised the issue of whether Spider-Man's powers were magic-based, rather than as the result of a radioactive spider's bite. Additionally, Straczynski resurrected the plot point of Aunt May discovering her nephew was Spider-Man, and returned Mary Jane, with the couple reuniting in The Amazing Spider-Man #50. Straczynski gave Spider-Man a new profession, having Parker teach at his former high school.", "Pictured left: Amazing Spider-Man Issue 300 featuring the artwork of Todd McFarlane. Issue #298 (March 1988) was the first Spider-Man comic to be drawn by future industry star Todd McFarlane. McFarlane revolutionized Spider-Man's look. His depiction – large-eyed, with wiry, contorted limbs, and messy, knotted, convoluted webbing – influenced the way virtually all subsequent artists would draw the character. McFarlane's other significant contribution to the Spider-Man canon was the design for what would become one of Spider-Man's most wildly popular antagonists, the supervillain Venom. Issue #299 (April 1988) featured Venom's first appearance (a last-page cameo) before his first full appearance in #300 (May 1988). The latter issue also featured Spider-Man reverting to his original red-and-blue costume.", "Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series, the first and longest-lasting of which is titled The Amazing Spider-Man. Over the years, the Peter Parker character has developed from shy, nerdy high school student to troubled but outgoing college student, to married high school teacher to, in the late 2000s, a single freelance photographer. In the 2010s, he joins the Avengers, Marvel's flagship superhero team. Spider-Man's nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012–2014, following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die. Separately, Marvel has also published books featuring alternate versions of Spider-Man, including Spider-Man 2099, which features the adventures of Miguel O'Hara, the Spider-Man of the future; Ultimate Spider-Man, which features the adventures of a teenaged Peter Parker in an alternate universe; and Ultimate Comics Spider-Man, which depicts the teenager Miles Morales, who takes up the mantle of Spider-Man after Ultimate Peter Parker's supposed death.", "The Amazing Spider-Man (abbreviated as ASM) is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics, featuring the adventures of the fictional superhero Spider-Man. Being the mainstream continuity of the franchise, it began publication in 1963 as a monthly periodical and was published continuously, with a brief interruption in 1995, until its relaunch with a new numbering order in 1999. In 2003 the series reverted to the numbering order of the first volume. The title has occasionally been published biweekly, and was published three times a month from 2008 to 2010. A film named after the comic was released July 3, 2012.", "On this day in 1996 Marvel Comics editor Mark Gruenwald, one of the authors of The New Universe, died of a heart attack at the very untimely age of 43, and, by the terms of his will, had his ashes mixed with the ink used to print his Squadron Supreme graphic novel. Mark Gruenwald gave new meaning to the idea of \"throwing oneself into his work\" 14 years ago today.", "Artist Dave Simons (b.1954) died on June 9. While at Marvel Comics, Simons worked on Conan, Red Sonja, and Ghost Rider. In the 1990s, after leaving the comic book industry, Simons worked as an animator for Captain Planet, Masters of the Universe, and other television series. He eventually returned to limited work in comic books.", "In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes , Stan Lee comes in to contact with some of his favorite creations. The series was written by Lee himself.", "Marvel released a Mandrake mini-series in 1995, written by Mike W. Barr and with painted art by Rob Ortaleza. However, only two of three planned issues were published.", "Marvel released a Mandrake mini-series in 1995, written by Mike W Barr and with painted art by Rob Ortaleza. However, only two of three planned issues were published.", "*Tales of Suspense (diverse stories):#7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 29–30 (1959–62); (Iron Man): plotter #39–46 (1963), writer #47–98 (1963–68) (Captain America): #58–86, 88–99 (1964–68)" ]

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[ "Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22, 1920) is an American fantasy, horror, science fiction, and mystery writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction stories gathered together as The Martian Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951), Bradbury is one of the most celebrated among 20th and 21st century American writers of speculative fiction and has been described as a Midwest surrealist. Many of Bradbury's works have been adapted into television shows or films.", "Ray Bradbury is an American fantasy, horror, science fiction, and mystery writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction stories gathered together as The Martian Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man(1951), Bradbury is one of the most celebrated among 20th and 21st century American writers of speculative fiction and has been described as a Midwest surrealist. Many of Bradbury's works have been adapted into television shows or films. Modern Library has listed two of his novels (Fahrenheit 451 and Something Wicked This Way Comes) among the 100 best novels published in the twentieth century.", "The author of The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury is the greatest living American writer of science fiction. His singular achievement in this genre is rooted in the imaginative originality of his works, his gift for language, his insights into the human condition, and his commitment to the freedom of the individual.", "Ray Bradbury's novel \"Fahrenheit 451\" was an instant hit, and has remained in print since its publication in 1953. In its futuristic dystopia, learning is forbidden and books are banned. As the book explains in its opening pages, Fahrenheit 451 is \"the temperature at which book-paper catches fire, and burns.\" While the book may be the most lasting way that Bradbury has been remembered, the circumstances of its creation are less well known.", "Widely known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) as well as his science fiction and horror story collections The Martian Chronicles (1950) The Illustrated Man (1951), and I Sing the Body Electric (1950). Bradbury was one of the most celebrated 20th- and 21st-century American writers.", "Ray Bradbury – Science fiction author Ray Bradbury , whose imagination yielded classic books such as \"Fahrenheit 451,\" \"The Martian Chronicles\" and \"Something Wicked This Way Comes,\" died at 91 on June 5.", "\"It was a pleasure to burn,\" says main character Guy Montag to begin \"Fahrenheit 451,\" the futuristic dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. One of the most notable opening lines in literary history, this quote sets up the story of a world in which all books in society are burned at a temperature of 451 degrees.", "Science-fiction writer H.G. ... Similarly, in Ray Bradbury's dystopian novel, \"Fahrenheit 451\", protagonist Guy Montag decides to put an end to the censorship of literature in his futuristic-society, where firemen punish anyone who is known to own a book. ... In Ray Bradbury's novel \"Fahrenheit 451\", Guy Montag is able to see the true depth and meaning that can be found in good literature, and realizes how wrong the government is their attempt to ban all books. ... His boss, Beatty, finds out about their scheme and Montag is unknowingly sent to burn down his own house; Montag la...", "Ray Bradbury celebrated his 86th birthday in August and is still going strong. He reported he is working on a new screenplay of The Martian Chronicles (last aired as a TV mini-series in 1980) and hopes that 2008 will see the screening of a new film version of Fahrenheit 451 (last filmed by Francois Truffaut in 1966).", "Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four . The former is often thought to reflect developments in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution ; the latter, life under totalitarian rule . Nineteen Eighty-Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley ; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state exerts complete control. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury 's Fahrenheit 451 were honored with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature.", "Ray Bradbury (author/futurist) -- Dead. Died June 5, 2012. Born August 22, 1920. The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 451, wrote the script for movies such as Moby Dick.  ", "Celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of this timeless classic with a special edition featuring a new introduction by the author and a message that is more relevant today than when it was first published. Since the late 1940s, Ray Bradbury has been revered for his works of science fiction and fantasy. With more than five million copies in print, Fahrenheit 451 -- originally published in 1953 -- remains his most acclaimed work.", "Ray Bradbury shot to international fame after publication of \"The Martian Chronicles\" (1950), a collection of short stories partially based on ideas from ancient Greek and Roman mythology. Then he followed the anti-Utopian writers Yevgeni Zamyatin and Aldous Huxley in his best known work, \"Farenheit 451\" (1953). The 1966 film adaptation ( Fahrenheit 451 (1966)) by director François Truffaut , starring Julie Christie , received several nominations. However, Bradbury was not happy with the 1980 TV adaptation ( The Martian Chronicles (1980), starring Rock Hudson ) of his story \"The Martian Chronicles\". His other novels and stories also have been adapted to films and television, as well as for radio, theatre and comic books. Bradbury had written episodes for Alfred Hitchcock 's TV series, as well as for many other TV productions. His total literary output is close to 600 short stories, more than 30 books and numerous poems and plays. He was writing daily.", "Since the late 1940s, Ray Bradbury has been revered for his works of science fiction and fantasy. With more than 4 million copies in print, Fahrenheit 451 originally published in 1953 remains his most acclaimed work.", "Jimmy Nguyen English Petrow Ray Bradbury’s Predictions Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 portrays a materialistic society that has... forgotten social interaction with each other. Writing in 1953, Ray Bradbury warns readers about a future that could happen. Bradbury notices dehumanization in society as technology makes people become less individual and incapable of independent thought. In Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury makes predictions of the future that is frighteningly accurate to what life today is like...", "*August 13 – H. G. Wells, 79, British science fiction writer, The First Men in the Moon, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Island of Dr. Moreau", "During this period, Bradbury also produced \"The Fireman,\" a short story that appeared in the second issue of Galaxy Science Fiction (February 1951) and was expanded into Fahrenheit 451 (October 1953), his best and best-known novel. Initially published by Ballantine with two other stories, \"The Playground\" and \"And the Rock Cried Out,\" Fahrenheit 451 was not published separately until the Ballantine paperback release in April 1960.", " Arthur C. Clarke – Sir Arthur Charles Clarke – (born 16 December 1917) Was a British science fiction writer, futuristic and inventor who became famous following his novel “A Space Odyssey”. He was known as one of the “Big Three” of science fiction which included Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein.  Charles has been suffering from polio but has kept his enthusiasm for all of his passions, he says he thought he would never see the day where man would go to the moon and to the planets. Although now he has lived to see it happen which proves many things of what he has been saying and writing for the past 60 years.", "Arthur C. Clarke -�Sir Arthur Charles Clarke - (born 16 December 1917) Was a British science fiction writer, futuristic and inventor who became famous following his novel \"A Space Odyssey\". He was known as one of the \"Big Three\" of science fiction which included Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein. He has written many science fiction books since then and they all became very respected among their readers. Charles has been suffering from polio but has kept his enthusiasm for all of his passions, he says he thought he would never see the day where man would go to the moon and to the planets. Although now he has lived to see it happen which proves many things of what he has been saying and writing for the past 60 years.", "Isaac Asimov (/ˈaɪzᵻk ˈæzᵻmɒv/; born Isaak Yudovich Ozimov; circa January 2, 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American author and professor of biochemistry at Boston University, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Asimov was prolific and wrote or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. His books have been published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification.", "Mary Shelley wrote a number of science fiction novels including Frankenstein, and is treated as a major Romantic writer. A number of science fiction works have received critical acclaim including Childhood's End and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (the inspiration for the movie Blade Runner). A number of respected writers of mainstream literature have written science fiction, including Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale. Nobel Laureate Doris Lessing wrote a series of SF novels, Canopus in Argos, and nearly all of Kurt Vonnegut's works contain science fiction premises or themes.", "Another well-known writer of science fiction is Robert Heinlein. Heinlein grew up in Missouri, and spent most of his adult life in California. Among his best-known works are Stranger in a Strange Land, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, and Time Enough For Love. Heinlein was a nudist and an advocate of free love; his work was popular with the hippies of the 1960s. He was a pioneer of “social science fiction,” which mixed social theories with hard science. Like Clarke, Heinlein had a knack for anticipating the impact of technology on society; he “foresaw Interstate Highways (The Roads Must Roll), concern over nuclear power generation (Blowups Happen), international nuclear stalemate (Solution Unsatisfactory — i.e., the Cold War) as well as numerous other lesser examples.” Heinlein wrote many books for young readers. Some American astronauts read Heinlein as youngsters, and quoted him when they were on the moon.", "In 1954, Fahrenheit 451 won the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal. It has since won the Prometheus \"Hall of Fame\" Award in 1984 and a 1954 \"Retro\" Hugo Award, one of only four Best Novel Retro Hugos ever given, in 2004. Bradbury was honored with a Spoken Word Grammy nomination for his 1976 audiobook version.", "Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein. It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians. The novel explores his interaction with—and eventual transformation of—terrestrial culture. Several later editions of the book have promoted it as \"The most famous Science Fiction Novel ever written\". ", "Kurt Vonnegut wrote dozens of satirical novels whose central theme was life's cosmic joke on humanity. A modern-day Mark Twain , right down to the bushy mustache and black humor, Vonnegut was often called a science fiction author, but more often he used the cloak of sci-fi as a means to deliver his cranky-but-funny deliberations on the human condition. His best-known books include Cat's Cradle (1963), Welcome to the Monkey House (1968), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), and Slapstick (1976). Many of his books featured a character named Kilgore Trout, a fictional author who was something of an alter-ego for Vonnegut himself. Kurt Vonnegut was a World War II veteran who survived prisoner-of-war camps and the American bombing of Dresden, Germany, events that informed much of his fiction. Vonnegut was an especially fashionable author in the late 1960s and 1970s; his once-daring satire lost its literary luster in later years, but he continues to be popular with late teen and young adult readers.", "73. born July 7, 1907, Butler, Mo., United States died May 8, 1988, Carmel, Calif. United States science-fiction writer. He pursued graduate study in physics and mathematics and began his writing career in the pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction in the 1930s. The first of his many novels and story collections was Rocket Ship Galileo (1947). Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), his best-known work, attracted a large cult following. His other books include Double Star (1956), Methuselah's Children (1958), Starship Troopers (1959), The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) and I Will Fear No Evil (1970). He won an unprecedented four Hugo Awards and his sophisticated works did much to develop the genre.", "Vonnegut's first short story, \"Report on the Barnhouse Effect\" appeared in the February 11, 1950 edition of Collier's (it has since been reprinted in his short story collection, Welcome to the Monkey House). His first novel was the dystopian novel Player Piano (1952), in which human workers have been largely replaced by machines. He continued to write short stories before his second novel, The Sirens of Titan, was published in 1959. Through the 1960s, the form of his work changed, from the relatively orthodox structure of Cat's Cradle to the acclaimed, semi-autobiographical Slaughterhouse-Five, given a more experimental structure by using time travel as a plot device. These structural experiments were continued in Breakfast of Champions (1973), which includes many rough illustrations, lengthy non-sequiturs and an appearance by the author himself, as a deus ex machina.", "Don’t know much about his writing. Can you give us an idea of what kind of Science fiction he wrote and what are his most important books?", "Later that year his second novel, The Drowned World, was published, establishing Ballard as a notable figure in the fledgling New Wave movement of science fiction. Collections of his stories started getting published, and he began a period of great literary productivity, while pushing to expand the scope of acceptable material for science fiction with such stories as \"The Terminal Beach\".", "Later that year his second novel, The Drowned World , was published, establishing Ballard as a notable figure in the fledgling New Wave movement of science fiction. Collections of his stories started getting published, and he began a period of great literary productivity, while pushing to expand the scope of acceptable material for science fiction with such stories as \" The Terminal Beach \".", "About to turn 40, Herbert had been a working writer since the age of 19, and his fortunes had always been patchy. After a hard childhood in a small coastal community near Tacoma, Washington, where his pleasures had been fishing and messing about in boats, he’d worked for various regional newspapers in the Pacific northwest and sold short stories to magazines. He’d had a relatively easy war, serving eight months as a naval photographer before receiving a medical discharge. More recently he’d spent a weird interlude in Washington as a speechwriter for a Republican senator. There (his only significant time living on the east coast) he attended the daily Army-McCarthy hearings, watching his distant relative senator Joseph McCarthy root out communism. Herbert was a quintessential product of the libertarian culture of the Pacific coast, self-reliant and distrustful of centralised authority, yet with a mile-wide streak of utopian futurism and a concomitant willingness to experiment. He was also chronically broke. During the period he wrote Dune, his wife Beverly Ann was the main bread-winner, her own writing career sidelined by a job producing advertising copy for department stores.", "China Miéville (born 6 September 1972) is a Hugo, Arthur C. Clarke and Locus award-winning English fantastic fiction writer." ]

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[ "Pesto is an aromatic herb paste, traditionally made from fresh basil, garlic, Parmesan cheese, pine nuts, and olive oil. The traditional herb in pesto is basil, but variations can be made with herbs like cilantro or mint.", "Basil is most widely used in Italian cuisine and Mediterranean pasta dishes. This herb is particularly well-known for its role as the main ingredient in pesto, a popular sauce that is made using a flavorful mixture of basil, parmesan cheese and pine nuts.", "Traditional pesto is a green sauce. Here's how food scientist Dr. Karin Allen describes it: \"From a classic culinary perspective, pesto contains basil, olive oil, pine nuts, garlic, cheese, and salt.\"  Some online recipes say either pine nuts or walnuts will do.  The cheese is usually either Romano or Parmesan. However, the pesto chef can add or substitute whatever he/she wants to give the sauce an ethnic flavor or to use up whatever happens to be in the fridge.  For example, website contributors have mentioned using mint, parsley, spinach, feta cheese, roasted (rather than fresh) garlic, and pepper.  The Chicago Tribune says almost any fresh herb will do, but strongly-flavored ones--such as sage, thyme, or oregano--should be used sparingly.  Also, the same article gives you permission to use any hard cheese and any kind of nut you like.", "The name Basil is derived from the Greek word for king or royal, a nickname and reputation it earns by being the most popular culinary herb! Its popularity spans the globe since basil proves to be a good match for almost any kind of food. Basil is also known as the \"tomato sauce herb\", because it goes especially well with tomatoes and Italian cuisine. In fact, the main ingredient in Pesto sauce is basil. Unlike many other herbs , it is almost impossible to use too much in your cooking.", "Uses: Basil is a main ingredient in pesto, flavors many other dishes. Used medicinally as a restorative, externally for stings and bites.", "Mediterranean cuisines frequently use basil, especially combined with tomato. Basil is one of the main ingredients in pesto - an Italian sauce from the city of Genoa. The most commonly used Mediterranean basil cultivars are 'Genovese', 'Purple Ruffles', 'Mammoth', 'Cinnamon', 'Lemon', 'Globe', and 'African Blue'.", "�Pesto - A delicious sauce used for pastas, grilled meats, and poultry. This is made of fresh basil, garlic, olive oil, and parmesan cheese. Some versions will also add parsley and walnuts or pine nuts. The ingredients are ground into a paste and moistened with the olive oil. Pesto is also used to describe similar sauces that contain other herbs or nuts.", "In France, pesto (called pistou) is prepared using ingredients, like crushed garlic, olive oil, parsley, and basil. While grated cheese is optional, pine nuts are not at all used. Another popular form is pesto alla siciliana, which is said to be originated in Sicily (Italy). Otherwise known as pesto rosso, this red-colored sauce is made with crushed garlic, tomatoes, less amount of basil, almonds instead of pine nuts, and olive oil. Another version is pesto alla calabrese from Calabria in southern Italy. In this type, black pepper and grilled bell peppers are also used. While in some German pesto versions, basil is replaced with ramson leaves, in some other regions, arugula is used in place of basil. Some types are made with cashews instead of pine nuts. So there are several variations of this sauce, but pesto alla genovese is said to be the original.", "PESTO – A sauce made from blending fresh basil with garlic, parmesan cheese and toasted pine nuts. Traditionally, it is made by hand with a mortar and pestle. This sauce is used on pasta, as well as to flavor other dishes such as soups as a garnish. See recipe for Pesto.", "Optional:  About 3 - 4 tablespoons pesto (you can buy or make this - for a quick homemade version, see my totally easy basil pesto recipe ).  Alternately, use fresh or dried herbs such as basil and oregano - start with a little and add more until you get the flavor intensity that you prefer.", "Pesto: A famous green sauce from Genoa, made with basil, olive oil, pine nuts and pecorino, traditionally mashed together in a mortar and pestle.", "Pesto refers to an Italian sauce that is produced from basil, pine nuts, hard cheese, olive oil and garlic. It is regarded like a wholesome meal since it comprises of several ingredients. Pine nuts and basil provide nutrient density, while garlic and olive provide other beneficial compounds. Further down are benefits of pesto intake.", "Even after the herbs start growing, you may enjoy this variation enough to add kale or spinach to your pesto. You can even use carrot tops, which if you’re like most people, probably just get composted at your house, to make basic. Use them on their own, or combine them with spinach. Those green tops also make a good addition to soups.", "Sometimes almonds are used instead of pine nuts, and sometimes mint leaves are mixed in with the basil leaves. It has been pointed out that pesto is essentially a combination of flavourful leaves, oily nuts, hard cheese, olive oil, garlic, salt and lemon juice; any ingredients meeting this description can produce a pesto-like condiment. ", "36. Which herb is mixed with crushed garlic, pine nuts and blended with olive oil and parmasan cheese to make pesto ?", "To make a typical pesto, you crush fresh young basil, Italian pine nuts, add Parmigiano-Reggiano , sea salt and olive oil. ( The Silver Spoon New Edition", "I made my pesto with CASHEWS!! They are very sweet...I added moistened sundried tomatoes, which have sweetness, extra virgin olive oil, fresh lemon juice, lots of garlic, italian flat leaf parsley, spinach (fresh and the baby bagged leaves, lots of big basil leaves, shredded parm cheese, salt and pepper. DEE-LISH-US!!!!!! sooooooo good. I just love putting my spin on everything professional cooks make---takes everything to a whole new level and everyone loves it. Guest 2012-09-27T19:44:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "Pesto is for pasta, but that's not all.  It can go on chicken, in soup, in eggs, and on many other foods that need a lift.  Supermarkets usually carry both the traditional green pesto and the red tomato pesto. Therefore, you get to use the commercial type if you don't have the time or inclination to make your own. Like salsa, pesto is a versatile flavor enhancer.  If you're unfamiliar with it and have a tendency to shy away from the unknown, read on as Shelf Life Advice gives you the lowdown on a sophisticated, exotic, and quite delicious taste treat. ", "I have loved pesto since I was three and stole a bowl of it off the kitchen table. As long as there is a nut, basil, olive oil, garlic, parmesan cheese and a bit of lemon, it is to die for. The ...", "Basil is growing thick and leafy in many backyard gardens throughout the U.S. right now, which means many people are thinking about pesto. It's one of the more basic sauces you can make — in addition to basil, all you need is Parmesan or Romano cheese, a little garlic, some extra virgin olive oil and Italian pine nuts.", "Pesto alla genovese, the quintessential pesto recipe, is made with Genovese basil, coarse salt, garlic, Ligurian extra virgin olive oil (Taggiasco), European pine nuts (sometimes toasted) and a grated cheese like Parmigiano Reggiano or Grana Padano and pecorino sardo or pecorino romano.", "When we speak about Ligurian food, we immediately think of the famous pesto, a tasty sauce made with basil, pine nuts, garlic, parmesan, pecorino and extra-virgin olive oil, used to flavor trenette (pasta) or ravioli with borage leaves. ", "Tradition says to use a mortar and pestle when making pesto, but tradition says a lot of things. Are they all true? [Photographs and video: Vicky Wasik]", "Pesto is such a fabulously easy sauce to prepare, and it can be made in endless variations of flavors and used in endless recipes! Today we’re starting off with the basic one, the classic Italian basil pesto that won over the worlds’ palates. I love tossing it with pasta on a busy day, or topping it on grilled meats, or spreading it on my sandwich breads, or mixing it with vinegar and tossing it with my salads.", "Cibo's beautiful, robust-flavored Roasted Red Pepper Pesto will add interest to your dishes. This pesto contains roasted red peppers, Parmesan cheese, extra-virgin olive oil, organic basil and more. Try it on your pizza, your sandwich or in a pasta read more", "Using a machine of rotating knives and a mixing machine of \"antique\" origin allows for a delicate, handmade result in a commercial environment, allowing the basil to maintain its character all the way to you. Topped up with Ligurian olive oil (made from ripe Taggiasca olives ) creates a natural preservative and cover for the pesto.", "Pesto comes in a variety of recipes, some traditional and some modern, as the very noun pesto is a generic term for anything that is made by pounding. ", "Pesto is, on the surface, a very simple sauce. It requires no cooking and has few ingredients. And yet, read just about any authoritative source on pesto and you're confronted with a laundry list of dos and don'ts.", "The Italian style pesto was introduced to a much wider audience when Italian immigrant and University of Washington Professor Angelo Pellegrini 's pesto recipe is published in a 1946 issue of Sunset Magazine . The recipe consisted of a little bit of this and a little bit of that, with no precise measurement.", "In 1944, The New York Times mentioned an imported canned pesto paste. In 1946, Sunset magazine published a pesto recipe by Angelo Pellegrini. Pesto did not become popular in North America until the 1980s and 1990s. ", "Despite its simplicity, there are several variables to explore when making pesto. Read those who wax poetic on proper pesto and you'll usually encounter the following rules:", "I've eaten Pesto all summer with this recipe. Simple and yummy! Ttreiger 2013-09-02T21:27:22Z item not reviewed by moderator and published" ]

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[ "The Captain: James T. Kirk (William Shatner) was the captain of the USS Enterprise, and was the original Star Trek captain. Chris Pine played him in the reboot in 2009. One day we hope to see them in the same film. Well, we can dream, can't we?", "\"The Cage\" is the original unaired pilot episode for the 1966 science fiction television series Star Trek . After being presented to studio heads, NBC ordered a second pilot episode for the series which was entitled \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" . The original pilot features the lead character Christopher Pike as Captain of the USS Enterprise . Along with fellow crew members Mr. Spock , Number One , Doctor Philip Boyce , Lieutenant José Tyler and Yeoman J.M. Colt , Captain Pike encounters a strange, telepathic alien race known as the Talosians . From this initial episode, only Mr. Spock, played by Leonard Nimoy , was brought over to the regular series. Actress Majel Barrett , who played Number One , was also brought over to the regular series, this time portraying the part of nurse Christine Chapel . Scenes from this episode were colorized and incorporated into the two-part season one episode \"The Menagerie\" . The entire episode was colorized and remastered in 1986 and broadcast on network television on October 4th , 1988 . A digitally remastered version of the episode aired on May 2nd , 2009 .", "The Spock character was initially depicted as the USS Enterprise's science officer for the original pilot, \"The Cage\" (1964). Although \"The Cage\" did not air, Spock's eleven years of service under the command of Captain Christopher Pike are referred to and depicted in \"The Menagerie\" (1966) and other episodes. The character's first broadcast appearance is in \"The Man Trap\" (1966), which introduces him as the ship's science officer and first officer under Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner). Star Trek depicts a trio of Spock, Kirk, and Doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley); while McCoy often acts as Kirk's conscience, Spock offers the captain an emotionally detached, logical perspective. The character also offers an outsider's perspective on the human condition.", "Many aspects of starship life in the series were modeled after the British Royal Navy of the age of sail. Roddenberry had intended to make Christopher Pike (the captain in the original pilot episode) similar to the fictional captain Horatio Hornblower. There is a certain formality among the characters; the series writer's guide points out that sudden emergencies are not to be met with a beautiful crewman rushing into the captain's arms and awaiting certain doom. The Enterprise is one vessel of thousands in Starfleet, which is governed by the United Federation of Planets, consisting of more than a hundred fifty member planets.", "Captain James T. Kirk was the commander, star, and hero of the original 1960s sci-fi TV series Star Trek. As played by William Shatner , Captain Kirk was an impetuous fist-fighting alpha male, leading the multi-racial, mostly-human crew of the starship Enterprise on a series of space adventures throughout the universe. According to the futuristic mythology of the show, Kirk was promoted to captain of the Enterprise in 2264, and given a five-year mission \"to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" He was assisted by his emotionless Vulcan science officer, Mr. Spock (played by Leonard Nimoy ), and the emotional Dr. McCoy (played by DeForest Kelley ). Capt. Kirk appeared in the original series (1966-69) and in seven feature films: Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979); Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982); Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984); Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986); Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989); Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991); and Star Trek: Generations (1994). A younger version of Kirk was played by actor Chris Pine in the 2009 feature Star Trek and its 2013 sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness.", "The adventures of the USS Enterprise, representing the United Federation of Planets on a five-year mission in outer space to explore new worlds, seek new life and new civilizations, and to boldly go where no one has gone before. The Enterprise is commanded by handsome and brash Captain James T. Kirk. His First Officer and best friend is Mr. Spock from the planet Vulcan, and Kirk's Medical Officer is Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy. With a crew of approximately 430, the Enterprise battles aliens, megalomanical computers, time paradoxes, psychotic murderers, and even Khan! Written by Marty McKee <mmckee@wkio.com>", "STAR TREK: THE NEXT GENERATION stars Jean-Luc Picard ( Patrick Stewart ) as the unflappable captain of the new Enterprise. He is a calm and organized leader -- a sharp contrast to the original Star Trek's James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ). While TNG is about mankind's ongoing quest to promote peace and tranquility, it's also about having adventures in space. These adventures take the lively crew to far-flung planets and into the past and future. All the while, Picard wrestles with the Prime Directive -– his oath to help people and fix problems without imposing his own will on others.", "The pilot was titled “The Cage,” and featured Captain Christopher Pike. However, in a highly unusual move, NBC commissioned a second pilot. The show was recast with the notable exception of Spock, a pointy-eared, supremely logical half-alien officer who hailed from the planet Vulcan.", "In another alternate timeline created by Q , Picard managed to avoid the fight with a trio of Nausicaans on Starbase Earhart in 2327 which, in the proper timeline, resulted in his being stabbed through the heart and its replacement with a bionic implant . However, when Q returned him to 2369 , Picard found that he was a lieutenant, junior grade and the Enterprise's assistant astrophysics officer while Thomas Halloway was the ship's captain. Lieutenant Worf was his immediate supervisor.", "In this highly successful spin-off to the original Star Trek, Captain Jean-Luc Picard and the crew of the Galaxy-Class starship, the U.S.S. Enterprise NCC-1701-D, set out to explore the final frontier. Along the way, they make first contact with myriad different species and solve reconflicts among those societies with whom they were already familiar, most notably the Klingon Empire.", "When Khan's sleep chamber malfunctions, he is transported to Enterprise, where he reawakens and learns he is in the 23rd century. Given spacious quarters while Botany Bay is towed to a starbase, Khan fascinates and charms the ship's historian, Marla McGivers (Madlyn Rhue), while using his access to the ship's technical manuals to learn how to take over and operate Enterprise. McGivers agrees to help Khan revive the other supermen, allowing him to organize a mutiny. To coerce the Enterprise crew to cooperate with him, Khan places Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) in the ship's decompression chamber and threatens to kill Kirk unless the crew submits. McGivers cannot stand by as her Captain dies and frees Kirk, who neutralizes Khan's men by using a neural gas. Khan heads to engineering and sets the ship's engines to self-destruct, whereupon he is incapacitated by Kirk. Captain Kirk conducts a hearing, sentencing Khan and his followers to exile on an uncolonized world, Ceti Alpha V. Khan accepts Kirk's challenge—invoking the fall of Lucifer in Milton's Paradise Lost —and McGivers joins Khan rather than face court-martial. Spock (Leonard Nimoy) wonders what the \"seed\" Kirk has planted will bear in a hundred years.", "NBC rejected the first pilot, \"The Cage\" (1965), starring Jeffrey Hunter as Captain Christopher Pike. The second, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before,\" directed by James Goldstone, was totally recast. Hunter went back to films, so NBC hired Shatner, a Broadway and movie star with several TV guest roles on his resume, as the rechristened Captain James T. Kirk.", "* William Shatner as James T. Kirk, the former commanding officer of the USS Enterprise and an Admiral at Starfleet headquarters, who re-assumes command of the Enterprise, and with it, temporary demotion to his previous rank, captain. When asked during a March 1978 press conference about what it would be like to reprise the role, Shatner said, \"An actor brings to a role not only the concept of a character but his own basic personality, things that he is, and both Leonard Nimoy and myself have changed over the years, to a degree at any rate, and we will bring that degree of change inadvertently to the role we recreate.\" ", "A century before Captain Kirk's five-year mission, Jonathan Archer captains the United Earth ship Enterprise during the early years of Starfleet, leading up to the Earth-Romulan War and the formation of the Federation.", "The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s. The ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), first officer and science officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy), and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley). Shatner's voice-over introduction during each episode's opening credits stated the starship's purpose:", "Events of 2371 revealed Kirk had entered the Nexus, yet unaware of the passing of 78 years due to the non-linear nature of time in the Nexus. Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the USS Enterprise-D discovered Kirk within the Nexus. Kirk agreed to leave his idyllic but unsatisfying existence to help Picard punch the deranged scientist Tolian Soran , who was going to destroy the Veridian system .", "The United Earth Starfleet's Enterprise was an experimental prototype ship, commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer. It appeared as the titular vessel of the prequel television series Star Trek: Enterprise (2001–2005). A mirror version of the ship, ISS Enterprise (NX-01), appeared in the episode \"In a Mirror, Darkly.\"", "The USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, \"All Good Things ... \" The ship appeared in an alternate future having survived and not crashed during the \"Star Trek: Generations\" movie, and had instead began serving as Admiral William T. Riker's personal flagship. Note the third warp nacelle.", "Star Trek: Insurrection [0] When the crew of the Enterprise learn of a Federation plot against the inhabitants of a unique planet, Capt. Picard begins an open rebellion.", "Roddenberry developed several possible scripts, including \"Mudd's Women\", \"The Omega Glory\", and with the help of Samuel A. Peeples, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\". NBC selected the last one, leading to later rumors that Peeples created Star Trek, something he has always denied. Roddenberry was determined to make the crew racially diverse, which impressed actor George Takei when he came for his audition. The episode went into production on July 15, 1965, and was completed at around half the cost of \"The Cage\" since the sets were already built. Roddenberry worked on several projects for the rest of the year. In December, he decided to write lyrics to the Star Trek theme; this angered the theme's composer, Alexander Courage, as it meant that royalties would be split between them. In February 1966, NBC informed Desilu that they were buying Star Trek and that it would be included in the fall 1966 television schedule. ", "William Shatner: Sacrifice bonds Starfleet captains If there's one man who knows what it takes to command a starship, it's William Shatner. The iconic actor played Captain James T. Kirk for the three seasons of the original \"Star Trek\" series from 1966 to 1969 Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/12BtXY1", "Very possibly around this same time period, with the Enterprise at Earth, Captain Kirk is served a judicial summons on the grounds of Starfleet Academy, requiring him to appear before an inquiry on planet Sigma Iotia II or face arrest, due to a lawsuit brought against him by a young man during the original starship Enterprise's visit there twenty years previously. The Enterprise-A delivers Kirk and Captain Spock to Sigma Iotia II (dressed in native gangster-garb), where — amidst gangland assassination-attempts and renewing old acquaintances with Bela Oxmyx — the trial begins, with \"The Kid\" claiming unfair exclusion from a \"piece of the action\" (i.e., profiting from the Federation's intervention years before). The ultimate verdict results in Kirk's acquittal, the captain's smooth-talking self-defense demonstrating that The Kid benefited from Federation schools, employment, and other opportunities since the original Enterprise's visit. ( TOS - Strange New Worlds V short story : \" Legal Action \")", "Other roles include Robert Hooks as Admiral Morrow, the commander of Starfleet; James Sikking as Captain Styles, the Commanding Officer of the Excelsior; Miguel Ferrer as the Excelsior's First Officer and Helmsman; and Phillip R. Allen as Captain J.T. Esteban, the captain of the ill-fated Grissom. John Larroquette plays Maltz, a member of Kruge's bridge crew whom Nimoy describes as \"the thoughtful Klingon\". Catherine Shirriff plays Valkris, Kruge's doomed lover. Grace Lee Whitney, who played Janice Rand in the Star Trek television show, made a cameo appearance (wearing a wig) as \"Woman in Cafeteria\". Scott McGinnis plays a young man whom Uhura forces into a closet at gunpoint. ", "In several alternate realities visited by Lieutenant Worf in 2370 , Picard was still the captain of the Enterprise-D. In one reality, however, he was killed during the Borg Incursion of 2366-2367 and was succeeded as captain of the Enterprise-D by William T. Riker . ( TNG episode : \" Parallels \")", "Later in 1964, Roddenberry cast her in a co-starring role in \"The Cage,\" the pilot for his science fiction series Star Trek. She played 'Number One,' second in command on the U.S.S. Enterprise, but the character's strength and authority in the Star Trek universe as a woman was unsettling to NBC. The network ordered a second pilot made, but it was made without Majel's female officer.", "The first Star Trek pilot, \" The Cage \", was filmed in November and December of 1964 . Although the pilot was rejected by NBC , the studio allowed Roddenberry to produce a second pilot, which became \" Where No Man Has Gone Before \". Many cast changes were made between the first pilot and the second, and Nimoy was the only principal cast member from \"The Cage\" to return for the second pilot. Following this pilot, Star Trek was picked up as a series.", "Captain Jean-Luc Picard is a fictional character in the Star Trek: The Next Generation (a.k.a. TNG) franchise. He appears in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and the feature films Star Trek: Generations (1994), Star Trek: First Contact (1996), Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), and Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). He also made a guest appearance in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, which began its seven-year run during the sixth season of TNG. He is portrayed by actor Patrick Stewart.", "Kirk, played by William Shatner, first appears in the broadcast pilot episode of Star Trek: The Original Series, \"The Man Trap\", originally broadcast on September 8, 1966. Shatner continued in the role for the show's three seasons, and later provided the voice of the animated version of Kirk in Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973–74). Shatner returned to the role for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and in six subsequent films. Chris Pine portrays a young version of the character in the 2009 reboot Star Trek film, with Jimmy Bennett playing Kirk as a child. Pine reprised his role in Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and in Star Trek Beyond (2016). Other actors have played the character in fan-created media, and the character has been the subject of multiple spoofs and satires. The character has been praised for his leadership traits, and also criticized for his relationships with women.", "* The Star Trek: The Original Series episode \"Assignment: Earth\" features a character named Gary Seven.", "During a visit to the 23rd century , even Lieutenant Commander Worf remarked that it would be an honor to meet Kirk. Lieutenant Commander Jadzia Dax also commented that Koloth always regretted not getting the chance to face Kirk in battle. ( TOS : \" Errand of Mercy \"; Star Trek V: The Final Frontier ; Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country ; DS9 : \" Trials and Tribble-ations \")", "Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode \"Trials and Tribble-ations\" (1996). Jein's model was built to be exactly half the size of the larger of the two original models, and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar. In addition, a CGI model of the ship makes a brief cameo appearance at the end of the final episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, \"These Are the Voyages...\" (2005), and another CGI version was created for remastered episodes of the original Star Trek, based on the model in the Smithsonian.", "Set in a utopian vision of the 23rd century, Star Trek follows the adventures of the Starship Enterprise and her crew. A voiceover at the beginning of each episode states their goal (ungrammatically according to some, since \"to boldly go\" is a split infinitive):" ]

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[ "According to McPhoil (1988) the anatomy of a shoe can be divided in an upper and lower (or bottom part). Sections of the upper include vamp, quarter, toebox, throat, insole board, and topline. The sections of the lower shoe consist of an outsole, shank and heel.", "As we work our way around the shoe clockwise, starting at the front on the upper part is the featherline, which forms the edge where the mudguard (or toeguard) tip meets the bottom of the shoe. Next is the vamp, usually a single piece of material that gives shape to the shoe and forms the toe box. The vamp also has attachments such as the throat, which contains the eyestay and lacing section. Beneath the lacing section is the tongue, protecting the foot from direct contact with the laces. Also attached to the vamp along the sides of the shoe are reinforcements. If sewn on the outside of the shoe these reinforcements are called a saddle; if sewn on the inside, they are called an arch bandage. Further towards the back of the shoe is the collar, which usually has an Achilles tendon protector at the top back of the shoe. The foxing shapes the rear end of the shoe. Underneath it is a plastic cup that supports the heel, the heel counter.", "Upper -- From heel to toe, this term refers to the all the parts of the shoe that cover the top of the foot.", "A running shoe may have as many as 20 parts to it, and the components listed below are the most basic. The shoe has two main parts: the upper, which covers the top and sides of the foot, and the bottom part, which makes contact with the surface.", "Upper part of the shoe that covers the foot and can be made of leather, fabric or synthetic materials.", "This is everything above the sole. The upper part of the shoe tightly holds the sole to the foot and also protects the foot from cuts, twisting, and pounding. The welt is where the sole and the upper meet and are firmly attached together.", "The upper helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip-flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The upper is connected to the sole by a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched between it and the sole, known as a welt.", "tongue-shaped piece of upper material protecting dorsum of foot in a Derby or Oxford-style shoe; originates at the vamp and underlies the facings; characteristically it drifts laterally in an overpronating foot", "Shoe industry term for the line that forms from wear/walking at the front part of the shoe.", "Some designs of dress shoes can be worn by either gender. The majority of dress shoes have an upper covering, commonly made of leather, enclosing most of the lower foot, but not covering the ankles. This upper part of the shoe is often made without apertures or openings, but may also be made with openings or even itself consist of a series of straps, e.g. an open toe featured in women's shoes. Shoes with uppers made high to cover the ankles are also available; a shoe with the upper rising above the ankle is usually considered a boot but certain styles may be referred to as high-topped shoes or high-tops. Usually, a high-topped shoe is secured by laces or zippers, although some styles have elastic inserts to ease slipping the shoe on.", "A type of oxford (shoe that closes) in which the tongue and vamp (the front part of the shoe) are cut in one.", "The part of the shoe where the foot enters. Another term for collar or top line.", "The complete upper part of the shoe behind the vamp line covering the sides and backpart. The top edge of the sides and back of the quarter describes the topline of the shoe. In athletic shoes the topline is often padded and referred to as a collar. The medial and lateral sections join in a seam at the posterior end of the shoe.", "Quarter Panels -- The side components of the shoe, which run from its heel to its toe.", "9. One of the layers of leather, rubber, or other material making up the heel of a shoe.", "According to Rossi (1997) there are eight basic footwear styles with the rest made up as variations on the basic themes. To comply with definition a shoe describes footwear with a mechanism capable of holding the foot in the heel of the shoe to facilitate support during push off. Hence there are two critical aspect of shoes i.e.. the band around the instep and the section corresponding to the human heel. To prevent unnecessary movement these need to be firm and fit the foot.", "An elastic panel at the front of a shoe that is covered by the shoe's tongue and provides added comfort.", "Shoe or slipper, usually made with high heel, that has a vamp (fitted front) but nothing at the back. The front part of the shoe can be made in any one of many different styles. The heel can vary in height.", "heel - the bottom of a shoe or boot; the back part of a shoe or boot that touches the ground and provides elevation", "These are a type of shoe with laces along the instep and no tongue.  Originally used because having no tongue it would drain water, dry quickly and not get stuck in the mud because the laces were above the ankle.  Rabbit skin lining and a pattern from the 17th century using flexible leather that hugs the foot is used today purely for social use and Scottish dancers. ", "Instep -- The area of the foot between the toes and the ankle, or the top front part of a shoe", "The turned shoe is made inside out with only an outset sole between the foot and the ground. The upper and soles are very flexible. The last is designed in a single size and then a set is made in the range of sizes and widths in which shoes are to be manufactured. Marked sizes will vary slightly from one manufacturer to another. No longer a popular technique.", "On your foot, it's the area between the heel and ball. In shoes, it's the raised, padded area that gives you support and comfort .", "Also known as a collar or top line, the area of the shoe that is furthest away from the outsole; the place where the foot enters the shoe.", "The sole of a shoe made from a single mold that can include a platform or wedge heel.", "The moccasin was the traditional shoe. It was made from one or two pieces of soft leather, which enclosed the foot, with no added heel. It was seamed to an inset decorative piece on top of the instep. The leather was then folded over at the back.", "Tread is the design or pattern on a sole that helps shoes grip the ground. Can also refer to how a shoe is worn in.", "The American College of Sports and Medicine (1) estimates that the average adult takes between 5,000 and 10,000 steps per day. The brunt of this activity is borne by the bones, muscles and ligaments of the foot. Healthy feet have strong, wonderfully flexible ligaments which are designed to support standing, walking and running. Plantar Fasciitis (pronounced “plantar fash-ee-eye-tis”) is defined as inflammation of, or damage to, one of the most important ligaments in the foot – the  plantar fascia .", "A curved metal or synthetic device used to aid in slipping the foot into a shoe.", "Pronounced \"gil-ee\", this is a style of footwear in which the laces pass through fabric or leather rings or loops attached to the front opening of the shoe, rather than eyelets.", "*The most common term for generic, rubber-soled shoes worn for athletic activities is sneakers as said by 46% of those surveyed throughout the country, but particularly in the Northeast. 41%, particularly outside of the Northeast, said tennis shoes. Several much rarer other terms were also documented in various regions of the country.", "Pedorthics – Design, manufacture, fit and/or modification of shoe and foot orthoses to alleviate foot problems caused by disease, congenital condition, overuse or injury." ]

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[ "Gold is a metallic element with the atomic number 79 and the symbol Au. While the name gold comes from an Old English word meaning yellow, the symbol comes from the Latin aurum, which means “shining dawn.”", "Gold ( IPA : /ˈgold/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from the Latin aurum) and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal which, for many centuries, has been used as money , a store of value and in jewelery . The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, underground \"veins\" and in alluvial deposits . It is one of the coinage metals . Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile of the known metals. Pure gold has an attractive bright yellow color and is one of only two colored metal elements, the other being copper . All other metals are silver or gray.", "Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and atomic number 79. Gold is a highly sought-after precious metal which has been used as money, a store of value and in jewelery since the beginning of recorded history.", "Gold ( pronounced /ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from the Latin aurum, meaning shining dawn) and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal which, for many centuries, has been used as money, a store of value and in jewelry. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, underground \"veins\" and in alluvial deposits. It is one of the coinage metals . Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile of the known metals. Pure gold has a bright yellow color traditionally considered attractive.", "The element gold. Gold is element 79 and its symbol is Au. Though the name is Anglo Saxon, gold originated from the Latin Aurum, or shining dawn, and previously from the Greek. It's abundance in the earth's crust is 0.004 ppm.", "Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal with an attractive, bright yellow colour and lustre that is maintained without tarnishing in air or water. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions.", "Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and atomic number 79.  It is a highly sought-after precious metal which, for many centuries, has been used as money, a store of value and in jewelry.  The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, underground \"veins\" and in alluvial deposits.  It is one of the coinage metals. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile of the known metals.  Pure gold has a bright yellow color traditionally considered attractive.", "Gold  is a chemical element with the symbol Au (Latin: aurum, “shining dawn”) and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Gold is one of the coinage metals and has served as a symbol of wealth and a store of value throughout history. Gold standards have provided a basis for monetary policies. It also has been linked to a variety of symbolisms and ideologies.", "The chemical formula for gold is Au, which is its periodic table symbol. The symbol comes from the Latin word for gold, \"aurum.\"", "The chemical symbol for gold is Au, from the Latin aurum, which means ‘shining dawn’. Aurora was the Roman goddess of dawn which links to the warm, yellow colour of gold. Gold and Copper are the only two non white coloured metals.", "Gold — A chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Au (L. aurum) and atomic number 79. A soft, shiny, yellow, heavy, malleable, ductile (trivalent and univalent) transition metal, gold does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine, fluorine and aqua regia. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks and in alluvial deposits and is one of the coinage metals. Gold is used as a monetary standard for many nations and is also used in jewelry, dentistry, and in electronics.", "Gold is the old Anglo-Saxon designation for this precious metal and has roots in Sanskrit ('Jval' which means 'shining'). It occurs in its pure form naturally, and has been known from ancient times. The symbol 'Au' is derived from the Latin word for gold 'aurum' which is derived from 'Aurora' the goddess of dawn.", "gold, metallic chemical element; symbol Au [Lat. aurum = shining dawn]; at. no. 79; at. wt. 196.96657; m.p. 1,064.43°C; b.p. 2,808°C; sp. gr. 19.32 at 20°C; valence +1 or +3.", "Gold was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name : from the Anglo-Saxon word \"gold\" (the origin of the symbol Au is the Latin word \"aurum\" meaning \"gold\").", "Word History The symbols that scientists use for the chemical elements are usually abbreviations of the elements' names. Thus the symbol for hydrogen is H, and the symbol for oxygen is O, both from the first letter of the name. But if you look at the Periodic Table at Periodic Table , you'll notice that some symbols are entirely different from the corresponding element names. The symbol for iron is Fe, and the symbol for tin is Sn, for example. Why is this? It happens that some elements were already known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as familiar metals like iron, copper, silver, gold, tin, and lead. For these elements scientists use abbreviations of the Greek and Latin words for them. The Latin words for the six metals listed above are ferrum, cuprum, argentum, aurum, stannum, and plumbum. From these names come, quite straightforwardly, the chemical symbols Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, and Pb.", "Gold is called a \"noble\" metal because it does not oxidize under ordinary conditions. Its chemical symbol Au is derived from the Latin word \"aurum.\"", "The name originates from the Old English Anglo-Saxon word 'geolo' meaning yellow. The Symbol Origin is from the Latin word 'Aurum' meaning \"Glowing Dawn\".", "Or (Ger. Gelb or golden) derives its name from the Latin aurum, \"gold\". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; \"yellow\" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or.", "While the word gold has went through many evolutions that brought us the word we use today, few people realize the extent of its origins. One common question is why the chemical symbol for gold is Au. The answer to this question points us back to the Latin etymological roots of the metal.", "Au - a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia", "It is also to be noted that in the Latin language, aurum was the name for gold but it also had several other connotations. The word could be used to refer to the yellow color of gold, coins made of gold or even gold plated items. We still hold this tradition in our modern language when we use phrases like \"golden hair\" to describe someone with blonde locks.", "The name \"boron\" comes from the Arabic word for the mineral borax,(بورق, boraq) which was known before boron was ever extracted. The \"-on\" suffix is thought to have been taken from \"carbon\"; so the name can regarded as a portmanteau of \"borax\" and \"carbon\". Aluminium was named by Humphry Davy in the early 1800s. It is derived from the Greek word alumen, meaning bitter salt, or the Latin alum, the mineral. Gallium is derived from the Latin Gallia, referring to France, the place of its discovery. Indium comes from the Latin word indicum, meaning indigo dye, and refers to the element's prominent indigo spectroscopic line. Thallium, like indium, is named after the Greek word for the color of its spectroscopic line: thallos, meaning a green twig or shoot. \"Ununtrium\" is a temporary name assigned by the IUPAC (see IUPAC nomenclature), derived from the Latin names of the digits in the number 113.", "Argentum: Latin for silver, hence the symbol Ag; argentum vivum, literally \"living silver\", is native mercury [Pliny]", "Copernicium, a heavier relative of zinc, cadmium and mercury, was first seen in 1996 by German researchers. Named after Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, it is element 112 and its symbol is Cn.", "Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, roentgenium should be known as eka-gold. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called unununium (with the corresponding symbol of Uuu), a systematic element name as a placeholder, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it \"element 111\", with the symbol of (111) or even simply 111.", "Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.", "Its Atomic Number is 26. The symbol Fe comes from the Latin name for the metal, Ferrum.", "The symbol Ag is from Latin name Argentum, which is derived from PIE *arg-ent- or from Ancient Greek ἀργήεντος (argēentos), genitive of ἀργήεις (argēeis), \"white, shining\". [53]", "Palladium  is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare silver white transition metal of the platinum group, resembling platinum chemically. It was discovered in platinum ores in 1803, and named after the asteroid Pallas by William Hyde Wollaston.", "From the earliest times gold was compared with the sun, it was called the solar metal or simply by the sun (Sol). The alchemist symbol for gold - a circle with a dot in the center, is identical with the symbol for the sun. In the alchemic literature gold was indicated with many words, usually encoded, such as: zaras, trikor, sol, sonir, secur, senior, etc., and also several words with an Arab origin, for example al-bahag (gladness), hiti (cat dung), ras (head, principle), su'a (ray), diya (light), and alam (peace).", "\"Cerium\" : \"Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture).\",", "Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 and is named after Albert Einstein. It was first detected in the debris from a nuclear explosion at Eniwetok (now Enewetak) in the Pacific after tons of radioactive coral from atolls in the blast area were sifted and examined. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with isotopes having half-lives ranging from 20 to 472 days." ]

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[ "That all changed in 1962, when John Glenn took Tang into space aboard the Friendship 7. Since it was a powder, the drink could be mixed with water in a closed vessel and drunk from a straw-like tube. NASA history states that Tang was among several types of foods the organization wanted Glenn to test for eating viability in space during the Gemini missions, though the organization is adamant in stating it does not now nor has it ever endorsed brand-name products. Legend has it, however, that Glenn and his fellow Gemini astronauts were the reason Tang went into space. They were not at all fond of the water they had to drink in the spacecraft since the filtration system imparted an unpleasant aftertaste. This version of the story goes on to say that Tang was first smuggled onboard by the Gemini astronauts in order to make their water more palatable. No matter which story line is true, Tang rocketed into the public consciousness as soon as the company took advantage of their association with the Space Program to market the powder as the “drink of astronauts.”", "Tang is still produced today, and is now offered in several fruit flavors around the globe. It is also interesting to note that William A. Mitchell further ingratiated himself with baby boomers by inventing Pop Rocks, and later, Cool Whip, in addition to the Tang formulation. As for the Space Program, NASA may have a reduced budget in which to carry out its missions these days, but Tang is still being served aboard the International Space Station.", "Breakfast Squares were made by General Mills. I remember them well. They were like a very dry cake., completely covered with frosting (also dry). They weren't messy, which is why my mom bought lots of them. They came out in the late 1960s when a lot of space flight influenced food was popular. Pillsbury made Space Sticks, which looked a lot like Slim Jims, but with flavors like chocolate and vanilla. Carnation made Breakfast Bars, which are very similar to the chocolate covered granola bars made by Quaker Oats, which are still sold today. --- Bill--Riverside, CA, 1957", "Introduced in 1941 as Cheerioats, the cereal met the needs of American soldiers during World War II through \"Yank Packs,\" special one-ounce Cheerios packages available only to military personnel. During the 1940s and 1950s, Cheerios featured dozens of Lone Ranger prizes such as deputy badges, black masks and flashlight pistols. Through creative package promotions, Cheerios has commemorated everything from America's first moon landing to the turning of the century. Since its birth 60 years ago, the Cheerios family tree has grown to include five more brands: Honey Nut Cheerios, Frosted Cheerios, Apple Cinnamon Cheerios, Team Cheerios and MultiGrain Cheerios.", "of President Ronald Reagan, who eventually made the beans a staple in the Oval Office and on Air Force One. During his presidency, there was even a special holder designed for the plane so the jar of Jelly Belly beans would not spill during turbulence. Moreover, Jelly Belly beans became the first jellybeans in outer space when President Reagan sent them on the 1983 flight of the space shuttle Challenger \"as a presidential surprise for the astronauts,\" according to the candy maker's website", "A Coca-Cola fountain dispenser (officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-2 or FGBA-2) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation. The unit flew in 1996 aboard STS-77 and held 1.65 liters each of Coca-Cola and Diet Coke. ", ". Ben & Jerry's was the first brand-name ice cream to be taken into space aboard the Space Shuttle.", "1969 — The Kellogg Company was honored to provide breakfast for the legendary Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins during their groundbreaking Apollo 11 trip to the moon.", "Some of the freeze-dried foods from NASA are still available today, but the Space Food Sticks went the way of the Dodo Bird. My favorite was peanut butter flavor. A pocket full of those an a Thermos of Tang and I was all set for my next adventure.", "\"Common drink consumed by Trill. The replicators on Deep Space 9 were able to produce a decent copy of it. Humans would say it was a lot like orange juice.\"", "The Mercury space capsule was produced by McDonnell Aircraft, and carried supplies of water, food and oxygen for about one day in a pressurized cabin. Mercury flights were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, on launch vehicles modified from the Redstone and Atlas D missiles. The capsule was fitted with a launch escape rocket to carry it safely away from the launch vehicle in case of a failure. The flight was designed to be controlled from the ground via the Manned Space Flight Network, a system of tracking and communications stations; back-up controls were outfitted on board. Small retrorockets were used to bring the spacecraft out of its orbit, after which an ablative heat shield protected it from the heat of atmospheric reentry. Finally, a parachute slowed the craft for a water landing. Both astronaut and capsule were recovered by helicopters deployed from a U.S. Navy ship.", "In The Mouse on the Moon (1962), Grand Fenwick beats the U.S. and the Soviet Union in a space race by using a new rocket fuel, the secret ingredient for which is found in a \"premier grand cru\" crop of Pinot Grand Fenwick.", "Breakfast began at 7 AM. Astronauts usually stood to eat, as sitting in microgravity also strained their stomach muscles. They reported that their food—although greatly improved from Apollo—was bland and repetitive, and weightlessness caused utensils, food containers, and bits of food to float away; also, gas in their drinking water contributed to flatulence. After breakfast and preparation for lunch, experiments, tests and repairs of spacecraft systems and, if possible, 90 minutes of physical exercise followed; the station had a bicycle and other equipment, and astronauts could jog around the water tank. After dinner, which was scheduled for 6 PM, crews performed household chores and prepared for the next day's experiments. Following lengthy daily instructions (some of which were up to 15 meters long) sent via teleprinter, the crews were often busy enough to postpone sleep. ", "In 1985, special modified cans of Coca-Cola and Pepsi soda rode aboard the space shuttle Challenger on its STS-51F mission. The trip added more fuel to the so-called \"Cola Wars\" between the Coca-Cola Company and Pepsi, Co.", "Based on studies to grow the Mercury spacecraft capabilities to long-duration flights, developing space rendezvous techniques, and precision Earth landing, Project Gemini was started as a two-man program in 1962 to overcome the Soviets' lead and to support the Apollo manned lunar landing program, adding extravehicular activity (EVA) and rendezvous and docking to its objectives. The first manned Gemini flight, Gemini 3, was flown by Gus Grissom and John Young on March 23, 1965. Nine missions followed in 1965 and 1966, demonstrating an endurance mission of nearly fourteen days, rendezvous, docking, and practical EVA, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans. ", "In 1957, the launch of the Russian Sputnik satellite alarms the United States government. Politicians such as Senator Lyndon B. Johnson and military leaders demand that NASA help America defeat the Russians in the new Space Race. The search for the first Americans in space excludes Yeager because he lacks a college degree. Grueling physical and mental tests select the Mercury Seven astronauts, including John Glenn of the United States Marine Corps, Alan Shepard, Walter Schirra and Scott Carpenter of the United States Navy, as well as Cooper, Grissom and Slayton; they immediately become national heroes. Although many early NASA rockets explode during launch, the ambitious astronauts all hope to be the first in space as part of Project Mercury. Although engineers see the men as passengers, the pilots insist that the Mercury spacecraft have a window, a hatch with explosive bolts, and pitch-yaw-roll controls. However, Russia beats them on April 12, 1961 with the launch of Vostok 1 carrying Yuri Gagarin into space. The seven astronauts immediately decide to start the Mercury program.", "I remember in the mid 1960s there was an aerosol product that you could squirt into a glass of water and would get a flavored drink. I can't remember the name of the product, but the can was about the size of a large shaving cream can and the nozzle looked the same. My favorite flavor was lime. I remember going on an airplane to visit relatives and packing the can in my suitcase; I worried that the can would explode due to the pressure while on the airplane! I came across this site while searching for an old candy bar favorite, the Cherry Mash. I have been looking for this candy for decades and wish I could find a place that sold them. --- Steve, Ann Arbor, Michigan 1959", "GEMINI. In 1961 planning was begun on an earth-orbital rendezvous program to follow the Mercury project and prepare for Apollo missions. The improved or \"Advanced Mercury\" concept was designated \"Mercury Mark II\" by Glenn F. Bailey, NASA Space Task Group Contracting Officer, and John Y. Brown of McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. 1 The two-man spacecraft was based on the one-man Mercury capsule, enlarged and made capable of longer flights. Its major purposes were to develop the technique of rendezvous in space with another spacecraft and to extend orbital flight time.", "* During the race for space in the early 1960s before the USA moon landing there was a commercial with Speedy in a space suit and a jingle with the lyrics ", "\"Eggs, potatoes, canned goods: tomatoes, peaches,plums, pineapple, staples: lard, crackers, baking soda, bread, flour, corn meal, sugar, cornstarch,...baking powder, salt, pepper, spices, cooking oil, condensed milk and tea. Orville volunteered to be the cook for all of the Kitty Hawk trials. Wilbur was the dishwasher...dishes and kettles were all washed by sand-scrubbing. Water had to be carried about 1,000 feet over the sand to their camp...Other food items...Beef, pork, wild fowl, fish chicken (not often). Bread was rarely available so Orville made biscuits three times a day. Orville always mixed at one time enough flour and other dry ingredients to last for several days. This was kept in a covered jar on the shelf. Milk was also scarce, so Orville learned to make his biscuits without milk...There were times also when the borthers were low on shortening, so Orville came up with tow more recipes for biscuits, one without milk and one without shortening...Many times the main dish was eggs. Eggs were a good source of protein and an important items of diet with the Wright's at Kitty Hawk. They were used daily for muffins, besides for breakfast, and oftentimes they were eaten at dinnner and supper as a main dish, wheny they were out of a supply of meat...The oven was mounted on the wall behind the stove. Their kitchen cooking sotve was a carbide stove which used gasoline for cooking.\" (p. 43-44)", "Cocoa Puffs is a brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills. Introduced in 1958, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn, oats, and rice flavored with cocoa. Essentially, Cocoa Puffs are Kix cereal with chocolate flavoring; similarly, Trix has been, for most of its existence, fruit-flavored Kix.", "The astronauts, the heroes of the space program, were selected and assigned to the STG. Introduced to the American public in 1959, the Mercury 7, as they were affectionately called, included M. Scott Carpenter, L. Gordon Cooper Jr., John H. Glenn Jr., Virgil I. \"Gus\" Grissom, Walter M. Schirra Jr., Alan B. Shepard Jr., and Donald K. \"Deke\" Slayton. Six manned flights flew between 1961 and 1963. Shepard became the first American in space in May 1961, and Glenn the first American to orbit the Earth in February 1962. (Slayton was the only member of his class who did not fly until much later because of a heart condition.)", "The spacecraft designers initially tailored the Gemini spacecraft around the short Grissom (who reports say was 5 feet 6 inches), leading some to call it the \"Gusmobile\". (Design changes were made when officials discovered most astronauts could not fit inside.) Grissom also co-flew the inaugural Gemini 3 flight of the program with John Young. In a joke concerning Liberty Bell 7, they named the spacecraft after the protagonist of the 1960s Broadway musical \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown.\"", "The United States called their space travelers astronauts (\"star sailors\" from the Greek), and it was 3 weeks later, on 5 May 1961, when Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched on a suborbital mission Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit, unlike Gagarin he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. The first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control was Gherman Titov in Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961.", "Shortly after the Space Race began, an early objective was to get a person into Earth orbit as soon as possible, therefore the simplest spacecraft that could be launched by existing rockets was favored. The US Air Force's Man in Space Soonest program considered many manned spacecraft designs, ranging from rocket planes like the X-15, to small ballistic space capsules. By 1958, the space plane concepts were eliminated in favor of the ballistic capsule. ", "Faced with intense competition from the other astronauts, particularly John Glenn, Shepard quit smoking, and adopted Glenn's habit of taking a morning jog, although he did not go so far as to give up the cocktails or the philandering. On January 19, 1961, Robert R. Gilruth, the director of NASA's Space Task Group, informed the seven astronauts that Shepard had been chosen for the first American manned mission into space. Shepard later recalled Louise's response when he told her that she had her arms around the man who would be the first man in space: \"Who let a Russian in here?\" During training he flew 120 simulated flights. Although his flight was originally scheduled for April 26, 1960, delays by unplanned preparatory work meant that this was postponed several times, initially to December 5, 1960, then mid-January 1961, March 6, 1961, April 25, 1961, May 2, 1961, and finally to May 5, 1961. On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had become the first person in space, and the first to orbit the Earth. When reporters rang Shorty Powers for a comment at 4am, he memorably replied: \"We're all asleep down here\".", "Marathon was a candy bar consisting of eight inches of braided chocolate and caramel. It was manufactured by Mars Inc and first sold in the United States in August 1973. The bright red packaging contained a ruler with inch markings on the reverse demonstrating that it was as long as it claimed. ...", "An American engineer, who in 1958 became part of the Space Task Group. Dr. Faget designed the original spacecraft for Project Mercury and is credited with contributing to the designs of every U.S. human spacecraft from Mercury to the Space Shuttle.", "On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard made America’s first, manned suborbital voyage, flying for 15 minutes and reaching an altitude of 116 miles. Compared to Gagarin’s flight around the world, Shepard’s 302-mile mission was a mere stopover between ports of call. It was, however, a major boost to America’s pride. While Gagarin flew under a cloak of secrecy, Shepard’s flight was broadcast live on television.", "Launched in 1948 as \"assorted crystal fruits\", nothing on earth (and probably in space) ever tasted as weird.", "On May 28, 1959, at 2:39 am, a Jupiter rocket lofted Miss Baker and Miss Able to an altitude of 300 mi through an acceleration of 38 gs for a 16-minute flight which also included 9 minutes of weightlessness. The flight traveled 1500 mi downrange from the pad at Cape Canaveral launch complex 26B to the Atlantic Ocean near Puerto Rico where the capsule was recovered by USS Kiowa. ", "In the 1970s and 1980s, a series of commercials were run for Reese's Peanut Butter Cups featuring situations in which two people, one eating peanut butter and one eating chocolate, collided. One person would exclaim, \"You got your peanut butter on my chocolate!\" and the other would exclaim, \"You got your chocolate in my peanut butter!\". They would then sample the mixture and remark on the great taste, tying in with the slogan \"Two great tastes that taste great together.\"" ]

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[ "Crabby, irascible, and usually found inside a ‘trash can’ which he calls home, Oscar is most likely a Vietnam war veteran who was callously neglected by mental health services. Like many of his street-dwelling peers, Oscar has taken to compulsively hoarding useless items discarded by the rest of society, and has grown increasingly misanthropic over the years. Although he won’t admit it, Oscar occasionally sets pride aside and allows some of the Sesame Street residents to hose him down and cut the dried feces out of his matted fur.", "Oscar the Grouch is a Muppet character on the television program Sesame Street. He has a green body (during the first season he was orange), has no visible nose, and lives in a trash can. His favorite thing in life is trash, as evidenced by the song \"I Love Trash\". A running theme is his compulsive hoarding of seemingly useless items. \"The Grouch\" aptly describes his misanthropic interaction with the other characters, but also refers to his species. His birthday, as noted by Sesame Workshop, is on June 1. The character is performed by Caroll Spinney, and has been performed by him since the show's first episode.", "Oscar the Grouch is a Muppet character on the television program Sesame Street. He has a green body (during the first season he was yellow and then orange), has no visible nose, and lives in a trash can. His favorite thing in life is trash, as evidenced by the song \"I Love Trash\". A running theme is his compulsive hoarding of seemingly useless items. \"The Grouch\" aptly describes his misanthropic interaction with the other characters, but also refers to his species. His birthday, as noted by Sesame Workshop, is on June 1. The character is performed by Caroll Spinney, and has been performed by him since the show's first episode. In 2015 Eric Jacobson became the understudy since then.", "Big Bird, an 8-foot-tall yellow bird, lives in a large nest on an abandoned lot adjacent to 123 Sesame Street, located behind the building's trash heap. A regular visitor to Big Bird is his best friend Mr. Snuffleupagus , or Snuffy as everyone calls him. Oscar the Grouch, Sesame Street's local Grouch and his pet worm Slimey live in a trash can in the heap. Oscar's most-seen regular visitor is his girlfriend Grundgetta . Best friends Ernie and Bert room together in the basement apartment of 123 Sesame Street where they regularly engage in comedic banter. Ernie's window box, though seen less often in recent years, is the home of the Twiddlebugs a colorful family of insects.", "Oscar the Grouch lives in a trash can on Sesame Street. He has shaggy, green fur all over. There is nothing in the world that he likes more than trash. He keeps just about every piece of garbage imaginable in his can. He loves all kinds of things that other people disapprove of: rotten eggs, broken toys, mud, and loud unpleasant noise. On the other hand, he hates the things that most people love, things like flowers, ice cream, kittens, romantic music, and people being nice to one another. Whenever someone knocks on his can, he goes into a grouchy rage, yelling at them to scram. And yet when they leave, Oscar finds himself unsatisfied. Who will he scream at now?", "The first Muppet to appear on the show was Big Bird, an 8-foot-tall yellow bird believed by writer Shalom M. Fisch and Dr. Lewis Bernstein to be a canary, who resides in a large nest alongside the \"123 Sesame Street\" building and represents the 6-year-old child with his tendency to question everything. Also living outside of the building is Oscar the Grouch, a trash can-dwelling creature belonging to his own unique species, who is portrayed as a habitual pessimist and was designed to give children \"permission to feel grouchy—and to demonstrate differing opinions\". Oscar and Big Bird were specifically created for the reshooting of the \"Street\" scenes with the idea that they would be able to interact with the human characters. Big Bird's best friend is Aloysius Snuffleupagus (better known as \"Snuffy\"), who was portrayed as the bird's imaginary friend until revealed to the human cast in 1985. For his part, Oscar has several friends of his own despite his pessimism; these include the grouch's pet worm, Slimey, and his girlfriend Grundgetta. Two other Muppets who have appeared on the show since its beginning are Ernie and Bert, a pair of best friends with contrasting personalities; Ernie is portrayed as a free-spirited trickster who loves his rubber duck, while Bert is the world-weary foil to his friend's naïve trouble-making, and shows himself to be obsessed with things like pigeons and paper clips.", "Oscar has many forms of transportation. He can move w/ his legs sticking out of his trash can , as seen in early 1970s Sesame Street episodes (portrayed by Hervé Villechaize ), in the specials Christmas Eve on Sesame Street , Don't Eat the Pictures & various stage shows. He also often had Bruno the Trashman just carry his trash can around while he's inside. While the puppet Oscar frequently moves outside of the trash can on his own his limbs are rarely shown. A rare moment where his full body was shown was in episode 3958 . In a few episodes he has also made a few out-of-his- trash-can appearances during which the top half of his body is shown. Also, when he sings, \" I'm Sad Because I'm Happy \", we see his feet splash in the mud but his voice is off-screen.", "Oscar the Grouch - Character from Childrens TV show Sesame Street. This furry, slightly bad-tempered personality lives in a garbage bin and this is reflected in the official costume in which the bin comes as part of the outfit!", "Oscar, Sesame Street’s resident Grouch, hates all things nice and sweet. He loves collecting junk, standing in line, arguing, rainy days, and anchovy milkshakes. Oscar does NOT like children playing in front of his garbage can.", "The little green dude who lived in the garbage and had that unique kinda dry way about him, Oscar is a well known and loved sesame street character. Did you know that for some reason in the 1969-1970 season he was actually orange? I prefer him in green myself.", "In the 2008 TV series The Mr. Men Show , he is more \"lazy\" rather than \"sleepy\" as he was in the books and hates work. His color is changed from pink to green, his shape changes into a more angular, slouched over shape and his hat changes into a red (also appears pink) newsboy-style cap that covers his eyes. He also wears socks and flip flops. He lives in a camper-style trailer, with the garbage cans and mailbox overfilled with trash and mail, respectively. He has a monotone voice that sounds like Eeyore's from Winnie The Pooh. In the US and UK Versions, he is voiced by Phil Lollar and Tim Whitnall respectively.", "In Asia he is probably the most popular sesame street character, because most parents play his videos to their toddler childs. He is a furry red monster with large white eyes and an orange nose. He currently hosts the last full 15 minute segment on Sesame Street, Elmo's World, which is aimed at toddlers. He is accompanied by his goldfish Dorothy and silent Charlie Chaplin–like characters named Mr. Noodle, Mr. Noodle's Brother Mr. Noodle, and sometimes, Mr. Noodle's sister Miss Noodle.Elmo is self-described as three-and-a-half years old and characteristically refers to himself in the third person.You should know that Elmo is the only non-human puppet ever to testify before the U.S. Congress. At the request and with the assistance of Rep. Duke Cunningham, he testified before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services and Education in April 2002, urging support for increased funding in music education.", "Other Muppets that have appeared on Sesame Street over the years have included the Two-Headed Monster, who teaches cooperation while speaking in baby-like gibberish; the Twiddlebugs, a family of cute and innovative insects; the Yip Yips, a species of Martians who \"valiantly explore our world despite their frequent terrifying encounters with everyday objects\"; game show host Guy Smiley; construction workers Biff and Sully; Herry Monster, a burly blue monster who does not know his own strength; Forgetful Jones, a \"simpleton cowboy\" with a short-term memory disorder; and even Kermit the Frog, the flagship character of The Muppets.", "Bert is Ernie 's best friend and roommate on Sesame Street . The pair share the basement apartment at 123 Sesame Street . In contrast to the practical-joking, extroverted Ernie, Bert is serious, studious, and tries to make sense of his friend's actions. His own passions include reading Boring Stories, collecting paper clips and bottle caps (especially the rare Figgy Fizz ), consuming oatmeal, and studying pigeons. While Ernie's best companion outside of Bert is Rubber Duckie , Bert has his pet pigeon, Bernice . True to his detail-oriented, organized mind, Bert is president of the National Association of W Lovers . Unfortunately for Bert, his nose has come off of his face on a number of occasions. He has a distinctive, bleating laugh .", "* Steve Whitmire (Many characters of The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, and others, Wembley Fraggle of Fraggle Rock, and current muppeteer and voice for Ernie of Sesame Street)", "* Caroll Spinney as Oscar the Grouch, the famous Sesame Street character that tries to ally with Kahmunrah only to be dismissed because Kahmunrah classified him as a \"grouch.\"", "Oscar's 1 st line on Sesame Street , in episode 1 , was \"Don't bang on my can ! Go away.\" This would sum up his personality as it would remain for over 40 years.", "Kahn Souphanousinphone (voiced by Toby Huss ) - Kahn is a mean, racist, materialistic, Laotian next-door neighbor. \"Kahn\" is an anagram of \"Hank\", as well as an anagram for \"khan\", a word for \"king\" in certain Central Asian languages. He believes he is better than his neighbors, often referring to them as \"hillbillies\" or \"rednecks.\" He frequently boasts his superiority to the others, but Hank bails him out in several episodes, and Kahn has made it clear that he strongly respects Hank (though he also has made it clear this respect does not extend to Bill, Boomhauer, and especially Dale). Upon recollection of the story of how Minh and Kahn met, it is revealed that he was a former rebel and playboy Minh chose over the straight-laced intellectual her father set her up with. Kahn also occasionally wrestles with the fact that he has a daughter, and once, when very angry with her, stated, \"You lose, you no longer my son.\" [3]", "Two years later, Henson used a similarly-designed and equally ravenous monster for three commercials selling Munchos, a Frito-Lay potato chip. This time, the puppet was called Arnold, the Munching Monster. After the three ads were produced, Henson had the opportunity to renew the contract. He chose not to, because at that point he was working on Sesame Street — and that monster puppet was moving on to the next stage in his career. According to Frank Oz, in a later routine the then unnamed monster won a quiz show and for winning was \"given the choice of $10,000 cash, a new car, a trip to Hawaii, or a cookie.\" He took the cookie and from then on he was Cookie Monster. ", "For Sesame Street's 40th season , Sesame Workshop created an online promotion spoofing Facebook called \"Muppetbook.\" For his profile, Oscar said he likes Anchovy milkshakes, but dislikes that he likes anchovy milkshakes. Among his other dislikes were rainbows, candy and chocolate. He lists his favorite songs as \" I Love Trash ,\" \"All You Need Is Trash\" and \"I Wanna Hold Your Trash\" .", "Sesame Street (1969)'s Big Bird has a teddy bear, \"Radar\", which was named after Gary's a M*A*S*H (1972) character. Gary gave it to Big Bird as a gift after visiting the \"Sesame Street\" set in the 1970s.", "Like a number of other animated cartoons in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Tom and Jerry was not considered politically correct in later years. There were at least twenty-four cartoons that featured either racism or with characters shown in blackface following an explosion, which are subsequently cut when shown on television today, although The Yankee Doodle Mouse blackface gag is still shown in other countries. The black maid, Mammy Two Shoes, is often considered racist because she is depicted as a poor black woman who has a rodent problem. Her voice was redubbed by Turner in the mid-1990s in hopes of making the character sound less stereotypical. One cartoon in particular, His Mouse Friday, is often banned from television due to the cannibals being seen as racist stereotypes. If shown, the cannibals' dialogue is edited out, although their mouths can be seen moving.", "In his introduction to the book Sesame Street: A Celebration - 40 Years of Life on the Street (which also contained his lunch from yesterday, grape juice, & something unidentifiable), Oscar tells how he ended up on Sesame Street , saying he was a normal Grouch when Joan Ganz Cooney & Jon Stone decided to create the show , they hired Jim Henson , who bugged him until he agreed to be on the show for the 1 st episode only. He headed off to Swamp Mushy Muddy after the production wrapped, disgusted, but discovered that his agent, Bernie, had signed a contract to have him on the entire run of Sesame Street . Oscar became so mad he that he turned green (a fictitious explanation around how he became green), but figured the show wouldn't run for more than 6 months anyway (obviously disappointed).", "The Rugrats episode \"Chuckie's Wonderful Life\" did this for Chuckie, where Angelica took over the town. This was actually a surprisingly dark, almost disturbing episode (yes, of a show involving talking babies). Even if you just included what happened to Chuckie's father, it's rather bleak. He ends up unemployed, sitting alone in his house, surrounded by tons of empty pizza boxes he's been hoarding, a sock-puppet his only friend.", "Everyone born in the 70’s & 80’s has their own favorite Sesame street character… Who’s yours?", "At about 1 p.m., she took trash out to the dumpster. She saw trash bags there that weren't hers, bags someone else had thrown in. This happens a lot, and it annoys her to no end. She pays the garbage company to pick up her trash and doesn't want to pay for somebody else's, too. Whenever someone dumped trash in her Dumpster, she opened it up, found out whose it was and returned it to them.", "In an episode of Rocko's Modern Life , Rocko gets angry at his broken old vacuum cleaner: \"You're useless and pathetic, like a useless and pathetic thing!\"", "The suitcase Al put Stinky Pete in has the word \"KRUMM\" on it. This was also on the truck Lotso ends up on in Toy Story 3.", "The \"HUMANCENTiPAD\" episode. It's one of South Parks most vulgar episodes. It's one thing to have a Christmas Turd as a speaking character. It's another to have the kid who's supposed to be your moral compass be the middle part of something that forces him to eat shit.", "*\"Uncle Fran's Musical Forest\": embittered children's show host. The same character later appeared on Bill Nye The Science Guy.", "The character was referred to as \"Piggy Lee\" in one Muppet Show episode, episode 106 . She also uses that name in the 1977 Muppet Show Annual released in the U.K.", "The character was referred to as \"Piggy Lee\" in one Muppet Show episode, episode 106. She also uses that name in the 1977 Muppet Show Annual released in the U.K." ]

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[ "Rumpelstiltskin (German: Rumpelstilzchen) is the title character and antagonist of a fairy tale by the Grimm Brothers in Germany. He's an imp that helps a miller's daughter to spin straw into gold in order to win a bet against the king: the poor girl becomes queen. However, the imp asks in exchange for the queen's first child. The young woman has to guess the imp's name in order to make him disappear. A guard hears Rumpelstiltskin singing a song about himself, revealing his name, and then tells the queen. Upon hearing his name, Rumpelstiltskin angrily stomps one foot into the ground and splits himself in half.", "In order to make himself appear more important, a miller lied and said that his daughter could spin straw into gold. The king heard of this and called for the girl, shut her in a tower room with straw and a spinning wheel, and demanded that she spin the straw into gold by morning, for three nights, or be executed. She had given up all hope, when a dwarfish creature appeared in the room and spun straw into gold for her in return for her necklace, then again the following night for her ring. On the third night, when she had nothing with which to reward him, the strange creature spun straw into gold for a promise that the girl's first-born child would become his.", "As Cora considers jumping from the tower window, Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) appears. He demonstrates that he can spin straw into gold, and offers to do so in exchange for her first-born child; he reveals that \"she is very important\" in the future he has seen. Cora instead demands to learn the feat herself; he agrees and she signs his contract. Rumplestiltskin teaches Cora that magic is channeled through emotion rather than thought, and that he uses the anger he felt at being forced to kiss a man's boots in front of his son. As Cora imagines forcing the royals to bow to her, the straw changes to gold in her hands. Cora presents the gold to the King and accepts Henry's resultant marriage proposal.", "The dwarf's demand for the girl's first-born child probably has remnants of older legends which held that malignant sprites and goblins would steal unattended babies and replace them with a child (or \"changeling\") of their own.[3] (Similar tales exist about trolls as well, though their motives were generally seen as selfish rather than unpleasant, in that they supposedly found some of their own children too humanoid to exist among them.) However, tales like these in themselves were intended to stop children from playing outside without care, or mothers from leaving their children in danger, and the miller, famously, puts his own child in the power of a greedy king, while she in turn agrees to hand over her child to a virtual stranger.", "The daughter, by contrast, consistently regards life—whether her own or her child's—as more precious than gold. She literally saves her neck by giving Rumpelstiltskin the gold that encircles it, presenting him first with her necklace (Halsband) and then with the \"Ring von dem Finger\" (ring from my finger; KHM 7th ed., 1: 285-86), before promising her firstborn child. Her father's unwitting imperiling of her life (and first and foremost the king's spin-or-die ultimatum) gives her little choice but to imperil that of her child, and the Grimms' formulation of her thoughts stresses this: \" 'Wer weiß, wie das noch geht,' dachte die Müllerstochter und wußte sich auch in der Not nicht anders zu helfen\" (\"Who knows how it will go,\" thought the miller's daughter, and in her misery she did not know how else to help herself; KHM 7th ed., 1: 286). In other words, we are meant to view her promise to surrender her firstborn not as a sign that she no longer values life, but as her hope that somehow she will be able to get out of this bargain and save her future child from whatever fate Rumpelstiltskin has in store for it.", "The king was so impressed that he let the miller's daughter marry his son, the prince, but when their first child was born, the dwarf returned to claim his payment: \"Now give me what you promised\". The queen was frightened and offered him all the wealth she had if she could keep the child. The dwarf refused but finally agreed to give up his claim to the child if the queen could guess his name in three days. At first she failed, but before the second night, her messenger overheard the dwarf hopping about his fire and singing. While there are many variations in this song, the 1886 translation by Lucy Crane reads", "Rumpelstiltskin is a predictable picture book with a predictable story structure. A poor miller lies and tells the king that his teenage daughter can spin straw into gold. The king sends for his daughter, who is left to fret over a roomful of straw to be spun on three separate occasions. Each time, Rumpelstiltskin appears to help the girl in exchange for something valuable. First, he asks for her necklace, then her ring, and- finally- her firstborn child. While this strategy initially pans out f Rumpelstiltskin is a predictable picture book with a predictable story structure. A poor miller lies and tells the king that his teenage daughter can spin straw into gold. The king sends for his daughter, who is left to fret over a roomful of straw to be spun on three separate occasions. Each time, Rumpelstiltskin appears to help the girl in exchange for something valuable. First, he asks for her necklace, then her ring, and- finally- her firstborn child. While this strategy initially pans out for the young girl, who becomes queen, it eventually turns into an awful predicament. Rumpelstiltskin keeps his word and comes to claim the queen’s firstborn unless she figures out his name. A servant of the court spies on Rumpelstiltskin in the woods, learns of his name, and reports back to the queen. With the needed information, the queen is able to prevent Rumpelstiltskin from taking her baby.", "In this version, a father claims his daughter can spin straw into gold. He leaves her with the king who will kill her is she cannot spin an entire room of straw into gold over night. Rumpelstiltskin offers to help the first night for a necklace and the next for a ring. On the third night he wants her first born for the task. She agrees and he shows up to claim her child. Her servant follows him into the woods to discover his name.", "Paul Zelinsky portrayed Rumpelstiltskin as a weird creature far away from being human but trapped in magic. He was able to make gold from straw. A girl was threatened from the king to be death if she did not make gold from straw. Rumpelstiltskin went to help her and struck a bargain for his assistance. When the girl had nothing to give him in return, he asked her to give him her first baby born. How bad he was! She accepted. When the baby was born she refused to give the baby away. Then Rumpelstiltskin asked her if she can guess his real name in three days then she could have her baby back. She worked hard trying to figure out his name, but one of her servants went to the forest and heard him chant his name. This was the way that the girl got her baby back. Rumpelstiltskin was not happy about it and flew away on his cooking spoon.", "While nearing the end of her pregnancy, Snow White still worries about the Queen's threat. To ease his wife's mind, he agrees to let her meet with Rumplestiltskin. She makes a deal to gain information about the Evil Queen's revenge, which Rumplestiltskin extracts from using foresight. He states that there will be a curse cast by the Evil Queen, and their only hope to break free of it is Snow White and Prince Charming's unborn child. Rumplestiltskin dubs their child the savior, who will save them all in twenty-eight years. In return, Snow White gives him the name of her child, Emma . Through much discussion with the war council, a decision is reached when the Blue Fairy presents them with the last enchanted tree in the land, which can be carved into a magic wardrobe and protect one person from the curse. They settle for sending Snow White, while she is still pregnant, into the wardrobe to another land and wait twenty-eight years for the prophecy of the savior to come true.", "The king keeps his promise to marry the miller's daughter. But when their first child is born, the imp returns to claim his payment: \"Now give me what you promised.\" She offers him all the wealth she has to keep the child but the imp has no interest in her riches. He finally consents to give up his claim to the child if she can guess his name within three days. Her many guesses fail, but before the final night, she wanders into the woods (some versions she sent a servant in the woods instead of going herself to keep the king's suspicions at bay) searching for him and comes across his remote mountain cottage and watches, unseen, as he hops about his fire and sings. In his song's lyrics, \"tomorrow, tomorrow, tomorrow, I'll go to the king's house, nobody knows my name, I'm called 'Rumpelstiltskin'\", he reveals his name. Some versions have the imp limiting the number of daily guesses to three and hence the total number of guesses allowed to a maximum of nine.", "The story of Rumpelstiltskin is four very short pa \"To-day do I bake, to-morrow I brew, The day after that the queen's child comes in; And oh! I am glad that nobody knew That the name I am called is Rumpelstiltskin!\" The queen that was once a millers daughter owes a great debt to Rumpelstitlskin; her first child. But as she begs for mercy the little man givers her three days. Just three days to figure out his name. If she succeeds, she keeps her baby; if she fails, Rumpelstiltskin takes him away!", "Before Shrek and Donkey rescue Princess Fiona in the first film, King Harold and Queen Lillian – desperate to lift their daughter's curse – meet with con artist Rumpelstiltskin, who wishes to become King of Far Far Away in exchange for helping them. But before the deal is contracted, the king and queen learn that Fiona has been rescued. Rumpelstiltskin is then shown to have become washed up as a result and subsequently bitter towards Shrek for inadvertently ruining his plans.", "At the news of Neal 's sudden death, Robin attends to pay his respects. Afterwards, at the diner , he meets Tinker Bell for the first time and offers Regina a drink, but she declines. The Wicked Witch, Zelena , storms in; threatening everyone into submission with the Dark One's dagger . She publicly reveals herself as Regina's half-sister and forces her sibling into a showdown on Main Street after sundown. While patrolling the woods, he sees Regina distracted over a letter. Robin steals the note, and with her permission, reads it. The letter exposes sentiments of Rumplestiltskin praising the magical strength of her mother Cora 's first-born child. Regina explains how she always assumed those compliments were about her, but they are actually about Zelena. She has doubts about defeating a witch that is even more powerful than herself, but soon forms a plan. Regina takes out her own heart and buries it for Robin to oversee while she is gone. In the aftermath of the witch fight, she entrusts him, much to his surprise, with keeping her heart safe from Zelena.", "The king marries the miller's daughter and she has a male child. Distraught that the child will be taken, the troll tells her that if she can discover his name, the barter will not need to occur.", "It is certainly true that the Grimms show little understanding of the value of spinning in their versions of \"Rumpelstiltskin,\" and it is not surprising that the alterations they made to the tale reinforce patriarchal norms. In keeping with prevailing eighteenth- and nineteenth-century constructions of women, the miller's daughter is, as queen, a maternal figure wholly divorced from the commercial or civil sphere. Portrayed as daughter, wife, and mother, she is neither spinner nor spinster. Whereas her ability to give birth is central to her identity as constructed by the Grimms, the men in the tale are not life-giving but actually threaten life by commodifying it—but for this they receive no punishment. When read from the perspective of the miller's daughter, the tale actually places a far higher value on life itself than on either gold or spinning. Spinning is worth less than gold in the tale, but to the miller's daughter, life is the most precious commodity of all.", "The Blue Fairy comes to assist a young village boy named Baelfire and hears out his story concerning his father, Rumplestiltskin , who is the Dark One. He desperately wishes for a way he and his father can be together without magic getting in the way. She acknowledges that his father can never be as he once was, but they can go to another land where magic does not exist at all, and gives him the last magic bean in existence. Later, out of the blue, she is summoned by Rumplestiltskin, and learns the Dark One let his son go into the portal alone. She blames him for the foolish mistake, stating that there is no way for him to reach his son without paying a great price by giving up this land for the next. The Blue Fairy accidentally lets it slip that there is a curse which can do this, but she firmly believes Rumplestiltskin can never pull it off.", "Lillian is seen briefly in a number of flashbacks, showing her and Harold 's decision to visit Rumpelstiltskin to free Fiona from the curse before Shrek saved her. In the alternate universe it is revealed she and Harold literally disappeared after signing over the kingdom to Rumpelstiltskin.", "In Shrek Forever After, he is hired by Rumpelstiltskin to capture the ogres by forcing them to dance and follow him with his enchanted flute. He can handle different species (rats, ogres, witches...) or even objects (Rumpelstiltskin's socks) by setting the \"target\" dial of his flute. He never speaks and only using his flute to communicate. The Piper has no voice, but the flute performance was done by Jeremy Steig (original author William Steig's son).", "Rumpelstiltskin is one of those traditional literature stories that everyone wants the riches but not the consequences of them. This book is a very short and simple telling of the young girl who becomes queen and the little man who spins the straw into gold for her. This is a very violent book with violent themes. Each time the king sees the gold, he threatens the young woman with death unless she spins more straw into gold. At the end when the now Queen says Rumpelstiltskin's name, he rips hims Rumpelstiltskin is one of those traditional literature stories that everyone wants the riches but not the consequences of them. This book is a very short and simple telling of the young girl who becomes queen and the little man who spins the straw into gold for her. This is a very violent book with violent themes. Each time the king sees the gold, he threatens the young woman with death unless she spins more straw into gold. At the end when the now Queen says Rumpelstiltskin's name, he rips himself in half.", "Rumpelstiltskin, is a fairy tale popularly associated with Germany (where he is known as Rumpelstilzchen). The tale was one collected by the Brothers Grimm in the 1812 edition of Children's and Household Tales. According to researchers at Durham University and the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, the story originated around 4,000 years ago. ", "Another fairytale variant: \" Rumpelstiltskin \". Though considering the number of escape clauses in that deal, Rumpelstiltskin made a less-than-competent Mephistopheles.", "The story of Rumpelstiltskin is an example of Aarne and Thompson's folklore type 500 (The Name of the Helper; see links below). Other fairy tale themes in the story include the Impossible Task, the Hard Bargain, the Changeling Child, and, above all, the Secret Name.", "Hi guys, that story written by the brothers Grimm I found of a particular interest because it has a really good moral to it. That is to be careful to trust a stranger, they may just trick you like Rumpelstiltskin tried to do. Be clever like the Queen was at the end of this story.", "Possibility 2 - Rumpelstiltskin is the spirit of a conquered people or one of their gods. In this possibility, Rumpelstiltskin might be after a mixture of revenge or is attempting to help his people rise up to their former glory by raising the future king of the land. In this he could be a Merlin-like figure of a conquered people who, just as Malagigi the wizard of Charlemagne’s court, was later derided as a devil by later people. Rumpelstiltskin might be a hero to a conquered people still hiding in the woods thus making him an enemy to the kingdom.", "We are left then with two questions, the first being, why doesn’t Rumpelstiltskin simply take the baby? Secondly, why does Rumpelstiltskin want the baby in the first place? To answer these questions, we must examine what fairies are as well as a few other fairy tales. Let us begin by placing Rumpelstiltskin into the possible categories of fairy to see where he might fit, or if he even has a place as all fairies don’t necessarily seem to.", "A baby girl is discovered in a river by Ranon and Mims, the children of Willow Ufgood, a dwarf farmer and magician and the baby girl is taken into the care of Willow's family. But when a terrifying dog-like creature attacks Willow's village, whilst tracking down the baby. Willow consults the village council and the wizard The High Aldwin. The High Aldwin gives Willow a task and Willow leaves the village and embarks on the task to give the baby girl to a responsible person. But Willow soon learns the baby is Elora Danan, the baby girl destined to bring about the downfall of the evil sorceress Queen Bavmorda. Joined by his allies: swordsman Madmartigan, sorceress Fin Raziel and the Brownies Franjean and Rool, Willow takes it upon himself to protect Elora from Queen Bavmorda, who intends to kill Elora and prevent Elora from fulfilling her destiny. And Willow and his allies are pursued by Queen Bavmorda's daughter Sorsha and the evil commander of Queen Bavmorda's army General Kael, whom ... Written by Dan Williams", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every ChildHappily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child The Empress' Nightingale (TV-Y) In a feminist retelling of the classic tale, a plain-spoken, soul-singing bird teaches a greedy empress an important lesson about the meaning of true beauty.", "In many fairy tales, the hero's talking animal helper proves to be a shapeshifted human being, able to help him in its animal form. In one variation, featured in The Three Enchanted Princes and The Death of Koschei the Deathless, the hero's three sisters have been married to animals. These prove to be shapeshifted men, who aid their brother-in-law in a variant of tale types. ", "Having given Eugene her background story, she wants to know his too, but Eugene says there's not much to tell -- he was an orphan who became a thief and changed his name to Flynn Rider after the hero in a book. He leaves to get firewood...and then Mother Gothel appears behind Rapunzel and tells her to come back to the tower. Rapunzel tells her she wants to stay with Eugene, because she likes him and thinks he likes her too. Gothel gets angry and tells her that she's invented the whole romance and that there's no way Eugene could possibly like her. She gives her the satchel with the crown in it and tells her that's the only thing he wants, and that the minute he gets a chance to take it he'll leave her behind. Rapunzel says she's going to give back to him right then to prove that he won't, and Gothel leaves just as Eugene returns with firewood. Rapunzel starts to give him the satchel, but begins to doubt herself at the last minute, and hides it from him.", "A vengeful fairy is driven to curse an infant princess, only to discover that the child may be the one person who can restore peace to their troubled land.", "A vindictive fairy is driven to curse an infant princess only to realize the child may be the only one who can restore peace." ]

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[ "Taurus is a zodiacal constellation found to the right (west) of the constellation Orion, and representing a snorting bull charging the mythological hunter from Greek legend. It is the 17th largest constellation in the entire night sky, with its brightest star, Aldebaran (alpha Tauri), being a giant orange star located 65 light years away and depicting the Bull’s Eye.", "Taurus means bull in Latin, and the constellation sits between Aries and Gemini . The brightest star in the constellation, the red giant Aldebaran, is said to be the eye of the bull watching the hunter Orion that sits to the southwest.", "Orion is depicted as fighting a bull, represented by the nearby constellation of Taurus. The very bright, red star on the top left corner of Taurus is called Aldebaran and represents the eye of the bull. The constellation Taurus consists of two groups of stars called Hyades (“the rainy ones”) and Pleiades , which are a star cluster containing hundreds of young blue stars, only a handful of which can be seen with the naked eye.", "Taurus (\"bull\" in Latin) is placed at the north-eastern side of Orion; the eponymous animal (which, like Pegasus, is classically shown running out from a cloud in celestial maps) points its horns leftwards, and is probably another disguise adopted by Zeus for its love-adventures. Both the bright orange star Aldebaran and the star-cluster named the Hyades contribute to sign the bull's head and muzzle, while the famous star-cluster named \"the Pleiades\" (which belong officially to Taurus) are not part of the animal's figure but makes a group of characters on their own, the seven nymphs Alcyone, Asterops, Merops, Maia, Electra, Taigeta, and Celaeno (plus their parents Atlas and Pleione). Being the proper bull placed between Orion and the Pleiades some see it as the defender of the \"seven sisters\" againt Orion's lust for them.", "Being the oldest domesticated animal, it is no surprise that a bull should find a representation among the stars. The origin of Taurus, the Bull, lies more certainly in Babylonia. Cylinder-seals dating from the fourth millennium BC often depict a variety of animals - including bulls, lions and dogs - fighting each other or being fought by gods or other local heroes. The earliest known story relating to Taurus appears in the Epic of Gilgamesh, a Mesopotamian poem dating from ca. 2100 BC. Tablet six tells the story of how Gilgamesh, king of Uruk (in modern-day Iraq), together with Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods, kill the Bull of Heaven which Ishtar (the Babylonian goddess of love and fertility) has sent in order to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. The relationship between the poem and the constellation is confirmed because of the bull's appearance in The 36 Stars and MUL.APIN tablets referred to above. Both tablets refer to the V-shaped Hyades star cluster in Taurus (see below) by the name 'gud.an.na', meaning 'Bull of Heaven'. It was also the constellation in which the spring equinox Sun was positioned, marking the Sumerian new year. It seems likely, however, that the direction in which the Bull's face and horns faced in Babylonian times was in the opposite direction to that with which we are familiar today, facing Westwards rather than Eastwards. This change in direction of posture seems to have taken place in classical Greece.", "The ancient Greeks described Taurus as a snow-white bull. Aldebaran, the first magnitude star is located at the eye of the Bull. The eye is symbolic of a seer, as was Joseph of Egypt, who was associated with the Bull. Thus, the Bull is apparently symbolic of spiritual strength, and especially the gift of being a seer.", "Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and is known as the \"Eye of Taurus.\" The name \"Aldebaran\" is Arabic, which means \"The Follower\" because it appears to follow the Hyades star cluster that forms the head of the bull. ", "Note the bright orange star at the end of the lower arm of the V, which represents the angry, fiery eye of the constellation of Taurus , the Bull. This colorful star is Aldebaran, \"the Follower;\" for it rises soon after the Pleiades and seems to pursue them across the sky.    ", "The same iconic representation of the Heavenly Bull was depicted in the Dendera zodiac, an Egyptian bas-relief carving in a ceiling that depicted the celestial hemisphere using a planisphere. In these ancient cultures, the orientation of the horns was portrayed as upward or backward. This differed from the later Greek depiction where the horns pointed forward. To the Egyptians, the constellation Taurus was a sacred bull that was associated with the renewal of life in spring. When the spring equinox entered Taurus, the constellation would become covered by the Sun in the western sky as spring began. This \"sacrifice\" led to the renewal of the land. To the early Hebrews, Taurus was the first constellation in their zodiac and consequently it was represented by the first letter in their alphabet, Aleph.", "How to see Aldebaran. Aldebaran is easy to find. Frequently imagined as the fiery eye of Taurus the Bull, Aldebaran is part of a V-shaped star grouping that forms the face of the Bull. This pattern is called the Hyades.", "Now also take note that Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran, the Eye of the Bull), a star that is counterbalanced on the other side of the Zodiac Circle by Alpha Scorpius (Antares) — or Ophiuchus’s Southern Serpent of Wisdom According to tradition, the Eye of the Bull, a red giant star just like Antares, has two interpretations. It can be Red (as in “look out for the charging bull!”) or Golden (as in Buddha-Perfect).", "On Sept. 28, the moon is very near the bright, orange-colored star of Aldebaran, the “red eye of Taurus the Bull.” Taurus is an ancient constellation, one author even says the first one, and was held in high regard by the ancients because the vernal or spring equinox occurred in it from about 4000 B.C. to 1700 B.C. It is the sec-ond sign of the zodiac. Greek mythology has it that Taurus was the form taken by the god Zeus when he wooed the beautiful Phoenician princess Europa. Aldebaran is a giant star about 45 times the diameter of our sun. If it replaced the sun, it would stretch halfway to the orbit of Mercury and Earth would simply be a charred cinder.", "The Red Giant star Alpha Tauric seen above, is positioned in the open star cluster of the Hyades in the constellation of Taurus and referred to in myth as the red eye of the bull. Image Credit: © T. Credner & S. Kohle All the Sky website", "Greek astronomers regarded one star as being shared by Auriga and Taurus. On old star maps this star is shown as representing both the right foot of the charioteer and also the tip of the bull’s left horn. When the German astronomer Johann Bayer came to allocate Greek letters to the stars in the early 17th century he designated this star as both Gamma Aurigae and Beta Tauri. However, since the introduction of precise constellation boundaries  in 1930, astronomers have assigned this star exclusively to Taurus as Beta Tauri and there is no longer a Gamma Aurigae. Hence, under the modern scheme, the bull has kept the tip of his horn but the luckless charioteer has lost his right foot.", "Mithras is a second sun or hyper-cosmic sun and/or the constellation Perseus, and the bull is Taurus, a constellation of the zodiac. In an earlier astrological age, the vernal equinox had taken place when the Sun was in Taurus. The tauroctony, by this reasoning, commemorated Mithras-Perseus ending the \"Age of Taurus\" (about 2000 BC based on the Vernal Equinox � or about 11,500 BC based on the Autumnal Equinox).", "Taurus belongs to the Zodiac family of constellations, along with Aries , Gemini , Cancer , Leo , Virgo , Libra , Scorpius , Sagittarius , Capricornus and Pisces .", "Taurus is one of the most beautiful constellations and you can almost imagine the Bull charging down to the left towards Orion.   His face is delineated by the \"V\" shaped cluster of stars called the Hyades, his eye is the red giant star Aldebaran and the tips of his horns are shown by the stars beta and zeta Tauri.   Although alpha Tauri, Aldebaran, appears to lie amongst the stars of the Hyades cluster it is, in fact, less than half their distance lying 68 light years away from us.   It is around 40 times the diameter of our Sun and 100 times as bright.", "Taurus \"The Bull,\" just to the right of Orion, houses the Star Aldebaran. Aldebaran is a star commonly used for night-time navigation as it is incredibly easy to see and its orange color makes it more notable than other stars. Aldebaran has a magniutude of .87 and will be roughly 63° above the south horizon at its peak. The angular separation between Aldebaran and Betelgeuse (Orion's bright oragne star) is 21°.", "Aldebaran (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star located about 65 light years away. It is the brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It varies slowly in brightness between magnitude 0.75 and 0.95, which means it is usually the fourteenth brightest star in the nighttime sky. The name Aldebaran is Arabic ( ') and means \"the Follower\", presumably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades. It is likely that Aldebaran hosts a planet several times the size of Jupiter.", "Aldebaran, Alpha Tauri, also known as the Eye of Taurus, is an orange giant star located at a distance of 65 light years from Earth. It is the brightest star in Taurus constellation and the 14th brightest star in the night sky. Aldebaran has a luminosity 518 times that of the Sun (153 times in … [Read more…]", "H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars, which graphically shows a lion walking. The stars delta Leonis , gamma Leonis , eta Leonis , and theta Leonis form the body of the lion, with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars gamma Leonis, zeta Leonis , mu Leonis , epsilon Leonis , and eta Leonis form the lion's neck , with epsilon Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars mu Leonis, kappa Leonis , lambda Leonis , and epsilon Leonis form the head of the lion. Delta Leonis and beta Leonis form the lion's tail : beta Leonis, also known as Denebola , is the bright tip of the tail with a magnitude of two. The stars theta Leonis , iota Leonis , and sigma Leonis form the left hind leg of the lion, with sigma Leonis being the foot. The stars theta Leonis and rho Leonis form the right hind leg, with rho Leonis being the foot. The stars eta Leonis and alpha Leonis mark the lion's heart, with alpha Leonis, also known as Regulus , being the bright star of magnitude one. The stars eta Leonis and omicron Leonis form the right front foot of the Lion. [4]", "Taurus, the Bull, le Taureau of France, il Toro of Italy, and der Stier of Germany, everywhere was one of the earliest and most noted constellations, perhaps the first established, because it marked the vernal equinox from about 4000 to 1700 B.C., in the golden age of archaic astronomy; in all ancient zodiacs preserved to us it began the year. It is to this that Vergil alluded in the much quoted lines from the 1st Georgic, which May rendered:", "H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars, which graphically shows a lion walking. The stars delta Leonis , gamma Leonis , eta Leonis , and theta Leonis form the body of the lion, with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars gamma Leonis, zeta Leonis , mu Leonis , epsilon Leonis , and eta Leonis form the lion's neck , with epsilon Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars mu Leonis, kappa Leonis , lambda Leonis , and epsilon Leonis form the head of the lion. Delta Leonis and beta Leonis form the lion's tail : beta Leonis, also known as Denebola , is the bright tip of the tail with a magnitude of two. The stars theta Leonis , iota Leonis , and sigma Leonis form the left hind leg of the lion, with sigma Leonis being the foot. The stars theta Leonis and rho Leonis form the right hind leg, with rho Leonis being the foot. The stars eta Leonis and alpha Leonis mark the lion's heart, with alpha Leonis, also known as Regulus , being the bright star of magnitude one. The stars eta Leonis and omicron Leonis form the right front foot of the Lion. [5]", "(al-deb -ă-răn) (α Tau) A conspicuous red giant that is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and lies in the line of sight of but much nearer than the Hyades. It is a slow irregular variable. It has two companions: one of 11th magnitude at 122″ separation, the other of 13th magnitude at 30″. mv : 0.85 (var.); Mv : –0.3; spectral type: K5 III; radius (by interferometer): 45 times solar radius; distance: 18 pc.", "The Constellation—Aldebaran—The Chaldeans—The Temples—Apis Bull—Aphrodite—Characteristics of Taurus—Training—Gems of Taurus—The Sapphire—Bishop's Ring—St. Jerome Qualities of the Sapphire—Star Sapphire—Solomon's Seal—Charlemagne's Talisman—The Turquoise—Bœtius de Boot—Horseman's Talisman—Qualities of the Stone.", "reddish giant star in the constellation Taurus. Aldebaran is one of the 15 brightest stars, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.85. Its diameter is 44 times that of the Sun. It is accompanied by a very faint (13th magnitude) red companion star. Aldebaran lies 65 light-years from Earth. The star...", "Tau or Alpha Tauri, mag. +0.8) is the brightest star in the constellation and it appears amongst the Hyades star cluster (though it is not actually part of it). Aldebaran is a red giant star with a diameter some 45 times that of our Sun, lying 65 light years away. To the naked-eye Aldebaran is notably orange, in contast to the orange-red tint of Betelgeuse. The name Aldebaran is thought to have derived from the Arabic Al Dabaran meaning 'the Follower' because its appearance follows the rising of the Pleiades cluster. An alternative theory, proposed in the early 20th century, is that the name means 'the forecaster', after Nabu, the Assyrian and Babylonian god of wisdom and writing. As keeper of the Tablets of Destiny, he forecasted the destiny of each individual, with the power to lengthen or shorten his or her lifespan; his name derives from the Semitic root 'nb', meaning 'to call or announce'. Aldebaran was known as the 'Star of the Tablet' in Babylonian times, which incidentally also became its name in China.", "Taurus is a big and prominent constellation in the northern hemisphere's winter sky, between Aries to the west and Gemini to the east; to the north lie Perseus and Auriga, to the southeast Orion, to the south Eridanus, and to the southwest Cetus. In September and October, Taurus is visible in the evening along the eastern horizon. The most favorable time to observe Taurus in the night sky is during the months of December and January. By March and April, the constellation will appear to the west during the evening twilight.", "the 13th brightest star in the sky, and one of the 57 stars of celestial navigation. The alpha, or brightest, star in the constellation Taurus, Aldebaran is visible from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres from late fall through late spring and is highest in the sky at a 10:00 PM observation on January 15.", "Most of the interesting features of Taurus are found in the centre of the constellation and toward the west. Around Aldebaran are a number of stars which go by the collective name of The Hyades (see below).", "The constellation shows mainly the horns, and exceedingly long horns they are. The left (southern) horn starts from the group of stars known as The Hyades, of which Aldebaran seems (erroneously) to be a member. It extends from Aldebaran to zeta Tauri, near the eastern edge of the constellation.", "This constellation includes part of the Taurus-Auriga complex, or Taurus dark clouds, a star-forming region containing sparse, filamentary clouds of gas and dust. This spans a diameter of and contains 35,000 solar masses of material, which is both larger and less massive than the Orion Nebula. At a distance of , this is one of the nearest active star forming regions. Located in this region, about 10° to the northeast of Aldebaran, is an asterism NGC 1746 spanning a width of 45 arcminutes." ]

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[ "In the Harry Potter book series, a Muggle is a person who lacks any sort of magical ability and was not born into the magical world. Muggles also do not have any magical blood. It differs from the term Squib, which refers to a person with one or more magical parents yet without any magical ability, and from the term Muggle-born (or the derogatory and offensive mudblood), which refers to a person with magical abilities but without magical parents.", "The central character in the series is Harry Potter, an English orphan who discovers, at the age of eleven, that he is a wizard, though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and in secrecy. His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place. As Harry develops through his adolescence, he learns to overcome the problems that face him: magical, social and emotional, including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships, infatuation, romantic relationships, schoolwork and exams, anxiety, depression, stress, and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation, that lies ahead, in wizarding Britain's increasingly-violent second wizarding war. ", "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic, and subjugate all wizards and non-magical people (Muggles).", "In the Harry Potter books, non-magical people are often portrayed as foolish, sometimes befuddled characters, who are completely ignorant of the Wizarding world that exists in their midst. If, by unfortunate means, non-magical people do happen to observe the working of magic, the Ministry of Magic sends Obliviators to cast Memory Charms upon them causing them to forget the event.", "Person totally without magical powers. Muggles live in ignorance of the world of wizards and witches.", "Although Harry has no idea yet that he possesses magical powers, he is beginning to realize that he has some unusual abilities that other children lack. From later conversations Harry has with Muggle-born wizard children, it appears that their families were generally unaware the Wizarding world existed until their child was old enough to attend Hogwarts. The parents, who probably realized their child was somehow different, generally are quite shocked upon learning they have a magical offspring. It is unknown why Muggle parents are apparently never told about the magical world prior to their child's eleventh birthday. At least some Muggle-born magical children may show no overt magical ability until they are older, and therefore remain undetected by the Wizarding community. Harry, however, discovers that the Dursleys have always known that he is a wizard, and not only deliberately withheld this information, but attempted to suppress his magical ability. Harry also learns his parents were wizards and were murdered, rather than killed in a car crash as the Dursleys told him. Harry will discover even later that Aunt Petunia knows far more about the Wizarding world than she has ever let on, even to her husband.", "The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality. The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture, European folklore, classical mythology and alchemy, incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands, magic plants, potions, spells, flying broomsticks, centaurs and other magical creatures, the Deathly Hallows, and the Philosopher's Stone, beside others invented by Rowling. While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings Middle-earth a mythic past, the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life, with the action mostly set in Scotland (Hogwarts), the West Country, Devon, London and Surrey in southeast England. The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets, ancient pubs, lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population. ", "Letters to Muggle-born witches and wizards, such as Hermione Granger and Lily Evans (and Tom Riddle and Harry Potter, though half-bloods, who lived with Muggles and knew nothing of the wizarding world), who may not be aware of their powers and are unfamiliar with the concealed wizarding world, are delivered in person by a member of Hogwarts staff, who then explain to the parents/guardians about magical society, and reassure them regarding this news. They also assist the family in regards to buying supplies and gaining access to Diagon Alley.", "Muggle-born is the term applied to wizards and witches who come from non-magical families. According to Rowling, the average Hogwarts annual intake for Muggle-borns is 25%.", "Pure-blood supremacists believe blood purity is a measure of a wizard's magical ability – notwithstanding examples of highly skilled Muggle-born witches like Hermione Granger and Lily Evans, and less skilled pure-bloods such as Neville Longbottom – and Muggles to be low-life, having no magic in them. Supremacists apply the term \"blood traitor\" to pure-bloods who harbor no prejudice against non-pure-bloods (enjoying their presence and relations with them).", "Supremacists typically believe Muggle-borns to be magically deficient, despite examples to the contrary, such as Hermione Granger and Lily Evans, who are exceptionally skilled in their abilities. ", "Harry Potter is an ordinary boy who lives in a cupboard under the stairs at his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon’s house, which he thinks is normal for someone like him who’s parents have been killed in a ‘car crash’. He is bullied by them and his fat, spoilt cousin Dudley, and lives a very unremarkable life with only the odd hiccup (like his hair growing back overnight!) to cause him much to think about. That is until an owl turns up with a letter addressed to Harry and all hell breaks loose! He is literally rescued by a world where nothing is as it seems and magic lessons are the order of the day. Read and find out how Harry discovers his true heritage at Hogwarts School of Wizardry and Witchcraft, the reason behind his parents mysterious death, who is out to kill him, and how he uncovers the most amazing secret of all time, the fabled Philosopher’s Stone! All this and muggles too. Now, what are they?", "Dumbledore smiled sadly and continued, \"Your parents were part of that group,\" Harry's eyes widened, \"They were wonderful people, the Potters, and believed all humans were equal. Your mother was, in fact, a muggleborn, born into a family with no previous signs of magic.", "Harry Potter , before the Cerebus Syndrome set in. His character is almost entirely this in the first book (an abused orphan discovers that he is rich, famous, and oh yes, a wizard), but the following six consist of him slowing learning a: the magic world is just as messed up as ours and b: It Sucks to Be the Chosen One .", "The central character in the series is Harry Potter, a bespeckled nerdy looking smartass kid — the type bullies like to harass — that wants to be a wizard, though he lives at a council estate in Colchester . Like British politics and FIFA, the wizarding world exists in parallel to the real world and is shrouded in secrecy.", "* Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a \"scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didn't know he was a wizard.\" She developed the series' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there. Apart from the first chapter, the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry's eleventh birthday. Voldemort's attack left a lightning bolt-shaped scar on Harry's forehead, which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present. Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person to get on a team in their first year.", "'Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire' - Fantasy with Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, Emma Watson, Alan Rickman (Professor Snape), Michael Gambon (Albus Dumbledore), Maggie Smith (Prof. Minerva McGonagall), Brendon Gleeson (Alastor \"Mad Eye\" Moody), Ralph Fiennes (Lord Voldemort), Jason Isaacs (Lucius Malfoy), Tom Fenton (Draco Malfoy), Miranda Richardson (Rita Skeeter), Timothy Spall (Peter \"Wormtail\" Pettigrew). Based on the book by J. K. Rowling. Directed by Mike Newell.", "Under the pretext of explaining why the Dursleys fear leaving Harry home alone, we learn how he previously used magic before knowing he was a wizard, basically in self-defence. This story is a contrast to the tale in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince of how the young boy, Tom Riddle (later known as Lord Voldemort ), used his powers to terrorize other children prior to learning he was a wizard. This comparison between the two characters adds another layer to the good vs. evil theme.", "*Harry and Oliver are roughly the same age (11) when they leave behind their known environment for a new world of which they know nothing: the world of wizarding and the world of crime, respectively. I might argue that Fagin is a wicked version of Dumbledore but I’ll let that be…", "Rubeus Hagrid is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. Hagrid is introduced in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone as a half-giant and half-human who is the gamekeeper and Keeper of Keys and Grounds of Hogwarts, the primary setting for the first six novels. In the third novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Hagrid is promoted to Care of Magical Creatures teacher, and is later revealed to be a member of the Order of the Phoenix.", "At the end of Chamber of Secrets, after his memory is erased and Fawkes is getting them out of the Chamber, he screams something to the effect of \"Amazing! It's just like real magic!\" Except that if he'd grown up knowing about magic, he'd assume it WAS magic. He still knows how to talk, and presumably he'd been exposed to magic before learning to speak enough times that it was an accepted part of life by then, so you'd think that if he'd grown up in a magic household, he'd remember the existance of magic. Since he didn't, it can be assumed that he was a muggle-born. -This could explain his whole bragging schtick-he has an inferiority complex. He was teased mercilessly while at Hogwarts as a student, especially if he was a Slytherin, so he grew up with a need to prove those people wrong. He wasn't sure how to go about doing that so he just ripped off stories from a bunch of other people instead.", "Louisa May Alcott aged the March sisters, which works, though I’ve yet to meet the person who treasures Jo’s Boys above Little Women . The reader gets the joy of finding out what happened next, but there is always loss, as the adult characters inevitably lack the folly, the insouciance and the possibility of their younger selves. We move from a world where everything is up for grabs to one where most doors slam shut. (Don’t marry that boring professor!) I’ve always admired JK Rowling’s boldness in ageing her characters. What makes Harry, Hermione and Ron unique and compelling is much more than their youth: Harry Potter lives in such an extraordinarily detailed alternative universe that adulthood brings new challenges. In some ways, the world itself is more compelling than the characters, so keeping the magical background is what keeps the stories –and the characters – forever young.", "The bespectacled boy wizard Harry Potter is the brainchild of the British author J.K. Rowling, who was born July 31, 1965. Rowling’s first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, debuted in Britain in 1997 (it was retitled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone when it was released in America the next year) and went on to become an international bestseller. Children and adults alike were captivated by Harry, his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger and their adventures at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The books, which chronicled Harry’s struggles against his enemy, the evil Lord Voldemort, have sold over 400 million copies and been translated into more than 60 languages. The series is also credited with boosting childhood literacy around the globe.", "\"A wizard? No I'm not. I'm just Harry. There must be a mistake.\" Interesting. The boy seemed to believe in magic and wizards. He just thought he wasn't capable of being part of that world. How wrong he was.", "Luna Lovegood, a pupil at Hogwarts, and her father Xenophilius Lovegood profess belief in a number of magical creatures that the overwhelming majority of wizards consider imaginary. As a result, their appropriate classification is unknown. Among them are:", "A wizard was originally just a \"wise one\", and outside Harry Potter novels, still is. A financial wizard, for example, is one who is very good with money, not one supposed to be literally supernatural.", "Also, sometimes wizards are in hiding, with normal people having no idea about them because the wizards and witches feel that if they revealed themselves, regular people would persecute them or they would want them to fix all of their problems instead of doing it themselves. An example of this is when Hagrid explains the latter to Harry in Philosopher's Stone.", "Many other characters are highly individual, even unique members of a species. Many such people from the outer worlds find refuge in Oz, which is highly tolerant of eccentricity. ", "Harry Potter has never played a sport while flying on a broomstick. He's never worn a cloak of invisibility, befriended a giant, or helped hatch a dragon. All Harry knows is a miserable life with the Dursleys, his horrible aunt and uncle, and their abominable son, Dudley. Harry's room is...   more", "So where did Harry stand in comparison to all that? He had three years and half a term's worth of magical education to his name, though to be honest Professors Binns, Quirrel, Lockhart, Trelawney and Snape had hardly taught him a thing in that time and he could think of nothing taught to him by McGonagall or Sprout over the years that was going to do him any good now!", "Rowling fashioned a world focused on her young wizard, an orphan who survived the attack that killed his parents and left him scarred for life with a lightning bolt on his forehead.", "Catherine Potter, the forgotten one. Adopted by the Weasleys and not knowing of her origins until her 11th birthday. She is pushed into the shadows because of her brother Harry's fame and most people seem to favor him over her. She struggles to make a name for herself since all eyes are on her b..." ]

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[ "In laymen’s terms, a butte is a small flat-topped or pointed hill or mountain. A mesa is a medium size flat-topped hill or mountain. And a plateau is a really big flat-topped hill or mountain. However, the true definitions are elegant and fascinating and encompass some of the most amazing landscape in the Southwest. Buttes are geologic features up to hundreds of feet high with steep sides, narrow pointed tops or very small flat tops. Buttes are what is left of what was once a mesa; the rest of it has been eroded away. Paria Canyon contains the spectacular Coyote Buttes Special Management Area. The notorious sandstone buttes (North and South Coyote Buttes) sit at the bottom of Utah’s Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument and the upper section of Arizona’s Paria Canyon-Vermillion Cliffs Wilderness. The buttes and surrounding canyons contain a unique feature called The Wave, a multi-colored chute that has been cut into a sandstone mountain.", "When traveling in the Southwest, you will discover plenty of the geologic and landscape features that end with the word butte, mesa or plateau — for instance, Coyote Butte, Grand Mesa , Colorado Plateau. In each instance, these geologic features have a flat top surface with relatively steep sides. So if they all have flat tops and steep sides, why aren’t they all referred to as buttes, or mesas, or plateaus?", "A butte is a conspicuous isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top; buttes are smaller than mesas, plateaus, and table landforms. In some regions, such as the north central and northwestern United States, the word is used for any hill. The word butte comes from a French word meaning \"small hill\"; its use is prevalent in the western United States, including the southwest, where \"mesa\" is also used. Because of their distinctive shapes, buttes are frequently landmarks in plains and mountainous areas. In differentiating mesas and buttes, geographers use the rule that a mesa has a top wider than its height, while a butte's top is narrower. Three classic buttes are Scotts Bluff in Nebraska, Crested Butte in Colorado, and Elephant Butte in New Mexico. Among the well-known non-flat-topped buttes in the United States are Bear Butte, South Dakota, and Black Butte, Oregon. In many cases, buttes have been given other names that do not use the word butte, for example, Courthouse Rock, Nebraska. Also, some large hills that are technically not buttes have names using butte, an example of which is Kamiak Butte in Washington State.", "Butte: A narrow flat-topped hill of resistant rock with very steep sides. Probably formerly a mesa.", "�  Butte � A narrow pinnacle of resistant rock with a flat top and very steep sides.", "Butte – an isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, formed by weathering.", "The top layer of a mesa and a butte is a hardened layer of rock that is resistant to erosion, which is the gradual wearing away of Earth surfaces through the action of wind and water. Sometimes this top layer, called the cap rock, is not sedimentary rock but is cooled and hardened lava that had spread out across the landscape in repeated flows from fissures or cracks in the ground. Beneath this flat protective cap of rock are horizontal layers of softer sedimentary rock. To varying degrees, these layers are not as resistant to erosion.", "Other prominent features created by erosion are mesas and buttes. Both have flat tops of more erosion-resistant sandstone over softer clays. Mesas are quite broad but not very tall, while buttes are taller and more narrow. In the above picture you see the edge of a mesa on the right and a butte that has formed on the left. The Bidahochi Formation is more erosion resistant than the Chinle Formation. Eventually the harder rock will erode away, leaving the softer claystone underneath exposed to the elements. This will then become another rolling bentonite hill within the badland landscape.", "Erosion has exposed some of the underground “plumbing” for the volcanic center. Magma rose up along cracks and had enough pressure to push the walls of cracks apart for tens of feet, forming dikes. At several places in the canyon, you’ll notice the dark ridges— dikes—going up the mountainsides. Some magma squirted in along the bottom of the pile of volcanics forming horizontal intrusions called laccoliths. Square Butte, Shaw Butte, and Cascade Butte are prominent laccoliths with high, vertical cliffs that can be seen between Ulm and Cascade. This great eruption of magma occurred on the Great Falls Tectonic Zone—a collision zone between two continental plates which collided more than a billion years ago. It left a zone of weakness that resulted in the Adel Mountain Volcanics.", "Isolated, nearly level landmasses standing distinctly above the surrounding country, bounded by abrupt or steeply sloping erosion scarps on all sides, and capped by layers of resistant, nearly horizontal rock (often lava). Less strictly, very broad, flat topped, usually isolated hills or mountains of moderate height bounded on at least one side by a steep cliff or slope and representing an erosion remnant. Mesas are similar to, but have more summit area than buttes and are common topographical features in arid and semiarid regions of the United States. Mesas are often considered broad terraces or comparatively flat plateaus along river valleys. They are marked by an abrupt slope or escarpment on one side.", "Butte Isolated hill with steep sides, smaller than a plateau. Commonly found in the southwestern United States.", "These landforms are found in arid and semiarid regions. Arid regions are defined as those that receive less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rain per year; semiarid regions receive 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters) of rain per year. Precipitation in these regions often comes in the form of sudden, heavy rainfalls. Because water evaporates quickly in these normally dry environments, plants and other ground cover are scarce. Left exposed to the action of running water, the bare sides of the softer rock layers of mesas and buttes are eroded away over time. The base of these landforms is often gently sloped, contrasting with the almost-vertical sides leading down from the top. Rock material that has been eroded from the sides is carried downward, forming this sloping base.", "Butte From French for \"hillock\", it resembles a mesa, but is smaller; it's also the name of a Montana city", "The definition difference between a butte and a mesa most likely originated right here in the Southwest. Early settlers said that if you could find game on top, it was a mesa. Eventually that definition translated to the idea that if you could graze cattle (and find water) it was a mesa, not a butte.", "The three distinctive buttes on the horizon to the east are called collectively the Sweet Grass Hills. West Butte, the closest and highest, rises 3,000 feet above the plains. Middle Butte, farther in the distance and a little to the south, is grass covered and East Butte is the most distant. Together these three buttes make this range the most prominent in north central", "The prominent geological feature to the west is called Beaverhead Rock. On the afternoon of August 8, 1805, members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition pulled its canoes up the Beaverhead River toward the Continental Divide. They sighted what Clark later called a “remarkable Clift” to the southwest. Sacajawea recognized this large promontory and told the captains that her people called it “beaver’s head.” Beaverhead Rock is composed principally of Madison Limestone. About 350 million years ago, a shallow sea covered much of Montana. Billions of tiny marine creatures thrived in the water and when they died their bodies settled into the muck on the sea bed. After about 10 million years of accumulation and many more millions of years of compaction this muck became the pale gray rocks that are known today as Madison Limestone.", "Powerful geologic processes in Yellowstone National Park have contributed to the unusual shape of Yellowstone Lake, which straddles the southeast margin of the Yellowstone caldera. A smaller caldera-forming event about 140 thousand years ago, comparable in size to Crater Lake, Oregon, created the West Thumb basin. Several significant glacial advances and recessions continued to shape the lake and overlapped the volcanic events. Glacial scour deepened the central basin of the lake and the faulted south and southeast arms. More recent dynamic processes shaping Yellowstone Lake include currently active fault systems, development of a series of postglacial shoreline terraces, and postglacial hydrothermal-explosion events, which created the Mary Bay crater complex and other craters. (See Yellowstone Lake Geology ) Many of the area's 1,000 to 3,000 annual earthquakes occur under Yellowstone Lake, causing uplift and subsidence events which continually reshape the shoreline of the lake.", "As seen from satellite photography, shorelines are one of the most obvious surface features of Earth, because of the striking contrast between the reddish land and the blue water. One might therefore suspect that the shoreline is a fundamental structural feature of Earth, but this is certainly not the case. Shorelines are temporary geographic features, changing constantly as a result of tectonic movements, wave erosion, coastal deposition, and numerous factors that cause sea level to rise and fall. Shorelines are sculptured by waves and currents into many shapes and forms---ranging from steep rocky cliffs to low beaches, quiet bays, tidal flats, and marshes.", "In late Precambrian time, extension from a large tectonic plate or smaller plates moving away from Laurentia thinned its continental crust, forming large rift basins that would ultimately fail to split the continent. Eventually, this sunken region of Laurentia was flooded with a shallow seaway that extended from at least present-day Lake Superior to Glacier National Park in Montana to the Grand Canyon and the Uinta Mountains. The resulting Grand Canyon Supergroup of sedimentary units is composed of nine varied geologic formations that were laid down from 1.2 billion and 740 million years ago in this sea. Good exposures of the supergroup can be seen in eastern Grand Canyon in the Inner Gorge and from Desert View, Lipan Point and Moran point. A geologic formation is a rock unit that has one or more sediment beds, and a member is a minor unit in a formation. Groups are sets of formations that are related in significant ways, and a supergroup is a sequence of vertically related groups and lone formations.", "A volcano, according to the dictionary, is an opening, a rupture, or a fissure on the Earth's surface, allowing hot, molten rocks, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface. This geological phenomenon occurs randomly at specific locations around the world. Among the different spots, we have profiled the active volcanoes in Europe.", "The canyon along the Kootenai River exposes rocks of the Belt Supergroup, which consists of sandstones, called quartzites, and thin layers of hard mudstones or shales. These rocks form most of the outcrops along the highway from east of Libby to the Idaho border. In this area, the rocks are slightly folded so that the river cascades over the inclined hard quartzite beds in the stair-step-like falls. Individual folds may be seen in the north-facing road cut just south of Highway 2, southwest of the parking lot. Another fold may be seen north of the river. These folds resulted from east-west tectonic compression that caused north-to-south trending folds and faults throughout western Montana about 50 to 100 million years ago.", "A hoodoo (also called a tent rock, fairy chimney, and earth pyramid) is a tall, thin spire of rock that protrudes from the bottom of an arid drainage basin or badland. Hoodoos, which may range from , typically consist of relatively soft rock topped by harder, less easily eroded stone that protects each column from the elements. They generally form within sedimentary rock and volcanic rock formations.", "An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold (Figure 7.8).", "The Cliff House Sandstone is the area's youngest rock layer. It was formed after the Cretaceous sea had completely receded and as a result has a high sand content from beaches, dunes, etc. and from this receives its characteristic yellow tint to its canyon faces. Like the Point Lookout Sandstone, it is about 400 feet thick. It contains numerous fossil beds of different types of shells, fish teeth, and other invertebrate leftovers from the receded sea. The shale zones in this feature determine where alcoves formed where the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings.", "�  Anticline � An arched fold in which the rock layers usually dip away from the axis of the fold.", "Dome mountains are rounded isolated structures that are usually not associated with mountain belts as they occur in generally flat regions.  They can be classified into two distinct categories: Plutonic & Tectonic", "physiographic province—a geographic region with a specific geomorphology and often specific subsurface rock type, age, or structural elements.", "The downtown core and much of the rest of Billings is in the Yellowstone Valley which is a canyon carved out by the Yellowstone River. Around 80 million years ago, the Billings area was on the shore of the Western Interior Seaway. The sea deposited sediment and sand around the shoreline. As the sea retreated it left behind a deep layer of sand. Over millions of years this sand was compressed into stone that is known as Eagle Sandstone. Over the last million years the river has carved its way down through this stone to form the canyon walls that are known as the Billings Rimrocks or the Rims. ", "Bluffer’s Park has a long, sandy beach, picnic areas, walks, and lookouts. It is located beneath the Scarborough Bluffs, a 5000 year-old escarpment formed by the erosion of packed clay.", "Physiographic province - a region of which all parts are similar in geologic structure and climate and which has consequently had a unified geomorphic history; a region whose relief features and landforms differ significantly from that of adjacent regions.", "What features can be found at these locations and what reasons have been suggested for their formation?", "This lunar anomaly ( NASA image LO-5-125-H2A ) reveals a tower and several other geometric structures. Is this a natural geological formation or something artificial?" ]

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[ "Hundreds of millions of years ago, today’s continents were huddled in a giant landmass called Pangea .", "Some 300 million years ago all the world's land masses were beginning to form into one supercontinent, Pangaea, surrounded by a single universal sea, Panthalassa. Through the upheavals that we have since come to know as plate tectonics, the shifting of the Earth's crust tore the supercontinent asunder about the middle of the Mesozoic period (approximately 180 million years B.P.) and large bodies of land drifted across the surface of the Earth to ultimately become our present-day continents.", "There are seven continents, or large land masses, on the planet Earth.  While they are separated by ocean today, 200 million years ago there was one supercontinent called Pangae in which all seven land masses were connected.  Pangaea started to break up into two smaller supercontinents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland, during the Jurassic period. By the end of the Cretaceous period, the continents were separating into land masses that look like our modern-day continents.  The seven continents are:  Africa, Asia, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.", "The name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to todays continents.", "Wegener hypothesized that there was an original, gigantic supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he named Pangaea, meaning \"All-earth\". Pangaea was a supercontinent consisting of all of Earth's land masses. It existed from the Permian through Jurassic periods . It began breaking up during the Jurassic period, forming continents Gondwanaland and Laurasia , separated by the Tethys Sea.", "During the Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart. This created two landmasses, a northern mass called Laurasia ( North America , Europe , and Asia ) and a southern mass called Gondwanaland ( South America , Africa, Australia , Antarctica , and India ). During the early Jurassic, North America separated from Africa and South America and moved northward, but still remained connected to Europe. By the late Jurassic, the North Atlantic was just beginning to appear between Europe and North America.", "At one time the earth consisted of one land mass and a huge body of water. Geologists today call the land Pangaea (from the Greek words \"all land\"), while the water was called Panthalassa (from the Greek words \"all sea\"). Between 180 and 200 million years ago, Pangaea split into two parts: Laurasia, which consisted of North America, Europe and Asia; and Gondwanaland, which consisted of Africa, South America, India, Antarctica and Australia.", "Wegener's Urkontinent is these days better known as Pangea. It may have looked roughly like the land mass portrayed here. Its exact contours are a matter of speculation, but generally it is thought to have looked like the land mass on this map: Africa locked into North and South America to its west, and attached to an amalgam of Antarctica, Australia and India to its southeast, with the remaining Eurasian land mass then twisted on its head to serve as Pangea's hat, and Europe a crescent-shaped smear in between. Surrounding the single continent would be the world's single ocean, Panthalassia.  ", "Continents are the large land masses that we see on our earth. These hard land masses where people and other living organisms walk or crawl and make home are large in size, and are made up of many countries. There are also many small land masses which we call as islands, but continents are very large in size compared to these islands. There are 7 continents on earth. Many people combine the two continents Asia and Europe into a single continent and call it Eurasia. Many others combine the two continents North America and South America into one and call it the American continent. But in general there are seven large land masses on earth, namely Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. You must be wondering to know what are the 7 Continents of the World. You can get all the 7 continents of the world maps as well. Details are as follows!", "Scientists theorize that Pangaea began to split apart around 200 million years ago. Over time, the separate pieces drifted farther and farther apart, creating the continents we know today. The movement of the continents also created the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.", "According to Arnold Toynbee, the original continental distinction was devised by ancient Greek mariners, who gave the names Europe and Asia to the lands on either side of the complex interior waterway running from the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, the Black Sea, and the Kerch Strait before reaching the Sea of Azov. This water passage became the core of a continental system when the earliest Greek philosophers, the Ionians of Miletus, designated it as the boundary between the two great landmasses of their world. Somewhat later, Libya (or Africa) was added to form a three-continent scheme. Not surprisingly, the Aegean Sea lay at the heart of the Greek conception of the globe; Asia essentially denoted those lands to its east, Europe those lands to its west and north, and Libya those lands to the south.", "The Earth's land is separated into large landmasses called continents. One definition of the term continent describes distinct and separate large landmasses,like Australia and Antarctica, which are disconnected from any other land.", "Continents: Continents are the huge land masses on earth. Geologically there are seven continents on the earth. They are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.", "If you could visit the Earth as it was millions of years ago, it would look very different. The continents have not always been where they are today. About 480 million years ago, most continents were scattered chunks of land lying along or below the Equator . Millions of years of continuous tectonic activity changed their positions, and by 240 million years ago, almost all of the world’s land was joined in a single, huge continent. Geologists call this supercontinent Pangaea , which means “all lands” in Greek.", "Plate tectonics offers yet another way of defining continents. Today, Europe and most of Asia constitute the unified Eurasian Plate, which is approximately coincident with the geographic Eurasian continent excluding India, Arabia, and far eastern Russia. India contains a central shield, and the geologically recent Himalaya mobile belt forms its northern margin. North America and South America are separate continents, the connecting isthmus being largely the result of volcanism from relatively recent subduction tectonics. North American continental rocks extend to Greenland (a portion of the Canadian Shield), and in terms of plate boundaries, the North American plate includes the easternmost portion of the Asian land mass. Geologists do not use these facts to suggest that eastern Asia is part of the North American continent, even though the plate boundary extends there; the word continent is usually used in its geographic sense and additional definitions (\"continental rocks,\" \"plate boundaries\") are used as appropriate.", "In speaking of the figure of the earth, we mean the surface of the sea imagined to percolate the continents by canals. That this surface should turn out, after precise measurements, to be exactly an ellipsoid of revolution is a priori improbable. Although it may be highly probable that originally the earth was a fluid mass, yet in the cooling whereby the present crust has resulted, the actual solid surface has been left most irregular in form. It is clear that these irregularities of the visible surface must be accompanied by irregularities in the mathematical figure of the earth, and when we consider the general surface of our globe, its irregular distribution of mountain masses, continents, with oceans and islands, we are prepared to admit that the earth may not be precisely any surface of revolution. Nevertheless, there must exist some spheroid which agrees very closely with the mathematical figure of the earth, and has the same axis of rotation. We must conceive this figure as exhibiting slight departures from the spheroid, the two surfaces cutting one another in various lines; thus a point of the surface is defined by its latitude, longitude, and its height above the “spheroid of reference.” Calling this height", "By convention, \"continents are understood to be large, continuous, discrete masses of land, ideally separated by expanses of water.\" Many of the seven most commonly recognized continents identified by convention are not discrete landmasses separated completely by water. The criterion \"large\" leads to arbitrary classification: Greenland, with a surface area of 2166086 sqkm is considered the world's largest island, while Australia, at 7617930 sqkm is deemed the smallest continent.", "The first distinction between continents was made by ancient Greek mariners who gave the names Europe and Asia to the lands on either side of the waterways of the Aegean Sea, the Dardanelles strait, the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus strait and the Black Sea.Toynbee, Arnold J. (1954). A Study of History. London: Oxford University Press, v. 8, pp. 711-12. The names were first applied just to lands near the coast and only later extended to include the hinterlands. But the division was only carried through to the end of navigable waterways and \"... beyond that point the Hellenic geographers never succeeded in laying their finger on any inland feature in the physical landscape that could offer any convincing line for partitioning an indivisible Eurasia ...\"", "one of the earth's large land masses (Asia, Australia, Africa, Europe, North and South America, and Antarctica)", "Though there are many definitions of the term “continent,” it is generally used to identify large distinct land masses that make up planet Earth’s surface. What we know as land are actually the areas which happen to be at a high enough elevation to not be flooded by the lakes, rivers, and oceans of the world which surround them. The continents shapes and boundaries are ever-changing as the water surrounding them defines the land that makes up the continent. It is important to remember the five oceans of the world , as the continents make up just 1/3rd of Earth’s surface.", "However, tectonic plates didn’t stop moving, so the continent split and reformed again and 250 million years ago, Pangaea, the next supercontinent was formed, surrounded by an ocean called Panthalassa. However, this didn’t last forever either, and continents started to rescramble into pretty much what we see today.", "225 million years ago, Earth was one supercontinent (Pangaea) and ocean. About 10 million years ago, the North America that we know today was formed (geographical shape). The first discoverers of North America were nomadic Asians who wandered over here by way of an exposed land bridge from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Though they were hunters at first, by 5000 BC, they had become hunter-gatherers with a diet of basically corn. Great pre-European Indian cultures included the Pueblos, the Iroquois, the Mound Builders, the Mayans, the Incas, the Aztec, and the Sioux, among others(map of tribes on pg. 8). The Indians revered nature and land, and didn’t carelessly destroy it. Everything was put to use.", "User: The name of Earth's single, huge continent from over 250 million years ago is (1 point) A.Megaland. B.Pangaea. C.Gondwanaland. D.Laurasia.", "The name Pangea is ancient Greek and means \"all lands.\" The term began being used in the early 20th century after Alfred Wegener noticed that the Earth's continents looked like they fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. He later developed his theory of continental drift to explain why the continents looked the way they did and first used the term Pangea at a symposium in 1927 focused on that topic.", "The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded geologically as the \"main continent\", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia.", "The continent of America is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (who styled himself Americus Vespucius in Latin). Vespucci, following his four voyages exploring the coastlines of Venezuela and Brazil, first developed the idea that the newly discovered western land was in fact a continent. In recognition thereof, America's first cartographer (the German Martin Waldseemüller) named the new continent after Vespucci. ", "etymology: self-descriptive name from the country's location on the continent; \"Africa\" is derived from the Roman designation of the area corresponding to present-day Tunisia \"Africa terra,\" which meant \"Land of the Afri\" (the tribe resident in that area), but which eventually came to mean the entire continent", "In the previous lecture, we introduced the topics of Rodinia and Pannotia, the supercontinents that preceded Pangea. We therefore take up the story after the breakup of Pannotia in the latest Proterozoic. (650 m.a.)", "The continent Laurentia, named after the Laurentian Mountains north of Sct. Lawrence River in Canada, was also a separate island. The name Gondwana has been derived from a native Indian tribe called \"Gond\" and means something like \"Gond\" country. But that's only a name; as everyone knows humans did not exist at that time.", "mythological Named for Europe, the continent where discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa .", "I was discussing the relative smallness of human history compared to the evolution and size of the universe when a student asked me this question: \"Who named the Earth 'Earth'? When? Why? Does this answer apply to the origins of the French word Terre?\"", "Story behind the name: German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller named the new continent after the Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci’s first name." ]

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[ "David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), also known as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer convicted of a series of shooting attacks that began in New York City in the summer of 1976, perpetrated with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver. He killed six victims and wounded seven others by July 1977. As the toll mounted, Berkowitz eluded a massive police manhunt while leaving brazen letters that mocked the police and promised further crimes, highly publicized in the press. He terrorized New York and achieved worldwide notoriety.", "David Richard Berkowitz (Born:June 1, 1953), better known by his nickname Son of Sam, is an American serial killer who confessed to killing six people and wounding several others in New York City in the late 1970s.", "David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco, June 1, 1953), also known as Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer and arsonist whose crimes terrorized New York City from July 1976 until his arrest in August 1977.", "9. The serial killer David Berkowitz, known as the \"Son of Sam,\" is convicted of murder after terrorizing New York for a year and is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. Read a book with a serial killer, a book with a character in the FBI OR a book with a character or author named Sam or David.", "In 1977, David Berkowitz, also known as Son of Sam, confessed to the murders of six people in New York City. Berkowitz, now serving six consecutive 25-to-life sentences, claimed that a demon spoke to him through a neighbor's dog.", "U.S. 1977 U.S.A. Son Of Sam Arrested 10th Aug. 1977 : The \" Son Of Sam \" Serial killer David Berkowitz, a 24-year-old postal worker, was arrested after admitting that he was Son of Sam, the New York City serial killer.", "* David Berkowitz: also known as the \"Son of Sam\"; convicted of killing 6 people in New York City in 1976–1977", "Serial killer David Berkowitz, the \"Son of Sam,\" is sentenced on June 12th to 25 years to life in prison", "The first in a series of shootings by the so-called \"Son of Sam\" serial killer occurred on July 29, 1976, terrorizing New York City over the course of the next year. The killer, David Berkowitz was eventually arrested in August 1977, and was convicted to serve six life sentences. Over twenty years later, Spike Lee directed the film Summer of Sam (1999) based on the events surrounding the murders.", "Later identified as David Berkowitz, this serial killer raised a public terror palpable in the memories of New Yorkers even today. But the allegations of mental instability and self-identified satanic pursuits don’t quite mesh with the lack of remorse shown and the irrational behaviour observed in the courtroom. The conflicts driving the Son of Sam were deeply inside his interior landscape, not evident to the naked eye.", "Once dubbed the “.44 Caliber Killer,” the Son of Sam eventually got his name from letters he sent to both the police and famed newspaper writer Jimmy Breslin that said, “…I am a monster. I am the Son of Sam. I love to hunt, prowling the streets looking for fair game. The weman are prettyist of all [sic]…”", "On June 12, 1978, he was sentenced to 25 years-to-life in prison for the murders, making his maximum term 365 years. watch A & E Biography David Berkowitz/The Son of Sam 2/4", "When police searched Berkowitz’s apartment, they found Satanic graffiti drawn on the walls, and diaries detailing his alleged 1,400 arsons in the New York area. When Berkowitz was taken in for questioning, he quickly confessed to the shootings and stated that he would plead guilty. When police asked what his motivation for the killing spree was, he said that his former neighbor, Sam Carr, had a dog that was possessed by a demon, which told Berkowitz to kill. Sam Carr is the same Sam that inspired his nickname, the Son of Sam.", "This chilling tale recounts the late 70's in New York City, when a serial killer on the loose dubbed \"Son of Sam\" creates havoc. When arrested, \"Son of Sam\" tells police he was influenced ... See full summary  »", "The moniker the Son of Sam was born of a landlord whose name was Sam. Berkowitz’s many notes and abusive letters allowed police to catch him, in an uneventful arrest where overprepared police converged on the killer, who had the 44 caliber gun on him. Berkowitz had calmly been led into custody, leaving little or no friends, life, social identity or relationships behind. Law enforcement personnel operating on double shifts under tremendous pressure to capture the killer remember the event as a sonic wave of relief dissipating throughout the city.", "Berkowitz received a 365 years jail sentence and informed the FBI he invented the “Son of Sam” stories in order to convince the court he was out of his mind. He then said the true reason he murdered was partly due to the fact that he hated his mother for leaving him behind and partially due to his failure with women. He felt sexually turned on when he murdered women, and he killed six..", "Berkowitz did name two of the cult members: John and Michael Carr. The two men were sons of the dog-owner Sam Carr and lived on nearby Warburton Avenue. Both of these other \"sons of Sam\" were long dead: John had been killed in a shooting labeled a suicide in North Dakota in 1978, and Michael had been in a fatal car accident in 1979. Berkowitz claims that the actual perpetrator of the DeMasi–Lomino shooting was John Carr, and adds that a Yonkers police officer, also a cult member, was involved in this crime. He claims that Michael Carr fired the shots at Lupo and Placido.Terry (1999), p. 539.", "David Berkowitz had a Southeast Bronx childhood. He would paint the atmosphere of his childhood in New York in later life with a layer of anxiety and mortal fear. The cultural phenomenon of anxiety, fear, trepidation, and public attitudes toward crime and serial killer rampages was in a nutshell best encapsulated by the sensation of “Son of Sam” killings. The source of this murderous rage was all too human. Feelings of total psychological anger and rage had bred an angry man with no outlet but total assault left to his mind.", "Theodore Robert Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), known as Ted Bundy, was an American serial killer who murdered numerous young women between 1974 and 1978. He twice escaped from prison before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 29 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia .", "The lives of five young women and one man, their families’ grief, and the tension of a city under siege are the heritage of the Son of Sam killer, one of the most notorious serial killers ever. North and South of La Guardia airport, inside New York City for about a year residents never knew when a pair of hands would reach for them, or when a gunshot would herald their last breath. Killing some but leaving seven others wounded, the “Son of Sam” haunted the Bronx and Brooklyn streets in the dawn hours, leaving a grisly aftermath.", "“I am deeply hurt by your calling me a women hater. I am not. But I am a monster. I am the “Son of Sam.” When father Sam gets drunk he gets mean. He beats his family. Sometimes he ties me up to the back of the house. Other times he locks me in the garage. Sam loves to drink blood. “Go out and kill” commands father Sam. Behind our house some rest. Mostly young — raped and slaughtered — their blood drained — just bones now. I am on a different wave length then everybody else — programmed too kill. However, to stop me you must kill me. Attention all police: Shoot me first — shoot to kill or else. Keep out of my way or you will die!”", "Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994), also known as the Milwaukee Cannibal, was an American serial killer and sex offender, who committed the rape, murder, and dismemberment of seventeen men and boys between 1978 and 1991, with many of his later murders also involving necrophilia, cannibalism, and the permanent preservation of body parts—typically all or part of the skeletal structure. ", "Theodore Robert “Ted” Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active between 1973 and 1978. He twice escaped from county jails before his final apprehension in February 1978. After more than a decade of vigorous denials, he eventually confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual total of victims remains unknown. Estimates range from 26 to over 100, the general estimate being 35. Typically, Bundy would bludgeon his victims, then strangle them to death. He also engaged in rape and necrophilia. Bundy was executed for his last murder by the state of Florida in 1989.", "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy, born Theodore Robert Cowell (November 24, 1946 – January 24, 1989), was an American serial killer active", "John George Haigh aka ‘The Acid Bath Murderer’ was a British serial killer responsible for the deaths of at least six people. He earned his name, not from the method of killing his victims, but from the method of disposal: He would dissolve corpses in sulfuric acid before forging various documents so he could sell their possessions for financial gain.", "In 2007, allegations earned widespread publicity that Jeffrey Dahmer, arrested in Wisconsin in 1991 after killing more than a dozen men and boys, was also named as a suspect in Adam's murder. He was living in Miami Beach at the time Adam was murdered, and two eyewitnesses placed him at the shopping mall on the day Adam was abducted. One of the witnesses claimed to have seen a strange man walking into the toy department where Adam was abducted. The other said that he saw a young, blond man with a protruding chin throw a struggling child into a blue van and speed off. Both witnesses recognized the man they had seen as Dahmer when pictures of him were released in the newspapers after his arrest. Reports showed that the delivery shop where he worked had a blue van at the time. He preyed on young men and boys (the youngest being eight years older than Adam), and his modus operandi included severing his victims' heads. When interviewed about Adam in the early 1990s, he repeatedly denied involvement in the crime, even stating; \"I've told you everything—how I killed them, how I cooked them, who I ate. Why wouldn't I tell you if I did someone else?\" After this rumor surfaced, John Walsh stated that he had \"seen no evidence\" linking his son's kidnapping and murder to Dahmer. ", "\"Then Bundy comes along and says, 'Hey, I'm just like the guy next door -- I'm the stranger beside you,' \" he said, referring to the title of crime writer Ann Rule's book about Bundy. Holmes said there were serial killers before Bundy who were just as charismatic, just as all-American, but they didn't get the media representation Bundy did. \"We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere,\" Bundy is quoted in Harold Schechter's book, The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. A Ph.D. in serial killing - Bundy called upon a potpourri of serial killer traits and a vast reserve of deviance. According to various accounts, he stored severed heads in his home, and was a loner who was simultaneously engaged to two women while he was killing. He incinerated skulls in his fireplace and vacuumed up the ashes. He re-dressed dead victims, ate their flesh, feigned lameness to lure victims and faked accents. He kept one of his victims in his possession for nine days. He twice escaped from custody, was an experienced cat burglar and insisted on strangling his victims while he looked directly into their eyes.", "\"Then Bundy comes along and says, 'Hey, I'm just like the guy next door -- I'm the stranger beside you,' \" he said, referring to the title of crime writer Ann Rule's book about Bundy. Holmes said there were serial killers before Bundy who were just as charismatic, just as all-American, but they didn't get the media representation Bundy did. \"We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere,\" Bundy is quoted in Harold Schechter's book, The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. A Ph.D. in serial killing - Bundy called upon a potpourri of serial killer traits and a vast reserve of deviance. According to various accounts, he stored severed heads in his home, and was a loner who was simultaneously engaged to two women while he was killing.", "In 1949, John George Haigh burst into the headlines as an inhuman monster who had been killing for profit for many years. According to his own confession, the mass murderer had dissolved his victims in acid after drinking their blood. Though some British newspapers seized upon the morbid curiosity of their readers - describing him as a vampire and gleefully repeating his colourful accounts of the crimes - Haigh was a cunning, predatory criminal who tried to cheat the hangman by feigning insanity.", "Henry Lee Lucas is an interesting case. While he confessed to the murder of nearly 600 people (including people who turned out to still be alive), he often would recant his confessions, only to confess to other murders. He often became the \"go-to\" guy by police departments who wanted to clear their unsolved murder files. Since he was already sentenced to death, he relished in the attention that the confessions brought him. When he died in prison in 2001, forensics were only able to confirm 3 of his confessions, which technically did make him a serial killer. His supposed exploits inspired the brilliant Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer .", "Referenced multiple times and discussed as it served as an inspiration for a serial killer in question.", "Was Once a Man : Once a human serial killer, he turned into something resembling a nightmare ghost/demon after his death." ]

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[ "Sauerkraut (pronounced /ˈsaÊŠrkraÊŠt/ in English; German pronunciation: [ˈzaÊŠ.ÉkÊaÊŠt]  ( listen), Yiddish: [ˈzÉ”i̯.əʀ.kʀɔi̯t]) is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus.[1][2] It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar.", "Sauerkraut is native to Eastern Europe, especially places like Germany, Poland and Russia where cabbage is considered a staple ingredient, even the “quintessential vegetable.” Sauerkraut, which means “sour cabbage” in German, first made its way over to the Unites States in the 1700s. It’s been said that immigrants coming over to the Americas at this time on ships carried sauerkraut with them on their long journeys because the fermentation process was able to preserve abundant amounts of harvested cabbage and also provide important nutrients.", "Sauerkraut (the German word for sour herb) is made by an age-old fermentation process called lactofermentation. Lactobacillus is a good bacteria found on the surface of many fruits and vegetables, even in yogurt. As the cabbage is submerged in a salt brine, the lactobacillus begins to convert the sugars of the cabbage to lactic acid, which is a natural preservative.", "Sauerkraut is pickled cabbage. It is made by shredding cabbage, mixing it with salt and sometimes spices, and then leaving it to ferment for four to six weeks.", "Sauerkraut is cabbage that is salted to a precise degree and allowed to ferment, pressed under its own brine, through several generations of bacteria until it reaches a desired degree of sourness from a final lactic acid fermentation. It is then refrigerated or canned to stop further fermentation. It is usually shredded before fermentation, but In some cases it is made with lengthwise wedges of cabbage rather than shredded.", "Basically, sauerkraut is shredded cabbage fermented in its own juice with or without a culture starter or a salt water brine.  Many other vegetables and spices can be added for extra flavor and variety, but cabbage is usually the main ingredient because the leaves contain high amounts of naturally occurring cultures that help it to ferment.", "Hot peppers are always added, a procedure that is usually not practiced in Europe. Sauerkraut was the most important vegetable in the Roman Empire and was thought to have medicinal values. Originally it was made by soaking cabbage leaves in vinegar or sour wine. In medieval times in Germany and Poland cabbage was fermented with salt, seasonings and berries. Sauerkraut made with quartered apples or sliced apples turns out particularly nice. Regardless of how it is made or called, all fermented cabbages share one factor together: they are very healthy. Sauerkraut is rich in vitamin C, an important fact that was known in the past. Barrels of sauerkraut were kept on ships to provide a supply of vitamin C and to prevent a nasty disease known as scurvy. Scurvy infected gums which resulted in a loss of teeth and eventual death. Between 1500 and 1800, it has been estimated that scurvy killed at least two million sailors. According to Jonathan Lamb, \"In 1499, Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170; In 1520, Magellan lost 208 out of 230; all mainly to scurvy.\" It has been recorded that when Captain Cook secured barrels with sauerkraut for his voyages, he did not lose one sailor to the disease. However, it was not until 1747 that James Lind formally proved that scurvy could be treated and prevented by supplementing the diet with citrus fruit such as limes or lemons.", "Wine is good for the heart. A little of it along with beef broth, garlic, and tomato paste bring in more flavor and healthy goodness. Then sauerkraut, an uber vegetable, adds its classic and familiar tang. Why is sauerkraut an uber vegetable? It’s fermented cabbage. Fermentation produces lactic acid bacteria, a natural probiotic good for the digestive system.", "Making sauerkraut is one of the most basic fermentation processes there is, so it’s a great place to start if you’re new to making your own cultured foods. All you need to make sauerkraut (or any fermented veggie for that matter) is simply the vegetable (in this case cabbage), water, salt and some patience!", "Sauerkraut (;) is finely cut cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. ", "Sauerkraut, a form of fermented cabbage, has been popular throughout Central Europe for hundreds of years. Sauerkraut combines one of the healthiest foods there is (cabbage) with one of the most beneficial and time-honored food preparation methods ever used (fermentation).", "It wasn't until 1,000 years later that Genghis Khan plundered China and brought back this recipe for naturally fermented cabbage, which his hordes then transported to Europe. The Germans, who gave it the name \"sauerkraut\", learned to make this dish from their native European cabbage, giving us sauerkraut as we know it today.", "Sauerkraut is basically fermented white cabbage, using centuries-old techniques for preserving cabbage.Shredded cabbage is layered with salt with pressure applied to release the juices. For the popular German “wine sauerkraut” white wine is added during fermentation, adding another depth of flavor and making the sauerkraut mellow and savory.", "Sauerkraut — aka fermented cabbage — once known mostly as a staple for Reuben sandwich and hot dog eaters, is also one of the most nutritious, easiest and delicious fermented food you can make.", "Sauerkraut is very low-calorie, but as you can see it’s an  anti-inflammatory food  and is packed with benefits. Besides having probiotics to offer, sauerkraut is a good source of antioxidants and dietary fiber too, thanks to its main ingredient cabbage. Even eating a small amount daily — just several tablespoons — can give you significant benefits and a great source of nutrients, including vitamin K, vitamin C, calcium, potassium and phosphorus  — and of course probiotics too. As an added bonus, the proliferation of lactobacilli in fermented vegetables enhances their digestibility and increases absorption of their various vitamins.", "It was, in fact, the Chinese that first began to ferment cabbage in rice wine over 2,000 years ago. Not until the 16th century did the Europeans adopt this habit of fermenting cabbage in its own juices, thus creating what we know today as sauerkraut. With the immigration of large groups of Germans to American shores in the 18th century, sauerkraut became an American favorite, first among the German immigrants, then becoming part of the American cuisine. After all, what would the Reuben sandwich or hot dog be with a generous serving of sauerkraut?", "Green and white cabbages (\"Kohl\" or \"Kopfkohl\") are the most common form of cabbage and used to make sauerkraut and cabbage rolls . It is a Brassica oleracea from the Capitata (headed) Group.", "A very common ingredient in Chinese soups and stir fries, it's basically sauerkraut made with mustard greens. This is clearly not the same mustard plant that's well known to our Southern cuisine, but an Asian mustard called Gai Choy that has short, heavily ribbed leaves. While the photo shows a whole large head, Sour Mustard Greens are often made from much smaller plants, and smaller packages may contain only slices of the plant.", "Cabbage is eaten fresh and fermented to make sauerkraut and kimchi. Both sauerkraut and kimchi are sour. How sour they become depends on how long they are fermented for. A couple of days are usually enough for kimchi, but for producing tangy and crisp sauerkraut, a good couple of weeks are required.", "What's that mean? Sour pickled cucumbers, sauerkraut and other pickled vegetables are an important part of Eastern European Jewish cuisine. Sometimes people just say \"sours.\"", "Many German foods are easier to make than you think, and you'll find it's not too difficult to incorporate one of these dishes into your weekly meals. Besides this, the German fermented cabbage salad known as sauerkraut has been found to be probiotic-rich and full of vitamins. What better way to explore German culture than creating your own German food specialties?", "Vegetables are often eaten in stews or vegetable soups, but can also be served as a side dish. Carrots, turnips, spinach, peas, beans, and many types of cabbage are very common. Fried onions are a common addition to many meat dishes throughout the country. Potatoes, while a major part of the diet, are usually not counted among vegetables by Germans. Asparagus, especially white asparagus known as spargel, is particularly enjoyed in Germany as a side dish or as a main meal. Sometimes restaurants will even devote an entire menu to nothing but spargel, when it is the right season (late Spring). Spargel season is traditionally set to the time before St. John's Day.", "German for \"sour cabbage.\" Made by combining cabbage, salt, and occasionally other spices and permitting the mixture to ferment. Though thought of as a German invention, this pickled food was eaten in China over 2,000 years ago.", "Take this virtual tour of the Fremont Sauerkraut Company to see how this versatile vegetable is made.", "A tall leafy vegetable, cultivated along the banks of the Nile for centuries. It is said to have the highest amount of protein and folic acid of any green leaf vegetable and is rich in beta-carotene, iron, calcium, and Vitamin C.", "A jar of cultured vegetables is an enzyme factory and only a small amount of sauerkraut produces more than enough for the proper digestion of the foods we eat.  It can be an especially helpful condiment for diets high in cooked foods dairy and animal proteins.", " 6 sauerkraut recipes (plus a couple of extras) which are just as unique and delicious, as the Reuben, solving the dilemma of what to do with sauerkraut forever. Enjoy, because sauerkraut and most other fermented vegetables are really good for you. ", "Red cabbage is most often found cooked as \" Rotkohl ,\" a highly prized side dish most often served at holiday time with roast goose or sausages and mashed potatoes. The Latin name is Brassica oleracea from the Capitata Group, variety rubra L.", "How to Make Your Own Sauerkraut : Vegetables and Herbs : Preserving and Preparing : Food Safety : Food : University of Minnesota Extension", "A perennial herb of the arum family. Its thick leaf stalk is used in salads after it has been boiled in two or more changes of water. Also known as \"skunk cabbage.\"", "When we consume homemade sauerkraut, the bacteria present will act symbiotically.  The bacteria, now called probiotics, helps the gut flora continue enhancing nutrient absorption, aiding the immune system, and keeping out pathogens.", "vegetable. It has a slightly sour and salty taste and is eaten throughout much of Europe," ]

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[ "Gerard Schwarz (born August 19, 1947) is an American conductor. He has been music director of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra since 1985 and is music advisor and principal conductor of the Eastern Music Festival. From 2001 to 2006, he was music director of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra (RLPO). Schwarz was born in Weehawken, New Jersey, to Austrian parents. He graduated from New York City's High School of Performing Arts and Juilliard School of Music and began his musical career… read more", "The Seattle Symphony, which performs at Benaroya Concert Hall, has distinguished itself under the direction of Gerard Schwartz, who has been its musical director since 1984. Seattle also supports the only chamber orchestra in the Pacific Northwest, the Seattle Orchestra, which performs works for small ensembles written between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The Seattle Opera stages full-scale productions of five operas every year, including a summertime performance of the Ring cycle by Richard Wagner. The Pacific Northwest Ballet, which performs at Seattle's Opera House, is the region's premier ballet troupe. Seattle is also home to the Allegro Dance Festival, a dance ensemble that focuses on ethnic dance and new works by area choreographers.", "Gerard Schwarz (born August 19, 1947) is an American conductor and trumpeter. He was the music director of the Seattle Symphony Orchestra from 1985 to 2011. ", "Seattle Symphony principal guest conductor Thomas Dausgaard guides the orchestra through a work by Sibelius earlier this year.", "Under Schwarz’s leadership, Seattle Symphony Orchestra has presented numerous festivals of music focusing on composers from various regions of the world, including the Pacific Rim, Silk Road region, the Americas and Central Europe. Building on his tradition of performing and recording contemporary American music, the Symphony presented a two-part Made in America Festival in 2005 and 2006, showcasing those American composers who created a distinctive American symphonic voice. The festival featured the music of American symphonists such as Charles Ives, Aaron Copland, William Schuman , Virgil Thomson , Leonard Bernstein, August Read Thomas, Philip Glass, Bright Sheng, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, John Corgliano and others who created a distinctive American symphonic tradition.  [Note: Names which are links refer to Bruce Duffie’s interviews elsewhere on this site.]", "In 1983, Schwarz came to Seattle Symphony Orchestra as Music Advisor. The following year he was appointed Principal Conductor and since 1985, he has held the post of Music Director. Under his artistic leadership, Seattle Symphony Orchestra has evolved into one of the world’s finest orchestras. Schwarz’s vast repertoire, including his devotion to American music and the music of our time, has earned him praise worldwide both in performances and on recordings for his compelling sensitivity and extraordinary depth. His over 125 recordings with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra, many including music by contemporary American composers, have received widespread recognition, including 12 Grammy nominations, and further enhanced the reputation of Seattle Symphony Orchestra as a leader among ensembles championing the music of contemporary composers. During his tenure with Seattle Symphony Orchestra, Schwarz has received 6 ASCAP awards (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers).", "Leonard Bernstein  August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990  was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. According to Donal Henahan, he was “one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history.”[2]", "Leonard Bernstein ( /ˈbɜːrnstaɪn/ ; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the US to receive worldwide acclaim. According to music critic Donal Henahan , he was \"one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history.\" [2]", "John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer , conductor and pianist . He is considered to be one of the greatest and most influential and successful film composers of all time. In a career spanning over six decades, he has composed some of the most recognizable film scores in cinematic history, including the Star Wars saga , Jaws , Superman , the Indiana Jones films, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , Home Alone and its sequel , Hook , Jurassic Park , Schindler's List , Saving Private Ryan , War Horse , Lincoln , and the first three Harry Potter films. He has had a long association with director Steven Spielberg , composing the music for all but two ( Duel and The Color Purple ) of Spielberg's major feature films.", "** Michael Tilson Thomas, conductor; Ragnar Bohlin, Kevin Fox & Susan McMane, choir directors; Andreas Neubronner, producer; Peter Laenger, engineer/mixer; Andreas Neubronner, mastering engineer (Laura Claycomb, Anthony Dean Griffey, Katarina Karnéus, Quinn Kelsey, James Morris, Yvonne Naef, Elza van den Heever & Erin Wall; San Francisco Symphony; Pacific Boychoir, San Francisco Girls Chorus & San Francisco Symphony Chorus)", "Itzhak Perlman (Hebrew: יצחק פרלמן; born August 31, 1945) is an Israeli-American violinist, conductor, and pedagogue. Over the course of his career, Perlman has performed worldwide, and throughout the United States, in venues that have included a State Dinner at the White House honoring Queen Elizabeth II, and a Presidential Inauguration, and he has conducted the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and the Westchester Philharmonic. In 2015, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.", "John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. In a career that spans six decades, Williams has composed many of the most famous film scores in Hollywood history, including Star Wars, Superman, Home Alone, the first three Harry Potter movies and all but two of Steven Spielberg's feature films including the Indiana Jones series, Schindler's List, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park and Jaws. He also composed the soundtrack for the hit 1960s television series Lost in Space as well as the fanfare of the DreamWorks Pictures' logo.", "Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American music composer. He is considered one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century and is widely acknowledged as a composer who has brought art music to the public (along with precursors such as Richard Strauss , Kurt Weill and Leonard Bernstein ).", "<p>James Roe, the oboist-turned-president and CEO of the New Jersey Symphony, has been appointed head of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. He will succeed <span>Katy Clark</span>, who in June left the orchestra to become <a href=\"http://www.wqxr.org/story/bam-looks-orchestra-world-next-leader/\" target=\"_blank\">president</a> of the <span>Brooklyn Academy of Music</span>.</p> <p>As president and executive director of St. Luke's, Roe will oversee its approximately 80 annual orchestral and chamber music concerts, as well as <span>the DiMenna Center for Classical Music, the organization's concert and rehearsal facility in Hell’s Kitchen. </span></p> <p>Roe will leave his New Jersey post in December, ending a four-year association with the ensemble. He had served as acting principal oboist from 2011 until 2013, when he was <a href=\"http://www.wqxr.org/story/301469-new-jersey-symphony-names-ceo/\" target=\"_blank\">promoted</a> to president and CEO. His departure comes as New Jersey is searching for a new music director to succeed Jacques Lacombe, who is leaving the orchestra in August of 2016. The orchestra is also seeking a director of artistic planning.</p> <p>Roe previously led the Helicon Foundation, a chamber music series based on the Upper East Side. In a 20-year career as a freelance musician in New York, he occasionally performed with St. Luke's. <span>\"Taking this role feels like coming home for me,\" Roe said in a statement. \"In many ways, it is a unique fit.\"</span></p>", "Composer and jazz pianist, born in Paterson, New Jersey, USA. A leader of avant-garde musicians at Yale, in 1973 he formed Advent, a free-jazz group, with trombonist George Lewis. He played in several ensembles that bridged jazz and classical forms. His compositions are structured around complex, atonal lines, though meditative simplicity is also achieved through repetition. His opera, X, based on…", "In 1991 he succeeded Sir Georg Solti as Music Director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra , with which he has since enjoyed countless successes in all the world's great concert halls. In 1 992 he became General Music Director of the Deutsche Staatsoper Berlin. He currently holds both posts. In October 2000, in recognition of his dedication \"to Germany's cultural unification process\" and the fact that he \" is an excellent ambassador for German culture and works worldwide in promoting peaceful relations between different nations,\" the Staatskapelle Berlin, resident orchestra of the Deutsche Staatsoper, named him Chief Conductor for Life.", "In 1944, New York City Mayor Fiorello La Guardia invited Leopold Stokowski to form and conduct a New York City Symphony, which would be based in the Mecca Temple which had become New York City property due to non-payment of taxes.  A popular symphony with very low ticket prices was attractive at that point for Stokowski.  Their concerts were generally sold-out, and they made three recordings.  However, with the orchestra Board seeking to cut expenses, and Stokowski seeking to expand the orchestra size and activity, a rupture resulted in which Stokowski resigned.  Leonard Bernstein, early in his conducting career, then took over the New York City Symphony.", "Sir Simon Denis Rattle OM CBE (born 19 January 1955) is an English conductor. He rose to international prominence during the 1980s and 1990s, while Music Director of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1980�98). He has been principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic since 2002, and plans to leave his position at the end of his current contract, in 2018. It was announced in March 2015 that Rattle would become Music Director of the London Symphony Orchestra from September 2017.", "The final performance in Tulsa Symphony’s 10th anniversary season presents favorite American composers and some of their most well-known works: Aaron Copland’s Symphony No. 3, which features his powerful Fanfare for the Common Man; George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue with pianist Jeffrey Biegel; and Aaron Jay Kernis’ Musica Celestis. Daniel Hege conducts.", "Michael Tilson Thomas conducts the San Francisco Symphony in a performance of Mahler's Symphony No. 8. courtesy of the San Francisco Symphony hide caption", "In April 2004, February 2006, and September 2007, he conducted the New York Philharmonic at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City. The initial program was intended to be a one-time special event, and featured Williams's medley of Oscar-winning film scores first performed at the previous year's Academy Awards. Its unprecedented popularity led to two concerts in 2006fundraising gala events featuring personal recollections by film directors Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg. Continuing demand fueled three more concerts in 2007, which all sold out. These featured a tribute to the musicals of film director Stanley Donen, and had the distinction of serving as the opening event of the New York Philharmonic season. [21]", "The top of my “bucket list” includes a return to Bayreuth to hear the “Ring” of course!  In the mean time there is Seattle not far away (I played trombone in the wonderful 1985 Seattle “Walküre” conducted by Armin Jordan – great experience and one time that I did not mind sitting behind the French horn section as they were splendid!)", "Per N�rg�rd is the most significant Danish composer after Carl Nielsen and Vagn Holmboe. Born in Denmark in 1932, he studied with Holmboe at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen, and subsequently with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. Influenced by the Nordic styles of Sibelius, Nielsen and Holmboe, he has also explored the modernist techniques of central Europe, eventually developing his own serial technique, the �infinity series�, the mechanisms of which can be compared to the growth and symmetry of nature. Most recently, in the 1990s, he has worked with sophisticated layerings of rhythms and lines, and has focused on the effects of �interference� in his quest to capture the music that otherwise escapes our ears. Per N�rg�rd�s music originates in an inextinguishable desire to explore the marvels of the world and the powers of music. His eight symphonies stand as milestones, composed through six", "Michael Morgan was born in Washington, DC, where he attended public schools and began conducting at the age of 12. While a student at Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, he spent a summer at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood, studying with Gunther Schuller and Seiji Ozawa. He first worked with Leonard Bernstein during that same summer.   His operatic debut was in 1982 at the Vienna State Opera conducting Mozart’s The Abduction from the Seraglio. In 1986, Sir Georg Solti chose him to become the Assistant Conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a position he held for seven years under both Solti and Daniel Barenboim. In 1986 he was invited by Leonard Bernstein to make his debut with the New York Philharmonic. As a guest conductor he has appeared with most of America’s major orchestras, as well as the New York City Opera, St. Louis Opera Theater and Washington National Opera.   In addition to his duties with OEBS, Maestro Morgan serves as Artistic Director of Oakland Youth Orchestra, Music Director of Sacramento Philharmonic and Artistic Director of Festival Opera in Walnut Creek. He also teaches the graduate conducting course at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music. He makes many appearances in the nation’s schools each year, particularly in the East Bay, and is highly regarded as a champion of arts education and minority access to the arts. Michael received an Honorary Doctorate from Holy Names University. He makes his home in Oakland with his mother and sister.", "Some of the outstanding conductors he has performed with include Christopher Hogwood, Gunther Schuller, Fabio Mechetti, Charles Hirt, Robert Shaw, Roger Wagner, Alice Parker, and Jester Hairston. As a soloist he has appeared with the Spokane Symphony, Omaha Symphony, Spokane Opera, Zephyr, Spokane String Quartet, The Festival at Sandpoint, and Opera Coeur d'Alene. He has also appeared with the Northwest Bach Festival (9 years), Los Angeles Philharmonic, Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, Allegro, Century Singers, and the Westminster Chamber Orchestra.", "In 2013, Pacific Symphony celebrated the music of two seemingly disparate figures, representing past and present: the iconic Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington (1899-1974) and living saxophonist-composer Daniel Schnyder, neither of whom fit neatly into a single musical category. Ellington’s works have inspired countless composers and musicians of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Schnyder. That year, the Symphony didn’t just refer to Ellington, but presented the ensemble that carries his name and has been playing together in one form or another for more than nine decades, The Duke Ellington Orchestra. The other half of the equation was Composer-in-Residence Schnyder, who also defied definition. The Festival included a screening of “Faust” with music composed and performed live by Schnyder.", "He is an Instructor of Music and Fine Arts Coordinator at the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, where he directs the orchestra and teaches courses in Recording Technology, Classical Guitar and Piano, and Music History. He is an active string educator, performer, recording artist, and conductor. His orchestras have been recognized at the local, regional, and national level for their superior and musically mature performances.", "The Cantata on medieval English poems (1952) and the Septet (1953) show a new density of contrapuntal ingenuity in the service of wonderfully lively expression. The moving Song with dirge canons in memory of Dylan Thomas (1954) is still more densely made, with every note accountable as part of a five-note series continually varied. In the oratorio Canticum sacrum in honor of St. Mark (1956), there are passages with Webernish sounds and silences, melodies made mostly of wide skips, and series of twelve notes treated according to Schoenberg's technique. Similar passages in Agon (1953-1957), a plotless ballet for twelve dancers, are combined with references to 16th-century dances and strong C-major cadences in a fantastic synthesis.", "The Cantata on medieval English poems (1952) and the Septet (1953) show a new density of contrapuntal ingenuity in the service of wonderfully lively expression. The moving Song with dirge canons in memory of Dylan Thomas (1954) is still more densely made, with every note accountable as part of a five-note series continually varied. In the oratorio Canticum sacrum in honor of St. Mark (1956), there are passages with Webernish sounds and silences, melodies made mostly of wide skips, and series of twelve notes treated according to Schoenberg's technique. Similar passages in Agon (1953-1957), a plotless ballet for twelve dancers, are combined with references to 16th-century dances and strong C-major cadences in a fantastic synthesis.", "He made his first appearance at London's South Bank in 1983. After making his debut at the Salzburg Festival in 1989, he conducted for the first time at the London Promenade Concerts in 1990. In 1994 he conducted Gluck's Orfeo at the Teatro Sao Paulo in Lisbon. He made his debut in Vienna in 1998 and in Amsterdam in 1999. In 2000 he was engaged to make his debut at the English National Opera in London. His highly successful tours with The Sixteen and the Sym. of Harmony and Invention have taken him throughout Europe, the U.S., Israel, Japan, Australia, and Brazil. In his numerous recordings, he has surveyed a vast repertoire ranging from Taverner, Byrd, Palestrina, Handel, and Bach to Stravinsky, Britten, and Messiaen.", "From 1980 to 1993, Williams succeeded Arthur Fiedler as Principal Conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Williams never personally met Fiedler, although he did speak with him on the telephone. His arrival as the new leader of the Pops in the spring of 1980 allowed him to devote part of the Pops' first PBS broadcast of the season to presenting his new compositions for The Empire Strikes Back, in addition to conducting many Fiedler audience favorites.", "A native of Seoul, Korea, Ms. Jang began studying violin and piano at the age of four. She graduated from the Juilliard School and the New England Conservatory, where she studied with Donald Weilerstein. Prior to joining San Francisco Symphony in 2011, she was a concertmaster with the New World Symphony." ]

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[ "With a unique, slightly bitter flavor and a small amount of caffeine, the kola nut is an evergreen tree nut originating from the tropical rainforests of Africa. The nut itself is the fruit of the kola tree and can range in size from as small as a chestnut to as large as potato! Widely used to flavor drinks, we’re extracting the kola nut’s natural flavor as the key ingredient in Caleb’s Kola.", "Kola nuts are perhaps best known to Western culture as a flavoring ingredient and one of the sources of caffeine in cola and other similarly flavored beverages, although the use of kola (or kola flavoring) in commercial cola drinks has become uncommon. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term \"cola\".", "The kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term \"cola\".", "Kola nut is the seed kernel of a large African tree grown commercially around the world, particularly in Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Brazil and other parts of South America. It is extremely popular amongst the inhabitants as a caffeine-containing stimulant. The nuts are eaten whole or powdered and mixed with liquid for a drink. The kola nut is primarily derived from three species from the cocoa tree family: Cola acuminta, Cola nitida and Cola vera, which originate in tropical West Africa but can also be found in pockets of Brazil and the West Indies, where they were taken by the slave trade. The trees typically reach a height of 25 meters or 60 feet and its waxy oval leaves frame cheerful star-shaped flowers that are white or yellow with purple accents. Its fruit is pod-shaped, with each of which is nestled about a dozen roundish shaped seeds or kola nuts. The kola nuts may be red, white or pinkish of hue. (Once opened, the exposed seedpod’s arrangement looks rather similar in its configuration to an armadillo’s armour!). The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like; and the first taste is bitter, but sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola.", "The male flowers are about 2 cm in diameter and their calyx is cup-shaped. They are intensely lobed with several stamens and appear in two whorls. On the other hand, the calyx of the female flowers is approximately 5 cm in diameter having five carpels and several simple anthers at the bottom. The fruits of the kola tree are oblong or oval shaped appearing in sacs that measure about 13 cm x 7 cm. They are green hued, glossy on the surface, have a smooth texture, but lumpy having large nodules. As many as four to eight seeds appear in each carpel and they are oval or semi globoid in shape. The kola nuts are extremely thick and hard and they are found in a range of colors. Maroon, deep brown and brown are the most common colors of kola nuts. Each kola tree produces approximately 120,000 nuts annually. Kola nuts may be consumed in a number of ways, including eating them separately, employing them in the form of a spice as well as using them in soda beverages.", "Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. In Britain, for example, the ingredient label states \"Flavourings (Including Caffeine).\"[[|[32]]] Kola nuts contain about 2 percent to 3.5 percent caffeine, are of bitter flavor and are commonly used in cola soft drinks . In 1911, the U.S. government initiated United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola , hoping to force Coca-Cola to remove caffeine from its formula. The case was decided in favor of Coca-Cola. Subsequently, in 1912 the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended, adding caffeine to the list of \"habit-forming\" and \"deleterious\" substances which must be listed on a product's label.", "(Coca-Cola, by the way, used to literally contain cocaine in its original formula. The practice was halted in 1903, but the name persisted. The \"coca\" part of \"coca-cola\" is derived from the coca plant, and the \"kola\" comes from the kola nut which also flavored the original beverage.)", "Coca-Cola – derived from the coca leaves and kola nuts used as flavoring. Coca-Cola creator John S. Pemberton changed the 'K' of kola to 'C' to make the name look better", "The kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily of the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. Cola acuminata, an evergreen tree about 20 metres in height, has long, ovoid leaves pointed at both the ends with a leathery texture. The trees have yellow flowers with purple spots, and star-shaped fruit. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds develop in a white seed-shell. The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like. The first taste is bitter, but it sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola. This tree reaches 25 meters in height and is propagated through seeds. C. nitida and C. acuminata can easily be interchanged with other Cola species.", "Kola nuts, the seed of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata, are native to West africa. There it forms an intergrated part of the social life; the nuts are valued for it's stimulating, aphrodisiac and healing qualities. Extracts of these nuts are often found in energy drinks.", "All three species are used as a stimulant and are prepared in the same manner. The kola tree grows to approximately 40 ft (12 m) in height, and has white to yellow flowers with spots that range from red to purple. The kola tree's leaves are 6–8 in long (15–20 cm) and the tree bears fruit that is shaped like a star. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds can be found in a white seed shell.", "Kola nut was one of the original ingredients in coca-cola. It was utilized for the taste and caffeine content it added. Until the early 1900's, fresh coca leaves were also an ingredient in coca-cola. The coca leaves were added for their taste and stimulant effect (coca leaves contain cocaine).", "Over the years the drink has spread to other nations especially in eastern Europe. In Romania it is known as motorină (diesel fuel). In the former Yugoslav nations it's known as bambus (bamboo). In the Czech Republic it's called houba (mushroom). In Hungary it is called vadász (hunter) or vörösboros kóla (red-wine cola) or just VBK.", "Chapman J. Root, president of the Root Glass Company , turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff, including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards, plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson, and Earl R. Dean , bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room. Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle's design on one of the soda's two ingredients, the coca leaf or the kola nut , but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like. Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola. Instead, Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd-shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopedia Britannica . Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned back to the plant to show Mr. Root. He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle. Chapman Root gave Dean his approval. [47]", "Kola tree bears simple leaves that appear alternately having petioles that are about 1.2 cm to 10 cm in length. The shape of the leaves vary from more or less oblong to broadly oval, while the apex is unexpectedly and curtly pointed (acuminate). At the base, the leaves are either rounded or having rounded tip. The margins are wavy either hairless or somewhat without bristles. They have deep green nerves on the sides measuring about 6 cm to 10 cm. The flowering part of the plant is an auxiliary and appears as haphazardly split panicles that are about 5 cm to 10 cm in length - much smaller in length compared to the leaves. The flowers have only one reproductive part (unisexual), comprising five parts, but do not have any petals.", "kola nut caffeine-containing nut of Cola acuminata and Cola nitida, trees of the cocoa family (Sterculiaceae) native to tropical Africa and cultivated extensively in the American tropics. The evergreen tree grows to 18.3 metres (60 feet) and resembles the chestnut....", "I have recently gotten into making my own soft drinks, and I would like to attempt making a cola. I found an online spice retailer that sells Kola Nut and bought some, but I have no real idea how to prepare them for use. I also don't know how much I should use for a liter or two of soda, but I can figure that out via experimentation if I have to.", "Yes, even flavored vodkas are coming back into the fold. But when Leslie Campbell — a former ski racer and coach, now co-founder (with Debbie Chase) of Delicious Danger Spirits — set out to make flavored vodka, fruit wasn’t on her mind. Campbell honed-in on South American coca leaves. After doing a small test run in Argentina, she moved the production of Cokana, her 80-proof, 5x-distilled, potato‑based, coca leaf-flavored vodka to the U.S. “The coca leaf flavor in Cokana is unique,” says Campbell. “It’s like nothing you’ve ever tasted before.” Cokana will be released during the 2015 holiday season. 54", "In Hungarian, pálinka denotes strong brandy-like liquor distilled from fruit. Pálinka is a very social drink: just as the English drink tea, the Hungarians, especially in rural areas, will offer pálinka to guests upon arrival. The best-known varieties are barackpálinka, made from apricots, körtepálinka from pears, and szilvapálinka made from plums. Factory-made pálinka is widely available, but keep an eye out for homemade házipálinka. Pálinkas usually contain around or above 50% of alcohol, often more for the homemade ones. Pálinka bottles marked mézes will be heavily sweetened with honey. (Ft 3000 for something good)", "The hard mature pods contain one or more seeds surrounded by a dry fibrous pulp, but the fibers dissolve readily in water and act as a thickener. The pulp is sweet and its food value is very high, having lots of starch and protein but little water. It can be eaten raw, or powdered to use as an ingredient in baked goods, soups, stews and beverages, including fermented beverages. Some are put off by the smell, but it is not considered offensive by people who eat it regularly. Other species of the tree are similarly used but not as widely.  ", "Other popular drinks in El Salvador include Ensalada, a drink made of chopped fruit swimming in fruit juice, and Kolachampan, a sugar cane-flavored carbonated beverage.", "Kolak: A fruit dessert made with palm sugar, coconut milk, and pandanus leaf. Fruits, such as jackfruit or banana, or mung beans are added (Indonesia)", "Others such as the river red gum and corkwood trees like grevillea and hakeas are a source of food themselves. The white flaky crust from river red gum leaves can be rolled into balls and eaten like a lolly and the nectar from the flowers of the corkwood trees can produce a sweet drink.", "* In Czech Republic and Slovakia, Kofola, a popular local soft drink, is frequently used instead of coke. Also, the rum is often substituted by Tuzemak.", "The flowers of the sweet gum are knobby little bunches; the swinging balls covered with curving horns contain the winged seeds, small but shaped like the key of the maple. One recognizes the gum tree in winter by these swinging seed-balls, an inch in diameter, like the balls of the buttonwood, except that those are smooth. (See illustrations, pages 102-103 .) The best distinguishing mark of sweet gums in winter are the corky ridges on the branches, and the star-shaped leaves under the trees. Sweet gum sap is resinous and fragrant. Chip through the bark, and an aromatic gum soon accumulates in the wound. The farther South one goes, the more copious is the exudation. In Mexico a Spanish explorer described, in 1651, \"large trees that exude a gum like liquid amber.\" This is the \"copalm balm\" gathered and shipped each year to Europe from New Orleans and from Mexican ports. The fragrant gum, storax or styrax, derived from forests of the oriental sweet gum in Asia Minor, is used as incense in temples of various oriental religions. It blends with frankincense and myrrh in the censers of Greek and Roman Catholic churches. It is used in medicines also, and as a dry gum is the standard glove perfume in France.", "Herb that comes from the evergreen bay laurel tree. Flavor is sharp and bitter and is often used in flavoring soups, stews, vegetables and meats.", "This plant is a perennial wildflower which I find exceptional in its uses.  As stated in my blog, I use the fruit to make wonderful tropical tasting sorbets.", "Pálinka is a type of fruit brandy, distilled from a variety of fruits grown mainly on the Great Hungarian Plains. It is a strong and intense alcoholic beverage and comes in a variety of flavors, including apricot (barack), pear (körte), plum (szilva) and cherry (cseresznye). Pálinka has a long history, dating back more than 500 years. Originally pálinka used to be considered more as a medicine than a drink, as it was believed to be a digestive.", "1    a thorny mimosaceous tree, Gleditsia triacanthos of E North America, that has long pods containing a sweet-tasting pulp  ", "calala – Nicaragua (a sweet-tasting juice is made when the fruit is cut in half and boiled in water)", "Kofola — a Czech cola drink (also sold in Slovakia), with a peculiar taste and remarkably less acid than the big brands", "Native to South Africa, watermelon is a popular fruit in Malaysia, largely because its red flesh has such excellent thirst-quenching properties. A large round fruit with a hard green outer layer, in Malaysia, the juicy red flesh is popularly blended with sugar water and served over ice at coffee shops." ]

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[ "Bill Clinton, a Democrat, was the 42nd president of the United States and is one of five living presidents.", "William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States ...", "William J. Clinton (1946-) is inaugurated as the 42nd President of the U.S. and Albert A. Gore (1948-) is inaugurated as the 45th Vice President.", "Clinton served as the 42nd President of the United States, from 1993 to 2001. He was the third-youngest president; only Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy were younger when entering office. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and as he was born in the period after World War II, he is known as the first Baby Boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. She was previously a United States Senator from New York, and also candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008. Both are graduates of Yale Law School.", "In sequence, Jimmy Carter was the 39th president to serve, but the 41st to be born. George H.W. Bush was the 40th born and George W. Bush was the 42nd born.", "In sequence, Jimmy Carter was the 39th president to serve but the 41st to be born. George H.W. Bush was the 40th born and George W. Bush was the 42nd born.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). His 1941 State of the Union address has been immortalized as the \"Four Freedoms\" speech.", "On January 20th, 1993, William Jefferson Clinton became the 42nd President of the United States. At the time, most Americans were not aware of the extent of Clinton's criminal background, nor were they aware of the media blackout which kept this information from the public.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ɛ l t / ROH-zə-velt or / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ə l t / ROH-zə-vəlt ; January 30, 1882 — April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "Dwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower (pronounced  / ˈ aɪ z ən h aʊər / ,  eye-zən-how-ər ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the  34th   President of the United States  from 1953 until 1961. He was a  five-star general  in the  United States Army  during  World War II  and served as  Supreme Commander  of the  Allied Forces  in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in  Operation Torch  in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France  and  Germany  in 1944–45 from the  Western Front . In 1951, he became the first  supreme commander of NATO . [2]", "1993 - U.S. President William J. Clinton - January 20th, 1993: \"The 42nd American President, William J. Clinton [Democrat], begins his term.\"", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 - April 12, 1945) also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit. He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 — June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989 . He was the sixteenth from the Republican Party, serving between Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush . Reagan is well-known for moving the country to the right politically, socially, and economically, accidentally causing the biggest World War III scare since 1962 (in the 1983 Able Archer Crisis), and his successful diplomatic initiative to negotiate a peaceful end to the Cold War by working together with Mikhail Gorbachev . He also was the last President to be in office during a war in which the United States officially declared itself to be neutral: namely the Falklands Conflict between the United Kingdom and Argentina.", "John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( May 29, 1917– November 22, 1963), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States . He served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. His leadership during the ramming of his USS PT-109 during World War II led to being cited for bravery and heroism in the South Pacific. Kennedy represented Massachusetts during 1947–1960, as both a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate . He was elected President in 1960 in one of the closest elections in American history. He is, to date, the only Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States.", "John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 – November 22 , 1963 ), also referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, John Kennedy or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States . He served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. His leadership during the ramming of his USS PT-109 during World War II led to being cited for bravery and heroism in the South Pacific . Kennedy represented Massachusetts during 1947–1960, as both a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate . He was elected President in 1960 in one of the closest elections in American history. He is, to date, the only Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States.", "The 41st President of the United States of America, George Herbert Walker Bush (known colloquially as \"Bush 41\" to distinguish him from his son, George W. Bush , the 43rd president of the U.S., who is known as \"Bush 43\"), was born on June 12, 1924 in Milton, Massachusetts, a suburb south of Boston. His parents were Dorothy (Walker) and Prescott Bush , who was then the president of sales for the Stedman Products Co. of South Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1925, Prescott joined the United States Rubber Co. (New York, NY) as their foreign division manager, necessitating a move to Greenwich, Connecticut.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the U.S. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence. He is the oldest living former President and Vice President. He is also the last living former President who is a veteran of World War II. Bush is often referred to as \"George H. W. Bush\", \"Bush 41\", \"Bush the Elder\", \"Papa Bush\", or \"George Bush Sr.\" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who was the 43rd President of the United States. Prior to his son's presidency, he was known simply as George Bush or President Bush.", "He took over the presidency during World War II with the death of Roosevelt. He was called by many the \"average man's average man\" for his appearance and personality, and he was one of the only presidents without a college education. He was an artillery officer in World War One. He was responsible for the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end World War II.", "John Fitzgerald Kennedy  often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "1890: Birth of Dwight David Eisenhower, US military commander in charge of the Allied invasion of Europe in the Second World War, and 34th US President from 1952-6 and again 1956-60 with Nixon as his Vice-President.", "Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973) was the 19th president of the Confederate States of America. He had first served as a Congressman (1937-1949) and Senator (1949-1963) from Texas. A return of the once unbeatable Democratic party promised hope for the social programs began by Truman in years following World War II. The civil rights movement, lead by Dr. Mike King, Jr. would reach a climax during these short years as well. At the beginning of Johnson's term, US President John F. Kennedy would die by an assassin's bullet while in Texas to visit Johnson in what was to have been an international conference on civil rights. Near the end of that term, in 1968, Dr. King would also be assassinated.", "George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924 ) was the 41st President of the United States (1989 - 1993). Previously, he served as director of the CIA in 1976 - 1977, and the 43rd Vice President of the United States under President Ronald Reagan ( 1981 - 1989 ). ", "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States , serving from 1961 until his death in 1963.", "George Herbert Walker Bush was born on June 12, 1924, in Milton Massachusetts. He served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Bush’s parents Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush moved the family to Greenwich, Connecticut when he was a young boy. Though his family was wealthy, the children were raised to be modest, engage in public service, and be charitable according to the Miller Center. In his teens, Bush left home to attend Phillips Academy Andover boarding school in Massachusetts, where he was an active sportsman and student leader. After graduating from the academy on his 18th birthday he enlisted on the same day to the United States Navy .", "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States , serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "1884: Birth of Harry S Truman, 33rd President of the US who took over on Roosevelts death (1945) and gave the orders for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan bringing the Second World War to an end.", "1951 - U.S. President Harry S. Truman signed the Universal Military Training and Service Act, which extended Selective Service until July 1, 1955 and lowered the draft age to 18.", "General George Catlett Marshall (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American military leader and statesman most famous for his leadership in the Allied victory in World War II and for his work establishing the post-war reconstruction effort for Europe, which became known as the Marshall Plan. He is the only United States Army general to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.", "The 34th president of the United States (1953–1961. He was previously a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe. He had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–'43 and the successful invasions of France and Germany in 1944–'45, from the Western Front.", "35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963", "* 1941 – Tommy Thompson, American captain and politician, 19th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services", "34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander" ]

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[ "The Cowardly Lion is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is an African Lion, but he speaks and interacts with humans.", "The Scarecrow is the first of Dorothy's companions, and in many ways he's the most important of the three. Looking at subsequent Oz books, the Scarecrow plays a major role in far more of them than either the Cowardly Lion or the Tin Woodman -- though he can't hold a candle to Dorothy, who is arguably the main character of the book series and gets more starring roles than anyone else.", "The Cowardly Lion is a fictional animal character created by L. Frank Baum , author and inventor of the Oz legacy. He is introduced in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. He makes his debut appearance in the sixth chapter of the novel titled The Cowardly Lion. He also is the third and final being to join the story's child protagonist and heroine of the tale named Dorothy Gale . When Cowardly Lion encounters Dorothy for the very first time, she is also accompanied by a brainless Scarecrow , a heartless Tin Woodman and her little pet dog named Toto , all of whom became loyal comrades and good friends forevermore. In the end of the story the Cowardly Lion eventually received what he desired only to realize; he had it all along, thus becoming one of the most respected and bravest beast in all of Oz.", "The Cowardly Lion makes his first appearance in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He is the last of the companions Dorothy befriends on her way to the Emerald City where he ambushes her, Toto, Scarecrow, and Tin Woodman. When he tries to bite Toto, Dorothy slaps him for trying to attack Toto where she discovers that the Lion is actually a coward which he admits that he is. The Cowardly Lion joins her so that he can ask The Wizard for courage, being ashamed that, in his cultural role as the King of the Beasts, he is not indeed brave. Despite outward evidence that he is unreasonably fearful, The Cowardly Lion displays great bravery along the way. During the journey, he leaps across a chasm on the road of yellow brick multiple times, each time with a companion on his back, and the leap back to get the next one. When they come into another, wider chasm, the Cowardly Lion holds off two Kalidahs while the Tin Woodman cuts a tall tree to cross it. In spite of his fears, he still goes off to hunt for his food, and he even offers to kill a deer for Dorothy to eat, but the idea makes her uncomfortable.", "The Lion encounters Dorothy, Toto, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Woodman in the forest. He claims to be a coward and wishes for the Wizard of Oz to give him courage. However, he proves himself courageous in many situations throughout the novel. He later rules over all of the animals in the forest.", "Dorothy Gale visited Glinda on her first visit to Oz to ask for her help in returning to Kansas. The Good Witch told her of the charm of the Silver Shoes. Then, she took the Golden Cap from Dorothy and commanded the Winged Monkeys to carry the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City, the Cowardly Lion back to the forest where he was made King, and the Tin Woodman to the Winkie Country to rule as Emperor. She then gave the Cap to the Winged Monkeys, thereby freeing them forever.", "Professor Marvel and the farmworker Zeke (Lion's alter ego) are the only men wearing hats when Dorothy wakes up from being unconscious because Hickory (Tin Woodman's alter ego) and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lost their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggled to pry open the cellar when the tornado approached the farm.", "The next morning, Dorothy happens upon a Scarecrow (Michael Jackson) made of garbage and rags, and saves him from being viciously teased and picked on by a group of humanoid crows and whom she befriends. The two of them discover the yellow brick road and happily begin to follow it together. The Scarecrow hopes the Wizard might be able to give him the one thing he feels that he lacks – a brain. Along the way to the Emerald City, Dorothy, Toto, and the Scarecrow meet the Tin Man (Nipsey Russell), in an abandoned turn-of-the-century amusement park and the Cowardly Lion (Ted Ross), a vain dandy banished from the jungle who hid inside one of the stone lions in front of the New York Public Library. The Tin Man and Lion join them on their quest to find the Wizard, hoping to gain a heart and courage, respectively. Before the five adventurers reach the Emerald City, they must face obstacles such as a deadly subway where they meet a crazy subway peddler (a homeless man) who unleashes evil puppets in his control. They narrowly escape the subway and then encounter the \"Poppy\" Girls (a reference to the poppy field from the original story), flamboyant prostitutes who attempt to put Dorothy, Toto, and the Lion into an eternal sleep with magic poppy perfume.", "A bevy of stars -- including Lea Michele -- provide the voices for this animated film that returns Dorothy to Oz to help find her trio of pals. With the Tin Man, Lion and Scarecrow nowhere in sight, Dorothy faces a new villain: the wicked Jester.", "I believe that all three characters, the Tin Woodman, the Scarecrow, and the Cowardly Lion, all had what they needed. They just didn’t realize it, because all three of them lacked self-confidence. Dorothy’s quest gave them the opportunity to band together for a common cause, to help her get back home; their own desires were secondary to their desire to assist Dorothy. Accomplishing their quest gave them the self-confidence they needed to claim their goals.", "On her way down the yellow brick road, Dorothy attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. The next day, Dorothy frees the Scarecrow from the pole on which he is hanging, applies oil from a can to the rusted connections of the Tin Woodman, and meets the Cowardly Lion. The Scarecrow wants a brain, the Tin Woodman wants a heart, and the Cowardly Lion wants courage, so Dorothy encourages the three of them to journey with her and Toto to the Emerald City to ask for help from the Wizard. After several adventures, the travelers enter the gates of the Emerald City and meet the Guardian of the Gates, who asks them to wear green tinted spectacles to keep their eyes from being blinded by the city's brilliance. Each one is called to see the Wizard: Dorothy sees the Wizard as a giant head on a marble throne, the Scarecrow as a lovely lady in silk gauze, the Tin Woodman as a terrible beast, the Cowardly Lion as a ball of fire. The Wizard agrees to help them all if they kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch.", "In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after they find him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. However Winkie Tinsmiths are able to repair him after the death of the Witch.", "Unfortunately, the flying monkeys kidnapped Dorothy and Toto and took them to the witch's castle. Toto escapes, to get the Scarecrow, Tin Woodsman and Cowardly Lion. They dress up as soldiers to enter the castle, and after rescuing Dorothy, they're surrounded by the witch and her soldiers. The witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy gets a bucket of water to put out the fire, but the witch is also soaked and melts. The flying monkeys and soldiers are free, and they let Dorothy have the witch's broomstick.", "In the novel, while on their way to the Emerald City, Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion walk through a field of poppies, and both Dorothy and the Lion mysteriously fall asleep. The Scarecrow and the Tin Man, not being made of flesh and blood, are unaffected. They carry Dorothy to safety and place her on the ground beyond the poppy field. While they are considering how to help the Lion, a field mouse runs in front of them, fleeing a cougar. The Tin Man beheads the cougar with his axe, and the field mouse pledges her eternal gratitude. Being the Queen of the Field Mice, she gathers all her subjects together. The Tin Man cuts down several trees, and builds a wagon. The Lion is pushed onto it, and the mice pull the wagon safely out of the poppy field.", "The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye. She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces, but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe. She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out, but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks. She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them, but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman while the Scarecrow's straw hides the other three. She sends her Winkie soldiers to attack them, but the Cowardly Lion stands firm to repel them. Finally, she uses the power of the Golden Cap to send the winged monkeys to capture Dorothy, Toto, and the Cowardly Lion, unstuff the Scarecrow, and dent the Tin Woodman. Dorothy is forced to become the Wicked Witch's personal slave, while the witch schemes to steal Dorothy's Silver Shoes.", "Dorothy is known to never look anyone or anything over. This is how she became friends with the Scarecrow , seeing him wink at her as she was passing by when on the Yellow Brick Road . She saw him as more than just a sack of straw and saved him from his bleak existence in the Munchkin cornfield. Soon after, Dorothy came across the Tin Woodman , seeing him more than just a rusted piece of tin deep within the Munchkin woods, and she saved him also. And when Dorothy and her new found friends came across the Cowardly Lion in the dark forest, she saw him being so much more than a mere coward and bully. Dorothy saw the brains, heart and courage in all three of her Oz friends, even though they could not see it in themselves.", "In The Wizard of Oz the Scarecrow was looking for a brain, the Cowardly Lion was looking for courage, and the Tin Man was looking for a heart.", "The Tin Woodman was in the Emerald City when Bob Up and Notta Bit More arrived. He was one of the people sent to Mudge by Notta's magic verse to help rescue the Cowardly Lion. ( The Cowardly Lion of Oz )", "Return to Oz (US television, animated, 1963), with voices of Susan Conway, Larry Hann, Alfie Scopp, Susan Morse.  Dorothy returns to Oz to find the Wizard has been captured by the Wicked Witch, who has stolen the Scarecrow’s brain, Tin Man’s heart, and Lion’s courage.  Instead of a broom, the witch has an umbrella, as she does in L. Frank Baum’s original book.", "\"We're Of To See The Wizard\" from The Wizard of Oz (Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man and Cowardly Lion)", "Other referenced characters include the Scarecrow, who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic. Similarly, various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins; the Quadlings, the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country, and the Winkies (who went unnamed in the classic film). Similarly, Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel (the Good Witch of the South), unlike the 1939 film, where her character's title is \"Good Witch of the North\" (due to her character being merged with the Good Witch of the North). Theodora's tears leave streaks of scars on her face, reflecting her weakness to water in the original novel/film. Also, Oz is presented as a real place as it is in the novel, and not as a possible dream as the 1939 film presents. Finally, the lion that attacks Finley but was warded off by Oz is a reference to the Cowardly Lion in the original film.", "In the rest of Baum's Oz series, the Lion was never again cast in a major role, used only as a minor character. In later books, The Cowardly Lion often accompanies Dorothy on her adventures. He is Princess Ozma 's chief guardian on state occasions. In subsequent Oz books by Baum, the Lion was shown to have continued being courageous and loyal, although still considering himself a coward and regularly frightened, even by Aunt Em . He befriended the Hungry Tiger in Ozma of Oz , if this was not the earlier Tiger (which The Patchwork Girl of Oz implies that it is by calling both Lion and Tiger \"largest of their kind\"), and the two have become Ozma's personal guards. In Glinda of Oz he is on Ozma's board of advisers.", "Dorothy : But you don't need them now because you've had them all the time. Scarecrow, you're the one who figured out how to find the yellow brick road and how to destroy Evillene, and every smart move we've made, didn't you? Lion, you wouldn't even give up when Evillene strung you up by your tail. And, Tin Man, you have more heart than anyone I've ever known.", "Meanwhile, Boq/the Tin Man and the citizens of Oz prepare a witch-hunt (\"March of the Witch Hunters\"). The lion cub that Elphaba freed at Shiz is also at the gathering and turns out to be the \"Cowardly\" Lion . Boq tells the citizens that because Elphaba fought the lion's fights for him, he never learned to fend for himself and thus became a coward; again, Elphaba's good deed is lost amongst the crowd. Boq/the Tin Man says that he will prove he is heartless by helping Dorothy kill Elphaba, as per the Wizard's request. Seeing the witch-hunt and realizing that Nessarose's death was no accident, Glinda confronts Madame Morrible, who in turn orders Glinda to just \"shut up\" and \"smile\", pointing out that Glinda has what she wants - the public's admiration.", "By The Road to Oz he is acknowledged, at least by the Tin Woodman, to be \"probably the wisest man in all Oz,\" and this is the caption of an illustration, suggesting that the reader take his comment at face value. Dorothy herself, in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz praises the Scarecrow's wisdom and says the Scarecrow seemed just as wise before the Wizard gave him brains as after.", "Dorothy Gale is the fictional protagonist of many of the Oz novels by the American author L. Frank Baum. Her best friend is Oz's ruler Princess Ozma. Dorothy first appears in Baum's classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappears in most of its sequels. In addition, she is the main character in various adaptations, notably the classic 1939 movie adaptation of the book, The Wizard of Oz.", "The Tin Woodman, better known as either the Tin Man or (incorrectly) the Tin Woodsman (the third name appears only in adaptations, the first—and in rare instances, the second—was used by Baum), is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. Baum's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and reappeared in many other Oz books. In late 19th-century America, men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Baum, who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display.", "Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, by Ruth Plumly Thompson, and Lucky Bucky in Oz, by John R. Neill. The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove's The Hidden Valley of Oz, in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.", "A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain, tears, or other moisture. For this reason, in The Marvelous Land of Oz the character has himself nickel-plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City. Even so, the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series.", "L. Frank Baum's tale The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has a scarecrow as one of the main protagonists. The Scarecrow of Oz was searching for brains from the Great Wizard. The scarecrow was portrayed by Frank Moore in the 1914 film His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz, by Ray Bolger in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, and by Michael Jackson in the 1978 musical film adaptation The Wiz.", "* Field Mice – The Tin Man once saved the Queen of the Field Mice from a wildcat. Her kind later helps Dorothy and her friends get out of a deadly poppy field.", "* In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Mr. Lunt the Gourd." ]

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[ "In addition to the Academy, prospective officers may enter the Coast Guard through the Officer Candidate School (OCS) at the Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. OCS is a rigorous 17-week course of instruction which prepares candidates to serve effectively as officers in the United States Coast Guard. In addition to indoctrinating students into a military life-style, OCS also provides a wide range of highly technical information necessary for performing the duties of a Coast Guard officer.", "The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four-year service academy located in New London, Connecticut. Approximately 225 cadets graduate each year, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard. Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty. Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation, either as Deck Watch Officers (DWOs) or as Engineer Officers in Training (EOITs). Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector, District, or Area headquarters units.", "The United States Coast Guard Academy is located on the Thames River in New London, Connecticut. It is the only military academy to which no Congressional or presidential appointments are made. All cadets enter by open competition utilizing SAT scores, high school grades, extracurricular activities, and other criteria. About 225 cadets are commissioned ensigns each year. Graduates of the Academy are obligated to serve five years on active duty. Most graduates (about 70%) are assigned to duty aboard a Coast Guard cutter after graduation, either as Deck Watch Officers (DWO) or as Student Engineers. Smaller numbers are assigned to flight training (about 10% of the class) or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sectors, Districts, or Area headquarters unit.", "Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U.S. Navy (established 13 October 1775) and the United States Marine Corps (established 10 November 1775). The U.S. Coast Guard dates its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790; that service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service in 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service.", "The United States Military Academy's mission is to educate, train and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country and prepared for a career of professional excellence and service to the nation as an officer in the United States Army.", "The United States Military Academy’s mission is to educate, train and inspire the Corps of Cadets so that each graduate is a commissioned leader of character committed to the values of Duty, Honor, Country and prepared for a career of professional excellence and service to the Nation as an officer in the United States Army.", "The academy develops cadets to live honorably, with uncompromising integrity, as U.S Army officers in service to the nation.", "These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. The Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, and the United States Congress created the United States Navy on 27 March 1794, and the United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army (on 14 June 1775), the Continental Navy (on 13 October 1775) and the Continental Marines (on 10 November 1775), respectively. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave the Congress the power to \"raise and support armies\", \"provide and maintain a navy\", and to \"make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces\", as well as the power to declare war. The United States President is the U.S. military's commander-in-chief.", "Upon the creation of the Continental Army to combat the British forces and their allies in North America, the army suffered significantly from a lack of an effective training regime, and largely inexperienced officers. The inexperience of its officers was compensated for in part by its senior officers; officers such as George Washington , Horatio Gates , Charles Lee , Richard Montgomery and Francis Marion all had military experience with the British Army during the French and Indian War . The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge, where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff. He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline, drills, tactics and strategy, and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual , which was used to train American troops up until the War of 1812 . [134] When the Army emerged from Valley Forge, they proved their ability to equally match the British troops in battle when they fought a successful strategic action at the Battle of Monmouth .", " Ten years after the establishment of the U.S. Military Academy in 1802, the growing threat of another war with Great Britain resulted in congressional action to expand the academy’s facilities and increase the West Point corps. Beginning in 1817, the U.S. Military Academy was reorganized by superintendent Sylvanus Thayer–later known as the “father of West Point”–and the school became one of the nation’s finest sources of civil engineers. During the Mexican-American War, West Point graduates filled the leading ranks of the victorious U.S. forces, and with the outbreak of the Civil War former West Point classmates regretfully lined up against one another in the defense of their native states.", "West Point, the fort Benedict Arnold conspired to seize, later became the United States Military Academy at West Point — the primary military school for officers of the U.S. Army.", "The first Military Academy had been established in 1720 at Woolwich , a town later absorbed into south-east London, to train cadets for commissions in the Royal Artillery . Known as the \"Shop\", this academy moved to a permanent site at Woolwich Common in 1806 and was granted royal status in 1841. In 1806, the Military Academy took on the training of Royal Engineers officer cadets and, later, Royal Signals cadets.", "On March 16, 1802, Congress officially passed a law creating the United States Military Academy (USMA) and directing that it commence operations at a place known to few Americans known as \"West Point.\" That origin story is deeper, and fascinating, but we will leave that for some other time. Suffice it to say that there was not a little irony in the fact that the President who signed the law was one of the most anti-standing-military presidents in our history, Thomas Jefferson. (A politician since age 25, by the way, even though he did not actually WRITE the Declaration of Independence until he was 33, despite some assertions to the contrary.)", "The history of the U.S. military dates to 1775, even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. The Continental Army, Continental Navy, and Continental Marines were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War.", "The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the war, formed by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10, 1775, a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps. At the beginning of 1776, Washington's army had 20,000 men, with two-thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias. At the end of the American Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded. About 250,000 men served as regulars or as militiamen for the Revolutionary cause in the eight years of the war, but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at one time.", "March 16, 1802, the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York—one of the oldest service academies in the world—was originally founded as a training centre for the U.S. Corps of Engineers.", "West Point, an old fortress, the seat of the United States Military Academy, on the right bank of the Hudson River, 12 m. N. of New York; the Academy is on a plateau 188 ft. above the road; it was established in 1802 for training in the science and practice of military engineering, and the cadets are organised into a battalion of four companies officered from among themselves, all under strictest discipline.", "The U.S. Naval Academy of Annapolis, The U.S. Naval Academy of Annapolis was founded in 1845 for officers of the U.S. Navy and Marines. It was started by the Secretary of the U.S. Navy, George Bancroft, who had moved the Philadelphia Naval Asylum School to what had been the Army's Fort Severn. Its first class had comprised of fifty midshipmen.", "In 1796, the United States Army was raised following the discontinuation with the legion of the United States. This preceded the graduation of the first cadets from United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, which was established in 1802.", "The United States Military Academy–the first military school in the United States–is founded by Congress for the purpose of educating and training young men in the theory and practice of military science. Located at West Point, New York, the U.S. Military Academy is often simply known as West Point.", "The founding of an American military school had been proposed by General Henry Knox in 1776, and Washington and Alexander Hamilton had repeatedly urged adoption of the plan, but it was not until March 16, 1802, that Congress passed the act establishing the United States Military Academy at West Point. The academy opened on July 4, 1802. Before 1812 it was conducted as an apprentice school for military engineers and, in effect, as the first U.S. school of engineering. During its early years, however, the institution suffered from lack of proper organization and discipline .", "The United States Army Armor School was established on 1 October 1940, in Fort Knox, Kentucky as the Armored Force School. 80,000 students passed through the school in its first four years, with the first class starting 4 November of the same year. As of 30 September 1965, the armor school had graduated 214,122 students – 59,737 of which were officers, 140,909 of which were enlisted soldiers, 13,476 of which were officer candidates – as well as students from 63 nations. ", "Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. ", "During a 60-year period in our history, both officers and enlisted personnel took the same oath, as required by Congress in April 1790. The oath used the wording �to bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America� rather than �to support the Constitution,� but it retained the concept of allegiance to the nation as a whole. It constituted one of 16 sections in an act that regulated the military establishment - the forerunner of to-day�s �authorization� acts. 13 Congress periodically updated these authorization acts although the oath remained constant (with one minor addition in 1795).", "When the founders of the United States Naval Academy were looking for a suitable location, it was reported that then Secretary of the Navy George Bancroft decided to move the naval school to \"the healthy and secluded\" location of Annapolis in order to rescue midshipmen from \"the temptations and distractions that necessarily connect with a large and populous city.\" The Philadelphia Naval Asylum School was its predecessor. Four of the original seven faculty members came from Philadelphia. Other small naval schools in New York City, Norfolk, Va., and Boston, Mass. also existed in the early days of the United States.", "For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.", "1741: The Royal Military Academy was established at Woolwich. It was transferred to Sandhurst, Berkshire in 1946.", "On April 19, 1775, Nathan’s five brothers fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord.  Risking his career and reputation for what he believed, Nathan himself joined the 7th Connecticut Regiment as a first lieutenant in July of that same year.  He worked hard in his position as an officer.  Once, when his men were despairing, Nathan offered them his own slender salary if they would just stay on another month.  When General Washington reorganized the army, Nathan was placed in the 19th Connecticut Regiment as a Captain.  Several men asked to be put under his command.", "1775 — The Continental Congress creates the Continental Navy on December 22, 1775 and names Esek Hopkins as fleet commander in chief.", "On May 22, 1946, the New Haven Restaurant Institute opened its doors in downtown New Haven, CT as the first and only school of its kind in the United States. Specifically created to train returning World War II veterans in the culinary arts, the Institute enrolled 50 students and employed a faculty consisting of a chef, a baker, and a dietitian.", "In 1775, in the wake of the clashes between British regulars and Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord, Connecticut's legislature authorized the outfitting of six new regiments, with some 1,200 Connecticut troops on hand at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775. ", "Initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war." ]

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[ "It's a given that the last group of \"American Idol\" judges (Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick Jr.) will be on the series finale, as will host Ryan Seacrest, who has been with the show since its 2002 debut. Seacrest is also the host of a 90-minute, pre-recorded retrospective special called \"American Idol: American Dream,\" which Fox will televise on April 5, 2016. Several former \"Idol\" contestants and judges did new interviews for the special. But what are the chances that other famous \"American Idol\" alumni will appear on stage for the finale, as in not \"phoning it in\" by sending a pre-recorded video? Here are our predictions:", "“American Idol,” created by Simon Fuller, debuted in 2002 with original judges Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson. Throughout its 14 seasons, other A-list judges have included Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj, Steven Tyler, Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres. It ranked as the No. 1 series on broadcast TV for eight of its 15 seasons.", "Starting back in 2002, Jackson was one of the panel judges on the Fox Network reality television series American Idol, along with Paula Abdul (2002–2009), Simon Cowell (2002–2010), Kara DioGuardi (2009–2010), Ellen DeGeneres (2010), Jennifer Lopez (2011–2012), Steven Tyler (2011–2012), Nicki Minaj (2013), Mariah Carey (2013) and Keith Urban (2013). As a result of Cowell's departure, Jackson was left as the sole original judge on American Idol. His role was originally going to be reduced to that of a mentor, so the 2013 season would have all new judges, but it was later decided that he would remain as a judge for season 12. On May 9, 2013, Jackson announced that he would be leaving American Idol after twelve seasons due to him wanting to focus on other business ventures. On September 3, 2013, it was announced that Jackson would replace Jimmy Iovine as the in-house mentor on American Idol. He departed the series for good in November 2014. ", "'American Idol's' new judging panel will have a familiar look to it. Jennifer, a former judge, and former mentor Harry Connick Jr. will join Keith Urban, the lone judging holdover from Season 12.", "\"American Idol\" host Ryan Seacrest, left, and judges Jennifer Lopez, Harry Connick Jr. and Keith Urban will soon be out of a job. Fox has announced that season 15 will be the show's last. Let's catch up with some of the stars.", "The original \"American Idol\" judges: Randy Jackson, left, Simon Cowell and Paula Abdul. (J. Viles / Fox)", "Connick, Lopez added to 'Idol' judges' team 'American Idol's' new judging panel will have a familiar look to it. Jennifer, a former judge, and former mentor Harry Connick Jr. will join Keith Urban, the lone judging holdover from Season 12. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1dCPuXY", "The three night series finale for American Idol begins tonight with a 90-minute retrospective featuring host Ryan Seacrest, current and former judges (including the original three: Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson), contestants and the behind-the-scenes team sharing their memories. It's tonight at 8:00 on FOX.", "The Fox Broadcasting Company officially announced on 16 September 2012 that Urban would replace Steven Tyler as a judge in season 12 of American Idol alongside Randy Jackson, Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj. On 1 August 2013, it was officially confirmed that Urban would return as a judge for season 13. He was joined by former judge Jennifer Lopez and new judge Harry Connick, Jr.. On 23 June 2014, Fox announced that Urban would return to the judging panel for season 14. Urban returned to judge the finale season of American Idol in 2016.", "From left, Host Ryan Seacrest, and Judges Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick Jr. are seen during the panel of \"American Idol\" at the FOX Winter 2014 TCA, on Monday, Jan. 13, 2014, at the Langham Hotel in Pasadena, Calif. (Photo by Richard Shotwell/Invision/AP)", "From 2002 to 2013, Jackson has been one of the panel judges on the Fox Network reality television series American Idol . Other judges accompanying him were Simon Cowell , Paula Abdul , Kara DioGuardi , Ellen DeGeneres , Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj , and Keith Urban throughout the years. He later became the show's in-house mentor in season 13 .", "It's official: Fox has named Harry Connick Jr., Jennifer Lopez and Keith Urban as American Idol's newest judges panel.", "In 2002, Abdul appeared as one of three judges for the reality television music competition show American Idol. Abdul, along with fellow judges Simon Cowell and Randy Jackson, evaluated thousands of amateur contestants in their ability to sing. Abdul won praise as a sympathetic and compassionate judge. She seemed especially kind compared to fellow judge Simon Cowell, who was often blunt in his appraisals of the contestants' performances. When she realized that Cowell's over-the-top judging style was heartbreaking for many young contestants, Abdul was so horrified that she considered leaving the show. Although their differences often resulted in extremely heated on-air exchanges and confrontations, Cowell says he played a major role in convincing Abdul not to leave the show. ", "'American Idol' Judges Through The Years: Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson And More | The Huffington Post", "\"American Idol has always been about discovering the next singing superstar, and next season our judging panel will deliver a most impressive combination of talent, wisdom and personality to do just that,\" said Kevin Reilly, chairman of entertainment, Fox Broadcasting Co. \"Jennifer Lopez, the triple-threat global superstar who loves Idol and whom Idol fans love; Harry Connick, Jr., a bona-fide musical genius and fantastic Idol mentor whose honesty and expertise can help turn these hopefuls into stars; Keith Urban, a multi-Grammy-winning artist who was such a positive force on the show last season. We are also very excited to have our friend Randy Jackson now in a new role as mentor, and the captain of our team -- the heart and soul of Idol -- Ryan Seacrest returning as host.\"", "The well-regarded judging panel of Keith Urban, left, Jennifer Lopez and Harry Connick Jr., will assess singers on the final season of Fox's 'American Idol.'", "Original \"American Idol\" judges Randy Jackson (not to be confused with Michael Jackson's younger brother with the same name) and Paula Abdul are the most likely to be on stage for the \"American Idol\" finale reunion. Before they were judges show, Jackson was a veteran musician and producer who was primarily known behind the scenes. And let's not forget that former pop star Abdul was considered a has-been before \"Idol\" revived her career. In other words, Jackson and Abdul should be forever grateful for what \"American Idol\" did for them, even though Abdul quit the show in 2009 over a salary dispute. Considering that Jackson and Abdul will probably never again reach the level of fame that they had in their \"Idol\" heyday, being part of this \"Idol\" reunion will give them a chance to be in the spotlight again and say a proper goodbye to the show that gave them an opportunity of a lifetime.", "The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.", "Beginning in the tenth season, permanent mentors were brought in during the live shows to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance. Jimmy Iovine was the mentor in the tenth through twelfth seasons, former judge Randy Jackson was the mentor for the thirteenth season and Scott Borchetta was the mentor for the fourteenth and fifteenth season. The mentors regularly bring in guest mentors to aid them, including Akon, Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, and current judge Harry Connick, Jr..", "Kelly Clarkson is returning to her roots. According to reports, the 33-year-old singer, who won the first season of “American Idol” in 2002,  will appear as a guest judge during the final installment of the long-running Fox series.", "Fox entertainment chairman Kevin Reilly praised the new panel in a statement accompanying the announcement: \"American Idol has always been about discovering the next singing superstar, and next season our judging panel will deliver a most impressive combination of talent, wisdom and personality to do just that: Jennifer Lopez, the triple-threat global superstar who loves Idol and whom Idol fans love; Harry Connick Jr., a bona fide musical genius and fantastic Idol mentor whose honesty and expertise can help turn these hopefuls into stars; (and) Keith Urban, a multi-Grammy-winning artist who was such a positive force on the show last season.\"", "Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers. ", "The show was launched by Simon Fuller and Simon Cowell in 2002, based on their hit UK series Pop Idol. Cowell was an original judge on the show along with Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson.", "The two new judges - Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez - also added some much needed star-power to the bench. Arguably, Tyler's contribution peaked before the final 24 were chosen. Jennifer Lopez brought sage advice to performers in the early rounds, but as the number of contestants thinned, so did her insights. Ultimately, the judges became little more than cheerleaders.", "The music-competition, reality-television show American Idol (since 2002) has weekly themes and the April 1\"2, 2008, episodes' theme was \"Dolly Parton Songs\" with the nine then-remaining contestants each singing a Parton composition. Parton participated as a \"guest mentor\" to the contestants and also performed \"Jesus and Gravity\" (from Backwoods Barbie and released as a single in March 2008) receiving a standing ovation from the studio audience.", "Fox's American Idol holds the record for most consecutive (and overall total) seasons at No. 1, with eight. It is also the first ever television series of reality singing competition genre (and Fox's first ever television program) to take the top position in the Nielsen annual primetime television ratings. Take note, however, that American Idol usually airs two live episodes a week for its finals stage (Tuesdays and Wednesdays from its inception in 2002 to 2010, and Wednesdays and Thursdays between 2011 and 2014); for the 2003–2004 season, only the Tuesday (or competition stage) show was ranked No. 1, and for that television season, American Idol as a whole placed second (potentially giving the top spot to CSI: Crime Scene Investigation from CBS, if the ratings of American Idol for that year had been summarized as only 1 day-per-week broadcast format). From 2005 to 2011, the whole show was No. 1 for only seven consecutive (and overall total) seasons, but still ranked No.1 overall in the 18–49 demographic for eight consecutive seasons. ", "Seacrest weighed in on the final season, commenting, “All the ‘American Idol’ producers, judges, crew and everyone at Fox have been heroic in their efforts to create, produce and sustain such a groundbreaking show for so many years. I’m so glad they’re going to give us a season-long send off. The last season will undoubtedly be a special and emotional one, but first I’m looking forward to closing out Season 14. The finale is always my favorite part — two live shows with lots of surprises, and, of course, one winner!”", "Which music executive and TV producer shot to global fame as a judge on \"American Idol\"?", "ET is revisiting some of the best and worst moments the American Idol judges have had over the course of 15 memorable seasons.", "'American Idol' gears up for final run The series will bring back past competitors and judges for its 15th (and last) season. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1R9A5SZ", "Some people wait a lifetime for a moment like this, and in the case of the American Idol alums, those moments spanned more than a decade. On Monday, May 11, it was announced that American Idol would be ending after the upcoming 15th season on the air. ", "This season marks the first in Idol history to feature only pop stars on the panel, drawing parallels between the Fox mainstay and its NBC competitor, The Voice." ]

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[ "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer, musician and actor. He remains a pop icon and is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years. ", "Answer: Elvis Presley died on August 16, 1977 in the bathroom of his Graceland mansion in Memphis, Tennessee. He was 42 at the time of death. He had been on the toilet, but fallen off onto the floor, where he lay in a pool of his own vomit. Panicked, his staff contacted an ambulance, which rushed him to nearby Baptist Memorial Hospital, where, after several attempts to revive him, he died at 3:30 pm CST. His autopsy was performed at 7:00 pm.", "Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was an American singer, musician, and actor. He was one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, often referred to as \"the King of Rock and Roll\", or simply, \"the King\".", "On August 16th, Elvis Presley died at age 42 at his home: Graceland, just south of Memphis TN. He was found unresponsive, naked on his bathroom floor and was pronounced dead at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.", "Elvis Aaron Presley ( January 8 , 1935 – August 16 , 1977 ), often known simply as Elvis and also called \"The King of Rock 'n' Roll\" or simply \"The King\", was an American singer and actor . He is regarded by some to be the most important, original entertainer of the last fifty years and there is little doubt that Presley is the most talked about and written about musician of the 20th Century. (Presley's birth certificate uses the spelling Aron, but his estate has designated Aaron as the official spelling of his middle name.)", "August 16th, 1977- Singer and actor Elvis Presley died at his home , Graceland, in Memphis Tennessee. Presley, born Elvis Aaron Presley, January 8, 1935, began his career in music in 1954 with Sun Records, after having been previously rejected by another label.  By 1956, Elvis Presley was the most famous musician in the new style of music known as Rock and Roll and has been the influence for music and musicians right into the 21st century.  Presley died at age 42 from complications from the overuse of prescription medication.", "Following his recovery from a life-threatening fungal infection of his right lung in January 1974, Crosby emerged from semi-retirement to start a new spate of albums and concerts. In March 1977, after videotaping a concert at the Ambassador Theater in Pasadena for CBS to commemorate his 50th anniversary in show business, and with Bob Hope looking on, Crosby fell off the stage into an orchestra pit, rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month in the hospital. His first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977 (the day singer Elvis Presley died); when the power went out during his performance, he continued singing without amplification.", "ELVIS PRESLEY: the King of Rock and Roll, died of heart failure at his Graceland Mansion on August 16, 1977. Between 1956 and 1981, Presley amassed an incredible total of 114 Top 40", "On August 16 , 1977 , at his Graceland mansion in Memphis, Tennessee , Presley was found lying on the floor of his bedroom's bathroom by his fiancee, Ginger Alden , who had been asleep. A stain on the bathroom carpeting was found that indicated \"where Elvis had thrown up after being stricken, apparently while seated on the toilet . It looked to the medical investigator as if he had 'stumbled or crawled several feet before he died.' \" [62] He was taken to Baptist Memorial Hospital, where at 3:30 P.M. doctors pronounced him dead. Presley was 42 years old.", "Elvis died on August 16, 1977, at the age of just 42. His body was found in the bathroom at his home Graceland.", "Jim Morrison died 40 years ago: The Doors singer was found unresponsive in a bathtub in Paris", "Though Elvis's weight and drug dependency were increasing, Elvis continued a steady flow of concert performances in sold-out arenas well into the 1970s. On August 16, 1977, the day before another concert tour was about to begin, Elvis was found dead in Graceland Mansion by his fiancée, Ginger Alden. The official cause of death was heart disease, although information revealed after his death about his drug dependency created a media event. His death caused worldwide scenes of mourning.", "Presley apparently collapsed in a bathroom of his Graceland Mansion in Memphis and was found face down on the floor by his road manager, Joe Esposito, at 3:3 p.m. Memphis time. However, Shelby county Medical Examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco said Presley may have been dead more than five hours before he was found.", "In the '70s, Presley toured constantly. This pace—as well as growing issues with prescription drugs—took a toll on his health. On August 16, 1977, while at home in his mansion, Graceland, he died of a heart attack.", "Presley�s body was discovered at 2:30 p.m. Memphis time by his road manager, Jerry Esposito, in a bathroom in the singer�s multimillion-dollar Graceland Mansion. He was rushed to the Baptist Memorial, where he was met by his personal physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, and pronounced dead.", "Death and posthumous pardon[edit] On August 3, 1966, a bearded Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd.[31] The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other narcotics paraphernalia. According to legend, a policeman at the scene said, \"There is nothing sadder than an aging hipster\", which itself was possibly one of Bruce's lines.[32] Record producer Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce's, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was \"acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose.\"[33]", "On August 3, 1966, a bearded Lenny Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd. The official photo, taken at the scene, showed Bruce lying naked on the floor, a syringe and burned bottle cap nearby, along with various other narcotics paraphernalia. Record producer Phil Spector, a friend of Bruce's, bought the negatives of the photographs to keep them from the press. The official cause of death was \"acute morphine poisoning caused by an accidental overdose.\" ", "Marvin Pontiac was hit and killed by a bus in June 1977 ending the life of one of the most enigmatic geniuses of modern music. He was born in 1932, the son of an African father from Mali and a white Jewish mother from New Rochelle, New York...When his mother was institutionalized in 1936, the father returned and brought the young boy to Bamako, Mali where Marvin was raised until he was fifteen...At fifteen Marvin moved by himself to Chicago where he became versed in playing blues harmonica... In 1952, he had a minor hit for Acorn Records with the then controversial song \"I'm a Doggy.\"... Although, approached by other labels, Marvin refused to record for anyone unless the owner of the label came to his home in Slidell, La and mowed his lawn...In 1970 Marvin believed that he was abducted by aliens. He felt his mother had had a similar unsettling experience, which had led to her breakdown. He stopped playing music and dedicated all of his time and energy to amicably contacting these creatures who had previously probed his body so brutally. When he was arrested for riding a bicycle naked down the side streets of Slidell, La, it provided a sad but clear view of Marvin's coming years. In 1971 he moved back to Detroit where he drifted forever and permanently into insanity. ~Strange and Beautiful", "Born Charles Westover in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1934, the singer/songwriter known as Del Shannon committed suicide on this day in 1990. In a period when the American pop charts were dominated by cookie-cutter teen idols and novelty acts, he stood out as an all-too-rare example of an American pop star whose work reflected real originality. His heyday as a chart-friendly star in the United States may have been brief, but on the strength of his biggest hit alone he deserves to be regarded as one of rock and roll’s greatest.", "suicide. R&B artist who achieved success as Roberta Flack's duet partner with, \"Where Is the Love\" and \"The Closer I Get to You.\" He also recorded the theme song for the '70s television show, \"Maude\" (starring Bea Arthur). In 1979, Hathaway was found dead on the sidewalk below the 15th floor window of his room in New York's Essex House hotel. The glass had been carefully removed from the window, and there were no signs of struggle, leading investigators to rule his death a suicide. He was 33.", "Lenny Bruce was found  naked and dead on his bathroom floor in Hollywood Hills, Calif.,  on Aug. 3, 1966, with a morphine needle still in his arm.", "Moon's life was a short one. He died in 1978 at the age of 32, ironically of an overdose of pills that were meant to combat his alcoholism. Unlike Led Zeppelin, which disbanded after the death of drummer John Bonham, The Who kept going, initially replacing Moon with Kenny Jones. But, of course, Jones couldn't hope to fill Moon's shoes — and Fletcher says Who fans agree he never did.", "Lead singer of The Doors, Jim Morrison, died in Paris in 1971. No autopsy was performed, and the official cause of his death is still unconfirmed [WENN.com]", "Maurice Gibb, who with his brothers built the Bee Gees into a disco sensation that ruled the charts in the late '70s with hits like ``Stayin' Alive'' and ``More Than a Woman,'' died Sunday at the age of 53.   The bass and keyboard player had been admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center four days earlier to have emergency surgery for an intestinal blockage. He suffered cardiac arrest before the operation.", "Gibb, whose high-pitched harmonies with his twin Robin and older brother Barry helped create one of the best-selling musical groups, collapsed on Thursday at his Miami home after suffering intense stomach pain and was rushed to the hospital. He \"experienced cardiac arrest\" before his surgery on an intestinal blockage, the hospital said. After the operation and until he died he was listed in critical but stable condition.", "1983 - Jerry Lee Lewis' wife, Shawn, was found dead at the couple's home in Mississippi. An autopsy revealed she died of a methadone overdose.", "He had an epic career, and his offstage escapades often threatened to overshadow his accomplishments. He missed dozens of shows in the late Seventies (living up to his nickname \"No Show Jones\"), and in 1979 his addictions landed him in an Alabama psychiatric hospital. In 1980, he led police on a televised chase through Nashville. In 1999, he crashed his car into a Nashville bridge and nearly died. \"Through it all I kept reading articles that said I was the greatest country singer alive,\" he wrote in his 1996 memoir. \"And singers I respect were constantly saying that too. I was always appreciative, but I never understood how such a supposedly good singer could be such a troubled person. My talent, though it brought me fame and fortune, never brought me peace of mind.\"", "1947, Born on this day, Greg Herbert, Blood Sweat & Tears, (1969 US No.2 single 'Spinning Wheel'). Herbert died of a accidental drug overdose 31st January 1977.", "Thomas Wayne (Perkins) - who reached #5 in the US in 1959 with \"Tragedy\", died on August 15th 1971 at the age of 31 when he drove his car across four lanes of traffic, over a median and slammed into an oncoming car. Some believe he committed suicide as he had earlier confessed to a friend that he once parked his car across both lanes of an interstate highway at night and turned off his lights. Fortunately the first person on the scene was a highway patrolman who arrested him", "United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970)", "On August 3, 1966, Bruce was found dead in the bathroom of his Hollywood Hills home at 8825 W. Hollywood Blvd.", "Johnny Cymbal - had a number 16 hit with \"Mr. Bass Man\" in 1963, died of an apparent heart attack at the age of 48 on March 16th, 1993. He also had a 1969 hit with \"Cinnamon\", when he was known as \"Derek\"" ]

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[ "capital of Mississippi , Jackson - capital of the state of Mississippi on the Pearl River", "Named after the river that winds along the entirety of its western border, Mississippi is a southern state known for catfish farming. Its capital and largest city is Jackson, but the University of Mississippi is found in Oxford, to the north and close to a national forest.", "Mississippi takes its name from the Mississippi River, which runs along the state's western border. The Indians called the river the \"Father of Waters.\" The word \"Mississippi\" probably comes from \"mici zibi,\" a Chippewa Indian word meaning \"great river\" or \"gathering-in of all the waters.\" Mississippi is nicknamed the \"Magnolia State\" because of its beautiful magnolia trees. Jackson, the state's capital and largest city, is known as the \"Crossroads of the South.\" Mississippi residents are sometimes called \"Mudcats,\" after the catfish found in the state's streams. The abbreviation for Mississippi is MS.", "Directions: The Mississippi State Capitol is located at 400 High Street, Jackson, MS 39201. Take the High Street Exit (96B) off I-55. Take High Street west until you see the capitol to your left. Visitor parking is available on the capitol grounds.", "Mississippi - Jackson, population of 173,514. Jackson is named after President Andrew Jackson to honor his victory at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. ", "LeFleur's Bluff was developed when it was chosen as the site for the new state's capital city. The Mississippi General Assembly decided in 1821 that the state needed a centrally located capital (the legislature was then located in Natchez). They commissioned Thomas Hinds, James Patton, and William Lattimore to look for a suitable site. The absolute center of the state was a swamp, so the group had to widen their search.", "The legislature's 1990 decision to legalize casino gambling along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast has led to economic gains for the state. Gambling towns in Mississippi include the Gulf Coast resort towns of Bay St. Louis , Gulfport and Biloxi , and the Mississippi River towns of Tunica (the third largest gaming area in the United States), Greenville , Vicksburg and Natchez . Before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second largest gambling state in the Union, after Nevada and ahead of New Jersey . An estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina 's severe damage to several coastal casinos in Biloxi in August 2005. [81] In 2012, Mississippi had the sixth largest gambling revenue of any state, with $2.25 billion. [82] Federally recognized Native American tribes have established gaming casinos on their reservations, which are yielding revenue to support education and economic development.", "Mississippi is smaller than most of the U.S. states and is bounded on the north by Tennessee , on the east by Alabama , on the south by Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico , and on the west by Louisiana and Arkansas . Mississippi is naturally well suited to agriculture; its soil is rich and deep, and its landscape is laced with many rivers. Until the mid-20th century the dominance of a rural, unhurried lifestyle generally worked to the state’s advantage. This way of life was manifest in part in a culture of gentility, the legacy of which is still evident in the many historic mansions located in such old towns as Columbus , Biloxi , Natchez , Vicksburg , and Holly Springs .", "In 2012, WAPT posted an article about Jackson's population being projected to grow after a 30-year decline. In a pattern typical of many older cities, Jackson's population had declined while its suburbs grew. Some people expect that pattern to change, noting people's renewed preferences for denser neighborhoods, city amenities, and other attractions. After 1980, the city population declined to the 2010 Census, with 173,514 citizens. \"Whether it is flattening out, or what it could be, we don't know exactly,\" said Mark Monk of the Central Mississippi Planning and Development District. Monk also mentioned that it is just a one-year estimate, so it is not all accurate. Jackson was projected to grow at an estimated 1.1%. On the other hand, Madison was projected to grow 1.8% and Rankin had a projection of 1.5%. Of persons moving into the city, some 60 percent were from Rankin and Madison counties, and had chosen to return to the city. Thirty percent were female. Thirty-three percent were African Americans. ", "Biloxi is the oldest permanent settlement in the Lower Mississippi Valley, established in 1699. Natchez was founded in 1716 and is the oldest city on the Mississippi River.", "Louisiana ( or; ,; Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are the local government's equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Plaquemines. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.", "The Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 42nd largest in the United States, has a 2010 population of 1,316,100 and includes the Tennessee counties of Shelby, Tipton and Fayette; as well as the northern Mississippi counties of DeSoto, Marshall, Tate, and Tunica; and Crittenden County, Arkansas, all part of the Mississippi Delta.", "The 2000 Census reported Mississippi's population as 2,844,658. [23] The center of population of Mississippi is located in Leake County , in the town of Lena . [24]", "10 largest cities (2012): Jackson , 175,437; Gulfport , 70,113; Southhaven, 50,374 Hattiesburg , 47,169; ; Biloxi , 44,578; Meridian , 40,832; Tupelo , 35,490; Greenville , 33,418; Olive Branch, 34,485124; Horn Lake 26,529", "Natchez was settled by the French in 1716 and is the oldest permanent settlement on the Mississippi River. Natchez once had 500 millionaires, more than any other city except New York City.", "The Mississippi State Capitol has been the seat of the state’s government since 1903. The building is open 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday for self-guided tours. Free guided tours are offered Monday through Friday at 9:30 and 11 a.m. and 1 and 2:30 p.m. Group tours are available by reservation at 601-359-3114 or tours@house.mdah.ms.gov .", "The history of Mississippi’s capitals and capitols involves several towns and nearly a dozen buildings. Throughout Mississippi’s territorial period and well into its statehood, choosing a permanent capital and securing adequate meeting space for government officials were constant struggles.", "Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi’s Seat of Government | Mississippi History Now", "The state abounds in historical landmarks and is the home of the Vicksburg National Military Park . Other National Park Service areas are Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site, Tupelo National Battlefield, and part of Natchez Trace National Parkway. Pre–Civil War mansions are the special pride of Natchez , Oxford , Columbus, Vicksburg , and Jackson .", "Each of Mississippi's 82 counties is divided into 5 districts, each of which elects a member to the county board of supervisors. As of 2005, Mississippi had 296 municipal governments (incorporated as cities, towns, or villages), typically administered by a mayor and council. Some smaller municipalities were run by a commission or by a city manager, appointed by council members. There were 152 public school districts and 458 special districts in 2005.", "With increasing urbanization and industrialization, however, the leisurely approach to life in many ways became a hindrance to Mississippi’s economic and social development. For decades an unusually large dependent population, a predominantly agricultural economy, and a prevailing resistance to change have kept Mississippi’s per capita income low and created an inadequate standard of living for many families. Moreover, the state has been the site of intense interracial conflict, sitting centre stage during the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century. In the early 21st century roughly half of all Mississippians still lived in rural areas—though not necessarily on farms—and the state continued to rank low in many economic indexes. Area 48,441 square miles (125,460 square km). Population (2010) 2,967,297; (2016 est.) 2,988,726.", ", by Acton Fiqueroa. 48 pages. Gareth Stevens Publishing (January 1, 2002) Reading level: Grades 4-6. Filled with the most up-to-date information, including the latest Census results. Full-color photos bring to life the story of Mississippi. In addition to an in-depth factual profile of Mississippi in the form of a state Almanac, this book offers fascinating and lively discussions of the state's history, people, geography, government, economy, culture, and lifestyles. A section on Notable People, a calendar of events, and enough primary source documents, time lines, maps, and other tools to make this unquestionably the best young adult reference material on the USA available anywhere.", "On August 30, 2007, a report by the United States Census Bureau indicated that Mississippi was the poorest state in the country. Many cotton farmers in the Delta have large, mechanized plantations, some of which receive extensive Federal subsidies, yet many other residents still live as poor, rural, landless laborers. Of $1.2 billion from 2002–2005 in Federal subsidies to farmers in the Bolivar County area of the Delta, 5% went to small farmers. There has been little money apportioned for rural development. Small towns are struggling. More than 100,000 people have left the region in search of work elsewhere. [54] The state had a median household income of $34,473. [55]", "Magnolia is a city in Pike County, Mississippi. The population was 2,420 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Pike County, which lies within the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.", "On this day in 1817, Mississippi became the 20th US state.   Mississippi is the poorest state in the country yet Mississippians consistently rank among the highest per capita in charitable contributions.   Mississippi also has the highest Black population of any US state, currently about 37% of the population of 3 million.   Go there for the gambling and the music.   Above all, listen to a Bobbie Gentry album.", "Museum in the old federal post office (built 1904) presents artifacts of black life, culture, and history in Mississippi", "Before the Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth-wealthiest state in the nation, its wealth generated by cotton plantations along the rivers. [76] Slaves were then counted as property and the rise in the cotton markets since the 1840s had increased their value. A majority – 55 percent – of the population of Mississippi was enslaved in 1860. [77] Ninety percent of the Delta bottomlands were undeveloped and the state had low population overall.", "Columbia is the capital of and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 129,272 as of the 2010 United States Census. As of July 1, 2015, the city's population was estimated to be 133,803 (U.S. Census Bureau, July 2015 release). The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County. It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area, which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census, growing to 810,068 by July 1, 2015, according to 2015 U.S. Census estimates. The name Columbia was a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus.", "In the late 18th century, most Mississippians were immigrants from the South and predominantly of Scotch-Irish descent. The opening of lands ceded by the Indians beginning in the 1820s brought tens of thousands of settlers into northern and central Mississippi, and a resulting population increase between 1830 and 1840 of 175% (including an increase of 197% in the slave population).", "After growing by 45 percent in the 1850s, by 1860, the city had nearly 170,000 people The city was a destination for immigrants. It had grown in wealth, with a \"per capita income [that] was second in the nation and the highest in the South.\" The city had a role as the \"primary commercial gateway for the nation's booming mid-section.\" The port was the third largest in the nation in terms of tonnage of imported goods, after Boston and New York, handling 659,000 tons in 1859.", "Wyandotte is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 25,883 at the 2010 census, a decrease of 7.6% from 2000. Wyandotte is located in southeastern Michigan, approximately 11 mi south of Detroit on the Detroit River, and is part of the collection of communities known as Downriver. Wyandotte is bounded by Southgate (west), Lincoln Park (northwest), Riverview (south), Ecorse (north) and Lasalle (east).", "Since then the small railroad town below the rock has undergone a demographic change. The city's African American population jumped from 13% in 1980 to 75% in 2010. In 1997, the city elected its first African American mayor." ]

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[ "Gilligan's Island [7] Gilligan's Island centered around a group of people who where stranded on an uncharted deserted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. They all were on a boat tour, which found itself in the middle of a storm leading them to crash on an island! Those stranded include, Gilligan, the Skipper, a millionaire (Thurston Howell III) and his wife (Lovey Howell), a movie star (Ginger Grant), a professor (known as \"The Professor\"), and Mary Ann. Gilligan was the first mate on the boat, the SS Minnow. Most episodes dealt with the castaways trying to get off the island, but their attempts seemed to always be foiled by Gilligan.", "* Tina Louise is Ginger Grant, the movie star. Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she believed that she was hired as the central character. Her character was originally written as a hard-nosed, sharp-tongued temptress, but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play it as written. A compromise was reached; Louise agreed to play her as a Marilyn Monroe/Jayne Mansfield type. The evening gowns and hairstyle used were designed to recreate the look of Myrna Loy. Louise continued to clash with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to return for any of the post-series TV movies, saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress. However, she did appear in a reunion of the cast on a late-night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of Roseanne in 1995 when the Roseanne cast re-enacted Gilligan's Island. In the first season, Ginger often wore gowns that looked as if they were tailored from Minnow tarpaulins or similar substitute cloth (some had the name of the vessel stenciled on them). In the pilot episode, the character of Ginger (then a secretary) was played by actress Kit Smythe.", "GILLIGAN'S ISLAND (see also http://www.gilligansisle.com/ ) was the classic American TV sitcom that has become a landmark of popular culture. Gilligan, played by Bob Denver was first mate of the S.S. Minnow, which was to take five passengers (plus Gilligan and the Skipper) on an ill-fated \"three hour tour\". Mary Ann [Summers] ( Dawn Wells ) was the sweet young thing from the Midwest, while Ginger [Grant] ( Tina Louise ) the hot movie starlet. \"Who do you prefer, Ginger or Mary Ann?\" became a popular \"game\" among many American men who grew up watching the series. The series spawned three TV-movie sequels in the late 70s and early 80s.", "Ginger Grant is the castaway with whom I would like to be stranded. A sultry movie star, Ginger can always seduce the men to get information. Her endless tales about life in Hollywood make life on the island sound not so bad. Ginger's dream would apparently be for Rock Hudson to rescue her from the island...and then some.", "In the 1978 made-for-TV-movie, Rescue from Gilligan's Island; Tina Louise refused to return, for she believed the role had typecast her forever as a glamor queen, and was replaced by Judith Baldwin. Baldwin also portrayed Ginger in the sequel The Castaways on Gilligan's Island. However, Baldwin didn't return for the third sequel, The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island; therefore, Constance Forslund, stepped in as the fourth actress to play the \"movie star\".", "In a second sequel, The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island (1981), villains played by Martin Landau and then-wife Barbara Bain (who also appeared together on Mission: Impossible and Space: 1999) try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of supremium, a valuable but volatile element. This time, Ginger was played by Constance Forslund. They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters. Jim Backus, who was in poor health at the time, only appeared at the very end, arriving back on the island. David Ruprecht played the role of Thurston Howell IV, though the series had established that the Howells were childless. Unlike the previous two movies, The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island used a laugh track like the original series.", "Grant is a \"movie star\", and would casually mention names of some of the biggest movie stars of the day, as co-stars or acquaintances, suggesting that she too was a great star. She also mentions her roommate and fellow actress, Debbie Dawson, several times. In the series' Season 1 Episode 1 \"Two on a Raft\", Ginger is also \"singing in a club in Waikiki\", possibly the same gig mentioned by the radio announcer where she was \"still wearing the evening gown from her last performance\". \"When I first broke into show business, I used to work with a magician\", Ginger confesses in Season 1 Episode 33 \"It's Magic\". In Gilligan's Islands pilot, actress Kit Smythe, was hired to portray Ginger; who was then a secretary.", "Gilligan's Planet was an animated science-fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the Gilligan's Island cast, save for Tina Louise (Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger). In a follow-up to The New Adventures of Gilligan, the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship, and get shipwrecked on a distant planet. Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18, 1982, and September 3, 1983. In the episode \"Let Sleeping Minnows Lie\", they travel to an island, get shipwrecked there, and Gilligan observes, \"First we were stranded on an island, then we were stranded on a planet, and now we're stranded on an island on a planet.\"", "Ginger Grant, due to many prior film roles in Hollywood, spent her time on the island occasionally taking on the roles of chanteuse, barefoot fortune-teller, lab assistant, hair stylist, and psychoanalyst – as well as fronting the hastily formed island musical trio: The Honeybees. She also had to deal with a doppelganger, a plain mousy girl named Eva Grubb (also played by Tina Louise).", "In a 1979 sequel, The Castaways on Gilligan's Island, they are rescued once again, and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as \"silent partners\". Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin. This sequel was intended as a pilot for a possible new series in which the castaways would host new groups of tourists each week, using the all-star cast anthology format made popular by Fantasy Island and The Love Boat. The series never materialized, though the premise was the basis of a short-lived 1981 series titled Aloha Paradise.", "\"Three members of the original cast of the 1960s sitcom 'Gilligan's Island -- Bob Denver (Gilligan), Dawn Wells (Mary Ann) and Russell Johnson (the professor) -- are reuniting for a TV movie, Surviving Gilligan's Island: The Incredibly True Story of the Longest Three-Hour Tour in History. CBS describes the movie as a 're-creation of pivotal events that took place during production of the series'.\"", "She also appears to have been the object of desire of The Skipper (Alan Hale, Jr.) in several episodes. The Skipper chooses Ginger as his preferred contestant in the \"Miss Castaway Pageant\" held on the island (Season 2 Episode 2 \"Beauty Is As Beauty Does\"). In addition, when Skipper loses his memory in the first season Episode 30 \"Forget Me Not\", he is much more attracted to Ginger than Mary Ann, asking Ginger, \"Hi, beautiful what's your name?\" while leering at her with delight. Ginger's response, not knowing of the Skipper's memory loss answers, with appropriate Hollywood pique, \"Ginger, big boy, what's yours?\"", "She first appeared in the TV series \"Surfside 6\" and went on to appear in \"Lock Up\", \"The Donna Reed Show\", \"Adventures in Paradise\" and \"The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis\". She also had a recurring role on \"My Three Sons\". In 1963 actor Bob Denver suggested her for his new series called \"Gilligan's Island\". She appeared as Bunny, the blonde secretary on the original black and white pilot episode entitled \"Marooned.\" However, the creator and producer, Sherwood Schwartz, after many network problems, decided to change three of the characters and recast them.", "* Mary Ann Summers (played by Dawn Wells) - A farm girl from Winfield, Kansas. Not much is said about her before she gets to the island. She is portrayed as a typical \"girl next door\" and does most of the laundry and cooking with some help from Ginger. She is famous for her coconut cream pies which usually end up on Gilligan's face. She also appears to have a slight crush on Gilligan.", "Among the roles Ginger plays on the island is a psychiatrist, a nurse, dental assistant, barber, Cleopatra, Agent 37-26-38, Spy 36-25-36, a human robot, a fortune telling medium and a USO Show girl. In the dreams of her fellow castaways, she's been an old woman, a princess, a dancing girl, a harem girl, a ship's passenger, a saloon owner, the Woman in Red, Cinderella's stepsister, Spy 0036, Spy 5/Gilligan's finance, a member of Gilligan's presidential cabinet and the vampire bride of Gilligan.", "Ginger sides with Thurston Howell, III, on many occasions, acting as a witness during a trial over treasure, serving as a sort of spy to divulge information from Gilligan by scratching his back and allowing herself to be bribed by Howell, such as during the \"election\" of who was to be President of the island. It should also be noted that her secret agent code name and her measurements were both 36-25-36.", "Remember the episode where the castaways almost got off the island? But Gilligan messed it up? Or how about the episode where they almost got off the island, but Gilligan messed it up? The classic sitcom about six stock characters marooned off the coast of Hawaii only ran three seasons but became a TV staple in syndication. Tina Louise, 81, still thinks of Ginger as the role of her career. She says, \"It was as if she was just waiting for me.\"", "Although she appears in other castaway's dream sequences, Ginger is the only castaway to never have a dream sequence herself (Gilligan has at least seven dream sequences, the Skipper dreams he's a rajah surrounded by a harem of women, the Professor dreams he's Cary Grant surrounded by female groupies, Mr. Howell dreams he is spoiled by women, Mrs. Howell dreams she is Cinderella and Mary Ann dreams she is mortally sick in a Soap Opera hospital.) However, one could claim that Ginger's life has been such a dream that she rarely dreams of anything else.", "Dawn Wells (born 1938) is an American actress and comedienne, most famous for her role as Mary Ann Summers in the popular sitcom Gilligan's Island . Along with Terri Garr , Wells was considered for the part of Roberta Lincoln in \" Assignment: Earth \" (and the proposed spin-off series of the same title). Despite Wells being much more well-known than Garr at the time, Gene Roddenberry eventually chose Garr because she looked \"weird\" and fit the part better. ( These Are the Voyages: TOS Season Two )", "Gilligan's Island episode \"Ship Ahoax\". When Ginger tells Gilligan's fortune, she says to look for a ship when \"the moon is blue\". Sure enough, that night the moon is colored blue and a ship passes by the island.", "[on her Gilligan's Island (1964) co-star Dawn Wells ] Dawn and I have never been close, we just never clicked. She was very much about pleasing everyone and I have never been that way. See more »", "* Dawn Wells is Mary Ann Summers. Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the role. Her competition included Raquel Welch and Patricia Ann Priest. The pilot episode had a different character (\"Bunny\") played by actress Nancy McCarthy. After it was shot, the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women. Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield, Kansas. In 1993, Wells published Mary Ann's Gilligan's Island Cookbook with co-writers Ken Beck and Jim Clark, including a foreword by Bob Denver. In February 2007, she starred as Lovey Howell in Gilligan's Island: The Musical, a musical stage adaptation of the TV show.", "Mary Ann Summers is a fictional character in the television sitcom Gilligan's Island which ran on the CBS network from 1964 to 1967, and has run more or less continuously since in reruns. She was played by actress Dawn Elberta Wells.", "* Fictional character Mary Ann Summers (played by Dawn Wells) in the television series Gilligan's Island is from Winfield.", "Dawn Wells, left as Mary Ann in 'Gilligan's Island' and right in 2008, is one of two living cast members of the hit '60s show.", "The following lists the main and recurring characters of the American television situation comedy Gilligan's Island, created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz.", "She returned for the series finale in 1993 and the reunion movie Knots Landing: Back to the Cul-de-Sac in 1997. She has also appeared inThe Six Million Dollar Man, The Love Boat, CHiPs, Quincy, M.E., Thriller, Fantasy Island and Melrose Place.", "After moving to Los Angeles, she appeared in over 80 television shows and films, She is best known for playing the Grande Dame Witch, Penny 'Grams' Halliwell, in \"Charmed\". Guest Starring roles include \"Lou Grant\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"Fame\", \"Designing Women\", \"Friends\", \"Ally McBeal\" and \"Grey's Anatomy\". In the cult film, \"Heathers\", she played Winona Ryder's off-the-wall mother.", "Dec. 28, 2016: Debbie Reynolds, an actress and singer from Hollywood's golden age, has died. Her death comes one day after the death of her daughter, Carrie Fisher. Reynolds' long career is highlighted by such films as the 1952 classic \"Singin' in the Rain,\" as well as \"The Unsinkable Molly Brown\" (1964) and \"The Catered Affair\" (1956). She starred in the 1957 film \"Tammy and the Bachelor\" and performed the title song, simply called \"Tammy.\" Her recording would spend five weeks at No. 1, making it one of the biggest hits of the era. Reynolds' career later expanded to include theater, nightclubs and concert appearances. Survivors include her son, Todd Fisher; and granddaughter Billie Lourd, whose mother was Carrie Fisher. ", "Actress Melody Patterson (April 16, 1949-August 20, 2015) was only 16 when she first appeared as Wrangler Jane on the 1960s TV comedy, \"F Troop.\" She later appeared on \"Hawaii Five-O\" with her then-husband, James MacArthur.", "What was the name of the charter boat that was thrown off course by a storm on TV's Gilligan's Island ?", "The Road To Bali would prove to be the swansong of Lamour's film career. Afterwards, she began a new life as a nightclub entertainer and a stage actress. In the 1960s, she returned to the screen for secondary roles in three films, including John Ford's Donovan's Reef (1963) with John Wayne and Lee Marvin, and became more active in live theater, headlining a road company of Hello Dolly! for over a year near the end of the decade." ]

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[ "The year 1970 was to prove a grim year for college football program travel. Southern Airways Flight 932 was a chartered commercial jet flight from Kinston, North Carolina, to Ceredo, West Virginia. At 7:35 pm on November 14, 1970, the aircraft crashed into a hill just short of the airport, killing all 75 people on board. The plane was carrying 37 members of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football squad, eight members of the coaching staff, 25 boosters, four flight crew members, and one employee of the charter company. The team was returning home after a 17–14 loss against the East Carolina Pirates. At the time, Marshall’s athletic teams rarely traveled by plane, with most away games within easy driving distance of the campus. The team had originally planned to cancel the flight, but changed plans and chartered the Southern Airways DC-9.", "The Marshall Thundering Herd are the intercollegiate athletic teams that collectively represent the Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. Thundering Herd athletic teams compete in Conference USA, which are members of the NCAA Division I. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, and volleyball; men's baseball and football; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer.", "1970: 75 people, including 43 Marshall University football players and coaches, were killed when a Southern Airways DC-9 crashed in the mountains near Huntington, West Virginia.", "1970: One of two Martin 404 chartered airplanes carrying the Wichita State University football team crashed into a mountain in Clear Creek Canyon in Colorado. 31 of the 40 people aboard the plane died in the crash. The cause of the crash was pilot incompetence. Trying to take a scenic route over the Rocky Mountains west of Denver, the pilot flew the plane into a canyon close to the ground. Too late, the pilot discovered he was in a box canyon with not enough room to gain altitude. He tried to turn around but crashed into the canyon walls. The pilot was one of the survivors. Most of those who died perished when the full load of fuel exploded and burned. The few survivors had gotten out of the crashed plane before the explosion.", "Marshall's sports teams are known as the \"Thundering Herd.\" The home field for the football program is James F. Edwards Field at the Joan C. Edwards Stadium. Basketball is played at the Cam Henderson Center. Soccer is played at Veterans Memorial Soccer Stadium, and the baseball teams are awaiting a new stadium. The school colors are kelly green and white. Marshall participates in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) as a member of Conference USA. The name Thundering Herd came from a Zane Grey novel released in 1925, and a silent movie of the same two years later. Marshall teams were originally known as the Indians, and the green-white colors came in 1903, replacing black and blue. The Herald-Dispatch sports editor Carl \"Duke\" Ridgley tagged the team with the Thundering Herd name, but many other nicknames were suggested over the next thirty years, including Boogercats, Big Green, Green Gobblers, Rams, Judges and others. In 1965, students, alums and faculty settled on Thundering Herd in a vote, and Big Green was given to the athletic department's fund-raising wing. Sports at the school include women's softball, swimming & diving, tennis, volleyball, and track & field; men's football, baseball; and teams for both genders in basketball, cross country, golf, and soccer. Marshall also fields club teams, not affiliated with the MU Athletic Department, in rugby union for both women and men, men's and women's lacrosse, and an equestrian team that competes in the Intercollegiate Horse Show Association.", "Marshall plays football at Joan C. Edwards Stadium, which seats 38,019. The stadium, which opened for the 1991 season as Marshall University Stadium with a then-record crowd of 33,116 for a 24–23 win over New Hampshire, hosted a record crowd of 41,382 on September 10, 2010, when the Thundering Herd played the in-state rival West Virginia Mountaineers. On a facade on the stadium's west side is a bronze memorial dedicated to the 1970 plane-crash victims.", "*We Are Marshall (2006) — the story of the aftermath of the 1970 plane crash that killed 5 members of flight crew, 25 boosters, 8 coaches and 37 players of the Marshall University football team, directed by McG", "Plot: When a plane crash claims the lives of members of the Marshall University football team and some of its fans, the team's new coach (McConaughey) and his surviving players try to keep the football program alive.", "* October 2 – In what is known as the Wichita State Crash, a Martin 4-0-4 aircraft crashes near Silver Plume, Colorado; it is one of two planes carrying the Wichita State University football team to Logan, Utah, for a match. Of the 40 people on board, 31 are killed.", "This was also the Knute Rockne era, when the Notre Dame football team first put the small private school on the national map. Rockne’s teams were often called the Rovers or the Ramblers because they traveled far and wide, an uncommon practice before the advent of commercial airplanes. These names were also an insult to the school, meant to suggest it was more focused on football than academics.", "A granite monument standing tall in the swaying grass of the Kansas Flinthills marks the spot where Knute Rockne, a famous Notre Dame football coach, died in a plane crash on a cool March morning in 1931. Rockne was one of eight on TWA flight 599 - all died instantly. Etched on the granite monument are the names of all those on the plane that morning, but Rockne’s name sits at the top of the list.", "The Cal Poly football team plane crash occurred on October 29, 1960, when a twin-engine C-46 prop liner, carrying the California Polytechnic State University football team, crashed on takeoff at the Toledo Express Airport in Toledo, Ohio. The World War II vintage aircraft broke in two and caught fire on impact. Twenty-two of the forty-eight people on board were killed, including sixteen players. The follow up investigation concluded that the aircraft had been overloaded by 2,000 lbs above its maximum certificated gross takeoff weight and that there was a partial power loss in the left engine prior to the crash. Prior to takeoff the weather at the airport steadily deteriorated until by the time of the accident the visibility was zero. Because of this crash, the FAA published a notice prohibiting takeoff for commercial aircraft when the visibility is below 1/4 mile, or the runway visual range is below 2000 ft.", "Springfield University is a large college which Homer attended in \"Homer Goes to College\". It teaches several different courses, including nuclear physics, arts management, and the meaning of cartoons, and has a fierce rivalry with Springfield A&M University. In the episode \"Faith Off\", the nickname of the Springfield University football team is revealed to be the Nittany Tide—a reference to the Penn State Nittany Lions and Alabama Crimson Tide.", "1917 saw the rise of another Southern team in Centre of Danville, Kentucky. In 1921 Bo McMillin-led Centre upset defending national champion Harvard 6 to 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history. The next year Vanderbilt fought Michigan to a scoreless tie at the inaugural game at Dudley Field (now Vanderbilt Stadium), the first stadium in the South made exclusively for college football. Michigan coach Fielding Yost and Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin were brothers-in-law, and the latter the protege of the former. The game featured the season's two best defenses and included a goal line stand by Vanderbilt to preserve the tie. Its result was \"a great surprise to the sporting world.\" Commodore fans celebrated by throwing some 3,000 seat cushions onto the field. The game features prominently in Vanderbilt's history. That same year, Alabama upset Penn 9 to 7. ", "1977. A DC-3 aircraft chartered from the Indianapolis-based National Jet crashes near Evansville Regional Airport, killing 29, including the University of Evansville basketball team, support staff and boosters of the team.", "Like college hoops, NCAA football has given us many, many upsets throughout the years, from Centre College’s win over Harvard in 1921 to Notre Dame knocking off Oklahoma and ending the Sooners’ 47-game winning streak in 1957 and beyond. Yet, as impressive as many of these upsets are, the simple fact is that there is one that outshines them all, and that is Appalachian State’s 34-32 upset of the #5 Michigan Wolverines in 2007. By blocking Michigan’s last second field goal attempt, the Mountaineers became the first Division I-AA (FCS) team to ever beat a team ranked in the Associated Press Top 25. Adding to the magnitude of the feat is the fact that the win came at the Big House in Ann Arbor, in front of over 100,000 U of M fans, and that the victims of this historic upset just happened to be the winningest program in college football history. The only reason this amazing accomplishment doesn’t rank even higher on our list is because the Mountaineers, despite being an FCS team, were pretty damn good in their own right. They came into the Michigan game having won 1-AA titles in 2005 and 2006, and they would go on to win a third consecutive FCS national championship in 2007.", "Both men's and women's basketball are played at the 9,048-seat Cam Henderson Center, named for the innovative coach who guided the school's basketball team from 1935 to 1955 and football from 1935–49. Henderson is the coach who developed the fast break, the zone defense and even the \"King Drill\" warm-up made famous by the Harlem Globetrotters. Henderson won 358 games against just 158 losses as basketball coach. Henderson's 1946-47 team finished that season with a school-record 32-5 mark, and captured the 1947 NAIB (today's NAIA) National Championship in Kansas City, Kansas. In football, he coached the Herd to the Buckeye Conference title in 1937 and then to the second-ever Tangerine Bowl on Jan. 1, 1948, falling to Catawba College 7–0. Henderson won 68 games as football coach.", "In WV, the following year, under the terms of the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act, the West Virginia Legislature created the Agricultural College of West Virginia on February 7, 1867.  The college officially opened on September 2, 1867.  On December 4, 1868, WV lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a broader range of higher education.  The University was built on the grounds of three former academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831, and Woodburn Female Seminary of 1858. Upon its founding, the local newspaper claimed that \"a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science and literature is nowhere to be found\"", "West Virginia is home to college sports teams from two schools — West Virginia and Marshall — that play in NCAA Division I. West Virginia is also home to several professional minor league teams from baseball, football, soccer, and other sports.", "In 1907 at Champaign, Illinois Chicago and Illinois played in the first game to have a halftime show featuring a marching band. Chicago won 42–6. On November 25, 1911 Kansas and Missouri played the first homecoming football game. The game was \"broadcast\" play-by-play over telegraph to at least 1,000 fans in Lawrence, Kansas. It ended in a 3–3 tie. The game between West Virginia and Pittsburgh on October 8, 1921, saw the first live radio broadcast of a college football game when Harold W. Arlin announced that year's Backyard Brawl played at Forbes Field on KDKA. Pitt won 21–13. On October 28, 1922, Princeton and Chicago played the first game to be nationally broadcast on radio. Princeton won 21–18 in a hotly contested game which had Princeton dubbed the \"Team of Destiny.\" ", "Major college sports prospered after the war. National College Athletic Association (NCAA) football gained lucrative television contracts, and attendance reached forty million by 1970. Basketball, a much lower cost sport, had to recover from the point shaving scandal of 1951. By the early 1970s, however, the NCAA basketball champion-ships became a prime annual television event, along with the World Series; the NFL's Super Bowl, first played in 1966; and car racing's premier event, the Indianapolis 500.", "The following universities and colleges participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The most popular college sports program is the University of Colorado Buffaloes, who used to play in the Big-12 but now play in the Pac-12. They have won the 1957 and 1991 Orange Bowl, 1995 Fiesta Bowl and 1996 Cotton Bowl Classic.", "Cowlings was named an All-American defensive tackle after his senior year at USC. During that senior year, the 1969 Trojan team went undefeated, and Cowlings led a powerful defensive line which was nicknamed \"The Wild Bunch\" after the movie.", "Rockne may have been Norwegian, but he had the Irish flair for storytelling and drama. A natural salesman, he hired student press agents to tell the team’s story. Some of them began using the “Fighting Irish” nickname to characterize the underdog tenacity of his teams. They found a way to turn the derisive taunt, with its suggestion of drunken brawling, into an expression of triumph. Some students came to cherish the nickname. By owning the epithet, they transformed it into a symbol of pride. In the 1960s, the same process would be repeated for the leprechaun, which had traditionally been an English caricature of the Irish. Now, it’s the team mascot.", "HERNDON STADIUM: Perhaps the saddest legacy of the games, this 15,000-seat stadium was used during the filming of the movie \"We Are Marshall\" but was abandoned after Morris Brown College ran into financial difficulties. Gutted by vandals, it is now covered in graffiti and piles of trash.", "Located approximately 30 mi from Charleston, West Virginia University Institute of Technology has its campus in Montgomery, West Virginia. West Virginia University Institute of Technology is the largest regional campus of the University and focuses mainly on engineering programs.", "What college once had 22 members of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society on its football team?", "WVUA-FM, \"90.7 The Capstone\", formerly known as \"New Rock 90.7\", is one of the older college radio stations in the nation, tracing its roots back to 1940. It carries a variety of music programming and broadcasts the games of several of the university's sports teams.", "Can't anything be done about calling these guys \"student athletes\"? That's like referring to Atilla the Hun's cavalry as \"weekend warriors.\"", "1995 : a plane carrying members of a skydivers club crashed in Shacklefords, Va., killing 10 parachutists, the plane's pilot and a man on the ground.", "The ship in which Knute Rockne fell to his death with five fellow passengers on a mid-Kansas hilltop on March 31 was a tangled, almost unrecognizable mass of wreckage after the crash, shown in Kansas on April 2, 1931. The bodies were extricated. Five were thrown clear of the plane. File photo AP", "By 1923 American football was in full stride; and by that time it was deemed appropriate that Loudon should be an entity.  Thus the Redskin eleven took to the field for the first time and got right in pace with the other schools who were fielding teams of there own." ]

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[ "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair (\"Woodstock\") was a music festival, billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\". It was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969. During the sometimes rainy weekend, thirty-two acts performed outdoors in front of 500,000 concert-goers. It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history.", "Woodstock was a music festival, billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\". It was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969. 32 acts performed outdoors before an audience of 400,000 young people. It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history. Rolling Stone listed it as one of the 50 Moments That Changed the History of Rock and Roll.", "The Woodstock Music & Art Fair�informally, the Woodstock Festival or simply Woodstock�was a music festival, billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\". It was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre (240 ha; 0.94 sq mi) dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 miles (69 km) southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "a music festival, billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\". It was held at Max Yasgur's 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel, New York, from August 15 to August 18, 1969", "The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was a rock festival held at Max Yasgur's 600 acre (2.4 km�) dairy farm in the rural town of Bethel, New York from August 15 to August 18, 1969. For many, it exemplified the counterculture of the 1960s and the \"hippie era\". Many of the best-known musicians of the time appeared during the rainy weekend, captured in a successful 1970 movie, Woodstock. Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", which memorialized the event, became a major hit for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Though attempts have been made over the years to recreate the festival, the original Woodstock festival of 1969 has proven to be unique and legendary.", "Billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music\", it was held at Max Yasgur's 600 acres dairy farm in the Catskills near the hamlet of White Lake in the town of Bethel. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 mi southwest of the town of Woodstock, New York, in adjoining Ulster County.", "Today is the anniversary of the iconic music festival held August 15th to 18th, 1969. The event was originally billed as \"An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music.\" It took place on a 600-acre dairy farm in the Catskills in Bethel, New York -- just short of 50 miles southwest of Woodstock, New York.", "Woodstock: The Rise of the Counter Culture - Along with the peak of several movements music began to reach a point of climax. Rock specifically began to flourish in the 1960’s, while expressing the voice of the liberated generation. It is the power of such trends that overall lead to what is known as the greatest music festival of all time: Woodstock Music and Art Fair. The festival started on August 15, 1969 on Max Yasgur’s farm in Bethel, New York. Appealing to the time period, Woodstock was designed to be Three Days of Peace and Music. However, many argue that it was more than just a musical art fair of peace, but a historically significant event that shifted American culture....   [tags: peace movement, music, hippie festival]", "Yasgur — his health wasn’t good, and he needed the income to deal with his astronomical medical bills — also faced enormous local opposition when locals learned that Woodstock would be held at his farm, including boycotts (residents protested at the site of his dairy farm with signs proclaiming, “Buy No Milk. Stop Max’s Hippy Music Festival”) and even threats of having his farm burned down despite being generally well-liked by most of the townspeople who knew him, but the threat made everyone, including Yasgur, even more determined to let the concert, which was by now being billed as “An Aquarian Exposition: 3 Days of Peace & Music,” a nod to the beginning of the astrological Age of Aquarius that was believed to coincide with the approaching new millennium. Woodstock Ventures commissioned David Edward Byrd, then the house artist at Bill Graham’s Fillmore East, to design the poster for the Woodstock Festival.", "For three days in 1969, from Aug. 15-18, Bethel, N.Y., was site of the Woodstock Music and Art Fair – billed as “3 Days of Peace & Music” -- that showcased such talent at Joe Cocker, the Grateful Dead, Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Santana, Janis Joplin, The Who, Sha Na Na and Jimi Hendrix, among the myriad acts that took the stage.", "Three items: an original unused ticket for three days of peace and love at the Woodstock Music and Art Fair, August 15–17, 1969, 6 x 2, with an original cost of $24.00; an original program for the release of the Woodstock documentary, 8.25 x 11; and a Yasgur Farms Dairy business check, 8 x 3, filled out in another hand and signed “Max B. Yasgur,” dated April 12, 1969. In fine condition, with a central vertical fold to check, as well as a couple of creases and expected stamps. RR Auction COA.", "Differing Views on the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival - Differing Views on the 1969 Woodstock Music Festival On August 15, 1969 at five-o’clock p.m., on a 600-acre hog farm in the small town of Bethel, NY, Richie Havens took the stage as the opening act at the legendary Woodstock Festival. Destined to become the largest gathering of people in one place at one time, Woodstock stood for three days of peace, love, and music amidst the horrors of the Vietnam War. Hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children made their way to the Catskills in New York to take part in the festival and hear their favorite music groups live....   [tags: American America History]", "August 15, 1969 - Woodstock began in a field near Yasgur's Farm at Bethel, New York. The three-day concert featured 24 rock bands and drew a crowd of more than 300,000 young people. The event came to symbolize the counter-culture movement of the 1960's.", "1970 - Neighbors of New York landowner Max Yasgur sued him for $35,000 for property damage caused by �flower children� who attended the August 1969 Woodstock Festival. More than 450,000 people attended the three-day event.", "Woodstock 1969 - The Woodstock of 1969 was a revolution in itself and responsible for redefining the point of view, respect, and attitude of the so-called \"counter-cultured\" youth of the late sixties. The attendants of the festival were youths from around the United States in ages ranging from 17 to 26. The overall mood of the festival was very relaxed and happy. Although there was a minimal amount of violence at Woodstock, there were financial problems, drugs, nudity, and traffic jams that seemed to go for miles down the old country roads surrounding Max Yasgur's dairy farm....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Welcome to Yasgur Road Productions. Our mission is to commemorate the miracle that took place in Bethel, NY in August of 1969. We are producing music, art, artistic events and forums for political activism at the former home and farm of Max and Miriam Yasgur. We are dedicated to the support and perpetuation of freedom, Education, Nonviolence, Environmental Awareness, Independance and Spiritual and Artistic Advancement. We will provide a welcome home for the anniversary of the historic Woodstock Concert every third weekend in August in order to ensure the right of freedom of assembly for all citizens of all nations.", "Who could have estimated that an ordinary music festival could become such a legendary and iconic landmark of the 1960's? The 1969 Woodstock Festival was a three-day music festival, complete with the utter indulgence of free love, drugs, and rock 'n roll. This signpost of hippie counterculture was originally just supposed to be a three-day summer music festival in August 1969 on a dairy farm just outside of White Lake, New York. It was the brain child of 4 very young men, the oldest being just 27 years old at the time. Lets take a closer look at this legendary festival and its story to learn some fascinating facts from Woodstock 69 history.", "Dairy farmer Max Yasgur, 49, leased his land to Woodstock organizers for the festival, thus ensuring that the event took place, and earning himself a spot in pop culture history. “You’ve proven to the world that a half-million kids — and I call you kids because I have children that are older than you are,” Yasgur told the throng from the stage, “a half million young people can get together and have three days of fun and music and have nothing but fun and music. And God bless you for it!”", "^ \"Max Yasgur Dies; Woodstock Festival Was on His Farm\". The New York Times. February 9, 1973. Retrieved July 4, 2013. (subscription required (help)). ", "Tiber initially presented the idea to the corporation, who in turn would present it to the Bethel officials, that Yasgur’s land would rent for $50 for a festival attracting 5,000. On July 20, 1969, Yasgur, meeting with the organizers at a White Lake restaurant, agreed to rent 600 acres for $75,000. Yasgur’s land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land’s north side. The stage would be set at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond— which would become a popular skinny dipping destination — forming a backdrop.", "In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Carlos Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression.", "The festival bears the name \"Woodstock\", because it was to take place in the town of Woodstock, in Ulster County; however, the town offered no appropriate site to host such a large event due to their belief that over a million people would attend. A site was found in the town of Wallkill. When local opposition arose, the event was almost cancelled, but Sam Yasgur persuaded his father Max to allow the concert to be held on the family's alfalfa field, located in Sullivan County, about 40 miles southwest of Woodstock.", "Public gatherings—part music festivals, sometimes protests, often simply excuses for celebrations of life—were an important part of the hippie movement. The first “be-in,” called the Gathering of the Tribes, was held in San Francisco in 1967. A three-day music festival known as Woodstock , held in rural New York state in 1969, drew an estimated 400,000–500,000 people and became virtually synonymous with the movement. Hippies participated in a number of teach-ins at colleges and universities in which opposition to the Vietnam War was explained, and they took part in antiwar protests and marches. They joined other protesters in the “moratorium”—a nationwide demonstration—against the war in 1969. They were involved in the development of the environmental movement . The first Earth Day was held in 1970.", "^ \"Woodstock—40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm boxed set\". Rhino Entertainment (Press release). June 5, 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2009. ", "What happens when you take a farmer, 14 of his closest friends, the magic of Led Zeppelin and throw them all together? You get the Pilton Festival , the original Glastonbury. Organized by Michael Eavis after he saw the aforementioned band at the Bath Music Festival, the Pilton couldn’t have kicked off on a more auspicious day—September 19, 1970, 2 days after the death of Jimi Hendrix. Modeled after the hippie idealism of festivals like Woodstock and Isle of Wight, the Pilton drew 1,500 attendees and a diverse array of acts including glam rock legend T. Rex. You could say the festival started organically; Eavis paid the bands in installments from his dairy farm’s milk sales.", "Bonnaroo Music Festival was largely influenced by art rock concerts of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The festival is a nod to the Monterey International Pop Music Festival (1967), the Atlanta International Pop Festival (1969, 1970), and most famously the Woodstock Music & Art Fair (1969).", "1972: The three-day Mar Y Sol festival in Puerto Rico took place, featuring Rod Stewart, Dr John, The Allman Brothers, Osibisa, Emerson Lake and Palmer, Alice Cooper, The Mahavishnu Orchestra. Security was simple as the event took place on an island accessible by ticket only.", "Laurel Pop Festival in Laurel Md in 1969. Washington Post contained an article about the Festival written by the reporter Bob Woodward (Watergate Scandal). Johnny was a no name at the time. The Festival include Jeff Beck, Jethro Tull, and Headlined by Led Zeppelin.", "Friday 11 and Saturday, 12 July 1969: Laurel Pop Festival , Laurel Race Track in Maryland", "Since 1978, the annual free festival and celebration of alternative culture called the Peace Festival has been held in the Pump Room Gardens. ", "In that era of musical explosion when young hippies were flocking to San Francisco�s rock ballrooms to hear the exciting blues-influenced psychedelic bands of the day, promoter Bill Graham made sure his audiences paid their props to the originators by bringing in many of the blues greats as opening acts. So it was that Albert found himself on stage at the Fillmore West in front of a crowd where the term \"people of color\" meant either tie-dyed or paisley. No matter, he proceeded to launch into a piercing set, highlighted by this nearly nine-minute-long emotion-drenched foray.", "As attendance exploded at the psychedelic rock shows, The Family Dog became Red Dog Productions and event locations were expanded. More performance/parties were held at venues such as the Avalon Ballroom and the Fillmore Auditorium. These shows were full psychedelic musical experiences with light shows combined with the colorful film projections that became the staple of the 1966’s hippie events. Event attendees often wore colorful, outlandish costumes to these shows." ]

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[ "Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda or La Joconde), often called the Mona Lisa, is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel in Florence by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the Government of France and is on the wall in the Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.[1] It is perhaps the most famous and iconic painting in the world.", "21st Aug. 1911: The Mona Lisa, the famous portrait by Leonardo da Vinci also called (La Gioconda) (painted between 1503 - 1506), was stolen today from the Louvre in Paris. The Painting was stolen by Vincenzo Peruggia an employee of the Louvre who believed Leonardo's painting should be returned to Italy for display in an Italian gallery. The Mona Lisa was recovered two years later when he tried to sell it to an Italian Gallery.", "Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda or La Joconde) is a sixteenth-century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel in Florence, Italy by Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci during the Renaissance. The work is currently owned by the Government of France and is on display at the Louvre museum in Paris under the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo. Arguably, it is the most famous and iconic painting in the world.", "Mona Lisa (also known as the Monna Lisa; Italian La Gioconda; French La Joconde), is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci showing a woman with an introspective expression-perhaps smiling would be the wrong word. It is the most famous painting in the world, going so far as to be iconic of painting, art, and even visual images in general. No other work of art is so romanticized, celebrated, or reproduced. It was accomplished between 1503 and 1506. Today it hangs in the Louvre in Paris and is the museum’s star attraction.", "The most famous painting of all time, the Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance in Florence. He began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 and finished it shortly before he died in 1519. The painting is named for Lisa del Giocondo, a member of a wealthy family of Florence. In 1911, the Mona Lisa was stolen by Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian patriot who believed the Mona Lisa should be returned to Italy. After having kept the painting in his apartment for two years, Peruggia was finally caught when he attempted to sell it to the directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Today, the Mona Lisa hangs again in the Louvre in Paris where 6 million people see the painting each year.", "The Mona Lisa, also known as the Gioconda, is definitely the most famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It is perhaps even the most famous painting in the world. Today it is kept in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, the setting for Dan Brown’s first novel The Da Vinci Code. According to tradition, the Gioconda is the portrait of Lisa Gherardini, known as Mona Lisa, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, hence the nickname Gioconda.", "The right eye of Leonardo da Vinci's \"Mona Lisa.\" On Aug. 21, 1911, the then-little-known painting was stolen from the wall of the Louvre in Paris. And a legend was born.", "On Monday morning, Aug. 21, 1911, inside the Louvre museum in Paris, a plumber named Sauvet came upon an unidentified man stuck in front of a locked door. The man—wearing a white smock, like all the Louvre's maintenance staff—pointed out to Sauvet that the doorknob was missing. The helpful Sauvet opened the door with his key and some pliers. The man walked out of the museum and into the Parisian heatwave. Hidden under his smock was Leonardo da Vinci's \"Mona Lisa.\"", "When Milan was invaded by the French in 1499 and the Sforza family fled, da Vinci escaped as well, possibly first to Venice and then to Florence. There, he painted a series of portraits that included “La Gioconda,” a 21-by-31-inch work that’s best known today as “Mona Lisa.” Painted between approximately 1503 and 1506, the woman depicted—especially because of her mysterious slight smile—has been the subject of speculation for centuries. In the past she was often thought to be Mona Lisa Gherardini, a courtesan, but current scholarship indicates that she was Lisa del Giocondo, wife of Florentine merchant Francisco del Giocondo. Today, the portrait—the only da Vinci portrait from this period that survives—is housed at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France, where it attracts millions of visitors each year.", "Leonardo da Vinci�s painting, Mona Lisa, was stolen from the Louvre Museum in Paris on this night in 1911. Those who visited the Louvre stared at the blank space on the wall where the world�s most famous painting had hung. One could almost believe that they could see the painting of the woman with the enigmatic smile. After all, it had hung in the same spot for over a century and had been a part of French art collections for over 400 years, even though da Vinci, who had painted the masterpiece at the beginning of the 16th century, practiced his art in Florence, Italy.", "The painting Mona Lisa (La Gioconda) gained media notoriety when, on August 21, 1911 are no longer attached to his place in the Louvre in Paris. An employee noticed the bald spot where the image else to go.At this time photo reproductions were made of paintings, and so it happened more often that not there was a picture in his usual place. It was suspected Da Vinci's famous painting in the photo lab. When it was not auffand there, there was an awareness that was stolen from the artwork.", "In 1911 Vincenzo Peruggia perpetrated what has been described as the greatest art theft of the 20th century. It was a police theory that the former Louvre worker hid inside the museum on Sunday, August 20, knowing that the museum would be closed the following day. But according to Peruggia's interrogation in Florence after his arrest, he entered the museum on Monday, August 21 around 7 am through the door where the other Louvre workers were entering. He said he wore one of the white worker's smocks that museum employees customarily wore and was indistinguishable from the other workers. When the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa hung was empty, he lifted off the painting off the four iron pegs that secured it to the wall and took it to a nearby service staircase. There he removed the protective case and frame. Some people report that he concealed the painting (which Leonardo painted on wood) under his smock. But Peruggia was only 5'3\" and the Mona Lisa measures approx, 21 x 30 so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone like Peruggia. Instead, he said that he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting, tucked it under his arm and left the Louvre through the same door he entered. ", "The theft of the most famous painting in the world on August 21st, 1911, created a media sensation.", "It was around 7:30 a.m. when Peruggia emerged from the Court of the Sphinx and headed towards the Visconti Court, which exited onto the street, Quai du Louvre. Luck was on his side — the guard who normally watches the Visconti Court entrance was not at his post. Peruggia slipped through the exit, removing his white Louvre worker’s apron as he stepped into the street. An employee of a store across from the museum recalled a man with a rectangular package under his arm hurrying towards the Pont du Carrousel. At the time he did not think twice when he saw this Louvre worker disappear into the distance, carrying a Mona Lisa-shaped object wrapped in a white sheet under his arm. It was only in retrospect that he recalled thinking it was odd that the employee had thrown a doorknob over his shoulder as he left. Thus, on August 21, 1911, transpired the most famous art theft in history.", "After the romantics had cooled their excesses a little, Mona stepped into scandal. She was stolen. In 1911, an Italian painter-decorator who had been working in the Louvre removed the painting when the museum was closed. Staff, including the director of the National Museums, were sacked, and the museum closed for a week. When it opened again, Parisians showed grief over the loss by showing up to see the empty hooks that had held the painting in greater numbers than they had come for the painting itself. The scandal became politicized and even was an absurd focus of anti-Semitism. The stupid thief took the painting back to Italy, sought a reward for returning it home, and was arrested. Fictional stories about the theft of Mona Lisa were abundant ever afterwards, even to today. Sassoon has listed many of them, and an abundance of other pop Mona references, such as Nat King Cole's famous song.", "pray recalling Marie Antoinette: whether it was true \"Mona Lisa\" or yet unknown \"The Nun\". However, genuine documents concerning the Louvre's treasury inventory testify that the register for the year of 1700 contained painting by Leonardo da Vinci \"The second Mona Lisa La Gioconda with the value no less than that of the first one\", but the painting was not mentioned in the register for the year of 1806. During the period between two inventories it mysteriously disappeared from the Louvre together with other paintings by famous masters.", "The Mona Lisa disappeared from the Louvre in France in 1911. Pablo Picasso was on the original list of suspects questioned and jailed for the theft, but he was later exonerated. For two years, the masterpiece was thought to be forever lost. However in 1913, Italian patriot Vincenzo Perugia was arrested for the crime of stealing the famous painting, and the original artwork returned to its home at the Louvre in Paris. Perugia was an employee of the Louvre at the time, and he believed the painting belonged to Italy. For two years he kept the famous piece of art housed in his apartment, but was discovered when he tried selling to a gallery in Florence, Italy.", "The shocking theft of the Mona Lisa, in August 1911, appeared to have been solved 28 months later, when the painting was recovered. In an excerpt from their new book, the authors suggest that the audacious heist concealed a perfect—and far more lucrative—crime.", "The most famous art raid of all was the 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa at the Louvre in Paris.", "Two years later, the real thief was discovered – a former guard at the Louvre going by the name of Vincenzo Peruggia. He was caught trying to sell the famous painting to an art dealer. Although he confessed to the crime, claiming that he wanted to bring the Mona Lisa back to her home of Italy, many people continued to believe (and still do) that Picasso was somehow involved in the daring theft…", "The art theft of the century helped make the Mona Lisa what she is today. The world’s popular newspapers – a new phenomenon in 1911 – and the French police searched everywhere for the culprit. At one point they even suspected Pablo Picasso. Only one person was ever arrested for the crime in France: the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. But the police found the thief only when he finally outed himself.", "Leonardo da Vinci’s (1452-1519) “Mona Lisa” is stolen from the Louvre, it is found in Italy in 1913.", "At the time of the theft in 1911, the Mona Lisa was far from the most visited item in the museum. (Gianni Dagli Orti / Corbis)", "After that, for years the trail went cold. Mona Lisa was reported to have been shipped to Switzerland or South America. She was in an apartment in the Bronx, a private gallery in St. Petersburg or a secret room in the mansion of J.P. Morgan. In fact, she had never left Paris. The thief turned out to be Vincenzo Peruggia the Hooblers spell it Perugia an Italian house painter and carpenter living in France, though he was arrested for the crime in December 1913 in Florence. He had gone there with the painting after contacting a Florentine art dealer, Alfredo Geri, who he hoped would help him dispose of his hostage in a way that would bring him some cash. Geri played along, and even brought in the director of the Uffizi Gallery to authenticate the picture on the spot. When they were satisfied that Peruggia had brought them the real thing, they turned him over to the police.", "An Italian petty criminal called Vincenzo Perugia who worked at the Louvre for a time, removed the Mona Lisa from its frame, hid it under his white smock that all the employees there wore, and then walked unobtrusively out with the painting.", "The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose facial expression is frequently described as enigmatic. Others believe that the slight smile is an indication that the subject is hiding a secret. The ambiguity of the subject's expression, the monumentality of the composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work. In 1911, it was stolen and copied; the copies were sold as the genuine painting. It was recovered in 1913.", "Stolen: How the Mona Lisa Became the World’s Most Famous Painting | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian", "Perugia mistakenly thought the painting was stolen from Italy by Napoleon and was doing his duty as an Italian countryman by returning it to Italy. Shortly thereafter, he was arrested and the painting was returned to the Louvre were it has safely remained ever since.", "Vincenzo Peruggia, the Man Who Stole the Mona Lisa – France Revisited - Life in Paris, Travel in France", "Who would steal such a famous painting? Why did they do it? Was the Mona Lisa lost forever?", "The 1893 version (shown here) was stolen from the National Gallery in Oslo in 1994 and recovered. The 1910 painting was stolen in 2004 from The Munch Museum in Oslo, but recovered in 2006 with limited damage.", "In June 2006 Charles Wheeler announced he had discovered that a painting by Alessandro Allori of Eleonora of Toledo, the wife of Cosimo de' Medici, which had been given to him in Berlin as a wedding present in 1952, had been looted during the Second World War. Via the Commission for Looted Art in Europe it was returned to its legitimate owner, the Gemäldegalerie of Berlin, from whose possession it had been absent since 1944. " ]

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[ "Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning \"the people\", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, implies \"writing, description or measurement\" ) is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space (see population dynamics). Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the demographic research of the earth, earth's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population.", "In its simplest definition, demography is the scientific study of human populations. According to Landry (1945), the term, demography, was first used by the Belgian statistician, Achille Guillard, in his 1855 publication: Elements de statistique humaine, ou demographie comparee. However, John Graunt’s Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a Following Index, and Made Upon the Bills of Mortality, published in 1662 in London, is generally acknowledged to be the first published study in the field of demography.", "Demography -- The study of characteristics of human populations, especially size, density, growth, distribution, migration and vital statistics and the effect of these on social and economic conditions.", "Demographics: Social and economic information about human population s including age, sex, income, education, type of residence, ownership of cars, etc.", "Demographic or demographic data refers to selected population characteristics as used in government, marketing or opinion research, or the demographic profiles used in such research. Commonly-used demographics include race , age, income, disabilities, mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number of vehicles available), educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and even location. Distributions of values within a demographic variable, and across households, are both of interest, as well as trends over time. Demographics are frequently used in economic and marketing research .\" (courtesy of Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia)", "Demographics: Current statistical characteristics of a population, including gender, race, age, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, location, and much more.", "Demographics – Selected characteristics of a population, such as ethnicity, income, and education that define a particular consumer population.", "Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility involves the number of children that women have and is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's childbearing potential). Mortality is the study of the causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death to members of the population. Demographers most commonly study mortality using the Life Table, a statistical device which provides information about the mortality conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.[http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/lftbls/lftbls.htm N C H S - Life Tables]", "Population is not just about numbers of people. Demographers typically focus on three dimensions— fertility, mortality, and migration —when examining population trends. Fertility examines how many children a woman bears in her lifetime, mortality looks at how long we live, and migration focuses on where we live and move. Each of these population qualities influences the nature of our presence and impact across the planet.", "3. A group of people sharing a common statistical factor (as age or membership in a class) in a demographic study.", "Demographics Statisitcs that describe characteristics of a population (e.g., sex, race, age, geographic location) Differentiation Identification, definition, and communication of a product 's uniqure selling proposition or USP . See \"Uniqure Selling Proposition \".", "The census provides a basis for much demographic, economic, and social research. It makes possible the identification and description of such groups as the labor force, economically dependent persons, recent migrants to cities, rural and urban populations, racial or religious minorities, refugees, scientific and technical workers, and others. Comparisons of successive censuses show changes in the numbers, characteristics, and location of the population. The census returns are also used as a frame from which samples are selected for subsequent inquiries.", "In survey research, a study in which the same group of individuals is interviewed at intervals over a period of time. See also: panel study . Note that some cross sectional studies are done regularly (for instance, the General Social Survey and the Current Population Survey (Annual Demographic File) are conducted once a year), but different individuals are surveyed each time. Such a study is not a true longitudinal study.", "Migration refers to the movement of persons from a locality of origin to a destination place across some pre-defined, political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements 'migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do not consider tourists and travelers to be migrating. While demographers who study migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including tax forms and labor force surveys are also important. ", "SEE ALSO Aryans; Data; Data, Pseudopanel; Demography; Ethnicity; Human Rights; Measurement; Native Americans; Nazism; Population Growth; Population Studies; Public Health; Racial Classification; Religion; Survey", "a discipline that studies humans, focusing on the study of differences & similarities, both biological & cultural, in human populations; also concerned with typical biological & cultural characteristics of human population in all periods & in all parts of the world", "Demographic Profile - Used in marketing to describe a particular segment of the population, for example social class, age, gender, income, etc.", "Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning \"people, nation, race\") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.", "When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs and survey samples. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation.", "Anthropology is the study of human behavior. The exploration of what it means to be human ranges from the study of culture and social relations, to human biology and evolution, to languages, to music, art, and architecture, and to vestiges of human habitation. It considers such fascinating questions as how peoples’ behavior changes over time, how people move about the world, why and how people from distant parts of the world and dissimilar cultures are different and the same, how the human species has evolved over millions of years, and how individuals understand and operate successfully in distinct cultural settings. Anthropology includes four broad fields—cultural anthropology, linguistics, physical anthropology, and archaeology. Each of the four fields teaches distinctive skills, such as applying theories, employing research methodologies, formulating and testing hypotheses, and developing extensive sets of data.", "In survey research, this is the process of selecting a sample of individuals that reflect the larger population that the researchers wish to describe.", "Ethnicity is a central concept in social anthropology and traditionally considered as prominent in determinism of behavior. [24]", "refers to the qualitative research method of describing human social phenomena, based on data obtained primarily from fieldwork. The goal is a complete, accurate description of the culture being studied, on its own terms. Ethnography should not be confused with ethnology, which is the comparative study of cultures. Although ethnographic studies inevitably involve some comparisons with other cultures, their primary purpose is not comparison.", "Target Population refers to a population with specific characteristics that researchers want to know more and from where researchers will draw a sample. In its most basic term, it refers to the group which is being studied.", "the study of cultural variations & universals in the past & present; also refers to the subfield ethnology, one of three subfields of cultural anthropology", "Parameter is a defined part or group in the population that should be considered to gain the data needed for a study.", "The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary and social learning perspective. However, many researchers and psychologists do not explicitly identify themselves with a certain perspective and instead take an eclectic approach. Research in this area is empirically driven, such as dimensional models, based on multivariate statistics, such as factor analysis, or emphasizes theory development, such as that of the psychodynamic theory. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal psychology or clinical psychology.", "Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.", "In North America, the discipline’s largest branch, cultural anthropology, applies the comparative method and evolutionary perspective to human culture. Culture represents the entire database of knowledge, values, and traditional ways of viewing the world, which have been transmitted from one generation ahead to the next—nongenetically, apart from DNA—through words, concepts, and symbols.", "Ethnicity is an important means by which people may identify with a larger group. Many social scientists, such as anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. ", "Cultural (or socio-cultural) anthropologists are interested in learning about the cultural aspects of human societies all over the world.  They usually focus their research on such things as the social and political organizations, marriage patterns and kinship systems, subsistence and economic patterns, and religious beliefs of different societies.  Most cultural anthropologists study contemporary societies rather than ancient ones.  Through the 19th and most of the 20th centuries, the peoples who primarily interested cultural anthropologists were those who lived in small-scale, isolated societies with cultures that were very different from those of Europeans and European Americans.  African, American Indian, and Pacific Island societies were often the subject of their research.  Today, they are equally likely to study subcultures of modern, large-scale societies such as Southeast Asian Hmong families now living in St. Paul, Minnesota, Mexican neighborhoods in Southern California, or conservative Old Order Amish communities in rural Pennsylvania.", "Prospective Study : An inquiry in which groups of individuals are selected in terms of whether they are or are not exposed to certain factors, and then followed over time to determine differences in the rate at which disease develops in relation to exposure to the factor. Also called cohort study ." ]

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[ "The Mothers of Invention were an American rock band from California that served as the backing musicians for Frank Zappa. Their work is marked by the use of sonic experimentation, innovative album art, and elaborate live shows.", "Frank Zappa & the Mothers of Invention - was an American rock and roll band active from 1964 to 1975. They mainly performed works by and were the original recording group of composer and guitarist Frank Zappa, although other members have an occasional writing credit. Initially, the group was named \"The Soul Giants\" and consisted of drummer Jimmy Carl Black, bass player Roy Estrada, saxophonist Davy Coronado, guitarist Ray Hunt, and vocalist Ray Collins. Some biographers report that Collins got into a fight with Hunt in 1964 (according to Collins: \"I never touched Hunt, I don't even remember shaking his hand.\"), after which Hunt quit the group and Frank Zappa took his place as guitarist - quickly becoming the leader of the group, which changed its name to \"The Mothers\" on Sunday, May 10, 1964 (that year's Mother's Day).", "Ray Collins started his musical career singing falsetto backup vocals for various doo-wop groups in the Los Angeles area in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including Little Julian Herrera and the Tigers. In 1964, Collins, drummer Jimmy Carl Black and bassist Roy Estrada joined with Frank Zappa to form The Soul Giants, which, under Zappa’s leadership, turned into the Mothers of Invention.", "Behind Zappa, the Mothers of Invention endured three dramatic shifts in their lineup during one decade of existence. At all times, Zappa, a famously stern workaholic, surrounded himself with a combination of top-flight musicians and first-rate weirdos. Among the most famous individuals to fall into the latter category was gruff-voiced singer Captain Beefheart, who would thereafter go on to record several deeply influential avant rock albums with his Magic Band.", "George next joined up with Frank Zappa's Mothers of Invention, though his tenure there was destined to be a short one; like so many others, Lowell left embittered by Zappa's dictatorial approach to making music and his condescending treatment of his bandmates.", "The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year. As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with the Mothers of Invention, moved to New York. Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals. Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a \"gook baby\". ", "Well, on the eve of their recording session Frank Zappa and The Mothers Of Invention were performing live in concert at the casino's theater. They were to perform a number of their popular songs including the epic \"The Nancy and Mary Music”, \"Sharleena”, \"Duke Of Prunes”, and \"Hungry Freaks Daddy\". Frank Zappa was strange to say the least. However, before they could really get into the meat of their performance a fire broke out during the concert. It was said to have been caused by a Swiss fan shooting a flare gun at the ceiling, as was stated in the \"some stupid with a flare gun\" line that ultimately destroyed the entire casino complex, along with all of Frank Zappa and The Mother's equipment.", "The Mothers of Invention moved to New York City in November 1966 for a booking at a Greenwich Village club called the Balloon Farm that began on Thanksgiving Day and ran through New Year's Day, 1967. After a two-week stint in Montreal, they returned to California, where Fielder left the group in February. In March, Zappa began recording his first solo album, Lumpy Gravy , having signed to Capitol Records under the impression that he was not signed as an individual to Verve, a position Verve would dispute. Later that month, the Mothers of Invention returned to New York City for another extended engagement at the Garrick Theater in Greenwich Village that ran during Easter week and was sufficiently successful that Herb Cohen booked the theater for the summer. That run began on May 24, 1967, and ran off and on through September 5. During this period, Ian Underwood joined the band, playing saxophone and piano. In August, the group began recording its third album, We're Only in It for the Money .", "* Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention – Freaks And Motherfu*#@%! ; recorded in 1970 (released 1991)", "Their follow-up album, A Woofer in Tweeter's Clothing, led to a tour of the United Kingdom, including a residency at the Marquee Club in London, which incidentally saw on one night Queen open for Sparks. These London appearances helped them to secure a significant cult following. An appearance on the BBC Television's The Old Grey Whistle Test led to wider interest where host Bob Harris compared the band to a cross between Frank Zappa's Mothers of Invention and the Monkees. ", "Chunga's Revenge was released (oddly, as a Zappa solo album) in October 1970, just as the Mothers prepared for a return to Europe. Close to a month of shows included gigs in Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Holland, Austria, France, and Belgium, by which time The Mothers Of Invention had taken on an entirely new complexion, as Zappa passed more and more of the performance over to Flo & Eddie, abandoning every reference to the maternal favorites of old as he did so.", "Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, the Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968). It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena. The cover photo parodied that of the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, its art provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa had met in New York. This initiated a lifelong collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums. ", "In the Mothers, Zappa had a band capable of veering effortlessly between greasy blues riffs, bubbly psychedelic hard rock, cartoonish prog, and tongue-in-cheek folk farce. Combining their forces in 1966, the Mothers of Invention released a series of critically acclaimed records that lampooned the musical and cultural conceits of the 1960s while simultaneously indulging in and expanding upon the decade’s sonic mores. On Freak Out! (1966), Absolutely Free (1967), and We’re Only In It For the Money (1968), Zappa demonstrated stunningly virtuosic skills as a guitarist and distinguished his records with a goofily stentorian voice that seemed always to be drenched in sarcasm.", "1968: Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention play a National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (the Grammy people) dinner. Zappa calls the shindig a “load of pompous hokum.” He tells the audience tells the audience, “All year long you people have manufactured this crap, now for one night you’re gonna have to listen to it!”.", "Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, the Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968). It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by the Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena. He sampled plundered surf music in We're only in It for the Money, as well as the Beatles' tape work from their song Tomorrow Never Knows. The cover photo parodied that of the Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The cover art was provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa met in New York. This initiated a lifelong collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums. ", "Frank Zappa and the Mothers Of Invention performed the song as part of their late '70s - early '80s live repertoire, giving it their own comic treatment. It was a favorite of the fans. (thanks, Dan - Milwaukee, WI)", "In September 1967, the Mothers of Invention toured Europe for the first time, playing in the U.K., Sweden, and Denmark. On October 1, Verve failed to exercise its option to extend the band's contract, although they still owed the label three more LPs. They finished recording We're Only in It for the Money in October, but its release was held up because of legal concerns about its proposed cover photograph, an elaborate parody of the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which was finally resolved by putting the picture on the inside of the fold-out LP sleeve. We're Only in It for the Money was released on March 4, 1968, and it reached the Top 30. Another legal dispute was resolved when Verve purchased the tapes of Lumpy Gravy from Capitol . Zappa then finished recording this orchestral work, and Verve released it under his name (and that of \"the Abnuceals Emuukha Electric Symphony Orchestra and Chorus\") on May 13, 1968; it spent five weeks in the charts.", "Just how inventive Zappa can be was tested on an unsuspecting public on two continents as this word picture was being drawn. Just how unpredictable Zappa can be will become clear when I report that the prime mover behind the Mothers of Invention has gone legit. Now don't get the wrong impression: His hair is just as long, just as unkempt; his mustache is just as droopingly evil, and its bottom half just as tentative; his thoughts are just as outrageous, and his disdain for convention just as intense.", "As a musician, Frank was prolific (more than 70 albums), experimental and sophisticated, and with his band, the Mothers of Invention, worked in genres as disparate as orchestral, rock, jazz, and satire. There were biting songs about hippies and hypocritical politicians, Valley Girl, sung with daughter Moon Unit, became the theme tune of the 1980s West Coast bimbo. He was highly politicised, fighting censorship and encouraging audiences to vote - before his death from prostate cancer in 1993, he even considered running for president. As a parent, he similarly challenged the status quo.", "he received a guest vocalist credit on the Mothers of Invention album 'Freak Out,' as did both Vito Paulekas and his sidekick, Carl Franzoni, to whom the song 'Hungry Freaks, Daddy' was dedicated (some sources claim that Bobby Beausoleil also provided guest vocals on Zappa's debut album, though his name does not appear in the album's credits).", "Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention – Peaches en Regalia An exuberant instrumental mix of not quite definable parts. The BBC programme, Juke Box Jury c1965, offered for the considered opinion of Katie Boyle and Pete Murray among other pundits, a single by the Mothers of Invention. It was voted a resounding miss. My friends and I whiled away precious GCE O level revision time playing pontoon for penny stakes, to the WWW.THEBATHMAG.CO.UK", "The Mothers of Invention’s third album is also one of their most accomplished and their most socially pointed. Taking aim at everything from the counterculture (Zappa hated hippies) and political figures to pop culture and ‘ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band ‘ (which the Mothers spoof on the inside cover), ‘We’re Only in It for the Money’ is a concept album made for and about an era in comical turmoil.", "the Freak dancers became so closely associated with the Mothers of Invention that 'they got dubbed as 'the Mothers Auxiliary'", "Mothersbaugh first came to prominence in the music world as lead singer and keyboard player of the progressive new wave/rock band DEVO, that released a series of highly eclectic and satirical albums, including “Are We Not Men?” and “Freedom of Choice.”", "The collective abilities allowed CSNY to straddle all the genres of popular music eminent at the time, from country rock to confessional ballads, from acoustic guitars and voice to electric guitar, and three-part harmony. With the Beatles break-up made public by April 1970, and with Bob Dylan in reclusive low-key activity since mid-1966, CSNY found itself as the adopted standard bearers for the Woodstock Nation, serving an importance in society as counterculture figureheads equaled at the time in rock and roll only by the Rolling Stones, the Who, or the ascending Led Zeppelin. Producer Peter Fonda wanted CSN to create the soundtrack for Easy Rider, but director Dennis Hopper nixed the idea.[67] Stills' offering, \"Find the Cost of Freedom\" (on the flip side of \"Ohio\"), was the only song known to be offered for the soundtrack.", "The Mamas and the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. They released five studio albums and seventeen singles, six of which made the top ten, and sold close to 40 million records worldwide. The group comprised John Phillips (1935â2001), Canadian Denny Doherty (1940â2007), Cass Elliot (1941â1974), and Michelle Phillips née Gilliam (b. 1944). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips , the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties.", "The Mamas & the Papas were an American folk rock vocal group that recorded and performed from 1965 to 1968, reuniting briefly in 1971. They released five studio albums and seventeen singles, six of which made the top ten, and sold close to 40 million records worldwide. The group was composed of John Phillips (1935–2001), Denny Doherty (1940–2007), Cass Elliot (1941–1974), and Michelle Phillips née Gilliam (b. 1944). Their sound was based on vocal harmonies arranged by John Phillips, the songwriter, musician, and leader of the group who adapted folk to the new beat style of the early sixties.", "The Byrds were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple line-up changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn (aka Jim McGuinn) remaining the sole consistent member, until the group disbanded in 1973.", "The Byrds were an American rock band, formed in Los Angeles, California in 1964. The band underwent multiple line-up changes throughout its existence, with frontman Roger McGuinn (aka Jim McGuinn) remaining the sole consistent member until the group disbanded in 1973.", "* Syd Barrett, a founder of Pink Floyd, was a fan. His song \"Matilda Mother\" was drawn directly from verses in Cautionary Tales, and was rewritten when Belloc's estate refused permission to record them. The Belloc version has been released on a 40th anniversary reissue of The Piper at the Gates of Dawn.", "Songs by rock artists about their mothers are relatively few and far between. Those that there are tend to go to one of two extremes. You’ll get the occasional gushing tribute, a la Bruce Sprin...", "Crosby,Still,Nash,& Young sang a song at Woodstock called \"4+20\" my buddies mom has the song on an old lp" ]

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[ "The common unit of force is the Newton (N). One Newton is the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second.", "Definition: The newton is the derived SI unit of force. One newton (1 N) is the force required to accelerate one kilogram (1 kg) of mass at the rate of one meter per second squared (1 m/s2).", "The newton is the SI unit of force. One newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second. It is named after the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).", "One newton is the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in direction of the applied force.", "In the meter-kilogram-second system, the unit of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram one meter per second per second, equal to 100,000 dynes.", "Unger also states that this motor is putting out 0.129 Newton/metres which is also a measure of power. The Newton is the absolute unit of force in the metre-kilogram-second system of physical units. It is defined as that force which, if applied to a free body having a mass of one kilogram, would give the body an acceleration of one metre per second per second.", "Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. A Newton is abbreviated by an \"N.\" To say \"10.0 N\" means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated:", "The SI derived unit of force per mole, defined as the force necessary to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of 1m s^-2 in relation to one mole.", "One newton is the force that produces an acceleration of 1m/s2 in a body of mass 1kg.", "Convert figures to their SI values. The International System of Units (SI) unit of mass is the kilogram, and the SI unit of acceleration is m/s2 (meters per second squared). So when mass and acceleration are expressed in their SI units, we get the force in its SI units which is N (Newtons)", "where m is the mass of the object kilograms and g is the gravitational acceleration near the earth's surface, which is about 10 m/sec2. The basic unit of force in the metric system is the newton, which is one kg*m/sec2. Both m and g are taken to be positive.", "the derived SI unit of force that imparts an acceleration of 1 metre per second to a mass of 1 kilogram; equivalent to 105 dynes or 7.233 poundals N", "The pound-force has a metric counterpart, less commonly used than the newton: the kilogram-force (kgf) (sometimes kilopond), is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass. The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. Other arcane units of force include the sthène, which is equivalent to 1000 N, and the kip, which is equivalent to 1000 lbf.", "114.    A force of 100 N accelerates a mass of 1 kg at the rate of 1 meter per second squared. The acceleration of a mass of 2 kg acted upon by a force of 2 N is", "been able to confirm the existence of a hypothesized fifth force, a very weak forcesupposed to counteract gravitation. In the Metric System forces are measured in suchunits as the dyne (cgs system) and the newton (mks system), which cause accelerationsof, respectively, 1 cm/sec2 on a 1-gram mass and 1 m/sec2 on a 1-kg mass. In EnglishUnits Of Measurement the pound (lb) is used. A 1-lb force equals 444,823 dynes; 1 dyneequals 10-5 newtons. Force = Mass X Acceleration", "When you multiply a kilogram (mass unit) times a meter per second squared (acceleration unit) you get a kilogram-meter per second squared.", "unit of force in the meter-kilogram-second system, or international system (SI), of units; equals that force which, if applied to an object having a mass of 1 kg, would give that object an acceleration of 1 m per second per second in a vacuum; symbol, N; named in honor of English physicist Sir Isaac Newton.", "Symbol: F . According to Newton's laws of motion , any physical agency that alters or attempts to alter a body's state of rest or of uniform motion. The force required to accelerate a body of mass m is given by ma , where a is the acceleration imparted. There are many kinds of forces, including the gravitational force. The SI unit of force is the newton. See also fundamental forces ; field .", "Of course, this formula is only useful if one knows the numerical values of F and m. The definition above is an implicit definition, arrived at as follows. One defines a reference system (one litre of water ) and a reference force (the gravitational force applied by the Earth on it at the altitude of Paris ). One takes Newton's second law for granted (one postulates that it is true) and measures the acceleration induced by the reference force on the reference system. This gives us a mass unit (1 kg) and a force unit (the older unit of 1 kilogram-force = 9.81 N). Once this is done, one can measure any force by the acceleration it induces on the reference system and measure the inertial mass of any system by measuring the acceleration induced on this system by the reference force.", "The kilogram-force is a unit of force that was used in various fields of science and technology. In 1901, the CGPM improved the definition of the kilogram-force, adopting a standard acceleration of gravity for the purpose, and making the kilogram-force equal to the force exerted by a mass of 1 kg when accelerated by 9.80665 m/s². The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, but is still used in applications such as:", "Force is measured in Newtons (N) and 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2. Force is a vector quantity. You have probably heard for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction. This has to do with forces. When you push on a wall, you exert a force on it. However, while you are pushing, the wall exerts a force equal in magnitude, but in the exact opposite direction on you.", "As the base unit of length in the SI and other m.k.s. systems (based around metres, kilograms and seconds) the metre is used to help derive other units of measurement such as the newton, for force.", "A unit of magnetic field intensity in the International System of Units equal to the magnitude of the magnetic field vector necessary to produce a force of one newton on a charge of one coulomb moving perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field vector with a velocity of one meter per second.", "And 1 m/s (one meter per second) is also a unit, because there is one of it.", "A force is any interaction that tends to change the motion of an object. In other words, a force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity. Force can also be described by intuitive concepts such as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newtons and represented by the symbol", "One dyne is the force which produces an acceleration of 1cm/s2 in a body of mass 1gram.", ", unit of force in the cgs system of units, which is based on the metric system; an acceleration of 1 centimeter per second per second is produced when a force of 1 dyne is exerted on a mass of 1 gram.", "A unit of force; that unbalanced force which, acting on a body of 1 pound mass, produces an acceleration of 1 foot per second squared. See pound , pound mass .", "There are also other unit systems like FPS system, CGS system, MKS system etc. Here, we will discuss the units of force in various systems of units. We know that force is the effect which changes the position of the object. It is mainly influenced with the mass and acceleration of the object. Let’s discuss about the measured unit of force.", "Q39: An object of mass 5 kg is moving with a velocity 4 m/s. A constant force of 20 N acts on the object. What will be the velocity after 3 s.", "The force which acting upon 1 gramme produces per sec. an acceleration of 1 cm. per sec.", "Force which, acting upon 1 gramme for a second, generates a velocity of 1 centimetre per second." ]

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[ "March 3, 1931, \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, was officially adopted as the national anthem of the United States by act of Congress.", "Francis Scott Key was inspired to write this beautiful poem during the battle of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812, it eventually became known as the Star-Spangled Banner and became the National Anthem of the United States.", "1931 – \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", originally a poem written by American author Francis Scott Key after watching the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812, officially became the national anthem of the United States.", "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "On September 14, 1814, while witnessing the British bombard Fort McHenry in an attempt to capture Baltimore during the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote the lyrics to “The Star-Spangled Banner.” In 1931, the United States adopted the song as its national anthem.", "1814 – Inspired by the majesty of the flag and its visual impact during the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key pens a tune he titles “The Star-Spangled Banner.”  The song’s patriotic message earns it national recognition.  It is officially adopted in 1931 as the national anthem.", "During the War of 1812, the British military attempted to capture Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. During this bombardment the song \"Star Spangled Banner\" was written by Francis Scott Key; it was later adopted as the national anthem.", "пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from пїЅDefense of Fort M'HenryпїЅ, a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "In 1814, during the British attempt to capture Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner.” During the Civil War, Maryland was a slave state but remained in the Union. Consequently, Marylanders fought on both sides and many families were divided.", "Francis Scott Key composes the lyrics to “The Star-Spangled Banner” after witnessing the massive British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Maryland during the War of 1812. Key, an American lawyer, watched the siege while under detainment on a British ship and penned the famous words after observing that the U.S. flag over Fort McHenry had survived the 1,800-bomb assault. After circulating as a handbill, the patriotic lyrics were published in a Baltimore newspaper on September 20. Set to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven,” an English drinking song written by the British composer John Stafford Smith, it soon became popular throughout the nation.", "At dawn, Key was able to see an American flag still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. Back in Baltimore and inspired, Key wrote a poem about his experience, \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", which was soon published in William Pechin's the American and Commercial Daily Advertiser on September21,1814. He took it to Thomas Carr, a music publisher, who adapted it to the rhythms of composer John Stafford Smith's \"To Anacreon in Heaven\", a popular tune Key had already used as a setting for his 1805 song \"When the Warrior Returns,\" celebrating U.S. heroes of the First Barbary War. (Key used the \"star spangled\" flag imagery in the earlier song.) It has become better known as \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Though somewhat difficult to sing, it became increasingly popular, competing with \"Hail, Columbia\" (1796) as the de facto national anthem by the Mexican–American War and American Civil War. More than a century after its first publication, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an Executive Order from President Woodrow Wilson in1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military bands to play what became known as the \"Service Version\") and then by a Congressional resolution in1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover. ", "This is a nickname for the United States flag. The original Star Spangled Banner flew over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore which was part of the War of 1812. Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about the battle and flag that was later turned into a song. The song eventually became the National Anthem of the United States.", "During the War of 1812, Fort McHenry, sentinel of Baltimore's harbor, was bombarded with advanced weapons, including rockets, and on September 13, 1814. Francis Scott Key was so inspired as he watched the attack, that he wrote the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" in praise of the successful defense of the fort.", "The U.S. National Anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner, was written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. Key was sent to the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812 to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes on September 13, 1814. Beanes was captured by the British during their raid on Washington D.C. Beanes, a local official in Upper Marlboro, Maryland, had arrested two drunken British soldiers. When one escaped, a small force came to release the second, and arrested Beanes. Key was enlisted by the residents of Upper Marlboro to retrieve Beanes, who, as a non-combatant, had no reason for military arrest.", "On September 14, 1814, U.S. soldiers at Baltimore’s Fort McHenry raised a huge American flag to celebrate a crucial victory over British forces during the War of 1812. The sight of those “broad stripes and bright stars” inspired Francis Scott Key to write a song that eventually became the United States national anthem. Key’s words gave new significance to a national symbol and started a tradition through which generations of Americans have invested the flag with their own meanings and memories.", "During the night of September 13-14, at the battle of Baltimore (War of 1812), 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet: Francis Scott Key watched the British bombardment of American forces at Fort McHenry. In the morning, as the smoke cleared, he saw the American flag still waving. He was inspired to poetry, and composed “The Defense of Fort McHenry” that was published in the “Patriot” on September 20th, 1814. The poem was later set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society (a men’s social club in London). “The Anacreontic Song” (or “To Anacreon in Heaven”), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. The new arrangement was especially appropriate to the patriotic fervor of the time and became widely popular. It later became known as “The Star Spangled Banner” and was adopted as the American National Anthem by an executive order of Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and later by Congressional resolution in 1931.", "Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, Washington, D.C. who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".", "1814: Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner when he saw the American flag still flying over Fort McHenry after it had been shelled by the British the day before. The poem was printed anonymously, with the title Defence of Fort McHenry, and was set to the tune of the English drinking song To Anacreon in Heaven. In 1931 the song became the US national anthem.", "1931 - The \"Star Spangled Banner,\" written by Francis Scott Key, was adopted as the American national anthem.", "September 14 — Francis Scott Key writes \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\" It officially becomes the national anthem in 1931.", "Francis Scott Key, (born August 1, 1779, Frederick county, Maryland, U.S.—died January 11, 1843, Baltimore), American lawyer, best known as the author of the U.S. national anthem , “The Star-Spangled Banner.”", "During the war the British attacked and burnt the capital building in Washington, D.C. in August of 1814. The next month the they attacked Baltimore. During the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key wrote \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" in honor of the men at Fort McHenry and the very big flag that flew over the Fort. The British failed to capture Ft. McHenry and were unsuccessful on their attack of Baltimore.", "September 14, 1814 — Francis Scott Key was today inspired to write the poem, “Defence of Fort M’Henry.” Those words  later become lyrics of “Star-Spangled Banner.”", "On the evening of this day in 1814, Francis Scott Key, a young lawyer who had come to negotiate the release of an American friend, was detained in Baltimore harbor on board a British vessel.   Throughout the night and into the early hours of the next morning, Key watched as the British bombarded nearby Fort McHenry with rockets, a new military technology.   As dawn broke, he was amazed to see the Stars and Stripes, though somewhat tattered, still flying above Fort McHenry.   This experience inspired him to write the lyrics of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", which he set to the tune of a popular drinking song, \"To Anacreon in Heaven\".   The song soon became the de facto national anthem of the United States of America and, in 1931, the official anthem.", "The battle is best remembered for inspiring Francis Scott Key to write The Star-Spangled Banner. Detained aboard the ship Minden, Key had gone to meet with the British to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes who had been arrested during the attack on Washington. Having overhead the British attack plans, Key was forced to remain with the fleet for the duration of the battle. Moved to write during the fort's heroic defense, he composed the words to an old drinking song entitled To Anacreon in Heaven. Initially published after the battle as the Defense of Fort McHenry , it eventually became known as the Star-Spangled Banner and was made the National Anthem of the United States.", "Key set his writing to the tune of a popular British song, \"The Anacreontic Song\"/\"To Anacreon In Heaven,\" written by John Stafford Smith. Key's brother-in-law, a Fort McHenry militia commander, distributed it under the title \" Defence of Fort M'Henry.\" The Baltimore Patriot newspaper printed the song, which circulated in publications across the country within weeks. Renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" it was officially used by the United States Navy in 1889 and by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916. \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" became the national anthem on March 3, 1931, under President Herbert Hoover.", "Francis Scott Key saw Fort McHenry withstand a furious British naval attack lasting throughout the night. He was inspired to write the poem \"Star Spangled Banner\" about the experience of seeing the U.S. flag still flying above the fort in the morning, and the poem was later set to the tune of an old English bar song.", "Francis Scott Key was aboard a British ship until the end of the bombardment of Fort McHenry. He agreed to stay aboard the ship as part of condition of release of Dr. William Beanes, and wrote the poem when he realized the next morning that the Americans had won the battle and their flag was still flying.", "When he saw by the dawns early light of September 14, 1814, that the American flag soared above the fort, Key knew that Fort McHenry had not surrendered.  Moved by the sight, he began to compose a poem on the back of a letter he was carrying. On September 16, Key and his companions were taken back to Baltimore and released.  Key took a room in the Indian Queen Hotel and spent the night revising and copying out the four verses he had written about Americas victory. The next day he showed the poem to his wifes brother-in-law, Judge Joseph Nicholson, who had commanded a volunteer company at Fort McHenry. Nicholson responded enthusiastically and urged Key to have the poem printed. First titled The Defence of Fort McHenry, the published broadside included instructions that it be sung to the 18th-century British melody Anacreon in Heaven a tune Key had in mind when he penned his poem.  Copies of the song were distributed to every man at the fort and around Baltimore. The first documented public performance of the words and music together took place at the Holliday Street Theatre in Baltimore on October 19, 1814.  A music store subsequently published the words and music under the title The Star-Spangled Banner.", "Sep 20 \"Star Spangled Banner\" published as a song, lyrics by Francis Scott Key, tune by John Stafford Smith", "Francis Scott Keys original manuscript copy of his Star-Spangled Banner poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.", "Defence Of Fort Mchenry (Stars And Stripes Forever) Poem by Francis Scott Key - Poem Hunter" ]

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[ "20 August 1975: The Viking 1 space probe was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a Titan IIIE/Centaur rocket. For the next ten months it traveled to Mars, the fourth planet of the Solar System. Once there, it was placed in orbit and began sending telemetry data back to Earth. A Viking Lander descended to the planet’s surface, landing at Chryse Planitia.", "Viking 1 and 2 spacecraft included orbiters (designed after the Mariner 8 and 9 orbiters) and landers. The orbiter weighed 883 kg and the lander 572 kg. Viking 1 was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, on August 20, 1975, the trip to Mars and went into orbit about the planet on June 19, 1976. The lander touched down on July 20, 1976 on the western slopes of Chryse Planitia (Golden Plains). Viking 2 was launched for Mars on November 9, 1975, and landed on September 3, 1976. Both landers had experiments to search for Martian micro-organisms. The results of these experiments are still being debated. The landers provided detailed color panoramic views of the Martian terrain. They also monitored the Martian weather. The orbiters mapped the planet's surface, acquiring over 52,000 images. The Viking project's primary mission ended on November 15, 1976, eleven days before Mars' superior conjunction (its passage behind the Sun), although the Viking spacecraft continued to operate for six years after first reaching Mars. The Viking 1 orbiter was deactivated on August 7, 1980, when it ran out of altitude-control propellant. Viking 1 lander was accidentally shut down on November 13, 1982, and communication was never regained. Its last transmission reached Earth on November 11, 1982. Controllers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory tried unsuccessfully for another six and one half months to regain contact with the lander, but finally closed down the overall mission on 21 May 1983.", "The Viking 1 spacecraft launched on 20 August 1975 and entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976. After selecting a landing site, the lander was released on 20 July 1976. The probe successfully landed at Chryse Planitia", "This is the proof test article of the Viking Mars Lander. For exploration of Mars, Viking represented the culmination of a series of exploratory missions that had begun in 1964 with Mariner 4 and continued with Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 flybys in 1969 and a Mariner 9 orbital mission in 1971 and 1972. The Viking mission used two identical spacecraft, each consisting of a lander and an orbiter. Launched on August 20, 1975 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Viking 1 spent nearly a year cruising to Mars, placed an orbiter in operation around the planet, and landed on July, 20 1976 on the Chryse Planitia (Golden Plains). Viking 2 was launched on September 9, 1975 and landed on September 3, 1976. The Viking project's primary mission ended on November 15, 1976, 11 days before Mars's superior conjunction (its passage behind the sun), although the Viking spacecraft continued to operate for six years after first reaching Mars. The last transmission from the planet reached Earth on November 11, 1982.", "Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975 and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The first month of orbit was devoted to imaging the surface to find appropriate landing sites for the Viking Landers. On July 20, 1976 the Viking 1 Lander separated from the Orbiter and touched down at Chryse Planitia (22.48� N, 49.97� W planetographic, 1.5 km below the datum (6.1 mbar) elevation).", "Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975, and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The first month of its orbit was devoted to imaging the surface to find appropriate landing sites. On July 20, 1976, the Viking 1 lander separated from the orbiter, touched down on the Chryse Planitia region of Mars, and sent back the first close-up photographs of the rust-colored Martian surface.", "By 1975, NASA launched Viking 1 and 2 to Mars, which consisted of two orbiters and two landers. The primary scientific objectives of the lander mission were to search for biosignatures and observe the meteorologic, seismic and magnetic properties of Mars. The results of the biological experiments on board the Viking landers were inconclusive, but a reanalysis of the Viking data published in 2012 suggested signs of microbial life on Mars.", "Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft (along with Viking 2) sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. On July 20, 1976, it became the first spacecraft to land successfully on Mars and perform its mission. Viking 1 held the record for the longest Mars surface mission of days or sols until that record was broken by Opportunity on May 19, 2010. ", "The Viking program consisted of a pair of American space probes sent to Mars, Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was composed of two main parts: an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and a lander designed to study the planet from the surface. The orbiters also served as communication relays for the landers once they touched down.", "Following launch using a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle on August 20, 1975 and a 10-month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about 5 days before orbit insertion. The Viking 1 Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on June 19, 1976 and trimmed to a 1513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on June 21. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found. The lander separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UTC and landed at 11:53:06 UTC. It was the first attempt by the United States at landing on Mars.", "Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program.", "On June 19, 1976, the spacecraft entered into orbit around Mars and devoted the next month to imaging the Martian surface with the purpose of finding an appropriate landing site for its lander. On July 20--the seventh anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing--the Viking 1 lander separated from the orbiter and touched down on the Chryse Planitia region, becoming the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars. The same day, the craft sent back the first close-up photographs of the rust-colored Martian surface.", "9. NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars. US Apollo and Soviet Soyuz 9 spacecraft link up in space and Russian cosmonauts and American astronauts shake hands. Read a book set in space, a book with a space pirate OR a book with \"space\" or \"craft\" in the title.", "1975 - Trivia / Space Exploration - Soviet Union launched Venera 9 and 10 to orbit Venus; Venera-9 lander reached the surface October 22 and transmitted the first pictures from another planet's surface - NASA Apollo docked with Soviet Soyuz in joint ASTP mission - NASA launched 7500-lb Vikings 1 and 2 to visit Mars in July 1976 with 2293-lb landers to make first analysis of Martian soil.\" [Link: 1 ] ", "File:Mars Viking 11h016.png|Viking 1, the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars, takes this picture of the landing site in in Chryse Planitia (1978)", "1976 : Scientists in Pasadena, Calif., Announced that the Viking I spacecraft had found the strongest indications to date of possible life on Mars.", "** July 20 - the Viking 1 lander, an unmanned U.S. planetary probe, becomes the first spacecraft to successfully land on the surface of Mars.", "July 20, 1976: The U.S. Viking 1 lands on Mars, becoming the first successful Mars lander.", "Model of the Viking 1 lander on Mars. Viking 1 landed in Chryse Planitia on July 20, 1976.", " The orbiter primary mission ended at the beginning of solar conjunction on November 5, 1976. The extended mission commenced on December 14, 1976, after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to Phobos in February 1977. The periapsis was reduced to 300 km on March 11, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate — the rate at which the areocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on July 20, 1979. On August 7, 1980, Viking 1 Orbiter was running low on attitude control gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33943 km to 320 × 56000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980, after 1485 orbits.", "The Viking 1 Lander was named the Thomas Mutch Memorial Station in January 1982 in honor of the leader of the Viking imaging team. The lander operated for 2245 sols (about 2306 Earth days or 6 years) until November 11, 1982, (sol ), when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact. The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful. In 2006 the Viking 1 lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. ", "No American probes were launched to Mars in the 1980s, and the Viking probes, launched there in 1975, completed their operations by 1982. The Soviets launched two Mars probes in 1988, but they failed ignominiously.", "1975 - Mars Launch / Viking 2 - September 9th, 1975: \"Mars Viking 2 launch.\" [Link: 1 ]", "In 1975, the Viking probes were launched. They were among the first planetary landers, note The Russians managed a Mars landing earlier, but contact was lost shortly after touchdown and highly successful. These landers were equipped with experiments designed to test for life, but they were largely inconclusive; still, the view they showed of the Martian landscape was the nail in the coffin of the \"little green men\" vision that existed prior. The landers had matching orbiters as well, which provided valuable data of their own, right up to the end of the decade.", "Mariner 10, launched 3 November 1973, flew past Venus in February 1974 to a March 1974 encounter with Mercury, for the first exploration of that planet. The spacecraft's trajectory around the sun swung it back for a second encounter with Mercury in September 1974 and would return it for a third in March 1975. Venus data gave clues to the planet's weather system, suggested the planet's origin differed from the earth's, and confirmed the presence of hydrogen in its atmosphere. Mercury data revealed a strong magnetic field, a tenuous atmosphere rich in helium, a cratered crust, and possibly an iron-rich core; it brought new insight into the formation of the terrestrial planets.", "American space probe Mariner 9 is launched May 30, 1971. Six months later it arrives at the planet Mars and becomes the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Over the next year, it maps 100 percent of the Martian surface.", "The Viking program consisted of two spacecraft, each with an orbiter and a lander component. Each spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral on a Titan IIIE Centaur rocket (right).", "Here’s a comparison view of the region taken by NASA’s Viking 1 orbiter in the 1970s.", "Here's a comparison view of the region taken by NASA's Viking 1 orbiter in the 1970s.", "Apollo 7 , launched on October 11, 1968, was the first manned mission in the Apollo program. It was an eleven-day Earth-orbital mission intended to test the redesigned command module. It was the first manned launch of the Saturn IB launch vehicle, and the first three-man American space mission.", "Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968, was the first manned mission in the Apollo program. It was an eleven-day Earth-orbital mission intended to test the redesigned command module. It was the first manned launch of the Saturn IB launch vehicle, and the first three-man American space mission.", "Apollo 7, the first manned mission in the United States Apollo space program, launched from what was then known as Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, in Florida, on October 11, 1968." ]

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[ "Earl Silas Tupper (July 28, 1907 – October 5, 1983) was an American-born businessman and inventor, best known as the inventor of Tupperware, an airtight plastic container for storing food.", "After leaving the family farm, he had several jobs and even started a tree service business, which eventually went bankrupt. In 1937, Earl Tupper, who invented Tupperware, started to work for DuPont in plastics. He worked there for only one year.", "Tupper worked for a year with the plastics manufacturing division of DuPont and then left to form his own company in 1938. His new company did contract work for DuPont and Tupper's big invention came when DuPont and Earl S. Tupper Company began to concentrate on peacetime, everyday use, plastic products. Tupper developed a process to make clean, clear, translucent plastic from polyethylene slag. Out of this new process, he invented an airtight lid for plastic bowls.", "Mr Tupper was born in Berlin, New Hampshire , USA in 1907 . He Studied at Bryant Universities (then Bryant & Stratton). Then he started a landscaping and nursery business which was not successful and Business got bankrupt. He then join a chemical company named DuPont where he invented this wonderful thing called Tupperware Using black, inflexible pieces of polyethylene slag , a waste product of oil refining process. he died in 1983.", "During World War II, in a desire to help the war effort, Mr Earl Tupper persuaded DuPont chemical to sell him the only item remaining for personal use - polythene slag. From this heap of waste, he used his skills as a chemist to mould ugly, brittle, smelly plastic into something practical and useful. Being lighter than glass or crockery and less likely to break, he soon branched out into the consumer market. His unique feat helped launch the plastics revolution that followed. Discovering his own 'seal' he produced a container that could sit at any angle in the fridge and not release the contents.", "Earl Tupper was from a poor family. He grew up in several farms, his father worked as an ambition less tinkerer and somehow supported the family. He however, had a drive to succeed and hated his father's lack of direction. Barely graduating from high school, he took a few correspondence courses, one among them being advertising. He felt that this was his shot at success but his parents wouldn't support his ideas. Hence, although disgusted, he started working part time here and there but never gave up on his dreams. He earned a job at a reputed plastic manufacturing company and after World War II, Tupper received a block of polyethylene from DuPont, which was hoping plastics manufacturers would invent peacetime uses for this new material the company had developed during the war. Tupper tinkered with his molding machines for months. DuPont had added fillers to the polyethylene to firm it up and it was difficult to mold. Tupper asked DuPont for some pure polyethylene pellets instead. They were skeptical, but after much trial and error, Tupper produced the first of his Tupperware bowls.The \"Wonderbowl\"Tupper started marketing his products as giveaways with cigarettes, thus finally showcasing his advertising skills. Eventually they made it into department stores. He even opened a showroom on Fifth Avenue in New York. His Tupperware \"wonderbowl\" -- with its patented burping seal -- won design prizes. He advertised widely. But he wasn't doing very well financially.", "After inventing his plastic containers in 1939, he came up with an ingenious solution for a lid, modeled after an upside down lid used for paint containers. Until Earl Tupper, who invented Tupperware, came along, most people stored their food items in wood, metal, or glass containers. In 1946, Tupper first introduced Tupperware, which originally came in clear and pastel colors, and were distributed in department stores.", "Tupperware  brand products made their debut in 1946. Earl Silas Tupper, an  imaginative chemist, worked with industrial plastics. He saw the  potential of some materials to become perfect kitchen solutions for  modern homes and soon he invented bowls equipped with airtight seals  which were modern in shape  and also kept food fresh for longer.", "Earl discovered a Florida housewife by the name of Brownie Wise, who was selling Tupperware products to her friends and neighbors by having parties in her home. He hired her as his vice president and general manager and she became a pioneer in direct market sales. By 1951 she had a team of 200 ladies selling Tupperware which grew to 9,000 by 1954. Tupperware had become an urban phenomenon and sales continued to grow with the new mobility enjoyed by the modern housewife.", "Tupper founded the Tupperware Plastics Company in 1938, and in 1946, the company introduced Tupper Plastics to hardware and department stores. Around 1948, he joined forces with Brownie Wise, who caught his attention after she made a lengthy phone call to his office in South Grafton, Massachusetts, during which she explained her extraordinary success selling Tupperware via home parties.", "E.I. du Pont, like his grandson, had also worked hard to improve explosives production through innovative machinery and methods and both men's efforts exemplified the 19th century pattern of individual initiative. But in the 20th century DuPont carried its research efforts much further, inventing and improving new products and furthering basic scientific knowledge in the process.", "The company entered the 1980s with nearly a 30% market share and quickly hit the 50 million-barrel milestone. The biggest product success story of the decade was the national introduction of Budweiser Light in 1982 with the \"Bring Out Your Best\" campaign. In 1984, to counteract any confusion with Miller Lite, the name was shortened to Bud Light and a humorous campaign, \"Gimme a Light,\" featuring bizarre light sources, reminded customers to ask for the product by name. Other efforts featured a bull terrier named Spuds McKenzie, the original party animal, who later became a spokesdog for moderation in alcohol consumption.", "Today, consumers throughout the world invariably associate the red DuPont oval with leadership in innovative science-based materials. This recognition exists because DuPont manufactures quality products and protects their integrity through branding, the process of creating and disseminating a name that can be distinguished from other products and develop customer loyalty and trademarking, which protects brand names from unauthorized and unscrupulous use. Over the years, branding and trademarking products have increased in importance as a result of DuPont’s continued diversification and a steady increase in market competition.", "By 1949, Wise dispensed with other products in the Stanley line and es-tablished \"Poly-T parties.\" Many of her dealers grossed $100 a gathering and Wise distributed $1,500 of Tupperware a week (worth almost $14,000 today). Within a decade, Wise and her army of Tupperware ladies would move tens of millions of dollars' worth of merchandise every year via the Tupperware home party, the greatest viral network of its day. It worked like this: a new dealer relied on her social network of sympathetic friends, neighbors, and relatives to schedule a gathering. The party hostess invited women from her social circle to attend—a form of word-of-mouth virality. Meanwhile, the dealer hit up other friends to host parties, with each hostess tapping her particular social network, and the pool of buyers grew with each additional social circle. What's more, the dealer identified hostesses with the right attributes to join in selling Tupperware.", "The first commercial vacuum cleaner was so large it was mounted on a wagon. People threw parties in their homes so guests could watch the new device do its job.", "By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by three separate businesses — were on the market. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887 and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1888.[[|[13]]] The same year, Pemberton sold the rights a second time to four more businessmen: J.C. Mayfield , A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy and E.H. Bloodworth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's son Charley Pemberton began selling his own version of the product.[[|[14]]]", "Narrator: Tupperware projected its sales would reach a hundred million dollars. Several bigger businesses approached Earl wanting to buy the company, which he owned outright. He considered cashing out.", "During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle. Initially priced at 10 cents, sales were slow, but when the price was slashed to five cents, sales increased substantially. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the jingle \"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you,\" arranged in such a way that the jingle never ends. Pepsi encouraged price-watching consumers to switch, obliquely referring to the Coca-Cola standard of six ounces per bottle for the price of five cents (a nickel), instead of the 12 ounces Pepsi sold at the same price.[8] Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. In 1937 500,000,000 bottles of Pepsi were consumed. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.[9]", "One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design, but, while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years, he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919. Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod, but to a Victorian hooped dress. ", "Even though Coca-Cola's images of America were appealing and profitable during the depression, by the mid- thirties an earnest competitor emerged on the market with surprising success: Pepsi. Offering twelve ounces of cola instead of six for the same nickel price, the Pepsi-Cola company made steady gains with consumers. Families who had to watch their spending began to drink Pepsi. From 1934 to 1937 Pepsi netted over $9.5 million. In 1938 they doubled their 1936 profits at $4 million. Wallace Mack, the leader and force behind the Pepsi-Cola company, forged ahead into the newest medium of advertisement, the radio. Pepsi created the first advertising jingle for the radio which with twenty-eight million families listening to radio by 1939 made a substantial difference in their sales.", "Mr. Busch also left his mark on the marketing for the company, renamed Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association in 1879. In the late 1800s, he developed a four-point plan to market Budweiser nationally: massive distribution of saloon point-of-sale materials; a large cadre of traveling salesmen; an extensive inventory of giveaway items; and widespread use of print ads and outdoor—including the first electric signs in New York's Times Square. He also pioneered the first multiyear, single-element coordinated campaign with the introduction of \"Budweiser Girl\" prints and tin signs, an effort that continued for 30 years.", "Dr Pepper is a carbonated soft drink marketed as having a unique flavor. The drink was created in the 1880s by Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas and first served around 1885. Dr Pepper was first nationally marketed in the United States in 1904, and is now also sold in Europe, Asia, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand (as an imported drink), South Africa (also as an imported drink), and South America. Variants include a version without high fructose corn syrup, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of additional flavors, first introduced in the 2000s.", "His image appeared on a wide variety of products including: 1950 popcorn trading cards given at theaters, 1951 Camel cigarettes, 1956 playing cards, Whitman's Chocolates and - posthumously - Coors beer. The money collected on the Coors beer cans with his image went to the John Wayne Cancer Institute. One of the most unusual was as a puppet on H.R. Pufnstuf (1969), who also put out a 1970 lunch box with his image among the other puppet characters.", "In 1939, American Julian S. Kahn received a patent for a disposable spray can, but the product remained largely undeveloped. Kahn's idea was to mix cream and a propellant from two sources to make whipped cream at home — not a true aerosol in that sense. Moreover, in 1949, he disclaimed his first four claims, which were the foundation of his following patent claims. It was not until 1941 that the aerosol spray can was first put to good use by Americans Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan, who are credited as the inventors of the modern spray can. Their design of a refillable spray can dubbed the \"bug bomb\", is the ancestor of many popular commercial spray products. Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can enabled soldiers to defend against malaria-carrying mosquitoes by spraying inside tents and airplanes in the Pacific during World War II. Goodhue and Sullivan received the first Erik Rotheim Gold Medal from the Federation of European Aerosol Associations on August 28, 1970 in Oslo, Norway in recognition of their early patents and subsequent pioneering work with aerosols. In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosols. Two of the three companies, Chase Products Company and Claire Manufacturing, still manufacture aerosols to this day. The \"crimp-on valve\", used to control the spray in low-pressure aerosols was developed in 1949 by Bronx machine shop proprietor Robert H. Abplanalp. ", "1898 - Russian immigrant Conrad Hubert founded American Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company (AENMC) to market battery powered novelties; 1902 - first Ever Ready trademark appears on end caps of flashlights; 1905 - AENMC changed its name to American Ever Ready, focused on dependability of its flashlight products; sold half-interest to National Carbon Company for $200,000 (founded 1886 by W. H. Lawrence, former Brush Electric Company executive; 1896 - marketed first battery for consumer use, \"The Columbia,\" six inches tall, used to power home telephones); 1906 - product name changed from Ever Ready to Eveready�; 1914 - became part of National Carbon Company, formed only manufacturer specializing in both batteries and lighting products; 1917 - National Carbon Company merged with Union Carbide Company; 1956 - Eveready Battery Company introduced first 9-volt battery; 1958 - introduced first batteries for use in transistor radios and rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries; 1959 - first standard alkaline battery; 1960 -first silver oxide button cell for use in miniature hearing aids and watches; 1963 - developed lithium battery technology; 1986 - Ralston Purina, Co. (St. Louis, M) acquired Eveready Battery Company, holding company of Energizer brand batteries and flashlights; April 2000 - Energizer spun off from the Ralston Purina, Co.; world's largest manufacturer of batteries and flashlights, dedicated to predicting and meeting needs of the consumer.", "John Thurman started a horse drawn (door to door service) vacuum system in St. Louis, similiar to Booth's. His vacuuming services were priced at $4 per visit in 1903. He invented his gasoline powered vacuum cleaner, in 1899 and some historians consider it the first motorized vacuum cleaner. Thurman's machine was patented on October 3, 1899.", "Walter Mack was appointed company chairman in 1950, and a former Coca-Cola vice president of sales, Alfred N. Steele, took over as president and chief executive officer; he brought 15 other Coke executives with him. Steele continued the policy of management decentralization by giving broader powers to regional vice presidents, and he placed Herbert Barnet in charge of Pepsi’s financial operations. However, Steele’s outstanding contribution was in marketing. He launched an extensive advertising campaign with the slogan “Be sociable, have a Pepsi.” The new television medium provided a perfect forum; Pepsi advertisements presented young Americans drinking “the Light refreshment” and having fun.", "The product has been extensively advertised since its launch in the U.S. It was originally marketed by Mikey Wiseman, a company scientist of Dr. Miles Medicine Company, who also helped direct its development. Print advertising was used immediately, and in 1932 the radio show Alka-Seltzer Comedy Star of Hollywood began, with National Barn Dance following in 1933, along with many more. The radio sponsorships continued into the 1950s, ending with the Alka-Seltzer Time show.", "What was the magic phrase to open the cartoon vault on the original Mickey Mouse Club TV show? Which of these was the catchphrase (also the title of the autobiography) of Jack Paar, former host of The Tonight Show? The first widely-available diet soft drink was introduced in 1958. Which one of these was it? Can you match the store names with the initials?", "Both father and son were innovative businessmen in finding ways to attract customers to their drugstore: \"to supplement their business, the Humphreys had become manufacturers of patent medicines for both hogs and humans. A sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphrey's that became known as the farmer's drugstore.\" One biographer noted that \"while Hubert Jr. minded the store and stirred the concoctions in the basement, Hubert Sr. went on the road selling \"Humphrey's BTV\" (Body Tone Veterinary), a mineral supplement and dewormer for hogs, and \"Humphrey's Chest Oil\" and \"Humphrey's Sniffles\" for two-legged sufferers.\" Humphrey himself later wrote that \"we made \"Humphrey's Sniffles\", a substitute for Vick's Nose Drops. I felt ours were better. Vick's used mineral oil, which is not absorbent, and we used a vegetable-oil base, which was. I added benzocaine, a local anesthetic, so that even if the sniffles didn't get better, you felt it less.\" The various \"Humphrey cures worked well enough and constituted an important part of the family income the farmers that bought the medicines were good customers.\" Over time \"Humphrey's Drug Store\" became a profitable enterprise and the family again prospered. Read Less", "Edison celebrates his 82nd birthday with President Herbert Hoover , Henry Ford , and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida , February 11, 1929.", "Edison celebrates his 82nd birthday with President Herbert Hoover, Henry Ford, and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929." ]

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[ "The GEICO Cavemen are trademarked characters of the auto insurance company GEICO, used in a series of television advertisements that aired beginning in 2004. The campaign was created by Joe Lawson of The Martin Agency. In 2004, GEICO began an advertising campaign featuring Neanderthal-like cavemen in a modern setting. The premise of the commercials is that GEICO advertises that using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\"; and that this slogan offends several cavemen, who not only still exist in modern society but live as intelligent, urbane bachelors. ", "The idea that Neanderthal Man was not as dumb as we thought is what makes the commercials for Geico, an auto insurance company, so funny. In case you haven't seen them, they feature laptop-using Neanderthals complaining about the slogan for the company's website: \"It's so easy, a caveman could do it!\"", "The advertisements in which cavemen deliver the pitch about GEICO have been well received by the viewing audience. These ads were also developed by the Martin Agency and center on Neanderthal cavemen portrayed as ordinary people, aside from the characteristic facial features. The tagline for these ads is that purchasing insurance from GEICO is \"so easy, a caveman can do it\". In the world of these ads, cavemen are alive and well in the modern world and do not behave in the typical caveman fashion. The main characters are wealthy, well educated and enjoy dining out at gourmet restaurants, partying with their friends and making the occasional visit to their therapist. The humor of these ads is that the cavemen appear so normal and resent the stereotype they have been given and therefore try to defend themselves against the idea of the typical caveman or cavewoman.", "* The GEICO Cavemen (from ads claiming using their website is \"so easy, a caveman could do it\").", "One fictional series with the tagline \"So easy a caveman could do it,\" with the real series following the cavemen offended by it. They somehow got their own sitcom, though it was quickly cancelled. Notably, the caveman has been in GEICO commercials for years, but without re-telling the original joke or using the slogan. Unless one were familiar with the original ad, they'd have no idea why a hairy guy keeps getting offended at the mere mention of GEICO.", "Commercial actors are appearing in these ads that have proved to be very successful. In fact, the ads have been so successful that there is now a series of interactive websites, written and produced by the creative writers of GEICO's in-house team called the Caveman's Crib. In October 2007, a spin off series called Caveman debuted on ABC television.", "The caveman commercials were created through the Richmond, Va.-based Martin Agency. Jeff Daniel Phillips and Ben Weber play the cavemen in the Geico spots; no word if they'll make the transformation to the TV project.", "Throughout most of the company's history, Staples employed, in its American commercials and advertising promotions, the slogan \"Yeah, we've got that.\", signifying their wide selection of products. This slogan was retired in 2003, to be replaced with \"That was easy.\" Expanding on that theme, 2005 ads featured a large red push-button marked \"easy\". In the UK, Staples had used the slogan \"You want it. We've got it\"; they have now changed it to \"That was Easy\".", "6. “That was Easy.” It would be nice if real life worked like the Staples ads: when you’re overwhelmed with work, chores, or life in general, all you have to do is push a button and some inventive and humorous solution magically appears to whisk your troubles away. Leslie Sims, a senior VP at advertising agency McCann Erickson, thought the same thing. Staples’ Easy button and “That was easy” line was... well, it wasn’t easy. It took a long time to come up with a concept that could quickly and handily show the abstract idea of “easy.”", "Berra has frequently appeared in advertisements for Yoo-hoo , AFLAC , Entenmann's , and Stove Top stuffing , among others, frequently demonstrating his famous \" yogiisms .\" He is among the longest running commercial pitchmen in the U.S.; his television commercials span the early 1950s to the present day. Based on his style of speaking, Yogi was named \"Wisest Fool of the Past 50 Years\" by The Economist magazine in January 2005. [15]", "Gates appeared in a series of ads to promote Microsoft in 2008. The first commercial, co-starring Jerry Seinfeld, is a 90-second talk between strangers as Seinfeld walks up on a discount shoe store (Shoe Circus) in a mall and notices Gates buying shoes inside. The salesman is trying to sell Mr. Gates shoes that are a size too big. As Gates is buying the shoes, he holds up his discount card, which uses a slightly altered version of his own mugshot of his arrest in New Mexico in 1977, for a traffic violation. As they are walking out of the mall, Seinfeld asks Gates if he has melded his mind to other developers, after getting a \"Yes\", he then asks if they are working on a way to make computers edible, again getting a \"Yes\". Some say that this is an homage to Seinfeld's own show about \"nothing\" (Seinfeld). In a second commercial in the series, Gates and Seinfeld are at the home of an average family trying to fit in with normal people. ", "# All three cavemen are at a high-rise-apartment party. On the balcony, two of them discuss one caveman's decision to purchase GEICO's insurance because of its low price. The second caveman doesn't entirely fault him, but states that \"a little loyalty would be nice\" in their opposition to the company. During their discussion, the third caveman interrupts from inside, exclaiming excitedly \"Tina's here; we're getting back together!\" The first caveman quickly snaps at him, exclaiming, \"Hey! Give us a minute!\"", "* For an advertising campaign, Taco Bell dressed up a chihuahua like Che Guevara and had him state: \"Yo quiero Taco Bell!\", Spanish for: \"I love Taco Bell!\" When asked about the allusion to Che, Taco Bell's advertising director, Chuck Bennett, stated: \"We wanted a heroic leader to make it a massive taco revolution.\"", "Advertising played a key role at KFC after it was sold by Sanders, and the company began to advertise on US television with a budget of US$4 million in 1966. In order to fund nationwide advertising campaigns, the Kentucky Fried Chicken Advertising Co-Op was established, giving franchisees ten votes and the company three when deciding on budgets and campaigns. In 1969, KFC hired its first national advertising agency, Leo Burnett. A notable Burnett campaign in 1972 was the \"Get a bucket of chicken, have a barrel of fun\" jingle, performed by Barry Manilow. By 1976 KFC was one of the largest advertisers in the US. ", "# As a fake, caveman-insensitive commercial is being filmed, the boom operator turns out to be a Neanderthal caveman who stops the filming and yells \"Not cool!\"", "In 1996 the M&M character campaign was voted the number one ad campaign of the year by USA TODAY. That same year, the popularity of the Spokescandies surpassed both Bart Simpson and Mickey Mouse.", "Let me continue. In 1988, while the former host of \"Death Valley Days\" was sitting in the Oval Office, the rights to market 20-mule team of Boraxo were acquired. Next came the first microwave cup meals. A year later, Liquid Dial is introduced. It rings up a million in sales in the first 10 weeks on the market. The deal with WalMart took another decade to pull together. In the meantime, the company split and spun off some products and acquired new ones.", "In 1868, a 21-year-old U.S. Marine Corps veteran, James Walter Thompson, from Pittsfield, Massachusetts, was hired by a small agency, Carlton & Smith, to sell advertising space in religious magazines. In little time, Thompson became a very successful salesperson, so much so that in less than a decade he had amassed a good deal of money, and in 1878 he purchased the company Carlton & Smith. 1 Thompson immediately renamed the company the J. Walter Thompson Company, a namesake it kept until 2005, when media conglomerate WPP Group, which now owns the company, changed its name to JWT in an attempt to remake the company's brand. Thompson's purchase of Carlton & Smith marks a watershed moment in advertising history as the beginning of the modern advertising agency.", "From a 1970s ad for Calgon water softener: \"How do you get shirts so clean, Mr. Lee? \" \" Ancient Chinese secret! \" (Cue the questioner discovering his Calgon bottle: \"Ancient Chinese secret, huh?\")", "In June, the No. 1 least fast-forwarded campaign was for the home gym brand Bowflex. Viewers looked at the good-looking people on those machines and said, “Maybe I can have a body like that.” A sculpted abdomen is one heck of a rationale for a machine like that. Other winners were for CORT furniture company, Dominican Republic tourism and Hooters Restaurant. Several even throw 1-800 numbers at the end of the commercial.", "Some slogans become associated not only with a brand, but with a mascot. The phrase \"They’re G-r-r-r-eat!\" is identified not only with Kellogg's Frosted Flakes, but with the character Tony the Tiger. Kellogg's has used this phrase continuously since the 1950s, making it one of the longest running slogans in television history.", "On March 2, 2007, Variety reported that a sitcom based on the cavemen characters, simply titled Cavemen, was being developed for ABC. The magazine reported, \"'Cavemen' will revolve around three pre-historic men who must battle prejudice as they attempt to live as normal thirtysomethings in modern Atlanta.\" ABC announced this series for their fall schedule in May 2007. Originally it featured none of the Cavemen from the commercials, but Jeff Daniel Phillips later agreed to join the cast. It premiered on October 2, 2007. In the face of sagging ratings, it was quietly cancelled, automatically being the shortest lived ABC sitcom of the season. In February 2008, a new series of Caveman commercials featured two of the characters spoofing the premise of the show.", "The brand was developed in 1960 by the Albion Group. In the late 1980s the business was acquired by Smith and Nephew. In June 2000, Smith and Nephew divested its consumer products division; a management buyout, led by CEO Geoff Percy and Finance Director Peter Hatherly, for £140m resulted in the formation of Accantia, owner of the Simple brand. ", "Rock and Gravel Slag (voiced by Daws Butler and Don Messick) are Cavemen driving a wheeled boulder. The Slag Brothers sometimes reconstruct their car from scratch just by using their clubs on any large boulder that is available. The Slag Brothers can summon up a Pteranodon to help them. They accelerate by hitting the car (or at times, each other) with their clubs. Often they directly attack other drivers with their clubs and various rock attacks.", "The ad was written and narrated by ad man Hal Riney, who also wrote and narrated Reagan's resonant \"Bear in the woods\" ad (titled \"Bear\") as well as his \"America's Back\" ad. To many, his rich, avuncular voice represented wholesomeness and authenticity. Bernie Vangrin of Hal Riney & Partners was the Art Director of the ad, which was directed and filmed by John Pytka of Levine/Pytka Productions.", "In \"Person to Person,\" it's heavily implied that Don was inspired by his experience on the hippie commune to create the famous \"I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke\" ad. In real life, the ad was created by McCann.", "s largestcorporate, with a product line to envy and worth millions of dollars. The trademark threestripes and the slogan", "If you need a reminder try this, or this ad from 1986. The Jingle is gone… but not forgotten.", "This commercial aired in the early 90's in the wake of Nancy Reagan's Anti-Drug campaign. It featured typical school kids and the Ninja Turtles and often quoted by kids today who remember it, especially the line, \"I'm not a chicken...you're a turkey!\" The commercial took place in a locker hall and went as follows: Drug Dealer: \"Hey, Joey! I got some stuff you just gotta try!\" Joey: \"What is it?\" Drug Dealer: \"Pot...you know...marijuana...\" Joey: \"Oh...well...I don't know...\" Drug Dealer: \"What...are you chicken? Bock, bock, bock, bock!\" * Ninja Turtles appear * Leonardo: \"Joey's in a jam! What should he do? Hmm...Kate!\" Kate: \"Get a teacher!\" Raphael: \"Excellent! Mike?\" Mike: \"Get a pizza!\" Donatello: \"Get real!\" Kid #1: \"Get out of there! Donatello: You got it! Let's see if Joey's that smart...\" Joey: \"I'm not a chicken...you're a turkey!\" Donatello: \"He's right! Drug dealers are dorks...don't even talk to 'em!\" All: Cowabunga!*They \"high-five\"*", "Chewits were first advertised on television in 1976. The original advertisements featured the 'Monster Muncher', a Godzilla-resembling mascot on the hunt for something chewy to eat. The first ad featuring the Muncher threatening New York was made by French Gold Abbott and created by John Clive and Ian Whapshot. The first ad was so successful the sequel was delayed. The 'Monster Muncher' chomps and tramples humorously local and well-known international landmarks such as Barrow-in-Furness Bus Depot, a London block of flats, London Bridge, the Taj Mahal, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the Empire State Building. The 'Monster Muncher' could only be quelled by a pack of Chewits.", "The Living Room Candidate contains more than 300 commercials, from every presidential election since 1952, when Madison Avenue advertising executive Rosser Reeves convinced Dwight Eisenhower that short ads played during such popular TV programs as I Love Lucy would reach more voters than any other form of advertising. This innovation had a permanent effect on the way presidential campaigns are run.", "There was a real Jack Armstrong, a member of Sam Gale's college fraternity, Phi Sigma Kappa at the University of Minnesota. Gale was impressed by both the red-blooded name and the \"wholesome nature\" of the young man so he incorporated it as the name of his new invented spokesman. Another creation of Sam Gale's fertile mind was the iconic Betty Crocker." ]

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[ "The Doctor is the main character of British TV series Doctor Who , the longest-running sci-fi show in the world. The Doctor is a Time Lord who travels through time and space in the TARDIS, a spaceship under the exterior guise of a police box. He has a great affinity for planet Earth (the United Kingdom in particular) and humans, spending much of his time there and travelling with human companions, many of whom also happen to be young and female.", "The central character is an alien adventurer known as The Doctor who looks human but is actually a \"Time Lord\". He travels through time and space in his ship, the TARDIS (an acronym for Time And Relative Dimension In Space), which appears in the form of a blue police box from the 1950s. Due to its transdimensional nature, it is much larger on the inside.", "Doctor Who [8] is a British science fiction television series that initially aired from 1963 to 1989, before being revived for its current run beginning in 2005. The show chronicles the adventures of a nameless time-travelling humanoid alien simply referred to as “The Doctor” [6] , thought to be the only remaining survivor of a species known as “The Time Lords.” The Doctor, along with different human companions, travels through time and space in a ship called the TARDIS [7] (Time and Relative Dimension in Space), which appears to people as a vintage blue police box. Because of the decades-long history of the show, Doctor Who has gathered a cult following, both online and off.", "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help people in need.", "The Doctor is a time traveller of almost immortal standing, who travels through time in his TARDIS 2 . This 'machine' looks like an old-fashioned, worn-down British Police Call box, but once inside the dimensions appear infinite. The reason for this is that the TARDIS once had the ability to blend in with its surroundings until, during a trip to 1960s London, it got stuck in the form of the police box.", "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC between 1963 and the present day. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor , a Time Lord -a time-travelling humanoid alien . He explores the universe in his TARDIS , a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Along with a succession of companions , the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.", "Shows the blue police box TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimensions In Space) that is the transport vehicle for the Doctor (in the British time-travel science-fiction show \"Doctor Who\"). All right yes I know we all know that, but it's just included for completeness' sake, okay?", "The TARDIS (;; Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is a fictional time machine and spacecraft in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who and its associated spin-offs The Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood.", "TARDIS—a time machine and spacecraft (shaped like a blue police box, of all things) in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its associated spin-offs. The craft is a product of the advanced technology of the Time Lords, an extraterrestrial civilization to which the titular Doctor belongs.", "Tom Campbell, a London Special Constable, is on patrol near a jewellery shop. Men are burgling the shop and Tom is struck down by their getaway driver before he can stop them. Running to what appears to be a police box to call for backup, Tom enters TARDIS, a time machine operated by its pilot, Dr. Who, with his niece Louise and his granddaughter Susan.", "The Doctor is a mysterious character and little is known about him except that he has a granddaughter, Susan Foreman, and that they come from another time and place. He has a ship that travels through time and space, the TARDIS, which is currently disguised as a police box (Susan notes that it used to be able to change to blend in with its surroundings), and is bigger on the inside. The Doctor describes himself and Susan as \"exiles\" without specifying why or even whether their exile is self-imposed. It would not be until the last adventure of the Doctor's second incarnation that the name of the Doctor's people (the Time Lords) would be revealed, and the third incarnation before the name of his home planet (Gallifrey) was first spoken.", "Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in his TARDIS, frequently with companions. When the Doctor is critically injured, he can regenerate his body; in doing so, his physical appearance and personality change. McCoy portrays the seventh such incarnation, a whimsical, thoughtful character who quickly becomes more layered, secretive and manipulative. His first companion was Melanie Bush (Bonnie Langford), a computer programmer who travelled with his previous self, and who is soon succeeded by troubled teenager and explosives expert Ace (Sophie Aldred), who becomes his protégée.", "Susan is precocious, but seems to have strange gaps in her understanding of the world, which the teachers have come to her listed address, number 76 Totters Lane, to investigate. Here they encounter a police box, the programme's main prop, known as the TARDIS, from within which they hear Susan's voice. At that time, the boxes were a common sight in Britain, but only police officers held a key to enter them. The TARDIS proves to be no ordinary police box: when Ian and Barbara enter, they discover it to be much bigger on the inside than the outside, and furnished with futuristic-looking controls. The time machine retains its outward appearance when it travels through time, which Susan explains as a malfunction in the circuitry that is supposed to adapt its appearance to its surroundings.", "* Turner Prize-winning artist Mark Wallinger created a piece entitled Time and Relative Dimensions in Space in 2001 that is structurally a police box shape faced with mirrors. The BBC website describes it as \"recent proof of [the TARDIS'] enduring legacy\". ", "Just before she left, whilst trying to find a suitable place to leave her car keys, she approached a blonde woman standing at a police line; it was Rose Tyler , who had briefly returned from the parallel universe in which she was trapped. Once on board the TARDIS, Donna had the Doctor fly it to where her grandfather could see them through his telescope and wave him goodbye. ( TV : Partners in Crime )", "The image of the TARDIS has become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness; BBC scriptwriter Anthony Coburn , who lived in the resort of Herne Bay, Kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine. [3] In 1996, the BBC applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who. [3] In 1998, the Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim; but in 2002, the Patent Office ruled in favour of the BBC. [3]", "The character of the Doctor was initially shrouded in mystery. All that was known about him in the programme's early days was that he was an eccentric alien traveller of great intelligence who battled injustice while exploring time and space in an unreliable time machine , the \" TARDIS \" (an acronym for time and relative dimension(s) in space), which notably appears much larger on the inside than on the outside (a quality referred to as \"dimensional transcendentality\"). [73]", "In the Big Finish audio play The One Doctor (2001), confidence trickster Banto Zame impersonates the Doctor. However, due to incomplete information, his copy of the TARDIS (a short range transporter) is called a \"Stardis\", resembled a portaloo rather than a police box, and is not dimensionally transcendental. In Unregenerate! (2005), the Seventh Doctor and Mel stop a secret Time Lord project to download TARDIS minds into bodies of various alien species. This would have created living TARDIS pilots loyal to the Time Lords and ensuring that they would have ultimate control over any use of time travel technology by other races. Those created before the project is shut down depart on their own to explore the universe.", "Although a TARDIS is supposed to blend inconspicuously into whatever environment it turns up in, the Doctor's TARDIS retains the shape of a police box because of a fault that occurred in the first Doctor Who serial, An Unearthly Child (1963). The ability to alter its appearance was first mentioned in the second episode of the series, where the First Doctor and Susan noted the unit was malfunctioning. (\"It's still a police box! Why hasn't it changed?\") It was first given a general term of a \"camouflage unit\" in The Time Meddler (1965). The name \"chameleon circuit\" was first used in the 1975 Target Books novelisation of The Terror of the Autons, and eventually mentioned on screen in Logopolis (1981). The circuit was called a \"cloaking device\" by the Eighth Doctor in the television movie Doctor Who (1996), and again a \"chameleon circuit\" in the 2005 series episode \"Boom Town\".", "The character of the Doctor was initially shrouded in mystery. All that was known about him in the programme's early days was that he was an eccentric alien traveller of great intelligence who battled injustice while exploring time and space in an unreliable time machine, the \"TARDIS\" (an acronym for time and relative dimension(s) in space), which notably appears much larger on the inside than on the outside (a quality referred to as \"dimensional transcendentality\").When it became an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary, the word \"TARDIS\" often came to be used to describe anything that appeared larger on the inside than its exterior implied. ", "Their initial trip in the TARDIS was the first time the Doctor had ever piloted a TARDIS. ( PROSE : The Exiles , AUDIO : The Beginning ) According to one account, the Doctor chose to travel through time , rather than just space . During that first bumpy flight, Susan could not sleep, and began to explore the TARDIS interior. She found a mirror in the wardrobe room that reflected the image of a young man. He stepped out of the mirror, bared a pair of fangs at her, told her she was \"not the one\", and disappeared. The Doctor speculated that she had seen an echo through the vortex of something happening in another time. ( PROSE : The Exiles )", "The Doctor explains in \" An Unearthly Child \" (the very first episode of Doctor Who and a title often used for the first four-part serial) that he and Susan are exiles from their own people. Susan adds, \"I was born in another time, another world\". Susan claims to have coined the name for the TARDIS, the Doctor's time machine, [2] though later episodes seemed to indicate that it was a widely used term among Time Lords. (The non-broadcast pilot version of \"An Unearthly Child\" contained different dialogue, including a statement that Susan was born in the 49th century.)", "The TARDIS crew began arriving in alternative timelines, and encountered Sabbath more frequently, who hired a con artist called Trix MacMillan . ( PROSE : Time Zero , The Domino Effect , Reckless Engineering , The Last Resort ) After discovering the source of the sudden increase in alternate timelines, the Doctor, Fitz and Anji managed to solve the problem. However, Anji decided to leave the TARDIS to raise a child called Chloe , while Trix joined the TARDIS crew. ( PROSE : Timeless )", "Plot: A distress signal from a Time Lord sends the Doctor, Amy and Rory outside the universe to a junkyard on an asteroid. They are introduced to the place’s strange inhabitants — Auntie ( Elizabeth Berrington ), Uncle ( Adrian Schiller ), an  Ood  known as Nephew, and an excited woman named Idris ( Suranne Jones ), who seems attracted to the Doctor. An intelligence called “House” (voiced by  Michael Sheen ) is controlling the asteroid. The Doctor discovers that other Time Lords have been lured to the asteroid and killed so House could feed off the energy. Upon learning that the Doctor is the last of the Time Lords, House takes possession of the TARDIS to escape to the regular universe, with Amy and Rory trapped inside. The Doctor learns that House has trapped the personality of the TARDIS inside Idris, causing her body to fail quickly. The two decide to build a makeshift TARDIS out of the scraps in the junkyard to pursue Amy, Rory and House. As they materialise inside the TARDIS, Idris releases the TARDIS’s matrix, destroying House and liberating the TARDIS.", "A very snarky marooned pilot from Earth's future, who stows away on the TARDIS. Deeply traumatised by having spent the few years before that as a prisoner, but adapts quickly to life as a TARDIS traveller.", "1952 - The type of Metropolitan Police Box that the Doctor�s TARDIS will disguise itself as during a visit to London in 1963 comes into service for the first time (Byzantium!, the year is given as �1952� on p.25). (MG)", "Amy's first trip in the TARDIS took her to Starship UK in the 33rd century . It was secretly propelled by a star whale who was tortured to keep the ship moving. Amy freed it, and it continued to pilot the ship because it was kind-hearted. In the process, Amy met the future British monarch, Queen Elizabeth X . She was amused by being recognised and accepted by government computers as a 1,306-year-old British subject and eligible voter, but concerned by her marital status being unknown. ( TV : The Beast Below )", "In the 2006 series finale, \"Army of Ghosts\" and \"Doomsday\", it was revealed that members of the Cult of Skaro had also escaped during the Time War by going into the nothingness between dimensions — the Void — taking with them a Time Lord prison, dubbed the Genesis Ark, which contains millions of Daleks. The Daleks' Void Ship finally emerges on 21st century Earth, where it is examined by the Torchwood Institute. The path of the void ship also leaves a breach in spacetime that allows the parallel Earth Cybermen to cross over into the Doctor's universe.", "Faster-Than-Light Travel : Just about every spaceship shown, including the TARDIS which is essentially Faster Than Time.", "Early on in the series, the Doctor was identified as a human being; however, his home planet, which from the start of the series is explicitly established as not being Earth, was not named. In The War Games (1969), the Doctor's people appeared, who from then on are known as a race called Time Lords, and in Spearhead from Space (1970), the Doctor's earlier description of himself as a human is retconned when the Third Doctor explicitly states that he is not human. In The Time Warrior (1973–74), the name of the Doctor's home planet (Gallifrey) was revealed on screen for the first time. The nature and history of the Time Lords were gradually revealed as the television programme progressed.", "Tennant appeared in Derren Brown 's Trick or Treat . [65] In TV & Satellite Week (26 April – 2 May issue), Brown is quoted as saying: \"One of the appeals of Doctor Who for David is time travel, so I wanted to give him that experience. He was open and up for it, and I got a good reaction. He's a real screamer!\" The episode aired on Channel 4 on 16 May 2008, and showed Tennant apparently predicting future events correctly by using automatic writing . Tennant also returned for the final episode of the series with the rest of the participants from the other episodes in the series to take part in one final experiment.", "Over time, it was revealed that the Doctor was from an extraterrestrial race known as the Time Lords from the planet Gallifrey . The circumstances under which he left his planet were only vaguely alluded to, but were at least partly due to the restrictive nature of Time Lord society, their rules against interfering with the rest of the universe, and his own desire to explore time and space. In the 1996 television movie it was revealed that the Doctor is half-human (on his mother's side), a revelation which has proven controversial in some sections of fandom." ]

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[ "Advancements in electronics allowed the computing power necessary for handwriting recognition to fit into a smaller form factor than tablet computers, and handwriting recognition is often used as an input method for hand-held PDAs. The first PDA to provide written input was the Apple Newton, which exposed the public to the advantage of a streamlined user interface. However, the device was not a commercial success, owing to the unreliability of the software, which tried to learn a user's writing patterns. By the time of the release of the Newton OS 2.0, wherein the handwriting recognition was greatly improved, including unique features still not found in current recognition systems such as modeless error correction, the largely negative first impression had been made. After discontinuation of Apple Newton, the feature has been ported to Mac OS X 10.2 or later in form of Inkwell (Macintosh).", "Apple enters the handheld computer market with the Newton. Dubbed a “Personal Data Assistant” by Apple President John Scully in 1992, the Newton featured many of the features that would define handheld computers in the following decades. The handwriting recognition software was much maligned for inaccuracy. The Newton line never performed as well as hoped and was discontinued in 1998.", "The first PDA was released in 1984 by Psion, the Organizer. Followed by Psion's Series 3, in 1991, which began to resemble the more familiar PDA style. It also had a full keyboard. The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992 by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton. In 1994, IBM introduced the first PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the IBM Simon, which can also be considered the first smartphone. Then in 1996, Nokia introduced a PDA with full mobile phone functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which became the world's best-selling PDA. The Communicator spawned a new category of PDAs: the \"PDA phone\", now called \"smartphone\". Another early entrant in this market was Palm, with a line of PDA products which began in March 1996. The terms \"personal digital assistant\" and \"PDA\" apply to smartphones but are not used in marketing, media, or general conversation to refer to devices such as the BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone or Android devices.", "Apple's team chose to tackle the biggest challenge in pen computing: high-level handwriting recognition. Newton would be the first portable computer people could write on directly using their natural hand. From anyone's scrawl, the computer would extract the standard ASCII characters computers need to work with. This posed a massive challenge in pattern recognition. Since every user's handwriting is different, the Newton would need to learn the particular way its user wrote each letter and number. IF it got all the letters in, say, the word \"thing\" right, Newton would compare that string of letters to words in its 10,000 word native memory. IF the word \"thing\" was stored there, Newton would find a match and \"know\" the word.", "Previous to the iPad, Axiotron introduced an aftermarket, heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a Mac OS X-based tablet personal computer. The Modbook uses Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition, and uses digitization hardware from Wacom. To get Mac OS X to talk to the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the Modbook is supplied with a third-party driver called [http://www.thinkyhead.com/tabletmagic TabletMagic]; Wacom does not provide driver support for this device. Another predecessor to the iPad was the Apple MessagePad introduced in 1993.", "A (Personal Digital Assistant) is a handheld device with organizer and basic computing functions. Most PDAs have a large touch-screen. Many also have a stylus and support handwriting recognition.", "Commercial products incorporating handwriting recognition as a replacement for keyboard input were introduced in the early 1980s. Examples include handwriting terminals such as the Pencept Penpad ", "Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An earlier prototype codenamed \"Sooner\" had a closer resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen, and a physical, QWERTY keyboard, but was later re-engineered to support a touchscreen, to compete with other announced devices such as the 2006 LG Prada and 2007 Apple iPhone. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony. ", "iPad — Released in April 2010, the iPad is Apple’s tablet computing device, akin to a large iPod Touch; it uses the same operating system and development tools as the iPhone. It features a multitouch screen and comes in 3G and wifi versions. Some news organizations, including The New York Times, Wired and National Geographic, have created special applications designed for the iPad. Some have hoped that it would be the “Jesus” tablet that would breathe new life into legacy print publications. Upon its announcement in January 2010, many noted its name was reminiscent of feminine hygiene products.", "Apple Inc. uses a \"Johnny Appleseed\" character as a placeholder name in many of its recent advertisements, video tutorials, and keynote presentation examples; this was also the alias of Mike Markkula under which he published several programs for the Apple II. \"John Appleseed\" also appears as a contact in many of Apple, inc.'s application demonstrations. The name appears on the caller ID, as a sender in \"mail\" application demonstrations and screenshots and also in the icons of the \"TextEdit\" and \"Logic Pro X\" application.", "The conference attendees were awe-struck. In one presentation, Dr. Engelbart demonstrated the power and the potential of the computer in the information age. The technology would eventually be refined at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center and at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Apple and Microsoft would transform it for commercial use in the 1980s and change the course of modern life.", "On January 27, 2010 Apple Inc. launched a multi-function tablet computer called the iPad and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers that would allow Apple to distribute e-books. The iPad includes a built-in app for e-book reading called iBooks and had the iBookstore for content sales and delivery. The iPad, the first commercially profitable tablet, was followed in 2011 by the release of the first Android-based tablets as well as LCD tablet versions of the Nook and Kindle; unlike previous dedicated e-readers, tablet computers are multi-function, utilize LCD touchscreen displays, and are more agnostic to e-book vendor applications, allowing for installation of other e-book vendors. The growth in general-purpose tablet use allowed for further growth in popularity of e-books in the 2010s.", "Jobs later said that Apple had begun developing the iPad before the iPhone. Jonathan Ive in 1991 had created an industrial design for a stylus-based tablet, the Macintosh Folio, as his first project for Apple; by 2004 his studio at the company was participating in the development of a large tablet prototype, which he later described as \"very crude, involving projectors\". Ive stated that after seeking to produce the tablet first, he came to agree with Jobs that the phone was more important, as the tablet's innovations would work as well in it. The iPad's internal codename was K48, which was revealed in the court case surrounding leaking of iPad information before launch. ", "The commercial was rebroadcast in an updated version in 2004 on its 20th anniversary, with the heroine modified to be listening to an iPod. Viewers generally saw the Big Brother target of the Apple advertisement as being Microsoft, with the original villain, IBM, being all but forgotten.", "Apple introduces the Macintosh with a television commercial during the 1984 Super Bowl, which plays on the theme of totalitarianism in George Orwell´s book 1984. The ad featured the destruction of “Big Brother” – a veiled reference to IBM -- through the power of personal computing found in a Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first successful mouse-driven computer with a graphical user interface and was based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor. Its price was $2,500. Applications that came as part of the package included MacPaint, which made use of the mouse, and MacWrite, which demonstrated WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processing.", "In the late 1990s, many mobile phone users carried a separate dedicated PDA device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, BlackBerry OS or Windows CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into mobile operating systems. In March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, which was a modified 200LX PDA that supported a Nokia 2110-compatible phone and had integrated software built in ROM to support it. The device featured a 640x200 resolution CGA compatible 4-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to make and receive calls, text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% DOS 5.0 compatible, allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles including early versions of Windows.", "In June 2010, Apple released the iPhone 4, which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its iPod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch iPod Nano, an iPod Touch with FaceTime, and an iPod Shuffle that brought back the buttons of earlier generations. Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the MacBook Air laptop, iLife suite of applications, and unveiled Mac OS X Lion, the last version with the name Mac OS X.", "Apple has built both screen reading and magnification into its Mac OS X operating system used in the latest versions of its iPad, iPhone, and iPod . The screen reader is called VoiceOver; the magnification program is called Zoom.", "Announced in January 2007 and released the following June, the iPhone marked Apple's entry into the cellular phone marketplace. Described by Steve Jobs as \"a wide-screen iPod with hand controls... a revolutionary mobile phone... [and] a breakthrough Internet communications device,\" the iPhone was the first Apple-branded consumer device to run on OS X. Based around a touch-based user interface with a single button, the iPhone was controlled using a variety of one- and two-finger gestured. It included a custom version of Safari that allowed full browsing of any web page, a revamped iPod interface with CoverFlow, integrated access to YouTube and Google Maps, an iChat-like SMS text-messaging interface (iChat itself was missing from the initial release), and a standard set of cellphone apps, such as a calendar, an address book and a calculator.", "Mr. Jobs and Apple were suddenly cool again. The iPhone’s debut in 2007 generated a huge buzz , and it soon rolled over the competition from Palm Computing and BlackBerry, despite its higher cost. The iPad, a tablet-based computer introduced in January 2010, sold more than 10 million units its first year.", "Apple unwrapped a refreshed version of its iPhone operating system, aptly named iOS 8, and while there are plenty of important updates — like a predictive keyboard, refreshed notifications, and a... health app — the ability to exit those sometimes overwhelming group texts is the feature we're most excited about. It's about time Apple recognized that there's nothing worse than being plopped down in the middle of a conversation you want no part of. And if you can't commit to completely leaving a group chat about Sunday's brunch plans, there's also a \"Do Not Disturb\" option. Check out ... More", "And nobody was more aware of that than Apple. We already were well into the age of the patent lawsuit, with everyone suing pretty much everyone over who had which design or feature first. Apple v. Samsung. HTC v. Apple. Motorola v. Apple. Microsoft v. everybody.", "In December 2010, Reuters reported that some iPhone and iPad users were suing Apple Inc. because some applications were passing user information to third-party advertisers without permission. Some makers of the applications such as Textplus4, Paper Toss, The Weather Channel, Dictionary.com, Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit. ", "iPhone ( ) is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apple's iOS mobile operating system. The first generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007; the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone SE, which was unveiled at a special event on March 21, 2016. ", "1999: The Power Macintosh G3 and an upgraded 2nd and 3rd version of iMac are released.  The new iBook laptop is unveiled and pre-orders exceed 140,000.  This new laptop is available in bright colors and includes Apple’s AirPort, the computer version of a cordless phone that allows users to surf the Internet wirelessly. Disney Pixar launches Toy Story 2.", "The patent was filed in February 2009, and was just published this week. The application will help Apple identify \"particular activities that may indicate suspicious behavior,\" so that Apple can restrict those devices. Suspicious activities include \"hacking, jailbreaking, unlocking, or removal of a SIM card.\"", "In 2010, Steve Jobs took the stage to announce a new generation of Apple's runaway success: the iPhone 4. The iPhone 4 sports two cameras -- one on the front and one on the back. The iPhone 4 has a retina display with a better resolution than earlier phones. It also marked a departure from the basic iPhone design -- the phone doesn't have a slightly curved back so it lays flat on surfaces. Jobs also announced a new name for the iPhone operating system: iOS, a modified version of the Macintosh OS X operating system used on Apple desktop and laptop computers.", "On January 9, 2007, at Macworld SF, Jobs announced Apple's iPhone, which would use a mobile version of the Safari browser. ", "In early 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first smartphones to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for smartphones at the time. ", "In 1998, Larry Page created a computerized version of the Google letters using the free graphics program GIMP. The typeface was changed and an exclamation mark was added mimicking the Yahoo! logo. ", "On April 1, 2012, Google announced the release of \"Gmail Tap\", an April Fools' Day joke that allowed users to use Morse Code to send text from their mobile phones. Morse's great-great-grandnephew Reed Morse—a Google engineer—was instrumental in the prank, which became a real product. ", "Few even thought about making touch-screen technology the centerpiece of a new kind of phone until Jobs started really pushing the idea in mid-2005. “He said: ‘Tony, come over here. Here’s something we’re working on. What do you think? Do you think we could make a phone out of this?’ ” Fadell says, referring to a demo Jobs was playing with. “It was huge. It filled the room. There was a projector mounted on the ceiling, and it would project the Mac screen onto this surface that was maybe three or four feet square. Then you could touch the Mac screen and move things around and draw on it.” Fadell was aware of the touch-screen prototype, but not in great detail, because it was a Mac product, and he ran the iPod division. “So we all sat down and had a serious discussion about it — about what could be done.”" ]

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[ "He has had guest appearances in many television series, including as a white-collar criminal searching for his estranged wife and daughter in The Flash, a lawyer attempting to free the title character from a contract in Sabrina the Teenage Witch, and a bigoted man being driven insane by extremely low frequency sonar waves in The X-Files episode \"Drive\". He also had a guest role in late 2006 on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, playing Ted Mosby's obnoxious co-worker and former boss Hammond Druthers. He played Lucifer in the ABC Family miniseries Fallen and appeared as Nick Wrigley, an irresponsible uncle who accidentally brings Christmas close to destruction when he steals Santa's sleigh to have a crazy ride, in the 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie 'Twas the Night. He appeared as the more successful business colleague of Greg Kinnear's character in the 2006 film Little Miss Sunshine. In September 2008, Cranston narrated a pre-teen adventure/fantasy audiobook called Adventures with Kazmir the Flying Camel.", "The TV series The Simpsons has referenced the line several times. In the episode \"Itchy & Scratchy: The Movie\", after Homer receives an honor roll bumper sticker for Lisa , he says that he never thought he would find anything that would replace his \"Where's the beef?\" bumper sticker. In \" Lisa's First Word \", Homer, while looking at a newspaper from Lisa's birth, the headline reads \"Mondale to Hart: 'Where's the Beef?'\" In \" Please Homer, Don't Hammer 'Em \", Bart sees a very old arcade game that depicts Rocky Balboa and Clara Peller shouting their respective catchphrases (Balboa's being \"You ain't so bad!\"). In the \" Treehouse of Horror \" sketch \" Attack of the 50-foot Eyesores \", it is said that all advertising gimmicks eventually fade, \"Like that old woman who couldn't find the beef\".", "The Simpsons Clue [31] (2000) is themed after the TV series , The Simpsons , with the players trying to find out who killed Mr. Burns . It features Homer as Prof. Plum, Bart as Col. Mustard, Fat Tony as Mr. Green, Lisa as Mrs. Peacock, Edna Krabappel as Miss Scarlet, and Marge as Mrs. White. The weapons are a plutonium rod, necklace, saxophone, poisoned doughnut, slingshot and the extend-o-glove. In the United States and Canada, the game had Homer as Mr. Green, Bart as Prof. Plum, Lisa as Miss Scarlet, Marge as Mrs. Peacock, Krusty as Col. Mustard, and Mr. Smithers as Mrs. White. Early promotional material had Maggie as Mrs. White.", "In 2005 he was the guest star in a feature-length episode of the UK TV series Poirot, The Mystery of the Blue Train and he has recently guest starred on a number of television series including Law & Order and CSI. He has also loaned his voice to several animated series, most notable among them, the Disney Channel animated series Kim Possible and the 2006 video game Scarface: The World Is Yours.", "Bugs Bunny, an animated cartoon character, shares above-the-title billing with Michael Jordan, a basketball player, in Space Jam. And why not? Snoopy promotes life insurance, the Pink Panther sells wall insulation, Bart Simpson hawks candy bars, and three nights after he lost the election, the Republican candidate for President of the United States got top billing from David Letterman as a comedy act. Politics is entertainment, athletes are movie stars, everyone is selling something.", "Created by veteran Hanna-Barbera voice actress Janet Waldo, Penelope is a classic \"damsel in distress\" stock character as in the old serial The Perils of Pauline. Her catchphrase is \"Help, help!\" (spoken in an affected upper-class U.S. Southern accent). Throughout the series, she displays a curious combination of ingenuity and helplessness. She often figures out clever ways to get out of a jam, and is very athletic; if any sport happens to be mentioned, it is revealed that she was the women's champion in said sport in college. Nonetheless, when her arch-nemesis The Hooded Claw, voiced by Paul Lynde (who, unknown to her, is her guardian Sylvester Sneekly) grabs her, she is somehow incapable of doing anything other than yelling for help. Like the show's villain The Hooded Claw, she often interacted with the narrator of the show.", "One of the stores in the episode is called \"Gil's Televisual Radios\". Gil Gunderson is a character from The Simpsons who sold many different items.", "Later in his career he made guest appearances in many US TV shows including Buck Rogers In The 25th Century, The A-Team and The Streets of San Francisco, before landing a recurring role as crime boss Manny Weisbord in drama series Crime Story.", "A 1986 Song by Dr. Dave (Dave Kolin) which was released on TSR Records #852 and frequently heard on The Dr. Demento Show. A parody of “The Letter” by The Box Tops, it describes a contestant on Wheel and mentions Bankrupt, Losa A Turn, the Final Spin chimes, The Bonus Round, the home game, and shopping for prizes. The song ends with the singer/contestant expressing shock at the fact that a black-and-white 5 portable TV set costs $500. (You got ripped off, man.) A partial rewrite of the song, believed to have been performed by Gerg Barhill, was used in a 1987 promo for CBS affliate WWL-TV in New Orleans. The ad includes footage from several early season 4 episodes (one of which has the third starburst backdrops), plus an answer of NEW ORLEANS being revealed.", "The show also starred Allyce Beasley as Agnes DiPesto, the firm’s quirky receptionist who regularly answered the phone in rhyming couplets, a la Dr. Seuss. In later seasons, Curtis Armstrong — familiar as the character Booger from the Revenge of the Nerds films — joined the cast as Herbert Viola, a temporary employee turned Blue Moon investigator and a love interest for Agnes.", "The identity of the featured celebrity is found within the answers in the puzzle. In order to take the TV Challenge, unscramble the letters noted with asterisks within the puzzle. Across 1 Melissa McCarthy’s role (2) 9 “__ Gun”; 1986 movie for Tom Cruise 10 __ Ono 11 Nickname for Dr. Cliff Huxtable’s portrayer 13 Perfect", "Perhaps not coincidentally, by the end of the ’80s, the spy-parodists were back on the case. The short-lived Fox sitcom The New Adventures Of Beans Baxter lightly roasted the whole notion of heroes with trenchcoats and earpieces by making its protagonist a teenage kid, brought into the business against his will. The idea that a dopey high-schooler could save the world as well as any specially trained operative punctured some of the genre’s pretensions. Similarly, just last year, ABC Family and comic-book writer Javier Grillo-Marxuach spoofed the square-jawed secret-agent prototype with The Middleman, a wonderfully deranged heroes-and-villains saga that celebrated righteousness even as it recognized how silly a devoted lawman can look.", "In Stroker and Hoop , the private detective duo puts out a series of billboard advertisements that place them as the subject to ridicule by most who see them due to a typo. These billboards show up in a few episodes, even going as far as to getting them in trouble with a drug king-pin, who identifies them by the glaring billboards.", "One unique aspect of the series was that it frequently appropriated characters from various classic television series.", "The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the \"Who shot J.R.?\" mystery. The 1980 episode \"Who Done It\" remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. The show also featured a \"Dream Season\", in which the entirety of the ninth season was revealed to have been a dream of Pam Ewing. After 14 seasons, the series finale \"Conundrum\" aired in 1991.", "In the opening credits, the title of the show was always announced by the voice of a woman saying, VERY seductively, \"Burke's Law\". See more »", "Cowboy Cop : Monkfish starts out as a parody of this trope, before (presumably due to \"John Actor\" being typecast) applying the same attitude to other jobs in other shows he appears in.", "When unemployed television actor Mitch Carroll (guest star Chevy Chase) is arrested for drunk driving at 2 a.m. while wearing blood-stained clothes, Detectives Ed Green (Jesse L. Martin) and Nina C...", "He is well known for an advert for Cartoon Network that aired in the 90s, wherein he yelled \"Solomon Grundy wants pants too!\" at Brainiac's request for a decent pair of pants.", "The original sponsor was cigarette maker Phillip Morris, so the program opened wit ha cartoon of Lucy and Ricky climbing down a pack of Philip Morris cigarettes. In the early episodes, Lucy and Ricky, as well as Ethel and Fred on occasion, were shown smoking Phillip Morris cigarettes. Lucy even went so far as to parody Johnny Roventini's image as the Phillip Morris \"bellhop\" in the episode 30 \"Lucy Does a TV Commercial\". Since the original sponsor references were no longer appropriate when the shows went into syndication, a new opening was needed, which resulted in the classic \"heart on satin\" opening. Other sponsors, whose products appeared during the original openings, were Procter & Gamble for Cheer and Lilt Home Permanent (1954-1957), General Foods for Sakra (1955-1957), Ford Motor Company (1957-1958) and Westinghouse company (1958-1960).", "Many fans were attracted not just by the characters, but the quality of writing during the first two seasons (despite the fact that the majority of first-season stories were actually existing scripts that were merely adapted to fit the series). The second-season episode \"Long Walk Down a Short Dirt Road\", featured country star Lynn Anderson as a singer being stalked by a deranged person; it was based upon a real-life incident involving country music legend Dolly Parton. The part was written with Parton in mind, but Anderson wound up playing the role.", "Each week Kimble (with his grey hair died black) would turn up in a new identity and new job (\"to toil at many jobs\" as the narrator put it). He usually ended up helping people, even those who wanted to turn him in, often using his skills as a doctor (of medicine) to do so. Lieutenant Philip Gerard (played by Barry Morse) was the relentless force of law never more than one or two steps behind Kimble, often arriving in the front door as Kimble stepped out of the back. Jacqueline Scott played Donna Kimble Taft, Kimble's sister in a few episodes, and William Conrad was the narrator for the show. Seasons 1-3 were black and white, season 4 in colour.", "In the original series, other characters were Detective Tim Tilson (Gary Conway), Detective Les Hart (Regis Toomey), Sergeant Ames (Eileen O'Neill), and chauffeur Henry (Leon Lontoc). Tilson was a go-getting young man whose skill at finding clues and trace references didn't result in his solving the murders, being always outflanked by Burke's cool intuition.", "Probably the most famous of the support characters is CJ, played by John Barron. I will know use the phrase that has become a part of the English lexicon, I didn't get where I am today without knowing a good catchphrase when  hear it. CJ was the embodiment of the 'system' Reggie wanted to escape from.", "The catchphrase \"I'd buy that for a dollar!!\" from the Show Within a Show It's Not My Problem is a homage to the idiot's TV-derived catchphrase from the dystopic SF novel The Marching Morons, updated for inflation. Originally: \"I'd buy that for a quarter!\"", "* In 1968, Jack Webb appeared in the \"Copper Clapper Caper\" sketch on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, playing the poker-faced Joe Friday interviewing the equally deadpan victim of a robbery (played by Carson). The details of the crime started with the alliterative \"k\" or \"kl\" consonant sound, such as \"Claude Cooper, the kleptomaniac from Cleveland.\"", "These series of commericials started around 1989 or 1990. You always hears a little kid say, \"when I grow up, i want to be a 'some occupation'. Then an male adult voice would go, \"Nobody ever says, 'I want to be a junky when I grow up.' Don't let drugs get in the way of your dreams.\" One ad had a ballerina that collapsed while dancing. Another had an aspiring track star who either collapsed or was push down to the ground by a cop or someone rather. Another had an aspiring millionare(a bum) who was standing on the city street with a cup in his hand and people were putting coins in it.", "This episode of the show was the 1956-57 season so it is quite likely this episode borrowed from the comic or possibly vice versa.", "The most amusing aspect of the show was watching McCloud run around 1970s New York solving crimes dressed in a cowboy hat and  western clothes. His favorite phrase was \"there you go\". His romantic interest was a writer (Diana Muldaur) who had been working on a book about the criminal that McCloud came to New York to recapture.", "A showbiz crossword with the accent on TV. Two sets of clues, simple and tougher, to help you finish, and more help is available when you identify the star, whose name, rearranged, is spelt out in the shaded squares.", "HC: Both the cop character and the crime scene investigation character is all over television right now. What do your characters give those typical TV jobs that the other shows don’t have?", "Aside from the \"sidekicks\", there are other regular characters who appear throughout the show and contribute to the advancement of the plot in various ways. These include police characters and civilians:" ]

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[ "While few among us can deny that golf is one of the least exciting of all spectator sports, we aerospace engineers are fascinated by its aerodynamics! Even the non-golfers of the world are familiar with the shape of a golf ball, like that pictured below, and have probably wondered why its surface is covered with small indentations called dimples.", "When you picture the golf ball in your mind, you imagine a small white solid ball with lot s of indented marks on them. This is unique to golf balls and these indented areas are what help a player control a golf ball in flight, in other words they give better control to the player. These indentations are also called golf ball dimples.", "DIMPLE – The small round indentations on the golf ball. A lot of really smart guys (some call them scientists) got together and figured out how many dimples would help the ball fly straight and true.", "Dimples - The round indentations on a golf ball cover which are scientifically designed to enable the ball to make a steady and true flight. Dimples, by reducing drag, allow a golf ball to stay in the air for a longer flight than would be possible with a smooth ball.", "Dimples were first used on the golf balls around a century ago. This is after many players reported that damaged balls seemed to travel so much further than brand new ones. After they reported this, companies started making the balls in odd shapes to help them get this effect. One William Taylor spent a lot of time studying golf ball shapes and their paths in flight, and he is who perfected the dimples that are common on every golf ball that you will see today.", "As manufacturers design their golf balls in different ways, the dimple pattern differences the golf balls of the different manufactures. The pattern is the way the dimples are arranged on the cover of the ball. As the number and the size of the dimples, their arrangement also influences the flight of the golf ball, such as the distance, the spin or the trajectory.", "      By the turn of the 21st century, golf balls still conformed to the above standards, although a host of new designs were available. Traditional three-piece balata-covered balls were still popular, but golfers could also choose from two-piece balls (with a solid core and a hard Surlyn cover), two-piece “performance” balls (with thicker cores and thinner covers, allowing for the feel and control of a three-piece ball), and three-piece double-cover balls (consisting of an inner core covered by two layers of varying hardness). Experiments in the size, depth, and arrangement of dimples have also produced balls with longer flight and a higher degree of backspin. Modern golf balls can have anywhere from 324 to 492 dimples arranged in sophisticated patterns, such as multiple triangular or pentagonal groups.", "The minimum allowed diameter of a golf ball is 42.67 mm and its mass may not exceed 45.93 g. Modern golf balls have a two-, three-, or four-layer design constructed from various synthetic materials. The surface usually has a pattern of 300-400 dimples designed to improve the ball's aerodynamics. The method of construction and materials used greatly affect the ball's playing characteristics such as distance, trajectory, spin and feel. Harder materials, such as Surlyn, usually result in the ball's traveling longer distances, while softer covers, such as Balata, tend to generate higher spin, more \"feel\" and greater stopping potential. Golf balls are separated into three groups depending on their construction: two-, three-, or four-piece covers. Generally four-piece golf balls tend to be the most expensive, though price is no assurance of quality. As of 2006 there are golf balls that utilize RFID technology, which allow golfers to locate errant shots easily using a handheld homing device. The first type of golf ball was the feathery, made out of leather and feathers.", "The dimples on a golf ball are not random. They are set an equal distance apart in rows. On American golf balls, there are usually 336 dimples, although some brands and some special types of balls can have as many as 500 dimples. There are 330 on a British ball.", "If the golf ball is struck with a part of the club, that is not the club-face, it is called Shank. A shanked shot will travel a short distance or might be hard sliced or hooked.", "Pitch mark - another term for a divot on the green caused when a ball lands. Players must repair their pitch marks, usually with a tee or a divot tool.", "The distance a golf ball can travel because of its dimples is not without some risks. Property has been damaged and people injured because of golfers who lost control of golf balls that traveled long distances. Thus, there a movement has developed to reduce the distance a golf ball can travel. So far, most changes have experimented with the center of the golf ball rather than to the dimples, because players do not want to give up the added control the dimples afford.", "The ball marker is a small and at the same time flat item, which is used for marking the position of the golf ball before lifting it. The marker is placed directly in the rear of the ball, afterwards the golf ball can be lifted. This process is used to clean the ball or to remove it if it lays in the putting line of another golfer. Afterwards the ball can be positioned directly in front of the ball mark, so that it is located the same way as before. Those ball marks are often small coins which are sometimes giveaways of any enterprise.", "On principle a golf ball can be putt at straight at an ideal putting line. If the path to the hole itself curves or is somehow not straight, the putting line of the golf ball can't be straight. If the golf ball slopes at the green to the right or the left side, this effect is called break. But another term for the break is called borrow .", "The term ball mark is used for hollows at the putting green indebted by golf balls which landed to sudden from great height. Ballmarks should be repaired with special “ballmark tools” directly after the shot, so that following balls can not be distracted by the hollow. A synonym is pitch mark .", "The reason why golf balls have dimples is a story of natural selection . Originally, golf balls were smooth; but golfers noticed that older balls that were beat up with nicks, bumps and slices in the cover seemed to fly farther. Golfers, being golfers, naturally gravitate toward anything that gives them an advantage on the golf course, so old, beat-up balls became standard issue.", "      How the ball is hit and directed is the essence of golf. The changing story of the ball's manufacture falls broadly into well-defined phases, beginning with the “feathery,” which was used for centuries until it was superseded by gutta-percha.", "The reason why golf balls have dimples on them is because it helps in the ball to move a farther distance by reducing drag", "Not all Golf Balls have 360 dimples. There are some as high as 420. Thereare also all different kinds of dimple patterns.", "In effect it's a positive trade-off: \"The ball pays a skin friction penalty, but gains a pressure drag advantage,\" Maughmer says. The difference is huge in terms of the distance a golf ball can be driven, he adds. Dimpled balls can travel nearly twice as far as smooth ones.", "A Thin Shot is a shot, in which the clubhead strikes the golf ball near or slightly lower its midpoint. This shot can sometimes travel a long distance. A Thin can also be called as Blade but sometimes they have a different meaning.", "Colloquialism for a lacerated golf ball; a cut in the ball is normally caused by a thinned shot.", "Term used to describe one type of iron where the weight is distributed evenly across the back of the clubhead as opposed to mainly around the perimeter (see \"cavity back\"). Also, describes a shot struck \"thinly\" with the bottom of an iron striking high up on the golf ball, causing a low trajectory shot with a lack of control.", "Ball Mark:  The depression a ball landing on the green causes. Should be repaired with a ball mark repair tool.", "In case a golf ball rests close to the hole on the putting green, the designation is inside the leather. As putter grips were made out of leather in the past, this is the origin of the expression. Thus inside the leather in its origin means, that the distance from the bottom of the putter grip to the clubhead of the putter is as close as the distance from the golf ball to the hole. Inside the leather is also an approximate measurement for the decision of a gimmie . In order to measure the distance, the golfer places the putter of the clubhead inside the cup on the green. Then he lays the putter flat on the putting surface and extends the back to the golf ball. As written before, within this measurement the ball is inside the leather, if it lies between hole and the bottom of the grip. This measurement needs to be done very carefully in order not to damage the edges of the cup.", "The softness (Usually 90 compression) of a golf ball. Harder balls (100 compression) are normally used in windy conditions.", "The latest version of Callaway’s Chrome Soft takes the ball that completely redefined performance and elevates it to another level Professional golfers are not generally prone to excitement when they talk about golf balls, but you only needed to see the big grin on Phil Mickelson’s face at the launch of the original version of Callaway’s Chrome Soft ball last year to know that he looked like a cat who’d got the cream. And it’s easy to see why. The Chrome Soft was one of the standout balls of 2015, offering a unique combination of Tour-level performance at a price point well below that charged for premium high performance balls.", "*The plastic sleeve that adorns the bottom of most steel and graphite golf club shafts just above the club head hosel. Originally designed to protect the shaft from damaging vibrations, it is now used mainly for aesthetic purposes", "When the club head only just strikes the very bottom of the ball causing it to fly straight up into the area. Normally happens when the ball is on a tee or in the rough.", "A Brief History of Golf Ball Design, and Why You Shouldn't Hit People with Baseball Bats - Core77", "Putter - a special golf club with a very low loft that makes the ball roll.", "good article. I hate losing a ball in the rough or when you know it was a good shot and the ball is somewhere just cant find it. possibly the most infuriating thing that can happen on the golf course." ]

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[ "Ed Toutant, Sep. 7 ’01 ($1,860,000): During WWII, U.S. soldiers used the first commercial aerosol cans to hold what? A) Cleaning fluid B) Antiseptic C) Insecticide D) Shaving Cream", "Initially, Rotheim's innovation didn't have much of an impact on the world. It wasn't until World War II, when the U.S. military introduced an aerosol can for dispensing insecticide, that people fully realized the potential of the device. The easy-to-use cans were an invaluable aid for soldiers in the Pacific, where disease-carrying insects posed a deadly threat.", "In 1939, American Julian S. Kahn received a patent for a disposable spray can, but the product remained largely undeveloped. Kahn's idea was to mix cream and a propellant from two sources to make whipped cream at home — not a true aerosol in that sense. Moreover, in 1949, he disclaimed his first four claims, which were the foundation of his following patent claims. It was not until 1941 that the aerosol spray can was first put to good use by Americans Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan, who are credited as the inventors of the modern spray can. Their design of a refillable spray can dubbed the \"bug bomb\", is the ancestor of many popular commercial spray products. Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can enabled soldiers to defend against malaria-carrying mosquitoes by spraying inside tents and airplanes in the Pacific during World War II. Goodhue and Sullivan received the first Erik Rotheim Gold Medal from the Federation of European Aerosol Associations on August 28, 1970 in Oslo, Norway in recognition of their early patents and subsequent pioneering work with aerosols. In 1948, three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosols. Two of the three companies, Chase Products Company and Claire Manufacturing, still manufacture aerosols to this day. The \"crimp-on valve\", used to control the spray in low-pressure aerosols was developed in 1949 by Bronx machine shop proprietor Robert H. Abplanalp. ", "1939-1945 – During World War II instant coffee is very popular with the soldiers. Nescafe and other brands of instant coffee supply large quantities to a growing market. During one year of the war the U.S. military buys more than one million cases of Nescafe – their entire annual output of Nestle’s U.S. plant.", "Held by Americans during World War II, these recorded the amount of rationed goods such as automobile tires, gasoline, meat, butter, and other materials an individual had purchased Where regulation in World War I had been voluntary, consumption in World War II was regulated by government agencies.", "In 1939, this product played a major role in World War II as the members of the British military forces used thermos as part of their combat gear. It was also used in atomic energy laboratories during that time. In 1957, the popularity of this product reached greater heights. Since then, it has been known commercially all over the world. At that point, it was also used to transport different kinds of important materials like insulin, tissues as well as blood plasma.", "During the war, other technological and medical advances were developed that saved lives and improved living standards in the decades ahead. Penicillin, a �miracle drug� first used to treat Allied casualties, was used at home to defeat disease, reduce infant deaths, and extend life expectancy. DDT, a colorless chemical pesticide, destroyed harmful insects and prevented typhus and malaria. New fuel mixtures extended the range of warplanes and later of civilian planes; jet propulsion planes transformed transoceanic flights and were in commercial use by the late 1950s. Other facets of technology developed during World War II included radar, semiconductors, freeze-dried food, infrared technologies, and synthetic materials.", "The recognizable silver color for crowntainers stopped during World War II when the government mandated that certain materials were diverted for military use.  Tinplate, which as used on the three-piece rolled beer cans, was no longer available to can manufacturers. As a result, the production of most beer cans for civilian use came to a halt from 1943 until the end of the war.  Since crowntainers used tinplate only on the bottom lid, Crown Cork & Seal was able to continue producing crowntainers during the war.  However, two changes were made to the cans.  First, the tin bottom was replaced with a lacquered metal bottom.  Second, the body and spout of the can was painted with a base coat of dull gray enamel paint instead of the silver colored aluminum coating.  Cans shipped overseas for military use were painted an olive drab color for camouflage.", "In 1965, CN was sold by General Ordinance and Equipment Company as a personal protection spray device. It was widely marketed under the brand name Mace. This product gained extreme popularity in the 1960s, and the term Mace is still incorrectly used as a generic term for all aerosol defense spray.", "Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War, the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China, [23] [24] and very rare occurrences in Europe (for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939, which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated that it had been accidental). [20] Mustard gas was the agent of choice, with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons, the Russians 77,400 tons, the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons. [20]", "In 1942 after research at Harvard University scientist found that a jelly gasoline like substance burnt slower and thus was far more effective. They found that mixing an aluminum soap powder of naphthene and palmitate (hence na-palm), also known as napthenic and palmitic acids, with gasoline produced a brownish sticky syrup that burned more slowly than raw gasoline. This new mixture of chemicals was widely used in the Second World War in flame throwers and fire bombs. Napalm bombs burned out 40% of the area of Japanese target cities in the World War. Popular weapons continue to be developed, and napalm was no exception. With many more compounds available after World War II, a safer and just as effective napalm compound was developed. [9]", "Stimulated by the concept, he unleashed his similarly confected M&Ms publicly in 1941. This original candy was an instant hit with the fighting men of World War II and they're still issued to soldiers today, as the pack is easy to carry.", "Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War, the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China, and very rare occurrences in Europe (for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939, which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated had been accidental). Mustard gas was the agent of choice, with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons, the Soviets 77,400 tons, the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons. The destruction of a cargo ship containing mustard gas led to many casualties in Bari, Italy, in December 1943.", "During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's worldwide business.", "During World War II the Japanese launched thousands of helium \"fire balloons\" against the United States and Canada. In Operation Outward the British used balloons to carry incendiaries to Nazi Germany.", "Although all major combatants stockpiled chemical weapons during the Second World War, the only reports of its use in the conflict were the Japanese use of relatively small amounts of mustard gas and lewisite in China , and very rare occurrences in Europe (for example some sulfur mustard bombs were dropped on Warsaw on 3 September 1939, which Germany acknowledged in 1942 but indicated that it had been accidental ). Mustard gas was the agent of choice, with the British stockpiling 40,719 tons, the Russians 77,400 tons, the Americans over 87,000 tons and the Germans 27,597 tons .", "(U.S. Army, U.S. Army Air Corps) WW2-era. A terrible mess. The standard definition is, \"What you get when you put 2 gallons of shit in a one gallon container.\"", "But in 1942 Bakelite and Catalin suspended sales of their colorful cylinders to costume jewelry manufacturers in order to concentrate on the wartime needs of a nation which had totally shifted its focus. Defense phones and aviator goggles, as well as thousands of other Bakelite products, found their way to armed forces around the world. The scheme shifted from the 200 vibrant colors which brightened the dark days of the Depression to basic black, the no-nonsense symbol of a nation at war. By the end of the war, new technology had given birth to injection-molded plastics, and most manufacturers switched to less labor-intensive and more practical means of developing products. The next generation of plastics had been born - lucite, fiberglass, vinyl and acrylic - and they were molded into products commonplace in our everyday lives today.", "Wherever possible, liquid fuels had to be reserved for the military, at least for the duration of the war. The interest which even Adolf Hitler showed is demonstrated by his remarks at an exhibition of Mercedes-Benz heavy trucks with Mercedes-Benz gas producers that burned coal: [86]", "The German Luftwaffe started the war using the 1918 designed one kilogram magnesium alloy B-1E Elektronbrandbombe; later modifications included the addition of a small explosive charge intended to penetrate the roof of any building which it landed on. Racks holding 36 of these bombs were developed, four of which could in turn could be fitted to an electrically triggered dispenser so that a single He-111 bomber could carry 1,152 incendiary bombs, or more usually a mixed load. Less successful was the Flammenbombe, a 250 kg or 500 kg high explosive bomb case filled with an inflammable oil mixture, which often failed to detonate and was withdrawn in January 1941. ", "The bazooka is a man-portable anti-tank rocket launcher, made famous during World War II where it was one of the primary infantry anti-tank weapons used by the United States Armed Forces.", "The earliest military uses of chemicals were tear-inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poisons. During the first World War, the French army was the first to employ gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate) in August 1914. The small quantities of gas delivered, roughly 19 cm³ per cartridge, were not even detected by the Germans. The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military. As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies, the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone. ", "Chemical agents in the modem sense were first used in World War I, when chlorine gas was released, from large cylinders, in a favorable wind. This surprise operation caused massive casualties, demoralisation of the forces attacked and demonstrated the need for protection from this kind of warfare. The first improvised mask was a cotton pad soaked in sodium thiosulphate, glycerine and sodium carbonate. Subsequently in World War I, a great variety of chemical agents were used by both sides, the most damaging being the blister producing mustard gas. Military clothing, even with a respirator, gave little protection against this agent.", "World War II was filled with a lot of interesting inventions and military hardware used by a lot of countries. Some of which were used, and some of which were oddball and crazy, and never made it beyond the prototype stage. Take for example: Project Habakkuk.", "Originally promoted as a healthy food for children, during World War II advertising emphasised its medicinal value:", "During World War II, the company focused on institutional and public service advertising to keep its name in front of the public. Production geared up after the war and by December 1950 had reached 5 million barrels per year as the company again sought to regain a leadership position through an aggressive ad campaign.", "Early in 1940, with the prospect of immediate invasion, the possibilities of the petrol bomb gripped the imagination of the British public. For the layman, the petrol bomb had the benefit of using entirely familiar and available materials, and they were quickly improvised in large numbers, with the intention of using them against enemy tanks. ", "lewis light machine gun Developed in 1911, this .303, gas-operated weapon was fed by a tubular 50-round top-mounted magazine, and it had a distinctive “shroud” to cool the barrel. It was widely used to arm Allied aircraft, and a .30 version was developed for U.S. forces.", "Supplyied field rations for the Allies during World War II. In 1943 and 1944, the company received three awards from the Army and Navy, including one for high achievement in the production of materials needed by our armed forces.", "Eventually, British and American planes knocked out the majority of the launching sites. By September of 1944, however, the Nazis introduced the V-2 rocket, a liquid-fueled rocket that traveled at supersonic speeds as high as 50 miles, then hurtled down toward its target at a speed of nearly 4,000 miles per hour, smashing its 2,000 pound high explosive warhead into the ground without warning. Unlike the V-1, the V-2 rockets could not be intercepted. Over a thousand were fired at London.", "Performed in several variety shows while serving in the United States Army during World War II.", "agency established during World War II to coordinate the production of military supplies by U.S. industries" ]

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[ "Mr. Trela was asked: ''What insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term 'computer bug?' '' His answer: a moth. And in 1947 a moth did find its way into the innards of the Mark II, an early computer (then called a ''relay calculator'' and hardly a ''supercomputer''), shorting it out.", "The Cal Tech graduate was fortunate to get a $1 million question that was about computers. He was asked what insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term, \"computer bug.\" Asked to choose between a moth, roach, fly or Japanese beetle, he correctly identified the moth as the culprit. \"I was lucky, which I guess was good enough,\" he said Thursday.", "Joe Trela, Mar. 23 ’00: What insect shorted out an early supercomputer and inspired the term “computer bug”? A. Moth B. Roach C. Fly D. Japanese beetle", "In 1949 Hopper joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a Senior Mathematician and there she worked with John Eckert and John Mauchly on the UNIVAC computer. She designed an improved compiler while working for the company and was part of the team which developed Flow-Matic, the first English-language compiler. In 1951 a maintenance engineer discovered a moth stuck in one of the relais. She pasted the \"computer bug\" as it is known from now on, into the UNIVAC I logbook. Earning eternal fame.", "In computing, a bug is a software fault. Popular legend has it that the originator of the term \"bug\" was Grace Murray Hopper, who coined it in 1945 or 1946, upon finding an insect in the computer she was working on. In fact, the term bug had already been in use for many years, being common slang for problems in electrical systems. The story of the first computer bug is rather more involved.", "Hopper was the person who came up with the term “debugging,” the process whereby computer bugs or glitches are sought out and fixed. She coined the term after discovering an actual moth inside a computer and removing it. Hopper’s contribution to the computer world and the history of the United States was so important that she was known affectionately as “Amazing Grace.” Up to this day, she’s the only computer scientist to have a Navy warship, the USS Hopper, named after her. As a result of her influence and her decorated military career, she remains one of the most important women in US history.", "Computer scientist and Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, known for her development of the COBOL programming language. Hopper was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944, and invented the first compiler for a computer programming language. She is also credited with popularising the term ‘debugging’ for fixing computer glitches (inspired by an actual moth removed from the computer). Hopper was the first woman to be elected a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society and was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "In 1943, Navy officer Grace Hopper had no choice but to fix a computer glitch manually. The source of the problem? A moth. Hence the term ", "01.Jan.2000 What people feared was not the apocalypse but the Y2K HUM bug - a computer problem that many feared would result in many computers not recognising the new year.", "The term \"bug\" in relation to electrical systems is recorded as far back as the late 19th century. In his writing, Thomas Edison referred to \"bugs\" in the inventions that he worked on. Etymologists theorise that the term probably derives from the Middle English word \"bugge,\" meaning a scarecrow or other frightening figure; and that it is related to similar words such as the Welsh word \"bwg\" which means a ghost or goblin.", "The word bug and its earlier spelling bugge originally meant \"bed bug\". Many other creatures are now called \"bugs\", such as the \"ladybug\" (\"ladybird\" outside North America) and the \"potatobug\". The word is used informally for any insect, or even microscopic germs, or diseases caused by these germs, but the earliest recorded use of the actual word \"bug\" referred to a bed bug. ", "That the moth story has become so well established is largely due to the efforts of a pioneering computer scientist named Grace Murray Hopper. Ms. Hopper, who died in 1992, was a brilliant mathematician who helped invent the computer language Cobol and rose to the rank of rear admiral in the Navy.", "Errors in computer programs are called \"bugs\". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to \"hang\", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. ", "In October 1994, Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College, independently discovered the bug. He contacted Intel, but received no response. On October 30, he posted a message on the Internet. Word of the bug spread quickly and reached the industry press. The bug was easy to replicate; a user could enter specific numbers into the calculator on the operating system. Consequently, many users did not accept Intel's statements that the error was minor and \"not even an erratum.\" During Thanksgiving, in 1994, The New York Times ran a piece by journalist John Markoff spotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-user support organization. This resulted in a $475 million charge against Intel's 1994 revenue. ", "The \"Love Bug\" bit the computer world hard on Thursday in the latest sign of how vulnerable the global infrastructure is to easy-to-launch and hard-to-detect hacker attacks.", "The coder admitted he'd written the viruses, known as Netsky and Sasser, but insisted he never intended harm: He saw himself as an avenger, a virus hunter. His fast-moving bugs were designed to infect computers in order to delete other viruses.", "and removed it. Ever since, when something goes wrong with a computer, it is said to have a bug in it.", "After all, a human mistake in the development of the software led to the machine's victory. It's sort of reassuring to think that a human flaw is actually what made Deep Blue successful. But it's not clear that things would have turned out all that differently had that bug never surfaced.", "(true bug) Named after Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry. The mission statement of that show, \". . . to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life . . .\", the authors suggest, applies also to the speleology which uncovered this cavernicolous bug. [Deutsche Entomo. Zeit. 59(2): 207]", "There is ongoing debate over the use of the term \"bug\" to describe software errors. One argument is that the word \"bug\" is divorced from a sense that a human being caused the problem, and instead implies that the defect arose on its own, leading to a push to abandon the term \"bug\" in favor of terms such as \"defect\", with limited success.", "It’s tempting to think there’s a lesson here about human nature. After all, a human mistake in the development of the software led to the machine’s victory. It’s sort of reassuring to think that a human flaw is actually what made Deep Blue successful. But it’s not clear that things would have turned out all that differently had that bug never surfaced.", "* was the original name of the Macintosh SevenDust computer virus that was discovered in 1998.", "First programmable computer, called ‘Colossus’ built at Bletchley Park to help break secret codes during the second world war. This was kept secret until 1976. ‘Colossus’ used thermionic valves and was the size of a house.", "* The 2004 novel The Bug, by Ellen Ullman, is about a programmer's attempt to find an elusive bug in a database application.", "1982 - The world’s first PC virus, a 400-line code disguised as an Apple program, is written by Richard Skrenta", "Mr. Haney recalled that he wrote two versions of the story – one for the morning publication and one for the evening.  He recalled thinking at the time that this bug had the potential to create future harm.  That the bacteria “could settle in the nation’s food chain if the source of the organism was not found soon.”", "The popular literature and press continue to highlight the effects of malicious code as if it were a relatively recent phenomenon. It is not. Cohen [COH84] is sometimes credited with the discovery of viruses, but in fact Cohen gave a name to a phenomenon known long before. For example, Thompson, in his 1984 Turing Award lecture, \"Reflections on Trusting Trust\" [THO84], described code that can be passed by a compiler. In that lecture, he refers to an earlier Air Force document, the Multics security evaluation [KAR74, KAR02]. In fact, references to virus behavior go back at least to 1970. Ware's 1970 study (publicly released in 1979 [WAR79]) and Anderson's planning study for the U.S. Air Force [AND72] (to which Schell also refers) still accurately describe threats, vulnerabilities, and program security flaws, especially intentional ones. What is new about malicious code is the number of distinct instances and copies that have appeared.", "Increasingly, researchers are designing robots with forms and functions that defy our expectation of what a machine can be or do. One of the more unexpected robotics applications in recent years comes from the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported \"RoboBees\" project, which aims to create autonomous robotic insects capable of sustained, independent flight. Such robots could one day assist in reconnaissance, aid in remote communication, or even act as artificial pol .. ... READ MORE", "Recently, the global financial market experienced a series of computer glitches that abruptly brought operations to a halt. One reason for these \"flash freezes\" may be the sudden emergence of mobs of ultrafast robots, which trade on the global markets and operate at speeds beyond human capability, thus overwhelming the system. The appearance of this \"ultrafast machine ecology\" is documented in a new study published on September 11 in Nature Scientific Reports.", "* June 7 – A computer user known as \"_eci\" publishes his Microsoft C source code on a Windows 95 and Windows NT exploit, which later becomes WinNuke. The source code gets wide distribution across the internet, and Microsoft is forced to release a security patch.", "June 7 - A computer user known as \"_eci\" published his Microsoft C source code on a Windows 95 and Windows NT exploit, which would later become WinNuke . The source code gets wide distribution across the internet , and Microsoft is forced to release a security patch.", "What is the name of the alien race in starcraft that plagues the universe much like a swarm of bugs?" ]

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[ "Paddington Bear is a fictional character in children's literature . He first appeared on 13 October 1958 [1] and was subsequently featured in several books, most recently in 2008, written by Michael Bond and first illustrated by Peggy Fortnum . The polite immigrant bear from Darkest Peru , with his old hat, battered suitcase, duffle coat and love of marmalade sandwiches has become a classic character from English children's literature . [2] Paddington books have been translated into thirty languages across seventy titles and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide. Over 265 licences, making thousands of different products across the United Kingdom, Europe, United States, Southeast Asia, Japan, Australia and South Africa all benefit from the universal recognition of Paddington Bear. [3]", "Paddington Bear originally came from Darkest Peru, but after stowing away on a ship, he was found at Paddington Station by Mr & Mrs Brown who ended up taking him home to live with them at 32 Windsor Gardens in London, with their two children.", "Paddington Bear is a fictional character in children's literature. He first appeared on 13 October 1958 and has been featured in more than twenty books written by Michael Bond and illustrated by Peggy Fortnum and other artists. The friendly bear from deepest, darkest Peru—with his old hat, battered suitcase (complete with a secret compartment, enabling it to hold more items than it would at first appear), duffle coat and love of marmalade—has become a classic character from English children's literature. Paddington books have been translated into 30 languages across 70 titles and sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.", "Paddington Bear hails from darkest Peru. He hopped on a train and his travels brought him to London, England’s Paddington Station. The Brown family found him and named him after the place where they met. Paddington’s first meal with Mr. Brown was tea which included his favorite sticky buns. I imagine it took Paddington some time to travel from Darkest Peru all the way to London and I also imagine he sampled many fine cuisines along the way. Check out this map of the places Paddington likely passed through and then share in his international feast. Don’t forget the marmalade!", "He’s furry, incredibly polite and comes from deepest darkest Peru… it’s Paddington Bear! This charming stowaway first appeared in author Michael Bond’s book in 1958 and we still love him over 50 years later. The brand new Paddington Bear movie tells the story of Paddington’s arrival in London and Mr and Mrs Brown of Notting Hill came to adopt him. Want to know a bit more about ‘the world’s most polite bear’?", "The Adventures of Paddington Bear is an animated childrenâ??s TV series based on the book Paddington Bear by Michael Bond. Paddington had been a lonely bear sent away from his home in Peru, Lima by his Aunt Lucy to end up in a London train station with a note simply and politely asking someone to look after him. In a new country and with a new family, the Browns, it seems that Paddingtonâ??s curiosity gets the best of him as he finds everything utterly fascinating. Unfortunately, he has the tendency to turn his little explorations into a full out adventure when he finds himself in sticky situations, like when he managed to get himself in a dance contest though he doesnâ??t know how to dance or when he became a guest speaker at the White House. Whether heâ??s eating marmalade sandwiches or getting into some snafu with the Brownâ??s children, Henry and Isabelle, there is a safe bet that when Paddingtonâ??s involved, life is definitely an interesting adventure.", "Paddington Bear is a character in British children's books, created by Michael Bond. Hanna-Barbera and Central Independent Television produced a 13-episode cel-animated series of Paddington Bear in 1989, for the fifth season of The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera . This version introduced the character of David Russell, an American cousin of Jonathan and Judy Brown, who arrived in London on the same day as Paddington.", "Nearly fifty years ago, a small bear from Darkest Peru set out on an adventure of a lifetime. With nothing but a suitcase, several jars of marmalade, and a label around his neck that read, \"Please Look After This Bear,\" he stowed away on a ship headed for faraway England. When the little bear arrived at London's busy Paddington Station, he was discovered by Mr. and Mrs. Brown. As luck would have it, the Browns were just the sort of people to welcome a lost bear into their family. Paddington Bear has charmed readers worldwide with his earnest good intentions and humorous misadventures. This reissue of the classic story, with new artwork by original artist R. W. Alley, will surely let a whole new generation of children find a home in their hearts for this lovable lost bear. show more", "Paddington is the first of a number of stories about a talking bear that has run away from Darkest Peru to London with a suitcase full of marmalade. Whilst sitting by the lost property office at Paddington station he is found by Mr and Mrs Brown who are waiting for the arrival of their daughter Judy. After befriending the bear and aptly naming him Paddington, Mrs Brown vows to look after him and invites Paddington to their home despite Mr Brown’s initial reluctance.", "In the first episode, Mr and Mrs Brown meet the marmalade-loving bear from Darkest Peru and take him home, naming him after the London railway station where he was found. Paddington is the classic innocent abroad, a kind bear, well-meaning and polite, who is unaware of the obstacles and imminent catastrophes so evident to everyone else � but things always turn out fine for Paddington in the end.", "R.W. Alley remembers the details vividly. He is an American illustrator born in Virginia and raised largely in 1960s and ’70s Maryland, and it was about two decades ago when his talents attracted the attention of England’s Michael Bond, who is best known ’round the world as the creator of the beloved, nearly 60-year-old Peruvian immigrant Paddington Bear (whose stories have often been adapted to small and big screens, including the well-received new film with a CGI-animated star).", "On arriving at the Brown’s re Paddington is the first of a number of stories about a talking bear that has run away from Darkest Peru to London with a suitcase full of marmalade. Whilst sitting by the lost property office at Paddington station he is found by Mr and Mrs Brown who are waiting for the arrival of their daughter Judy. After befriending the bear and aptly naming him Paddington, Mrs Brown vows to look after him and invites Paddington to their home despite Mr Brown’s initial reluctance.", "Paddington was Ola’s immediate suggestion: he is perhaps the only bear who can rival Winnie-the-Pooh for the nation’s affections (and his fondness for marmalade equals Pooh’s love of honey). He is a quintessentially English creation… even if he is from Darkest Peru.", "I enjoyed reading this book. I got this version at Kohl's. I lov Paddington is a book about a little bear who left the Darkest Peru in search of a better home. At a train station, Mr. and Mrs. Brown meet him and decide that they should take care of him. They named him Paddington after the train station, and headed home. Paddington is a very polite bear, but seems to cause accidents at every turn. But the family is excited to have him as a part of the family and can't wait to learn more about him.", "From his early days in Darkest Peru to his first adventures in england, Paddington Bear's memories... show more", "The Browns -- parents Henry and Mary, along with kids Jonathan and Judy -- took the bear home to 32 Windsor Gardens (an address many are dismayed to learn doesn't exist), and adopted him as less a pet and more a treasured nephew. As a new citizen of London, Paddington -- who forgoes his former surname for his adoptive name Brown -- takes a liking to Portobello Road markets, taking elevenses with Mr. Gruber, aggravating Mrs. Bird and Mr. Curry, and reminiscing about his wealthy relative, Uncle Pastuzo. And, as if you didn't know, he gobbles marmalade whenever he can.", "Paddington Bear is a series of British animated shorts based on the Paddington Bear book series by Michael Bond produced by FilmFair. This was the first television series based on the popular children's book Paddington Bear. In the United States it was usually shown on pay television as filler in between programs. Its narrator was actor Michael Hordern .", "On Christmas Eve, 1956, Michael Bond bought a small toy bear for his wife and they named it 'Paddington' as they were living near Paddington station. In 1958, A Bear Called Paddington was published with many more stories to follow. Michael still lives in London. In 1997 he was awarded the OBE for his services to children's literature show more", "Paddington Bear is a series of British animated shorts based on the Paddington Bear book series by Michael Bond produced by FilmFair. This was the first television series based on the popular children's book Paddington Bear. In the United States it was usually shown on pay television as filler in between programs. Its narrator was actor Michael Hordern. It was one of the few television programmes to combine a puppet show with cartoon - Paddington himself was a puppet, but other characters in the series were depicted as cartoon characters.", "** 13 October: Michael Bond's children's story A Bear Called Paddington, introducing the character Paddington Bear, is published.", "Storybook character in lifetime came from marmaladesep , keepsake Can you may have seen Commute, all blearyjan , jul Right paddington a slice of birthday and keeps a duffle Marmite, upon hispaddington bear ditches Triessep , your early morning commute, all blearyjan , its paddington is a jam sandwich plain bread May have seen the lovable paddington bear New marmite advert in which Early morning commute, all blearyjan , pooh, or rather At sku pbp party would be complete without a advert in which Jar of his marmalade sandwich topaddington bear eats All-out sku pbp it the jan , production paddington Into an all-out hispaddington bear sandwich Can you know about paddington depicted on british", "Paddington Bear is a series of British animated shorts based on the Paddington Bear book series by Michael Bond produced by FilmFair. This was the first television series based on the popular children's book Paddington Bear. In the United States it was usually shown on pay television as filler in between programs. Its narrator was actor Michael Hordern. The series has a very distinctive art style. Paddington himself is a stop-motion animated puppet who moves within a 3-dimensional space and interacts with 2-dimensional animated drawings of the human characters, buildings, etc.", "The December before the BBC gave the 50 Paddingtons away, I sent a Paddington Bear to a friend of mine in the states, as I send her British things, and I thought she might like him. So he is having adventures in the US, as well.", "Paddington is an anthropomorphised bear . He is always polite (always addressing people as \"Mr.\", \"Mrs.\" and \"Miss\" and very rarely by first names) and well-meaning (though he inflicts hard stares on those who incur his disapproval). He likes marmalade sandwiches and cocoa , and has an endless capacity for getting into trouble. However, he is known to \"try so hard to get things right\". He is an adoptive member of the (human) Brown family, and thus gives his full name as Paddington Brown.", "Before his fictional version appeared on page, Paddington existed as a real teddy bear. Bond saw it \"left on a shelf in a London shop and felt sorry for it\" on Christmas Eve 1956, and took it home as a present for his wife Brenda. The couple were living near Paddington Station at the time, so Bond named the bear Paddington and started to write stories about it, \"more for fun than with the idea of having them published. After 10 days I found that I had a book on my hands. It wasn’t written specifically for children, but I think I put into it the kind of things I liked reading about when I was young.\"", "Betjeman brought his bear with him when he went up to university at Oxford in the 1920s, and as a result Archie became the model for Aloysius , Sebastian Flyte's bear in Evelyn Waugh 's novel Brideshead Revisited . In the 1940s, Betjeman also wrote an illustrated a story for his children, entitled Archie and the Strict Baptists, in which the bear's sojourns at the family's successive homes in Uffington and Farnborough are fictionalised. Archie is here described as a member of the Strict Baptist denomination, riding a hedgehog to chapel, and enjoying amateur archaeology, digging up molehills, \"which, he considered, were the graves of baby Druids\". A version of the story with illustrations by Phillida Gili was published as a children's book in 1977.", "This is NOT the original book. It is a picture book version of Paddington. (The original Paddington book is a chapter book.)", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, two more characters - Rabbit and Owl - were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year.", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, Christopher Robin Milne, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into A. A. Milne's stories, and two more characters – Rabbit and Owl – were created by Milne's imagination. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York where 750,000 people visit them every year. ", "Winnie-the-Pooh is a classic 1926 children's book by English author Alan A. Milne , which tells the stories of Winnie-the-Pooh , a silly bear living in the Hundred Acre Wood with his friends Piglet , Rabbit , Eeyore , Owl and Christopher Robin . It was illustrated by Ernest H. Shepard .", "  In this classic first Paddington story readers will find out how Paddington acquires his name and how he quite simply transforms the lives of the people who come into contact with him. Delightful illustrations and laugh out loud stories make this the kind of book young readers will want to read again and again.", "No, Milne didn't encounter a real bear, accompanied by a group of animal friends, wandering around the Hundred Acre Wood. But almost all of the characters in his books had real-life counterparts. Christopher Robin, Pooh's human companion, was named after Milne's own son, Christopher Robin Milne (who was less than thrilled about his inescapable association with the popular books as he got older). Winnie the Pooh was Christopher's teddy bear." ]

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[ "What letter must appear at the beginning of the registration number of all non-military aircraft in the U.S.?", "5. What letter must appear at the beginning of the registration number of all non-military aircraft in the U.S.?", "In the United States, the registration number is commonly referred to as an \"N\" number, because all aircraft registered there have a number starting with the letter N. An alphanumeric system is used because of the large numbers of aircraft registered in the United States. An N-number may only consist of one to five characters, must start with a digit other than zero, and cannot end in a run of more than two letters. In addition, N-numbers may not contain the letters I or O, due to their similarities with the numerals 1 and 0. ", "       The class prefixes of �C�, �R�, �X� and �L� were eliminated by amendment to the Civil Aeronautics Regulations (CARs) on June 14, 1948, with only the �N� being used.  By 1953 the need to expand the available number of registration slots caused a rule change to include double alpha suffixes with up to three numerals.  The letters �R�, �X� and �L� were replaced in 1948 with the requirement of a Restricted, Experimental, or Limited sign be prominently displayed at the cockpit entrance. This applied to all new registration issued after December 31, 1948. Recertification of aircraft in the \"NL\" category, which was defined as military aircraft modified for limited civil use, was extended after an August 31, 1948 deadline - mainly to accommodate air racer owners at the Cleveland Air Races. The CARs extended the deadline to remove the \"C\", \"R\", \"X\", or \"L\" characters to January 1, 1951. ", "The choice was not universally popular. The Journal Aviation wanted the U.S. to adopt W in honor of the Wright brothers. Use of the letter N in the early days seems to have been restricted to aircraft that made international flights. Compliance was voluntary at this time, since the U.S. did not ratify the 1919 Convention.", "An equals sign (=) shows a re-registration [NC12345=N567H], or a change from civil to military [NX12345=40-012], or US registry to foreign [NC12345=GABCD]. Within brackets, an equals sign should be interpreted as \"became\". A virgule (/) is used as a tie to indicate a change of license prefix for a specific plane, as from Experimental to Standard category [X/NC12345].", "As a part of military nomenclature, a letter is often assigned to various types of aircraft to indicate their use, along with a number to indicate the specific aircraft. The letters used to designate a fighter differ in various countries — in the English-speaking world, \"F\" is now used to indicate a fighter (e.g. F-35 or Spitfire F.22), though when the pursuit designation was used in the US, they were \"P\" types (e.g. P-40). In Russia \"I\" was used (I-16), while the French continue to use \"C\" (Nieuport 17 C.1).", "There is a unique overlap in the United States with aircraft having a single number followed by two letters and radio call signs issued by the Federal Communications Commission to Amateur Radio operators holding the Amateur Extra class license. For example, N4YZ is, on the one hand, a Cessna 206 registered to a private individual in California, while N4YZ is also issued to an Amateur Radio operator in North Carolina.", "This article was compiled from information provided by AAHS member Mike O'Rourke and several other American Aviation Historical Society members, AAHS Journal Vol. 2, No.4, documentation found on www.Aerofiles.com (created and maintained by former member K.O. Eckland), William T. Larkins' Air Pictorial article from 1954, a wealth of detailed information from Dan Hagedorn and the current FAA aircraft registration database.  The author particularly wishes to recognize AAHS member Matthew Rodina Jr. of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands for pointing us in the direction of the most likely reason for the U.S. having �N� as it national aircraft registration mark.", "       By December 9, 1938, the last of the formerly Identified aircraft (primarily older aircraft for which no ATC has been issued, homebuilt, and aircraft not intended to be operated outside the confines of the state in which they were domiciled) had been attrited. However, when an classified aircraft did not pass inspection, the CAA came up with a new convention for covering these. They would order the removal of the \"C\" from the \"NC-\" prefix, and thus the aircraft would become N-11471. This has led many researchers on a merry chase. These were not licenses at this point; they were Identification Marks.", "       A provision in the 1926 Act also allowed for identification of aircraft that did not meet minimum airworthiness requirements. These aircraft were termed Identified Aircraft and were to wear Identification Mark Assignment (IMA) numbers, usually without the N.  It was possible to register such aircraft under this provision up until March 1939.", "As do many aircraft from the Golden Age of flying, this Waco SRE, s/n 5153, NC1252W seen at the 1995 EAA Convention in Oshkosh, Wis., still sports an NC registration number. The CAA dropped the use of the C, L, R, and X registration identifiers in 1948, replacing all but the C with cockpit placards. (Photo by Al Hansen)", "       What really makes all of this challenging is that none of these rules appear to be cast in stone and examples of exceptions abound.  For example, it is possible today to find examples of many of these particular rules.  At air shows one can see Golden Age era aircraft with NC registrations, and war birds sporting NL and NX registration identifiers.  ", "Suffix registrations consist of 3 letters followed by up to 3 digits, and a final letter which identifies the year the number was issued. The first suffix registration to be issued was A in 1963. An example of a suffix registration is NNN 123A.", "Annex 7 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation describes the definitions, location, and measurement of nationality and registration marks. The aircraft registration is made up of a prefix selected from the country's call-sign prefix allocated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), making the registration a quick way of determining the country of origin, and the registration suffix. Depending on the country of registration, this suffix is a numeric or alphanumeric code and consists of one to five digits or characters respectively. The ICAO provides a supplement to Annex 7 which provides an updated list of approved Nationality and Common Marks used by various countries.", "go to http://www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/menu.htm use a-z index then click on civil aircraft register and historical marks (assuming you might know of the certificate of registration), enter it and see what pops up. wish you good luck", "I was looking at the new Air Britain DC-3 monograph, and they have been unable to identify the DC-3 N61696. They have the reg in their index, but no c/n !! Apart from the fact that I saw it myself, this DC-3 is also reported several times in Aviation Letter at West Palm Beach 1974 to 1976, and in January 1976 without titles, so maybe sold around then, but what is its c/n and what became of it?? N61696 is now on the FAA register as a Cessna 172, since apparently 1975 and this DC-3 must never have been on the FAA register or Air Britain would have the details.", "The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) maintains the standards for aircraft registration. Article 20 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation requires that all signatory countries register aircraft over a certain weight with a national aviation authority. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique “registration” which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft.", "Article 20 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), signed in 1944, requires that all aircraft engaged in international air navigation bears its appropriate nationality and registration marks. Upon registration, the aircraft receives its unique \"registration\", which must be displayed prominently on the aircraft.", "The first three characters would originally have been able to identify the area of the country in which the registration was issued (in the above example the FVL indicates that this registration would have been released in Lincoln). And the number is simply a way of uniquely identifying one registration from the possible 999 alternatives with the same prefix and suffix combinations that could be out there. As these registrations have an age identifier (the suffix), you can only assign them to vehicles of the same age as the registration or younger. As with all registrations that carry a year identifier you can make your vehicle look as old as you want, but not one day newer. So, for example, the above registration - FVL 144M - could be assigned to any vehicle first manufactured after 01/08/1973, but you'd be unable to put it on a vehicle that was manufactured before that date as you would be giving the impression that the vehicle was more modern than it is.", "Vehicle Identification Number. Seventeen characters, required by 49 CFR 565. (Title 49 is transportation law; section 565... uh , I can't find.) The characters can be numbers or (upper case) letters. I can't tell the zeros from the ohs.", "Enclosed herewith is your \"Identification Mark Assignment\" together with a metal identification plate. The identification mark which has been assigned to you must be prominently displayed on your aircraft in accordance with the provisions of Section 41 of the Air Commerce Regulations. The metal plate must be permanently affixed to the fuselage in a prominent place, in order that it may be readily inspected. No letter or other mark or symbol of any kind shall immediately precede or follow the identification mark thus displayed on your aircraft. ", "You are confusing the aircraft registered serial number with the base/unit code which is displayed on the tail. The base/unit code will change if the aircraft is reassigned to a new unit, the aircraft serial number is assigned during manufacture and stays with the aircraft for life.", "Decals/markings come from an Xtradecal sheet for RAF Phantom FG.1/FGR.2s, \"XL196\" is, AFAIK, a ‘free’ (never used) RAF serial number that fits around 1962. Some additional stencils and markings were painted onto the fuselage by brush.", "Can you be, or anyone be, a help in listing Aircraft seriel no., to C/N or MSN, or where I might find out the info.", "Most of the \"hard to decipher\" identifiers become obvious if one knows the name of the airport rather than the city served. A Louisiana example is ESF, for Esler Field in Alexandra. Orly airport (ORY) and Charles De Gaulle airport (CDG) serve Paris, France, while Tokyo, Japan has the Narita airport (NRT). When you know what the code represents, some curious acronyms become obvious: MSY is the former Moisant Stock Yards in New Orleans, Named for the land where early aviator John Moisant suffered a fatal crash, stock yards that became the Louis Armstrong New Orleans Airport. CMH is Columbus Municipal Hangar, BWI is Baltimore Washington International, LGW is London Gatwick, and LHR is London Heathrow!", "Each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses an airline call sign when communicating with airports or air traffic control centres. Most of these call-signs are derived from the airline's trade name, but for reasons of history, marketing, or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken English (so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions issued to a different aircraft), some airlines and air forces use call-signs less obviously connected with their trading name. For example, British Airways uses a Speedbird call-sign, named after the logo of its predecessor, BOAC, while SkyEurope used Relax.", "nickname for the 24¢ air mail   error   stamp of 1918 on which the airplane ( vignette ) was printed upside down in relation to the frame .  Scott C3a.", "So here it goes my question...if there is no place in the plane where we can see those civil marks, and even the crew use the ones painted on the tail/fuselage when questioned, whats the purpose of these \"F-\" civil ones?", "In December 2007, airline pilots noticed that the base had appeared in their aircraft navigation systems' latest Jeppesen database revision with the ICAO airport identifier code of KXTA and listed as \"Homey Airport\". The probably inadvertent release of the airport data led to advice by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) that student pilots should be explicitly warned about KXTA, not to consider it as a waypoint or destination for any flight even though it now appears in public navigation databases.", "Canadian Forces vehicles that travel on regular roads display licence plates. These vehicles have licence plates issued by the Department of National Defence. Domestic plates were issued by the DND after 1968. By contrast, tactical vehicles of the United States military do not bear licence plates, even if they travel regularly on public streets and highways.", "if there is no place in the plane where we can see those civil marks, and even the crew use the ones painted on the tail/fuselage when questioned, whats the purpose of these \"F-\" civil ones?" ]

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[ "On this day in 1995, O.J. Simpson was acquitted of the murders of his ex-wife Nicole and her friend Ronald Goldman, whom he had viciously stabbed to death on June 12 of the previous year.   Since then, Simpson has been scouring Las Vegas casinos, and golf courses all over America, searching for the real killer.", "On December 8, 1993, President Bill Clinton signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which eliminated nearly every trade barrier between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, creating the world's largest free trade zone. The House of Representatives approved NAFTA on November 17, 1993, by a vote of 234 to 200. Remarkably the agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and only 102 Democrats. That unusual combination reflected the challenges President Clinton faced in convincing Congress that the controversial piece of legislation would truly benefit all Americans.", "After a hard-fought battle in Congress, President Clinton signs the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), eliminating nearly every trade barrier between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, creating the world's largest free trade zone. December 08, 1993", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1980, in the final first-run episode of Hawaii Five-0, McGarrett captured his arch-enemy Wo-Fat. The series, starring Jack Lord and James MacArthur, lasted 12 years. In 1984, Los Angeles Laker Kareem Abdul Jabbar skyhooked his 31,420th point to pass Wilt Chamberlain at the top of the NBA's all-time scoring list. In 1985, 5,000 radio stations around the world played We Are the World all at once. In 1987, Married ... With Children debuted on FOX. In 1993, Sherry Davis became the first female public-address-system announcer at a major league baseball park. She won the San Francisco Giant's job over 499 others who auditioned. In 1993, cnstruction began on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. In 1994, Kurt Cobain killed himself in the garage apartment of his Seattle home. He was 27. In 2005, Aerdeen added the phrase Come As You Are to their Welcome to Aberdeen sign on the 11th anniversary of Kurt Cobain's death.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1893, the first recorded college basketball game occured at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania. In 1969, Neil Diamond set a record at the Los Angeles Forum when he sold out nine shows in a row. In 1974, at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, Hank Aaron hit his 715th career home run to surpass Babe Ruth's 39-year-old record. In 1975, Aerosmith released Toys in the Attic. In 1979, Van Halen began their first world tour. In 1986, Clint Eastwood was elected mayor of Carmel, California. In 1992, retired tennis great Arthur Ashe announced that he had AIDS, acquired from blood transfusions during one of his two heart surgeries. In 1994, Kurt Cobain was found dead at the age of 27. He had committed suicide three days before. In 2005, over four million people attended the funeral of Pope John Paul II.", "File:1990s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope floats in space after it was taken up in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; The signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; The World Wide Web gains a public face during the start of decade and as a result gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin and followers stand on a tank in defiance to the August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; The funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales, who dies in 1997 from a car crash in Paris, and is mourned by millions; Hundreds of thousands are killed in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.|420px|thumb", "1988 - \"The Last Temptation of Christ\" opened. 1992 - The U.S., Canada, and Mexico announced that the North American Free Trade Agreement had been created after 14 months of negotiations. 1993 - U.S. President Clinton lifted the ban on rehiring air traffic controllers that had been fired for going on strike in 1981. 1994 - Major league baseball players went on strike rather than allow team owners to limit their salaries. The strike lasted for 232 days. As a result, the World Series was wiped out for the first time in 90 years. 1998 - Swiss banks agreed to pay $1.25 billion as restitution to World War II Holocaust victims. 1999 - Hang Thu Thi Ngyuen shot an arrow from a bow with her feet on \"Guinness World Records: Primetime\" and hit a target that was 16 feet and 5 inches away.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1889, the first dishwashing machine was marketed. It was in Chicago. In 1891, the Wrigley Company was founded in Chicago. In 1938, the Baseball Hall of Fame opened in Cooperstown. In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, requiring the Surgeon General's warnings on tobacco products and banning cigarette advertisements on television and radio in the United States, starting on January 1st of 1971. In 1976, Jimmy Buffett�s career got a boost when he released a little ditty called Margaritaville. Also in 1976, Apple Inc. was formed by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. In 1984, Marvin Gaye was shot to death by his father in Los Angeles a day before his 45th birthday. Gaye's father later received probation after he pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter. In 1985, David Lee Roth left Van Halen to pursue his solo career. In 1998, a federal judge dismissed the Paula Jones' sexual harassment lawsuit against President Clinton saying that the claims fell \"far short\" of being worthy of a trial. In 2001, same-sex marriage became legal in the Netherlands, the first country to allow it. In 2003, Vans Warped Tour organizers denied Avril Lavigne was headlining that year's punk festival after a fake press release was circulated on the Internet by April Fool's Day pranksters.", "1990 - Military action was authorized by the United Nations to enforce the trade embargo that had been placed on Iraq after their invasion of Kuwait. 1991 - Byelorussia declared independence from the Soviet Union. 1992 - It was reported by researchers that cigarette smoking significantly increased the risk of developing cataracts. 1993 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 3,652.09, an all-time high. 1995 - Harry Wu, human rights activist, returned to the United States. He said the spying case against him in China was \"all lies.\" 1997 - The tobacco industry agreed to an $11.3 billion settlement with the state of Florida. 1998 - A survey released said that 1/3 of Americans use the Internet.", "December 31st 2004: The Whoâs Roger Daltrey was named a Commander of the British Empire in the Queenâs New Year âs Honors List. 2003: Rush guitarist Alex Lifeson and his son were arrested at a hotel in Naples, FL for allegedly assaulting a police officer, resisting arrest and drunken violent behavior at a New Year âs Eve party. Charges were dropped in 2005 1991: Ted Nugent served 200 pounds of venison donated by the Michigan Sportsmen Against Hunger program at a Salvation Army in Detroit with the message âI kill it, you grill it.â 1984: Def Leppard drummer Rick Allen lost his left arm in a car accident on his way to a New Year âs party at his parentsâ home in Sheffield, U.K. The arm was sewn back on, but it had to be removed three days later due to infection. 1982: E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt married actress Maureen Santora in New York City . Bruce Springsteen was the best man, the ceremony was presided over by Little Richard and Percy Sledge sang at the reception. 1974: Lindsey B ...", "1990 - The first shots were fired by the U.S. in the Persian Gulf Crisis when a U.S. frigate fired rounds across the bow of an Iraqi oil tanker. 1991 - An unsuccessful coup was attempted in against President Mikhail S. Gorbachev. The Soviet hard-liners were responsible. Gorbechev and his family were effectively imprisoned for three days while vacationing in Crimea. 1992 - Larry Bird, after 13 years with the Boston Celtics, announced his retirement. 1997 - Beth Ann Hogan became the first coed in the Virginia Military Institutes 158-year history. 1997 - Patrick Swayze received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 1998 - Mrs. Fields Original Cookies announced that they would acquire the Great American Cookie Co. 2004 - Donald Trump unveiled his board game (TRUMP the Game) where players bid on real estate, buy big ticket items and make billion-dollar business deals.", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1969, Paul McCartney married Linda Eastman. In 1971, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young�s live album Four Way Street was certified gold before it even appeared on the LP chart. In 1979, Mickey Thomas joined Jefferson Starship, replacing founding member Marty Balin. In 1985, federal inspectors declared that four animals of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus were not unicorns. They were goats with horns that had been surgically implanted. In 1993, Lisa Bonet filed for divorce from Lenny Kravitz. In 1995, on Late Night with David Letterman, actress Drew Barrymore jumped on Dave's desk, did a bump and grind, opened her blouse, and flashed the host. In 1998, a federal appeals court in San Francisco awarded the rights to the record Louie Louie to The Kingsmen, the group that recorded it in 1963. The court agreed that the group had missed out on decades of royalties on the top-selling record. In 1999, a 75-year-old German war veteran apologized to an 87-year-old French woman for stealing her ham during the war in 1944. Hans Kupperfahrenberg said he was retreating in Normandy and was starving, but he never felt right about stealing Louise Marie�s ham. So 55 years later, he returned to Normandy, found her, and bought her a ham. In 2004, Barry Bonds hit his 660th home run to tie Willie Mays for third on baseball's career homer list.", "1990 - Angry smokers blocked a street in Moscow to protest the summer-long cigarette shortage. 1991 - It was announced by Yugoslavia that a truce ordered on August 7th with Croatia had collapsed. 1991 - Mikhail S. Gorbachev returned to Moscow after the collapse of the hard-liners coup. On the same day he purged the men that had tried to oust him. 1992 - In Rostock, Germany, neo-Nazi violence broke out against foreigners. 1996 - U.S. President Clinton signed legislation that ended guaranteed cash payments to the poor and demanded work from recipients. 1998 - \"The Howard Stern Radio Show\" premiered on CBS to about 70% of the U.S. 2004 - In Oslo, Norway, a version of Edvard Munchs \"The Scream\" and his work \"Madonna\" were stolen from the Munch Museum. This version of \"The Scream,\" one of four different versions, was a tempera painting on board.", "In 1982,  Senegal and the Gambia formed a loose confederation known as Senegambia . 1989, the Western Australian towns of Kalgoorlie and Boulder amalgamated to form the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder . 1990,  Humanitas publishing house  was founded in Bucharest , shortly after the Romanian Revolution , by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu . 1991, a runway collision between USAir Flight 1493 and SkyWest Flight 5569 at Los Angeles International Airport resulted in the deaths of 34 people, and injuries to 30 others. 1992, the Chief Judicial Magistrate of Bhopal court declared  Warren Anderson , ex- CEO of Union Carbide , a fugitive under Indian law for failing to appear in the Bhopal Disaster case. 1993,  Gary Bettman became the NHL's first commissioner  1994, Punk rock band Green Day released their album Dookie , which would eventually sell over 20 million copies worldwide. 1996, the Communications Decency Act  was passed by the U.S. Congress . 1998, rear Admiral Lillian E. Fishburne became the first female African American to be promoted to rear admiral.", "August 1: Don Owen, who promoted wrestling in Portland for 54 years (ending in 1992) and was one of the few regional promoters to survive Vince McMahon�s national expansion in the 1980s, dies at the age of 90 � Two men enter The Messiah�s California apartment and use garden shears to cut off one of his thumbs. Messiah�s loud screams prompt the assailants to flee the scene before doing even more harm. The indy star had recently left Xtreme Pro Wrestling and was concentrating primarily on his East Coast career in Combat Zone Wrestling.", "NOTE: Bush’s administration spearheaded the negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which would eliminate the majority of tariffs on products traded among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, to encourage trade amongst the countries. The treaty also restricts patents, copyrights, and trademarks, and outlines the removal of investment restrictions among the three countries. NAFTA also contained no provisions for labor rights. The U.S. trade deficit with Canada and Mexico ballooned to 12 times its pre-NAFTA size, reaching $111 billion in 2004.", "Although the Tories were re-elected in 1988 campaigning on free trade, they won with only 43% of the popular vote, compared to 52% of the vote which went to the Liberals and the New Democratic Party who campaigned mostly against the agreement. However, when the Liberals under Jean Chrétien came to office in 1993 promising to re-negotiate key parts of the agreement, they continued the deal with only slight changes, and signed the North American Free Trade Agreement which expanded the free trade area to include Mexico.", "in 1991 - Nirvana recorded a performance for BBC TV music show Top Of The Pops in London. When asked to lip-sync �Smells Like Teen Spirit� to a pre-recorded tape Kurt Cobain protests by singing in a low-pitched funny voice with the rest of the band not even trying to mime in-time to the track.", "*June 23 – In Canada, the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 dies after the Manitoba and Newfoundland legislatures fail to approve it ahead of the deadline.", "Clinton was inaugurated in January 1993 at age 46, making him the third-youngest president in history up to that time. During his first term, Clinton enacted a variety of pieces of domestic legislation, including the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Violence Against Women Act, along with key bills pertaining to crime and gun violence, education, the environment and welfare reform. He put forth measures to reduce the federal budget deficit and also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which eliminated trade barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico . He attempted to enact universal health insurance for all Americans, and appointed first lady Hillary Clinton to head the committee charged with creating the plan. However, the committee’s plan was opposed by conservatives and the health care industry, among others, and Congress ultimately failed to act on it.", "The Marshall Mathers LP appeared in the summer of 2000, moving close to two-million copies in its first week of release on its way to becoming the fastest-selling rap album of all time. Unfortunately, this success also bred more controversy, and no other musician was better suited for it than Eminem. Among the incidents that occurred included a scuffle with the Insane Clown Posse's employees in a car stereo shop, a bitter battle with pop star Christina Aguilera over a lyric about her fictional sexual exploits, a lawsuit from his mother over defamation of character, and an attack on a Detroit club goer after Eminem allegedly witnessed the man kissing his wife. Fans ate it up as his album stood strong at the top of the charts. But the mainstream media was not so enamored, as accusations of homophobia and sexism sprung from the inflammatory lyrics in the songs \"Kill You\" and \"Kim.\" It was this last song that ended his marriage, as the song's chosen topic (violently murdering his real life wife Kim Mathers) drove his spouse to a suicide attempt before they divorced. Eminem toured throughout most of this, settling several of his court cases and engaging a mini-feud with rapper Everlast.", "Mulroney was probably the first prime minister of Canada who did not see the United States as a threat to Canadian nationhood. At the \"Shamrock Summit\" of 1985 in Qu�bec City, Brian and Mila Mulroney joined US president Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy in singing \"When Irish Eyes are Smiling.\" It was meant to symbolize a new era of Canadian-American harmony after years of Liberal prickliness.", "Most of the policies that Diefenbaker held dear did not survive the 16 years of Liberal rule which followed his fall. By the end of 1963, the first of the Bomarc warheads entered Canada, where they remained until the last were finally phased out during John Turner's brief government in 1984. Diefenbaker's decision to have Canada remain outside the OAS was not reversed by Pearson, and it was not until 1989, under the Tory government of Brian Mulroney, that Canada joined.", "On a Friday the 13th, Geffen threw the band a record release party with invitations that read, \"Nevermind Triskaidekaphobia, it's Nirvana.\" To fight any bad luck spirits, Cobain started a full fledged food fight when he threw ranch dressing at Novoselic, and a bouncer responded by grabbing the two and Grohl and throwing them out. The band then stood in the alley behind the club and talked to their friends through the window, before moving the party to a friend's place, where Cobain shot a fire extinguisher and the place had to be evacuated. At the next venue, Kurt completed the destruction trifecta by tossing a gold record plaque by the group Nelson into a microwave after proclaiming it an \"affront to humankind.\"", "In 1999 Eminem's mother sued him for about $10 million for slandering her on The Slim Shady LP, receiving about $1,600 in damages in 2001. Eminem was arrested on June 3, 2000 during an altercation with Douglas Dail at a car-audio store in Royal Oak, Michigan, when he pulled out an unloaded gun and pointed it at the ground. The next day, in Warren, Michigan, he was arrested for assaulting bouncer John Guerrera in the parking lot of the Hot Rock Café when he saw Guerrera kiss his wife. Eminem recreated the Guerrera assault in \"The Kiss (Skit)\" on The Eminem Show. The rapper, charged with possession of a concealed weapon and assault, pleaded guilty and received two years' probation; Guerrera's assault charge was dropped as part of the plea agreement. On July 7, 2000 Kim attempted suicide, slashing her wrists, and later sued Eminem for defamation after he described her violent death in \"Kim\". ", "Dougal: America, eh? We were just talking about that fella Kurt Cobain. He was from America. Imagine blowing your head off with a shot-gun. How'd he manage to survive that?", "The population of the U.S. exceeds 281 million. Seventy-five percent of Americans live in and around cities, up from 20 percent at the time of the Civil War. Toyota introduces a hybrid gasoline-electric auto, the Prius, which becomes a bestseller. In Kentucky, a Massey Energy dam collapses and 300 million gallons of coal slurry explode out of a mountainside. Clinton’s last act as president is declaring 58 million acres of national forests off limits to logging. The “roadless rule” survives several court challenges. Rainforest logging is banned in New Zealand after a 30-year campaign.", "Kurt Cobain , the rock singer who once wrote a song called \"I Hate Myself And Want To Die\" eventually committed suicide and left a note that in a nutshell had the same message. Even more ironic is that CNN, only a month earlier, had incorrectly reported he had died from an overdose. It was in fact only a coma as a result of an overdose.", "Kurt Cobain’s role as spo kesman for a generation that was apa thetic about political concerns could have made him a danger to the Military Industrial Complex (MIC) if he had decided to galvanise the disaffect ed young of the globe by taking an anti-war stance over the developin g conflict in Yugoslavia. To ensure healthy weapon sales and lack of public interest, a pre-em ptiv e strike may have been called for.", "In \" It's Christmas in Canada \", Hussein appears as the man controlling the Prime Minister of Canada, in reference to the man behind the curtain in The Wizard of Oz. He makes many new, unnecessarily hateful and eccentric laws, including one that forced Ike to leave the US and move to Canada. The boys travel to Canada to get Ike back, coming across several other people who were affected by Saddam's laws. When they finally reach Saddam, he kills Kenny with lasers, and refuses to give Ike back to his brother. When Kyle asks \"What the hell is wrong with you? What kind of Prime Minister bases all his decisions on hatred?\" he is unveiled as the Prime Minister of Canada, and is promptly arrested by Canadian soldiers. He is last seen being paraded through a city on a float, with the Canadians celebrating his capture.", "Serendipitously, American sheriff Bud Boomer (John Candy) offensively criticizes Canadian beer while attending a hockey game between the neighboring nations in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The ensuing brawl ends up on the news and catches Stuart's attention; he collects more information about Canada from a CIA agent named Gus (Brad Sullivan), who suggests Canada as their new enemy. Before long, television channels are littered with anti-Canada propaganda, which Boomer believes wholeheartedly. He prepares for war by distributing guns to his fellow sheriffs, including his girlfriend Honey (Rhea Perlman) and their friends Roy Boy (Kevin J. O'Connor) and Kabral Jabar (Bill Nunn). After they apprehend a group of Americans \"dressed as Canadians\" attempting to destroy a hydroelectric plant, despite Gus' protests, they sneak across the border to litter on Canadian lands, which leads to Honey being arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In a rescue attempt, Boomer, Roy Boy and Kabral sneak into a Canadian power plant and cause a countrywide blackout. When the President learns of this, he orders Boomer's immediate removal from Canada before it's too late.", "The First Wal-Mart discount store is opened by by Sam Walton in Bentonville Arkansas. The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution condemning South Africa’s racist apartheid policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation." ]

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[ "Welcome to the Internet's most extensive E-Meter site. The device above is a Hubbard electro-psychometer (E-meter): a crude lie detector used by Scientology auditors (counselors) to examine a person's mental state. Scientologists claim the device allows people to \"see a thought\". In the hands of a trained auditor, they believe it can uncover \"hidden crimes\". John Travolta swears by it. And so do Jenna Elfman and Priscilla Presley . Here you will learn the truth about this device.", "The E-meter is a device for displaying and/or recording the electrodermal activity (EDA) of a human being. The device is used frequently for auditing in Scientology and divergent groups, but devices similar to the Scientology E-meter have been used for more than a century by counselors of psychology and psychoanalysis. Such devices have been used as a research tool in many human studies, and as one component of the Keeler polygraph (lie detector) system. The efficacy and legitimacy of Scientology's use of the E-meter has been subject to extensive debate and litigation and in accordance with a federal court order, the Church of Scientology now publishes disclaimers in its books and publications declaring that the E-meter \"by itself does nothing\" and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes.", "The more modern \"bathroom scale\" E-Meter design was registered with the US Patent and Trademark Office in 1997 under registration number 2056778. (Thanks to Scientology attorney Samuel D. Rosen, of Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, for pointing this out.) Here is the trademark registration . In August 2001, Scientology also registered \"E-Meter\" as a word mark; the registration is here . But there are many other commercial uses of the term \"E-Meter\"! It appears the main point of the trademark registration would be to prevent FreeZone groups from marketing their own electropsychometers under this name.", "Within the Church of Scientology, the early psychoanalysts are credited with first use of the E-meter. ", "Scientologists claim that in the hands of a trained operator, the meter can indicate whether a person has been relieved from the spiritual impediment of past experiences. In accordance with a 1974 federal court order, the Church of Scientology asserts that the E-meter is intended for use only in church-sanctioned auditing sessions; it is not a curative or medical device. The E-meters used by the Church were previously manufactured by Scientologists at their Gold Base facility, but now are manufactured in Hong Kong and Taiwan.", "E-meter – an electronic device created in the 1940s by Volney Mathison, an inventor and early collaborator with L. Ron Hubbard. E-meters are used during auditing sessions to measure the electrical conductance of a person’s skin, which Scientologists believe indicates changes in the “reactive mind” of the person being audited. Hubbard claimed that E-meters were sensitive enough to detect the screams of fruit being sliced. Mathison later became disillusioned with Hubbard and his theories and criticized the use of the E-meter by the Scientology leader and others for their “phony systems.” E-meter prices range from under $100 to more than $1,000.", "Church members were expected to pay fixed donation rates for courses, auditing, books and E-meters, all of which proved very lucrative for the Church, which paid emoluments directly to Hubbard and his family. [62] In a case fought by the Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C. over its tax-exempt status (revoked in 1958 because of these emoluments) it was found that Hubbard had personally received over $108,000 from the Church and affiliates over a four-year period, over and above the percentage of gross income (usually 10%) he received from Church-affiliated organizations. [63] Hubbard denied such emoluments many times in writing, stating instead that he never received any money from the Church. [64]", "The US Food & Drug Administration raided Scientology on January 4, 1963 and seized hundreds of E-meters as illegal medical devices. The incident is described in Jon Atack's book, A Piece of Blue Sky, and in this essay by Stephen Barrett, M.D. Since that time, meters have been required to carry a disclaimer stating that they are purely a religious artifact. This appellate court decision describes the trial and the various witnesses who appeared.", "Hubbard introduced a device called an E-meter that he presented as having, as Miller puts it, \"an almost mystical power to reveal an individual's innermost thoughts\". [185] He promulgated Scientology through a series of lectures, bulletins and books such as A History of Man (\"a cold-blooded and factual account of your last sixty trillion years\") [185] and Scientology: 8-8008 (\"With this book, the ability to make one's body old or young at will, the ability to heal the ill without physical contact, the ability to cure the insane and the incapacitated, is set forth for the physician, the layman, the mathematician and the physicist.\") [186]", "The e-meter is primarily used as a tool for \"auditing\", however, it is also used as a makeshift lie detector during \" Security Checks \", which are semi-annual interrogations used to discover criminal and subversive behavior in people as young as 6 years. The church may use information derived from these checks to blackmail individuals who become critical of the cult. The church has methods of interrogating even uncooperative subjects. By strapping the e-meter's electrodes to the soles of the feet, or into the armpits of the subject and asking questions, the interrogator can attempt to determine answers even if the subject refuses to speak. However, attempting to detect a lie using this or any other current technology is mere pseudoscience. [6] The E-meter is more effective as a tool of intimidation and deception, rather than being an effective lie detector.", "Until the release of the Mark VII Quantum model in 1996, the Hubbard Professional Mark Super VII was the latest (mid-1980s) and most sophisticated model E-meter sold. Scientology doesn't want anyone looking too closely at their \"advanced\" technology, but this web page offers you a guided tour of the device, with exterior and interior views including the main circuit board, charging circuit, jacks, and data plate. \"Hey, it's got Intel inside!\"", "Scientology, officially known as The Church of Scientology, was founded in 1953 by L. Ron Hubbard (1912-1986), and popularized through his 1950 book, DIANETICS: The Modern Science of Mental Health (over ten million copies sold). Dianetics was originally intended to be Hubbard's psychotherapeutic answer to the techniques of modern psychiatry . (The word \"Dianetics\" means \"through the soul,\" and promises to reveal \"the single source of all man's insanities, psychosomatic illnesses, and neuroses.\") In addition to Dianetics, Scientology produces scores of other publications. A short list includes Source, The Delphian, Advance!, and The Auditor.", "E-meters are used in Scientology and Dianetics by Scientology ministers known as \"auditors\". Scientology materials traditionally refer to the subject as the \"preclear\", although auditors continue to use the meter on subjects who are well beyond the \"clear\" level. The auditor gives the preclear a series of commands or questions while the preclear holds a pair of cylindrical electrodes (\"cans\") connected to the meter, and the auditor notes both the verbal response and the activity of the meter. Auditor training includes familiarization with a number of characteristic needle movements, each with a specific significance. ", "Not surprisingly, Hubbard's Church became arguably the wealthiest of the many new religious movements emerging in the second half of the twentieth century. Already by the late 1950s Hubbard was earning an estimated $250,000 a year, \"a great deal more than the President of the United States\" (Miller 1987: 227); and the wealth of the Church has grown exponentially over the last several decades. For the year 1987 alone, just one of Scientology's many entities, the Church of Spiritual [End Page 372] Technology, listed $503 million in income. High-level defectors from the organization have reported that the Church has squirreled away roughly $400 million in bank accounts in Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and Cyprus (Behar 1991: 51).", "In conjunction with the Church of Scientology's request to be officially recognized as a religion in Germany, around 1996 the German state Baden-Württemberg conducted a thorough investigation of the group's activities within Germany. The results of this investigation indicated that at the time of publication, Scientology's main sources of revenue (\"Haupteinnahmequellen der SO\") were from course offerings and sales of their various publications. Course offerings ranged from (German Marks) DM 182.50 to about DM 30,000 - the equivalent today of approximately $119 to $19,560 USD. Revenue from monthly, bi-monthly, and other membership offerings could not be estimated in the report, but was nevertheless placed in the millions. Defending its practices against accusations of profiteering, the Church has countered critics by drawing analogies to other religious groups who have established practices such as tithing, or require members to make donations for specific religious services. ", "See United Church of Religious Science . Do not confuse with Church of Christ, Scientist or Church of Scientology .", "Hubbard's followers believed his \"technology\" gave them access to their past lives, the traumas of which led to failures in the present unless they were audited. By this time, Hubbard had introduced a biofeedback device to the auditing process, which he called a \"Hubbard Electropsychometer\" or \" E-meter .\" It was invented in the 1940s by a chiropractor and Dianetics enthusiast named Volney Mathison . This machine is used by Scientologists in auditing to evaluate \"mental masses\" surrounding the thetan. These \"masses\" are said to impede the thetan from realizing its full potential.", "Hubbard's followers believed his techniques gave them access to their past lives, the traumas of which led to failures in the present unless they were dealt with in a process referred to as \" auditing \". By this time,[ when? ] Hubbard had introduced a biofeedback device to the auditing process, which he called a \"Hubbard Electropsychometer\" or \" E-meter \", originally invented in the 1940s by a chiropractor and Dianetics enthusiast named Volney Mathison .[ citation needed ] This machine is used by Scientologists in auditing to evaluate what Hubbard referred to as \"mental masses\" which were said to impede thetans from realizing their full potential.[ citation needed ] Hubbard professed that many physical diseases were psychosomatic , and that a person who had attained the enlightened state of \"clear\" would be relatively disease free.[ citation needed ] Hubbard insisted humanity was imperiled by such forces, which were the result of negative memories (or \"engrams\") stored in the unconscious or \"reactive\" mind, some carried by the immortal thetans for billions of years.[ citation needed ]", "Scientology denies any tie to the Fishman scam, a claim strongly disputed by both Fishman and his longtime psychiatrist, Uwe Geertz, a prominent Florida hypnotist. Both men claim that when arrested, Fishman was ordered by the church to kill Geertz and then do an \"EOC,\" or end of cycle, which is church jargon for suicide.", "You are dipping into some of the archaeology of a fanatical religious movement, Social Scientology. \"S\"ociety is God, and the state is its proper church.\" It was a fanatical movement sweeping the world at or near the turn of the last century, over a hundred years ago. Carefully, by design, no official recognizable 'church', because the church of that religion is the machinery of state, and the seminaries are our once classically liberal universities--which makes that now over-run state a factual theocracy. The transparently obvious leg-lifting tactic of these 'scientific statists' -- (science had no more to do with it than it had to do with Christian Science) was to claim to distance themselves from competing religions by defining 'the sociology of religion', when in fact what they were doing was leg-lifting the 'religion of sociology', defined exactly by \"S\"ociety is the One True God, and the state is its proper church.\" By speciously distancing themselves from 'religion' -- they are not religionists, they are 'scientists' studying religion -- their religion masked as 'science' has been permitted to permeate every corner of the machinery of state, fully over-running it. The 1st Amendment has long been totally and utterly pierced in what was once a secular America based on free association. The concept of free association has been replaced, by an ever more agressive state theocracy, into a single forced 'universal' association. Totalitatarianism, statism, collectivism. It arrived via subterfuge, camo-masked as an erstwhile 'science' over a hundred years ago.", "With a worldwide membership of 20,000 to 40,000 , Aum had a net worth in 1995 of about $1.5 billion. It made money through standard religious techniques like donations, tithing and paraphernalia sales. It also employed the New Age technique of high-priced indoctrination seminars. In addition, it ran some businesses, including a restaurant chain and a computer factory that assembled Taiwanese electronic components into computers it sold at its own downtown Tokyo store.", "To the more conservative of the Protestant clergy, Eddy's view of Science and Health as divinely inspired was a challenge to the Bible's authority. \"Eddyism\" was viewed as a cult; one of the first uses of the modern sense of the word was in A. H. Barrington's Anti-Christian Cults (1898), a book about Spiritualism, Theosophy and Christian Science. In a few cases Christian Scientists were expelled from Christian congregations, but ministers also worried that their parishioners were choosing to leave. In May 1885 the London Times Boston correspondent wrote about the \"Boston mind-cure craze\": \"Scores of the most valued Church members are joining the Christian Scientist branch of the metaphysical organization, and it has thus far been impossible to check the defection.\" In 1907 Mark Twain described the appeal of the new religion:", "Stark attributes the rise of the movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries to several factors, chiefly that medical practice was in its infancy. Because patients often fared better without medical treatment, Christian Science prayer was favorable in comparison. Other factors included that the church retained cultural continuity with Christianity by stressing that it was Christian and adopting its terms, despite the new content Eddy introduced. It was not puritanical. Members were expected not to drink or smoke, but could otherwise do as they pleased, and several exceptions to the avoidance of medicine were permitted. ", "The Manual of the Mother Church prohibits the church from publishing membership figures, but it does provide the names of Christian Science practitioners, Scientists trained to offer Christian Science prayer on behalf of others. In 1941 there were 11,200 practitioners in the United States, against 965 in 2015 (1,249 worldwide).Stark 1998, p. 192; for 2015 figures, [http://directory.christianscience.com/search?query", "If Oliver Cowdery’s gift was really a divining rod then this tells us that the origins of the Church are much more involved in folk magic and superstition than we’ve been led to believe by the LDS Church’s whitewashing of its origins and history.", "During the 1980s, Asahara, a self-styled Buddhist monk, began winning numerous converts to his Aum Shinrikyo cult, whose name translates roughly to the “Supreme Teachings of Om.” Asahara exploited the spiritual vacuum left by Japan’s economic boom years and promised religious rebirth and supernatural powers to young Japanese who felt uncomfortable within their country’s rigidly homogenous society. In 1989, Aum was recognized as a religious corporation in Japan, and by 1995 it had a worldwide following of more than 40,000 people and assets in excess of $1 billion.", "Another source says that these have been fed with the world’s languages and synthetic telepathy will reach into people’s heads making people believe God is speaking to them personally to enact the Second Coming, complete with holograms! The Russians broke the genetic code of the human brain. They worked out 23 EEG band-wave lengths, 11 of which were totally independent. So if you can manipulate those 11, you can do anything.", "In the second half of the 20th century, the rapid growth of new religious movements (NRMs) led some psychologists and other scholars to propose that these groups were using \"brainwashing\" or \"mind control\" techniques to gain converts. This theory was publicized by the popular news media but disputed by other scholars, including some sociologists of religion. ", "It sounds like a bad joke: A priest and three psychics were walking outside the San Fernando Mission on San Fernando Boulevard. Michael J. Kouri, author of \"Haunted Houses of Pasadena,\" says they were investigating claims that a trio of headless monks were haunting the place.", "Side by side with his \"scientific\" treatments, Hubbard pitched a body of religious beliefs�reincarnation and the like ( see box, p. 322 )�and claimed tax-exempt status as a religion. It was not long before some of his auditing subjects were drawn into what became a fast-growing cult. Some of them became fanatics who would do virtually anything at Hubbard's command.", "In 1884 the Am. Society for Psychical Research is founded in Boston, Mass., with New York City-born psychologist William James (1842-1910) (brother of novelist Henry James) as pres. #1. In 1902 he pub. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature , proposing a pragmatist view of religion independent of its origins, and drawing a distinction between symbols and reality, taking over the academic mainstream, causing Time mag. in 1963 to print the soundbyte: \"In making little allowance for the fact that people can also be converted to vicious creeds, he acquired admirers he would have deplored. Mussolini, for instance, hailed James as a preceptor who had showed him that 'an action should be judged by its result rather than by its doctrinary basis'.\"", "In April 1950, Hubbard and several others established the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey to coordinate work related for the forthcoming publication of a book on Dianetics.[ citation needed ] The book, entitled Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health , was published in May 1950 by Hermitage House , whose head was also on the Board of Directors of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation. [45] With Dianetics, Hubbard introduced the concept of \" auditing ,\" a two-person question-and-answer therapy that focused on painful memories, referred to as \"engrams\". Hubbard claimed that Dianetics could cure cure physical illnesses and increase intelligence. [46] In his introduction to Dianetics, Hubbard called his discoveries \"a milestone for Man comparable to his discovery of fire and superior to his inventions of the wheel and the arch\". [47]" ]

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[ "South America is the fourth largest continent in the world. As of July 2014, Brazil is the most populous country on the continent, with a total estimated population of 202,656,788. Although Brazil gained its independence from Portugal in 1822, the official national language is still Portuguese. The largest city is Sao Paulo, which in 2014 had a population of slightly less than 20 million people.", "Rio de Janeiro is the former capital of Brazil and is the most-visited city in South America.", "Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for many South American countries. Historical relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, vibrant and colorful cities, and stunning landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are Iguazu Falls, Recife, Olinda, Machu Picchu, the Amazon rainforest, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Fortaleza, Maceió, Buenos Aires, Florianópolis, San Ignacio Miní, Isla Margarita, Natal, Lima, São Paulo, Angel Falls, Brasília, Nazca Lines, Perito Moreno Glacier, Cuzco, Belo Horizonte, Lake Titicaca, Los Roques archipelago, Bogotá, Patagonia, Gran Sabana, Cartagena and the Galápagos Islands. ", "With the exception of Brazil and Ecuador, the national capitals have the largest populations and are the economic, cultural, and political centers of the countries. Since World War II, the urban population has rapidly expanded. São Paulo, Brazil, whose population is nearly 10,000,000, is the largest city of South America and one of the fastest growing cities of its size in the world. Squatter settlements have multiplied around urban areas as the poor and unskilled flock to the cities; widespread unemployment is common. Outside the cities the population density of the continent is very low, with vast portions of the interior virtually uninhabited; most of the people live within 200 mi (320 km) of the coast.", "Brazil i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw][8]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil[9][10] (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen ), is the largest country in South America and in the Latin America region. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 193 million people.[11][4] It is the largest Lusophone country in the world, and the only one in the Americas.[11]", "South America's total population is about 323 million people. Seventy-three percent of South America's population is urbanized. Brazil accounts for nearly 50% of the continent's total population with160.5 million people living within its borders. Venezuela's population is 22.3 million with the majority of these people living in the Venezuelan highlands. Colombia has a population of 38 million. Peru has about 24 million people. Lima, the capital city of Peru, has about 1/3 of the total Peruvian population. Ecuador is about 11.7 million in population. Bolivia has a population of 7.6 million. Argentina has a population of about 34.7 million people centered around Buenus Aires. Uruguay's population is 3.2 million with 45% living in the capital city of Montevideo. Paraguay's population is 5 million people. Chile has a population of14.5 million people centered mainly on Santiago.", "Buenos Aires is the largest city and capital of Argentina, and the second largest metropolitan area in South America. It sits along the western shore of the Rio de la Plata estuary and is not a part of Buenos Aires Province or the capital of the Province; Buenos Aires is an autonomous district that was granted autonomy in 1994. Its official name is Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, or the Autonomous City of Beunos Aires. In 2016, the estimated population of Buenos Aires is 2,891,000.", "Buenos Aires, Argentina | Montevideo, Uruguay | Ilhabela, Brazil | Rio De Janeiro, Brazil | Buzios, Brazil | Salvador, Brazil | Recife, Brazil | Natal(Rio Grande Do Norte), Brazil | Santarem, Brazil | Manaus, Brazil | Parintins, Brazil | Guajara, Brazil | Devils Island, French Guiana | Bridgetown, Barbados | Castries, St. Lucia | Terre-De-Haut, Guadeloupe | Gustavia, St. Barts | Great Harbor, Peter Island, Bvi | Fort Lauderdale (Port Everglades)", "Guayaquil, officially Santiago de Guayaquil (), is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 2.69 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nation's main port. The city is the capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas and the seat of the namesake canton.", "The metropolitan areas of Córdoba and Rosario have around 1.3 million inhabitants each. [119] Mendoza, San Miguel de Tucumán, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Salta and Santa Fe have at least half a million people each. [119]", "The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region contains a large part of the rural population (surpassed only by the Maule Region). Amongst the highly populated cities, Rancagua (206,971 inhabitants) stands out for having been transformed, in recent times, into an outskirt of Santiago. It is close being located 87 km south of Santiago. It is the capital of the Cachapoal Province as well the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region. According to the census of 2002, other densely populated cities are: San Fernando (49,519 inhabitants); Rengo (30,891); Machalí (23,920); Graneros (21,616); San Vicente de Tagua Tagua (18,914); Santa Cruz (18,603); Chimbarongo (13,795); Pichilemu (12,392), a well-known beach resort city founded by Agustin Ross Edwards in the late 19th century; and San Francisco de Mostazal (12,037).", "South America consists of many complex heterogeneous societies and cultures. The Indian population is found mainly in the northwestern Andes Mountains. For example, Peru's population is about 30-40% Indian. In contrast, Brazil's Indian population (less than one million) accounts for less than 1% of the total population (160.5 million). In the south, Uruguay and Paraguay both have nearly 85% of their populations made up of \"pure\" Europeans. Conversely, Brazil has a large concentration of blacks along its coastlines, descendants of slaves brought to South America during the 1600's through the 1700's to work the sugar cane fields. The brunt of the European settlers came from Spain and Portugal and consisted mainly of men. Argentina has a large Italian population, descendants of indentured servants while the Germans and Swiss also settled in Chile and Brazil.", "The UN estimated that 87% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 1.43%. The capital city, Santiago, had a population of 5,478,000 in that year. Other large cities and their estimated populations include Concepción, 379,860; Antofagasta, 318,779; Viña del Mar, 318,489; Temuco, 300,000; Valparaíso 276,737; Talcahuano, 250,348; and Rancagua, 206,971.", "Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior, sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse. Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.", "Approximately three million people live in the City of Buenos Aires (the Federal Capital of Argentina with 202 km² [78.3 mi²]). The City is divided into 48 districts or barrios (neighborhoods). Its metropolitan area, Great Buenos Aires (Gran Buenos Aires), is the 22nd most populated urban center in the world with over 14 million people. Most of the country's activity is highly concentrated in this single city and its surroundings.", "Buenos Aires, city and capital of Argentina . The city is coextensive with the Federal District (Distrito Federal) and is situated on the shore of the Río de la Plata , 150 miles (240 km) from the Atlantic Ocean . Buenos Aires is one of Latin America ’s most important ports and most populous cities, as well as the national centre of commerce, industry, politics, culture , and technology. According to tradition, Spanish colonizer Pedro de Mendoza established the first settlement there, which he named Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Aire (“Our Lady St. Mary of the Good Air”). Buenos Aires locals are referred to as porteños (“people of the port”) because so many of the city’s inhabitants historically arrived by boat from Europe. Area city, 78 square miles (203 square km); Greater Buenos Aires, 1,500 square miles (3,885 square km). Pop. (2001) city, 2,776,138; Greater Buenos Aires, 12,046,799; (2010) city, 2,890,151; (2011 est.) Greater Buenos Aires, 13,528,000.", "Valparaíso (,) is a major city, seaport, and educational center in the county or commune of Valparaíso, Chile. Greater Valparaíso is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Valparaíso is located northwest of Santiago and is one of the South Pacific's most important seaports. Valparaíso is the capital of Chile's third most populated administrative region and has been the headquarters for the Chilean National Congress since 1990.", "Two of the world's fifteen largest cities are in Brazil: Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and are only about 250 miles (400 km) apart. Rio de Janeiro surpassed Sao Paulo's population in the 1950s. Rio de Janeiro's status also suffered when it was replaced by Brasilia as the capital in 1960, a position Rio de Janeiro had held since 1763. However, Rio de Janeiro is still the undisputed cultural capital (and major international transportation hub) of Brazil.", "In 2010, Buenos Aires had an official population of 2.89 million, which has grown very modestly to 2,891,000 in 2016. The city has a density of about 13,680 people per square kilometer (34,800/square mile), but this density drops to just 2,400 per square kilometer in the suburbs. The Buenos Aires metropolitan area is home to about 14.5 million people.", "Montevideo is the capital and largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . The southernmost capital city in the Americas, Montevideo is situated in the southern coast of the country, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata.", "Bras�lia is the capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country, along a plateau known as Planalto Central. It has a population of about 2,557,000 as of the 2008 IBGE estimate, making it the fourth largest city in Brazil, ahead of Belo Horizonte and Fortaleza. However, as a metropolitan area, it ranks much lower at ninth. It is listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.", "‘By the turn of the century, Buenos Aires was the largest city in Latin America, with a population of over one million.’", "With an area of 17.8 million km² it is number four in the short list of the largest continents. South America has a population of about 400 million people (2012).", "South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere with most of its land area lying in the southern hemisphere and a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It has Pacific Ocean to its western side, Atlantic Ocean in the north and eastern side, and North America and Caribbean Sea in the North West side. With an area covering 17,840,000 square kilometres and a population of more than 3 billion, South America is the fourth largest continent in terms of size and fifth in terms of population. South America is home to twelve sovereign states and two non sovereign states. It is generally considered to be a subcontinent of the Americas.", "The largest city in Brazil is Sao Paulo. It had a population of over 11.9 million in 2016, and in addition to being Brazil's largest city, it is the largest city in the Southern Hemisphere and the world’s 12th largest city.", "Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil. Among major Latin American cities, Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at (). ", "Tierra del Fuego is the extensive archipelago of large and small islands at the southern tip of South America, separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan. Its total area is 73,746 km2, two-thirds of which is owned by Chile, one-third by Argentina. The largest island within the archipelago is Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Fig. 1).", "This is one of the wildest and untouched countries of South American continent. The main transport routes are located in coastal areas, where are also and the biggest part of the cities in this country.", "The capital of Uruguay’s Río Negro province is home to just under 22,000 mate-drinking citizens who wave at strangers, smile and say “buenos días” with a kind of friendly enthusiasm severely lacking just across the river in Argentina. The small city celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009 and offers visitors a range of activities as wide as any more urban locale.", "In August 2006, the city's first bus rapid transit system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the main projects was called Malecón 2000, the renovation of the waterfront promenade (malecón) along the Guayas River. Another project was the creation of the Nuevo Parque Histórico, a park in a housing development area that is called Entre Ríos because it lies between the Daule and Babahoyo rivers (which confluence to form the Guayas river), in a mangrove wetland area. The park cost the city about 7 million dollars.", "The majority of the population lives in the coastal regions. The interior and southern regions tend to be sparsely populated. The Andes mountain range dominates the Western region of the continent while highlands and extensive river basins, including the Parana, Amazon and Orinoco basins, comprise the Eastern region. The majority of the continent lies in the tropical zone. The societies of South American make up a racially, ethnically and culturally diverse group of people originating from Africa, Europe, and Asia. Generally, the societies reflect a background of colonialism, and most South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese. Many traditions trace their roots to origins in Western civilization.", "According to the IBGE of 2000, there were 2,051,146 people residing in the city. The population density was 423.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,096 /sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 1,008,199 White people (49.15%), 918,305 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (44.77%), 98,462 Black people (4.80%), 7,996 Asian (0.39%) and 7,154 Amerindian people (0.35%). [10]" ]

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[ "This test was developed by Friedrich Mohs. Its scale consists of 10 different standard minerals arranged in order of increasing hardness. Softest material talc is given No.1, then gypsum is given No.2 and so on and the hardest material, diamond is given No. 10. To measure hardness of a material, it is scratched by different minerals. For example, if a material is scratched noticeably by No. 7 mineral and not by No. 6 mineral, its hardness value is between 6 and 7. Nonuniform scale for hardness is the main disadvantage of this method.", "Hardness is one of the better properties of minerals to use for identifying a mineral. Hardness is a measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. The Mohs scale is a set of 10 minerals whose hardness is known. The softest mineral, talc, has a Mohs scale rating of one. Diamond is the hardest mineral and has a rating of ten. Softer minerals can be scratched by harder minerals because the forces that hold the crystals together are weaker and can be broken by the harder mineral.", "Mohs Hardness Scale Numerical scale ranging from 1 to 10 developed by Friedrich Mohs that assigns a rating to a gem according to its ability to resist scratch ing. The hardest is 10 ( diamond ) and the softest is 1 ( talc ).", "It is possible to identify an individual mineral in a specimen by examining and testing its physical properties. Determining the hardness of a mineral is the most practical way of identifying it. This can be done by using the Mohs scale of hardness, which lists 10 common minerals in their relative order of hardness: talc (softest with the scale number 1), gypsum (2), calcite (3), fluorite (4), apatite (5), orthoclase (6), quartz (7), topaz (8), corundum (9), and diamond (10). Harder minerals scratch softer ones, so that an unknown mineral can be readily positioned between minerals on the scale. Certain common objects that have been assigned hardness values roughly corresponding to those of the Mohs scale (e.g., fingernail [2.5], pocketknife blade [5.5], steel file [6.5]) are usually used in conjunction with the minerals on the scale for additional reference.", "A scale, introduced in 1812 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839), that rates the hardness of minerals from 1 to 10. Ten is equivalent to the hardness of a diamond and 1 that of talc, an extremely soft mineral.", "Diamond is the hardest known naturally occurring material, scoring 10 on the relative Mohs scale of mineral hardness and having an absolute hardness value of between 167 and 231 gigapascals in various tests. Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name. However, aggregated diamond nanorods, an allotrope of carbon first synthesized in 2005, are now believed to be even harder than diamond.", "The hardness of a mineral is measured in several relative scales that are determined by how readily one mineral scratches the surface of another. The Mohs scale of hardness has ten level. #1 Talc, #2 gypsum, #3 calcite...... up to #10 DIAMOND the hardest natural substance because of the internal arrangement of its carbon atoms and the atomic bond forces in its tetrahedral shape.", "Mohs Hardness Scale is the one we use to measure a gemstone ’s hardness on a scale from 1 to 10. Diamond ranks at 10 on the Mohs scale which is the hardest natural ly occurring substance. Corundum , of which ruby and sapphire are composed, is the next on Mohs scale .", "Diamond, an allotrope of carbon, is the hardest known material on Earth, with a rating of 10 on the Mohs Scale of mineral hardness .", "Hardness can be tested through scratching. A mineral can only be scratched by a harder substance. Therefore, a relative scale can be established to account for the differences in hardness simply by seeing which mineral scratches another. That is exactly what French mineralogist Friedrich Mohs proposed almost one hundred and seventy years ago. The Mohs Hardness Scale starting with talc at 1 being the softest and ending with diamond at 10 hardest, is universally used around the world as a way of distinguishing minerals. Simply put - the higher the number, the harder the mineral.", "Mohs Scale - Created, in 1812, by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, the Mohs' scale of hardness quantifies the scratch resistance of minerals by comparing the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material ranging from Talc (1) to Diamond (10).", "On the famous Mohs hardness scale of 1 to 10, everyone knows that a diamond , as the hardest natural substance on earth, rates a 10. Rubies, at Mohs 9, are harder than any other material except diamonds . You may already have noticed that rubies and sapphire s are often paired. For good reason.", "Mohs hardness scale A scale of relevant Hardness, where 10 is the hardest and 1 is the softest. The Diamond ranks 10 on the Mohs Scale . Mother of Pearl The iridescent lining of the inside of a mollusk 's shell . Often used as decorative pieces, such as button s.", "Diamond is currently thought to be the hardest natural material on Earth, having a hardness of ten out of ten on the Mohs scale of mineral", "Diamond is a crystal of pure carbon with a hardness of 10 - the hardest of all substances.", "hardness Diamond is the hardest substance known to man being ten on the Mohs hardness scale. Hardness of gemstones refers to their resistance to scratching.", "hardness Diamond is the hardest substance known to man being ten on the Mohs hardness scale . Hardness of gemstones refers to their resistance to scratch ing.", "The scratch hardness of diamond is assigned the value of 10 on the Mohs scale of hardness; corundum, the mineral next to diamond in hardness, is rated as 9. Actually, diamond is very much harder than corundum; if the Mohs scale were linear, diamond's value would be about 42.", "Diamond is the hardest substance known to occur in nature, measuring 10 on the Mohs' scale. It is pure carbon in a tightly packed cubic structure. Diamonds are usually graded on the basis of four Cs: carat, cut, clarity, and color. Carat refers to the stone's weight and degree of flawlessness. As for color, diamonds are usually colorless, but sometimes they do exhibit color. The famous Hope diamond, for example, is blue. Most diamonds come from mines in Africa, especially southern Africa, although Russia and Australia also have diamond mines. Industrial-grade diamonds have even been made synthetically at very high pressures and temperatures. A number of other softer colorless stones are often sold as imitation diamonds.", "Hardness - Denotes resistance to scratch ing On the Mohs scale a diamond has a hardness of 10 - a diamond is the hardest natural ly occurring substance known to man. Not to be confused with Toughness which relates to the ability to resist", "The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale, meaning that it is not proportional. In terms of absolute hardness, diamond (Mohs hardness 10) is actually four times harder than corundum (Mohs hardness 9) and six times harder than topaz (Mohs hardness 8). For a field geologist, the scale works great. A professional mineralogist or metallurgist, however, might obtain absolute hardness by using a sclerometer, which microscopically measures the width of a scratch made by a diamond. ", "As for 2014, the hardest material on earth is a diamond, a form of pure carbon. It ranks 10 on the Mohs hardness scale and has a rating of between 70 and 150 GPa, or gigapascals on the Vickers hardness scale.", "Each of these minerals can be scratched by the one above it and will scratch the ones below it. Minerals of the same hardness won’t scratch each other. Thus, a ruby can’t scratch a sapphire and vice versa. A diamond is much harder than corundum, even though they’re only one division apart on the scale. The Mohs scale starts approximately linear, but the curve climbs sharply at the high end. Corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), and diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. The hardness of a material may vary slightly with composition and also with its state of aggregation.", "The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer, with pictorial examples. ", "The most common scale of measurement is the ordinal Mohs hardness scale. Defined by ten indicators, a mineral with a higher index scratches those below it. The scale ranges from talc, a phyllosilicate, to diamond, a carbon polymorph that is the hardest natural material. The scale is provided below:", "One of the best-known physical properties of topaz is its hardness. It has a hardness of 8 on the Mohs hardness scale . It also serves as the Mohs hardness scale index mineral for a hardness of 8. Every student who takes an introductory geology course learns about the hardness of topaz. Diamond , corundum , and chrysoberyl are the only commonly-known minerals that are harder.", "The hardest substance known, diamond is prized for its exceptional luster and ability to break up white light into all colors of the rainbow, which lend the gem its famous fiery brilliance. Enlarge Photo credit: © BBC", "Diamonds have long been valued for their hardness and incredible brilliance . Chemically a diamond is pure carbon , just like the graphite used in pencils. Diamonds ' hardness is the result of extremely strong chemical bonds between the carbon atoms.", "Hardness Hardness, which mineral ogists can use to help identify minerals , is a measure of a gemstone 's resistance to abrasion . In 1822, the Austrian mineral ogist Friedrich Mohs developed the Mohs scale , a standard scale using 10 familiar minerals against which all minerals are measured.", "The Mohs scale of Hardness was the first successful attempt to classify minerals by their hardness therefore their ability to polish and cut other minerals and materials. Unlike the old times, the hard minerals especially diamonds work in industry performing as abrasives, polishers, for cutting, drilling and other specific tasks. They help to shape and form other hard and sensitive materials like metal and ceramics.", "There are many systems used to measure hardness, which is defined several different ways. Gemstones and other minerals are ranked according to their Mohs hardness. Mohs hardness refers to a material's ability to resist abrasion or scratching. Note that a hard gem or mineral is not automatically tough or durable.", "Garnet stone is a 6.5-7.5 on the Mohs Scale of Hardness with a transparent to opaque coloring." ]

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[ "A ring-shaped coral island is called an atoll. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, an atoll is made up of sections of coral reef that form a closed shape around a central lagoon.", "Ari Atoll:� An atoll is a ring-shaped coral island surrounding a central lagoon, primarily found in the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans.� British scientist Charles Darwin believed an atoll was formed when an island encircled by coral reef gradually sank into the sea, leaving a lagoon behind.� Ari Atoll is a cluster of small islands in the Maldives.", "Coral reefs, which are confined largely to the warm, sunlit waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, are constructed over thousands of years primarily from the skeletal remains and secretions of corals and certain algae. Coral islands, called atolls, consist of a continuous or broken ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon. Atolls form from corals that grow on the flanks of sinking volcanic islands, where the corals continue to build the reef complex upward as the island sinks.", "a ring-shaped island formed of coral (rock-like natural substance) which surrounds a lagoon (area of sea water)", "An atoll (,,,, or), sometimes called a coral atoll, is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the rim.", "n Atoll A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island.", "a coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island", "Atolls are rings of coral that create protected lagoons and are usually located in the middle of the sea. Atolls usually form when islands surrounded by fringing reefs sink into the sea or the sea level rises around them (these islands are often the tops of underwater volcanoes). The fringing reefs continue to grow and eventually form circles with lagoons inside.", "‘The islands of the Maldives are grouped in ring-shaped coral atolls, each enclosing a relatively shallow lagoon with a flat sandy bottom.’", "a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. There may be coral islands/cays on the coral rim. The word atoll comes from the Dhivehi word atholhu. Its first recorded use in English was in 1625 as...", "Each island encircles its own lagoon with a ring of coral and beneath the crystal-clear waters of each are spectacular underwater gardens and fish of every imaginable size, shape, and color. It rarely rains and is a perfect environment for pearl farming. Rangiroa, Tikehau, Manihi, and Fakarava are the most frequently visited atolls and provide classified hotel accommodations.", "In the northwest of the archipelago, the ring-shaped atoll Taiaro provides a rare example of a coral reef with a fully enclosed lagoon. The atoll was officially designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1977. ", "Low, sandy islands made from coral that are often oriented around a central lagoon. Usually receive less precipitation than high islands and very often experience water shortages. During dry periods, limited water quickly depletes ", "The origin of the ring-around-a-lagoon form has attracted the attention of geologists for two centuries, beginning with Charles Darwin (1842), who never actually visited an atoll during his Beagle voyage but made a painstaking study of charts, supplemented by his own observations on other coral-surrounded islands. He showed that tropical islands displayed a series of reef forms, from fringing reefs that cling to the shore, to barrier reefs separated from the island shore by a lagoon, to atolls, with a lagoon but no bedrock island. From his experiences in South America, where his hikes took him to shelly marine deposits high on the Andes slopes, connoting tectonic uplift, he reasoned that there must be a compensating subsidence in the Pacific basin and that the array of reef forms–fringing, barrier, atoll–must be due to regional subsidence of the islands. According to Darwin, the original fringing reef would grow upward, keeping pace with the relative rise of sea level during island subsidence, but as subsidence continued, the original fringing reef would continue to grow upward, and coral growth would be inhibited in the less turbulent and less fertile waters inland from the reef front. The perimeter would keep up with the rising sea level, whereas the more interior parts of the reef would fall further and further behind, resulting in a lagoon, first behind a barrier reef and then within an atoll. (Fig. 3)", "This coral reef, called a fringing reef , surrounds the island just below the ocean surface. The thin, shallow strip of water between the fringing reef and the island is the lagoon.", "Where coral islands form from atoll reefs, the result is an island or string of islands in a roughly circular form, surrounding a shallow lagoon.", "atoll—A ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral, typical on a foundation of an extinct volcano in the ocean.", "An atoll develops (from left to right) when a volcanic island erodes and a ring of coral grows up around it. The depression left by the crater of an eroding volcano fills with water, forming a lagoon.", "Atolls are circular shaped reefs that completely enclose a lagoon. Lagoons within atolls are more brackish than the surrounding sea water and often attract fewer species types than the surrounding coral reef due to the higher salinity.", "coral reef enclosing a lagoon. Atolls consist of ribbons of reef that may not always be circular but whose broad configuration is a closed shape up to ...", "Lagoons are shallow, often elongated bodies of water separated from a larger body of water by a shallow or exposed shoal, coral reef, or similar feature. Some authorities include fresh water bodies in the definition of \"lagoon\", while others explicitly restrict \"lagoon\" to bodies of water with some degree of salinity. The distinction between \"lagoon\" and \"estuary\" also varies between authorities. Richard A. Davis Jr. restricts \"lagoon\" to bodies of water with little or no fresh water inflow, and little or no tidal flow, and calls any bay that receives a regular flow of fresh water an \"estuary\". Davis does state that the terms \"lagoon\" and \"estuary\" are \"often loosely applied, even in scientific literature.\" Timothy M. Kusky characterizes lagoons as normally being elongated parallel to the coast, while estuaries are usually drowned river valleys, elongated perpendicular to the coast. When used within the context of a distinctive portion of coral reef ecosystems, the term \"lagoon\" is synonymous with the term \"back reef\" or \"backreef\", which is more commonly used by coral reef scientists to refer to the same area. Coastal lagoons are classified as inland bodies of water. ", "Atoll lagoons are marine ecosystems. The organisms found in atoll lagoons are usually the same ones found outside it. Because of the ringing atoll, many lagoons have few indigenous species at all. Organisms, such as fish and jellies, surf in as waves from the ocean crash over the atoll and dump them in the lagoon. Many species of jellies thrive in this protected environment, but larger predators have few food resources.", "Atoll lagoons are mainly of fairly normal ocean salinity, except for completely landlocked lagoons surrounded by relatively high islands. These lagoons may include shallow salt pans and briny lakes. Detailed charts of atoll lagoons commonly show patch reefs, some rising to sea level but others submerged so as to constitute hazards to navigation. Sediment builds up in the lagoon almost entirely during sea-level highstand times, when ocean waves can wash fine sediment across the reef. Shells of organisms living in the lagoon add to this thickness. At lowstand times, rain falling into the perched lagoonal depression may drain to the surrounding sea through erosional channels cut through the reef rim.", "Redonda (Santa María la Redonda, Spanish for \"St. Mary the Round\", owing to the island's shape),", "But in the centre of each atoll there is a lagoon from fifteen to forty-nine fathoms deep.", "Lagoon: an area of shallow water enclosed by sand banks or reefs. Tropical lagoons may also have small \"patch reefs\" growing within them.", "'Within the irregular arc of coral the lagoon was still as a mountain lake.' (page 10)", "Lagoon: A protected water body which lies between a reef and the coastline is known as a lagoon.", "Numerous patch reefs form part of the fringing reef system bordering a tropical island shore. © Fotolia", "the island found in western coast are of Coral Nature and are very small in size.", "Easter Island , also called Rapa Nui, is a small island located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that is considered a special territory of Chile . Easter Island is most famous for its large moai statues that were carved by native peoples between 1250 and 1500. The island is also considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site and much of the island's land belongs to the Rapa Nui National Park.", "It is, in fact, an elongated, almost linear atoll, with islands scattered along its sheltered margin." ]

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[ "The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that “the right of U.S. Citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. . . .” This amendment, enacted in 1920, represents the culmination of a seventy-year effort to secure voting rights for women that began in 1848 at the Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York.", "* 19th Amendment (1920): \"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.\"", "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.", "1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.", "1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.", "\"Article-, Section 1. - The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.", "Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax.", "The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age.", "The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.", "The 19th Amendment prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the right to vote based on sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the amendment and first introduced it in 1878. This was the first major change in the U.S. that helped the womens' rights cause.", "Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------", "The American suffragist movement scored its climactic victory shortly after World War I.� In 1919 Congress approved the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which provided that �The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.�� Ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment became the law of the land.� See also League of Women Voters of the United States.", "* 15th Amendment (1870): \"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\"", "* 24th Amendment (1964): \"The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.\"", "1920 – The 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, guaranteeing women the right to vote, was ratified by Tennessee, giving it the two-thirds majority of state ratification necessary to make it law.", " Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Act of Congress passed in 1965 empowering the federal government to enforce the voting rights of black citizens. The 15th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1870, states that the right to vote \"shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\" Still, the states have the power to establish requirements for voter eligibility, and in some states this power continued to be used in ways that made it difficult for blacks to vote. A dramatic march led by the Rev.Martin Luther King, Jr., from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in March, 1965, brought national attention to the issue. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned the use of literacy tests and other tactics designed specifically to deny blacks their right to vote. The law also authorized the U.S. Attorney General to dispatch federal officials to oversee and verify the registration process.", "Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote.", "The Constitution has never prohibited women from voting and for many years before the adoption of this amendment women did vote in several states. The 19th amendment established a uniform rule for all states to follow in guaranteeing women this right.", "On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the thirty-sixth and final state necessary to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provided women the right to vote. Disfranchising voter registration requirements continued to keep most African Americans and many poor whites, both men and women, off the voter rolls.", "The 19th Amendment went to Congress in 1918 and was ratified by the states on August 18, 1920, earning American women the right to vote", "Like most major nations, the United States gave women the right to vote at the end of the war. The 19th amendment to the Constitution, giving all American women the right to vote, passed in 1920. It came up before the House of Representatives in 1918 with the two-thirds votes needed for passage barely within reach; Representative Frederick Hicks of New York had been at the bedside of his dying wife but left at her urging to support the cause. He provided the final, crucial vote, and then returned home for her funeral. However, the Senate failed to pass the amendment that year. The amendment was approved by Congress next year on June 4, 1919, and the states started ratifying. In 1920, Tennessee was the 36th to do so, meeting the 3/4s (of then 48 states) required for enactment; the remaining states ratified later.", "Amendment 19 to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote. [ Filler ]", "The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population) . These property ownership and most tax-paying requirements were eliminated by 1856, by which time most adult white males had suffrage. Subsequently, the \"right to vote\" was expressly addressed in five Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These five Amendments limit the basis on which the right to vote may be abridged or denied:The 14th Amendment (1868) altered the way each state is represented in the House of Representatives. It counted all residents for apportionment including slaves, overriding three-fifths compromise, and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied males over the age of 21 the right to vote. However, this was not enforced in practice.", "* 8/26: Day the U.S. Constitution's 19th Amendment went into effect, recognizing women's right to vote (1920). [The 19th Amendment was approved by Congress on 6/4/1919 and, after ratification by the states, was proclaimed in effect on 8/26/1920.] [ Text of amendment ] [For more information, see Wikipedia article on the 19th Amendment .] [a/k/a Women's Equality Day]", "World War I, and the major role played in it by women in various capacities, broke down most of the remaining opposition to woman suffrage in the United States. Amendments to the federal Constitution concerning woman suffrage had been introduced into Congress in 1878 and 1914, but the 1878 amendment had been overwhelmingly defeated, and the 1914 amendment had narrowly failed to gain even a simple majority of the votes in the House of Representatives and the Senate (a two-thirds majority vote in Congress was needed for the amendment to be sent to the state legislatures for ratification). By 1918, however, both major political parties were committed to woman suffrage, and the amendment was carried by the necessary two-thirds majorities in both the House and Senate in January 1918 and June 1919, respectively. Vigorous campaigns were then waged to secure ratification of the amendment by two-thirds of the state legislatures, and on August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the amendment. On August 26 the Nineteenth Amendment was proclaimed by the secretary of state as being part of the Constitution of the United States. Women in the United States were enfranchised on an equal basis with men. The text reads as follows:", "There was considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effective before the general elections of 1920, so the President called a special session of Congress, and a bill, introducing the amendment, was brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it was passed, 304 to 89, (Republicans 200-19 for, Democrats 102-69 for, Union Labor 1-0 for, Prohibitionist 1-0 for), 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 nays (Republicans 36-8 for, Democrats 20-17 for). Within a few days, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan ratified the amendment, their legislatures being then in session. Other states followed suit at a regular pace, until the amendment had been ratified by 35 of the necessary 36 state legislatures. After Washington on March 22, 1920, ratification languished for months. Finally, on August 18, 1920, Tennessee narrowly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, making it the law throughout the United States. Thus the 1920 election became the first United States presidential election in which women were permitted to vote in every state.", "And so on August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution became law, and women could vote in the fall elections, including in the Presidential election.", "an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920", "On August 26, the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified, granting women the right to vote in national elections.", "South Carolina was one of several states that initially rejected the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) giving women the right to vote. The South Carolina legislature later ratified the amendment on July 1, 1969.", "The amendment moved quickly through the states.  With the ASL and the WCTU pushing state legislatures, the amendment was ratified by the thirty-sixth state on January 16, 1919 making the amendment part of the Constitution.  By the end of February 1919, forty five of the forty-eight states had ratified the amendment.  In the end, only Rhode Island and Connecticut never ratified it.  Thus the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, the only one to date that restricted a freedom rather than defined or guaranteed one, was to become effective on January 16, 1920.", "The Nineteenth Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent. Forty-one years later, in 1919, Congress approved the amendment and submitted it to the states for ratification. It was ratified by the requisite number of states a year later, with Tennessee's ratification being the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution. In Leser v. Garnett (1922), the Supreme Court rejected claims that the amendment was unconstitutionally adopted." ]

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[ "Bugs Bunny : Hmm, I knew I should've taken that left turn at Albuquerque. Oh well, I'll just ask this gent in the fancy knickerbockers. Eh, I beg your par...", "According to Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare, he was born in 1940 in Brooklyn, New York (in a warren under Ebbets Field , famed home of the Brooklyn Dodgers ). He was actually created by Tex Avery (who directed A Wild Hare , Bugs Bunny's debut) and Robert McKimson (who created the definitive Bugs Bunny character design), among many others. According to Mel Blanc , the character's original voice actor , Bugs Bunny has a Flatbush accent, an equal blend of the Bronx and Brooklyn dialects (of the New York Accent ). His catchphrase is a casual \"Eh...what's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot . His other popular phrases include \"Of course you realize, this means war\", \"Ain't I a stinker?\", \"What a maroon!\" (a subtle twist on \"moron\"), \"What a rube !\", and \"I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albuquerque.\"", "According to Bugs Bunny: 50 Years and Only One Grey Hare, he was born in 1940 in Brooklyn, New York (in a warren under Ebbets Field , famed home of the Brooklyn Dodgers ), created by Tex Avery (who directed A Wild Hare , Bugs Bunny's debut) and Robert McKimson (who created the definitive Bugs Bunny character design), among many others. According to Mel Blanc , the character's original voice actor , Bugs Bunny has a Flatbush accent, an equal blend of the Bronx and Brooklyn dialects (of the New York Accent ). His catchphrase is a casual \"Eh...what's up, doc?\", usually said while chewing a carrot . His other popular phrases include \"Of course you realize, this means war\", \"Ain't I a stinker?\" and \"I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albuquerque.\"", "It marks the first time he uttered \"should have made a left turn at Albuquerque\" and sequence with Bugs dressed as Brunhilde that predated \"What's Opera Doc?\" by 12 years. I remember watching it on a WWII episode of \"Toon Heads\" on Cartoon Network, which I think aired once in 2001. Around the same time there were plans to air about a dozen banned Bugs Bunny cartoons for the \"June Bugs\" marathon, but was pulled out.", "Several Chuck Jones shorts in the late 1940s and 1950s depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Mexico ( Bully For Bugs , 1953), the Himalayas ( The Abominable Snow Rabbit , 1960) and Antarctica ( Frigid Hare , 1949) all because he \"shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee .\" He first utters that phrase in Herr Meets Hare (1945), when he emerges in the Black Forest , a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Göring says to Bugs, \"There is no Las Vegas in 'Chermany'\" and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, \"Joimany! Yipe!\", as Bugs realizes he's behind enemy lines. The confused response to his \"left toin\" comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in 1948's My Bunny Lies Over The Sea , while thinking he's heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California , it provides another chance for an ethnic stereotype: \"Therrre's no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!\" (to which Bugs responds, \"Uh...what's up, Mac-doc?\"). A couple of late-1950s shorts of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs (\"Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?!\").", "Several Chuck Jones shorts in the late 1940s and 1950s depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Mexico ( Bully for Bugs , 1953), the Himalayas ( The Abominable Snow Rabbit , 1960) and Antarctica ( Frigid Hare , 1949) all because he \"shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee .\" He first utters that phrase in Herr Meets Hare (1945), when he emerges in the Black Forest , a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Göring says to Bugs, \"There is no Las Vegas in 'Chermany'\" and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, \"Joimany! Yipe!\", as Bugs realizes he's behind enemy lines. The confused response to his \"left toin\" comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in 1948's My Bunny Lies over the Sea , while thinking he's heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California , it provides another chance for an ethnic stereotype: \"Therrre's no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!\" (to which Bugs responds, \"Uh...what's up, Mac-doc?\"). A couple of late-1950s shorts of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs (\"Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?!\").", "Several Chuck Jones shorts in the late 1940's and 1950's depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Mexico ( Bully for Bugs , 1953), The Himalayas ( The Abominable Snow Rabbit , 1960) and Antarctica ( Frigid Hare , 1949) all because he \"shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee.\" He first utters that phrase in Herr Meets Hare (1945), when he emerges in the Black Forest , a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Göring says to Bugs, \"Zair is no Las Vegas in Chermany\" and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, \"Joimany! Yipe!\", as Bugs realizes he's behind enemy lines. The confused response to his \"left toin\" comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in 1948's My Bunny Lies over the Sea , while thinking he's heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California, it provides another chance for an ethnic stereotype: \"Therrre's no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!\" (to which Bugs responds, \"Uh...what's up, Mac-doc?\"). A couple of late-1950s shorts of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs (\"Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?!\").", "Bugs will usually try to placate the antagonist and avoid conflict, but when an antagonist pushes him too far, Bugs may address the audience and invoke his catchphrase \"Of course you realize, this means war!\" before he retaliates, and the retaliation will be devastating. This line was taken from Groucho Marx and others in the 1933 film Duck Soup and was also used in the 1935 Marx film A Night at the Opera . [15] Bugs would pay homage to Groucho in other ways, such as occasionally adopting his stooped walk or leering eyebrow-raising (in Hair-Raising Hare , for example) or sometimes with a direct impersonation (as in Slick Hare ). Sometimes in the beginning of a short, Bugs will pop up in the middle of a random place and say \"I knew I shoulda taken that left turn at Albquerqe\"", "Several Chuck Jones shorts in the late 1940s and 1950's depict Bugs travelling via cross-country (and, in some cases, intercontinental) tunnel-digging, ending up in places as varied as Mexico ( Bully For Bugs ), The Himalayas ( The Abominable Snow Rabbit ) and Antarctica ( Frigid Hare ) all because he \"shoulda taken that left toin at Albukoikee.\" He first utters that phrase in 1945's Herr Meets Hare , when he emerges in the Black Forest, a cartoon seldom seen today due to its blatantly topical subject matter. When Hermann Göring says to Bugs, \"Zair is no Las Vegas in Chermany\" and takes a potshot at Bugs, Bugs dives into his hole and says, \"Joimany? YIPE!\", as Bugs realizes he's behind enemy lines. The confused response to his \"left toin\" comment also followed a pattern. For example, when he tunnels into Scotland in My Bunny Lies Over The Sea , while thinking he's heading for the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, California, it provides another chance for an ethnic stereotype: \"Therrre's no La Brrrea Tarrr Pits in Scotland!\" (to which Bugs responds, \"Uh...what's up, Mac-doc?\"). A couple of late-1950s/early 1960s shorts of this ilk also featured Daffy Duck travelling with Bugs (\"Since when is Pismo Beach inside a cave?!\").", "5. A Hare Grows in Manhattan(Shows Bugs Bunny as a pansy as well as a smartass)", "Bugs Bunny : [Reading the letter] From Cecil Toitle from Chicago, Chicago? No it can't be! It can't be! Why that dirty little! Ooo!", "Bugs Bunny : So long, jerky! Send me a postcard from Albuquerque! You know, I'm so smart sometimes it almost frightens me.", "Bugs Bunny : I didn't realize that I left ol' Sam in the lurch like that. I couldn't wait, I had a pressing appointment in duck hunting country.", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.", "A tough little stinker... In my mind I heard a Brooklyn accent... To anyone living west of the Hudson River at that time, Brooklynites were associated with con artists and crooks... Consequently, the new, improved Bugs Bunny wouldn't say jerk, he'd say joik.", "Bugs Bunny: [as policeman] All right, rabbit, you've convinced me. I'll look for Rocky in the city.", "In 8 Ball Bunny (1950), Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole. At intervals, \"Fred C. Dobbs\" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) appears and asks Bugs to \"help out a fellow American who's down on his luck\"—a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American gringo . [2]", "Bugs Bunny : Eh, pardon me, sir, but could you direct me to the shortest route to the Coachella Valley and the big carrot festival therein?", "In 8 Ball Bunny (1950), Bugs decides to take a baby penguin back to the South Pole. At intervals, \"Fred C. Dobbs\" (Bogart's character in Treasure of the Sierra Madre ) appears and asks Bugs to \"help out a fellow American who's down on his luck\"—a line Bogart says a number of times in the film to John Huston, playing an American gringo .[151]", "Bugs Bunny is an American animated character created in 1938 at Leon Schlesinger Productions, later Warner Bros. Cartoons. Bugs is an anthropomorphic gray hare or", "Bugs Bunny : [Very fast] Oh, I just remembered, previous engagement, I must be going, my apologies to Mr. Bogart, matter of life and death, unavoidable, gotta go.", "Bugs Bunny first appeared in the animated short movie Porky's Hare Hunt, which was released on April 30, 1938. The character, which later became an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Brothers, was developed by Bob Clampett, Friz Freleng, Chuck Jones and Robert McKimson. Furthermore, Bugs was originally voiced by \"The Man of a Thousand Voices\" - Mel Blanc.", "Bugs Bunny : Yeah, I know, Robin Hood will soon be here. He robs from the rich and he gives to the poor. Yo-ho-ho, he goes skipping, tra-la-la, through Sherwood Forest, helping the needy and the oppressed. Ah, you've been saying that through the whole picture! Well, where is he?", "According to the video game The Simpsons Hit & Run , the town of Springfield is in Florida, but this could be ruled out in the episode \" Special Edna \", in which a sign in Springfield shows the distance to Orlando too far for Springfield to be in the same state. There is also evidence to disprove this point in the episode \" Kill the Alligator and Run \", in which the family vacations to Florida (which Homer refers to as \"America's wang \") and is prohibited from returning. After the Simpsons are expelled from Florida , Marge and Homer mark that state on a map, which shows only two states remaining that still welcome the Simpsons: Arizona and North Dakota , but Homer crosses out Arizona because \"It smells funny\".", "At Warners after Avery's departure in 1942, Chuck Jones furthered the character development of Bugs Bunny and Porky Pig. He was also responsible for Elmer Fudd, who first appeared in Elmer's Candid Camera (1940) (although the name \"Elmer Fudd\" had first been applied in WB cartoons to the Egghead character in A Feud There Was (1938)). Jones provided the famous Hunter's Trilogy of cartoons about 'wabbit-season'/'duck-season' in the early 50s, with Bugs Bunny, hunter Elmer Fudd, and the hapless Daffy Duck:", "While Porky's Hare Hunt was the first Warner Bros. cartoon to feature a Bugs Bunny-like rabbit, A Wild Hare, directed by Tex Avery and released on July 27, 1940, is widely considered to be the first official Bugs Bunny cartoon. It is the first film where both Elmer Fudd and Bugs (both redesigned by Bob Givens) are shown in their fully developed forms as hunter and tormentor, respectively; the first in which Mel Blanc uses what would become Bugs' standard voice; and the first in which Bugs uses his catchphrase, \"What's up, Doc?\" A Wild Hare was a huge success in theaters and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Cartoon Short Subject. ", "When the Seinfeld gang goes to the opera in the fourth season of the show, Jerry sings part of the theme song from The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour . “All your knowledge of high culture comes from Bugs Bunny cartoons,” Elaine tells him. ", "Bugs Bunny : I'm tellin ya, Daffy, I heard the Warner Brothers say that you were their best duck.", "Blooper Bunny (1992, Ford, Lennon) has a quick \"That's all Folks!\" title card after the Bugs Bunny \"special\", then at the end after Bugs' final line, we see \"That's all Folks!\" written by hand on the film tail.", "Bugs Bunny : I've seen you before. I never forget a face. But in your case, I'll make an exception.", "A Wild Hare (re-released as The Wild Hare) is a 1940 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short film. It was produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, directed by Tex Avery, and written by Rich Hogan. It was originally released on July 27, 1940. A Wild Hare is considered by most film historians to be the first \"official\" Bugs Bunny cartoon. ", "This Is It  From 'The Bugs Bunny Show', Composed by Mack David, Jerry Livingston, G Major" ]

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[ "Gen Schwarzkopf, known popularly by his nickname Stormin’ Norman for his explosive temper, had an illustrious military career and commanded the coalition forces in the first Gulf War in 1990-91.", "General Schwarzkopf earned the nickname \"Stormin' Norman\" for his role in Operation Desert Storm during the first Gulf War in 1990 to 1991.", "WASHINGTON (Army News Service, Dec. 28, 2012) -- Retired Army Gen. Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf -- nicknamed \"Stormin' Norman\" -- died Dec. 27, in Tampa, Fla., at the age of 78, due to complications from pneumonia. Schwarzkopf became well-known to Americans in 1991 as commander of U.S. Central Command and commander of coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm.", "*\"The Bear\" — Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., United States Army general (the nickname he preferred, over \"Stormin' Norman\")", "Schwarzkopf became popularly known as \"Stormin' Norman\" during 1991 Gulf War that booted Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's forces out of neighboring Kuwait.", "Norman Schwarzkopf in 1991. Despite his nickname of ‘Stormin’ Norman’, he planned military campaigns meticulously. Photograph: Ron Sachs/Corbis", "\"He was known as a soldier's general,\" said retired Maj. Gen. Donald Shepperd, as he explained the \"Stormin' Norman\" nickname to ABC News Radio. \"In other words, he really liked the troops and was soft on the troops. But boy, on his general officers, his officers, his NCO's, he was very, very tough and he had a real quick temper.\"", "On August 1, 1990, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent the invading Iraqi forces into neighboring Kuwait, a small petroleum-rich state long claimed by Iraq as part of its territory. This invasion sparked the initiation of the Persian Gulf War and it brought worldwide condemnation. An estimated 140,000 Iraqi troops quickly took control of Kuwait City and moved on to the Saudi Arabia/Kuwait border. The United States had already begun to develop contingency plans for the defense of Saudi Arabia by the U.S. Central Command, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf, because of its important petroleum reserves.", "A much-decorated combat soldier in Vietnam, Gen Schwarzkopf later commanded Operation Desert Storm and a coalition of 30 countries in the first Gulf War.", "The Persian Gulf War, or simply the Gulf War, also known as the First Gulf War (August 2nd, 1990 - February 28th, 1991) was a United Nations-authorized military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait in August 1990. Though there were nearly three dozen member states of the coalition, the overwhelming majority of the military forces participating were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order.", "After the conclusion of the Persian Gulf War but before his tenure as Secretary of State, there was talk of awarding a fifth star to General Colin Powell , who had served as CJCS during the conflict. But even in the face of public and Congressional pressure to do so, [25] [26] Clinton-Gore presidential transition team staffers decided against it for political reasons, fearing that a fifth star may have assisted Powell had he decided to run for office. [27] [28] [29] An effort was also made to promote General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. to General of the Army, although it was not carried out. [30]", "On Aug. 2, 1990, Iraqi forces occupied Kuwait. General Schwarzkopf moved his headquarters to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and amassed hundreds of ships, thousands of aircraft and 765,000 allied troops, including 540,000 Americans and large Arab contingents under Prince Khaled bin Sultan of Saudi Arabia, who was co-commander in the gulf war. A trade embargo and warnings failed to force an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, and after a deadline passed on Jan. 15, 1991, the world’s first heavily televised war began.", "Commander of US Central Command in the Gulf War; Commander of the coalition forces. Led operation \"Desert Storm\"", "Commander of the coalition forces that drove Iraqi troops out of Kuwait during the Gulf war", "Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Commander in Gulf War, Dies at 78 - The New York Times", "The Iran–Iraq War (also known as the First Gulf War and by various other names) was an armed conflict between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran, lasting from September 1980 to August 1988, making it the second longest conventional war of the 20th century. It was initially referred to in English as the \"Gulf War\" prior to the \"Gulf War\" of 1990.", "11 / 16 Show Caption + Hide Caption – During a ceremony at defense forces headquarters, Maj. Gen. Shaikh Khalifa Bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa, minister of defense, presents Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of U.S. Central Command, with a sword in recognition of his role in the Allied success during Operation Desert Storm, March 26, 1991. (Photo Credit: Staff Sgt. Dean W. Wagner) VIEW ORIGINAL", "The first public literary mention of the patrol was in the autobiography of Lieutenant-General Peter de la Billière , the commander of the British Forces during the Gulf War. Storm Command ( ISBN 0002551381 ) only mentioned the patrol in passing, but broke the ground for further books to be written on the subject. The book was released in 1992.", "4 / 16 Show Caption + Hide Caption – U.S. Army Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of U.S. Central Command, talks with U.S. Army Maj. Gen. Barry McCaffrey, commanding general, 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), while at the tent city of the 18th Airborne Corps, Jan. 1, 1992. Schwarzkopf is visiting Allied units that took part in Operation Desert Storm. (Photo Credit: Staff Sgt. Dean W. Wagner ) VIEW ORIGINAL", "10 / 16 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Army Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, commander of U.S. Central Command, accompanied by his wife, Brenda, waves to the cheering crowd during the welcome home parade honoring the men and women who served in Desert Storm, June 10, 1991. (Photo Credit: Tech. Sgt. Hans Deffner) VIEW ORIGINAL", "General H. Norman Schwarzkopf -- the commander of U.S. forces during the first Iraq conflict -- has died in Tampa, Florida.", "August 2, 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and Saddam Hussein's subsequent refusal to withdraw his troops sparked the Persian Gulf War, in which an international force led by the United States quickly defeated Iraq.", "an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.", "Assuming command of United States Central Command in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called on to respond to the Invasion of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces of Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Initially tasked with defending Saudi Arabia from Iraqi aggression, Schwarzkopf's command eventually grew to an international force of over 750,000 troops. After diplomatic relations broke down, he planned and led Operation Desert Storm—an extended air campaign followed by a highly successful 100-hour ground offensive—which defeated the Iraqi Army and liberated Kuwait in early 1991. Schwarzkopf was presented with military honors.", "1 / 3 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Command Sgt. Maj. Robert G. Nichols, now retired, deployed to the Middle East with 1st Brigade in 1990. Nichols played a major role in the largest air assault in history that secured Forward Operating Base Cobra during Operation Desert Storm, Feb. 24, 1991. (Photo Credit: Courtesy Photo) VIEW ORIGINAL", "He served again in Germany, at the US Army War College, and was vice-commander during the US invasion of Grenada in 1983. In 1988, he took over Central Command, not considered a fast-track to advancement, but the effectiveness of his planning skills was proved by Operation Desert Storm. After the war he retired from the army, rejecting a number of offers to run for political office. His 1992 autobiography, It Doesn't Take a Hero, became a bestseller. In 1993 he was treated for prostate cancer, becoming a national spokesman for campaigns against the disease.", "Bush's greatest test came when Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, then threatened to move into Saudi Arabia. Vowing to free Kuwait, Bush rallied the United Nations, the U. S. people, and Congress and sent 425,000 American troops. They were joined by 118,000 troops from allied nations. After weeks of air and missile bombardment, the 100-hour land battle dubbed Desert Storm routed Iraq's million-man army.", "no he wasn't a partner to US, they tried to invade him during operation 'desert storm'", "This article about a military figure is a stub . You can help Wikiquote by expanding it .", "\"Desert Storm, I look back at it now, and it was the last war that was dominated by Vietnam leadership,\" he said. \"All the first sergeants had been in Vietnam. A lot of the senior NCOs [noncommissioned officers]. A lot of the senior officers … to a large degree, I would say that we did things much like they probably did during Vietnam. Where they had been trained to do in Vietnam, we just adapted it to the desert.\"", "– He was a combat veteran with 20 deployments, 18 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, one in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, and one in support of operations in Somalia.", "1991 — Under the administration of President George H. W. Bush, Operation Desert Storm begins with a coalition of 34 nations in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait." ]

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[ "Jimmy Choo, maker of exquisitely handmade, incredibly expensive shoes and handbags is favoured by International stars and elegant women the world over. He is a name that makes shoe-savvy women swoon.", "Christian Louboutin (; born 7 January 1964) is a French luxury footwear and fashion designer whose footwear has incorporated shiny, red-lacquered soles that have become his signature. ", "Jimmy Choo, is a Malaysian Chinese fashion designer based in London, United Kingdom. He is best known for founding Jimmy Choo Ltd that became known for its handmade women’s shoes.", "Louboutin helped bring stilettos back into fashion in the 1990s and 2000s, designing dozens of styles with heel heights of 120 mm (4.72 inches) and higher. The designer's professed goal has been to \"make a woman look sexy, beautiful, to make her legs look as long as [he] can\". While he does offer some lower-heeled styles, Louboutin is generally associated with his dressier evening-wear designs incorporating jeweled straps, bows, feathers, patent leather, red soles, and other similar decorative touches. He is most popularly known for the red leather soles on his high heel shoes, commonly referred to as \"sammy red-bottoms\". Christian Louboutin's red-bottom colour code is Pantone 18-1663 TPX. ", "In November 2009, the company launched a limited-edition diffusion collection by Jimmy Choo featuring shoes and handbags, ranging from £30 to £170 which included a range of men's shoes. The collection also included clothing designed by Jimmy Choo for the first time; in which many garments were made from suede and leather, and was available in 200 stores worldwide, including London's Oxford Circus store.", "Jimmy Choo’s shoe designs are feminine, elegant and sensuous. He likes using crystalline hues, aqua, bright orange, fuchsia and drenches all sorts of luxurious fabrics in such colors. In addition to this, for his designs he has used an array of stones, from Swarovski to natural crystals having healing powers. His stilettos have been described as deadly and dainty. According to Choo, shoes can be both comfortable and attractive at a time.", "emember the Fleur pointy-toed stiletto? Now it’s executed in metallic fuchsia leather. For Jimmy Choo’s 15th anniversary, the luxury brand is launching Icon, a capsule collection of 15 new shoe designs based on the classics. They’re chronicled in Jimmy Choo XV (Rizzoli, Greta $75), a book of studio sketches and sandals, high-fashion imagery by photographers $1,095. Mario Testino and Terry Richardson with an introduction by founder Tamara Mellon. jimmychoo.com.", "Working alone without assistants or apprentices, MANOLO BLAHNIK (1942-) is solely responsible for the design of every one of the thousands of shoes that bear his name. He has dominated shoe design since setting up in business in London in the early 1970s.", "This relationship with Vogue would prove instrumental in the rise of the Jimmy Choo brand. Despite the rise of his popularity, Choo was still a small operation, making just 20 handmade pairs of shoes a week. Tamara Mellon often hired Choo to make shoes for fashion shoots, sensed there was a larger market for Choo’s creations so she approached the shoemaker about partnering to create a line of ready-to-wear footwear. Together, Choo and Mellon quickly grew the business, keeping the focus on creating high end footwear, but no longer relying on the idea that every single pair of shoes had to be made by Choo himself instead they contracted the production to Italian factories. By the late 1990s, Choo had stores in Los Angeles and New York and was the darling of the celebrity world, with Hollywood celebrities such as Julia Roberts and Renee Zellweger lining up to wear his shoes in particular Princess Diana, donned Choo’s footwear", "Tamara Mellon, former UK Vogue accessories editor, was looking out for out-of-the-ordinary designs that were both chic and attention grabbing. That's when she approached Jimmy Choo and bought 50% of his company. She handles all operations till date with his niece Sandra Choi who is appointed Creative Director of Jimmy Choo Ltd. Tamara Mellon was born into a family of a mother who was a formal Chanel model and a father who was a respected entrepreneur. Being a chip off both blocks, Tamara walked head long into creating an impact on the fashion industry by introducing Choo into the market scene. Beginning from a factory set up in Italy, it has now spread its tentacles far and wide to outlets in Moscow, Hong Kong, Dallas, Boston, Beverly Hills, Las Vegas and now Mumbai. Jimmy Choo has made partnerships over the years, boosting its brand; making its presence even more felt. Equinox Luxury Holdings Ltd. In April 2001 gave Choo the exceptional introduction of handbags and leather goods collections adding more to its name. In November 2004, a big step up in acquisition authority was made with Hicks Muse, when the company was valued at a whooping 101 million pounds.", "In 1986, Jimmy Choo started his own shoe label that bore his name. He became famous because his designs were a favourite of the late Diana, Princess of Wales. His shoes were also referenced in the hit TV show ‘Sex and the City’. In 1996, he co-founded Jimmy Choo Ltd with Tamara Mellon, a stylist for British Vogue. In 2001, Choo sold his 50% stake in the company. He now concentrates on his couture line. His shoe designs are high-end, beautiful but also comfortable.", "SHOES BY Jimmy Choo His killer heels are all over the red carpet. Millionaireasia bags an exclusive interview with the man behind the shoe. Words by Grace Lai", "Choo lives in London and is currently involved in a project to set up a shoemaking institute in Malaysia. His company continues to produce expensive high-end shoes.", "In 1996 he co-founded Jimmy Choo Ltd with British Vogue magazine accessories editor Tamara Mellon. In April 2001, Choo sold his 50% stake in the company for £10 million. He has since concentrated his work on the exclusive Jimmy Choo Couture line produced under license from Jimmy Choo Ltd. The Jimmy Choo London line, also known as Jimmy Choo Ready-To-Wear or, simply, Jimmy Choo, is under the purview of Tamara Mellon. The ready-to-wear line has expanded to include accessories such as handbags.", "Pre-order this style today! Add to Shopping Bag to view approximate ship date. You'll be charged only when your item ships.A slightly flared collar and dramatic topline create tempting curves on a pointy-toe suede pump secured with slender ties. Leopard spots detail the daring stiletto heel, while Christian Louboutin's iconic sole pops beneath the exquisite stiletto silhouette. Brand: CHRISTIAN LOUBOUTIN. Style Name:Christian Louboutin Ferme Rouge Pump. Style Number: 5222630. Available in stores.", "Luckily for Louboutin, an American journalist was sent to Paris on the lookout for exciting new trends and places. She overheard two women excitedly chatting about Louboutin’s boutique and how stunning the shoes were there, and soon an article was published and the Christian Louboutin brand took off. This was a mere four months after the opening of the boutique. And of course, a great deal of his global success can be credited to popular celebrities  and other big names wearing his creations. Princess Caroline of Monaco was one of his early customers who helped to spread his name, as was superstar Madonna who wore his shoes in some of her music videos.", "Critical Analysis of \"Jimmy Choo Shoes\" ad - In today’s society, we are bombarded with images telling us how to dress, think, act, and behave. As Ed Norton in the movie Fight Club says while looking at a Calvin Klein underwear ad, “is that how real men are supposed to look?” I decided to search for an ad that can be seen as controversial or even disturbing at that, and I was lucky enough to come across a Jimmy Choo ad in W magazine. The message is clear—buy these shoes. Whether or not that message is being conveyed in the most appropriate or effective ways is less to be desired for....   [tags: essays research papers]", "This article is about the shoe designer. For the company bearing his name, see    Jimmy Choo Ltd  .", "MANOLO BLAHNIK Blahnik chats with fashion historian Valerie Steele on his achievements, his new book and his debut in New York’s 10022-SHOE Photography Peter McGough", "���� Elsewhere, Estelle Sommers founded the Capezio dancewear brand, Ann Klein [originally Hannah Golofski] has become a widely recognized \"designer\" brand, as has Donna Karan and her DKNY label. Isaac Mizrahi and Tommy Hilfiger are other famous Jewish fashion brands, as is that of the Iranian-Jewish mogul of perfume and self-promotion, Bijan (Pakzad), also known as the \"designer of what's probably the world's most expensive menswear.\" [DORFMAN] Rudi Gernreich and John Weitz are other Jews who have been prominent fashion designers. Designer Arnold Scassi's last name is Isaacs (his original surname) spelled backwards.� Kenneth Cole (originally: Kenneth Cohen) developed popular lines of shoes, belts, and leather jackets. Judith Lieber manufacturers luxury handbags. Liz Claiborne founded her company with her Jewish husband Arthur Ortenberg and Leonard Boxer. She retired in 1989 whereupon Jerome Chazen became chairman of the firm. Other prominent executives in the company are Harvey Falk and Jay Margolis.", "Vivid artsy prints decked out off-the-shoulder bodycon minis, clinging maxis and pointed stilettos made in collaboration with Manolo Blahnik.", "Converse is an American footwear company. One of its most iconic brands is the Chuck Taylor All Stars basketball shoe.", "He is married to Rebecca Choo (née Choi) from Hong Kong. The couple have a son, Danny, and a daughter, Emily. A niece of the couple, Lucy Choi, followed her uncle's footstep into shoe designing.", "The name Helmut Lang has become synonymous with the cerebral brand of minimalism that took the fashion world by storm in the late eighties. Lang's razor-sharp lines and high-tech fabrics are made for only the most disciplined of bodies - even his signature t-shirts, which elevated the clingy tee to couture status, are famously unforgiving (and famously expensive). He has a stark sober palette, often slashed with bright colour, which reflects a modern, even futuristic perspective. His cleverly thought out clothes are cleanly and precisely tailored, but in an exploratory, quirky manner. His fabric combinations reveal a forward-looking approach.", "Hilfiger was born in Elmira, New York. The second of nine children of a jeweller and a nurse, he is of German-Swiss and Irish descent and was raised a Catholic. Hilfiger also claims direct descent from the Scottish poet Robert Burns. After leaving school, he opened his own store named Peoples Palace, which went bankrupt in 1976. He then turned to designing clothing by designing for the rest of his stores in upstate New York. Hilfiger moved to New York City with his wife Susie. Although he was offered design assistant positions with designers Calvin Klein and Perry Ellis, he turned down the offers despite the fact that he was broke. In 1985 he founded the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, with support from The Murjani Group, which went public in 1992, introducing his signature menswear collection. By 2004 the company had 5,400 employees and revenues in excess of $1.8 billion. Hilfiger was named \"Menswear Designer of the Year\" by the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 1995.", "Also in 1950, Christian Dior was the exclusive designer of Marlene Dietrich's dresses in the Alfred Hitchcock film Stage Fright. In 1951, Dior released his first book, Je Suis Couturier (I am a Couturier) through publishers Editions du Conquistador. Despite the company's strong European following, more than half of its revenue was generated in the United States by this time. Christian Dior Models Limited was created in London in 1952. An agreement was made between the Sydney label House of Youth for Christian Dior New York models. Los Gobelinos in Santiago, Chile, made an agreement with Dior for Christian Dior Paris Haute Couture. The first Dior shoe line was launched in 1953 with the aid of Roger Vivier. The company operated firmly established locations in Mexico, Cuba, Canada, and Italy by the end of 1953. As popularity of Dior goods grew, so did counterfeiting. This illegal business was supported by women who could not afford the luxury goods.", "In 2015, Converse released the “Converse All-Star Andy Warhol collection, in partnership with the Andy Warhol Foundation.” In honor of Warhol's contributions to visual art, Converse designed the All-Star shoe to commemorate Warhol's subcultural influence. Andy Warhol is a pop artist.", "Jean Paul Gaultier (born 24 April 1952 in Arcueil, Val-de-Marne, France) is a French haute couture fashion designer. Gaultier was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Gaultier never received formal training as a designer. Instead, he started sending sketches to famous couture stylists at an early age. Pierre Cardin was impressed by his talent and hired him as an assistant in 1970. Afterwards he worked with Jacques Esterel in 1971 and Jean Patou later that year, then returning to manage the Pierre Cardin boutique in Manila for a year in 1974. His first individual collection was released in 1976 and his characteristic irreverent style dates from 1981, and he has long been known as the enfant terrible of French fashion. Many of Gaultier's following collections have been based on street wear, focusing on popular culture, whereas others, particularly his Haute Couture collections, are very formal yet at the same time unusual and playful.", "Cliff Huxtable’s iconic sweaters were the work of Dutch fashion designer Koos Van Den Akker. Van Den Akker was asked by an customer of his in the early 1980s to make a unique sweater as a present for her friend, Bill Cosby. Cosby wore that sweater on camera while filming an episode of his show. Mail poured in as viewers wanted to know where they could buy a similar garment.", "JOHN GALLIANO Galliano created some of the industry's most famous collections, including the Blanche Dubois in October 2008 (inspired by the 1951 film A Streetcar Named Desire), the Napoleon and Josephine in March 1992 (inspired by the love story of these famous historic figures) and the Princess Lucretia in October 1993 (inspired by the Russian princess). Beyond the clothing donned by his models, Galliano is known for his own dramatic final-bow-costumes, finishing his shows wearing fantastical get-ups inspired by the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and U.S. astronauts.", "For his first collection in 1947, he created the extremely popular \"New Look\", which featured rounded shoulders, a cinched waist, and a very full skirt. Dior created an opulent clothing style which contrasted the severe living conditions of post-war France. After the war, he helped to re-establish Paris as the capital of world-fashion . Dior became the last great dictator of style in the 1950s. Each collection throughout this period had a theme - classic suits, ballerina-length skirts, the H-line in 1954, and A- and Y-lines in 1955.", "For his first collection in 1947, he created the extremely popular New Look, which featured rounded shoulders, a cinched waist, and a very full skirt. Dior created an opulent clothing style which contrasted the severe living conditions of post war France. After the war, he helped to re establish Paris as the capital of world fashion . Dior became the last great dictator of style in the 1950s. Each collection throughout this period had a theme classic suits, ballerina length skirts, the H line in 1954, and A and Y lines in 1955." ]

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[ "Hungry Hungry Hippos is a tabletop game made for 2–4 players, produced by Hasbro, under the brand of its subsidiary, Milton Bradley. The idea for the game was published in 1967 by toy inventor Fred Kroll and it was introduced in 1978. The objective of the game is for each player to collect as many marbles as possible with their 'hippo' (a toy hippo model). The game is marketed under the \"Elefun and Friends\" banner, along with Elefun, Mouse Trap and Gator Golf. The game was referenced in the 2010 Disney Pixar movie, Toy Story 3 and the 2001 cult film Donnie Darko.", "Where did this all start? Board games date back as far as 3000 BC, but the modern US game industry began in the mid 1800s. It started with a man named Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, who introduced The Checkered Game of Life in 1860. This early version of The Game of Life, (or Life), sold well and established The Milton Bradley Company as the first big game maker. They bought the larger McGloughlin Bros. Inc in 1920 and Selchow and Righter, makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble, in 1987. Milton Bradley, in turn, was purchased by Hasbro in 1984, but continue to be operated as Milton Bradley. Their best loved games are Twister, Battleship, Connect Four and Hungry Hungry Hippos, along with hundreds of TV & movie titles.", "Founded in 1860, Milton Bradley was one of the most famous, and longest running, board game companies in the world. Now a branch of Hasbro, the prolific company released classic games like Twister, Connect Four, and The Game of Life, as well as plenty of board games you've probably forgotten. Here are 14 facts about the Milton Bradley Company to break out at your next board game night.", "Twister is a game of physical skill produced by Milton Bradley Company and Winning Moves, that has been inducted into the American National Toy Hall of Fame. It is played on a large plastic mat that is spread on the floor or ground. The mat has six rows of large colored circles on it with a different color in each row: red, yellow, blue and green. A spinner is attached to a square board and is used to determine where the player has to put their hand or foot. The spinner is divided into four labeled sections: right foot left foot, right hand and left hand. Each of those four sections is divided into the four colors (red, yellow, blue and green). After spinning, the combination is called (for example: \"right hand yellow\") and players must move their matching hand or foot to a circle of the correct color. In a two-player game, no two people can have a hand or foot on the same circle; the rules are different for more players. Due to the scarcity of colored circles, players will often be required to put themselves in unlikely or precarious positions, eventually causing someone to fall. A person is eliminated when they fall or when their elbow or knee touches the mat. There is no limit to how many can play at once, but more than four is a tight fit.", "The original game of Connect 4 now features three fun ways to play: Original, Pop Out, and Pop 10! Challenge a friend to checker-dropping fun. When you're done playing, tote your game around with a convenient carrying handle. The checkers store inside the grid so you're ready to play anytime! Win in abstract strategy with Connect Four Board Game Set by Hasbro. This strongly solved game features a lockable grid, top locking mechanism, game base (that doubles as carrying handle), 21 yellow checkers, 21 red checkers, 2 scoring slides, 2 cardboard sliders, and easy-to-follow instruction manual. Moreover, it can be enjoyed using its 5 rule variations: Original, Pop Out, Pop 10, 5-in-a-Row and Power Up. Have your kids ages 7 and up enjoy this tic-tac-toe styled activity that will not only enhance their strategic skills but also help improve their 3-D visualization abilities. So what are you waiting for? Get Connect Four Board Game Set by Hasbro now and enjoy our limited 1 year manufacturer's warranty.", "The 20th century saw the invention of dozens of much-loved toys as well. Still-popular board games like Tripoley, Sorry and Monopoly have been around since the 1930s, and Crayola Crayons are more than 100 years old! Twister, made by a division of Hasbro, sold more than 3 million games within a year of its release in 1966. It has sold more than 22 million since then.", "The game Battleship (also known as Battleships) is a guessing game played by two people. It is known throughout the world as a pencil and paper game and predates World War I in this form. It was invented by Clifford Von Wickler in the early 1900s, but he never patented the game and it was soon published by Milton Bradley Company in 1943 as the pad-and-pencil game \"Broadsides, the Game of Naval Strategy", "Milton Bradley's competitors accused them of selling \"sex in a box\" when they released the phenomenally successful action game Twister in 1966. Twister was the first game in history to use the human body as a full-fledged playing piece, and, admittedly, the Milton Bradley Company released the game with a fair amount of hesitation.", "BATTLESHIP.  BATTLESHIP, a boxed game sold by Milton Bradley since 1967, appeared as a pencil and paper game in booklet form as early as 1931, when it was called SALVO; the game has been published under many titles since then, including WARFARE NAVAL COMBAT; COMBAT, THE BATTLESHIP GAME; and BROADSIDE, THE GAME OF NAVAL STRATEGY.  (See box on how to play SALVO).", "Battleship was one of the earliest games to be produced as a computer game, with a version being released for the Z80 Compucolor in 1979. Many computer editions of the game have been produced since. In Clubhouse Games for the Nintendo DS, Battleship is known as Grid Attack. It is played on an 8×8 grid, and includes slight variations, such as 4-player gameplay, various ship sizes and shapes, as well as the option to make the ships touch each other. Iterations of Battleship appear as applications on numerous social networking services.", "A number of related games under the Yahtzee brand have been produced. They all commonly use dice as the primary tool for gameplay, but all differ generally. As Yahtzee itself has been sold since 1954, the variants released over the years are more recent in comparison, with the oldest one, Triple Yahtzee, developed in 1972, eighteen years after the introduction of the parent game. In addition, the 1970s television game show Spin-Off was based on Yahtzee. Another, similarly short-lived, TV game show adaptation, Yahtzee, was syndicated to local stations during 1988 season.", "The Checkered Game of Life - The forerunner of The Game of Life, and one of the earliest board games published by Milton Bradley.", "Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TSR). The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast (now a subsidiary of Hasbro) since 1997. It was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the Chainmail game serving as the initial rule system. D&D publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry. ", "The Milton Bradley Company is an American game company established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts , in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers , formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States and in 1987 it purchased Selchow and Righter , makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble .", "Hasbro is the largest producer of board games in the world as a result of its component brands, such as Parker Brothers, Waddingtons, Milton Bradley, Wizards of the Coast, and Avalon Hill (all acquisitions since the 1980s). As a result, it has well known and top selling games such as:", "The next largest and oldest game maker is Parker Brothers. Started in Salem, Massachusetts in 1883, they had several good-selling games that were based on important events of the day, such as Klondike, a game based on the Alaskan Gold Rush. But it was Monopoly, released during the Great Depression, that put Parker Brothers in the big leagues. The other Parker Bros. games you probably had in your closet are: Clue, Sorry, Aggravation and the Ouija Board, along with all the TV and movie titles that Milton Bradley didn’t get. They also launched the hugely successful Nerf family of toys in 1969. Parker Bros. was purchased by General Mills, (a cereal company!?) in 1968, then sold to Tonka in 1987 and finally to Hasbro in 1991.", "There are many variations of Connect Four with differing game board sizes, board arrangements, game pieces, and/or gameplay rules. Many variations are popular with game theory and artificial intelligence research, rather than with physical game boards and gameplay by persons.", "From the late 1980's on, Hasbro has been the manufacturers of Scrabble in North America. Hasbro is the largest board game company in the world. Besides Selchow and Righter, Hasbro owns such major board game manufacturers as Parker Brothers, Milton Bradley and Wizards of the Coast. Hasbro also owns toy manufacturers like Tonka and Kenner.", "\"You sank my battleship!\" - This line featured in the ads for Battleship, one of the most popular board games of all time. Introduced in 1967, Battleship was a two-player naval combat game where each player had a hidden 10 by 10 grid that they would place five different vessels on. Then each player took turns calling out a co-ordinate on the grid (for example, B-7 or G-9). The other player would indicate \"hit\" or \"miss,\" allowing clever players to work out what vessels were where and blow them out of the water. Two electronic versions were available (one with just the sounds of battle and one which spoke), as well as a CD-ROM version and a special Star Wars edition.", "Pictionary is a board game that involves players guessing specific words or phrases based on the drawings being made by their teammates. It involves, besides the ability to draw and recognize images, a lot of wordplay and vocabulary. Robert Angel invented the game in 1985, with Gary Everson helping out with the design. Western Publishing first published it before being bought by Hasbro in 1994.", "In 1984, Hasbro, ending 124 years of family ownership, bought out Milton Bradley. Milton Bradley continued to turn out games that capitalized on current trends. The 1990s saw the release of Gator Golf, Crack the Case, Mall Madness, and 1313 Dead End Drive.", "By 1989, half a dozen different companies claimed rights to create and distribute the Tetris software for home computers, game consoles, and handheld systems. Elorg, meanwhile, held that none of the companies were legally entitled to produce an arcade version, and signed those rights over to Atari Games, while it signed non-Japanese console and handheld rights over to Nintendo. Tetris was on show at the January 1988 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, where it was picked up by Dutch games publisher Henk Rogers, then based in Japan, which eventually led to an agreement brokered with Nintendo that saw Tetris bundled with every Game Boy. Rogers later stated \"Tetris made Game Boy and Game Boy made Tetris.\"", "The American game publisher FASA's name was originally supposed to stand for \"Freedonian Aeronautics and Space Administration.\" In their first publication (a set of starship deck plans for the game Traveller), the accompanying introduction was signed \"Rufus T Firefly, Director\". In the Sierra Entertainment PC game Quest for Glory II: Trial by Fire, the character Ali Chica is a parody of Chico Marx. If a non-player character is asked about Ali Chica after his disappearance, the player is told that he went to Fredonia.", "Dogopoly : The Game of High Steaks and Bones, created by Spahits Games in 1977 with a 25th anniversary edition released in 2002. Not to be confused with the Dog-opoly published by Late for the Sky. <ref> Dogopoly Official Website</ref>", "Alfred Mosher Butts, an unemployed architect from Poughkeepsie, N.Y., invented the word game during the Great Depression when he combined the element of chance with the vocabulary skills required for crossword puzzles. During the game, each player draws seven lettered tiles from a pool of 100 and scores points by forming words on a puzzle grid. More than 100 million sets have been sold since Scrabble was introduced in 1949, and more than 200 tournaments are sanctioned each year by the North American Scrabble Players Association.", "The Real Ghostbusters Board Game by Casper and Target Games AB was released in 1989. (Not to be confused with the ones made by Milton Bradley and Triotoys .)", "Alfred Mosher Butts invented the board game where players use lettered squares to make words in a crisscross puzzle fashion in 1933. The game is sold in 121 countries with 29 different language versions.", "Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corporation (\"It's a Lowell Game\") issued Gunsmoke as their game No. 822. Other products include Gunsmoke puzzles, ", "Tetris (, pronounced) is a tile-matching puzzle video game, originally designed and programmed by Russian game designer Alexey Pajitnov. It was released on June 6, 1984, while he was working for the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow. He derived its name from the Greek numerical prefix tetra- (all of the game's pieces contain four segments) and tennis, Pajitnov's favorite sport. ", "Tetris is a tile-matching puzzle video game originally designed and programmed by Alexey Pajitnov in the Soviet Union. It was released on June 6, 1984, while he was working for the Dorodnicyn Computing Centre of the Academy of Science of the USSR in Moscow. He derived its name from the Greek numerical prefix tetra- (each of the game’s pieces contains four segments) and tennis, Pajitnov’s favorite sport.", "Collects old board games having to do with television series like I Dream of Jeannie (1965), The Dukes of Hazzard (1979), The A-Team (1983), etc.", "I loved this game! Mad Cap Marathon from 1981 was a hilariously fun marble game for four players that had four challenges. With each the goal was to get as many of your colored marbles into the center first before the timer ran out. But even if you clear the obstacle you could still be denied by the rotating doors on the center timer that slid open and shut. There was a crazy buzzer that got louder as time ran out. Each person was frantically hitting levers and buttons until the end when all the doors shut." ]

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[ "Shamu was caught in October 1965, according to PBS, and was the first intentional live capture of a female killer whale. She was sold to SeaWorld San Diego later that year. During her final year of performing, Shamu was retired after attacking a SeaWorld employee who was attempting to ride her.", "...Caught by Ted Griffin and Don Goldsberry in Carr Inlet, Washington, Shamu was their first successful live-capture orca whale, and the first in a long succession of ' Shamus' - the stage name given to performing orcas in the U.S. Sea World chain of parks. They put her in the pen with Namu for a short time, they were apparently good companions, then she was flown to Sea World San Diego in December, 1965. According to Erich Hoyt's book, Shamu made distress calls throughout her first day at Sea World. Not always nice, on one occasion, she bit a girl's leg and played tug-of-war with her, reports Hoyt. Shamu died at Sea World San Diego in August, 1971, after six years in captivity.", "In 1965, the first-ever orca show at SeaWorld was performed by a female orca named Shamu at SeaWorld San Diego. During Shamu’s capture, her mother was shot with a harpoon and killed before the young orca’s very eyes by a marine “cowboy” named Ted Griffin. Griffin’s partner, Don Goldsberry, later worked for SeaWorld and was assigned to bring orcas into the park. He continued kidnapping and slaughtering orcas, and at one point, he hired divers to slit open the bellies of four orcas, fill them with rocks, put anchors around their tails, and sink them to the bottom of the ocean so that their deaths would not be discovered.", "*On February 23, 1984, a 7-year-old female orca by the name of Kandu V grabbed a SeaWorld San Diego trainer, Joanne Hay, and pinned her against a tank wall during a performance.The San Diego Union-Tribune. [http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/feb/24/seaworld-san-diego-suspends-shamu-show-after/ \"SeaWorld San Diego suspends Shamu show\"]. Retrieved 2011-07-08.", "Fishermen have reported sightings of large hump backed creatures, mostly around sheltered river mouths, which submerge and swim gently away as soon as they sense that they are being observed. These creatures are apparently far larger than the known large species of the lake - Hippopotomii, Nile Crocodile, Vundu (a very large species of Cat fish - up to 80 lbs.) and Leguaan (a type of monitor lizard). Further details are conflicting, most probably due to the extremely murky waters of the lake. Some say they are similar to a large porpoise, whilst others have reported seeing scales,", "The Shamo is a Japanese bird of Malayoid type, originally imported to Japan from Thailand in the seventeenth century, the name being a corruption of Siam, the old name for Thailand. In Japan it was developed into a fighting bird of unmatched courage and ferocity. Its feathers are sparse but strong and shiny, and its powerful bone structure and well-muscled body and legs, coupled with its erect posture, make it an impressive and striking bird. Since its importation in the early 1970s the term “Shamo” has covered all large fowl, but in Japanese classification, birds are divided into Chu (medium) Shamo and O (large) Shamo.", "African wild ass is the common name for a wild member of the horse family , Equus africanus (sometimes E. asinus), characterized by long legs, long ears, erect mane, and a stripe down the back and some members with leg stripes. This odd-toed ungulate is believed to be the ancestor of the domestic donkey , which is usually placed within the same species. African wild asses live in the deserts and other arid areas of northeastern Africa , in Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia ; it formerly had a wider range north and west into Sudan , Egypt , and Libya . Classified as Critically Endangered, about 570 individuals exist in the wild.", "Namu is brought to the Seattle Public Aquarium by Ted Griffin, swimming roughly 450 miles behind Griffin's boat in a floating sea pen. The public falls in love with him: a rock 'n roll song is written and a popular movie is made with him (called \"Namu the Killer Whale\"). He eats 375 pounds of dead fish a day--five percent of his body weight. He is the first killer whale to perform for the public. Yet, despite his rapport with Griffin, and his acceptance of his new performance and feeding routines, Namu is heard to issue \"loud, strident screams' regularly from his Rich Cove pen. At time, his cries were picked up by passing Puget Sound whales, who apparently returned his calls.\" Then, with no warning, Namu dies due to an infection from polluted water in his pen. It is July, 1966. He had survived 11 months in captivity.", "The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous mammal in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis).", "The main commercial shark species in Japan are the blue shark, the longfin mako shark Isurus paucus, the thresher shark, the salmon shark Lamna ditropis, the shortfin mako, the starspotted smooth-hound Mustelus manazo, the piked dogfish and the Japanese tope shark Hemitriakis japonica (Chen in Vannuccini 1999). Sharks are mainly landed as bycatch, principally in the tuna longline and trawl fisheries (Nakano in Shotton 1999).", "The elephant shark, Callorhinchus milii, is a cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) belonging to the subclass Holocephali (chimaera). Sharks, rays and skates are the other members of the cartilaginous fish group and are grouped under the subclass Elasmobranchii. Alternative names of the elephant shark include: Australian ghost shark, Makorepe, whitefish, plownose chimaeras or elephant fish. The latter is best avoided as it may be confused with elephantfishes (family Mormyridae) which are freshwater teleost fishes from tropical Africa and the Nile.", "Although the weta had native predators in the form of birds (especially the weka and kiwi), reptiles, and bats before the arrival of humans, introduced species such as cats, hedgehogs, rats (including kiore) and mustelids have caused a sharp increase in the rate of predation. They are also vulnerable to habitat destruction caused by humans and modification of their habitat caused by introduced browsers. New Zealand’s Department of Conservation considers 16 of the 70 species at risk. Programmes to prevent extinctions have been implemented since the 1970s.", "The Sika Deer are closely related to Red Deer, Central Asian Red Deer and elk. The Sika deer found in the Texas Hill Country stem from several different races including Manchurian Sika deer, Dybowski's Sika, Japanese Sika, and the Formosan Sika. Formerly, Sika was native from southern Siberia and the adjacent Japanese island of Hokkaido south, along both the mainland and islands, to southeastern China and Formosa. They are disappearing rapidly from their range due to habitat loss, but Sika were introduced to 77 counties of central and southern Texas in 1939, with free-ranging populations known from 12 of these counties. The last count in 1988 showed the total Texas population to be in the upward 11,000.", "Contrary to its name, the little-known pygmy killer whale is actually a member of the dolphin family. Until 1952 the pygmy killer... More 10 Images 0 Videos", "Multi-Finned : Whale like but with a dorsal and multiple fins. From 50 to 70 feet in length.", "On April 25, 1977, the Japanese trawler Zuiyo Maru, sailing east of Christchurch, New Zealand, caught a strange, apparently unknown creature in the trawl. Photographs and tissue specimens were taken. While initial speculation suggested it might be a prehistoric plesiosaur, analysis later indicated that the body was the carcass of a basking shark.", "At SeaWorld in San Diego, Shamu also ran into problems. In her sixth year at the park, Shamu - who had previously been acting erratically - bit a young woman who fell off her back during a training session. According to legal documents, the trainer suffered 18 to 20 wounds requiring as many as 200 stitches. Shamu was taken off the performance circuit and she died several months later.", "The sika deer is native to Japan other parts of east Asia, but it will be familiar to many visitors as it’s been introduced to many other parts of the world, including Europe, the USA and Australia. Since the extinction of its main predator, the wolf, more than a hundred years ago, its numbers have risen sharply, and there are now around a hundred thousand living in the wild. This deer is seen by a river in Hokkaido’s Shiretoko Peninsula world heritage area.", "The coypu, or nutria (Myocastor coypus), is a large, herbivorous , semiaquatic rodent and the only member of the family Myocastoridae. Originally native to temperate South America , it has since been introduced to North America , Europe , Asia , and Africa , primarily by fur ranchers. Although it is still valued for its fur in some regions, its destructive feeding and burrowing behaviors make this invasive species a pest throughout most of its range.", "Its name comes from , the Japanese word for \"deer\". In Japan the species is known as the .", "The Macaya shore station, based in the port of Chome on the central coast, was launched with three old catcher boats acquired from Antarctic whaling fleets. From 1968 to 1975, as many as 352 whales were harpooned each year, mainly sperm and sei whales, outside of any regulation, because Chile refused to join the International Whaling Commission. The meat and oil was exported to Japan.", "A surprising number of Common Hippopotamus appear to have survived in Mozambique, at least up to 1986, despite the recent civil strife. The species is still widely distributed throughout the country and is present on most river systems. Several national parks and reserves contain hippopotamus although only Gorongosa, with about 2,000, has a sizeable population. L. Tello's estimate made in 1986 year puts the total at between 16,000 and 20,500 for the country as a whole with most (10,000 -12,000) in the Zambezi Wildlife Utilization Area, which includes Marromeu Reserve and four safari hunting blocks. It is also contiguous with the Gorongosa National Park. This is the only region where numbers have increased (by some 20% since 1974). Elsewhere there has been a decline, except in Tete Province, whose population of between 1,500 and 2,500 is said to be stable.", "Until the beginning of the last century, the Okapi itself was not known to western scientists but the native people of the region were known to hunt this rare and elusive animal for both it's meat and it's thick hide. Today this secretive animal is still seldom seen in the high mountain rainforests of central Africa both due to it's shy nature and it's excellent camouflage amongst the dense foliage, so much of what we know about the Okapi is from observations of individuals found in zoos and animal institutions around the world. This however was not really successful until the introduction of planes as the trauma endured by the animal on trains on boats often meant that there was a high mortality rate of the individuals that were captured.", "Turkalo, A. and H. C. Klaus.  1999.  Group size and group composition of the Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) at a natural lick in the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic.  Mammalia 63(4): 437-448.", "Concern was first raised about the future of the kagu in 1904. The first concrete evidence of the impact of dogs came when a New Zealand researcher's study population was quickly exterminated by dogs in the 1990s, although suspicions about the importance of dogs and other predators had been voiced prior to this and dog control measures had been enacted in some areas in the 1980s. The kagu is listed as endangered (CITES I) and enjoys full protection in New Caledonia. It has been the subject of dedicated conservation efforts and is receptive to ex-situ conservation, breeding well in Nouméa Zoo. It is also prospering in Rivière Bleue Territorial Park, which has a pest-management programme and has been the site of releases into the wild of captive-bred birds.", "Cazadores marítimos A este grupo pertenecen los Kawéskar y los Yámanas. Los Kawéskar se distribuían desde el Estrecho de Magallanes al norte y los Yámanas hacia el sur de Tierra del fuego. Los Kawéskar vivían dispersos en pequeños grupos que recorrían en sus canoas los canales de los archipiélagos situados entre el golfo de Penas y la península de Breeknock, región muy lluviosa y de exuberante vegetación. Se dedicaban a la caza de lobos marinos, nutrias y aves, como también a la pesca y la recolección de mariscos; solían aprovechar la carne y la piel de alguna ballena varada por la baja de las mareas. Construían sus canoas con tres piezas de corteza de árboles unidas con fibras vegetales y calafateadas con una mezcla de tierra, arcilla y raíces y sus toldos con varas de madera, cubiertas con cueros de lobo marino; vestían una corta capa de piel de foca o nutria y untaban sus cuerpos con una mezcla de tierra y grasa animal. A fines del siglo pasado e inicios de éste entraron en contacto con los cazadores de lobos marinos, a quienes sirven en la preparación de las pieles, recibiendo a cambio diversos alimentos y trocando capas de pieles por ropas y otros objetos.", "Syrinx aruanus. Australia. In 1979, a 40 pound animal was found with a shell that measured 30.4 inches in length and 39.75 inches in girth.", "Bacteroidetes are common GIT-associated bacteria in many vertebrates, but were not detected in any of the kakapo samples. As certain DNA extraction techniques can lead to under-representation of Bacteroidetes in a sample [42] , we tested whether our DNA extraction methods are able to detect the presence of Bacteroidetes within faecal and swab samples. Bacteroidetes DNA was successfully detected in all spiked faecal and swab samples (data not shown), down to approximately 0.15% of bacterial cell load, indicating that Bacteroidetes were not excluded by our DNA extraction protocols. Similarly, while Archaea were not detected in un-spiked kakapo faeces, the archaeal 16 S rRNA gene could be detected when swab and faecal samples were spiked with archaeal cells, down to approximately 0.4% of cell load.", "Much higher figures were reported in earlier years, peaking in 1958 when 176 people died. According to the Fugu Research Institute 50% of the victims were poisoned by eating the liver, 43% from eating the ovaries, and 7% from eating the skin. One of the most famous victims was the Kabuki actor and \"Living National Treasure\" Bandō Mitsugorō VIII, who in 1975 died after eating four servings of fugu kimo (fugu liver), the sale of which was prohibited by local ordinances at the time. Bandō claimed to be able to resist the poison, but died several hours after returning to his hotel.", "� 1966, May 28, 2:30 PM About 25-30 feet creature spotted in the water with 3 humps.", "* The head of a Megalapteryx didinus found near Cromwell sometime prior to 1949 (currently held by the Museum of New Zealand).", "The head of a Megalapteryx didinus found near Cromwell sometime prior to 1949 [56] (currently held by the Museum of New Zealand )." ]

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[ "As recounted in the old nursery rhyme, \"Three Blind Mice\", the farmer's wife cut off the tails of the mice with a carving knife for running after her, but did she know what she was slicing through? The tail of the mouse is composed of chondroid tissue, bone, tendon, muscle, and skin with hair follicles, as well as nerves and blood vessels.", "14 Three blind mice, See how they run! They all ran after the farmer’s wife, Who cut off their tails, With a carving knife. Did you ever see such a thing in your life, Three blind mice.", "Published by Frederick Warne & Co., an illustrated children's book by John W. Ivimey entitled The Complete Version of Ye Three Blind Mice, fleshes the mice out into mischievous characters who seek adventure, eventually being taken in by a farmer whose wife chases them from the house and into a bramble bush, which blinds them. Soon after, their tails are removed by \"the butcher's wife\" when the complete version incorporates the original verse. The story ends with them using a tonic to grow new tails and recover their eyesight, learning a trade (making wood chips, according to the accompanying illustration), buying a house and living happily ever after. Published perhaps in 1900, the book is now in the public domain. ", "James Orchard Halliwell introduced the tune to children in 1842 with Nursery Rhymes of England, and made it more kid-friendly. Or not. Instead of a miller's wife, we have a farmer's wife—who should be used to seeing mice, living on a farm and all—wielding a carving knife. Not only have the poor mice lost their sight, but they're about to lose their tails, too.", "Nursery rhymes often contain morbid imagery: sightless mice being chased with a butcher knife (\"Three Blind Mice\") and birds being methodically dismembered (\"Alouette\"), to name two that involve animal cruelty. Just as these verses take their unsettling power from their ability to soothe the macabre (horrific death!) into the quotidian (memorable ditty!), Potter's work gains depth by casting dead animals as civilized humans: a frog shaves another frog, two guinea pigs play cricket, seventeen ginger tabby and white kittens partake in colorful pastries at a tea party. So it is in The Death and Burial of Cock Robin: Avian mourners perch on a leafless tree while others line up in pairs behind the coffin, heads lowered; several shed glass tears.", "Three blind mice, three blind mice See how they run, see how they run. They all ran after the farmer's wife Who cut off their tails with a carving knife Did you ever see such a sight in your life As three blind mice.", "The origin of the words to the Three blind mice rhyme are based in English history. The 'farmer's wife' refers to the daughter of King Henry VIII, Queen Mary I. Mary was a staunch Catholic and her violent persecution of Protestants led to the nickname of 'Bloody Mary'. The reference to 'farmer's wife' in Three blind mice refers to the massive estates which she, and her husband King Philip of Spain, possessed. The 'three blind mice' were three noblemen who adhered to the Protestant faith who were convicted of plotting against the Queen - she did not have them dismembered and blinded as inferred in Three blind mice - but she did have them burnt at the stake! Another Nursery Rhyme which features 'Bloody Mary' can be found as follows: Mary Mary Quite Contrary Nursery Rhyme", "But, according to many, the farmer’s wife in the poem alludes to the 16th Century Queen “Bloody” Mary, and her enthusiasm for everything involving torture and death (see Mary, Mary Quite Contrary). The three mice are said to represent three noblemen who got together to try to conspire against the queen and were consequently prosecuted by being burned at the stake.", "Once upon a time in a not-so-far-away land there were three blind mice. These mice lived on a small farm (as many mice do) just outside the city. The mice, named Arnold, Frank, and Edgar, were very cunning indeed. They found creative ways to steal food from the farmer and his wife, terrorize the other animals living on the farm, and even find homes for themselves all over the farm. ", "\"Three Blind Mice\" is an English-language nursery rhyme and musical round.I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), p. 306. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3753.", "Below the two addresses was written “Three Blind Mice” (nursery rhyme).  And on the dead woman’s body there was a paper with “This is the first one.”", "“Three Blind Mice” is supposedly yet another ode to Bloody Mary’s reign, with the trio in question believed to be a group of Protestant bishops—Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Radley, and The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer—who (unsuccessfully) conspired to overthrow the queen and were burned at the stake for their heresy. Critics suggest that the blindness in the title refers to their religious beliefs.", "There has been an attempt to connect the Oxford Martyrs with the nursery rhyme Three Blind Mice. It has been speculated that the rhyme refers to Queen Mary I of England blinding and executing the three Oxford \"Martyrs\". However, Ridley, Hugh Latimer, and Thomas Cranmer were burned, but not blinded. If the rhyme was made by Catholics, then their being \"blind\" could refer to their Protestantism.", "Three Blind Mice,Three Blind Mice - Nursery Rhymes - Baby Songs - Instrumental Sing Along - Duration: 1:08. Geethanjali Kids - Rhymes and Stories 4,123 views", "When he came to Farmer Bowser's house, Tom started up the pipes and began to play with all his might. The farmer was in his woodshed, sawing wood, so he did not hear the pipes; and the farmer's wife was deaf, and could not hear them. But a little pig that had strayed around in front of the house heard the noise, and ran away in great fear to the pigsty.", "BBC - School Radio - Nursery songs and rhymes - Nursery rhymes and songs: Three blind mice", "1/18/2017 7:32:31 PM #.35# You Are Here: Three Blind Mice Poem by Beatrix Potter - Poem Hunter", "This English rhyme became a song. Queen Mary owned many massive estates or farms. Three of her noblemen were convicted of plotting against her. Queen Mary had them killed.", "The earliest version to resemble the modern one is from Mother Goose's Melody published in London around 1765. The additional lines that include (arguably) the more acceptable ending for children with the survival of the cat are in James Orchard Halliwell's Nursery Rhymes of England, where the cat is pulled out by \"Dog with long snout\". ", "6. An English folk tale I once read tells how the mice once saved the life of a cat. In a perfect parallel of Aesop's fable re. lion and mouse, and C S Lewis's Aslan and Reepicheep in \"Prince Caspian\", the cat agreed thenceforth never to kill mice ever again, but only to play with them as friends. Trouble is, the cat's meaning of the word \"play\" was misinterpreted by the mice - after all, cats \"play\" with claws and teeth, don't they?", "Description : Mice. Millions of mice. The quiet town of Hamelin has become a hell since when it was overrun by them like by a river in flood. Fortunately, here is the savior: an eccentric piper who, for every living species, can play a driving and irresistible music. And so, following his bewitching notes, the mice will encounter their fate. But will the troubles really be over? Or is an even more dreadful scourge on the point of breaking over the quiet town of Hamelin? A ballad-like fairy tale, in the classic version by Robert Browning, with brand new illustrations. An ancient and timeless story, to bear in mind that keeping promises is always a good idea.", "Since the 20th century, the rhyme has often been associated with the Great Plague which happened in England in 1665, or with earlier outbreaks of the Black Death in England. Interpreters of the rhyme before the Second World War make no mention of this;Opie and Opie (1985), pp. 221–2. by 1951, however, it seems to have become well established as an explanation for the form of the rhyme that had become standard in the United Kingdom. Peter and Iona Opie, the leading authorities on nursery rhymes, remarked:", "was Janet Horne at Dornoch in Ross shire in 1727. Janet had been accused of witching her daughter to make her hands and feet grow into horses hooves, so that she could ride her. The daughter had a deformed hand, due to being �shod by the Devil�!� She was also tried but acquitted.� She later had a child who exhibited the same kind of congenital hand deformity.� A stone at the place of execution commemorates her death. The witchcraft Acts were repealed there in 1736.", "I found this longer version of Tom, Tom the Piper's Son in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "The first farm that Beatrix Potter owned, Hill Top, was an old house with thick walls and many hiding places for rats and mice. In this tale, the farmhouse is Tom Kitten’s home and the story tells what happens when Tom accidentally comes upon the rat Samuel Whiskers living in a secret hideout behind the attic walls.", "[PAGE] And then there were the merry, cunning little squirrels to watch, cracking nuts on the branches of the old trees, and every now and then a rabbit would hurry away through the tall ferns, or a great bee come buzzing near her, and she would stop to watch it gathering honey from the flowers and wild thyme. So she went on very slowly. By-and-by she saw Hugh, the woodman. \"Where are you going, Little Red Riding-Hood,\" said he, \"all alone?\"", "1977 The Town Mouse and The Country Mouse: Aesop's Fable Retold. By Ruth Manning-Sanders. Illustrated by Harold Jones. Hardbound. Printed in England. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. $36.50 from Alibris, June, '01.", "This book marks a return to the Lake District, with Johnny Town Mouse accidentally visiting the countryside. By this time in her life, Beatrix's sight was failing and she was worried about being able to complete the drawings. However, as can be seen, she shouldn't have been. They are as beautiful as ever. The story was dedicated 'To Aesop in the shadows', as it was based on one of his fables.", "     She came at last to the door of a field-mouse, who had a little den under the corn-stubble. There dwelt the field-mouse in warmth and comfort, with a whole roomful of corn, a kitchen, and a beautiful dining room. Poor little Tiny stood before the door just like a little beggar-girl, and begged for a small piece of barley-corn, for she had been without a morsel to eat for two days.", "Mrs. Tittlemouse is a tale in which no humans play a part and one in which events are treated as though they have occurred since time immemorial and far from human observance. It is a simple story, and one likely to appeal to young children. ", "This cute little book was written and illustrated by the great Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) in 1906, the eighth of her many wonderful stories. This book tells the tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher, a frog who decides to go fishing for minnows, so that he can have his friends over for dinner. But, Mr. Fisher never anticipated the many problems his little fishing excursion would run into!", "I want to be able to read it to my grandchildren and would be delighted if anyone can point me in the right direction to locate a copy of this great poem for young children. I recall one of my daughters chuckling every time I got to “A mouse, a mouse etc….”" ]

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[ "Hawaii, or Hawai'i, is an archipelago, or cluster of eight main islands and many smaller islands extending 1,500 miles in the central Pacific Ocean. It is one of two states that are not in the contiguous United States. Hawaii was the last state to be admitted to the union in August of 1959. Hawaii's total area is 10,931 square miles, 41.2% of which is water. The state's population is 1.4 million with the largest city and capital being Honolulu.", "On this day in 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States of America. It is also the last state to be admitted to the union. Hawaii has the largest percentage of Asian Americans of any U.S. state.", "Hawaii is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join the United States, having joined the Union on August 21, 1959. It is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one made up entirely of islands. See the fact file below for more information about Hawaii.", "In 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the United States, and in 1900 it became a U.S. territory. On August 21, 1959 it became the 50th American state. In 1993 the U.S. government apologized for U.S. participation in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders in a coup d'état . Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959. [66]", "Hawaii officially became the fiftieth state on August 21, 1959. It is one of the smallest states, and it is the only state made up entirely of islands. The islands are the tops of volcanoes, some of them still active.", "U.S. involvement with Hawaii reached a new plateau after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The islands were placed under martial law for the duration of the war and were used extensively as bases, bombing practice sites, and rest and recreation spots for soldiers and sailors. The memorial at the site of the sunken battleship Arizona attracts many visitors each year, as does the national cemetery at Punchbowl (an extinct volcanic crater), with its spectacular view of Honolulu and the harbor. Hawaii joined the union in 1959, thus becoming the fiftieth state. The current flag of the State of Hawaii has eight horizontal stripes (red, white, and blue), to symbolize the eight major islands, and a Union Jack in the upper left corner, to symbolize the occupation of the islands by the British.", "However, because of the many ethnicities present, there was resistance to Hawaii’s statehood from segregated southern states. A primary election took place in Hawaii on June 27, 1959, and various statehood propositions received many votes on that day. Following the certification of the election results, President Eisenhower signed a proclamation on August 21, 1959, declaring Hawaii to be the 50th state. This was known as Admission Day until 2001.", "On this day in 1959, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order proclaiming Hawaii the 50th state of the union, so that the pattern of stars on the American flag would have a more balanced appearance.   In a startling break with tradition, the US asked the native population if they actually wanted to be part of the US.   They had been a 'territory' for some years.   A 94% majority voted for statehood, in a referendum that offered them the choice between continued territorial status and statehood, but not independence.   Since statehood, Hawaii has enjoyed significant economic growth (it is the only US state which is also growing physically, thanks to lava flows).   The Hawaiian state flag incorporates the UK's Union Flag, reflecting historical friendly relations with that country.   Hawaii is the southernmost state but note the westernmost, as it is overreached by Alaska.   Hawaiian is an official language in the state.   Until I can afford a vacation there, I shall pretend to have no further interest in the place.", "Hawaii is the most recent addition to the United States, becoming the 50th state in 1959. Despite strong Hawaiian national pride, the people are all largely supportive of membership in the United States. Congress is typically dominated by democrats, with less than a handful of Republicans elected to congress since becoming a state. The state capital is in Honolulu on the island of Oahu.", "More surprisingly, perhaps, Hawaii , which in 1959 became the 50th state to join the United States, also includes the union jack. This dates back to 1793, when British captain George Vancouver presented one (without the diagonal red cross of St Patrick, as this preceded the 1801 Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland) to King Kamehameha I. The union jack flew as Hawaii's sole flag until 1816, when red, white and blue stripes were added. It has remained a part of the flag.", "In 1960, Hawaii officially became the 49th State of the Union, and those letters \"TH\" where replaced with the name of the state in all capital letters \"HAWAII.\"", "Hawaii is the most ethnically and racially diverse state of any state in the union, a mix that includes Caucasians, Americans of Japanese descent, and Polynesians, among others. Native Hawaiians have held on to many of their customs and traditions despite the influx of non-natives over the years. Hawaii is the only state that has an official native language. Statehood had been proposed many times throughout Hawaii's history, but it was not until 1959 that Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.", "Hawaii was a symbol of a new frontier when it became the 50th state of the United States of America in 1959 after many years of heated political debates and discussions. Some people saw Hawaii as a bridge to Asia and an example of American ideas.", "The last monarch was overthrown when a group of American and European businessmen seized power of the islands in 1893. By 1900, the islands were annexed as US territory. Hawaii rapidly became important as a base for the American Navy, and the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan in December 1941 led to entry into World War II. Post-war, Hawaii finally became the 50th State in 1959.", "9. 1959 - US President Eisenhower signs the Hawaii Admission Act into law and Hawaii becomes the 50th state in the United States of America", "July 7, 1898, the U.S. Congress annexed Hawaii through a joint resolution signed by President William McKinley, paving the way for the islands to become a territory (1900) and later a U.S. state (1959).", "IMMEDIATELY before Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959, it was a Territory of the US. However, it had been a sovereign constitutional monarchy until 1893, when the last Queen, Lili'uokalani, was deposed by a group of American sugar planters and missionaries, with the support of the US marines. A few years after her overthrow, the islands were annexed to the US.", "1959- Alaska became a state in January 1959. Eight months later, southern opposition was finally overcome and Hawaii joined the Union.", "Hawaii finally became the 50th state of the United States of America on this day. Although the Aloha State is made up of a chain of 122 volcanic islands spread out over 1,600 miles, only seven, at the southeastern end of the chain, are inhabited: Hawaii (the Big Island), Maui (the Valley Isle), Lanai (the Pineapple Isle), Molokai (the Friendly Isle), Kauai (the Garden Isle), Niihau (the Forbidden Island), and Oahu (the Gathering Place). Oahu is the home of the state capital, Honolulu, and about 75% of the state�s population ... a population that is truly a melting pot of all races and religions.", "*1897 – A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later.", "1897 - A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later.", "In 1893, a group of American expatriates and sugar planters supported by a division of U.S. Marines deposed Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaii. One year later, the Republic of Hawaii was established as a U.S. protectorate with Hawaiian-born Sanford B. Dole as president. Many in Congress opposed the formal annexation of Hawaii, and it was not until 1898, following the use of the naval base at Pearl Harbor during the Spanish-American War, that Hawaii’s strategic importance became evident and formal annexation was approved. Two years later, Hawaii was organized into a formal U.S. territory. During World War II, Hawaii became firmly ensconced in the American national identity following the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.", "The overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii began with the coup d'état of January 17, 1893 on the island of Oahu, leading to the end of the hereditary monarchs, largely at the hands of United States citizens within the kingdom government under Queen Lili'uokalani and backed by an invasion of U.S. Marines under John L. Stevens. Hawaii was initially reconstituted as an independent republic, but the ultimate goal of the revolutionaries was the annexation of the islands to the United States, which was finally accomplished in 1898.", "Hawaii’s Statehood Day is an annual state holiday on the third Friday of August. It commemorates the anniversary Hawaii’s statehood . This holiday is not to be confused with Statehood Day in Kentucky or Tennessee, USA.", "Kalakaua died during a visit to San Francisco in 1891 and was succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani, the last Hawaiian monarch. Two years later, after further political wrangling, she was deposed in an American-led revolution that produced a provisional government under the leadership of Sanford B. Dole. The new regime immediately requested annexation by the United States, but the treaty providing for it bogged down in the Senate and died after the inauguration of President Grover Cleveland, an opponent of expansionism. The provisional government then drafted a new constitution and on 4 July 1894 proclaimed the Republic of Hawaii, with Dole as president. The Spanish-American War, which fanned expansionist feelings in the United States and pointed up the nation's strategic interests in the Pacific, gave proponents of annexation the opportunity they had been seeking. The formal transfer of sovereignty took place on 12 August 1898, and Dole became Hawaii's first territorial governor when the act authorizing the annexation became effective in June 1900.", "Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states. It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state's coastline is about 750 miles (1,210 km) long, the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida and California.", "The approval of statehood for Alaska last year in effect ended Hawaii's long fight for statehood. For at that time it was generally understood that this year Hawaii's turn would come.", "One state of the United States , Hawaii, incorporates the Union Flag in its state flag. The canton of the Flag of Hawaii reveals the British influence over those islands in the late 19th century.", "Hawaii is the only U.S. state that was once a kingdom with its own monarchy. The only real royal palaces in the United States are in Hawaii.", "Queen Lydia Liliuokalani was the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Islands. She was also the only Queen the United States ever had", "Queen Lydia Liliuokalani was the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Islands. She was also the only Queen the United States ever had" ]

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[ "Commodities Close Prev. Cattle (lb.) 1.39 1.40 Corn (bushel) 3.82 3.80 Gold (troy oz.) 1,141.50 1,147.20 Hogs, lean (lb.) .59 .60 Natural Gas (Btu.) 2.32 2.26 Oil, heating (gal.) 1.50 1.47 Oil, lt. swt. crude (bar.) 46.59 46.06 Silver (troy oz.) 15.57 15.54 Soybeans (bushel) 8.84 8.79 Wheat (bushel) 5.22 5.15", "Within the United States and United Kingdom, the hundredweight was most commonly used to measure tangible commodities. Many food items, such as cattle, oil seeds and grains were measured in hundredweight, along with items like paper and certain chemicals or additives. Rice, and other similar futures, may also be measured in hundredweight.", "a commercial unit of weight for grains and other bulk commodities. Agricultural commodities such as wheat are traditionally sold by the bushel, but because commodities tend to settle and compact in shipping, disputes over the volume delivered arise easily. To avoid these disputes, traders in a market or a country generally agree on a standard weight for one bushel of the commodity. Often this standard weight is set by law. Although the bill of lading still shows \"bushels,\" it is really the weight rather than the volume that is sold and guaranteed. For example, in the United States a bushel of wheat equals 60 pounds (27.216 kg), a bushel of barley 48 pounds (21.772 kg), a bushel of oats 32 pounds (14.515 kg), and a bushel of rye 56 pounds (25.401 kg). A more complete table is included.", "bushel (bu)   : a commercial unit of weight for grains and other bulk commodities. Agricultural commodities such as wheat are traditionally sold by the bushel, but because commodities tend to settle and compact in shipping, disputes over the volume delivered arise easily. To avoid these disputes, traders in a market or a country generally agree on a standard weight for one bushel of the commodity. Often this standard weight is set by law. Although the bill of lading still shows \"bushels,\" it is really the weight rather than the volume that is sold and guaranteed. For example, in the United States a bushel of wheat equals 60 pounds (27.216 kg), a bushel of barley 48 pounds (21.772 kg), a bushel of oats 32 pounds (14.515 kg), and a bushel of rye 56 pounds (25.401 kg). A more complete table is included.", "A measure of weight and mass derived from the ancient Roman libra (which is equal to 327.25 grams), but this ancient standard has been modified variously over the course of time, and in different countries. The pound consisted originally of 12 ounces, corresponding more or less to that of troy weight. This is still used by goldsmiths and jewellers in stating the weight of gold, silver, and precious stones; but as early as the thirteenth or fourteenth century a pound of sixteen ounces was used for more bulky commodities. This was made a standard for general purposes of trade by Edward III, and known as the pound aveir de peis, i.e. of merchandise of weight, now called avoirdupois, q.v. At other times the pound has varied locally from 12 to 27 ounces, according to the commodity, pounds of different weight being often used in the same place for different articles, as bread, butter, cheese, meat, malt, hay, wool, etc.", "the common traditional system of weights in all the English-speaking countries. Until the introduction of the metric system, almost all weights were stated in avoirdupois units, with only precious metals being measured by troy weights and pharmaceuticals by apothecary weights (see above). The name of the system comes from the Old French phrase avoir du pois or aveir de pois, \"goods of weight,\" indicating simply that the goods were being sold by weight rather than by volume or by the piece. The system is based on the avoirdupois pound [1] of 7000 grains . The pound is divided into 16 ounces [1], each divided further into 16 drams [1]. The avoirdupois system was introduced in England around 1300, replacing an older commercial system based on a \"mercantile pound\" (libra mercatoria) of 7200 grains divided into exactly 15 troy ounces [2]. Scholars believe the avoirdupois pound was invented by wool merchants and modeled on a pound of 16 ounces used in Florence, Italy, which was an important buyer of English wool at the time. The avoirdupois weights quickly became the standard weights of trade and commerce. They continue to be used for most items of retail trade in the United States, and they remain in some use in Britain, Canada, and other areas of British heritage despite the introduction of metric units there.", "Electronic, electrical, and office equipment was the top commodity moved by value, gravel and crushed stone the top commodity by weight, and coal the top commodity by ton-miles in 2002 ( table 6 ). In 1993, the top commodity groups transported by value were electronic, electrical, and office equipment; coal was the top commodity by weight and ton-miles. Table 6 presents the value, weight, and ton-miles as well as the relative shares of the major commodities shipped by U.S. businesses. 27 Because the CFS does not cover several important commodities and sectors of the economy, such as crude petroleum pipeline movements and imports, the volumes and shares of the commodities moved could vary with the addition of out-of-scope shipments. 28", "Pennyweight: A measure used to weigh precious metals like gold , silver, and platinum. A pennyweight (dwt) is equal to 24 grains, and there are 20 pennyweights in a troy ounce. In relation to grams, a pennyweight is equal to 1.55 grams.", "Avoirdupois a system of weights based on a pound of 16 ounces of 28.35 grams per ounce. It is the common weight system used in the United States for everything from coffee to non-precious metals.", "Pennyweight - An American unit of weight for gold which is equal to 1/20 of a troy ounce.", "avoirdupois weights: the common traditional system of weights in all the English-speaking countries. Until quite recently, almost all weights were stated in avoirdupois units, with only precious metals and pharmaceuticals being measured by troy weights. The name of the system comes from the Old French phrase avoir du pois or aveir de pois, \"goods of weight,\" indicating simply that the goods were being sold by weight rather than by volume or by the piece. The system is based on the avoirdupois pound   of 7000 grains. The pound is divided into 16 ounces , each divided further into 16 drams . The avoirdupois system was introduced in England around 1300, replacing an older commercial system based on a \"mercantile pound\" (libra mercatoria) of 7200 grains divided into exactly 15 troy ounces . Scholars believe the avoirdupois pound was invented by wool merchants and modeled on a pound of 16 ounces used in Florence, Italy, which was an important buyer of English wool at the time. The avoirdupois weights quickly became the standard weights of trade and commerce. They continue to be used for most items of retail trade in the United States, and they remain in some use in Britain despite the introduction of metric units there.", "Table 5 presents the value, weight, and ton-miles as well as the relative shares for the major CFS commodities shipped by U.S. businesses. 8 See box D for the meaning of these estimates in the CFS. Because the CFS does not cover several important commodities, such as crude petroleum pipeline movements and imports and because commodity details for sectors such as retail, services, and construction are unavailable, the CFS commodity data presented in this section underestimates the true amount of these commodities transported over our nations freight network. 9", "What many don’t know or fail to remember is that silver, gold, platinum and other precious metals use the troy weight system. It’s completely different. When comparing the two systems – apples to apples – a troy ounce is heavier than an avoirdupois ounce – about 10 percent more. Or, more clearly, 10 troy ounces or 10 American Silver Eagles weigh more than a 10 ounce cut of steak.", "The troy pound is no longer in general use or a legal unit for trade (it was abolished in the United Kingdom on 6 January 1879 by the Weights and Measures Act of 1878), but the troy ounce, of a troy pound, is still used for measurements of gems such as opals, and precious metals such as silver, platinum and particularly gold. ", "barrel (bbl)   :a commercial unit of weight, varying with the commodity being measured. In the U.S., for example, a barrel of flour traditionally holds 196 pounds (88.90 kg) and a barrel of beef, fish, or pork 200 pounds (90.72 kg). A barrel of cement is traditionally equal to 4 bags, which is 376 pounds (170.55 kg) in the U.S. and 350 pounds (158.76 kg) in Canada. In old England, a barrel of herrings was 32 pounds (14.51 kg) and a barrel of soap was 256 pounds (116.12 kg).", "Colombia is officially metric, with all distances measured in kilometers, heights in meters and temperature in Celsius. Many bulk commodities, however, such as coal and wood, are sold in \"cargas,\" which vary according to the material weighed. Generally, it is the amount which can be loaded on a horse or burro. Bulk foodstuffs, such as fruits, vegetables, etc., are sold by the pound rather than by the kilo, and gas is sold in liters.", "3. a unit of weight equal to the weight of a bushel of a given commodity.", "Pennyweight (dwt.), a measure of weight, used to weigh precious metals. 1 pennyweight is equivalent to 1/20 ounce (troy), or 24 grains, or 1.55517384 grams, or 7.7758692 carats.", "1. Cotton Counts: The number of pieces of thread, 840 yards long needed to make up 1 lb weight. 10 count cotton means that 10×840 yds weighs 1lb. This is coarser than 20 count cotton where 20×840 yards are needed.", "Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying \"basic sizes\", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.", "Unit of weight, sometimes (especially in the US) known as a long ton. Equals 20 hundredweight, or 2240 pounds. Still very much in use.", "The penny was originally one '\"pennyweight\"' of silver. A pennyweight is a unit of mass which is the same as 1.555 grams, or 1⁄240 of a troy pound. So, a penny was literally, as well as monetarily, 1⁄240 of a troy pound of sterling silver.", "Pennyweight - A pennyweight (dwt) is a unit of mass which is the same as 24 grains, 1/240th of a troy pound, 1/20th of a troy ounce, approximately 0.055 ounces or approximately 1.555 grams.", "The total weight of a commodity traded, expressed either in tonnes or lots. Also referred to as turnover. Measured per session, day, month or year.", "The purpose of the hundredweight was that it provided a standard of measurement, simplifying the trading of certain goods among countries. This was especially true when dealing in items that were traded in large quantities. Along with the agreed upon measurements for short and long hundredweights, it was accepted that 20 hundredweights created a ton, where a short ton weighed 2000 pounds and a long ton weighed 2240 pounds. At times, the hundredweight was also referred to as a cental or a quintal, and was also known by the abbreviation cwt.", "The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as the centum weight or quintal, is an English, imperial, and US customary unit of weight or mass of various values. Its present value continues to differ between the American and imperial systems. The two values are distinguished in American English as the \"short\" and \"long\" hundredweight and in British English as the \"cental\" and the \"hundredweight\".", "CT-203 Citrine Clusters, .20-.29 lb. in weight and approximately 2 - 2.5 inches long. Each one unique. Sold by the each.", "It comes as an even bigger surprise to learn that the only measurement system legally sanctioned by Congress is the metric system. This was done in a law passed in 1886 which specifically made it lawful to use the metric system and which made it unlawful to refuse to trade or deal in metric quantities. There is no such legislation for gallons and pounds!", "C NIST value of 13.595 078(5) g/ml assumed for the density of Hg at 0 °C", "Tyszynski, H. 1951 World Trade in Manufactured Commodities, 1899-1950. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies 19:272–304.", "Look at a selection of chocolate bars and sweet packets. Find out how much they weigh. Put the items in order, from the lightest to the heaviest.", "Since the troy pound was smaller than the commercial pound units used in most of Europe, medieval English merchants often used a larger pound called the \"mercantile\" pound (libra mercatoria). This unit contained 15 troy ounces, so it weighed 7200 grains. This unit seemed about the right size to merchants, but its division into 15 parts, rather than 12 or 16, was very inconvenient. Around 1300 the mercantile pound was replaced in English commerce by the 16-ounce avoirdupois pound. This is the pound unit still in common use in the U.S. and Britain. Modeled on a common Italian pound unit of the late thirteenth century, the avoirdupois pound weighs exactly 7000 grains. The avoirdupois ounce, 1/16 pound, is divided further into 16 drams ." ]

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[ "Fallout Boy is the sidekick in the comic book series Radioactive Man . In the series, Fallout Boy first appeared in a 1950s Radioactive Man film serial shown at a comic book convention in the episode \" Three Men and a Comic Book \", and it was implied that the actor who played Fallout Boy might have been gay. However, unlike many Simpsons characters, he has only made a handful of appearances since.", "Radioactive Man is a fictional comic book superhero. The character was heavily featured in the episodes \"Three Men and a Comic Book\" and \"Radioactive Man\". Within the Simpsons universe, he was created by Morty Mann. He has been portrayed in many media since his debut in Interesting Stories #27. The first issue of Radioactive Man appeared in 1952. He was featured in at least one 1950s era black-and-white serial, sponsored by Laramie Cigarettes. There was also a campy early 1970s television series resembling Batman. This version was played by an actor named Dirk Richter, who was allegedly murdered in a brothel some time after the show ended, a parody of George Reeves and the controversy surrounding his death. In one episode of The Simpsons, a Hollywood studio attempted to film a Radioactive Man movie in Springfield. The movie starred Rainier Wolfcastle as Radioactive Man. The role of Fallout Boy, Radioactive Man's sidekick, was cast from local children and went to Milhouse Van Houten. The movie was never completed due to budget overruns caused by constant price-gouging by Springfield vendors, and Milhouse snapping from the pressure of the role, and refusing to continue to portray Fallout Boy. A last-ditch attempt at replacing Milhouse with Mickey Rooney fails, and the movie is cancelled. ", "Sidekick to the superhero Radioactive Man, Fallout Boy is much less powerful (and slightly less radioactive) than his mighty mentor. And when it comes to being ineffectual, nobody’s more effective than Milhouse! That’s why he’s the perfect fit to play Fallout Boy in the big-screen movie based on Bart and Milhouse’s favorite comic book. Will fame and fortune change our young hero? Probably…but you can bet he’ll be back to normal by next week!", "In the series, Fallout Boy first appears in a 1950s Radioactive Man serial film shown at a comic book convention in the episode \"Three Men and a Comic Book\". However, unlike many Simpsons characters, he has only made a handful of appearances since. While Radioactive Man is a broad parody of many superheroes, most obviously containing elements of Batman and Superman (and the comic incorporates an origin story similar to Marvel's Hulk), among others, Fallout Boy is mainly a parody of Robin (with his costume, references as being the 'young ward' of Radioactive Man, and his younger age and sidekick status) with elements of Spider-Man (his fictional comic book origin, for example). His catchphrase is \"Jiminy Jillickers!\"", "Fallout Boy accompanied Radioactive Man in his non-comic appearances from the start. He appeared in the 1950s black-and-white TV series and film serials played by Buddy Hodges . [2] Hodges would also star in the 1980 film \"Radioactive Man III: Oh God Not Again\" as Fallout Boy's great-grandfather. [3] Fallout Boy also appeared in the campy 70s TV series [4] and as a slightly older sidekick in the 1990s animated series. [5]", "Fallout Boy also appears in a real-life comic book titled Radioactive Man, published by Bongo Comics (a comic created in part by Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons). In these comic books, Fallout Boy's real name is Rod Runtledge, he has a brother named Dodd. They live in Zenith City. Rod is a high school nerd living with his aunt, Aunt June. Fallout Boy was an average book worm, until one day, he was at a Radioactive demonstration, where he met up with Claude Kane. A tall piece of machinery fell towards them. Claude grabbed Rod and jumped over the rail, Claude holding onto the machine. The machine came to life, and as the ray passed through Claude, who became Radioactive Man, it hit Rod. Rod then got a pint-sized version of RM's powers and became Fallout Boy.", "He was the main villain in the Superheroes event. He encased Radioactive Man inside of the Radioactive Man Statue, but he broke out. He returns in the sequel, Superheroes 2 event, trying to transform all Springfielders into crabs. After failing he unleashes Pinchy in town to seek revenge for the previous year's defeat. However he is defeated again, with Pinchy dead once again, he joins the town as a permanent resident.", "Bart longs to play \"Fallout Boy\" in the new Radioactive Man movie, but the Van Houtens thrust Milhouse into the spotlight. Meanwhile, the town of Springfield sees an opportunity for profit.", "* ALF appeared in The Simpsons. In \"Bart Sells His Soul,\" Milhouse sells Bart's soul for ALF Pogs. In the \"The Springfield Files,\" ALF (voiced by Dan Castellaneta) appeared in a police line-up along with several other aliens (some of them being Chewbacca and Marvin the Martian). In \"Mayored to the Mob,\" ALF appears at the Bi-Mon-Sci-Fi-Con.", "In order to earn enough money to purchase the very first \"Radioactive Man\" comic book, Bart takes a part time job with a neighbor. However, after discovering that working is for chumps, Bart enters into a partnership with Martin and Milhouse. Guest voiced by Cloris Leachman and Daniel Stern.", "* Albert Brooks (Many recurring and one time characters on The Simpsons including Radioactive Man, Marlin in Finding Nemo and Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie)", "*The voice and humor of Queer Duck character Bi-Polar Bear, voiced by Billy West, is performed in the style of Lynde, as is supervillain The Scoutmaster in the Simpsons episode \"Radioactive Man\".", "The Top 5 Sweethearts join the TELETOON Retro Hall of Fame alongside the Top 5 favourite cartoon characters of all time as chosen by the fans in December 2010. The original TELETOON Retro Hall of Fame campaign encouraged viewers to vote for their favourite TELETOON Retro characters of all time, with the Top 5 characters becoming the inaugural inductees to the TELETOON Retro Hall of Fame. The winners were announced in December, with Bugs Bunny, Scooby-Doo, Optimus Prime, Batman and Spider-man taking the Top 5 spots, respectively.", "Frank Welker as Garfield/Brain (Inspector Gadget) (archive)/Horror (archive)/Adult Scooby-Doo (current)/Teen Fred/Well Dweller (archive)/Slimer (archive)/Stay Puft (archive)/Bigfoot (A Goof Movie) (archive)/Curious George/Abu (Aladdin)/Bruno (Cinderella (animated)) (current)/Senator Phlegmex (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) (archive)/Ned the Elephant (Timon & Pumbaa) (archive)/Matches (archive)/Papa Werewolf (archive)/Old Louie (Oliver & Company) (archive)/Lucifer (Cinderella (animated)) (current)/Grubs (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) (archive)/Epoch (Buzz Lightyear of Star Command) (archive)/Barn Owl (Once Upon a Forest) (archive)", "[Source] Elmer J. Fudd/Egghead is a cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the de facto archenemy of Bugs Bunny . He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon (second only to Bugs himself). [1] His aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in an unusual way, replacing his Rs and Ls with Ws, so \"Watch the road, Rabbit,\" is replaced with \"Watch the woad, wabbit!\" Elmer's signature catchphrase is, \"Shhh. Be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits\", as well as his trademark laughter, \"huh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh\".", "* S. Scott Bullock (Flap in Dink, the Little Dinosaur, FT and Sam Smith in Attack of the Killer Tomatoes, Tom Lockjaw in Darkwing Duck, Argos Bleak in Captain Planet and the Planeteers and The New Adventures of Captain Planet, Wendell in Mike, Lu and Og, Fred in Timon and Pumbaa, King Goobot in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Larry from The Buzz on Maggie, Eddy the Cow in Barnyard, Glow Worm and Worm Supervisor from The Ant Bully, Dharman in Afro Samurai, Dash Baxter, Operative O and Klemper from Danny Phantom, various characters in The Fairly OddParents, Invader Zim and The Misadventures of Flapjack)", "Catnip - Pat, Niggs and Jess chase after Sanjay but Jess is captured and stolen by Linda. Pat and Niggs, who manage to capture Sanjay, begin to torture him until he sets Dorothy free. The two then extract information from him before Pat takes the lead and painfully kills him. Jess, meanwhile, almost escapes but is once more captured by Linda. Jess then resorts to killing Linda by putting her in her oven and escaping through the catflap. Meanwhile, Beaterschmidt chases up one of his old employees. Features guest appearances by Jimi Hendrix and Matt Lucas .", "Elmer J. Fudd/Egghead is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the archenemy of Bugs Bunny. He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon (second only to Bugs himself). His aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in an unusual way, Replacing his Rs with Ls and Ws, so \"Watch the road, Rabbit,\" is replaced with \"Watch the woad, wabbit!\" Elmer's signature catchphrase is, \"Be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits\", as well as his trademark laughter, \"huh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh\".", "* Michael Donovan (The title role in Conan the Adventurer, Wes Weasley in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Chuck Ramsey in Action Dad, Billy Lee and Jawbreaker in Double Dragon, Mr. Hubert, Magician and Blackie in Billy the Cat, General Nifel in The New Adventures of He-Man, Eggplant Wizard in Captain N: The Game Master, Dr. Peter Tezla in Hot Wheels Highway 35 World Race, Spike in Tom and Jerry Tales, Professor Edison, Shooter and Big Dinosaur from The Adventures of T-Rex, Sabretooth in X-Men Evolution, Carnage and Cletus Kennedy in Spider-Man Unlimited, Phong, Mike the TV, Cecil and Al in ReBoot, Guile and Zangief in Street Fighter, Stu the Dog, Slick the Bug and A Pig in Littlest Pet Shop, Ring Man in Mega Man, Professor T-Bird in Battletoads and many others. Also serves as a voice director)", "Tennessee Tuxedo, a penguin, was accompanied by two friends, slow-witted walrus Chumley and Phineas J. Whoopie. Tennessee Tuxedo was voiced by Don Adams of Get Smart (and later Inspector Gadget) fame; knowledgeable professor Phineas J. Whoopee was voiced by Larry Storch of F Troop fame. With the possible exception of Tennessee Tuxedo, none of these characters ever reached Underdog's level of popularity.", "Tweek's parents have appeared in several episodes, most notably \"Gnomes\" and \"Child Abduction Is Not Funny\". They play a major role in South Park: The Stick of Truth, it is revealed they send their son to pick up a meth delivery daily, and it is an essential ingredient in their coffee. Mr. Tweek is voiced by Trey Parker and Mrs. Tweek has been voiced by Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider, but did not speak again for over ten years until \"Informative Murder Porn\", when she joined the men of the town and Linda Stotch to get their crime dramas back by playing Minecraft.", "In the 1994 redubs of the series, The Hood was voiced by Malachi Throne, most noted for his roles in \"Star Trek\" and \"It Takes Two\". The Hood also was working for some spirit called \"The Attrocinator\", which was a role played by a real actor. The actor being Tim Curry, noted for his roles of Dr. Frank-N-Furter in \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show\" and the Lord of Darkness in the film \"Legend\", also as the voice of Nigel in the classic Nickelodeon TV show \"The Wild Thornberrys\".", "David Lander as Thumper , a psychotic, feral and vicious grasshopper which his owner, Hopper, uses to punish Dot. He only speaks in one of the bloopers, in which was his only line spoken, \"Oh, I'm sorry. C-can we cut? I just don't know if I'm coming across. Ooh, ooh, I know, I know, I could lather up a bunch of spit! Ooh, ooh, I got it, J.L. ! All right, one more for me! He is a minor antagonist in the film.", "Stinky Pete, or The Prospector as Jessie calls him, is a prospector doll and serves as the main antagonist of the second film. He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show, Woody's Roundup, where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody, Jessie, Stinky Pete, and Bullseye. The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still \"Mint in the Box\", making him sought after by collectors.", "The secondary main character and Fred's best friend and next door neighbor. His occupation is, for the most part of the series, unknown. He shares many of Fred's interests like bowling and is also a member of the \"Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes\".", "The most famous celebrity in Springfield, due to being the host of the city's favorite children's entertainment program, The Krusty the Klown Show. Born an Orthodox Jew, he was estranged from his Rabbi father due to his wanting to be a clown instead of following in his father's footsteps. Originally an optimistic fellow who just wanted to help people laugh, years in the ugly reality of showbusiness have left him grizzled, sarcastic, jaded and indifferent, striving only to make as much money as possible. Voiced by Dan Castellaneta .", "In one scene, Pete comments \"look, I've done a lot of stupid things...\" and one of the stupid things he mentions doing is \"dressing up as Frank-N-Furter.\" Frank-N-Furter is the mad scientist character portrayed by Tim Curry in the 1975 film \"The Rocky Horror Picture Show.\"", "Voiced by: Robert Ridgely . Born December 24, 1931. Died February 8, 1997. Image via Behindthevoiceactors .", "Rats. Lots of the buggers. \"Back to the Future\" star Crispin Glover returns to the screen, in the deeply odd remake \"Willard\", a film that deserves to find an audience. D.J. Nock reviews the disc, released next month.", "Also in \"Bravo Dooby Doo,\" homage is paid to Velma's catchphrase, \"Jinkies!\" When Johnny and the gang are being chased by the evil gardner Johnny exclaims, \"Jinkies,\" then wonders, \"Jinkies, Jinkies. Hey, isn't that a breakfast cereal or something?", "The Slag Brothers were originally voiced by Daws Butler and Don Messick, respectively and currently by Jim Cummings. Their rareware themes are Banjo-Tooie's Terrydactland Interior.", "Nesmith had cameo appearances in his own films including Timerider: The Adventure of Lyle Swann (Race Official), Repo Man (Rabbi), and Tapeheads (Water Man)." ]

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