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[ "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the “Spruce Goose“; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company . Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II , it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the “Spruce Goose”, although it was made almost entirely of birch . [2] [3] The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. [4] It remains in good condition and is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon , United States. [5]", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype heavy transport aircraft designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be of use. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, its critics nicknamed it the \"Spruce Goose\", despite it being made almost entirely of birch rather than spruce. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It is on display, and remains in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, USA.", "Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was at times a pilot, a movie producer, a playboy, an eccentric and one of the wealthiest people in the world. He is famous for building the Hercules airplane, commonly known as the Spruce Goose, and for his debilitatingly eccentric behavior later in life.", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the \"Spruce Goose\", although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It remains in good condition and is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. ", "I know what you're thinking. Well, maybe not what you're thinking, Marvin, since you sound like an aviation buff. However, the average person is thinking: Of course Howard Hughes flew the Spruce Goose only once (it wasn't spruce, by the way — it was mostly made out of birch). By far the biggest airplane ever built, the H-4, also known as the Hercules, had a wingspan of 320 feet — 20 feet longer than a football field. It had enough cargo space to carry two railroad boxcars. It had eight massive engines with 17-foot propellers. It weighed 300,000 pounds. And it was made of wood. They make, or at least made, toy gliders out of wood, not real aircraft. Hughes was lucky the wings didn't break off during the first flight.", "The HK-1 contract was issued in 1942 as a development contract [9] and called for three aircraft to be constructed in two years for the war effort. [10] Seven configurations were considered, including twin-hull and single-hull designs with combinations of four, six, and eight wing-mounted engines. [11] The final design chosen was a behemoth, eclipsing any large transport then built. [9] [12] [N 1] It would be built mostly of wood to conserve metal (its elevators and rudder were fabric-covered [13] ), and was nicknamed the “Spruce Goose” (a name Hughes hated) or the Flying Lumberyard. [14]", "The first and only flight of Howard Hughes’ ‘Spruce Goose’ flying boat occurred in Long Beach Harbor, California. It flew about a mile at an altitude of 70 feet. Costing $25 million, the 200-ton plywood eight-engine Hercules was the world’s largest airplane, designed, built and flown by Hughes. It later became a tourist attraction alongside the Queen Mary ship at Long Beach and has since been moved to Oregon. Watch footage of the flight here: http://bit.ly/sprucegoose", "*The Hughes H-4 Hercules was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, \"The Spruce Goose\".", "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"1947). Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminum and concerns about weight, its critics nicknamed it the \"Spruce Goose\", despite its being made almost entirely of birch rather than spruce.The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history.It survives in good condition at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, USA.", "\"Better known as the \"Spruce Goose,\" the Howard Hughes Flying Boat was designed and built by Hughes Aircraft Co., to be the largest wood constructed aircraft with the largest wingspan ever built. As Hughes perfected his craft, he added significantly to what is known in areas of large-lift capability and power-boost systems. Originally designated the HK-1 in 1942, it was designed to meet wartime troop and material transportation needs (flying just high enough to evade submarine attacks). Laminated wood (mostly birch) forms the airframe and surface structures of the seaplane, minimizing the use of critical war materials like aluminium. It was powered by eight .\"", "One contract was for a photo-reconnaissance plane, a prototype of which (the XF-11) crashed in Beverly Hills shortly after the war during a test flight with Hughes at the controls, almost killing him. The other contract was for a plane with which Hughes is forever linked in the public mind -- a troop and cargo carrier made of wood and known by various names (the H-4 Hercules, the Hughes Flying Boat, the \"flying lumberyard\"), but most popularly as the \"Spruce Goose.\"", "Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers. He spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules (now better known as the \"Spruce Goose\"). He also acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines (TWA, subsequently acquired by and merged with American Airlines ) and acquired Air West , renaming it Hughes Airwest . Hughes Airwest was eventually acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines .", "The models were shot on location at Long Beach and other California sites from helicopter or raft platforms. The short but much heralded flight of Hughes’ HK-1 Hercules on November 2, 1947 was realistically recreated in the Port of Long Beach. The motion control Spruce Goose and Hughes Hangar miniatures built by New Deal Studios are presently on display at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, with the original Hughes HK-1 \"Spruce Goose\".", "Howard Hughes's H-4 (the \"Spruce Goose\") flew only one time, in 1947. Somewhere it was written that Hughes detected a vibration or pulsating in the aircraft frame or in the control wheel right after he lifted off and decided to set the H-4 back down rather than take a big risk that it would be uncontrollable if he gained more altitude. It was also said that he was just proving that it would indeed fly for the senators and that he just wanted to prove it by flying only a very short distance. What is the straight dope?", "The timing of completion and final cost brought Hughes and the project under the critical eye of the post-war congress, one Senator grudgingly referring to the plane as \"The flying lumberyard\". Howard Hughes was called to Washington D.C. to defend both the project and himself. During a break in the hearings, he flew back to California to conduct a test on the \"Goose\", it was during this test the accidental flight took place. This event, whether intended or not, put a halt to critics of the project and served as the finale for this gigantic aircraft ...... the project was dead. Though his feathers had been ruffled by the intense questioning he had endured, the flight had vindicated Hughes and the project. The HK-1, which by now would be known forever as the \"Spruce Goose\", was put into storage . It remained hidden from public view, carefully preserved, until after Howard Robard Hughes death in April of 1976.", "The winged giant made only one flight on November 2, 1947. The unannounced decision to fly was made by Hughes during a taxi test. With Hughes at the controls, David Grant as co-pilot, and several engineers, crewmen and journalists on board, the Spruce Goose flew just over one mile at an altitude of 70 feet for one minute. The short hop proved to skeptics that the gigantic machine could fly.", "(1982)* - Photograph caption dated February 11, 1982 reads, \"Spruce Goose, Howard Hughes' 210-foot-long flying machine that flew only once, found a new home yesterday: a vast aluminum exhibition dome next to the Queen Mary's berth in Long Beach. As hundreds watched from the stern of the ocean liner, the $25 million plane was moved into the 130-foot-high dome, ending a 4 1/2-mile barge trip. Designed by Hughes to carry troops during World War II, the Goose flew one mile in 1947 and has been resting ever since. Now she'll star in a Wrather Corp. exhibit simulating her long-avoided flight.\"", "The idea for the HK-1 flying boat came from Henry Kaiser... Head of one of the largest shipbuilding firms of the time, Kaiser thought a ship that could fly over the danger might be the answer. Howard Hughes was known as an innovator in aircraft construction and design. These two men, both legends in their own time, would launch the venture to build the huge craft (originally three were to be built). The new plane's official name bore the initials of the principals in the project HK-1....But to most of us it's always just been \"Spruce Goose\".", "OnNovember2,1947, a test of the plane was scheduled which involved taxiing the craft across Long Beach Bay. Some members of the press were invited to ride aboard the plane, and Hughes took the controls. After two successful trips across the bay, Hughes increased the plane’s speed during the third attempt. He delighted a sizeable crowd of onlookers by lifting the plane off the water. After traveling for a mile at a height of about 70 feet, the craft landed smoothly. Although it was the only flight ever made in the Spruce Goose, it became a memorable moment in aviation history.", "After the historic event, the \"Spruce Goose\" was returned to its large, specially designed hangar, never to fly again. As ordered by Hughes, it was constantly maintained and kept in flight-ready condition, including monthly runups of its engines, until he died in 1976. Over the past 50 years, the aircraft has endured to become a popular cultural artifact telling a remarkable story of sacrifice, determination, and technological development. The HK-1 was decades ahead of its time in the 1940s. It revolutionized jumbo flying bodies and large lift capability, shaping modern flight. The popular wooden flying boat is now appropriately regarded as a true American icon.", "Yet Hughes continued to spend money on the aircraft. Although the original plans had called for three Spruce Gooses, no other versions of the planes were ever produced. The prototype remained in Hughes’s control for the remainder of his life, sitting in a hangar that was air-conditioned to provide the proper humidity to preserve the wood.", "The Spruce Goose, Howard Hughes’ experimental wooden airplane, floats in Long Beach Harbor, Nov. 2, 1947 (source: LA Times)", "Hughes and his team designed a single hull flying boat capable of carrying 750 troops, with eight 3000 horsepower engines, a mammoth fuel storage and supply system, and wings 6 metres longer than a football field. Few people believed that the Spruce Goose could actually fly. On November 2, 1947, Hughes piloted the giant flying boat across a 3-mile stretch of water at Long Beach, California.", "When Howard Hughes thought he thought big and he never hesitated to take new directions. Conceived when German U-boats were ravaging Allied shipping in the Atlantic, the \"Spruce Goose\" was built primarily of birch -- not spruce -– in response to a wartime metal shortage. It had eight engines and the capacity to carry 700 troops or a load of 60 tons. In terms of wingspan (320 feet, which is longer than a football field) and weight (400,000 pounds) it is still the largest plane ever built. The war ended before it was completed. But it was flown -- once -- in Long Beach Harbor on Nov. 2, 1947.", "The \"Spruce Goose\" flew on November 2, 1947, for one mile, at a maximum altitude of 70 feet. Built by Howard Hughes, it is the largest aircraft ever ", "(1947)++# – With Howard Hughes at the controls, the 'Spruce Goose' begins its first series of taxi tests.  The Long Beach skyline is seen in the background.", "Howard Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens. He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale. Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer.*^", "Another portion of Hughes’s business interests lies in aviation, airlines, and the aerospace and defense industries. Hughes was a lifelong aircraft enthusiast and pilot. At Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, he learned to fly from pioneer aviators, including Moye Stephens . He set many world records and commissioned the construction of custom aircraft for himself while heading Hughes Aircraft at the airport in Glendale . Operating from there, the most technologically important aircraft he commissioned was the Hughes H-1 Racer . On September 13, 1935, Hughes, flying the H-1, set the landplane airspeed record of 352 mph (566 km/h) over his test course near Santa Ana, California ( Giuseppe Motta reached 362 mph in 1929 and George Stainforth reached 407.5 mph in 1931, both in seaplanes). This was the last time in history that the world airspeed record was set in an aircraft built by a private individual. A year and a half later, on January 19, 1937, flying the same H-1 Racer fitted with longer wings, Hughes set a new transcontinental airspeed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to Newark in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds (beating his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes). His average ground speed over the flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). [14]", "Howard Hughes was a successful Hollywood movie producer when he founded the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932. He personally tested cutting-edge aircraft of his own design and in 1937 broke the transcontinental flight-time record. In 1938, he flew around the world in a record three days, 19 hours, and 14 minutes.", "Also known as: HK-1, HK-4 Hercules, Hughes H-4 Hercules, the Hughes Flying Boat, the “Flying Lumberyard”", "Howard Hughes, movie mogul, aviation pioneer and political hound dog, has always fascinated the public, yet his legacy involving the aviation industry is often under appreciated. Hughes Helicopters was one of America's pioneering aviation companies, but few have heard of it. From the Second World War to the mid- 1980s, this book tells how many of the world's most innovative helicopters were developed.", "Hughes pushed for the construction of the Lockheed Constellation commercial airliner, which would become synonymous with the TWA style of elegance and cutting-edge technology. On April 17, 1944, Hughes and Frye flew the Constellation (C-69 USAAF #43-10310) from Burbank, California, to Washington, D.C., in an unofficial record of 6 hours 58 minutes." ]

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[ "One of the iconic images in American food is Sailor Jack, a little boy in a sailor suit with his dog Bingo at his side that has appeared on Cracker Jack™ boxes since 1918.", "Prizes were first included in Cracker Jack boxes in 1912 and the mascots Sailor Jack and Bingo were introduced in 1918, becoming official a year later. Sailor Jack is based on Rueckheim’s eight year-old nephew who died of pneumonia shortly after his image appeared on boxes. Interestingly, the image of Sailor Jack & Bingo is carved on Frederick Rueckheim’s tombstone.", "Frito-Lay, Inc. is the division of PepsiCo that manufactures, markets and sells corn chips, potato chips and other snack foods. The primary snack food brands produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's and Ruffles potato chips, Rold Gold pretzels and Walkers potato crisps (in the UK and Ireland)—each of which generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009. ", "The boy on the Cracker Jack box image (left) is Sailor Jack and his dog is called Bingo.", "Frito-Lay snacks are distributed in Europe under the PepsiCo Europe operating division, previously PepsiCo International. Its products includes Walkers Crisps, Doritos, Paw Ridge, Smiths, Cheetos, Duyvis, Snack-a-Jacks, Looza, Twistos, and Solinki. PepsiCo maintains manufacturing plants in Europe, the largest of which are two snack manufacturing and processing plants located in Leicester and Coventry in England.", "PepsiCo's food division, Frito-Lay, is the leader in the branded salty snack market and all Frito Lay products are free of trans-fat and MSG. It manufactures Lay's Potato Chips; Cheetos extruded snacks, Uncle Chips and traditional snacks under the Kurkure and Lehar brands. The company's high fiber breakfast cereal, Quaker Oats, and low fat and roasted snack options enhance the healthful choices available to consumers. Frito Lay's core products, Lay's, Kurkure, Uncle Chipps and Cheetos are cooked in Rice Bran Oil to significantly reduce saturated fats and all of its products contain voluntary nutritional labeling on their packets.", "Cracker Jack is known for being commonly sold at baseball games and is even mentioned by name in the American standard \"Take Me Out To The Ball Game\". On June 16, 1993, the 100th anniversary of Cracker Jack was celebrated at Wrigley Field during the game between the Cubs and the expansion Florida Marlins. Before the game, Sailor Jack, the company's mascot, threw out the ceremonial first pitch. ", "PepsiCo’s Latin Americas Foods sells Frito-Lay branded snack foods in Central and South America. Its portfolio of brands includes Lay's, Cheetos, Fritos and Doritos, as well as local brands such as Lucky, Stiksy and Baconzitos snacks in Brazil and ManiMoto in Colombia.", "Cracker Jack is an American brand of snack consisting of molasses-flavored caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts, well known for being packaged with a prize of trivial value inside. The Cracker Jack name was registered in 1896. The slogan \"The More You Eat The More You Want\" was also registered that year. Some food historians consider it the first junk food. Cracker Jack is famous for its connection to baseball lore. The Cracker Jack brand has been owned and marketed by Frito-Lay since 1997. Frito Lay has announced that the prize is going to be removed and replaced with a QR code which can be used to download a baseball game. ", "Upon the formation of PepsiCo, Frito-Lay soon began efforts to expand with the development of new snack food brands in the 1960s and 1970s, including Doritos (1966), Funyuns (1969) and Munchos (1971). The most popular new Frito-Lay product launched during this era was Doritos, which initially was positioned as a more flavorful tortilla chip. At first the chip was perceived by consumers as being too bland. In response, the company re-launched Doritos in Taco, and later Nacho Cheese, flavors. The spicier composition proved successful, and Doritos quickly became the second most popular Frito-Lay product line, second only to Lay's potato chips. ", "Run for its first half century as a family business, Rold Gold expanded its operations to St. Louis, Missouri, and El Segundo, California, and established a reputation for producing pretzels. From 1921 until 1955, the company also owned the Continental Packing Company, a pimento canning plant located near Macon, Georgia, but sold that part of the business in 1955, in response to increasing competition from overseas canners. The Schumaker family sold Rold Gold to Red Dot Foods Inc. of Madison, Wisconsin, in 1960, but the deal fell through when Red Dot went bankrupt and its principal owner committed suicide. Frito-Lay then purchased Rold Gold in 1961, and has owned the pretzel company ever since.", "As part of the Casa de Fritos operation at Disneyland, “ Doritos ” (Spanish for “little golden things”) were created at the park to recycle old tortillas that would have been discarded. The Frito-Lay Company saw the popularity of the item and began selling them regionally in 1964, and then nationwide in 1966. [27]", "Ready to wake up with a fresh cup of Cracker Jacks? PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay is getting ready to release a new caffeinated product called Cracker Jack’d Power Bites.", "Sabritas and Gamesa are two of PepsiCo's food and snack business lines headquartered in Mexico, and they were acquired by PepsiCo in 1966 and 1990, respectively. Sabritas markets Frito-Lay products in Mexico, including local brands such as Poffets, Rancheritos, Crujitos and Sabritones. Gamesa is the largest manufacturer of cookies in Mexico, distributing brands such as Emperador, Arcoiris and Marías Gamesa. ", "Cracker Jack includes a small \"mystery\" novelty item referred to as a \"Toy Surprise\" in each box. The tagline for Cracker Jack was originally \"Candy coated popcorn, peanuts and a prize\" but has since become \"Caramel coated popcorn & peanuts\" under Frito-Lay. ", "As part of the Casa de Fritos operation at Disneyland, \"Doritos\" (Spanish for \"little golden things\") were created at the park to recycle old tortillas that would have been discarded. The Frito-Lay Company saw the popularity of the item and began selling them regionally in 1964, and then nationwide in 1966. ", "Bingo has had many names and variations. The earliest name, lotto (or loto), a childrens game, was first recorded in 1778. The original American form, called keno, kino, or po-keno, dates from the early 19th century. The only form of gambling permitted in the British armed services, the game is called in the Royal Navy tombola (1880) and in the Army, house (1900), or housy-housy. Other American names are beano, lucky, radio, and fortune.", "Kids' meal tie-ins have been released in snacks and fast food restaurants in many parts of the world, including Burger King in Europe and North America, as well as Wendy's in North America, and Hungry Jack's in Australia. A McDonald's Happy Meal tie-in with SpongeBob-themed Happy Meal boxes and toys was released in Europe and other international markets in the summer of 2007. In Australia, the advertisement for the McDonald's SpongeBob Happy Meal won the Pester Power Award because the ads are entice young children to want its food because of the free toy. As a tie-in beverage for the DVD release of The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, 7-Eleven released the limited edition \"Under-the-Sea Pineapple Slurpee\" in March 2004. Pirate's Booty released limited edition SpongeBob SquarePants Pirate's Booty snacks in 2013. ", "*unnamed one-eyed pirate appearing on the cover of Pirate's Booty snack food packaging, with speech balloons voicing praise for the product accompanied by \"Yo ho ho\" and \"Shiver me timbers\" (expressions derived from Stevenson's Treasure Island, though the pirate depicted does not precisely correspond to any of its characters)", "unnamed one-eyed pirate appearing on the cover of Pirate's Booty snack food packaging, with speech balloons voicing praise for the product accompanied by \"Yo ho ho\" and \"Shiver me timbers\" (expressions derived from Stevenson's Treasure Island , though the pirate depicted does not precisely correspond to any of its characters)", "-A satisfied taster pronounced the new and improved snack “crackerjack,” using a slang term of the era that roughly translates to “awesome.”", "Concentration : An unusual case for the 1970s Jack Narz version � in that consolation-level prizes, such as Bic writing pens, flashlight batteries and boxed Betty Crocker potato dishes were front-game prizes. Yes, you still could get Rice-o-Roni as a consolation prize if you didn't win anything, but there was the possibility that it was a front-game item as well.", "One-eyed Jack: See \"Barney Clark\" A. tasty treat served at midrats consisting of a slider topped with a fried egg.", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia , until 1993 when it was acquired by J. W. Spear & Sons (now a Mattel subsidiary). The game is also known as Literati , Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Scramble, Spelofun, Square-write, Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\") and Word for Word.", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States and Canada and of Mattel elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia , until 1993 when it was acquired by J. W. Spear & Sons (now a Mattel subsidiary). The game is also known as Literati , Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Scramble, Spelofun, Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\") and Word for Word.", "The sponsor was General Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out. One could also send in ten cents and a box-top to get each of the four map sections of the town. These, as well as nine different boxes, were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town.", "It's Friday, it's five o’clock… It’s time for a Crackerjack revival. The classic children’s gameshow was frantic and noisy, ideal for today’s hyperactive little tykes.", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the US and Canada and of J. W. Spear & Sons PLC elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia , until 1993 when it was acquired by Spear. The game is also known as Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Spelofun and Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\").", "As a kid, I always loved a gool ol' Box of Cracker Jack complete with cool toy inside.  You used to be able to get cool decoder rings.  Nowadays, Cracker Jack comes in a bag, and the surprise inside is a chinsy lick on tatoo", "The name Scrabble is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the US and Canada and of J. W. Spear & Sons PLC elsewhere. Scrabble was a trademark of Murfett Regency in Australia, until 1993 when it was acquired by Spear. The game is also known as Alfapet, Funworder, Skip-A-Cross, Spelofun and Palabras Cruzadas (\"crossed words\").", "Last year, Ryan Leer won a video contest sponsored by sandwich-maker Quiznos. For creating a clip that features a fake rocket-launcher shooting the chain's \"Toasty Torpedo\" sandwiches, Mr. Leer won $10,000 and a year's worth of sandwiches.  Quiznos sent customers to its Web site so they could vote on winning videos, giving them valuable exposure in return.", "In 1957 Mr Morrison sold the rights to the California firm Wham-O, which discovered that youngsters were calling the toy a \"Frisbie\" after the name of a well-known pie. The company changed the spelling to avoid trademark infringement and the Frisbee was born." ]

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[ "Mutton is meat from a sheep that is older than a year, ideally 3 years of age. It is an intense red color and contains a considerable amount of fat. Its flavor is very strong and many have to \"acquire\" the taste before enjoying mutton. Mutton is much more popular in the Middle East and in Europe than in the United States. The game meat flavor of mutton does tend to appeal more to people who also enjoy other game meats such as deer, wild boar, rabbit and other more exotic animals.", "The word lamb, in addition to mutton is also used to refer to the meat acquired from sheep. The difference between the two is the age of the sheep that the meat is sourced from. Lamb is young sheep, while mutton is the meat from the older sheep. The older sheep tends to have a richer and stronger flavor but can be tough if not cooked properly. It also tends to take longer to cook than the soft and tender lamb, which has a milder flavor. Hence, many people tend to prefer lamb over mutton, especially the Western countries. Mutton, which is tougher, is more of an acquired taste.", "Sheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb. \"Mutton\" is derived from the Old French moton, which was the word for sheep used by the Anglo-Norman rulers of much of the British Isles in the Middle Ages. This became the name for sheep meat in English, while the Old English word sceap was kept for the live animal. Throughout modern history, \"mutton\" has been limited to the meat of mature sheep usually at least two years of age; \"lamb\" is used for that of immature sheep less than a year. ", "Sheep provide meat in the form of lamb, which is from an animal less than a year old, or mutton, which is from an animal older than a year. Sheep meat is mainly consumed in Europe and the Mid-East, but sheep are mainly raised in Australia and New Zealand.", "Sheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia. One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones. Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science.", "Etymology suggests that mutton has been used to refer to adult animals like rams and sheep since medieval times. This use has probably survived centuries in countries where the consumption of these meats has always been consistent.", "VARIOUS QUALITIES OF MUTTON—Mutton is, undoubtedly, the meat most generally used in families; and, both by connoisseurs and medical men, it stands first in favour, whether its the favour, digestible qualifications, or general wholesomeness, be considered. Of all mutton, that furnished by South-Down sheep is the most highly esteemed; it is also the dearest, on account of its scarcity, and the great demand of it. Therefore, if the housekeeper is told by the butcher that he has not any in his shop, it should not occasion disappointment to the purchaser. The London and other markets are chiefly supplied with sheep called half-breeds, which are a cross between the Down and Lincoln or Leicester. These half-breeds make a greater weight of mutton than the true South-Downs, and, for this very desirable qualification, they are preferred by the great sheep-masters. The legs of this mutton range from 7 to 11 lbs. in weight; the shoulders, necks, or loins, about 6 to 9 lbs.; and if care is taken not to purchase it; the shoulders, necks, or loins, about 8 to 9 lbs.; and it cure is taken not to purchase it too fat, it will be found the most satisfactory and economical mutton that can be bought.", "A sheep in its first year is called a lamb, and its meat is also called lamb. The meat of a juvenile sheep older than one year is hogget; outside North America this is also a term for the living animal. The meat of an adult sheep is mutton, a term only used for the meat, not the living animals. The term mutton is sometimes used to refer to goat meat in the Indian subcontinent. ", "The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a carcase (carcass in American English) weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms (12 and 65 lbs). This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and appears more often on tables in some Western countries. Hogget and mutton have a stronger flavour than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids and are preferred by some. Mutton and hogget also tend to be tougher than lamb (because of connective tissue maturation) and are therefore better suited to casserole-style cooking, as in Lancashire hotpot, for example.", "Steaks are also cut from grazing animals, usually farmed, other than cattle, including bison, camel, goat, horse, kangaroo, sheep, ostrich, pigs, reindeer, turkey and deer, as well as various types of fish, especially salmon and large pelagic fish such as swordfish, shark and marlin. For some meats, such as pork, lamb and mutton, chevon and veal, these cuts are often referred to as chops. Some cured meat, such as gammon, is commonly served as steak.", "usage - Why is mutton used for both sheep meat and goat meat? - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange", "mutton - noun. the flesh of sheep, especially full-grown or more mature sheep, used as food", "“Irish Stew” was made with dog in pre-Christian times. Mutton tasted most like dog so became the new meat.", "Description: A humble dish which was traditionally made from a mixture of meat and vegetables in a rich gravy, topped with sliced potatoes. The meat was usually mutton, but nowadays lamb is favoured.", "Horse meat (or horse beef) is the culinary name for meat cut from a horse. It is a major meat in only a few countries, notably in Tonga and Central Asia, but it forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many others, from Europe to South America to Asia. The top eight countries consume about 4.7 million horses a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, wild horses were hunted as a source of protein. It is slightly sweet, tender and low in fat.", "Manx meat has a good reputation. Cattle , sheep, pigs and poultry are all commercially farmed, Manx lamb from the hill-farms being a popular dish. The Loughtan, the indigenous breed of manx sheep, has a rich, dark meat that has found favour with chefs, featuring in dishes on the BBC's Masterchef series.", "Its origin traces back to the 9th century to stews eaten by Hungarian shepherds. Back then, the cooked and flavored meat was dried with the help of the sun and packed into bags produced from sheep's stomachs, needing only water to make it into a meal. It is one of the national dishes of Hungary and a symbol of the country. [http://away.com/feature/excerpt/national-geographic/top-ten-great-national-dishes-1.html?page=1 Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes | Away.com]", "Red deer are held in captivity for a variety of reasons. The meat of the deer, called venison, was until recently restricted in the United Kingdom to those with connections to the aristocratic or poaching communities, and a licence was needed to sell it legally, but it is now widely available in supermarkets, especially in the autumn. The Queen still follows the custom of offering large pieces of venison to members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom and others. Some estates in the Scottish Highlands still sell deer-stalking accompanied by a ghillie in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison. Venison is widely considered to be both flavourful and nutritious. It is higher in protein and lower in fat than either beef or chicken. In some countries in central Asia, wapiti is still hunted as a primary source of meat.", "Take a fat haunch of large fine mutton, let it hang a week, then pound one ounce of black, and one ounce of Jamaica pepper, and rub them over the mutton; pour a bottle of port wine over it, and let it remain in this five days, basting it frequently every day with the liquor; take it out, and hang it up four or five days more, or as long as the weather favours its keeping; wipe it three or four times a-day with a clean cloth. While it is roasting, baste it with the liquor it was steeped in, adding a little more port wine; a quarter of an hour before taking it from the fire, baste it well with butter, and dredge flour over it to froth it up. Serve it with sauces as for venison.", "Offal is the internal organs of butchered animals, and may refer to parts of the carcass such as the head and feet (\"trotters\") in addition to organ meats such as sweetbreads and kidney. Offal is a traditional part of many European and Asian cuisines, including such dishes as the well-known steak and kidney pie in the United Kingdom. Haggis has been Scotland's national dish since the time of Robert Burns. In northeast Brazil there is a similar dish to haggis called \"buchada\", made with goats intestine. [53] The French eat calves' brains. The Irish and French enjoy tripe (cow stomach).", "Brawn is a British English term for 'head cheese', or the collection of meat and tissue found on an animal's skull (typically a pig) that is cooked, chilled and set in gelatin. Another British and Irish food is black pudding, consisting of congealed pig's blood with oatmeal made into sausage-like links with pig intestine as a casing, then boiled and is usually fried on preparation.", "Preserved meat and sausages come in a large variety of regional variations, and are usually accompanied by sour cream dishes and flat bread or wheat/potato wraps. Particularly sought after delicacies include the fenalår, a slow-cured lamb's leg, and morr, usually a smoked cured sausage, though the exact definition may vary regionally. Due to a partial survival of an early medieval taboo against touching dead horses, eating horse meat was nearly unheard of until recent decades, though it does find some use in sausages.", "Sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name \"sheep\" applies to many species in the genus Ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep.Though sheep's milk may be drunk rarely in fresh form, today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Sheep have only two teats, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows. However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, solids, and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process. It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium content. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is pecore) and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep milk. Many of these products are now often made with cow's milk, especially when produced outside their country of origin. Sheep milk contains 4.8% lactose, which may affect those who are intolerant.", "Generally in all Western countries eating the meat of any type of animal commonly kept as pets or companion animals (i.e. dogs and cats) is considered taboo, though that taboo has been broken under threat of starvation in the past. However, in some rural areas of Poland, dog fat is by tradition believed to have medicinal properties - being good for the lungs for instance. In 2009 a scandal erupted when a farm near Czestochowa was discovered rearing dogs to be rendered down into smalec - lard. [29]", "Beef Wellington gets its name from the general and prime minister. Ironically, his favourite meat was mutton.", "Bone a shoulder of mutton carefully, so as not to injure the skin; cut all the meat from the skin, mince it small, and season it highly with black and Jamaica pepper, nutmeg, and a clove, some parsley, lemon thyme, sweet marjoram chopped, and a pounded onion, all well mixed together with a well-beaten yolk of an egg; roll it up very tightly in the skin, tie it round, and bake it in an oven two or three hours, according to the size of the mutton. Make a gravy of the bones and parings, season with an onion, pepper, and salt, strain and thicken it with flour and butter; add of vinegar, mushroom catsup, soy, and lemon pickle, a table-spoonful each, and a tea-cupful of port wine; garnish with forcemeat balls, made of grated bread and part of the mince.", "Cut off all the fat and the end of the knuckle of a small tender leg of mutton, and tie it round. Stew it with some weak stock, six onions, three heads of celery, three or four turnips, two or three carrots, and half a cabbage cut small, and a bunch of sweet herbs. Boil all together for a quarter of an hour; take out all the vegetables, and put them into cold water for about twenty minutes; press the water from them, put them into the stew-pan; add pepper and a little salt, and stew them till the mutton is tender. Serve it with the gravy and vegetables poured over and round it.", "Tender mutton cooked with garlic paste, ginger paste, onions, yoghurt, almonds, corianderleaves, lemon juice, salt and oil", "Mutton Rogan Josh(Mutton in a spicy red pepper sauce) Marinated mutton & cooked with hot masala chilly", "Since the 14th century, Poland excelled in the production of sausages, thanks in part to the royal hunting excursions across virgin forests with game delivered as gifts to friendly noble families and religious hierarchy across the country. The extended list of beneficiaries of such diplomatic generosity included city magistrates, academy professors, voivodes , szlachta and kapituła . Usually the raw meat was delivered in winter, but the processed meat, throughout the rest of the year. With regard to varieties, early Italian, French and German influences played a role. Meat commonly preserved in fat and by smoking was mentioned by historian Jan Długosz in his annals:Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae The Annales covered events from 965 to 1480, with mention of the hunting castle in Niepołomice along with King Władysław sending game to Queen Zofia from Niepołomice Forest , the most popular hunting ground for the Polish royalty beginning in 13th century. [2]", "Since the 14th century, Poland excelled in the production of sausages, thanks in part to the royal hunting excursions across virgin forests with game delivered as gifts to friendly noble families and religious hierarchy across the country. The extended list of beneficiaries of such diplomatic generosity included city magistrates, academy professors, voivodes, szlachta and kapituła. Usually the raw meat was delivered in winter, but the processed meat, throughout the rest of the year. With regard to varieties, early Italian, French and German influences played a role. Meat commonly preserved in fat and by smoking was mentioned by historian Jan Długosz in his annals:Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae The Annales covered events from 965 to 1480, with mention of the hunting castle in Niepołomice along with King Władysław sending game to Queen Zofia from Niepołomice Forest, the most popular hunting ground for the Polish royalty beginning in the 13th century.", "They are raised for their distinctive meat which has a high reputation among gourmets. It is served in local dishes and in stews." ]

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[ "From its inception until 1997, the show was named Jack Horkheimer: Star Hustler. With the rise of the Internet, however, viewers let the show's producers and WPBT know that, instead of the program's web site showing up at the top of search results, search engines were giving results for the Hustler adult magazine. As a result, the producers renamed the show Star Gazer to avert any confusion, accidental or purposeful.", "Each Star Hustler episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as the host walked onto the set:", "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (pronounced /ˈriːdʒɨs ˈfɪlbɨn/; born August 25, 1931) is an American media personality and occasional actor and singer, known for fronting various talk and game shows. Appearing on television since the late 1950s, Philbin is often called (somewhat tongue-in-cheek and alternately attributed to James Brown) \"the hardest working man in show business\" and holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. With each TV appearance, he adds to his record for most hours logged (15,662, as certified by Guinness World Records in 2006). His trademarks include his excited manner, his New York Bronx accent, his wit, and irreverent ad-libs. He is most widely known for Live with Regis and Kelly, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire,Million Dollar Password,and for hosting the first season of America's Got Talent.", "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (born August 25, 1931) is an American media personality, actor and singer of Irish and Albanian descent, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called (alternatively attributed to James Brown) \"the hardest working man in show business\", he holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. His trademarks include his excited manner, his New York Bronx accent, his wit, and irreverent ad-libs. He is most widely known for Live! with Regis and Kelly (previously Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee), Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Million Dollar Password, and for hosting the first season of America's Got Talent .", "Celebrity and luxury have been part of our culture since the beginning. But that potent combination didn't truly take off until about twenty-five years ago when television host Robin Leach made \"champagne wishes and caviar dreams\" our daily mantra. Suddenly greed was good, TV cops became Armani models and we all worshiped the people and products consumed nightly on the juggernaut \"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous.\"", "Two celebrity-and-contestant teams compete. In the main game, one member gives clues to their partner to convey a list of words that fit one of six categories. The team in the lead after all the categories have been played, the highest-scoring team moves to the “winner’s circle” round, where one member gives a list of clues to try to convey the category to the partner. Completing six categories in 60 seconds wins a big cash prize. Two games were played per show; starting in 1982, the two contestants stayed for the full half-hour, with the one scoring higher in the Winner’s Circle returning the next day. The $50,000 and $100,000 versions instituted tournaments for big winners to come back and play for the grand prize. The 2002 version cut the front game’s rounds to 6 words in 20 seconds, and eliminated returning champions – except that those that won the Winner’s Circle twice in their episode could return for the $100,000 tournament. Host: Dick Clark (all network versions and first $100,000 version), Bill Cullen (syn. $25,000), John Davidson (’91-’92), Donny Osmond (’02).", "Mervyn Edward \"Merv\" Griffin, Jr. (July 6, 1925 � August 12, 2007) was an American talk show host, game show host, entertainer, pianist, television personality and raconteur. He began his career as a singer and also appeared in movies and on Broadway; he later became host of his own TV show, The Merv Griffin Show, and created the long-running award-winning game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune becoming an entertainment business magnate. Childhood He was born on July 6, 1925 in San Mateo, California to Mervyn, Sr. a stock-broker and the former Rita Robinson, a homemaker. Raised as a Roman Catholic, at the age of seven he was staging neighborhood carnivals and churning out his own one-page newspaper. Early career Griffin started as a singer on radio at age 19, appearing on San...", "Oprah Gail Winfrey (born January 29, 1954) is an American media proprietor, talk show host, actress, producer, and philanthropist. She is best known for her talk show The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was the highest-rated program of its kind in history and was nationally syndicated from 1986 to 2011. Dubbed the \"Queen of All Media\", she has been ranked the richest African-American of the 20th century, the greatest black philanthropist in American history, and is currently North America's first and only multi-billionaire black person. Several assessments regard her as the most influential woman in the world. In 2013, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama and honorary doctorate degrees from Duke and Harvard. ", "John William \"Johnny\" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television talk show host and comedian, best known for his 30 years as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy Awards, the Governor's Award, and a 1985 Peabody Award. He was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. Johnny Carson was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992 and received a Kennedy Center Honor in 1993. ", "In the 1960s he got his own show, Whickers World, which allowed him to travel continually around the globe from Alaska to the Outback and turned him into a household name. By the 1970s Whickers World was coming top in the ratings, beating Coronation Street. He worked seven days a week, meeting luminaries such as John Paul Getty, Papa Doc Duvalier, Peter Sellers, Luciano Pavarotti, Sean Connery, Salvador Dali and the Sultan of Brunei. It was a frenetic pace, belied by the smooth, dapper and unruffled persona on screen.", "2002 – Milton Berle (93), known as Uncle Miltie and Mr. Television, died. He rose to TV stardom as the host of Texaco Star Theater in 1948.", "The original celebrity charades game. Bounced from one network to another, practically every year. Started as a local show in Los Angeles in 1948, when it won the first-ever Emmy award as “Most Popular Program on TV.” Host: Producer Mike Stokey, exceot for Pat Harrington during its first 13 weeks under the new title.", "1972 - \"The Merv Griffin Show\", starring perennial game show and late-night TV host, singer and pianist, Merv Griffin, debuted in syndication for Metromedia Television. Joining Merv were sidekick, Arthur Treacher and Mort Lindsey and his orchestra. Griffin had a number one song with the Freddy Martin Orchestra in the 1940s. \"I’ve Got a Lovely Bunch of Cocoanuts\" launched him to fame and fortune. Griffin battled against Johnny Carson on CBS-TV late night. Merv lost. He also went against Joey Bishop over on ABC late night. Again, Merv lost; but won big in the Metromedia show; and in ownership of stations such as WPIX-TV in New York, WPOP Radio in Hartford, CT. Later, he devised \"Wheel of Fortune\" and the formula for the popular, syndicated show, \"Jeopardy\"; making him one of the richest entertainment moguls in the world. Griffin also owns hotels in Atlantic City, NJ and Beverly Hills. 1984 - MTV premired its weekly \"Top 20 Video Countdown\" show.", "\"Wheel\" barely escaped cancellation in 1980, when NBC replaced three of its other game shows with a daytime talk show starring David Letterman; NBC finally cancelled it in 1989, when CBS picked it up for a year (only to return to NBC, when the daytime version was finally cancelled for good in 1991). The show became a phenomenon, when on September 19, 1983, a nighttime version hit the syndication market with Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and hostess, respectively. Around the same time, Griffin composed the show's best-known theme song, \"Changing Keys\", which was used in several variants from then until 2002.", "In 1976, Time magazine described American daytime television as \"TV's richest market,\" noting the loyalty of the soap opera fan base and the expansion of several half-hour series into hour-long broadcasts in order to maximize ad revenues. The article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. The issue's cover notably featured its first daytime soap stars, Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes of Days of Our Lives, a married couple whose onscreen and real-life romance was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press at large. ", "The host of the former long-running Mike Douglas Show considers himself \"the world's luckiest fan.\" He provides highlights from over two decades of chatting with celebrities, including Ray Charles, Princess Grace, John Wayne, Fred Astaire, and John Lennon. His only bitter note is how Westinghouse replaced him in 1981. 2000.", "34. Donald O'Connor and Fredric March (1954) O'Connor effectively managed a show where presenters were literally phoning it in from far-flung locations (Shirley Booth in Philadelphia, Gary Cooper in Mexico). It was up to the \"Singin' in the Rain\" star, however, to read the winners' names when the remote presenters had finished. March continued the tradition of having someone more distinguished than funny host the New York portion of the show.", "The ’70s are a Western curiosity shop, with the audience drying up but the networks reluctant to abandon the genre altogether. James Garner and Richard Boone both dipped their toes back in while James Arness was still basking in Dodge. Garner played a sheriff with a motorcycle and a slow trigger finger on Nichols, and Boone played a Paladin-like detective on a 90-minute forensics Western called Hec Ramsey. Sara was a quickly canceled show about a frontier schoolteacher starring Brenda Vaccaro. Together with superproducer Glen A. Larson, Maverick creator Roy Huggins wrote about another pair of swindlers, Alias Smith And Jones, the rare late Western to last three seasons. The Life And Times Of Grizzly Adams, about a fugitive who lives in the wilderness, made it two. Finally, David Dortort would close out the ’70s with the story of a family’s westward trek in The Chisholms.", "Edd Byrnes, an actor from 77 Sunset Strip, served as host for the second and third pilots, both titled Wheel of Fortune. These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta, who gave the show a \"Vegas\" feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having, a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves, and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable. Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board, and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen. By the time production began in December 1974, Woolery was selected to host, the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting \"A-E-I-O-U\" to himself in an effort to remember the vowels. Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes' pilot episodes, a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series. ", "Samantha is best-known for her eight seasons co-hosting the live ABC hit, Dancing with the Stars , which averaged more than 30 million viewers weekly and was the #2 most-watched show in the U.S. in each of those years. In Season 2, she even kicked up her heals on the ballroom floor to perform a Jive routine with World Smooth Champion and DWTS professional dancer, Jonathan Roberts .", "Sadly, in 1979 Bobby was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Although he underwent surgery to remove the tumor, the cancer came back. Ever the trouper, the \"show went on\" as he valiantly continued to perform despite his illness. He made his fourth and last appearance as host of the \"Mrs. America Pageant\" in June 1980. Bobby passed away a little more than a month later on July 31, 1980, at age 51. He is buried at Mt. Sinai Memorial Park in Burbank, California.", "Alvin Stardust: Glam-rock star of the 1970s who reinvented himself as an actor and children's show host. Picture: Getty", "Robert \"Roy\" Walker (born 31 July 1940) is a television personality and comedian from Northern Ireland, who worked for many years as both a television presenter and comedy actor. He is best known as the original host of the game show Catchphrase between 1986 and 1999, and as one of the stars of the stand-up comedy showcase, The Comedians.", "Parodied on Saturday Night Live (1975) by Darrell Hammond , most famously as a bumbling contestant on the TV game show Jeopardy! (1984).", "Sam Donaldson was born in El Paso, Texas on March 11, 1934. He was a news anchor for ABC News, anchoring the Sunday edition of World News Tonight from its inception in January 1979.", "singer: I�ve Told Every Little Star, Don�t Bet Money Honey, I Don�t Know Why; TV host: Where the Action Is", "Rogers also had success as an actor. His 1982 movie Six Pack, in which he played a race-car driver, took more than $20 million at the United States box office, while made-for-TV movies such as The Gambler, Christmas in America, and Coward of the County (based on hit songs of his) topped ratings lists. He also served as host & narrator for the A&E historical series The Real West.", "Forty years ago the American was a global sex symbol playing Starsky opposite David Soul as Hutch.", "In 1970, Philadelphia-based disk jockey Bob Whitney created The Now Explosion, a television series filmed in Atlanta and broadcast in syndication to other local television stations throughout the United States. The series, which featured promotional clips from various then-popular artists, was canceled by its distributor in 1971.", "American singer, actress and TV show host, born 12 December 1940 in East Orange, New Jersey, USA.", "Ray also starred in television series based on the film, Fame. The series was produced by MGM Television from 1982 to 1987, and syndicated from 1983 to 1987. Reports USA Today: \"Alan (Parker, the director) had to approach him very carefully. His mom was dealing drugs during the filming. It was not pretty.\"", "In January 1972, Time magazine called the person featured on their cover \"TV's first black superstar\". Who was thus honored?" ]

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[ "There are some things money can not buy. For everything else there's MasterCard - MasterCard 1997", "The full version of this slogan is actually quite long: “There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.”", "There Are Some Things Money Can't Buy - For Everything Else, There's MasterCard - tat soon ho | Seeking Alpha", "There are Some Things Money Can’t Buy. For Everything Else, there’s HTTP Error 408 Request Timeout", "On Thursday, August 07, 1997, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for THERE ARE SOME THINGS MONEY CAN'T BUY. FOR EVERYTHING ELSE THERE'S MASTERCARD. by MasterCard International Incorporated , Purchase 105772509. The USPTO has given the THERE ARE SOME THINGS MONEY CAN'T BUY. FOR EVERYTHING ELSE THERE'S MASTERCARD. trademark serial number of 75337053. The current federal status of this trademark filing is REGISTERED AND RENEWED. The correspondent listed for THERE ARE SOME THINGS MONEY CAN'T BUY. FOR EVERYTHING ELSE THERE'S MASTERCARD. is COLM J DOBBYN of MASTERCARD INTERNATIONAL INC, 2000 PURCHASE ST, PURCHASE NY 10577-2509 . The THERE ARE SOME THINGS MONEY CAN'T BUY. FOR EVERYTHING ELSE THERE'S MASTERCARD. trademark is filed in the category of Insurance & Financial Services . The description provided to the USPTO for THERE ARE SOME THINGS MONEY CAN'T BUY. FOR EVERYTHING ELSE THERE'S MASTERCARD. is Financial services, namely, providing credit card, debit card, [ charge card, prepaid telephone calling card services, cash disbursement ] and transaction authorization and settlement services, [ and stored value smart cards ].", "There's another reason that money can't buy happiness. Smith believes that having too much stuff -- or as he puts it , \"trinkets of frivolous utility\" -- does not contribute to our happiness, and can instead act as a burden that weighs us down.", "The term \"Monopoly money\" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [21] The term can also refer to currencies in which each paper denomination is a different colour; \"Weird Al\" Yankovic 's song \" Canadian Idiot \" uses it in this sense.", "The term \"Monopoly money\" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [21] The term can also refer to currencies in which each paper denomination is a different color; \"Weird Al\" Yankovic 's song \" Canadian Idiot \" uses it in this sense.", "\"There are things I can't do and I won't be able to do, someone mentioned if you got money what would you do buy a car?", "Given that there are many desirable properties for ideal money, the institutional manifestation of the ideal money is hard to come by as most actual financial instruments called money miss some of the properties.", "Since the definition just proposed makes “moneyness” a matter of degree (because of the relativity inherent in the terms “extremely liquid” and “with certainty”), it may be construed either to include or to exclude from the stock of money in the United States such liquid claims as certificates of deposit issued by commercial banks, Treasury bills, savings deposits, and “shares” in savings and loan associations. Wherever the frontier between money and what the International Monetary Fund in its compilations calls “quasi money,” we must always expect to find some types of quasi money which rank almost at the monetary extreme of the relativistic scales of “extremely liquid” and “capable with certainty of discharging debts.”", "The concept of legal tender suggests a distinction between two types of money: refusable money and non-refusable money, the latter of course being legal tender. In a typical country in the modern world, for example, currency is non-refusable money, cheques are refusable money, and coins are non-refusable money only up to a limit.", "In general, basic services and supplies are expensive and either unavailable or only irregularly found. In many cases, such as in auto, radio, and stereo repair, the lack of spare parts hinders service. Repairs for locally purchased TV sets are obtainable.", "people - and not necessarily just the famous - being able to buy what one might call", "The price never rises above a threashold level that triggers monitary recession, killing demand, and so on for 30 to 50 years. Subsequent recessions just kill demand through demand distruction due to depletion. Demand never recovers because ever more sectors of the economy disappear. During which depletion continues to occur. So there is never enough money to build those expensive alternatives.", "Trials afflict us in thousands of ways during our lives. Perhaps they affect us in our material goods. These, surely, can be painful, but they do not touch our persons. “Want of money is not fatal.”", "that no just and even distribution of goods can be made and that no happiness can be found in human affairs unless private property is utterly abolished. While it lasts, there will always remain a heavy and inescapable burden of poverty and misfortunes for by far the greatest and by far the best part of mankind.", "* The payment is in goods which are not desirable and/or cannot be exchanged or are difficult to exchange; or", "Such cases contain elements of later capitalism, but their limited scale makes them in a certain way different. There have always been markets, and no doubt in every civilization canny individuals have been able to use the markets to amass a quick fortune.", "But if selling and buying disappears, free selling and buying disappears also. This talk about free selling and buying, and all the other \"brave words\" of our bourgeois about freedom in general, have a meaning, if any, only in contrast with restricted selling and buying, with the fettered traders of the Middle Ages, but have no meaning when opposed to the communist abolition of buying and selling, or the bourgeois conditions of production, and of the bourgeoisie itself.", "● The government cannot give to anybody anything that the government does not first take from somebody else.", "The cost of making only the maker knows, valueless if bought, but sometimes traded. A poor man may give one as easily as king. When one is broken pain and deceit are assured.", "A very poor man may be said in some sense to have a demand for a coach and six; he might like to have it; but his demand is not an effectual demand , as the commodity can never be brought to market in order to satisfy it.", "© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• You can’t go unless you have finished it. (Main clause: ‘You can’t go’)", "What do some men have they don’t want, but would not part it for a million dollars?", "See Dystopia Is Hard and You Fail Economics Forever for one reason why certain Dystopias could not exist in reality (true oppression, especially of the Big Brother variety, is really expensive), and how people in general are resistant to the creation of a society that they believe is against their general well-being. For when someone is actually pursuing this type of society as an end in itself, see Dystopia Justifies the Means .", "The problem of the lives of the population and of their provisioning is a problem which cannot and must not be decided by us.", "\"An economic system can remain viable only so long as society has mechanisms to counter abuses of either state or market power and the erosion of the natural, social, and moral capital that such abuses commonly exacerbate.\"", "\"An economic system can remain viable only so long as societyO has meahanisms to counter abuses of either state or market power and the erosion of the natural, social, and moral capital that such abuses commonly exacerbate.\"", "“If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”", "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.", "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich." ]

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[ "The traditional cocktail known as a Black Russian, which first appeared in 1949, becomes a White Russian with the addition of cream. Neither drink is Russian in origin, but both are so named due to vodka being the primary ingredient. It is unclear which drink preceded the other. ", "A child of the post-war era, the White Russian originated from the Black Russian, a blend of vodka and coffee liqueur. Put simply, a White Russian is a Black Russian with cream. While the Black Russian was a star of the 1960s, the White Russian came into its own during the 1970s, alongside other sweet, creamy drinks like the Grasshopper. The White Russian is one of very few favorites from what is currently considered a bad decade for cocktails to have survived into the twenty-first century. Why? The Big Lebowski. The Coen brothers' 1998 cult classic features a lovable slacker known as 'The Dude', who drinks White Russians – nine over the course of the film. And 'The Dude' drinks White Russians because Jeff Dowd, a film producer on whom the Coens modelled the character, drank them too. Purists argue that the White Russian should be shaken, but the cream float adds style to this classic after-dinner confection, calling to mind another 1970’s favourite, the Irish Coffee. The nutmeg dust, borrowed from a Jazz Age cream cocktail, the Brandy Alexander, adds spice and sophistication. Both Black Russians and White Russians were originally made with Smirnoff No. 21 vodka, and its clean taste makes it the perfect base for both drinks today. For a longer drink from the same family, try the Baileys White Russian.", "As a Dudeist Priest, this is the report I have received: Vodka alone (rocks or neat-doesn't matter) is a \"Russian.\" Vodka & Kahlua is a \"Black Russian.\" Vodka, Kahlua & cream is a white Russian. Furthermore, if you get a box of Yoo-Hoo chocolate drink & dispose of half of it & refill the box with vodka, you've got a \"White Trash Russian.\"", "If you’re looking for one of the lighter vodka mixed drinks, the white Russian is an easy vodka mixed drink that is perfect for beginners and veterans alike. Making the White Russian requires, well, vodka (believe it or not…)…. Next comes the addition of sufficient quantities of your favorite coffee liqueur and a bit of cream. Among the most popular varieties of liqueurs are Kahlua and Tia Maria. For the cream, a good light cream is awesome, but Bailey’s Irish Cream is also a popular choice, as well as half and half – and even plain old milk will do a fine job in a pinch for this most versatile of vodka mixed drinks (many folks prefer milk over cream). If you choose to forgo both the cream and the milk, from which the white part of White Russian comes, you’re left with what’s still one of the best vodka mixed drinks, but is now called a Black Russian… Of course if you are going to spend yet another romantic evening at home watching The Big Lebowski, you really ought opt for the White Russian, just on GP.", "Meet the Black Russian – the older brother of the White Russian. A mixture of the deep, rich, color of Kahlúa and the unmistakable spirit of Absolut Vodka .", "Black Russian is light and cool with a delightful after bite of peppermint. Looking for a interesting drink that combines Gin and oranges with a hint of peppermint? This is just the drink for you.", "Earlier in the Easter Season we profiled the White Russian , a modern dessert drink made with vodka, coffee liqueur, and cream. While the White Russian is a great drink, it’s but a shadow of its predecessor, the brandy Alexander. A descendant itself of the “Alexander” (made with gin), the brandy Alexander is sweet, yet refreshing.", "The Black Russian in France is one of the new age cocktails that contains one particularly interesting ingredient; ice cream. I doubt whether the world holds for anyone a more soul-stirring surprise than the first adventure with ice cream - Heywood C. Broun, American Writer, 1888-1939 There is no doubt that this quote can also refer to one's first experience with ice cream and alcohol. This cocktail brings forth a variety of different ingredients such as Cognac, coffee liqueur, Mexican Coke and even Guinness to play off of the ice cream to create one hell of a cocktail.", "Milk is often used as a substitute for the cream but in doing so, it does change the taste of a White Russian. The name of the drink is either because of the added cream or because the name of an anti-Bolshevik group during the Russian civil war was the \"White Russians.\" No one knows for sure, but we do know the cocktail is not traditionally Russian.", "The White Russian cocktail appeared soon after. It also is made with vodka and Kahlúa with the addition of cream.", "To prove this point, if we make the Black Russian with an 80-proof vodka and 40-proof coffee liqueur using the pours in the recipe above, it would be about 27% ABV (54 proof) . It's smoother than a straight shot of vodka, yet retains that full flavor of its ingredients.", "From the reading I have done, a Black Russian and soon after, a White Russian cocktail recipe, first appeared around 1949.", "* Peri's Black Russian: served in a high ball glass with vanilla vodka rather than plain, topped with coke", "Belgian bartender Gustave Tops created the first Black Russian cocktail in 1949, at the Hotel Metropole in Brussels, in honor of Perle Mesta, who was (at that time) the US ambassador to Luxembourg. This cocktail contains 3 parts vodka and 2 parts coffee liqueur, owing its name to the use of vodka, a traditional Russian spirit. 960 1280", "The Coffee Liqueur. Kahlua is the most popular coffee liqueur used in a White Russian. There are many other options available and, again, it is not necessary to buy top-shelf to make a good drink .", "This drink can be topped with cola and it is then referred to as the Dirty Black Russian.", "According to legend, a monk named Isidore -- from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin -- made the first Russian vodka. Since then, Russian vodka producers like Smirnoff, Stolichnaya and Russian Standard have become popular among vodka connoisseurs. This spirit is traditionally drunk neat, but it is also commonly used in cocktails like the vodka martini, Bloody Mary, Sex on the Beach, Screwdriver and White Russian. 960 1280", "A delicious recipe for White Russian, with vodka, coffee liqueur and light cream... 2 oz vodka 1 oz coffee liqueur light cream Method Pour vodka and coffee liqueur over ice cubes in an old-fashioned glass. Fill with light cream and serve. @Mary Watkins", "Many traditional drinks are indigenous to Russia and are not present in other national cuisines. The most notable of these are vodka, sbiten', kvass, medovukha and mors. Many of them are no longer common and have been replaced by drinks originating in Europe. Nonetheless, these beverages were formerly drunk as a compliment to meat and poultry dishes, sweet porridge, and dessert. Of particular note is sbiten, an immensely popular medieval drink which has since been replaced by tea as the Russian mainstay beverage.", "At the same time, Russian cooking also influenced the development of European cuisine: the old Russian dish, which is known in many countries as Russian Salad, is called a Vegetable Vinaigrette in Russia (this must contain beetroot, while everything else is down to the chefпїЅs fantasy). Sbiten, one of the most popular Russian drinks of the 18th-19th centuries, is a precursor of tea. Peter I ordered that the builders of Saint Petersburg be given it as a tonic, it was drunk by high society between acts at the theatre and when it became widely available it was highly praised by foreigners. Casanova noted that sbiten пїЅ...is much superior to the sherbet of ConstantinopleпїЅ. Dutch and English sailors added wine to the drink and from this sbiten received the name Russian Mulled Wine.", "Vodka (, ) is a distilled beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol, sometimes with traces of impurities and flavorings. Traditionally, vodka is made by the distillation of fermented cereal grains or potatoes, though some modern brands use other substances, such as fruits or sugar.", "Russians drink mostly black tea. It is often sweetened, either with sugar, fruits or jam. Tea in Russia is always served hot, even in hot weather or as a thirst–quencher. One cannot imagine Russian tea without the samovar, adopted in the 17th century and inspired by Mongol kettles used since the 13th century. The samovar is a combination bubbling hot water heater and teapot. In summer the samovar is placed on a table in the garden; in the winter, inside, with a long pipe for the smoke to escape directly into the chimney of the house.", "Cake Vodka - If you love the new flavors of dessert vodkas and can't wait until the next one comes out, toss them into your Black Russian. They're actually a great match.", "In Russian, vodka means water and they drink it as such. While other countries in Eastern Europe may want to claim some of the credit for themselves, it is Russia that is the king and contributor of this cocktail classic .", "Vodka: Colorless, grain-based spirit, originally from Russia and Poland. Now made from virtually any grain, many fruits and potatoes as well and available in dozens of flavors.", "Typically an after-dinner drink, the Russian Nicolashka comprises a double shot of vodka, espresso powder, lemon and sugar.", "Smirnoff vodka. Smirnoff is distilled from corn, and the company's plain vodka should be safe, even if you're sensitive to gluten-grain-based alcohol. Smirnoff also is offering \"Smirnoff Sourced\" flavored vodka, which contains 10% fruit juice from concentrate and is labeled \"gluten-free.\" Smirnoff Sourced flavors include Ruby Red Grapefruit, Pineapple, and Cranberry Apple. However, watch out for Smirnoff Ice beverages (the kind that comes in six-packs) — they are malt-based and not gluten-free (see my article Gluten-Free Ciders and Beer Alternatives for more information).", "Screwdriver: This classic, two-ingredient cocktail is refreshing any time of the day. And, odds are, you always have vodka and orange juice on hand, making it the perfect cocktail for when you’re in a pinch. For a colorful twist, make the juice from blood oranges. See recipe", "1 oz (30 mL) gin or (sometimes) vodka, 2 oz (60 mL) citrus soda. Often served with ice. Seen as an alternative to the gin and tonic, the Apoica is relatively easy to prepare. Named after the stinging night wasp of Brazil.", "Ukrainians flavor their vodka which they call horilka with honey & chili peppers, the end product is called pertsivka. Likewise, people living in Polish-Belarusian border would put some bison grass in it.", "Not that the combination, a blend as simple and perfect as the gin and tonic, has ever gone away. The Screwdriver sits alongside the better-known Bloody Mary, Moscow Mule and Vodka Martini as one of four classic cocktails that pushed Smirnoff No. 21, and the previously unknown category of vodka, to dominate the global drinking scene. Before World War II, fresh orange juice was only available in season, while canned juices tasted very different from the real thing. The Screwdriver benefited from new, better-tasting packaged orange juice that arrived in the late 1940s. The name, a carefully masculine title for what could otherwise have been perceived as a feminine drink, supposedly derives from wildcatters drilling exploration oil wells in (variously) California, Texas, Persia or Saudi Arabia. Feeling parched in the desert, the oilmen would stir vodka into their orange juice using the only available tool – a screwdriver. The Screwdriver travelled fast. Creatively promoted in Los Angeles, by 1949 it was on the menus in bars as far afield as Turkey; by the 1960s it was a standard bar call. The key to this classic combination is good quality orange juice, ideally freshly squeezed, which allows the clean taste of Smirnoff No. 21 to shine through. Because, as any 1960s ad exec would say, you need to taste the vodka, not just the orange.", "Bone Dry Martini Vodka Martinis are all about texture, with deft touches required. Mr Lyan Vodka is made from wheat and not heavily filtered providing a real cereal note. Roast chicken bone is pounded down and dissolved in phosphoric acid giving it a gelatinous texture. It’s slightly diluted and mixed with calcium iron, which makes a very dry mineral tincture that wakes your palate up. The vodka is lightly diluted and served at -10˚C. This drink is your palate cleanser – a sharpener served very small, and very cold." ]

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[ "Jeff Foxworthy (born September 6, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian and actor . As the best-selling comedy recording artist of all time, he is a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe which also comprises, \"Larry the Cable Guy,\" Bill Engvall and Ron White. Known for his, \"you might be a redneck if…\" one-liners, Foxworthy has released six major-label comedy albums. His first two albums were each certified 3×multi-Platinum, by the RIAA. Foxworthy has also written several books based on his redneck jokes, as well as an autobiography entitled, No Shirt, No Shoes… No Problem!", "Jeffrey Marshall \"Jeff\" Foxworthy (born September 6, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. As the best-selling comedy recording artist of all time, he is a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe also comprised of Larry the Cable Guy, Bill Engvall , and Ron White. He is known for his \"you might be a redneck if…\" one-liners.", "Jeff Foxworthy is an American stand-up comedian and actor. As the best-selling comedy recording artist of all time, he is a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe which also comprises Larry the Cable Guy, Bill Engvall, and Ron White. Known for his \"you might be a redneck if…\" one-liners, Foxworthy has released six major-label comedy albums.", "As the largest selling comedy-recording artist in history, multiple Grammy Award nominee, best-selling author of more than 26 books, producer and star of “Foxworthy’s Big Night Out,” and host of the hit show “Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader,” Jeff Foxworthy is one of the most celebrated comedians in our country thus far. If you’re looking the best blue collar comedy on the Strip, Foxworthy’s clever observation humor is definitely in order and you might even find out if “You may be a redneck” with his quick one-liners.", "Jeff Foxworthy's Web site highlights two noteworthy bits of trivia about the Atlanta-based comedian: His wit has been compared to that of Mark Twain, and he is the best-selling comedy recording artist of all time. The first point is debatable—there aren't many one-liners about mudflaps in Pudd'nhead Wilson. But Foxworthy's astounding album sales are undeniable. His 1993 debut You Might Be a Redneck If… went multiplatinum, and the release of last year's Have Your Loved Ones Spayed or Neutered pushed his total album sales above 15 million. His greatest-hits disc is currently No. 3 on the comedy charts. Not bad for a performer whose eponymous sitcom flopped in 1997.", "  Famous celebrity comedian Jeff Foxworthy found his comedic skills on a dare from friends, when he did a few minutes of comedy at an Atlanta comedy club. A few months later, Jeff Foxworthy quit his job and started on the standup comedy road. Jeff Foxworthy's comedy originally centered on family situations, but he soon hit upon his successful \"You might be a redneck if..\". tagline which he says signifies \"a glorious absence of sophistication\". Following two successful albums, Foxworthy joined the growing trend of standup comics with their own TV sitcoms. Jeff Foxworthy had a career resurgence as a result of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour in 2000. Foxworthy, Larry the Cable Guy, Ron White, and Bill Engvall, took the country by storm. The tour lasted three full years, constantly being extended after an initial run of 20 shows. He's one of very few famous celebrity comedians that is hilarious while being clean.  Watch Jeff Foxworthy's Demo Video Here .  Book Your Famous Celebrity Comedians from ProBookings.", "Comedian Jeff Foxworthy's 1993 comedy album You Might Be a Redneck If... cajoled listeners to evaluate their own behavior in the context of stereotypical redneck behavior. This resulted in more mainstream usage of the term.", "In 1977, he released his first comedy album, a platinum selling \"Let's Get Small\". He followed it with \"A Wild and Crazy Guy\" (1978), which sold more than a million copies. Both albums went on to win Grammys for Best Comedy Recording. This is when he performed in arenas in front of tens of thousands of people, and begun his movie career, which was always his goal. His first major role was in the short film, The Absent-Minded Waiter , which he also wrote. His star value was established in The Jerk , which was co-written by Martin, and directed by Carl Reiner . The film earned more than $100 million on a $4 million budget. He also starred in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid , The Man with Two Brains , and All of Me , all directed by Reiner. To avoid being typecast as a comedian, he wanted do more dramatic roles, starring in Pennies from Heaven , a film remake of Dennis Potter 's 1978 series. Unfortunately, it was a financial failure.", "John Adam Belushi (; January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his \"intense energy and raucous attitude\" which he displayed as one of the original cast members of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live, in his role in the 1978 film Animal House and in his recordings and performances as one of The Blues Brothers.", "Before Button-Down Mind, most comics lived off nightclub appearances and, if they were lucky, acting gigs. But Newhart's album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard chart—beating out Elvis and the soundtrack from The Sound of Music—and held its position for 14 weeks. Albums by Lenny Bruce, George Carlin, and Bill Cosby soon became hits; a decade later, albums from Richard Pryor and Steve Martin followed suit.", "Bob Newhart was one of the most successful and beloved comedians of his era, famed for his remarkable deadpan delivery. Newhart's track record as a comic performer was unparalleled, encompassing a string of best-selling albums as well as two of the most acclaimed and long-running sitcoms in television history. While neither as groundbreaking nor as controversial as contemporaries like Lenny Bruce or Mort Sahl , Newhart raised the standup format to new levels of mainstream popularity; easily palatable but never pandering, his routines were smart and innovative, subtly bridging the gap between the edgy, confrontational satire of the late '50s with the breezy comic narratives of the mid-'60s.", "George Robert Newhart (born September 5, 1929), better known as Bob Newhart, is an American stand-up comedian and actor. Noted for his deadpan and slightly stammering delivery, Newhart came to prominence in the 1960s when his album of comedic monologues The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart was a worldwide bestseller and reached number one on the Billboard pop album chart—it remains the 20th best-selling comedy album in history. The follow-up album, The Button-Down Mind Strikes Back! was also a massive success, and the two albums held the Billboard number one and number two spots simultaneously.", "Jerome Lester \"Jerry\" Horwitz (October 22, 1903 – January 18, 1952), better known by his stage name Curly Howard, was an American comedian and vaudevillian. He is best known as a member of the American slapstick comedy team the Three Stooges , along with his older brothers Moe Howard and Shemp Howard , and actor Larry Fine . Curly is generally considered the most popular and recognizable of the Stooges. He is well known for his high-pitched voice, vocal expressions (\"nyuk-nyuk-nyuk!\",\"woo-woo-woo!\", \"soitanly!\" and barking like a dog), as well as his inventive physical comedy, improvisations, and athleticism.", "Comedian Bill Engvall , like his friend Jeff Foxworthy, had some of his comedy routines mixed into songs, often with a chorus sung by a popular country artist or uncredited session vocalist. The only such recording that was a real hit was \"Here's Your Sign (Get the Picture)\", which remixed a series of \"here's your sign\" jokes off his debut album with a sung chorus by non-one-hit-wonder Travis Tritt. The single peaked at #29 on the country charts and #43 on the Hot 100, representing his only big hit (although \"Here's Your Sign Christmas\", a parody of \"Jingle Bells\" with original comedy bits, got some seasonal airplay).", "Foxx was born in Texas in 1967 and was largely raised by his maternal grandmother, whom he credits as an inspiration. In his teens he was a choirboy, a classical pianist and a football quarterback on the high-school team. In his 20s he worked as both a musician (he has since released four albums) and a standup comedian on the Los Angeles club scene. At the open-mic sessions he would mimic Ronald Reagan and Sammy Davis Jr. He told jokes about how Bill Clinton was really America's first black president and about how Mike Tyson was a little like an untrained pit-bull let loose in the sitting room. His big break came when he joined the cast of the TV sketch show In Living Color .", "As a stand-up comic he made several series for the BBC and appeared on numerous TV and radio programmes, including two series of travel films in Ireland and the Appalachian Mountains of America. He also played rock and roll with his band, the Stylos, with the Lowe Brothers. He has had many albums and singles released, whilst the latter included \"Man 'nited Song\". As well as comedy, he has released albums of serious songs, most notably Bombers' Moon, the title track of which tells of his father's death. The album also contains \"The Accrington Pals\" and cover versions of Bruce Springsteen's \"Factory\" and Eric Bogle's \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\".", "Sketches include \"\"St. Patrick's Day Party,\"\"\"\"Hung Like Me,\"\"\"\"Unexplained Questions of the Universe.\"\"\"\"Family in the Attic,\"\"\"\"Bad Career Moves,\"\"\"\"Ronald Reagen and Sammy Davis, Jr.,\"\"\"\"God's Place,\"\"\"\"The Womb,\"\" and \"\"SNL's First Episode.\"\" Al Jarreau sang \"\"Mornin'\"\" and \"\"Trouble In Paradise.\"\"", "Conway Twitty born Harold Lloyd Jenkins (September 1, 1933 – June 5, 1993) was one of the United States' most successful country music artists during the 20th century. Most commonly thought of as a country music singer, he also enjoyed success in early Rock and Roll, R&B, and Pop music. Until 2008, he held the record for the most Number One singles of any country act, with fifty-five Number Ones on all trade charts. For a brief period in Twitty's music career, some believed that he was Elvis Presley recording under a different name. This was largely the case with \"It's Only Make Believe.\" The record took nearly one year in all to reach and stay at the top spot of the charts. The song went on to sell over 8 million records and to No. 1 on the Billboard pop music charts in the U.S. as well as No. 1 in 21 different nations. Conway Twitty always wanted to record country music and — beginning in 1965 — he did just that. His first few country albums were met with country DJs refusing to play them because he was well known as a rock-n-roll singer. He finally broke free with his first number one country song, \"Next In Line\" in November 1968. \" Artist Discography \"", "He was known for his impersonations of celebrities like Jimmy Carter, Vincent Price, Richard Nixon, Rod Serling, Tom Snyder, Julia Child, and others. He was also known for his recurring roles, such as Beldar, father of the Coneheads family; with Steve Martin, Yortuk Festrunk, one of the \"Two Wild and Crazy Guys\" Czech brothers; sleazy late-night cable TV host E. Buzz Miller and his cousin, corrupt maker of children's toys and costumes Irwin Mainway (who extolled the virtues and defended the safety of the \"Bag-o-Glass\" toy, perhaps the retail leader of the \"Bag-o\" series of toys); Fred Garvin – male prostitute; and high-bred but low-brow critic Leonard Pinth-Garnell. He also co-hosted the Weekend Update segment for one season with Jane Curtin, coining the famous catchphrase \"Jane, you ignorant slut\" during point-counterpoint segments.", "Rubber-faced comedian, born Milton Supman, whose anything-for-a-chuckle, half-century career was built on 20,000 pies to the face and 5,000 live TV appearances. Typically clad in a black sweater and oversize bow tie, Sales was once suspended after telling his legion of tiny listeners to empty their mothers' purses and mail him all the green paper bearing pictures of presidents. Cause not given, Oct. 22.", "Country singer, Ray Stevens, had a list of goofball comedy songs, such as \"The Streak\" during the sixties. Fellow singer-songwriter Roger Miller left quite a legacy, culminating in his music for the Broadway show hit, \"Big River.\" Along the way, he left us with \" Dang Me \" and \" You Can't Roller Skate in a Buffalo Herd ,\" among many others. The third member of this group of sixties and seventies folks was the recently departed country guitarist and singer (and sometime actor), Jerry Reed. He grew up admiring Chet Atkins and eventually became a friend and collaborator with him. He was a very respected guitarist in his own right.", "A parody \"Grandpa Got Run Over by a Beer Truck\" was released by Da Yoopers in 1993. Radio personality Bob Rivers recorded his own parody titled \"Osama Got Run Over by a Reindeer\", \"Grandma Got Molested at the Airport\" and \"Grandma Got Dismembered by a Chainsaw\" by Danny Aldridge.", "actor, comedian, writer: Saturday Night Live; Police Academy 3: Back in Training, Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol, The Cherokee Kid", "comedian: The Three Stooges: The Outlaw is Coming, Snow White and the Three Stooges, Have Rocket, Will Travel; died July 3, 1993", "This is a reference to a bit of dialogue by Carl Spackler (Bill Murray) in the film CADDYSHACK :", "Country singer on Dot Records in the 1960s and 1970s. Top-40 charted titles included “Baby Ain’t That Love,” “Catch the Wind.” Also recorded novelty tunes as “Zoot Fenster” (“The Man on Page 602”). Later a jingle singer for Big Red gum, Busch beer, Budweiser, Chrysler, Dollar General, Kraft, Uncle Ben’s rice, Dodge, Kelloggs. (real name: Jack Harold Butcher)", "Ron White was born in Fritch, Texas on December 18, 1956). He is a Grammy Award nominated stand-up comedian from Fritch, Texas. He was a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour.", "Pop-radio broadcast personality in Nashville for more than 30 years. He served on-air stints at WMAK, WYHY, WZPZ and WRQQ. The first off-camera voice for CMT. Leader of “The Zoo Crew” on Y-107 as the city’s first “shock jock.” Last notable gig was as co-host of “Coyote and Cathy in the Morning” on WMAK-FM and WRQQ. That show ended in 2006. Writer-performer of the novelty song “Where’s the Beef?”", "Foxworthy's, Totally Committed, was released in May 1999. In conjunction with the CD was a one-hour HBO stand-up special by the same name. The CD not only reached \"gold\" status, but also received a 1999 Grammy Award nomination.", "Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events.  He also has at least one album sold nationally", "Alfred Matthew “Weird Al” Yankovic born (Downey, CA) American pop and rock parodist, singer, songwriter, accordionist, polka musician.", "The multi-talented talk show host/improv actor has resided on Billboard charts repeatedly since 2005. His 2008 set \"A Long Time Coming\" peaked at No. 20 on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums." ]

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[ "Almost five years later, though, Timely (now called Atlas) revived Cap. For nine months—from December 1953 to September 1954—Captain America was known as the Commie Smasher, along with his World War II sidekick, James “Bucky” Barnes.", "In the animated feature film Ultimate Avengers , Bucky Barnes was an army photographer and the adult sidekick of Captain America during World War II. When Steve is presumed dead, killed trying to deactivate a prototype Nazi a-bomb in mid-flight, Buck marries Steve's fiance, Gail. Buck and Steve are reunited in the 2000s after Steve was revived from being frozen in the Arctic after the bomb exploded. He was voiced by James Arnold Taylor.", "While there he continued his extensive training and was deployed several times both domestically and abroad on covert missions. When on base as private, Steve purposely developed a persona and reputation as a clumsy soon-to-be soldier. It was also during this period that he meets Bucky Barnes - a young teenager who accidentally found out that Steve Rogers was secretly Captain America. With the U.S. Federal Governments permission, Steve trains Bucky and makes him his sidekick. Captain America and Bucky became a formidable fighting duo during World War II.", "After a long absence from comics, and at the dawn of the Silver Age of comics, Captain America, Timely Comics' WWII hero, returned to action in Avengers # 4 (March 1964), and also had an enhanced origin story beginning in Tales of Suspense # 63 (March 1965). Comic book readers were informed that during the final days of WWII, Captain America and young sidekick Bucky were both on a mission when their plane exploded. Captain America became frozen in icy Arctic waters for twenty years (before being revived), while his young sidekick Bucky was killed in the crash.", "In the Ultimate universe, Captain America's origin was much the same. He became a hero due to the Super-Soldier Serum and fought in World War II. His sidekick is Bucky , who photographs him and writes articles about him but isn't a costumed fighter. In his final mission, he attempts to sabotage a Nazi nuclear missile, and the resulting explosion throws him into the Atlantic Ocean, putting him in suspended animation. He is discovered fifty years later by Tony Stark , and after reconciling with Bucky, is drafted into the Ultimates as the team's field leader.", "Barely out of his teens himself, Rogers made friends with the army’s camp mascot, teenager James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes . Barnes accidentally learned of Rogers' dual identity and offered to keep the secret if he could become Captain America's sidekick. Rogers agreed, and trained Barnes. Throughout 1941, Cap and Bucky shared many adventures stateside and throughout the world. When the US entered World War II, Cap and Bucky teamed with the android Human Torch, his mutant sidekick Toro, and Namor the ocean-dwelling Sub-Mariner as the Allied force the Invaders .", "After then guest-starring in the feature \"Iron Man\" in Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that \"split book\", beginning the following issue. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through issue #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during World War II and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick, Bucky. Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968); Gil Kane and John Romita Sr., each filled in once. Several stories were finished by penciller-inker George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciller Dick Ayers and inker John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were Frank Giacoia (as \"Frank Ray\") and Joe Sinnott, though Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist Syd Shores inked one story each.", "Eventually Barnes learns of Rogers'  dual identity  and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's  sidekick , being trained himself to act as the perfect partner. During their adventures,  Franklin D. Roosevelt  presents Captain America with  a new shield , forged from an alloy of  steel  and  vibranium , fused by an unknown catalyst, so effective that it replaces his own firearm. [34]  Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the  Invaders (as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name). [36]  Captain America also battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, [37]  the Hangman, [38]  the Fang, [38]  the Black Talon, [39]  and the White Death, [39]  among others.", "Camp mascot Buck Barnes discovered that Rogers was Captain America. In exchange for keeping the secret, Cap trained Bucky and let him become his sidekick. Cap and Bucky later moved to the European theatre, fighting by themselves, with the Invaders, or with Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos.", "During the final days of the war, presumably on or before April 18, 1945, [30] Captain America and Bucky were trying to stop a bomb-loaded drone-plane, launched by Baron Zemo, when the plane exploded, apparently killing his partner Bucky and throwing Rogers into icy Arctic waters of the English Channel . The Super-Soldier Formula prevented crystallization of Rogers' bodily fluid, allowing him to enter a state of suspended animation . Although Rogers and Bucky had seemingly perished, the war still raged on and U.S. presidents and the government picked different volunteers, such as William Naslund , Jeffrey Mace , and another Steve Rogers , over the years, to keep the morale alive, and even after World War II ended.", "Returning to France, Captain America continued to fight against Nazi forces with Bucky and Peggy Carter, [9] and saved a troop of American soldiers from Nazis. [231] While fighting Nazis with Bucky, Captain America was briefly separated by his partner. Bucky was unaware of this as he was joined by Cap's time displaced future self who had lost his present day memories due to exposure to Gamma rays. The modern day Cap was reunited with Bucky just moments after the Hulk and She-Hulk pulled the future Cap out of that time period, leaving Bucky to wonder who he was fighting with. [232] Briefly returning to the United States, Cap and Bucky fought the evil Dr. Botan and his plant/human hybrids. [233] Back in France, Captain America and Union Jack were sent to the French town of Chanson to assist the 82nd Airborne Division in securing the area. Pinned in by Nazi forces, the two heroes drew inspiration from the locals who returned to their home feeling safe that the two national heroes had come to deliver them from the Nazis. Cap and Union Jack found the hope to fight off the Nazis and have the perimeter cleared before Allied Forces could relieve them. [160]", "Rogers often crossed paths with another World War II veteran as well, this one an ally: Sergeant Nick Fury , of the Howling Commandos, whom he had met during the war, [44] was now Colonel Nick Fury, Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Captain America teamed with Fury many times after emerging from suspended animation and their relationship warmed and cooled over the years, depending on various circumstances. They often worked together towards the same goal(s) and the Avengers and S.H.I.E.L.D. maintained a close working relationship, even sometimes sharing a common computer database. Rogers worked with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Agent 13 (Sharon Carter) , sister to Peggy. Rogers would come to share a deep romantic relationship with Sharon, eventually admitting his love for her. [45]", "In late April 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it, Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. The pair reach the plane just before take off. When Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. The young man is believed killed. Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Neither is found, and both are presumed dead. It is later revealed that neither character actually died. [42]", "In the closing days of World War II in 1945, Captain America and Bucky tried to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive device on it, with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. They reach the plane just before it takes off. Bucky unsuccessfully tries to defuse the bomb, and it explodes in mid-air before reaching its intended target. He will be believed to have been killed in action, as Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Rogers' body, preserved in suspended animation in a block of ice, is found decades later by The Avengers while searching the Arctic for the Sub-Mariner. ", "Rogers often crossed paths with another World War II veteran as well, this one an ally: Sergeant Nick Fury, of the Howling Commandos, whom he had met during the war,his Howling Commandos #13}} was now Colonel Nick Fury, Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.. Captain America teamed with Fury many times after emerging from suspended animation and their relationship warmed and cooled over the years, depending on various circumstances. They often worked together towards the same goal(s) and the Avengers and S.H.I.E.L.D. maintained a close working relationship, even sometimes sharing a common computer database. Rogers worked with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Agent 13 (Sharon Carter), sister to Peggy. Rogers would come to share a deep romantic relationship with Sharon, eventually admitting his love for her.", "Bradley's only known costumed mission involved the destruction of the Nazi Super Soldier Project at Schwarzebitte, Germany in October 1942. Bradley steals a spare Captain America costume that had been set aside for Steve Rogers who was to lead the mission. He completed his mission, however he is captured and later interrogated by Hitler himself before being shipped off to Auschwitz. Bradley escaped and is taken in by the German and Belgian Underground Resistance. He is eventually able to sneak back to behind Allied lines in 1943, but receives a court-martial from the Army and a sentence to life imprisonment for stealing Captain America's costume. Bradley served seventeen years and was released by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on the day of President John F. Kennedy's inauguration. Bradley was the only test subject to survive the war.", "In 1953, an orphan named Jack Monroe, who idolized Captain America and Bucky, discovered that his history teacher also had a similar passion, to the extent of undergoing plastic surgery to make him look like Steve Rogers and assuming his name as well. In addition, \"Rogers\" had discovered, in some old Nazi files stored in a warehouse in Germany, the lost formula for the Super-Soldier serum that had given Captain America his abilities. The two used the serum and began to fight Communists as Captain America and Bucky. ", "Captain America continued to come into conflict with many foes, including the extreme anti-nationalist Flag-Smasher and the vigilante called the Scourge of the Underworld . Rogers was informed by the Commission on Superhuman Activities that he had never been officially discharged from the U.S. Army, and for this, he received a large back-pay, dating to the end of World War II, which he used to establish a nation-wide hot-line service to help him keep abreast of criminal activities. However, the Commission demanded that Rogers, as an \"active\" member of the armed forces, resume service as a government-directed operative. Finding himself unable to merely follow orders as a simple soldier any longer, especially after the events of the government that led to him becoming Nomad, Rogers again resigned the Captain America identity, even surrendering his legendary shield to the new Captain America, John Walker, who had previously clashed with Rogers as the \"Super-Patriot\". [53] During this time, Rogers used an Adamantium shield and, adopting a new costume, continued adventuring as \"The Captain\". [54]", "Captain America continued to come into conflict with many foes, including the extreme anti-nationalist Flag-Smasher and the vigilante called the Scourge of the Underworld. Rogers was informed by the Commission on Superhuman Activities that he had never been officially discharged from the U.S. Army, and for this, he received a large back-pay, dating to the end of World War II, which he used to establish a nation-wide hot-line service to help him keep abreast of criminal activities. However, the Commission demanded that Rogers, as an \"active\" member of the armed forces, resume service as a government-directed operative. Finding himself unable to merely follow orders as a simple soldier any longer, especially after the events of the government that led to him becoming Nomad, Rogers again resigned the Captain America identity, even surrendering his legendary shield to the new Captain America, John Walker, who had previously clashed with Rogers as the \"Super-Patriot\". During this time, Rogers used an Adamantium shield and, adopting a new costume, continued adventuring as \"The Captain\".", "An intentionally patriotic creation who was often depicted fighting the Axis powers of World War II, Captain America was Timely's most popular character during World War II . After the war ended, the character's popularity waned and he disappeared by the 1950s aside from an ill-fated revival in 1953. Captain America was reintroduced during the Silver Age of comics when he was revived from suspended animation by the superhero team the Avengers in The Avengers #4 (March 1964). Since then, Captain America has often led the team, as well as starring in his own series. Steve Rogers was killed in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007), although the Captain America series continues publication.", "During World War II, Logan teams up with Captain America and continues a career as a soldier of fortune. He serves with the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion during D-Day, and later with the CIA before being recruited by Team X, a black ops unit.", "Returning to the United States, Captain America and Bucky worked to stop Nazi impostors replacing American soldiers to commit acts of violence to shake American morale, ended a family feud between the Rand and Codger families instigated by George Brinner , stopped jealous murderer Jacques Laval , [63] and Nazi rabble rouser the Reaper . [64] Also during this period Captain America narrowly avoided having his double identity exposed by Sgt. Duffy. [65] Put on guard duty of a defence factory, Captain America and Bucky failed to stop Nazi agent the Teutonic Knight from stealing plans for a flying airship called the \"Flying Arsenal\". [66] Following that incident, Captain America and Bucky clashed with Dr. Crime a criminal who utilized a shrinking formula, defend Oroccan president Alvarez from his rival Rozzo , [67] and stopped an Imperial Japanese spy named Mysto the Magician . [68]", "Shipped off to Russia, Captain America and Bucky uncovered a Nazi plot to storm the battlements at Murmansk. [147] While back in the States, they defend Camp Lehigh from Nazi invaders and their biologically engineered Killer Beasts , [164] then on vacation in Quebec City, Canada, Cap and Bucky rescued General Bedoin from Nazi spies. Returning to the United States Cap and Bucky were captured by Nazi spies and smuggled into Nazi Germany, where they broke free and destroyed a Nazi aircraft factory with the help of French Resistance fighters who were being held prisoner there. [165] Later in Panama, the pair prevented Baron von Widemouth from blowing up military installations there. [166] Later, Captain America and Bucky accepted a challenge to face the Torso a mad scientist hired by the Axis leaders to eliminate the hero. The Torso faired no better than other villains who faced Captain America and perished as a result. Back out on the Pacific, Captain America and Bucky clashed with the Japanese controlled Birdmen of Pa-Pi-Ru-Gua . [167] Captain America was later seen freeing prisoners in a Nazi concentration camp, and later clashing against Nazi forces with the Invaders. [168]", "Cap and the Invaders were next dispatched to Egypt to prevent it from falling under Nazi control. There they clashed with the super-powered Scarlet Scarab who wished to remove the British from his homeland. [103] It was not until the Scarab realized that Nazis would take over in the British's place did he assist the Invaders in turning back a Nazi invasion force. [104] Returning to England, Captain America and the other Invaders found that Dyna-Mite had abandoned his previous identity to take on the guise of the Destroyer. Cap and the Invaders next went to California to follow up on Bucky's quest to find Dr. Hijiri Sabuki to heal Toro. [105] Arriving there, Cap and the others learned that Bucky, Toro, Dr. Sabuki, his daughter Gwendolyne and a hospital intern named Davey Mitchell were all captured by Agent Axis. Finding Agent Axis's hideout, the Invaders found that Gwen and Davey were empowered by his equipment. [106] With the assistance of the newly formed Kid Commandos , Cap and the Invaders captured Agent Axis and proved to Captain Simmons that the youths were useful to the war effort. [107]", "In 1939 Martin Goodman founded Timely Comics. It's first book was Marvel Mystery Comics featuring the superheroes The Angel, The Human Torch, The Sub-Mariner, The Mask Raider and Ka-zar the Great. The company gradually created other superheroes. Their most popular title was Captain America. Created during the Second World War, Captain was an American soldier given super strength, a bullet proof shield, and a flashy costume with stars and stripes. The front cover of the first issue had the Captain punching out Adolf Hitler himself. Captain America was popular enough that Republic Pictures bought his film rights, featuring him in a 15 chapter serial. The Captain was among the select few comic book characters to be sold to Hollywood. The rights to Captain Marvel and Batman were sold for their own serials, while Paramount used their film rights for Superman for the Max Fleischer cartoons. When Paramount's rights to Superman expired, Columbia snatched them up for yet another 15 chapter serial.", "Meanwhile, Cap's old nemesis, the Red Skull, was brought out of suspended animation by the subversive organization THEM . The Skull feigned cooperation with THEM (actually the ruling council of HYDRA led by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker ) long enough to steal the Cosmic Cube from subsidiary organization AIM . This led to the first postwar clash between the two great symbols of World War II. The Skull later impersonated Rogers and drove Rick away, while wielding the Cosmic Cube.", "Meanwhile, Cap's old nemesis, the Red Skull, was brought out of suspended animation by the subversive organization THEM. The Skull feigned cooperation with THEM (actually the ruling council of HYDRA led by Baron Wolfgang von Strucker) long enough to steal the Cosmic Cube from subsidiary organization AIM. This led to the first postwar clash between the two great symbols of World War II. The Skull later impersonated Rogers and drove Rick away, while wielding the Cosmic Cube.", "Rogers was then put through an intensive physical and tactical training program that taught him gymnastics, hand-to-hand combat from Colonel Rex Applegate and William Essart Fairbairn, and military strategy. Three months later, he was given his first assignment: to stop the Nazi agent called the Red Skull. To help him become a symbolic counterpart to the Red Skull, Rogers was given the red, white, and blue costume of Captain America. Rogers was also given the cover identity of a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh.", "Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover dated March 1941) from Timely Comics, a predecessor of Marvel Comics. Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950, with a short-lived revival in 1953. Since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication.", "America enters WWII in 1941 and Timely hero Captain America enters the War fighting for America against the Nazi's", "Captain America is a seminal Marvel Comics character. He appeared in early 1941 and immediately went on to fight Nazis and punch Hitler, to the furore of pro-Nazis (the US were still neutral at that point) who came to threaten Cap’s Jewish creators  .", "Many superheroes were shown combating Axis spies or activities in America and elsewhere. A comic book depicting Superman attacking the German Westwall was attacked in an issue of Das Schwarze Korps, the SS weekly newspaper, with the Jewish origin of creator Jerry Siegel given prominent attention. " ]

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[ "The Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon is hosted by Jerry Lewis to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association . It has been held annually since 1966. The telethon had raised $1.46 billion by 2007. [1]", "The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon was an annual telethon held each Labor Day in the United States to raise money for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). The show was founded and hosted by actor and comedian Jerry Lewis, who hosted the broadcast from its 1966 inception until 2010.[http://www.mda.org/news/110803.html MDA: \"Jerry Lewis Completes Run as MDA National Chairman\", August 3, 2011.] The history of MDA's telethon dated back to the 1950s, when the Jerry Lewis Thanksgiving Party for MDA raised funds for the organization's New York City area operations. The telethon was held annually on Labor Day weekend beginning in 1966,[http://quest.mda.org/article/mdas-love-network-has-rich-vital-history \"MDA's 'Love Network' has a rich, vital history,\"] from Quest, 7/1/2005 and would raise $2.45 billion for MDA from its inception through 2009. ", "Labor Day Telethon – hosted by Jerry Lewis, raises $1,126,846 for Muscular Dystrophy. The telethon is broadcast on one station – WNEW-TV (channel 5) in New York City.", "    1984 - Jerry Lewis smashed all previous records for charity fund-raising. A total of $32,074,566 was pledged on the annual \"Labor Day Telethon\" for the Muscular Dystrophy Association.", "1986 - Jerry Lewis raised a record $34 million for Muscular Dystrophy during his annual telethon for Jerry�s kids over the Labor Day weekend.", "September - Jerry Lewis raises a record $18,868,499 in this year’s Labor Day Telethon against Muscular dystrophy. The telethon was carried on almost 200 stations across the U.S. and handily beat last years total of $16.1 million… The World Football League announces the immediate expulsion of the Chicago Winds and the dispersal of their players to the other 10 league members. The Winds have played two home games, one an exhibition, and drew less than 5,000 each game, failing to meet expenses…. Passing - actor John McGiver (62) - familiar face and voice in movies and TV shows… 1964 decision overturned - The FCC rules that broadcasters of debates and news conferences involving political candidates no longer were required to offer equal time to other candidates of the same office…", "Jerry Lewis began hosting telethons to benefit the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America (MDAA) in 1952 after a plea from a staff member who worked with Lewis and Dean Martin on The Colgate Comedy Hour. Lewis had previously taken part in what has been described as the very first telethon, a marathon 1951 broadcast benefiting a cardiac hospital that was organized by Budd Granoff, which featured the Martin and Lewis comedy team (his clients at that time). ", "In the United States in recent years, \"You’ll Never Walk Alone,\" long associated with Jerry Lewis’ Labor Day Muscular Dystrophy telethons, has also been adopted by such causes as Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Katrina relief and the annual national AIDS Walk campaigns. Marilyn Horne, Joan Baez and others have sung \"You’ll Never Walk Alone\" at AIDS Walk rallies in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia and Chicago, and in 1992 Patti LaBelle made a new recording of the song for a national AIDS Walk public service announcement. Bringing the song full circle, at the 1994 AIDS Walk New York, Shirley Verrett and the cast of the Broadway production of CAROUSEL sang \"You’ll Never Walk Alone\" on the Great Lawn in Central Park before a crowd of 30,000.  17 years later, CAROUSEL co-star Audra McDonald sang the song, to a crowd now swollen to over 45,000.", "Eventually, Martin reconciled with Jeanne, though they never remarried. He also made a public reconciliation with Jerry Lewis on Lewis' Labor Day Muscular Dystrophy Association telethon in 1976. Frank Sinatra shocked Lewis and the world by bringing Martin out on stage. As Martin and Lewis embraced, the audience erupted in cheers and the phone banks lit up, resulting in one of the telethon's most profitable years. Lewis reported the event was one of the three most memorable of his life. Lewis brought down the house when he quipped, \"So, you working?\" Martin, playing drunk, replied that he was \"at the Meggum\" – this reference to the MGM Grand Hotel convulsed Lewis.[citation needed] This, along with the death of Martin's son Dean Paul Martin a few years later, helped to bring the two men together. They maintained a quiet friendship, but only performed together again once, in 1989, on Martin's 72nd birthday.[citation needed] [edit] Personal life", "He and Dean Martin were partners as the hit popular comedy duo of Martin and Lewis. Following that success, he was a solo star in films, nightclubs, concert stages, television, and recordings. Lewis also served as national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association and host of the live Labor Day broadcast of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon for 40 years.", "Jerry Lewis (born Joseph Levitch, March 16, 1926) is an American actor, comedian, singer, film producer, film director, screenwriter and humanitarian. He is known for his slapstick humor in film, television, stage, music and radio.", "On 5 September 2008, Lewis joined Mariah Carey, Carrie Underwood, Rihanna, Ciara, Beyonce, and many other female singers to perform a single for the anti-cancer campaign Stand Up to Cancer. The single, titled \"Just Stand Up\", was performed live during the one-hour telethon that which aired on all major U.S. television networks. Two days later, she made a surprise performance at the MTV Video Music Awards, performing \"DontGetIt\" alongside rapper Lil Wayne.", "On May 27–28, 1973, Davis hosted (with Monte Hall) the first annual, twenty-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon. Guests included Muhammad Ali, Paul Anka, Jack Barry, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Ray Charles, Dick Clark, Roy Clark, Howard Cosell, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Joe Franklin, Cliff Gorman, Richie Havens, Danny Kaye, Steve Leeds, Jerry Lewis, Hal Linden, Rich Little, Butterfly McQueen, Minnie Pearl, Boots Randolph, Tex Ritter, Phil Rizzuto, The Rockettes, Nipsey Russell, Sally Struthers, Mel Tillis, Ben Vereen, Lawrence Welk, and many more. It was a financial disaster. The total amount of pledges was $1.2 million. Actual pledges received were $525,000. ", "In 1973, with 150 Love Network stations in tow, the telethon moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, where it originated at the Sahara Hotel. That year, Lewis explained the mission of the MDA with his comment: \"God goofed, and it's up to us to correct His mistakes.\"[http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/movies/blog/2011/08/the_long_and_short_of_jerrys_r.html Baltimore Sun: \"What we'll miss about the Jerry Lewis telethon\", August 4, 2011.] The 1973 telethon was also when the event broke the $10 million mark for the first time (the final tote being $12,395,973). Co-host Ed McMahon made an on-air prediction that donations would surpass $10 million (one digit more than the seven digits the Solari tote board could accommodate); at the moment it did, he came on stage to tell Lewis, \"I have a brush, and I have some paint...\" and Lewis repeated his 1966 stunt by painting a \"1\" on the board, this time punctuating it by wiping the paintbrush up and down the front of his tuxedo in celebration. An additional Solari number flipper would be added the next year, allowing a display of under $100 million.", "WHAT THEY DON'T HAVE THEY TELETHON ANYMORE BECAUSE PEOPLE FINALLY GOT TIRED OF SUPPORTING JERRY LEWIS' DRUG AND ALCOHOL. SURE HE GAVE SOME OF THE MONEY TO M.D.A. BUT EVERYONE KNOW HE POCKETED A LOT MORE THEN HALF THE MONEY RAISED SO HE DID NOT HAVE TO DO ANYTHING BUT THE TELETHONS ALL YEAR.", "Close behind the Green Bay telethon in longevity is the WHAS Crusade for Children in Louisville, Kentucky, which was first broadcast in October 1954 on WHAS-TV (channel 11) and WHAS radio (840 AM), six months after the first WBAY telethon. While the Crusade for Children is still broadcast on the two WHAS stations despite being owned by different entities for three decades, it has expanded to radio and television stations in other parts of Kentucky and Indiana, as well as a live stream on the internet. The Crusade is famous for the legions of firefighters who collect money at road blocks at intersections throughout the area each May and June. The Crusade annually collects more than $5 million in donations for a variety of child-related charities and causes, and remains the most successful local telethon in the United States.", "The publicly stated total counts only pledges and does not indicate the actual amount donated, which is published on the MDA's Form 990. In 2009, the telethon drew approximately $45,000,000 (three-fourths) of its pledges; in 2010, $48,000,000 (nearly five-sixths). However, despite publicly stating a higher pledge total for the short telethon in 2011, the actual amount raised by the telethon was much smaller, with only $30,683,816 – slightly less than half – of the publicly stated total coming in, a steep drop-off from the last years under Lewis's stewardship.Friedman, Roger (September 1, 2012). [http://www.showbiz411.com/2012/09/01/exclusive-without-jerry-lewis-mda-couldnt-collect-50-of-last-years-pledges Exclusive: without Jerry Lewis, MDA couldn't collect 50% of last year's pledges]. Showbiz411.com. Retrieved September 1, 2012.", "Triple Platinum performs as part of the local segment of the Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon, Southfield, MI.", "Comic Relief is an irregularly held event, televised on HBO, that has raised and distributed nearly $50 million toward providing health care services to homeless men, women, and children throughout the United States . Comedians Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, and Whoopi Goldberg are hosts of the event.", "The song Jerry Lewis sings at the end of the telethon, You'll Never Walk Alone , was originally from the musical, Carousel . According to Jerry at the end of the 2007 telethon, the song was suggested to Jerry in 1964 by a disabled child, walking with a cane. The song was suggested to Jerry as a song that would specifically represent disabled children.", "Prior to the hurricane-effected results of 2004 and 2005, the only other time the telethon raised less than the previous year was in 1982 ($28,400,000), during the recession of the early 1980s .[ citation needed ] One source said, however, that it was due to Jerry sitting out most of the telethon, due to his heart attack earlier. [7]", "By the mid-1960s, organizers of the telethon chose Labor Day weekend to stage their event, as it was the only time frame made available to hold it. Many, however, expected the Labor Day broadcast would fail, as many people would have traveled out of town and/or be away from their television sets during the holiday weekend; even New York City officials were skeptical that it would succeed, which made them reluctant to issue a fund-raising permit to the MDAA, though one would indeed be granted at the urging of Robert Ross, MDAA's then-Executive Director.", "Jerry Lewis, at 84 he can say what people really want to say but are afraid to because of political correctness. Good for him. And watch his telethon – one of the best things on TV.", "The MDA announced on August 3, 2011, that Lewis had \"completed his run\" as both host and national chairman, effective immediately, and that Lewis would not appear in the 2011 telethon. The wording of the release left it ambiguous whether he had been fired or if he had resigned. The MDA also confirmed that Lythgoe, O'Dell, Sweeney, and Carl, all slated to be co-hosts under Lewis, would share hosting duties; the MDA will leave the position of national chairman unfilled. Numerous celebrities came out in support of Lewis and opposed to his dismissal from the MDA shortly after it was announced; Lewis himself was mostly silent about the issue, saying that the controversy is \"very difficult to get into.\"Clarke, Norm (August 21, 2011). [http://www.lvrj.com/news/mda-telethon-reinstates-lewis-128144278.html?ref", "On June 29 and 30, 1956, Martin and Lewis hosted an MDAA telethon called The Martin and Lewis Roundup, live from Carnegie Hall. The pair ended their comedy partnership a month later and Lewis was named national chairman of MDAA later that year. Lewis went on to host Thanksgiving Day telethons in 1957 and 1959. ", "* Telethon is a 2014 documentary about the preparation of the 1989 edition of the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in Las Vegas, consisting of found footage originally shot for a report for A Current Affair. ", "On February 17, 2015, in honor of the one-year anniversary of the premiere of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Ben & Jerry's unveiled The Tonight Dough Starring Jimmy Fallon. All of its proceeds go to the SeriousFun Children's Network, which supports camps for children with major illnesses. ", "The Tonight Show – Jerry Lewis is guest host with London Lee, Kitty Falger, Sally Ann Howes.", "January 26, 1993: At a press conference held at Century Plaza Hotel in Century City, Los Angeles, Michael was presented with a $100,000 donation each from the ‘National Football League’ and Frito Lay,  the sponsors of the Super Bowl. He gets another $500,000 from the ‘BEST Foundation’ for his ‘Heal The World Foundation’.  Also, a new U.S. children's relief initiative was announced in Los Angeles: ‘Heal L.A.’, in collaboration with ‘Cities In Schools’, ‘Big Brothers/Big Sisters’, the ‘BEST Foundation’, ‘Watts Health Foundation’, and the ‘Partnership for a Drug Free America’, would aim to help solve the problems facing inner-city youth by providing drug-abuse and AIDS prevention education, mentoring, and immunisation campaigns.", "Jerry Springer was hired as a political reporter and commentator on Cincinnati's NBC affiliate, WLWT, which had, at the time, the lowest-rated news program. Later, having been named primary news anchor and Managing Editor, Jerry Springer needed roadcast catchphrase in the model of other great newsmen. With the help of some others at WLWT, Jerry Springer created Jerry Springer's signature line: \"Take care of yourself, and each other.\" Within two years Jerry Springer was Cincinnati's number-one news anchor, along with partner Norma Rashid. For five years, Jerry Springer was the most popular one in the city,[10] garnering ten local Emmy Awards for Jerry Springer's nightly commentaries, which were frequently satirized by Cincinnati radio personality Gary Burbank. Those commentaries would eventually become Jerry Springer's \"Final Thought\" on \"The Jerry Springer Show.\" Jerry Springer would remain commentator at WLWT until January 1993. Jerry Springer resided in Loveland, Ohio, during this time.[14]", "Gerald Norman \"Jerry\" Springer (born February 13, 1944) is an American television presenter. He is a former Democratic mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, news anchor, actor, and musician. He has hosted the tabloid talk show The Jerry Springer Show since its debut in 1991 and debuted the Jerry Springer Podcast in 2015.", "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve is an annual television special that airs every New Year's Eve on ABC. The special broadcasts from New York City's Times Square, and prominently features coverage of its annual ball drop event, along with live and pre-recorded musical performances by popular musicians from Times Square and Hollywood, respectively." ]

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[ "Buck Rogers first appeared in Armageddon 2419 A.D. by Philip Francis Nowlan in the August 1928 issue of the pulp magazine Amazing Stories as Anthony Rogers. A sequel, The Airlords of Han, was published in the March 1929 issue. Philip Nowlan and the syndicate John F. Dille Company, later known as the National Newspaper Syndicate, contracted to adapt the story into a comic strip. After Nowlan and Dille enlisted editorial cartoonist Dick Calkins as the illustrator, Nowlan adapted the first episode from Armageddon 2419, A.D. and changed the hero's name from Anthony Rogers to Buck Rogers. The strip made its first newspaper appearance on January 7, 1929.", "In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his three-decade-long series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars and featuring John Carter as the hero. The 1928 publication of Philip Francis Nowlan's original Buck Rogers story, Armageddon 2419, in Amazing Stories was a landmark event. This story led to comic strips featuring Buck Rogers (1929), Brick Bradford (1933), and Flash Gordon (1934). The comic strips and derivative movie serials greatly popularized science fiction.", "Autopilot 08 - Buck Rogers Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios. The series ran for two seasons between 1979–1981, and the feature-length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film several months before the series aired. The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson, based upon the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips, novellas, a serial film, and on television and radio.", "The concept of a man-machine mixture was widespread in science fiction before World War II. As early as 1843, Edgar Allan Poe described a man with extensive prostheses in the short story \"The Man That Was Used Up\". In 1911, Jean de la Hire introduced the Nyctalope, a science fiction hero who was perhaps the first literary cyborg, in Le Mystère des XV (later translated as The Nyctalope on Mars). Edmond Hamilton presented space explorers with a mixture of organic and machine parts in his novel The Comet Doom in 1928. He later featured the talking, living brain of an old scientist, Simon Wright, floating around in a transparent case, in all the adventures of his famous hero, Captain Future. He uses the term explicitly in the 1962 short story, \"After a Judgment Day,\" to describe the \"mechanical analogs\" called \"Charlies,\" explaining that \"[c]yborgs, they had been called from the first one in the 1960s...cybernetic organisms.\" In the short story \"No Woman Born\" in 1944, C. L. Moore wrote of Deirdre, a dancer, whose body was burned completely and whose brain was placed in a faceless but beautiful and supple mechanical body.", "In 1953 Alfred \"Alfie\" Bester (1913-87) pub. his first novel The Demolished Man , a sci-fi detective novel featuring telepathy, which becomes the winner of the first Hugo Award for sci-fi; also Who He? (The Rat Race) ; a TV game show host blacks out then wakes up and discovers that someone is out to get him. In 1955 he pub. The Stars My Destination (Tiger, Tiger) ; Gully Foyle does \"The Count of Monte Cristo\" with teleportation; ancestor of cyberpunk? In 1975 he pub. Extro (The Computer Connection) (The Indian Giver) ; Ned Curzon (AKA Guigol) becomes immortal via the destruction of Krakatoa, along with Nemo, Herb Wells, the Syndicate, Hillel the Jew, Borgia, Jacy, Sam Pepys, Dr. Sequoya Guess, and the supercomputer Extro. In 1980 he pub. Golem ; Regina and her Bee Ladies conjure the Devil. In 1981 he pub. his last sci-fi novel The Deceivers , about Rogue Winter the Synergist.", "A number of Earth's most powerful heroes -- Mister Fantastic, Doctor Strange, Black Bolt, Professor X, Iron Man, and Namor -- traveled to Skrullos to confront the Skrull King, informing him that the Earth was strictly off-limits. Upon arrival, however, the heroes were captured and experimented upon before they were able to escape. Mr. Fantastic would later blame himself for the Skrulls increased transforming powers. While the meeting predictably turned violent, the experience would provide the basis for the later establishment of the Illuminati . The secretive group of Earth's most influential heroes would meet only a few times, and these, only to tackle events of extraordinary importance. Reed added the viewpoint and perspective of a scientist. [16]", "His primary foe was the evil Skeletor, a warlord who was equal parts wizard and warrior . With the help of a motley crew of heroes, including wise veteran Man-At-Arms, Lady of War Teela, and the bumbling comic relief sorcerer Orko, He-Man battles the forces of Skeletor and other evil enemies.", "Flash Gordon is the titular protagonist of the comic book series of the same name. Flash Gordon took off as a series in the form of radio serials from the 1940's. His popularity among the children of the era lead to merchandising, and serial shorts before movies. Flash Gordon was the protagonist of multiple theatre releases, the most recent in 1980, starring Sam J. Jones as Flash. The villain Flash is best known for fighting is the tyrant of nearby worlds, Ming the Merciless .", "* Will Smith as John Hancock, an alcoholic superhero. Hancock is invulnerable, immortal, possesses superhuman strength, reflexes and stamina, highly developed regeneration, and can fly at supersonic speeds. He is also an amnesiac; his first memories are of waking up alone in a hospital in 1931. During his release, the duty nurse asked him for his \"John Hancock\", which he adopted as his current alias. Smith described the character, \"Hancock is not your average superhero. Every day he wakes up mad at the world. He doesn't remember what happened to him and there's no one to help him find the answers.\" To give a realistic appearance of superhero flight, Smith was often suspended by wires 60 ft above the ground and propelled at 40 –., Hancock's character is a parody version of DC's Superman.", "One such story had battling wizards causing the cosmic axis to shift, allowing creatures from other dimensions and historic figures from other times to appear in the Florida swamp Man-Thing resided in. Trying to come up with something spectacular to end the issue with, Gerber came up with the idea of an anthropomorphic duck walking out of the shrubs and addressing the heroes. The problem was that at this time, Marvel never did Disneyesque talking animal characters, and rarely did comedy. The script went to the artist before the editor-in-chief Roy Thomas had a chance to see it. By the time he did, the issue was too far into production to have the character removed. Gerber was ordered to kill the duck off in the next issue. He decided to name the doomed character Howard.", "In 1973, Avon books launched a six-book series of adult-oriented Flash Gordon novels: The Lion Men of Mongo, The Plague of Sound, The Space Circus, The Time Trap of Ming XIII, The Witch Queen of Mongo and The War of the Cybernauts. Although the books were credited to Alex Raymond, the first three were written by SF writer Ron Goulart, (under the \"house name\" \"Con Steffanson\") and the other three novels were by Bruce Cassiday (the first under the \"Steffanson\" name, and the latter two under the pseudonym \"Carson Bingham\").", "Fantastic Four (“The” was dropped from the title in issue no. 16) quickly became a triumph for Marvel, and an array of fearsome foes appeared and reappeared, including the oafish Mole Man, the Golden Age antihero Namor the Sub-Mariner, the alien Super-Skrull, and the towering Galactus, who gained sustenance by absorbing the life forces of planets. No menace was more persistent than Doctor Doom, whose hideously scarred face was hidden behind an ominous iron mask. This despotic mastermind—originally Richards’s scientific colleague Victor von Doom—habitually returned to plague the group and to engage Richards in intellectual battles, always with dire consequences.", "He-Man (\"The Most Powerful Man in the Universe\") is a heroic fictional character in a toy series called Masters of the Universe (\"MOTU\") and the various spin-off products and media related to it. The most prominent is the animated series He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, produced by Filmation Studios. The syndicated series premiered in 1983 and ran until 1985, for a run of 130 episodes. In the series, He-Man and his friends defend Eternia and the secrets of Castle Grayskull from the evil forces of Skeletor... more here", "How many times has this happened to you? Man finds alien metal lantern. Man makes ring out of lantern. Man presses ring to lantern. Man has incredible superpowers over everything. Except wood, obviously. That's the story in All-American Comics #16, a book published tangentially under the DC Comics umbrella. When regular guy Alan Scott made his ring, the superhero created was, of course, the Green Lantern. The idea of an everyday schmoe just lucking into superhero-ness proved incredibly popular. A similar idea struck gold in 1962 when a young nerd named Peter Parker got bitten by a radioactive spider (see below).", "John Carter of Mars is a fictional Virginian transported to Mars, and the initial protagonist of Edgar Rice Burroughs' Barsoom stories. His character is enduring, having appeared in various media since his 1912 debut in a magazine serial. The 2012 Disney-made feature film John Carter marked the 100th anniversary of the character's first appearance.", "Amazing Fantasy #15 (1962), the first appearance of Spider-Man. Cover art by Jack Kirby (penciller) & Steve Ditko (inker).", "1. Doctor Strange Has Lots Of “ Magic Hero” Predecessors Let’s go back over a 100 years, when magicians where a popular part of live entertainment. Many real-life stage performers like Houdini and Blackstone branched out into the printed page, starring in fictional exploits via booklets called “penny dreadfuls” which became the lurid pulp novels. In 1931 a radio show presented the adventures of the mysterious “ Chandu the Magician ” (one big fan was young Stan Lee ). Edmund Lowe battled master »", "A very different tradition was the masculine adventure and detective story.  Square jawed Dick Tracy had appeared in American papers in 1931.  Britain's first action hero was Garth created by Steve Dowling towards the end of World War II.  The exploits of the wartime RAF and a fascination with the space race inspired Sydney Jordan to create Jeff Hawke in 1955.", "Philip Nowlan and the syndicate John F. Dille Company, later known as the National Newspaper Syndicate, were contracted to adapt the story into a comic strip. After Nowlan and Dille enlisted editorial cartoonist Dick Calkins as the illustrator, Nowlan adapted the first episode from Armageddon 2419, A.D. and changed the hero's name from \"Anthony\" to \"Buck\". The strip made its first newspaper appearance on January 7, 1929. Later adaptations included a film serial, a television series (in which his first name was changed from \"Anthony\" to \"William\"), and other formats.", "Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961). He was one of the four main characters in the title. Lee has stated the stretch powers were inspired by DC's Plastic Man , which had no equivalent in Marvel.", "1961’s STRANGE TALES #90 unveiled the Stan Lee-Jack Kirby creation Orrgo to the world. The tale started with Orrgo and his people watching Earth, commenting that just one of them could easily overtake the whole planet. Without hesitation, the alien transported himself across the vastness of space with but a thought, landing on Earth in the middle of a circus. Exhibiting vast mental abilities that could toss cop cars around like candy wrappers and make trees come alive to do his bidding, Orrgo seemed likely to carry out his threat of world domination even before hypnotizing every human on Earth!", "I've always liked fantasy shows and you don't get more fantasy than He-Man. He-Man was the allegedly mightiest man in the universe and he led the forces of good against the truly wicked Skeletor who was evil personified.", "Hugo Gernsbacher was born in Bonnevoie, a suburb in the capital city of Luxembourg on August 16, 1884. His name was shortened to Hugo Gernsback when he went to the United States. Gernsback was a writer, magazine publisher and an inventor. He published the first science fiction magazine and considered as the father of science fiction together with Jules Vern and H. G. Wells for the significance of his contribution to the science fiction genre. The Hugos, the annual awards for achievements in science fiction are named after him.", "Hawkman first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (1940), and was a featured character in that title throughout the 1940s. This Hawkman was Carter Hall, a reincarnation of the ancient Egyptian prince, Khufu. Hall discovered that the mysterious \"ninth metal\" could negate the effects of gravity and allow him to fly. He donned a costume with large wings to allow him to control his flight and became the crimefighter, Hawkman. He also had a companion hawk named Big Red that assisted him in fighting crime. An archaeologist by profession, Hall used ancient weapons from the museum that he curated.", "Created by Alan Moore, John Constantine, a roguish magician/detective/conman, first appeared during the author's run on \"Swamp Thing\" in 1985, receiving his own series, \"Hellblazer,\" under DC's Vertigo imprint in 1988. That book ran for 300 issues before it was relaunched in DC's \"New 52\" continuity as \"Constantine\" with a younger take on the antihero. It appears that the new series will serve as the primary basis for the pilot.", "Stranger in a Strange Land, winner of the 1962 Hugo Award, is the story of Valentine Michael Smith, born during, and the only survivor of, the first manned mission to Mars. Michael is raised by Martians, and he arrives on Earth as a true innocent: he has never seen a woman and has no knowledge of Earth's cultures or religions. But he brings turmoil with him, as he is the legal heir to an enormous financial empire, not to mention de facto owner of the planet Mars. With the irascible popular author Jubal Harshaw to protect him, Michael explores human morality and the meanings of love. He founds his own church, preaching free love and disseminating the psychic talents taught him by the Martians. Ultimately, he confronts the fate reserved for all messiahs.", "\"The Ghost,\" The All-New Super Friends Hour, Hanna-Barbera, 1977. The Super Friends use the Rods of Merlin to conquer an enemy.  ", "The character first appeared in Showcase #4 (October 1956), created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino. His name combines talk show hosts Barry Gray and Steve Allen. ", "The Black Hole is a Sci-Fi adventure starring Maximillian Schell, Anthony Perkins, Robert Forster, Joseph Bottoms and Ernest Borgnine in a story about five unwitting astronauts on board a spaceship manned by a mad genius who intends to fly into a black hole. The Black Hole was directed by Gary Nelson in 1979.", "The Thing is a feature character in the 1978 Fantastic Four cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera. The character was voiced by Ted Cassidy.", "The story \"The Day Red Turned to Green\", in issue #85 of Tales of the Unexpected, featured giant mushroom-like aliens that could be harmed by anything red. The main character found one of their \"absorbo-sponges\" while spelunking, and anything red that he passed while carrying it turned green.", "In 1892 Robert Potter, an Australian clergyman, published The Germ Growers in London. It describes a covert invasion by aliens who take on the appearance of human beings and attempt to develop a virulent disease to assist in their plans for global conquest. It was not widely read, and consequently Wells's vastly more successful novel is generally credited as the seminal alien invasion story." ]

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[ "Michael Craig \"Mike\" Judge (born October 17, 1962) is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, and musician. He created and starred in the animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–1997, 2011), King of the Hill (1997–2010) and The Goode Family (2009), and co-created the television sitcom Silicon Valley (2014–present).", "Beavis and Butt-Head is an American animated sitcom created and designed by Mike Judge. The series originated from Frog Baseball, a 1992 short film by Judge originally aired on Liquid Television. After seeing the short, MTV signed Judge to develop the concept. The series first ran from March 8, 1993 to November 28, 1997. In 1996, the series was adapted into the animated feature film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.", "(Perez Hilton) MTV has announced that after 13 years, they will bring back Mike Judge's \"Beavis and Butthead\" to the network with new episodes!", "\"Beavis and Butthead\" (above) are returning to MTV, after 13 years! The duo has lots to pick on from Lady Gaga, Keisha, Justin Bieber to Muse, Coldplay, and old rock stars!", "Now Greg Daniels, another former ''Simpsons'' writer, is trying to defy the prime-time animation odds with ''King of the Hill,'' which will have its premiere tonight on Fox at 8:30, right after ''The Simpsons.'' The odds against Mr. Daniels would be even larger if it weren't for the fact that his partner in the endeavor is Mike Judge, the creator (and the voice) of cable's most successful nighttime cartoon, ''Beavis and Butt-head'' on MTV, and of the current hit film ''Beavis and Butt-head Do America.''", "In early 1995, after the successful run of Beavis and Butt-head on MTV, Mike Judge co-created the show King of the Hill with former Simpsons writer Greg Daniels . Judge was a former resident of Garland, Texas , upon which the fictional community of Arlen was loosely based; however, the show was based more specifically on Richardson, Texas a Dallas suburb as Judge stated in a later interview. Mike Judge conceived the idea for the show, drew the main characters, and wrote a pilot script.", "King of the Hill has the distinction of being the second longest running animated sitcom in television history, coming in only behind The Simpsons . The series marked Mike Judge’s second big success in animation, following Beavis and Butt-Head. While Beavis and Butt-head took sophomoric humor to the extreme, KOH aimed more at poking fun of the straight-laced, Middle-American dream.", "King of the Hill is an American adult animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels that ran from January 12, 1997, to May 6, 2010, on Fox. It centers on the Hills, a middle-class Methodist family in the fictional small town of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life. Unlike other animated programs, plots were often cumulative, much like a prime-time drama. In addition, the show was known for its dramatic cliffhangers during season finales. This style of storytelling was unusual for an animated program at the time King of the Hill aired. Judge and Daniels conceived the series after a run with Judge's Beavis and Butt-head on MTV, and the series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement on January 12, 1997, quickly becoming a hit. The series's popularity led to worldwide syndication, and reruns air nightly on Adult Swim. The show became one of Fox's longest-running series, second longest as an animated series. In 2007 it was named by Time magazine as one of the top 100 greatest television shows of all time. The title theme was written and performed by The Refreshments. King of the Hill won two Emmy Awards and was nominated for seven.", "How did it become a spinoff? As part of Liquid TV‘s animated slate that also included Aeon Flux, Beavis and Butt-Head spun into its own series when MTV asked creator Mike Judge, who did both voices, to develop his rock-loving losers into a series of 25-minute episodes.", "Over its run, Beavis and Butt-Head drew a notable amount of both positive and negative reaction from the public with its combination of lewd humor and implied criticism of society. It became the focus of criticism from social conservatives, such as Michael Medved, while others, such as David Letterman, and the conservative magazine National Review, defended it as a cleverly subversive vehicle for social criticism and a particularly creative and intelligent comedy. Either way, the show captured the attention of many young television viewers in the United States and abroad and is often considered a classic piece of 1990s youth culture and Generation X. Trey Parker and Matt Stone, creators of South Park, cite the show as an influence and compared it to the blues. They met Mike Judge before the show aired. ", "Mike Judge ( King of the Hill ) brought us these stuttering slacker teenage boys on MTV from 1993 until 1997. They worked at a fast food restaurant, went to school, watched videos and drove adults mad. Beavis and Butt-head were even popular enough to spawn a feature film, Beavis and Butt-head Do America , in 1996. The boys returned to MTV with new episodes on October 27, 2011.", "David Rennie, Mike Judge From Mike Judge, one of the creative minds behind Beavis and Butt-Head, King of the Hill and Office Space, comes an outrageous sci-fi comedy that'll make you think twice about the future of mankind.", "In 1992, he developed Frog Baseball, a short film featuring the characters Beavis and Butt-head, to be featured on Liquid Television, a 1990s animation showcase that appeared on MTV. The short led to the creation of the Beavis and Butt-Head series on MTV, in which Judge voiced both title characters as well as the majority of supporting characters. Beavis and Butt-head visited Wilson Middle School and attended Highland High School in their series, which are the names of schools in Albuquerque, Judge's hometown. The series ran from 1993 to 1997 and 2011, and also spawned the feature-length film Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996).", "During the panel discussion for the return of Beavis and Butt-head at Comic-Con 2011, Mike Judge said that no current plans exist to revive King of the Hill, although he would not rule out the possibility of it returning. ", "Judge and Daniels conceived the series after a run with Judge's Beavis and Butt-head on MTV, and the series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement on January 12, 1997, quickly becoming a hit. The series's popularity led to worldwide syndication , and reruns aired nightly on Adult Swim . The show became one of Fox's longest-running series, third longest as an animated series. In 2007 it was named by Time magazine as one of the top 100 greatest television shows of all time. [2] The title theme was written and performed by The Refreshments . King of the Hill won two Emmy Awards and was nominated for seven.", "The main game plots the two main characters, Beavis and Butt-head, trying to get into Todd's gang. Over the course of the game, they have to complete tasks[3] and explore areas in the fictional town of Highland, Texas.", "* Mike Judge (creator and voices of Beavis and Butt-head; Hank Hill on King of the Hill; Gerald Goode on The Goode Family)", "As in the old series, Beavis and Butt-head are high school students who, among other things, criticize contemporary music videos. In an interview with Rolling Stone, MTV president Van Toffler said that the duo will also watch Jersey Shore, Ultimate Fighting Championship matches, and amateur videos from YouTube, as well as give movie reviews. \"The biggest change is obviously the references are updated, it's set in modern day, and there's going to be a movie review segment,\" Linn said. \"Otherwise they're still true to their prior passions.\"", "As part of a promotional campaign for the new series, cinemas screening Jackass 3D opened the feature film with a 3-D Beavis and Butt-head short subject. Months later, in a media presentation on February 2, 2010, MTV announced that the series would premiere in mid-2011. On July 21, 2011 Mike Judge spoke and fielded questions on a panel at Comic-Con International. A preview of the episode \"Holy Cornholio\" was also shown. Judge told Rolling Stone that at least 24 episodes (12 half-hour programs) will definitely air. It was initially rumored that Judge was working on 30 new episodes for the network. ", "After its debut, the series became a large success for Fox and was named one of the best television series of the year by various publications, including Entertainment Weekly, Time, and TV Guide. For the 1997–1998 season, the series became one of Fox's highest-rated programs and even briefly outperformed The Simpsons in ratings. During the fifth and sixth seasons, Mike Judge and Greg Daniels became less involved with the show. They eventually refocused on it, even while Daniels became involved with more and more projects.", "King of the Hill is an American adult animated series created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels that ran from January 12, 1997, to May 6, 2010 on Fox. It centers on the Hills, a middle-class American family in the fictional small town of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a realistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life. ", "The show, co-created by Simpsons writer Glen Daniels, came about when Peter Roth, then president of 20th Century Fox Television, approached the animator about coming up with \"a Mike Judge equivalent to Homer Simpson,\" as part of a production deal Judge had signed with the network's parent company. \"I went back to my sketchbooks,\" recalls Judge, who has lived in Austin, Texas, since 1993, \"and I found all these bubba types. I wanted to do something about four or five guys who were really into their power tools.\"", "Beavis and Butt-head have been compared to idiot savants because of their creative and subversively intelligent observations of music videos. This part of the show was mostly improvised by Mike Judge. With regard to criticisms of the two as \"idiots\", Judge responded that a show about straight-A students would not be funny.", "On November 8, 2005, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment released a three-disc DVD compilation titled Beavis and Butt-head: The Mike Judge Collection, Volume 1. The DVD set includes 40 episodes and 11 music video segments from the original shows. The set was followed by Volume 2 and Volume 3. On January 27, 2008, MTV and Apple made all three collections available on the iTunes Store.", "The two characters' lives revolve around watching TV and eating nachos. Beavis typically wore a blue METALLICA t-shirt, while Butt-Head was usually seen wearing a gray AC/DC t-shirt.", "Judge has always performed the voices for both Beavis and Butt-head, and he is taking on Hank Hill and one of his sidekicks, Boomhauer. The latter character's purposely inscrutable speech was inspired by a voice-mail message Judge received a few years ago from a ranting Southerner who, Judge ultimately deciphered, was calling to complain that Beavis &Butt-head didn't start on time. Judge listened to the tape 40 times initially and now plays it repeatedly every time he records Boomhauer's dialogue.", "The show has also been blamed for animal cruelty and the death of a cat with fireworks. In the summer of 1993, Dick Zimmerman, a 44-year-old retired broadcasting executive from Larkspur, California, happened to see the episode in which Butt-head joked, \"Hey, Beavis, let's go over to Stewart's house and light [a firecracker] in his cat's butt.\" Five days later, a cat was found killed by a firecracker in nearby Santa Cruz. Zimmerman, winner of a $10 million state lottery in 1988, immediately put up a $5,000 reward for the perpetrators, told the press that Beavis and Butt-Head was responsible for the death, and started a letter-writing campaign against the show. By the fall, 4,000 people from around the country had joined his campaign. ", "Judge and Daniels' lessening involvement with the show resulted in the series' format turning more episodic and formulaic. [7] Beginning in season seven, John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky, who had worked on the series since season two, took it over completely, tending to emphasize Judge's concept that the series was built around socio-political humor rather than character-driven humor. [7] Although Fox insisted that the series lack character development or story arcs (a demand made of the network's other animated series, so that they can be shown out of order in syndication), [7] Judge and Daniels had managed to develop several minor arcs and story elements throughout the early years of the series, such as Luanne's becoming more independent and educated after Buckley's death, and the aging of characters being acknowledged (a rare narrative occurrence for an animated series). [7] Lacking Judge and Daniels' supervision, the series ceased aging its characters and even began retconning character backstories; in the episode \" A Rover Runs Through It \", Peggy's mother was abruptly changed from a neurotic housewife with whom Peggy shared a competitive relationship to a bitter rancher from whom Peggy had been estranged for several years.", "The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series.", "However, the viewing habits of both daytime and syndicated audiences were changing. When Griffin launched Wheels syndicated version, starring Pat Sajak and Vanna White, in 1983, that show climbed the ratings to the point where it unseated Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show; the syndicated premiere of Wheels sister show Jeopardy! with Alex Trebek as host also siphoned ratings from Feud with its early success. ABC decided that it would not renew Feud for the 1985–86 season, and a cancellation notice was issued for the syndicated version as well. The daytime version came to an end on June 14, 1985. The syndicated version aired its last new episode on May 17, 1985, and continued to air in reruns after that until September 6, 1985.", "Created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company it started airing on December 17, 1989 on Fox and it still stands as one of the top TV shows for over 20 years, 21 seasons and over 460 episodes of 22-24 minutes each and many more to come.", "Originally airing as a special in 1989, it debuted as a regular weekly series in 1990. It was hosted by Bob Saget for the 1989 special and the first eight seasons of the series incarnation, then by John Fugelsang and Daisy Fuentes for its ninth and tenth seasons. After two years of being shown as occasional specials, hosted by various actors and comedians such as D.L. Hughley and Richard Kind, ABC brought the series back on Friday nights in the summer of 2001 with new host Tom Bergeron, who has since become the series' longest-serving host, hosting 15 seasons. Bergeron announced in 2014 that he would be departing as host of the show, and Alfonso Ribeiro took over as host in 2015." ]

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[ "On August 31, 2009, Disney announced that it would acquire Marvel Entertainment for approximately $4 billion. Universal announced that Marvel Super Hero Island, a themed land at Universal's Islands of Adventure theme park at the Universal Orlando Resort, would not be affected by the deal and would continue to operate as long as the contract allowed. Disney CEO Robert Iger acknowledged that Disney would honor all of Marvel's contracts with competitors, but that Marvel characters would simultaneously be able to appear in some Disney parks.[1]", "The Walt Disney Company has acquired Marvel Entertainment in a $4bn (£2.5bn) deal, positioning Spide-Man and the X-Men alongside Hannah Montana and High School Musical.", "On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for $4 billion or $4.2 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. As of 2008, Marvel and its major, longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market. As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services. ", "On August 31, 2009, Disney announced a deal to acquire Marvel Entertainment, Inc. for $4.24 billion. The deal was finalized on December 31, 2009 in which Disney acquired full ownership on the company. ", "On November 18, 2012, Sony Pictures announced it has passed $4 billion worldwide with the success of Columbia's releases: Skyfall , The Amazing Spider-Man , 21 Jump Street , Men in Black 3 , and Hotel Transylvania and Screen Gems' releases: Underworld: Awakening , The Vow , and Resident Evil: Retribution .", "NEW YORK & DUBAI, UAE--(BUSINESS WIRE)--United Arab Emirate-based Al Ahli Group and Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE: MVL (http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=mvl&d=t) - News (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/h?s=mvl)) announced today a partnership that will bring Marvel's full library of Super Heroes -- including Spider-Man, Iron Man, The X-Men, Incredible Hulk, The Fantastic Four and Silver Surfer -- to Dubai for a major new theme park destination being developed by AAG. The development is in line with the vision set by HH Shk. Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai, through his innovative entertainment and hospitality driven expansion projects for Dubai and the UAE.", "Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc., formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, is an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwide's parent company.", "Sony Pictures will finance and release worldwide the next installment of the $4 billion Spider-Man franchise on July 28, 2017, in a film co-produced by Kevin Feige and his expert team at Marvel and Amy Pascal, who oversaw the franchise launch for the studio 13 years ago. Together, they will collaborate on a new creative direction for the Web-Slinger.", "Over the years, Marvel Entertainment has entered in several partnerships and negotiations with other companies across a variety of businesses. , Marvel has film licensing agreements with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures, and a theme park licensing agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts extant before Disney's acquisition. Aside from their contract with Universal, Marvel's characters and properties have also appeared at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. ", "Although a major force in terms of licensing its properties to third-parties, Marvel has prior precedent in 'seizing its destiny' to control how owned material is transferred to other mediums; it opened the Marvel Studios film division in 2004 to directly manage the writing and production of films based on its characters, following the mixed fortunes of its properties when handled by Hollywood studios. Its first films, The Incredible Hulk and Iron Man, appear next year accompanied by Sega's tie-ins.", "The deal follows Disney's acquisitions of Pixar studios for $7.4bn in 2006 and Marvel comics for $4.2bn in 2009.", "Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. (Marvel or MEG), incorporated on as the parent company of Marvel Comics and Marvel Productions, was put up for sale as part of the liquidation of its then parent corporation, Cadence Industries, and sold in 1986 to New World Pictures. On January 6, 1989, Ronald Perelman's MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings group of companies bought Marvel Entertainment Group from New World for $82.5 million, not including Marvel Productions, which was folded into New World's TV and movie business.", "http://i.cnn.net/money/2006/08/04/news/companies/marvel/marvel_comics.03.jpgMarvel makes the most of its profits from licensing the rights to its large stable of comic book characters such as the X-Men, the Incredible Hulk and the Fantastic Four to movie studios and video game publishers.http://i.cnn.net/money/2006/08/04/news/companies/marvel/spiderman2.03.jpgWall Street has high hopes for \"Spider-Man 3\", which comes out in May 2007. In addition to licensing fees, Marvel has received a small cut of the box office for the first two Spidey films from the movies' producer, Sony.http://i.cnn.net/money/2006/08/04/news/companies/marvel/mvl0804.mkw.gifA rocky ride: Shares of Marvel surged earlier this year but have lost some of their luster lately due to concerns about management departures and plans to finance its own movies.http://i.cnn.net/money/.element/img/1.0/launcher/irc_insert.gif http://i.cnn.net/money/.element/img/1.0/launcher/fun_money_220_insert.gif (http://money.cnn.com/news/funny/) And Marvel (http://money.cnn.com/quote/quote.html?symb=MVL) (Charts (http://money.cnn.com/quote/chart/chart.html?symb=MVL)) has only one major movie tied to one of its comic book franchises this year, \"X-Men: The Last Stand.\" Granted, \"X-Men\", released in May, has been a huge blockbuster for Marvel and News Corp's Fox, the studio that released the film.", "In 1986, Marvel's parent, Marvel Entertainment Group, was sold to New World Entertainment, which within three years sold it to MacAndrews and Forbes, owned by Revlon executive Ronald Perelman.", "Want to see pent-up demand? There was plenty to spare at the San Diego Convention Center in July, when Marvel Entertainment (MVL) titillated the faithful at the annual Comic-Con convention. With nearly 1,000 die-hard comic-book fans in attendance, the company that makes Spider-Man swing and X-Men mutate unveiled plans for its next Incredible Hulk as well as new flicks based on its Ant Man and Iron Man franchises. Since then, Marvel shares have been supercharged, jumping 41%, to $26.52, on Nov. 9.", "About Marvel Entertainment, Inc. With a library of over 5,000 characters, Marvel Entertainment, Inc. is one of the world's most prominent character-based entertainment companies. Marvel's operations are focused on utilizing its character franchises in licensing, entertainment, publishing and toys. Areas of emphasis include feature films, DVD/home video, consumer products, video games, action figures and role-playing toys, television and promotions. Rooted in the creative success of over sixty years of comic book publishing, Marvel's strategy is to leverage its character franchises in a growing array of opportunities around the world. More information about Marvel can be found at www.marvel.com (http://www.marvel.com/).", "June 4, 2003: Marvel Enterprises purchases Artisan Entertainment and merges it with Marvel Studios. This gives Marvel Entertainment the film libraries of Republic Pictures, ITC Entertainment, and Carolco Pictures. They assign someone to look at the marketability / worth of these libraries and how much (and if) they will sell for. Additionally, Marvel announces that Captain America will be the second film released on HD-DVD.", "NEW YORK, Aug 7 (Reuters) - Marvel Entertainment Inc. (MVL.N: Quote, Profile, Research), which licenses comic book characters such as Spider-Man and Captain America, on Monday said quarterly profit fell 37 percent on weaker sales, but the company raised its full-year forecast.", "NEW YORK, Sep 14, 2006 (BUSINESS WIRE) -- Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE: MVL), a global character-based entertainment and licensing company, today announced that Peter Cuneo, the Company's Vice Chairman, and David Maisel, Marvel's Executive Vice President, Corporate Development and Vice Chairman of the Company's Marvel Studios division, will be presenting at the Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research Communacopia XV Conference on Tuesday, September 19th at 4:40 p.m. EDT. The conference is being held at the Grand Hyatt Hotel in New York City.", "The underperformance of 1983's Superman III made feature-film adaptations of comic book properties a very low priority in Hollywood until the 1990s. In 1985, after a brief option on Spider-Man by Roger Corman expired, Marvel Comics optioned the property to Cannon Films. Cannon chiefs Menahem Golan and his cousin Yoram Globus agreed to pay Marvel Comics $225,000 over the five-year option period, plus a percentage of any film’s revenues. However, the rights would revert to Marvel if a film was not made by April 1990. ", "Licensing Segment net sales declined 15% from the year-ago period to $28.3 million, primarily due to lower contributions from domestic licensing and Marvel's Spider-Man merchandising joint venture (JV) with Sony. These declines were partially offset by gains in international licensing and the Marvel Studios operations. The $6.2 million reduction in domestic merchandise licensing sales resulted from lower anticipated new and renewal contract sales in the third quarter, which was partially offset by gains in overages. The Spider-Man JV had sales of only $0.8 million in Q3 2006, which were primarily related to licensing overages associated with catalog sales of the Spider-Man 2 video game. Studio media licensing sales increased to $4.3 million in Q3 2006, with the gain from the prior year predominantly generated from animated television and Direct-to-DVD projects.", "NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE: MVL (http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=mvl&d=t) - News (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/h?s=mvl)), a global character-based entertainment and licensing company, today announced that John Turitzin, Executive Vice President, Office of the Chief Executive, and Peter Cuneo, Vice Chairman, will present at Bank of America 2007 Media, Telecommunications & Entertainment Conference on Thursday, March 29th at 11:20 a.m. EDT. The conference is being held at The Palace Hotel in New York, NY.", "NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Marvel Entertainment, Inc. (NYSE: MVL (http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=mvl&d=t) - News (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/h?s=mvl)), a global character-based entertainment and licensing company, today reported operating results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2006.", "The Amazing Spider-Man is an upcoming American superhero film directed by Marc Webb, based on the comic book of the same name, and starring Andrew Garfield as the fictional superhero, Spider-Man. It is the fourth Columbia Pictures film based on the Marvel Comics character, and the first film in a rebooted Spider-Man film franchise. The cast includes Garfield as Peter Parker and his alter ego, and Emma Stone and Rhys Ifans as Gwen Stacy and Dr. Curt Connors, respectively. The film will portray Parker as his super powers are evolving in high school.", "In 2003, Bill Stine purchased back Quest Aerospace, a 1995 Toy Biz acquisition, from Marvel. In summer 2003, Marvel places an offer for Artisan Entertainment. A new unit, Marvel International, was set up in London under a president, Bruno Maglione, to extend the company's operation and presence in major overseas markets in November 2003. In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst Communications, Inc. In November 2004, Marvel consolidated its children's sleepwear-apparel licensing business with American Marketing Enterprises, Inc. ", "*Marvel Property, Inc. (Delaware) incorporated 12/2/1986 Note: Secure site: File number 2109460 must be entered. (formerly Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc.)", "Founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Universal Studios is one of the oldest American movie studios still in continuous production. On May 11, 2004, the controlling stake in the company was sold by Vivendi Universal to General Electric, parent of NBC. The resulting media super-conglomerate was renamed NBC Universal, while Universal Studios Inc. remained the name of the production subsidiary. In addition to owning a sizable film library spanning the earliest decades of cinema to more contemporary works, it also owns a sizable collection of TV shows through its subsidiary NBC Universal Television Distribution. It also acquired rights to several prominent filmmakers’ works originally released by other studios through its subsidiaries over the years.", "NBCUniversal acquires the 50% of Universal Studios Orlando that it did not already own from Blackstone. The move reflects NBCUniversal’s long-term commitment to the theme park business.", "Marvel to Present at Citigroup Entertainment, Media & Telecom Conference Wed. Jan. 10th at 9:45 AM PST", "Bang! Remember Marvel is not just an entertainment company but a studio, publisher, and most importantly and IP company/licensing machine. There's money coming in from 300 different sources daily.", "The company also licenses its characters to makers of movies, TV shows, clothing, video games, and other products such as toy action figures. Annual revenues are currently $390 million.", "In November 2004, the corporation sued South Korea-based NCSoft Corp. and San Jose, California-based Cryptic Studios Inc. over possible trademark infringement in their City of Heroes massive multiplayer online game. Marvel settled a film-royalties lawsuit in April 2005 with its former editor-in-chief and publisher, Stan Lee, paying him $10 million and negotiating an end to his royalties. " ]

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[ "A tell in poker is a detectable change in a player's behavior or demeanor that gives clues to that player's assessment of their hand. See main article: tell", "The game of poker does not consist only of the actual ability of playing the game, but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents. A key component of poker is to be able to \"cheat\" the opponents. To spot these cheats, players must have the ability to spot the individual \"ticks\" of their opponents. Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well.", "Poker allows two ways to win: own the best hand, or make the best hand go away, sometimes by bluffing. The imperative to bluff, it turns out, is inherent. “I can take a purely mathematical model of poker and hunt for a purely mathematical solution,” Harold Kuhn, a professor emeritus at Princeton who knew Von Neumann, told me, “and a phenomenon will appear which has always seemed to be psychological but isn’t—it’s mathematical—which is that you will bluff, and your opponent will drop out. The necessity for bluffing is built into the mathematics of the model.”", "When a player who initially had a substantial statistical lead over an opponent loses his hand to that opponent after the flop, turn, or river.", "In draw poker, the sometimes visible card at the bottom of a player's hand. Players will sometimes deliberately expose this card.", "Texas hold 'em (also known as Texas holdem, hold 'em, and holdem) is a variation of the card game of poker. Two cards, known as the hole cards or hold cards, are dealt face down to each player. and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages. The stages consist of a series of three cards (\"the flop\"), later an additional single card (\"the turn\" or \"fourth street\") and a final card (\"the river\" or \"fifth street\"). Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from the combination of the community cards and their own hole cards. If a player's best five card poker hand consists only of the five community cards and none of the player's hole cards, it is called \"playing the board\". Players have betting options to check, call, raise or fold. Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt, and after each subsequent deal.", "Quite possibly one of the scariest plays in poker. A player \"checks\" the hand, to see what his opponents play will be, but has every intention of re-raising if his opponent raises him. This is a technique used to get more money into the pot and an effective play in a limit game.", "At the start of every Texas Hold'em poker hand there are two things that are a constant: The button and the blinds.", "Some games, especially five card draw , are often played with a bug. This is a joker added to the pack which acts as a limited wild card. It can either be used as an ace, or to complete a straight or a flush. Thus the highest hand is five aces (", "A term usually used in draw poker like Jacks or Better or Jackpots in which a player does not open to make the first opening bet but then calls after another player has opened the betting with a qualifying opening hand.", "Poker played poorly is purely a gambler’s game. Losers tend to think that they didn’t get the cards, and not that they were beaten by someone who played better than they did. They return to the table and wait for big hands and lose more. Accomplished players strive to diminish the effects of luck. From the pattern of their opponents’ bets and behaviors, they work like detectives to determine their cards. They play opportune hands deceptively, and feckless ones, too, and shed unpromising ones before the cards cause them too much harm. They know that some hands that seem auspicious are not, and that others are stronger than they appear.", "Texas hold 'em (also known as hold 'em or holdem) is a variation of the standard card game of poker. The game consists of two cards being dealt face down to each player and then five community cards being placed face-up by the dealer—a series of three (\"the flop\") then two additional single cards (\"the turn\" and \"the river\" or \"fourth and fifth street\" respectively), with players having the option to check, bet, raise or fold after each deal; i.e., betting may occur prior to the flop, \"on the flop\", \"on the turn\", and \"on the river\".", "The button is a disc placed in front of a player, and signifies who is the dealer for that hand.", "* Simplified - The dealer button moves to the next active player on the left, and the small and big blinds are paid by the first and second players remaining to the left. This is the easiest to track and always rotates the button, but results in \"missed blinds\". For instance, a player \"under the gun\" when the player in the big blind busts out ends up paying the small blind; they have \"missed\" the big blind they would have paid had the leaving player remained in the game. Similarly, a player in the small blind who busts out means the player in the big blind gets the button, missing the small blind.", "In Texas Hold’em, table position is very important, in terms of who bets first (or last), and who posts the big and small blinds. The Dealer Button is put in front of players in a clockwise rotating order, and the person to the left of the Dealer posts the Small Blind.", "Chances are, if you're a poker player, you know somebody who's a heads-up specialist. I sat next to one in a poker game two nights ago. These players love being involved in every hand that gets played and believe the psychological battle of heads-up play represents poker in its purest... more", "4. Other players are watching you. They’ll be looking for these same behaviors in you, so try to mix it up a little. Play with your chips and act like you’re trying to decide if you want to raise, then fold. Try not to act or appear too excited when you get a good hand, or see a good card turn up on the table.", "Example 2: You are playing with nine tipsy college kids who are practically telling you what their hands are after the flop through their actions. Every time you are beat after the flop, you lay down your hand because you can tell by their actions that they have stronger hands, and every time you have the best hand, they pay you off by calling all your bets until the end. In this game, you can loosen up your starting hand requirements because you always have a good idea where you stand and can collect the maximum amount with your good hands. This is what is usually called a loose /passive game and can be the most profitable situation to be in.", "Players who look at their cards and then gaze away from the action are usually intending to bet or raise. They have strong hands. That wayward gaze falls somewhere between an act and instinctive behavior. That opponent is deliberately trying to seem uninterested and, for you, this usually means trouble!", "b. In a game of cards, especially poker, the position from which cards are dealt clockwise around the table, usually marked by the button.", "6. (Card Games) (intr) (in poker, of the second player after the dealer) to double the ante before looking at one's cards", "Before and after each card(s) is revealed, players take turns to bet. To stay in the hand and see the next card, all players must have put the same amount of chips in the pot as each other", "A small plastic disc called the \"Dealer Button\" to indicate who the dealer is. After the flop, the dealer is the last person to act in a round of betting. Being \"on the button\" is a good position as you are the last person to decide to call, raise or fold.", "This hand rarely holds up in multi-handed play, but can still hold its own in heads up. More likely than not, it is the result of an unimproved opening hand (such as in Holdem) or a missed draw.", "FIG. 8 is an illustration of a Machcala Xchange (MXI-8) game depicting Lawn Tennis. The scenario involves two players competing in a one set club match (six suits). Colored poker chips are used as playing pieces (not shown) and bear indicia representing a tennis ball with the respective point won in the center of the chip. Thus, the red chip represents \"15\", the value of the first point scored in tennis; the blue chip represents \"30\", the second point scored; the silver chip represents \"40\", the third point scored; and the gold chip represents \"game\", the fourth and last point scored.", "In this situation, you can take a stab at the pot with a bet. If an opponent raises, you just fold out (easy decision), but your opponent just calls your bet, it puts you in a more difficult position. When the turn is no help to you, do you bet again? Or check this time, giving your opponent confidence in their mediocre hand. You will have a difficult time trying to figure out if your opponent is drawing for a hand, or has a little something now and considers it worthwhile to pay to see the next card. It will cost you a big bet to bluff again on the turn, but you will usually be getting pretty good pot odds if you think there is a chance your opponent might fold. This would be a good time to know your player.", "When it’s your turn to act, if opponents are slightly reaching toward their chips or even moving their hands almost imperceptibly in that direction, they’re trying to discourage your bet. This gives you the opportunity to profitably bet medium-strong hands you might otherwise have checked.", "A situation with a deck of cards with more high cards than low is favorable to the player and unfavorable to the bank (because it increases the likelihood of a bank of over 21, since the bank is acting in a fixed way, which is to continue to take a 'additional paper as long as it does not exceed or until all players get to 17, and for other reasons). This technique allows therefore difficult to know what is the most propitious time to make higher stakes. ", "Playing an online six-handed game ? Here, people are more likely to raise on the turn without having a great hand, so watch them closely just in case.", "If a number is shown in brackets next to a button, it represents the amount of chips that will be played if you select the particular action. As long as an action has not been deactivated you can select it with a click of the mouse. As soon as it is your turn, your selected action will be carried out automatically if possible. Your selected action is only valid for one round. You can decide if you want to play your turn manually or select an automatic action each round.", "A player wishing to play craps without being the shooter should approach the craps table and first check to see if the dealer's \"On\" button is on any of the point numbers.", "Used in tournament play to refer to the size of the blinds that are periodically increased " ]

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[ "Among Theodore Roosevelt's many accomplishments were two terms as President of the United States, the publishing of more than forty works of nonfiction, the exploration of the South American wilderness, and having his likeness sculpted on Mount Rushmore. However, even with all of these and many other achievements, Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt often stated that participating in the Battle of San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War was one of his proudest moments. Roosevelt's service with the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, also known as the \"Rough Riders,\" lasted only four months, but he proclaimed \"there are no four months of my life to which I look back with more pride and satisfaction.\"(1) To most people, the charge up San Juan Hill is one of the two most memorable events connected with the \"Splendid Little War.\"(2) The other is the sinking of the USS Maine, which helped set the stage for war.", "1898 - During the Spanish-American War, Theodore Roosevelt and his \"Rough Riders\" waged a victorious assault on San Juan Hill in Cuba.", "When the Spanish-American War broke out, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt famously quit his job to lead a volunteer regiment known as the Rough Riders. Roosevelt and his men played a decisive role in the Battle of San Juan Hill and took part in other confrontations in Cuba. In 1916, less than three years before his death, the 26th president was nominated for the Medal of Honor, but the Army passed him over, citing a lack of evidence for his heroic actions at San Juan Hill. President Bill Clinton posthumously awarded him the decoration in 2001. Roosevelt’s son, Theodore Jr., who served in both World Wars, also received the Medal of Honor.", "Theodore (\"Teddy\") Roosevelt became a war hero when he led a charge up the Kettle Hill at the Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago as lieutenant colonel of the Rough Riders Regiment on July 1. The Americans were aided in Cuba by the pro-independence rebels led by General Calixto García. Unbiased reports depict a much less glorified version of events, where demoralized Spanish troops often more quickly surrendered than fought. The U.S. troops had far more problems dealing with heat and disease than with the Spanish forces, and within a month the island was in U.S. hands.", "    I believe that President Roosevelt's leadership of the First United States Voluntary Cavalry Regimentbetter known as the Rough Ridersat the battle of San Juan Heights, Cuba on July 1, 1898, merits this award because he exhibited courage and leadership well beyond the call of duty. While Colonel Roosevelt's conduct was described by witnesses as worthy of the Medal of Honor he was deprived of it because of political reasons. It is an oversight which should be remedied in this, the centennial year of the Spanish-American War.", " The charge up an obscure Cuban hill on July, 1 1898 was a pivotal point in Theodore Roosevelt's political career. When war broke with Spain in April of that year, Roosevelt was serving as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He immediately quit his position and helped form a regiment of volunteers. The \"Rough Riders\" enlisted cowboys and college men led by Roosevelt under the command of Leonard Wood. They arrived in Cuba in time to take part in the Battle of San Juan Hill.", "Shortly thereafter, Roosevelt and his Rough Riders—an all-volunteer cavalry regiment he had put together after the war began and he resigned his civilian post—landed at Daiquirí beach in southeastern Cuba, forever cementing the name in American folklore. The nearby village became a focal point of the US invasion, and after about three and a half months (as well as several extremely bloody battles), the Americans succeeded in driving the Spanish from the country.", "Roosevelt joined the U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment which became known as the Rough Riders to fight in the Spanish-American War . He served from May-September, 1898 and quickly rose to colonel. On July 1 , he and the Rough Riders had a major victory at San Juan charging up Kettle Hill. He was part of the occupying force of Santiago.", "immediately quit his position and helped form a regiment of volunteers. The \"Rough Riders\" enlisted cowboys and college men led by Roosevelt under the command of Leonard Wood. They arrived in Cuba in time to take part in the Battle of San Juan Hill.", "The 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, or “Rough Riders,” were a group of soldiers who fought on horseback during the Spanish-American War. They were led by former White House physician Col. Leonard Wood and future president Theodore Roosevelt. The Rough Riders helped fight the Battle of San Juan Hill, which helped win the war. Many of the members were from Arizona and included cowboys, ranchers and miners. Notable Arizonans included John Campbell Greenway, William “Bucky” O’Neill and future territorial governor Alexander Brodie. ", "On July 1, 1898 the Rough Riders and several other Regular Army units charged Spanish entrenchments overlooking the city of Santiago, driving the enemy from their positions. Teddy led the charge as the only man on horseback. With the help of fire support from a battery of Gatling guns, the Americans took the San Juan Heights – also known as “Kettle Hill” – and Roosevelt achieved much of the renown for leading the charge and his enthusiastic conduct during the fight. [I will likely be writing more about this battle in the future on the Burn Pit…]", "Colonel Roosevelt and the Rough Riders played a key role in the outcome of the Spanish–American War by assisting the American forces in forming a constricting ring around the city of Santiago de Cuba. The ultimate goal of the Americans in capturing the San Juan Heights (also known as Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill) was to attain a strategic position from which to move downhill and attack Santiago, a strong point for the Spanish military. The Spanish had a fleet of cruisers in port. The United States drove the Spanish cruisers out of their port by taking areas around Santiago and subsequently moving in on the city from multiple directions. Two days after the battle on San Juan Heights, the US navy destroyed Spain's Caribbean cruiser fleet at Santiago Bay. This took a tremendous toll on the Spanish military due to their widespread empire and heavy reliance upon naval capabilities. ", "Finding the middle, where the truth sometimes rests, requires you to know the edges. When it comes to responsibility for the victory of the United States Army on San Juan Heights, Cuba, on 1 July 1898, the edges are easy to find. On one side, there is the Teddy-centric view, first and most clearly expressed in the writings of Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt of the 1st Volunteer Cavalry Regiment�the legendary Rough Riders. Roosevelt�s memoir of Cuba so emphasized his own role that Mr. Dooley, the barroom pundit created by humorist Peter Finley Dunne, said the book should have been called \"Alone in Cuba.\"", "War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island. During the war the American navy led by Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, the American ship the \"Maine\" was sunk in Havana harbor, and Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. A major result of the war was the acquisition by the United States of the Philippines, which made America a major power in the Pacific.", "A special unit of soldiers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt to do battle in the Spanish-American War; this unit was composed of men from many backgrounds, with the commanding officer of the unit being Roosevelt (after he resigned as Assistant secretary of the Navy). The most publicized event of the war was the charge of the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898.", "In the final phase of the war, the United States deployed ground forces to sweep Spanish forces out of Havana and Santiago. The \"Rough Riders,\" the most famous of which was Theodore Roosevelt , worked with rebel groups to take control of the nation's capitol and ferret out remaining Spanish forces in the countryside. The U.S. troops then departed Cuba for Puerto Rico , driving the Spanish from the island.", "On July 1, a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's \"Colored\" regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his \"Rough Riders\", the 71st New York, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans. Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later.", "On April 29, Spanish admiral Pascual Cervera left the Cape Verde Islands with four cruisers and three destroyers, turning up in Santiago de Cuba where the U.S. Navy put the Spanish fleet under a blockade. Then a force of some 17,000 troops hastily assembled at Tampa, Florida, under the command of General William Shafter. One significant element of that force was Colonel Leonard Wood's First Volunteer Cavalry, better known as the \" Rough Riders ,\" and best remembered because Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt was second in command. Roosevelt, always active, got his regiment ashore quickly. \"We disembarked with our rifles, our ammunition belts, and not much else,\" he remembered. \"I carried some food in my pocket, and a light coat which was my sole camp equipment for the next three days.\"", "Using Parker's guns as a cover, the cavalry and infantry finally received permission to attack the Spanish forward positions along San Juan Heights. What actually happened at this point is still quite confusing. A number of different versions of the battle by its participants conflict with each other. Of particular interest to this study is Roosevelt's own account of the events. In his two reports to Leonard Wood that were published in the Report of the Secretary of War, as well as his postwar story in The Rough Riders, Roosevelt gives the impression that he alone was the first to charge the San Juan Heights to drive away the entrenched Spaniards. This image of Theodore Roosevelt was propagated with the help of Richard Harding Davis. Reporting for the New York Herald, Davis transcribed what Roosevelt told him, then added his own twist to the story. In addition to the newspaper articles, magazines and books picked up his story. Davis depicted a fearless Roosevelt, wearing a blue polka-dotted bandanna, charging up the hill mounted on his horse, Texas. Thus the legend of Theodore Roosevelt was created.(23)", "Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898, near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.", "May 29 - The U.S. Navy Flying Squadron , commanded by Commodore Winfield Scott Schley , arrives off Santiago de Cuba. Schley received orders to blockade Santiago de Cuba on May 24, but futilely awaited the Spanish Atlantic Squadron off Cienfuegos first. The Flying Squadron consists of the armored cruiser USS Brooklyn (CA-3) ; the battleships USS Iowa (BB-4) , USS Massachusetts (BB-2) , and USS Texas (1892) ; and the protected cruiser USS Marblehead. [85] The 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry — better known as the \" Rough Riders \" because most of the men are cowboys , frontiersmen , railroad workers, Native Americans, and similar \"rough\" people from the American West — depart their training camp in San Antonio, Texas. They are under the command of Colonel Leonard Wood ; Theodore Roosevelt, who largely organized the unit, declines command of it. Pleading inexperience, Roosevelt accepts a commission as lieutenant colonel of volunteers and serves as Wood's subordinate. [77] [86]", "Theodore Roosevelt was a national hero when he led a group of soldiers called the Rough", "Spanish-American War Soldiers from the 1st U.S. Volunteer Engineers offload from the U.S. Army Transport Ship Chester at Playa de Ponce, Puerto Rico. After the United States declared war on Spain, things moved so quickly that there weren’t enough lodgings, rations or even transport ships for the Army. The main force disembarked in Cuba in what Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, then second in command of the “Rough Riders” 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, called a “higgledly-piggledy” process. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center)", "The landing at Daiquiri was at least 3 years after the liberation of Cuba and was visited by notable people like Theodore Roosevelt as seen in this publication:", "Twelve miles away, the Spanish were fortifying the hills surrounding the city of Santiago. An American victory on the hills overlooking the city would end the war. As Roosevelt led the Rough Riders inland through the dense undergrowth, they were caught in an ambush. Roosevelt gave chase, and the Spanish retreated. Eight Rough Riders were killed, 34 more were wounded. Roosevelt was enjoying every minute of it.", "The letter caused great embarrassment to the McKinley administration, which appeared cold and callous to the American public for leaving the sick troops in Cuba. McKinley was also fearful that news of a decimated army would give the Spanish more bargaining power when negotiating the armistice. The scandal became known as the \"Round Robin Affair,\" and as a result, McKinley allowed Shafter to start sending his men north as soon as possible. The first shipload of troops left Santiago on August 7, and by August 25 the entire corps had left Cuba. The Rough Riders were among those transported on one of the first ships to leave Cuba and arrived at Montauk Point, Long Island, on August 15 to a cheering crowd.(30) ", "A victory won by Teddy Roosevelt in Cuba. Called San Juan Hill to sound more Spanish for the newspapers.", "The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action. The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior. As a measure towards rectifying this situation President William McKinley called upon 1,250 volunteers to assist in the war efforts. The regiment was also called \"Wood's Weary Walkers\" in honor of its first commander, Colonel Leonard Wood. This nickname served to acknowledge that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry.", "Upon the declaration of war in 1898 that would be known as the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt resigned from the Navy Department and, with the aid of U.S. Army Colonel Leonard Wood, organized the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment out of a diverse crew that ranged from cowboys from the Western territories to Ivy League friends from New York. The newspapers called them the \"Rough Riders.\" Originally Roosevelt held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and served under Colonel Wood, but after Wood was promoted to Brigadier General of Volunteer Forces, Roosevelt was promoted to Colonel and given command of the Regiment.", "GARDNER: Most Rough Riders, including Roosevelt, were disappointed in what they saw of the Cuban insurrectos. Their clothing was in tatters, and their arms varied greatly in quality. It didn’t help that the Cubans failed to come through with the promised support in the subsequent fighting.", "1000+ images about Spanish American war on Pinterest | Cuba, Rough riders and The spanish american war", "For centuries, Cuba was home of the Spanish Empire. In the late 19th century, Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance, resulting in three liberation wars: the Ten Years' War (1868–1878), the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). Interested in extending its hegemony over Cuba, the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire, as a colony, the United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire, resulting in the Spanish–American War (1898). The US subsequently invaded the island, and forced the Spanish army out. On 20 May 1902, a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba, with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma, a Cuban-born US citizen. Subsequently, large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba, and by 1905, 60% of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans. Between 1906–1909, 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island, and returned in 1912, 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs, sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government. " ]

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[ "The modern game of Stratego, with its Napoleonic imagery, was originally manufactured in the Netherlands by Jumbo, and was licensed by the Milton Bradley Company for American distribution, and introduced in the United States in 1961 [11] (although it was trademarked in 1960).", "The Milton Bradley story is a great American success story.  In addition to its early successes and its television games, Milton Bradley introduced many other games which have become classics, including: BATTLESHIP,  CONCENTRATION, CONNECT FOUR, HANGMAN, THE GAME OF INDIA, THE GAME OF LIFE, MOUSETRAP, OPERATION, PASSWORD, RACKO, SIMON,  STRATEGO, TWISTER, and YAHTZEE (which it acquired when it bought the E.S. Lowe Company).", "The most widely known edition of Snakes and Ladders in the United States is Chutes and Ladders from Milton Bradley (which was purchased by the game's current distributor Hasbro ). It is played on a 10×10 board, and players advance their pieces according to a spinner rather than a die. The theme of the board design is playground equipment—children climb ladders to go down chutes. The artwork on the board teaches a morality lesson, the squares on the bottom of the ladders show a child doing a good or sensible deed and at the top of the ladder there is an image of the child enjoying the reward. At the top of the chutes, there are pictures of children engaging in mischievous or foolish behaviour and the images on the bottom show the child suffering the consequences. There have also been many pop culture versions of the game produced in recent years, with graphics featuring such characters as Dora the Explorer and SpongeBob SquarePants .", "Where did this all start? Board games date back as far as 3000 BC, but the modern US game industry began in the mid 1800s. It started with a man named Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts, who introduced The Checkered Game of Life in 1860. This early version of The Game of Life, (or Life), sold well and established The Milton Bradley Company as the first big game maker. They bought the larger McGloughlin Bros. Inc in 1920 and Selchow and Righter, makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble, in 1987. Milton Bradley, in turn, was purchased by Hasbro in 1984, but continue to be operated as Milton Bradley. Their best loved games are Twister, Battleship, Connect Four and Hungry Hungry Hippos, along with hundreds of TV & movie titles.", "Snakes and Ladders originated in India as part of a family of dice board games, that included Gyan chauper and pachisi (present-day Ludo and Parcheesi ). The game made its way to England and was sold as \"Snakes and Ladders\", then the basic concept was introduced in the United States as Chutes and Ladders (an \"improved new version of England's famous indoor sport\" [3] ) by game pioneer Milton Bradley in 1943. [4]", "Milton Bradley celebrated their centennial in 1960 with the re-release of The Checkered Game of Life, which was modernized. It was now simply called The Game of Life and the goal was no longer to reach Happy Old Age, but to become a millionaire. Twister made its debut in the 1960s as well. Thanks to Johnny Carson's suggestive comments as Eva Gabor played the game on his show, Twister became a phenomenon. In the 1960s Milton Bradley games were licensed in Australia by John Sands Pty Ltd.", "The Milton Bradley Company is an American game company established by Milton Bradley in Springfield, Massachusetts , in 1860. In 1920, it absorbed the game production of McLoughlin Brothers , formerly the largest game manufacturer in the United States and in 1987 it purchased Selchow and Righter , makers of Parcheesi and Scrabble .", "Milton Bradley has released board games based on everything from Pac-Man to Family Feud . A few of their more surprising adaptations have included the detective show  Columbo , the movie  Jumanji  (which features a board game that sucks players into another dimension), and a huge range of Disney movies.", "In 1967 Milton Bradley introduced a version of the game that used plastic boards and pegs. The method of play involved using pegboards and miniaturized plastic ships, and was thought of by Ed Hutchins. In 1977, Milton Bradley also released a computerized Electronic Battleship, followed in 1989 by Electronic Talking Battleship. In 2008, an updated version of Battleship was released, using hexagonal tiles. In the updated version, each player's board contains several islands on which \"captured man\" figurines can be placed. Ships may be placed only around the islands, and only in the player's half of the board. When the movie Battleship was released, the board game reverted to the original 1967 style. The 2008 updated version is still available as Battleship Islands.", "The Game of Life began in 1860 as The Checkered Game of Life. Developed by board game pioneer Milton Bradley, the game originally was played on a modified checkerboard and conveyed a moral message as players advanced through virtues and vices—ambition, crime, bravery, gambling, honor, idleness, matrimony, prison, poverty and wealth—encountered from infancy to “happy old age.” In 1959, game inventor Reuben Klamer redesigned The Checkered Game of Life for the 100th anniversary of the Milton Bradley Co. The result was The Game of Life, which celebrated its 50th anniversary this year.", "The game was an immediate success, and in 1864 he launched Milton Bradley and Company, one of the most famous board game companies in history. Bradley died on May 30, 1911. The modern Game of Life was published in 1960, 100 years after Bradley first started selling The Checkered Game of Life…all because an 11-year-old girl asked Abraham Lincoln to grow a beard.", "Battleship is a guessing game for two players. It is known worldwide as a pencil and paper game which predates World War I. It was published by Milton Bradley Company in 1943 as the pad-and-pencil game “Broadsides, the Game of Naval Strategy”, and as a board game in 1967.", "The Checkered Game of Life - The forerunner of The Game of Life, and one of the earliest board games published by Milton Bradley.", "In 1982, Milton Bradley released a board game based on Pac-Man. In this game, players move up to four Pac-Man characters (traditional yellow plus red, green and blue) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice. Each Pac-Man is assigned to a player while the ghosts are neutral and controlled by all players. Each player moves their Pac-Man the number of spaces on either die and a ghost the number of spaces on the other die, the Pac-Man consuming any white marbles (equivalent of dots) and yellow marbles (equivalent of power pellets) in its path. Players can move a ghost onto a Pac-Man and claim two white marbles from its player. They can also move a Pac-Man with a yellow marble inside it onto a ghost and claim two white marbles from any other player (following which the yellow marble is placed back on the maze. The game ends when all white marbles have been cleared from the board and the player with the largest number of white marbles is then declared the winner. ", "BATTLESHIP.  BATTLESHIP, a boxed game sold by Milton Bradley since 1967, appeared as a pencil and paper game in booklet form as early as 1931, when it was called SALVO; the game has been published under many titles since then, including WARFARE NAVAL COMBAT; COMBAT, THE BATTLESHIP GAME; and BROADSIDE, THE GAME OF NAVAL STRATEGY.  (See box on how to play SALVO).", "This game featured four players competing against one another to move their game pieces around the board and eventually into their \"home.\" The unique feature that everyone remembers about this game was the \"Pop-o-matic\" dice container. A plastic bubble, as it may be called, held the dice and when pressed, it popped, causing the dice to change sides. Produced by Milton Bradley, this game was originally designed by the Kohner Brothers. It has been compared to Parcheesi over the years.", "journey to Victorian England where a newer version was introduced by John Jacques in 1892. It also made its way into the USA by game inventor Milton Bradley in 1943. It was then given the name Snakes and ladders.", "Watkins-Strathmore made two in 1967 and 1968. Ideal made one in 1974, with Peter Marshall pictured on the box; this was reissued under the Celebrity Squares name in Britain, with the only real changes being the name and Peter Marshall's photo on the box being swapped out for Bob Monkhouse's. Milton Bradley made two in 1980 and 1986. Parker Brothers made one in 1999 (cited as being the best of the bunch), and Tiger made an LCD handheld game that same year. GameTek made computer versions for MS-DOS and the Nintendo Entertainment System .", "Broadside - A game of naval combat. Like most Milton Bradley games, it's pretty straightforward and simple. 1962.", "The pieces in just about any board game by Milton Bradley or Parker Brothers will have players coded Red, Blue, Green, Yellow:", "English-language Scrabble is the original version of the popular word-based board game invented in 1938 by US architect Alfred Mosher Butts who based the game on the letter distribution in The New York Times in English.", "The gameboard is checkered and divided into 16×16 squares. Pieces may be small checkers or counters, or wooden or plastic cones or men resembling small chess pawns. Piece colors are typically black and white for two-player games, and various colors or other distinction in games for four players.", "This series include patriotic games which are usually encased on the MXI-6 thru MXI-12 matrices with center court design depicting the geo-physical map outline of the target nation and playing pieces representing four or more major national monuments, symbols or heroes. Point pieces have monetary value--usually $10,000, $7,500, and $2,500 (4:3:2:1 ratio) with patriotic symbols on one side and are used to form suits worth twice face value. Accumulation is regarded as \"funds raised for one's country.\" Discarded pieces are scored at face value. The MACH-1 time frame is ten minutes. A special feature of these games is the inclusion of advertising spots and musical buttons which play the \"anthem\" after a designated number of suits have been formed. In particular, a version called \"American Anthem: A Machcala Xchange Game\" is encased on the MXI-8 matrix with different colored pieces bearing representation of four great monuments: (1) The map (\"country\") (gold) worth $100,000 each; (2) The Flag (silver) worth $75,000 each; (3) The National Emblem, the eagle, (blue) worth $50,000 each; and (4) The Currency \"$\" (red) worth $25,000 each. The object of the game is to capture pieces and form four-piece suits--trios, pairs or quads. A \"hand\" of four pieces is allowed. Opponent's spread can be hit and hand raided. Captured pieces not so used are discarded. MACH-1 is 10 minutes. Similar games have been developed for each major nation, including Canada, England, China, Japan, Russia, France, Italy, West Germany, Brazil, Mexico, Africa, India, etc.", "Checkers (in the United States, or draughts in the United Kingdom) is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces.", "*In the 1970s, there was a two player game made by Tri-ang Toys & Games called Check Lines, in which the board consisted of eleven holes arranged in a geometrical pattern of twelve straight lines each containing three of the holes. Each player had exactly five tokens and played in turn placing one token in any of the holes. The winner was the first player whose tokens were arranged in two lines of three (which by definition were intersecting lines). If neither player had won by the tenth turn, subsequent turns consisted of moving one of one's own tokens to the remaining empty hole, with the constraint that this move could only be from an adjacent hole. ", "2 to 6 players manoeuvre their ten playing pieces out of their home triangle and across the board into the opposing triangle. Try to jump opponents pieces to move faster while trying to block opponents attempting to move across the board.", "Designed by A.J. Patterson 1901. Later editions by Parker Brothers (1934 and 1963) and Winning Moves. For 2 to 8 players, ages 7 years and up. Consists of a deck of 150 cards made up of ten series, each numbered from 1 through 15, and a plastic card holder. The object of the game is to be the first player to dispose of the cards dealt to him as a \"game pile\" by playing them in proper sequence to the center of the table.", "Without looking at any of the tiles in the bag, players will take one tile. The player that has the letter that is closest to “A” will begin the game. A blank tile will win the start of the game. The tiles are them replaced to the bag and used in the remainder of the game.", "The game board was essentially a modified checkerboard. The object was to land on the good spaces and collect 100 points. A player could gain 50 points by reaching \"Happy Old Age\" in the upper-right corner, opposite \"Infancy\" where one began.", "The checkerboard has 64 alternating light and dark squares. The game is played on the dark squares.", "In 1936, Parker Brothers began licensing the game for sale outside the United States. In 1941, the British Secret Intelligence Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game in the United Kingdom, create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by British secret service-created fake charity groups. ", "This board game was also produced by Hasbro. I have yet to acquire this one, but see it from time to time on ebay." ]

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[ "Let us start the interesting facts about deer with different names of this animal. A male deer is known as buck or a stag, a female deer is known as doe, a baby or young one is known as fawn. On the other hand, group of these animals is known as herd.", "Female deer are commonly called does but may also be referred to as hinds or cows. Male deer are commonly called stags but are also known as harts, bucks or bulls, while young deer are known as calfs or fawns.", "The male fallow deer is known as a buck, the female is a doe, and the young a fawn. Adult bucks are 140 – long with a 85 – shoulder height, and typically 60 – in weight; does are 130 – long with a 75 – shoulder height, and 30 – in weight. The largest bucks may measure 190 cm long and weigh 150 kg. Fawns are born in spring at about 30 cm and weigh around . The life span is around 12–16 years.", "A hind is a doe, a deer; a female deer; of one of the larger species, of which the male would be a hart, buck or stag. This one had antlers like the male, only golden in color and matching fur as well as being sacred to the Goddess Artemis and fast enough to outrun an arrow. Hercules' third labour was to catch it, alive.", "Harmony, polity and peace are particularly associated with the female deer, called a hind or a doe.", "9. DEER The deer is an antlered animal (all male and some female have antlers) with two large and two small hooves. It is believed that three species of deer lived in Palestine in Bible times: red, fallow, and roe. The red deer seems to be the one most easily identified and probably was the specie in the list of daily provisions for Solomon's table (1 Kings 4:23 ). The hart is the male red deer (Psalm 42:1 ), and the hind, the female (Job 39:1 ). The fallow deer, a small specie with especially large horns, is native to the Middle East and still survives in northern parts of that area. The tribe of Naphtali is described as “a doe set free that bears beautiful fawns” (Genesis 49:21 ). Certain characteristics of deer are noted in the Bible in the form of similes (Proverbs 5:19 ; Isaiah 35:6 ; Habakkuk 3:19 ).", "Size: Depending on the access to nutritional sources and the type of weather in each region, white-tailed deer may vary in length, width, height, weight, and antler growth. For example, male deer found in the northern United States and southern Canada range in weights of 198 to 298 pounds (89.81 kg to 135.17 kg) compared to male deer in the Florida Keys and Coiba Island who can weigh as low as 49 pounds (22.23 kg). [1] During the summer, female deer, or does, average 99 pounds (44.90 kg) whereas males average 150 pounds (68.04 kg). The difference between sexes is that females weigh about 20 to 40 percent less than males. In addition, white-tailed deer typically range in size from 41 to 94 inches (104.14 cm to 238.76 cm) in length and 21 to 42 inches (53.34 cm to 106.68 cm) in height. [1]", "These animals are gregarious and usually are found in herds ranging from a few animals to 100 or more. In each herd the leader is usually an old, experienced doe. Unlike our native deer, adult male axis deer normally are found living with herds of young and old animals of both sexes. Anatomically, axis deer are more closely allied to the North American elk than to our native deer. Like our elk, rutting male axis deer emit buglelike bellows, and both sexes have alarm calls or barks.", "Does often travel together, especially during the winter months, or a doe will often be accompanied by her young from the previous season. By late spring, the young deer begin to drift away from their mothers, or the doe shoes them off. Young bucks will be chased away earlier than young does, usually late fall. Does give birth to their young in early summer. The young deer, known as fawns, are almost scentless for the first few days of their life. White spots on a reddish brown coat help to camouflage the fawn on the sun dappled forest floor where it spends much of it's time hiding from predators. The mother returns periodically to nurse the fawn until it is large enough to follow her about.", "Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the fallow deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), the Western roe deer, and the Eurasian elk (moose). Female reindeer, and male deer of all species (except the Chinese water deer), grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are in the same order, Artiodactyla.", "Caribou are the only deer in which male and females both have antlers—though only some females have them. Cows have one calf each year, which can stand after only a few minutes and move on with its mother by the next day.", "Deer constitute the second most diverse family after bovids. Though of a similar build, deer are strongly distinguished from antelopes by their antlers, which are temporary and regularly regrown unlike the permanent horns of bovids. Characteristics typical of deer include long, powerful legs, a diminutive tail and long ears. Deer exhibit a broad variation in physical proportions. The largest extant deer is the moose, that is nearly tall and weighs up to 800 kg. The elk stands at the shoulder and weighs 240 –. On the contrary, the northern pudu is the smallest deer in the world; it reaches merely 32 – at the shoulder and weighs . The southern pudu is only slightly taller and heavier. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced – in most species males tend to be larger than females, and, except for the reindeer, only males possess antlers. ", "is unusual among deer family members in that most females, as well as males, carry antlers", "The female (doe) usually weighs from 90 to 200 pounds (40 to 90 kg). Length ranges from 62 to 87 inches (160 to 220 cm), including the tail, and the shoulder height is 32 to 40 inches (80 to 100 cm).", "White tailed deer are polygamous animals, which means they have more than one mate in their lives. Males will even have more than one mate within a single mating period. A female deer is generally alone through most of the year, except when accompanied by her fawns. On the other hand, males will stay with other males for most of the year and will only become solitary during mating season to avoid competition.", "Closer inspection of the animal may reveal the penis sheath -- the external genitalia is evident in foetal deer by just under two months old -- and, especially during the rut, the stag’s underside will often be stained with urine. Males are typically larger and heavier than females and differences may be noticeable in the shape of the head. In a 2003 paper to the journal Acta Theriologica, three Spanish biologists demonstrated some sexual differentiation in the mandible (lower jaw) of Red deer from Spain. The biologists studied 126 mandibles and found that female mandibles are fully grown more than a year before those of males. The researchers also found that several of the measurements they took -- including the angle of the jaw and size of some sections at the back of the jaw -- were consistently larger in males than females. However, the biologists also observed significant variation associated with climatic factors, which may lead to some ambiguity in assigning sex. In his book Kia: A study of Red deer, Ian Alcock noted that Red deer have very elongated faces and that youngsters have quite short faces that elongate as they get older such that adult hinds have very long noses.", "Generally the stag with the largest antlers is dominant, but threatening and intimidating behaviour patterns also contribute to assertion of dominance. Oestrous female deer will seek out the stag with the largest antlers, indicating a male-female interaction dependant on antlers. Antlers are also used for defence, preparing scrapes and wallows, and for marking territories.", "Other names for a deer include a brocket, which is a young stag, a buck, roe, roebuck, and a fawn.", "Outside of simply studying a deer’s appearance, it may sometimes be possible to sex them by proxy, using their droppings. One study, published in 1994, demonstrated that it was possible to sex Fallow deer on the basis of their scat pellets, although no similar data were included for Red deer. In 2008, however, a group of Chinese biologists were able to correctly assign the sex of 108 (59%) of the 183 faecal samples collected from Red deer by subjecting them to genetic analysis. Finally, a study published during 2005 by a team of American biologists, led by Douglas Tolleson at the Texas A&M University, demonstrated that it was possible to identify both sex and species of deer by bouncing infrared light off their scat pellets in a process known as Near Infrared Reflective Spectroscopy (or NIRS, for short). However, the team had mixed success with their samples, being able to identify Fallow more consistently than Red and females with greater accuracy than males.", "ruminant mammal of the family Cervidae, found in most parts of the world except Australia. Antlers, solid bony outgrowths of the skull, develop in the males of most species and are shed and renewed annually. They are at first covered by \"velvet,\" a soft, hairy skin permeated by blood vessels. The stem of the antler is called the beam, and the branches are the tines. Antlers are used as weapons during breeding-season combats between bucks. In deer that lack antlers (the musk deer musk deer,", "* Cervidae: Most deer have antlers, which are not true horns. When fully developed, antlers are dead bone without a horn or skin covering; they are borne only by adults (usually males, except for reindeer) and are shed and regrown each year.", "The pudús are the world's smallest deer, with the southern pudú being slightly larger than the northern pudú. It has a stocky frame supported by four short and slender legs. It is 32 to high at the shoulder and up to 85 cm in length. Pudús normally weigh up to 12 kg, but the highest recorded weight of a pudú is . Pudús have small, black eyes, black noses, and rounded ears with lengths of . Sexual dimorphism in the species includes an absence of antlers in females. Males have short, spiked antlers that are not forked, as seen in most species of deer. The antlers, which are shed annually, can extend from in length and protrude from between the ears. Also on the head are large preorbital glands. Pudús have small hooves, dewclaws, and short tails about in length when measured without hair. Coat coloration varies with season, sex, and individual genes. The fur is long and stiff, typically pressed close to the body, with a reddish-brown to dark-brown hue. The neck and shoulders of an aged pudú turn a dark gray-brown in the winter.", "So next time you see a female red deer, don't call her a woman! Although people would understand what you mean, it would be more correct to call her a hind.", "The ancestors of deer had tusks (long upper canine teeth). Antlers appear to replace tusks; two modern species, the musk deer and the water deer, have tusks and no antlers, the muntjac has small tusks and small antlers, and other deer have full-sized antlers and no tusks. The diversification of antlers, body size and tusks has been strongly influenced by changes in habitat and behavior (fighting and mating). ", "ruminant mammal, genus Rangifer, of the deer family, found in arctic and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America. It is the only deer in which both sexes have antlers.", "Although they are called deer, sika deer are actually a member of the elk family. They are also called sika elk or Asian elk.", "The fallow deer () is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. This common species is native to western Eurasia, but has been introduced to South Africa, Fernando Pó, São Tomé, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles, Comoro Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Cyprus, Israel, Cape Verde, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the Falkland Islands and Peru. Some taxonomers include the rarer Persian fallow deer as a subspecies (D. d. mesopotamica), while others treat it as an entirely different species (D. mesopotamica).", "Deer constitute the artiodactyl family Cervidae. This family was first described by German zoologist Georg August Goldfuss in Handbuch der Zoologie (1820). Three subfamilies are recognised: Capreolinae (first described by the English zoologist Joshua Brookes in 1828), Cervinae (described by Goldfuss) and Hydropotinae (first described by French zoologist Édouard Louis Trouessart in 1898).", "Pudu are a subspecies of the South American deer and are generally solitary animals. They bark when frightened, shiver when angered, and do not interact socially other than to mate. Pudu are so small that they count the horned owl as one of their predators, and there is a popular rumor that the deer can die from fear-induced cardiac complications.", "The fallow-deer is a medium-sized species of deer , standing about one meter tall and distinguished by the end of the antler being palmated (flattened and expanded). It is found wild in Asia Minor , but was introduced into Britain in the early part of the 15th century. Two varieties are found in Britain, one which is fawn coloured with white spots and the other dark brown.", "The Pudu is the world’s smallest deer. It consists of two subspecies of South American deer from the genus Pudu: the Northern Pudu (native to Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru) and the Southern Pudu (found in Chile and southwestern Argentina). They inhabit temperate rainforests, where the dense underbrush and bamboo thickets offer protection from predators.", "White-tailed Deer-Odocoileus virginianus   This site has very nice pictures and has very useful scientific information about white tailed deer" ]

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[ "Fifi Trixibell Geldof (born March 31, 1983): Like Cooper, former Boomtown Rats singer (and star of Pink Floyd's The Wall movie) Bob Geldof can't resist giving his kids crazy names. He's also father to Peaches Honeyblossom Geldof and Little Pixie Geldof.", "Any couple that names their other kids Peaches Honeyblossom and Little Pixie are unlikely to have blessed their firstborn with a less freakish moniker. Fifi Trixibelle is said to have been named after celebrity activist onetime pop star dad Bob Geldof’s beloved aunt Fifi, with the Trixibelle bit coming about due to mom Paula Yates’ fascination with southern belles. That’s no excuse though. It still comes out sounding like the podium call at a dog show. They should have tried Fido Snoopy Lassie. Pedigree naming.", "Yates met Bob Geldof in the early days of the Boomtown Rats. They got together as a couple in 1976 when she travelled by aeroplane to Paris, to surprise him while the band was playing there. Their first daughter, Fifi Trixibelle, was born on 31 March 1983. After 10 years together, they married on 31 August 1986 in Las Vegas, with Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran acting as Geldof’s best man. The couple then had two more daughters, Peaches Honeyblossom Michelle Charlotte Angel Vanessa Geldof on 16 March 1989, and Little Pixie Geldof on 17 September 1990. Pixie is said to be named after a celebrity daughter character from the cartoon Celeb in the satirical magazine Private Eye, itself a lampoon of the unusual names the Geldofs gave to their first children.", "Yates met Geldof in the early days of the Boomtown Rats . They became a couple in 1976 when she flew to Paris to surprise him while the band was playing there. Their first daughter, Fifi Trixibelle, was born on 31 March 1983. [3] After 10 years together, they married on 31 August 1986 in Las Vegas , with Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran acting as Geldof's best man . The couple then had two more daughters, Peaches Geldof [4] on 16 March 1989, and Little Pixie Geldof on 17 September 1990. Pixie is said to be named after a celebrity daughter character from the cartoon Celeb in the satirical magazine Private Eye , itself a lampoon of the unusual names the Geldofs gave to their first children.[citation needed]", "Sir Bob Geldof and Paula Yates offspring (Fifi Trixibelle, Peaches Honeyblossom, Little Pixie and half sister Tiger Lily) share a special platform in the rock offspring pantheon with the Zappa family: Moon Unit, Dweezil and Diva Thin Muffin. Red Hot Chilli Peppers singer Antony Kiedis might pop in with his bafflingly monikered son, Everly Bear. Eryka Badu and Outkast’s Andre 3000 will definitely be allowed to bring Seven Sirius around. But it’s no entry for the unfortunate child of Fall Out Boy’s Pete Wentz and singing actress Ashlee Simpson, who has been saddled with the frankly awkward place / character combination Bronx Mowgli Wentz.", "The Boomtown Rats were an Irish rock band that scored a series of British hits between 1977 and 1980, and were led by singer Bob Geldof, who organized the Ethiopian relief efforts Band Aid and Live Aid. The Rats were formed in Dun Laoghaire, near Dublin, Ireland, in 1975 by Geldof (born Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, October 5, 1954, Dun Laoghaire, Ireland), a former journalist; Johnnie Fingers (keyboards); Gerry Cott (guitar); Garry Roberts (guitar); Pete Briquette (bass); and Simon Crowe (drums)....", "Before they married, the couple had a daughter, Fifi Trixibelle Geldof, born 31 March 1983 (and while Geldof was still allegedly conducting an affair with the young Claire King ). After 10 years together, Bob and Paula married in June 1986 in Las Vegas with Simon Le Bon (of Duran Duran ) acting as Geldof's best man . The couple later had two more daughters, Peaches Honeyblossom Michelle Charlotte Angel Vanessa Geldof (known as Peaches Geldof) on 16 March 1989, and Little Pixie Geldof (known as Pixie Geldof) on 17 September 1990. Pixie is said to be named after a celebrity daughter character from the cartoon Celeb in the satirical magazine Private Eye , itself a lampoon of the names the Geldofs gave to their other children.", "Boomtown Rats rocker Geldof decided to take little Tiger into his home and raise her with the three daughters he had with Paula – Fifi Trixibelle, Peaches and Pixie.", "P.S. - On the matter of Mr Green's philandering: he had an undisclosed affair with an Elaine Yates, the wife of his then producer. The result was Paula Yates, that blonde, druggie, slapper who died prematurely. But not before she had produced three daughters by ex-punk-rocker and saviour-of-humanity Sir Bob Geldof. They were Peaches, Pixie, and Fifi. Pixie is the current delectable darling of the fashionistas, whereas Fifi is a big fat blob who presently works as a receptionist at Freuds PR in Newman Street, London. Chalk & cheese from the womb.", "Robert Frederick Zenon \"Bob\" Geldof, KBE (born 5 October 1951), is an Irish singer, songwriter, author, occasional actor, and political activist. He rose to prominence as the lead singer of the Irish rock band The Boomtown Rats in the late 1970s and early 1980s, alongside the punk rock movement. The band had hits with his compositions \"Rat Trap\" and \"I Don't Like Mondays\". He co-wrote \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\", one of the best-selling singles of all time, and starred in Pink Floyd's 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall as \"Pink.\"", "The late Peaches Geldof named her sons Phaedra and Astala. (Peaches's full name is Peaches Honeyblossom Michelle Charlotte Angel Vanessa Geldof.)", "Over recent years dozens of celebrities have marked their children out in the playground by giving them a strange name.", "As others have mentioned, white people come up with just as many ridiculous names, but sometimes they’re ridiculous in different ways. Celebrities especially get away with naming their kids terrible things, the most notable examples being “Audio Science” and “Apple.” Others: Moon Unit (Frank Zappa’s kid), Bronx Mowgli (Pete Wentz and Ashlee Simpson)… There are more, I’m sure that I’m not remembering or that I’ve not heard of. ", "Geldof became known as a colourful interview subject. The Boomtown Rats' first appearance on Ireland's The Late Late Show saw Geldof as deliberately brusque to host Gay Byrne and during his interview he attacked Irish politicians and the Catholic Church, which he blamed for many of the country's problems. He responded to nuns in the audience who tried to shout him down by saying they had \"an easy life with no material worries in return for which they gave themselves body and soul to the church\". He also criticised Blackrock College. The interview caused uproar, making it impossible for The Boomtown Rats to play in Ireland again. ", "idk maaayne. Frank Zappa named his kids Moon Unit, Dweezil, and Diva Muffin..wouldn't put it past Kanye", "5. Which famous person has the middle names Honeyblossom Michelle Charlotte Angel Vanessa? Peaches Geldof.   She not the first person to be called Peaches.   Back in the 1960s there was an American tennis player called Peaches Bartkowicz, who won a few titles, and per Wiki had a 7-0 record in the Federation Cup.   She also in winning Wightman Cup team in 1970.", "*Spiggy Topes is, with or without his group The Turds, the archetypal rock star, often used when the magazine wishes to satirise the antics of the more pretentious members of the rock establishment. His persona appears to owe a good deal to John Lennon and Mick Jagger, although Paul McCartney's fashion designer daughter Stella was once referred to as Stella Topes. In some entries, Topes has received both a knighthood and a more refined version of his name – \"Sir Spigismund Topes\".", "Nicholas Bernard James Adam Byrne, Jr. (born 9 October 1978) is an Irish singer-songwriter, radio and TV presenter, dancer, and former semi-professional footballer, best known for being a member of Irish music band Westlife; he was the band's oldest member. Before his music career, he played professional football, representing Republic of Ireland at several junior levels. Since then he has had a successful TV and radio presenting career. His wife Georgina is the daughter of former Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, and they have twin sons called Rocco Bertie Byrne and Jay Nicky Byrne and a daughter called Gia.", "O'Connor has four children. She had her first son, Jake, with her first husband, music producer John Reynolds, who co-produced several of her albums, including Universal Mother. Her daughter Roisin was an infant in 1995 when O'Connor and the girl's father, Irish journalist John Waters, began a long custody battle that ended with O'Connor agreeing to let Roisin live in Dublin with Waters. In mid-2001, O'Connor wed British journalist Nick Sommerlad; the marriage ended in 2004. She later had her third child, son Shane, with musician Donal Lunny. On December 19, 2006 she had her fourth child, Yeshua Francis Neil Bonadio, whose father is Frank Bonadio. ", "He’s the joker in the Irish music pack, a working class hero who has at once conquered and subverted the mainstream. For his first album in six years JERRY FISH and his MUDBUG CLUB have also roped in some top-tier collaborators including rockabilly queen Imelda May and Carol Keogh.", "Robert James Ritchie, known by his stage name Kid Rock, is an American musician and actor. He is most popularly known for his first commercial success, the 1998 studio album Devil Without a Cause, which sold 13 million albums worldwide. He is a five time Grammy Award nominee and has sold 23.5 millio", "The Collins Kids -- Brother-sister duo recorded some of the most white-hot rockabilly of the '50s before either had reached the age of 16.  Guitarist Larry Collins played rock'n'roll with a double- neck guitar long before Jimmy Page.  They broke up when Lorry Collins married in the late '50s.", "When Keating announced he wanted to take a break from Boyzone, Louis Walsh continued to manage his career. Keating achieved a number one hit with \"Life is a Rollercoaster\" in 2000 while his album sold 4.4 million copies. Keating and Walsh later agreed to part company and then had a bitter falling out. ", "The son of an Irish father and an English mother, his early life was spent in India where he was born. The majority of his working life was spent in the United Kingdom. He disliked his first name and began to call himself \"Spike\" after hearing a band on Radio Luxembourg called Spike Jones and his City Slickers.", "No.1 UK album ‘Ogden’s Nut Gone Flake’, Humble Pie, 1969 UK No.4 single ‘Natural Born Bugie’. As a child actor he", "Gary Lightbody (born 15 June 1976) is a Northern Irish singer, musician and songwriter. Since 1994 he has been the lead singer and rhythm guitarist in the band Snow Patrol . He is credited with writing \" Chasing Cars \", their biggest-selling and most famous song.", "One of his children - Ki McPhail - has carried on the family tradition. He was one of the original members of boy band Busted and now works in music management.", "Caroline Georgina Corr (born 17 March 1973), known to fans as the \"Chick with Stick\", is an Irish singer and drummer for the Celtic folk rock band The Corrs. In addition to the drums, Corr plays the bodhran, percussions and piano. The Corr siblings were appointed honorary MBEs in 2005, in recognition of their music and charitable work which has raised money for the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle, victims of the Omagh Bombing and other charities.", "musician: guitar, singer: group: The Fourmost: Hello Little Girl, I�m in Love, A Little Loving, Baby I Need Your Loving; died June 27, 1999", "(not to be confused with the Youtube channel) had a breakout hit at home in Ireland with \"Four chords and the truth\". It's difficult to find on most video sites (due to the popular comedy character) but you'll find it one their myspace.", "British band Prefab Sprout used his name for the title of their second album, released in 1985. Due to objections from the late actor's estate, the album was issued with the alternative title of \"Two Wheels Good\" in the United States.", "2012 – Death of Bernard Noël “Banjo Barney” McKenna. He was a musician and a much-loved founding member of The Dubliners." ]

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[ "Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of Brandeis' Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her boss at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.", "Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956(1956-07-30)) is a professor of social policy, law, and women's studies at Brandeis University at the Heller School for Social Policy and Management and a former colleague of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas . She is best known for testifying under oath at Thomas' 1991 Senate confirmation hearings that her supervisor Thomas had made provocative and harassing sexual statements.", "U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas' confirmation hearings took a dramatic turn when he was accused of sexual harassment. In his opening statement on October 11, 1991, Thomas denies the charges brought against him by law professor Anita Hill, who claimed Thomas had sexually harassed her when she worked for him at the U.S. Department of Education.", "In October 1991, while the Senate Judiciary Committee was deliberating over the final vote on U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill stepped forward with accusations of sexual harassment against Thomas. As a result, the committee held three days of investigative hearings. In her nationally televised and broadcast statement, Hill testifies about the alleged harassment.", "9. On October 6th, Professor Anita Hill accuses Judge Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment. And on October 15th, the Senate confirms (52-48) Clarence Thomas for the US Supreme Court after stormy hearings. Read a book where sexual harassment occurs, a book with an African American main character OR a book by an author named Anita or Clarence.", "Clarence Thomas was sworn in as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in November of 1991, following perhaps the greatest furor over such an appointment in modern history. A conservative jurist with experience in the education department under President Ronald Reagan, Thomas had also headed the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission and, while there, allegedly sexually harrassed a staff member, Anita Hill. Hill’s accusations surfaced only after Thomas’s nomination to the nation’s highest court by President George Bush; Hill was by this time a law professor. The Senate confirmation hearings that dealt with these charges had enormous political and social ramifications above and beyond Thomas’s suitability for the Supreme Court. The judge’s appointment was a watershed for the Bush administration, which needed to replace retiring black justice Thurgood Marshall. The choice of a black conservative effectively stymied Democratic opposition to Thomas, who suspended his lifelong criticism of racial politics long enough to call his confirmation hearings a “high-tech lynching.” That remark is representative of the many contradictions embodied by this controversial figure. Indeed, Newsweek noted that “Thomas is an intense opponent of affirmative action, yet has benefited from it throughout his life.… the very reason he was named to succeed Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court is because of his race.”", "Anita Hill, the woman who accused then-Supreme Court justice nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, said Vice President Joe Biden did a \"terrible job\" as Senate Judiciary Committee chairman during the 1991 hearings.", "In early October 1991, Anita Hill charged Thomas with sexual harassment, and even though Thomas was still selected to be on the Court, Hill’s case publicized sexual harassment and tightened tolerance of it (Oregon’s Senator Robert Packwood had to step down in 1995 after a case of sexual harassment).", "Toward the end of the confirmation hearings, an FBI interview with Anita Hill was leaked. Hill, a black attorney, had worked for Thomas at the Department of Education and had subsequently moved with Thomas to the EEOC. After the leak, Hill was called to testify at Thomas's confirmation hearings. She testified that Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature, which she felt constituted sexual harassment or at least \"behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court.\"[http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-senate-s-hearings-on-the-thomas-nomination.html?pagewanted=12 \"The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination\"], The New York Times (1991-10-12):\"Q: Professor Hill, there's a big difference between your articulating your version of events, contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you. And in the transcript of your October 7 interview, you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment.", "Along with Bork, the other most contentious Supreme Court nomination in United States history has been the one for Clarence Thomas. When the Thomas hearings began in September 1991, Kennedy pressed Thomas on his unwillingness to express an opinion about Roe v. Wade, but the nomination appeared headed for success. But when the sexual harassment charges by Anita Hill broke the following month, and the nomination battle dominated public discourse, Kennedy was hamstrung by his past reputation and the ongoing developments in the William Kennedy Smith case. He said almost nothing until the third day of the Thomas–Hill hearings, and when he did it was criticized by Hill supporters for being too little, too late.", "In 1990, President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas for a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He served in that role for 16 months and on July 1, 1991, was nominated by Bush to fill Marshall's seat on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed—or engaged in unseemly behavior toward—attorney Anita Hill, a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC. The U.S. Senate ultimately confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48.", "To the many people who believed Anita Hill's claims or opposed the Thomas nomination on other grounds, Thomas's appointment was a defeat. Yet, the Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas controversy had other long-term consequences beyond Justice Thomas's life-term on the Supreme Court. Foremost, national awareness about sexual harassment in the workplace heightened considerably. According to Equal Employment Opportunity Commission filings, sexual harassment cases have more than doubled, from 6,127 in 1991 to 15,342 in 1996. Over the same period, awards to victims under federal laws nearly quadrupled, from $7.7 million to $27.8 million.", "Clarence Thomas's formal confirmation hearings began on September 10, 1991. [35] Thomas was reticent when answering Senators' questions during the appointment process. [45] Four years earlier, Robert Bork, a law professor, had expounded on his judicial philosophy during his confirmation, and he had been refused confirmation. [38] Whereas Thomas' earlier writings had frequently referenced the legal theory of natural law , Thomas distanced himself from that controversial stance during his confirmation hearings, giving the impression that he had no views. [38] [46] [47] Thomas himself later asserted in his autobiography that in the course of his professional career, he had not developed a judicial philosophy.", "* October 11–13 – The U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee interviews both Supreme Court candidate Clarence Thomas and former aide Anita Hill, who alleges that Thomas sexually harassed her while she worked for him.", "Anita (2013). Directed and written by Freida Lee Mock. Read Geoff Pevere's review here (from The Globe & Mail). This documentary recounts the story and testimony of Anita Hall regarding her allegations of sexual harassment against then US Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her then supervisor at the time.", "* Anita Hill and other women testify before the United States Congress on being sexually harassed by Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the United States Senate, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue.", "BARBARA WALTERS: (voice-over) In 1991, she went public with accusations against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas.", "Strange Justice was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1994 and received an extraordinary amount of media attention. Conservatives like John O’Sullivan panned the book, while liberals such as Mark Tushnet praised it, saying it established \"that Clarence Thomas lied\" during the hearings. Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times called the book character assassination: “I don't care if Clarence Thomas had an inflatable doll on his sofa and a framed autograph from Long Dong Silver on the wall. Just because a man has an immature interest in dirty stuff doesn't mean he harassed anyone.” ", "onepage&q&ffalse First principles: the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas], pp. 30–3 (1999). Additional possible causes for the harsh criticism of Thomas may be the inherently explosive nature of sexual misconduct accusations, the suspicion among some people that Thomas was less than forthcoming during his confirmation hearings, and the belief in some circles that Thomas has benefited from affirmative action programs like ones he has criticized as a judge.", "In 1991, Bush proposed Clarence Thomas (a Black man) to fill in the vacant seat left by retiring Thurgood Marshall (the first Black Supreme Court justice), but this choice was opposed by the NAACP since Thomas was a conservative and by the National Organization for Women (NOW), since Thomas was supposedly pro-abortion.", "1991/10/11 17 - Senate Judiciary Committee conducts televised hearings to investigate allegations of past sexual harassment brought against Supreme Court nominee Clar", "An Ebony magazine article stated that \"Thomas's struggle against the tradition of Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall and his exile from mainstream Black America is one of the strangest stories of our time.\" Yet, many critics wondered if the controversy around his decisions would fade as time went by and he remained a steady advocate for more conservative justice. Apparently, this was not the case. By 2002, institutions in the African-American community had begun to question his methods and protested his appointment to the highest court in the nation. Five professors at the University of North Carolina School of Law at Chapel Hill boycotted a visit that was to be given by Thomas to allow students to discuss and interact with the justice. The New Jersey Law Journal noted the reason the protestors gave was that \"for many people who hold legitimate expectations for racial equality and social justice, Justice Thomas personifies the cruel irony of the fireboat burning and sinking … his visit adds insult to injury.\" Thomas, however, takes comments such as these in stride, for as he told Newsweek, he has the \"right to think for myself.\" He went on to say that he refused \"to have my ideas assigned to me as though I was an intellectual slave because I'm black.\"", "President Bush's nomination of Clarence Thomas was instantly controversial. Many African-American and Civil Rights organizations including: the NAACP, the National Bar Association, and the Urban League, opposed the Thomas nomination. These organizations feared that Thomas's conservative stance on issues such as Affirmative Action would reverse the Civil Rights gains that Justice Marshall had fought so hard to achieve. Women's groups including the National Organization for Women were equally concerned that Clarence Thomas, if appointed to the high court, would rule against legal abortion. The legal community also voiced apprehension about Thomas's clear lack of experience since he had only served two years as a federal judge.", "Louis D. Brandeis  (November 13, 1856 � October 5, 1941) was a United States Supreme Court Justice from 1916 to 1939. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky to Jewish parents who had immigrated from Europe. He enrolled at Harvard Law School, graduating at the age of twenty with the highest grade average in the college�s history.", "Hill charged that while she worked at the EEOC nearly a decade earlier Thomas pestered her for dates and told stories in her presence about pornographic film scenes and his own sexual ability. Hill claimed that Thomas's actions made it difficult for her to do her job and caused physical distress. Nevertheless, she continued to contact Thomas voluntarily even after he helped arrange for her appointment as a law professor at the University of Oklahoma .", "On October 30, 1989, Thomas was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Robert Bork, despite Thomas's initial protestations that he would not like to be a judge. Thomas gained the support of other African Americans such as former Transportation Secretary William Coleman, but said that when meeting white Democratic staffers in the United States Senate, he was \"struck by how easy it had become for sanctimonious whites to accuse a black man of not caring about civil rights.\"", "* Louis Dembitz Brandeis in 1916. A liberal, and the first Jew appointed to the Court, he served 22 years and wrote landmark opinions on free speech and right to privacy.", "He was an American litigator, Supreme Court Justice, advocate of privacy, and developer of the Brandeis Brief. In addition, he helped lead the American Zionist movement.", "was born in San Francisco, California, August 15, 1938. He married Joanna Hare in 1967, and has three children - Chloe, Nell, and Michael. He received an A.B. from Stanford University, a B.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford, and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School. He served as a law clerk to Justice Arthur Goldberg of the Supreme Court of the United States during the 1964 Term, as a Special Assistant to the Assistant U.S. Attorney General for Antitrust, 1965–1967, as an Assistant Special Prosecutor of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force, 1973, as Special Counsel of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, 1974–1975, and as Chief Counsel of the committee, 1979–1980. He was an Assistant Professor, Professor of Law, and Lecturer at Harvard Law School, 1967–1994, a Professor at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, 1977–1980, and a Visiting Professor at the College of Law, Sydney, Australia and at the University of Rome. From 1980–1990, he served as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, and as its Chief Judge, 1990–1994. He also served as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States, 1990–1994, and of the United States Sentencing Commission, 1985–1989. President Clinton nominated him as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and he took his seat August 3, 1994.", "His most daring book, The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America, attempts to identify the most radical and “un-American” scholars and is quite similar to the 1950 McCarthy-era Red Channels blacklist. Horowitz argues that social sciences and humanities faculties are riddled with disloyal professors who “spew violent anti-Americanism, preach anti-Semitism, and cheer on the killing of American soldiers and civilians.” [34] His most recent work, One Party Classroom, continues his allegation that professors have transformed traditional pedagogy into crusading Marxist and victim-emphasizing propaganda. Horowitz berates and mocks socially conscious instructors who offer courses in Peace Studies, Women Studies and race and ethnic discrimination. [35]", "(DAVID COLE [is a Jew who] was raised and educated in Los Angeles, where he lives and works. Because of his support for Holocaust Revisionism, he was assaulted during a meeting at the University of California at Los Angeles on January 22, 1992, by thugs of the Jewish Defense League, who hit him in the face and bloodied his nose. JDL leader Irv Rubin also tried to push Cole down a flight of stairs. In April 1992 he appeared -- along with Journal editor Mark Weber -- as a guest on the Montel Williams Show, a nationally syndicated television program, to present the Revisionist view of the Holocaust story).", "In April 2001, Jerrold M. Levy, a rabbi at Temple Beth El in Florida, was arrested for \"online solicitation of a juvenile\" over the Internet. The synagogue had hired him as an associate rabbi in 1992, even though it was known by those hiring him that he had been arrested on a past sex-related charge:" ]

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[ "Crazy Horse is a rock band best known for its long association with Canadian singer/songwriter Neil Young, despite having released five albums of its own over a 19-year span. It has been co-credited with Young as Neil Young and Crazy Horse on 12 albums, from Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere (1969) to Greendale (2003), and has made contributions to an additional 10 albums by the singer, including his three compilations.", "Crazy Horse is an American rock band best known for their association with Neil Young. Beginning in 1969 and continuing to the present day, they have been co-credited on a number of Young's albums, with 11 studio albums and numerous live albums being billed as by \"Neil Young and Crazy Horse\". They have also released six studio albums of their own, issued between 1971 and 2009. ", "Crazy Horse is an American rock band best known for their association with Neil Young. Beginning in 1969 and continuing to the present day, they have been co-credited on a number of Young's albums,...", "staying in the band, Stills at one point approached Steve Winwood, the iconic English star of Blind Faith and Traffic fame, but, says Wikipeida, he declined. The head of the Atlantic label, Ahmet Ertegun, then suggested Canadian singer/songwriter Neil Young, who also just happened to be managed by Elliot Roberts. Stills had reservations, because he and Young had “history” while at Buffalo Springfield. But things eventually fell into place, with the name “duly changed law-firm style, the terms allowing Young full freedom to maintain a parallel career with his new back-up band, Crazy Horse”. Which explains why the band and the members’ solo careers seemed to operate in tandem. The group toured in the late summer of 1969 and into January of 1970, with", "Out of all the backing bands Neil Young has recorded and performed with during his long and illustrious career, the best-known of the bunch (and perhaps one of the greatest garage rock bands of all time) remains Crazy Horse. The band's roots lay in the obscure early '60s doo wop band Danny & the Memories, which contained future Crazy Horse members Danny Whitten, Billy Talbot, and Ralph Molina, among others. Although all three would later play instruments in Crazy Horse, the trio focused solely on vocals for this early band, as the group relocated back and forth from the East and West Coasts. After finally settling down in Laurel Canyon in 1966, the members picked up instruments (Whitten the guitar, Talbot bass, and Molina drums) and formed the Rockets.", "Neil Young and Crazy Horse released two albums in 2012. Americana was composed entirely of covers of traditional folk songs and singer-songwriter standards, while Psychedelic Pill featured original Neil Young songs. Neil Young and Crazy Horse toured throughout 2012, 2013 and 2014, traveling to the United States, Australia and Europe. Because Billy Talbot had a stroke in 2014, Rick Rosas replaced him on bass for shows during that year.", "Following a warmup tour of unannounced engagements at various San Francisco Bay Area bars (ironically christened the Rolling Zuma Revue in reference to Bob Dylan's contemporaneous Rolling Thunder Revue) in December 1975, Young and the band toured Japan and Europe in March-April 1976. However, they were shut out of a proposed summer stadium tour when Young rekindled his collaboration with Stephen Stills. They toured America that autumn when Young was forced to make up a series of canceled concert dates after walking out midway through the tour with Stills. From late 1975 to 1977, Young recorded feverishly in various solo and group configurations; Crazy Horse appears on all but two songs of 1977's country-inflected American Stars 'n Bars (with many tracks featuring an augmented lineup that included Ben Keith, Carole Mayedo, Linda Ronstadt, and Nicolette Larson), while Comes a Time features two performances with Crazy Horse: \"Look Out for My Love\" and the Fleetwood Mac-inspired \"Lotta Love\".", "The album established both Young and Crazy Horse as one of the most promising new rock bands, as he enlisted the band once again to play on his third solo release, 1970's After the Gold Rush. But at the same time Young joined up with Crazy Horse, he accepted an invitation to team up with Crosby, Stills & Nash. With extended periods of time between playing with Young, Crazy Horse inked their own recording contract, resulting in their 1971 self-titled debut. Although the record failed to match the success of their work with Young, it turned out to be an inspired effort (as Grin guitarist Nils Lofgren and renowned producer/pianist Jack Nitzsche guested on the album) showing that the group was not merely Young's backing band. But just as their own recording career began, Whitten became addicted to heroin, which hampered his talents and desire to play with the band, resulting in his leaving by 1972.", "After Whitten's death and the tepid reception accorded to both albums, Talbot and Molina were the only full-fledged members of the band. They let the Crazy Horse name go unused without retiring it altogether. In mid-1973, Young brought together a band comprising Talbot, Molina, Lofgren, and pedal steel guitarist Ben Keith to record Tonight's the Night, the majority of which eventually saw release (in bowdlerized form with some other material added to the album) in 1975. In the autumn of 1973, this ensemble toured Canada, Great Britain, and the United States as the Santa Monica Flyers; Molina and Whitsell would subsequently contribute percussion and guitar (respectively) to Young's On the Beach in 1974. ", "Nils Lofgren: Before he joined the E Street Band, Lofgren was one of those whiz-kid prodigies who wound up playing guitar on Neil Young’s After the Gold Rush when he was 17. The fact that being a member of Crazy Horse at that age didn’t kill him is impressive enough, but he’s also had a long and respected solo career outside of the E Street Band. UNDERRATED.", "As Young spent much of the eighties working in genres mostly outside the band's idiom, Crazy Horse recorded with him more sporadically, appearing only on Re·ac·tor, an unspecified portion of Trans, and Life. Sessions for a planned 1984 album with the band ended after they were \"spooked\" by the addition of a professional horn section, although a bootleg of a performance at The Catalyst in Santa Cruz containing many of the intended songs remains an enduring fan favorite. Several years later, Young included all three members of Crazy Horse in another horn-driven ensemble, the Bluenotes. But when Talbot and Molina proved ill-suited to a blues-oriented approach, Young reluctantly replaced the Crazy Horse bassist and drummer while retaining Sampedro, who would remain with Young in various band permutations over the next two years. Immediately thereafter, Talbot and Molina replaced Sampedro with former Rain Parade guitarist Matt Piucci, recruited Sonny Mone to provide vocals and recorded the pointedly-titled Left for Dead (1989).", "Crazy Horse remained on hiatus for eight years following the Greendale tour; although Sampedro was employed as an assistant to Kevin Eubanks on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno from 1992 to 2010, the band continued to rehearse several times a year and more intermittently with Young during this period. Trick Horse—a collection of hitherto unreleased non-Young recordings (possibly dating from the aborted mid-1990s sessions) pseudonymously produced by Sampedro as \"Poncho Villa\"—was released on iTunes in 2009. According to Young in a 2011 interview with American Songwriter, \"They have to be together before I can be together with them. They haven’t been doing anything together, so they need to be able to do it. I don’t have the time to support things. I have to go with things that are going to support me. But I think they can do it.\"", "In November 1975 Young released the harder-rocking Zuma (Number 25), with Crazy Horse, an emotionally intense work that included the sweeping \"Cortez the Killer.\" Crazy Horse now included Talbot, Molina, and Frank \"Poncho\" Sampedro (rhythm guitar). In 1976 Young recorded Long May You Run (Number 26) with Stills. The album went gold, and the two old friends launched a tour. But Young bowed out with only half the dates done, informing Stills of his parting via telegram.", "• Which Native American historical figure shares his name with an American rock band? Crazy Horse", "See also the discographies for Crazy Horse and Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young", "Gene Francis Alan Pitney (February 17, 1940 - April 5, 2006) was an American singer-songwriter. He was also an accomplished guitarist, pianist, drummer and skilled sound engineer. In 2002, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "Buddy performed bluegrass on the radio station KDAV, usually with his friend Bob Montgomery. Several recordings have survived and they resemble an adolescent Flatt and Scruggs. They played the roller rink and on station promotions, opening for Elvis Presley in 1955. Sonny Curtis comments: \"It was Buddy and Bob's group, and I played fiddle. We played country music, but when Elvis came along, Buddy fell in love with Elvis and we began to change. The next day we became Elvis clones.\" Larry lent Buddy the money for a Fender Stratocaster.", "songwriter: You Don�t Hear; country singer: Six White Horses, Rise and Shine, One Song Away, I Recall a Gypsy Woman; brother of Johnny Cash", "Lynyrd Skynyrd (pronounced ) is an American rock band, formed in Jacksonville, Florida in 1964. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition before several members died in an airplane crash in 1977, including lead vocalist and primary songwriter Ronnie Van Zant. The band reformed in 1987 for a reunion tour with Ronnie's younger brother Johnny Van Zant as the frontman and continues to record music today. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd - is an American Southern rock band. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition before several members, including lead vocalist and primary songwriter Ronnie Van Zant, died in a plane crash in 1977 five miles northeast of Gillsburg, Mississippi. A tribute band of the same name was formed in 1987 for a reunion tour with Johnny Van Zant, Ronnie's younger brother, at the helm, and continues to record music today. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006. In 1972 the band was discovered by musician, songwriter, and producer Al Kooper of Blood, Sweat, and Tears, who had attended one of their shows at a club in Atlanta. They changed the spelling of their name to \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\", and Kooper signed them to MCA Records, producing their first album the following year. 1973's (pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd) featured the hit song \"Free Bird\", which received national airplay, eventually reaching #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and is still considered a Rock and Roll anthem today.", "\"Mixed Up Confusion\", recorded during the Freewheelin' sessions with a backing band, was released as a single and then quickly withdrawn. In contrast to the mostly solo acoustic performances on the album, the single showed a willingness to experiment with a rockabilly sound. Cameron Crowe described it as \"a fascinating look at a folk artist with his mind wandering towards Elvis Presley and Sun Records .\" [60]", "Another recording artist with western material is Garth Brooks, the top selling country music artist of all time. Brooks is credited for exposing the world to LaDoux with the song lyrics, \"a worn out tape of Chris LaDoux.\" Brooks has included a western song on all of his albums, the best known being “Wolves” written by western singer-songwriter Stephanie Davis. Other western songs Brooks has recorded include \"The Cowboy Song,\" \"Cowboy Bill,\" and \"Cowboys and Angels.\" Even Elvis recorded some western music. In 1968 RCA issued the album Elvis Singing Flaming Star which also included “Yellow Rose of Texas.” The album cover has Elvis sporting a cowboy hat and is in this author's collection.", "in 2002 - Zal Yanovsky dies at age 57. Canadian guitarist; an early rock n roll performer to wear a cowboy hat, and fringed \"Davy Crockett\" style clothing, he helped set the trend followed by such 1960s performers as Sonny Bono, Johnny Rivers and David Crosby. He joined Cass Elliot in the Mugwumps, a group made famous by her later group the Mamas & the Papas, in the song \"Creeque Alley\"; after which he and John Sebastian formed the Lovin' Spoonful. The band became an immediate smash with their first single, \"Do You Believe in Magic?\" a Top Ten hit in 1965, which led off a remarkable string of hits that established the Spoonful as one of the few American bands that could challenge the chart dominance of the Beatles and their British Invasion contemporaries. He recorded a solo album, Alive and Well in Argentina in 1971, did a stint playing guitar with Kris Kristofferson and co-produced Tim Buckley's 1969 album Happy Sad in collaboration with Jerry Yester, before returning to Canada to become a restaurateur. He and Spoonful have reunited on a couple of occasions, filming an appearance in Paul Simon's 1980 film One Trick Pony and performing some of their hits on stage on the occasion of the band's 2000 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot, in a 1972 album release by the same name, wrote and recorded the song Don Quixote which contained the lines \"through the woodland, through the valley, comes a horseman wild and free; tilting at the windmills passing, who can the brave young horseman be...\".", "August 1961 - Patsy Cline records \"Crazy,\" written by Willie Nelson. The song reaches second place on the country chart and ninth place on the pop chart.", "*Calamity Jane and Wild Bill Hickok are featured in the song \"Deadwood Mountain\" by the country duo Big & Rich", "\"Crazy\" is a ballad composed by Willie Nelson. It has been recorded by several artists, most notably by Patsy Cline, whose version was a #2 country hit in 1962.", "By the time Hank was fourteen, he had already put together his own group of musicians. They played at dances and parties. They also played at a small local radio station. They were known as \"Hank Williams and his Drifting Cowboys.\"", "The British music band James recorded a song named \"Sometimes (Lester Piggott)\" on their album Laid. It has a beat which is like a horse galloping. The outro on the original 12\" of Sit Down also featured a falsetto voice singing the jockey's name.", "buddy harman (legendary nashville session drummer, on more than 18,000 recordings, including \"roy orbison's\" \"pretty woman\", \"johnny cash's\" \"ring of fire\", \"patsy cline's\" \"crazy\", \"elvis's\" \"little sister\" and so many others) (2008)", "Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show was a band that combined country with pop and rock, and was perhaps best known for the catchy and witty hit song \"The Cover of the Rolling Stone.\" They were among the bands that became popular during the 1970s thanks to AM radio play. In later years, the band changed its material to disco-tinged ballads and had marginal success before breaking up.", "The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's album Uncle Charlie and His Dog Teddy features the song \"Jesse James,\" ostensibly recorded on a wire recorder." ]

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[ "Star Trek, also known as \"TOS\" or The Original Series, debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission \"to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" The original 1966–69 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During its original run, it was nominated several times for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-parter \"The Menagerie\" and the Harlan Ellison-written episode \"The City on the Edge of Forever\". After three seasons the show was canceled and the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. It was, however, highly popular with science-fiction fans and engineering students, in spite of generally low Nielsen ratings although later demographic profiling techniques indicated the series was appealing to a highly lucrative audience. The series subsequently became popular in reruns and a cult following developed, complete with fan conventions. Originally presented under the title Star Trek, it has in recent years become known as Star Trek: The Original Series or as \"Classic Star Trek\"—retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole.", "Star Trek: The Original Series or \"TOS\"Originally titled Star Trek, it has in recent years become known as Star Trek: The Original Series or as \"Classic Star Trek\"—retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole. debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission \"to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" The original 1966–1969 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-parter \"The Menagerie\" and the Harlan Ellison-written episode \"The City on the Edge of Forever\".", "The Star Trek TV series had its debut on NBC network television on September 8, 1966 -- this popular and most successful science-fiction series of its kind was extremely influential in future years for various other versions, including the release of a Saturday morning animated version from 1973-74, and the first of many big-budget theatrical feature films in 1979 (there were a total of eleven Star Trek -related feature films by 2009).", "Star Trek debuted on NBC on Wednesday, September 8, 1966. Initially, it was not successful; ratings were low and advertising revenue was lackluster. However, when threats of cancellation loomed in the show's second season, the show's devoted fanbase conducted an unprecedented campaign, petitioning NBC to keep the show on the air. They succeeded in gaining a third season, but the show was moved to a Friday night \"death slot,\" and was cancelled at the end of its third season. The last episode aired on June 3, 1969.", "NBC ordered 16 episodes of Star Trek, besides \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\". The first regular episode of Star Trek, The Man Trap, aired on Thursday, September 8, 1966 from 8:30–9:30 as part of an NBC \"sneak preview\" block. Reviews were mixed; while The Philadelphia Inquirer and San Francisco Chronicle liked the new show, The New York Times and The Boston Globe were less favorable, and Variety predicted that it \"won't work\", calling it \"an incredible and dreary mess of confusion and complexities\". Debuting against mostly reruns, Star Trek easily won its time slot with a 40.6 share. The following week against all-new programming, however, the show fell to second (29.4 share) behind CBS. It ranked 33rd (out of 94 programs) over the next two weeks, then the following two episodes ranked 51st in the ratings. ", "The original TV series follows Captain James T. Kirk’s crew of the starship Enterprise on its mission to “go boldly where no man has gone before.” The science fiction show won a huge cult following and has been remade into other TV shows, movies, games, and novels.", "\" Where No Man Has Gone Before \" was accepted by NBC and the first season of a regular series was ordered for broadcasting in the 1966-67 television season. History was made.", "48. Star Trek : The original TV series was first broadcast in 1966. Science fiction fans of all ages tuned in to see Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the Starship Enterprise explore new worlds and meet strange, alien creatures.", "As a result of the strong performance in the US of the first two black-and-white series in first-run syndication, NBC picked up the show as a summer replacement in its evening schedule in 1966. The programme therefore ended its run with both trans-Atlantic prime time scheduling and colour episodes. It also proved popular beyond the UK and US, eventually airing in over 60 countries, and made a profit in excess of £350m for ITC. With almost 120 episodes, the programme is exceeded only by The Avengers as the most productive show of its genre produced in the UK. As with The Avengers, the colour episodes were originally broadcast in the UK in black and white, predating the advent of colour transmissions on ITV.", "By 1963, much of NBC's prime time schedule was presented in color, although some popular series (such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., which premiered in late 1964) were broadcast in black-and-white for their entire first season. In the fall of 1965, NBC was broadcasting 95% of its prime time schedule in color (with the exceptions of I Dream of Jeannie and Convoy), and began billing itself as \"The Full Color Network.\" Without television sets to sell, rival networks followed more slowly, finally committing to an all-color lineup in prime time in the 1966–67 season. Days of Our Lives became the first soap opera to premiere in color, when it debuted in November 1965.", "8. Television - Popular television shows included Wagon Train, Bonanza, Gunsmoke, Perry Mason, The Red Skelton Show, Andy Griffith, Candid Camera, My Three Sons, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Twilight Zone and Mister Ed. The Avengers debut in the UK but wasn't seen in the U.S. until 1965. Read a book where someone watches television OR a mystery, science fiction or paranormal book.", "Once we acquired our first color television set in 1966, TV westerns took on a whole new persona. My dad loved westerns, so did my mom and the entire family, but for me, during the 60's, there was no show as great as \"The Virginian\". This was what westerns were all about! The program was a real breakthrough for television as it filled a 90 minute time slot. This permitted unusal plot twists that weren't as easily guessed as the standard western. With The Virginian, there were some interesting story lines, with an emphasis on characters (one episode even featured a cowhand with schizophrenia that murdered by night!) The extra minutes permitted the writers to flesh out a better story each week.", "    Lost in Space, also known amongst aficionados as LIS, was the FIRST series to feature a science fiction theme on prime time television.  It was first aired on 15 September, 1965 over a year before Gene Roddenberry’s Star Trek. It’s debut utilized considerable footage from an original pilot film which had been done a year previously in order to sell the idea of the series to CBS. It was received enthusiastically by the TV audience and praised by critics for its “serious nature.”", "A strong bond developed between Harris, Mumy, and some of the rest of the cast during the show's three-year tenure. From its debut, it was an immediate hit, even though midway through the first season, it had competition from another newcomer, Batman, which dominated the ratings. The show continued the tradition of such successful 1960s sci-fi series such as Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea. Midway through the first season, due to Harris' popularity on the show, he began to rewrite the dialogue. Allen approved his changes and gave him carte blanche to become a writer. Harris stole the show, mainly via a list of alliterative insults that soon worked their way into popular speech. When the show was renewed for its third and final season, it remained focused on Harris's character, Dr. Smith. While the series was still a big hit, the writers appeared to run out of fresh ideas, and the show was unexpectedly canceled in 1968, after 83 episodes.", "\"Rawhide\" was one of the grandest westerns to ever grace the tube from the golden age of the television genre. From its premiere episode on January 9th,1959-to the last and final episode of the series on January 4th,1966,ran on the CBS network for eight seasons and from there producing an astounding 217 episodes,all filmed and broadcast in black and white. The year 1959,the peak year for the genre,the networks were producing over 23 shows,mostly Westerns and most of them were in the top ten of the Nielsen ratings,and despite what the critics said about this series and whatever else,the show stood shoulder to shoulder behind some of the best Westerns of their day. During its premiere episode,it reached the top 20 in the Nielsen ratings,where CBS guaranteed the family audience it needed,but still it was simply an \"adult\" TV Western aimed at mature audiences. During its run it rosed steadily in popularity until toward the end of the series' run,it was one of America's top ten shows. It was destined to become the fourth longest-running TV western,beaten only by nine years of \"The Virginian\",fourteen years of \"Bonanza\",and twenty years of \"Gunsmoke\".", "Also in 1966, Superman starred in the first of several animated television series The New Adventures of Superman. … Read More", "Running for eight years — first on CBS, then on ABC and NBC — and usually airing commercial-free on Sunday afternoons, Omnibus attempted to offer something cultural for everyone. Plays, musicals, operas, ballet, symphonic music, all found a home on Omnibus, along with animal adventures and the first TV work by aquatic explorer Jacques Cousteau.", "Meanwhile, across the country, NBC readies its own historic space adventure: the first primetime science-fiction color TV series aimed at adults.", "Deserving mention is one TV Western series of the many that dominated video in the late 1950s. For 6 seasons from 1957 to 1963 Have Gun Will Travel became a benchmark in quality writing, acting & directing, packing more plot & subtle development into each of its more than 200 episodes than many good feature length films. Richard Boone's Paladin character and various plot set-ups can be found in numerous later westerns, including the Leone-Eastwood collaborations, while the major director Andrew McLaglen went on to direct several of John Wayne's later films, & series writers Gene Roddenberry & Bruce Geller went on to their own historic TV creations. No other western series equaled it in intellectual depth.", "The first prime-time animated series geared for adults, the show originally aired from 1960 to 1966 on the ABC network. Starting with the third season, it was also ABC's first series to be televised in color; technical and financial limitations prevented the network from broadcasting ANY color series until September 1962 (the first two seasons, originally telecast in black and white, were finally rebroadcast in full color when the series was syndicated in the fall of 1966). While the show was originally co-produced and syndicated by Screen Gems , Warner Bros. Television later acquired the rights to The Flintstones after parent Time Warner 's purchase of Turner Broadcasting System and its properties, including H-B.", "The new Dragnet premiered as a midseason replacement series on January 12, 1967 and aired until April 16, 1970. To distinguish it from the original series, the year of production was added to the title (Dragnet 1967, Dragnet 1968, etc.). The revival emphasized crime prevention and outreach to the public. Its attempts to address the contemporary youth-drug culture (such as the \"The LSD Story\" episode, guest-starring Michael Burns as Benjamin John \"Blue Boy\" Carver, voted 85th-best TV episode of all time by TV Guide and TV Land) have led certain episodes on the topic to achieve cult status due to their strained attempts to be \"with-it,\" such as Joe Friday grilling \"Blue Boy\" by asking him, \"You're pretty high and far out, aren't you? What kind of kick are you on, son?\" Don Dubbins, who had acted alongside Webb in The D.I. in 1957, was another featured actor in Mark VII Limited programs beginning in the 1960s.", "In 2002, Bonanza was ranked No. 43 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, and in 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time. The time period for the television series is roughly between 1861 (Season 1) to 1867 (Season 13) during and shortly after the American Civil War.", "T.H.E. Cat is an American action drama that aired during the 1966–1967 television season on NBC.", "Perhaps the quintessential show from the Golden Age of TV westerns, this series ran from 1957 to 1965 and it had a simple but compelling format. Each week it told the story of one of the travelers on an 1870's \"wagon train\" making its way across the American West. This format thus combined the sweeping backdrop of an ever-changing frontier with the small, personal story of a single individual.", "An Adventure in Space and Time will tell the story of the genesis of the BBC sci-fi drama in the early 1960s.", "The Twilight Zone (1959) . The show that started it all. It aired on CBS from 1959 to 1964.", "Which was the first and only* American TV series to earn a #1 Nielsen rating for its premiere episode?", "The first BBC broadcasts were stripped across the week and shown at 5.44pm, just before the early evening news each day on BBC1. This was the first time an entertainment programme had been transmitted in this way in the UK. The original series, which was a serial, was made in black-and-white. It was made in colour from series 2, although the series was still broadcast in monochrome by the BBC up until the first colour episode was transmitted on 5 October 1970.", "The popular campy show ran on ABC from 1966 to 1968; a film version was released in 1966. ", "    The \"new\" series first aired in the UK on 18 October 1965. The rest is history.", "The show began its run on Monday, September 14, 1964, with the pilot being aired in black & white. Indeed, the first season was being shot in that format, according to the wishes of the network. The thinking at the time was apparently, \"if the show goes into a second season, it will go to color, but until we know, let's keep it in black & white.\"", "Due to the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode, the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on 26 September 1964. The original pilot eventually aired on TBS on 16 October 1992, over 29 years later." ]

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[ "From the opening lyric – “Her name was Lola, she was a showgirl” – you know you’re in for some good old fashioned melodramatic storytellin’ with “ Copacabana “, a #8 hit for Barry Manilow in 1978. No matter how you feel about Manilow, the song’s ridiculously catchy melody made it a hit – and its strong, classic narrative has given it surprising staying power.", "The musical \"Copacabana\" expands on the story told in the song's lyrics: A 1940s show girl named Lola ( Darcie Roberts ) works at the Copacabana nightclub in New York, loves bartender Tony (D'Ambrosio) and is pursued by the villainous Rico ( Philip Hernandez ). The story unfolds in the dream of Tony's alter ego, an aspiring writer named Steven (also played by D'Ambrosio).", "In the song, Lola (yes, the showgirl) works at the New York nightclub Copacabana, along with her bartender boyfriend, Tony. One night, a customer (Rico, who “wore a diamond”) gets a little grabby, prompting a fight to break out between him and Tony, which quickly turns bloody:", "“Her name was Lola. She was a showgirl…” is how Stephen, a modern day songwriter begins his hopeful hit tune and so the journey into Lola’s world begins. Fresh off the plane from Tulsa, Lola arrives in the Big Apple with lofty showbiz aspirations. Tony the love struck bartender and composer helps Lola become a Copa girl but it all goes a little too far when the equally love struck Rico abducts Lola to work in his rival nightclub in Havana.", "\"Her name was Lola.\" The unforgettable opening of Barry Manilow's Grammy award-winning hit song, Copacabana is the inspiration for this exciting and passionate new musical coming to your town soon! Barry Manilow's Copacabana is a captivating tale of love and romance set amidst the swinging nightclub scene of the 1940's.", "In his only lead acting role, he portrayed Tony Starr in a 1985 CBS film based on Copacabana, alongside Annette O'Toole as Lola Lamarr and Joseph Bologna as Rico. Manilow penned all the songs for the movie, with lyrics provided by established collaborators Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and released Copacabana: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Album on RCA Records. In October 1986, Manilow, along with Bruce Sussman, Tom Scott, and Charlie Fox, went to Washington, D.C. for two days of meetings with legislators, including lunch with then Senator Al Gore (D-TN). They were there to lobby against a copyright bill put forward by local television broadcasters that would mandate songwriter-producer source licensing of theme and incidental music on syndicated television show reruns and would disallow use of the blanket license then in effect. The songwriters said without the blanket license, artists would have to negotiate up front with producers individually, without knowing if a series would be a success. The license now pays according to a per-use formula. Manilow said that such a bill would act as a precedent for broadcasters to get rid of the blanket license entirely. ", "Side One “Overture” (from 1985 movie) “Copacabana” (1978 Barry Manilow version) +”Just Arrived” – Lola ++”Dancin Fool” – Copa Girls “Let’s Go Steppin” – Copa Girls “Man Wanted” – Lola “Lola/Who Needs To Dream” – Tony Copa Writing Rico – Stephen “!Aye Caramba!” – Copa Girls Side Two +”Bolero de Amor” – Rico “Sweet Heaven (I’m In Love Again)” – Tony +”Welcome To Havana” – Conchita “Mermaids Tale” “El Bravo” – Lola and Tropicana cast “Who Needs To Dream” (reprise) Copa Finale “Copacabana 1985” (from soundtrack sung by Barry Manilow) + = Songs debuting in this version ++ = Song debuted in 1988 Big Fun on Swing Street CBS television special", "Barry Alan Pincus, mais conhecido como Barry Manilow, (Brooklyn, 17 de junho de 1943) é um cantor e compositor estadunidense, muito conhecido pelos seus hits dos anos 70 I Write the Songs, Mandy e Copacabana.", "Barry Manilow , singer/songwriter/pianist who writes pop songs, that include Mandy and I Write the Songs, \"Copacabana\"", "A Barry Manilow song, originally a hit for Donna Summer in 1976 and for Manilow himself in 1978.", "1947 Tony Forte – Young, good-looking and talented. A struggling songwriter by day, by night he works at the Copacabana. Lola la Mar – A young, pretty girl with misguided ambitions to become a Broadway star.", "Barry Manilow emerged as one of the top pop superstars of the mid and late 1970s. He hit #1 with \"Mandy,\" \"I Write the Songs,\" and \"Looks Like We Made It.\" The hit movie Foul Play with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn included Barry Manilow's \"Ready To Take a Chance Again\" on the soundtrack, and it earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. He made a major disco splash in 1978 with the top 10 pop hit single \"Copacabana (At the Copa).\"", "----------------------- Writers DE BARRO , JOAO/RIBEIRO ,ALBERTO ---- Trascript 1978 By Barry Manilow (born June 17, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, arranger, producer, conductor, and performer, best known for such recordings as \"Could It Be Magic\", \"Mandy\", \"Can't Smile Without You\", and \"Copacabana (At the Copa).\"", "\"Copacabana\" is a 1978 disco song, sung by Barry Manilow and written by Jack Feldman, Barry Manilow, and Bruce Sussman. It is also known as \"At the Copa\" after the first few words of the refrain. It debuted on Billboard magazine's Top 40 chart on July 7, 1978, and peaked at #8. It peaked at #42 in the UK the same year. A remixed version of the song peaked at #22 in 1993. The record earned for Manilow his first… read more", "Born, Barry Alan Pincus or  Barry Manilow born June 17, 1943 , an American songwiter and famous singer and producer known for his great hits, Copacabana, Mandy, Can’t Smile Without You, Could it Be Magic and hit record I Write This Song. Five of his hit songs album were on the charts best selling records , equaled to Frank Sinatra, Michael Jackson, Johnny Mathis and Bruce Springsteen and being named Radio & Records number one Adult Contemporary artist, and  sold more than 80 million records worldwide.  His career began in 1970s. He head his facelift for sagging skin on July 29, 2003 and undergone a hip surgery in August 29, 2006 and December 12, 2011. In 1989, he revealed that he was expecting an invitation from his neighbor Ronald and Nancy Reagan, but he told US Magazine, that they complained the limit or restriction  from Manilow’s doing the thing of sunbathing in the nude.", "In 1980, while Manilow was on Merv Griffin’s TV show, he tried to persuade him into starring in a movie about the famous song. The television project began when Dick Clark approached Manilow and cowriters Bruce Sussman and Jack Feldman, and persuaded them to develop a musical film around their popular song, “Copacabana”.", "The song \"Copacabana\" by American singer/songwriter Barry Manilow (not in the NTSC video release of Terrorform).", "The song was inspired by a conversation between Manilow and Sussman at the Copacabana Hotel in Rio de Janeiro, when they discussed whether there had ever been a song called \"Copacabana\". After returning to the U.S., Manilow — who, in the 1960s, had been a regular visitor to the Copacabana nightclub in New York City — suggested that Sussman and Feldman write the lyrics to a story song for him. They did so, and Manilow supplied the music. ", "The singer portrayed by Gwyneth Paltrow was originally intended to be Peggy Lee. The situation of an audience being held spellbound by a performer falling silent in the middle of a song was based on a real-life nightclub performance by Barbara Cook. ", "\"When he played the Copacabana, the gangsters would come there on a Saturday night with their girlfriends. Sunday night was the night they took their wives. And Sunday night performances were off-the-wall, they were so good, because Bobby had to make those people stand up and cheer. He had a cold audience. They'd already seen the show the night before. It became his obsession to make sure they got more than they paid for, that they stood up and screamed. And they did. He did that. That's who he was from the time we were little. (from Dream Lovers by Dodd Darin)", "\"Copacabana\" debuted on Billboard magazine's Top 40 chart on July 7, 1978, and peaked at #8. It peaked at #42 in the United Kingdom the same year. Its parent album Even Now also reached the UK albums chart, peaking at #12. Internationally, the song is considered his third greatest hit. The track was Manilow's first gold single for a song he recorded and released. Additionally, the lyrics to \"Copacabana\" earned Manilow his first and only Grammy Award for Pop Male Vocalist in February 1979. ", "Manilow in 1979 Manilow's \"Ready To Take a Chance Again\" originated in the film Foul Play, which also featured \"Copacabana\", from his fourth studio album Even Now.[19] \"Ready To Take A Chance Again\" was nominated that year for the \"Best Original Song\" Oscar.[20] Copacabana would later take the form of a musical television movie, starring Manilow, and three musical plays. On February 11, 1979, a concert from Manilow's sold-out dates at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles, California aired on HBO series Standing Room Only, which was the first pay-television show to pose a serious challenge to network primetime specials in the ratings.[21] From the same tour in 1978, a one-hour special from Manilow's sold out concert at the Royal Albert Hall aired in the UK.[citation needed]", "Barry Manilow — Copacabana (At The Copa) — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm", "Barbara Cook is best-loved and remembered for her work on the Broadway stage. An amazing singer and refreshingly impulsive actress, she made her debut at age 23 in the musical \"Flahooley\". Roles in \"Plain and Fancy\" and, the most famous flop of all time, \"Candide\" followed. In 1957, she created her most famous role as Marion Paroo opposite Robert Preston in \"The Music Man\". She won a Tony for her work. Other shows included \"The Gay Life\", \"She Loves Me\" and \"Something More\". After the short-lived \"Grass Harp\" during the early '70s, Cook retired from the musical theater. Not long after, she emerged as a dynamite cabaret singer. This second phase of her career is still going strong today.", "The Manilow connection So on to Tropicana, a show centred on the music of Barry Manilow. Barry Manilow is one of the greatest singer songwriters of the last 50 years with an enormous catalogue of songs, most of which have been international hits. So how did this show come about. It was through working together on a TV special that Cousins and Manilow met and Robin was able to voice his admiration for his work. Manilow, after much discussion, agreed in principle that Robin could create a show based around a selection of songs, and once he was happy Manilow granted full permission. The result is an evening of pure joy.", "Health[edit] On October 25, 1978, one hour before Manilow's scheduled debut at the Olympia Theatre he fractured his ankle.[45] He was rushed to a doctor who taped the injury minutes before he stepped onstage. Manilow insisted on going on and doing his complete show, which included an intricate disco dance in the popular \"Copacabana\" production number.[46]", "In 1990, Japan aired National Eolia Special: Barry Manilow On Broadway where he sang the title song \"Eolia\", which was used as a song there in a commercial for an air conditioner company of the same name, as well as other songs from his 1989–1990 Live on Broadway tour. In the early 1990s, Manilow signed on with Don Bluth to compose the songs with lyricists Jack Feldman and Bruce Sussman for three animated films. He co-wrote the Broadway-style musical scores for Thumbelina (1994) and The Pebble and the Penguin (1995). The third film, entitled Rapunzel, was shelved after the poor performance of The Pebble and the Penguin. Manilow was also to be cast as the voice of a cricket. Manilow also composed the score and wrote two songs with Bruce Sussman for Disney Sing Along Songs: Let's Go To The Circus.", "\"If My Friends Could See Me Now\", with music by Cy Coleman and lyrics by Dorothy Fields, is a number from the 1966 Broadway musical Sweet Charity. In the musical the character of Charity, played in the original New York cast by Gwen Verdon, reflects on her marvellous luck as she spends time with Vittorio. In the 1969 film adaptation of Sweet Charity, \"If My Friends Could See Me Now\" is performed by Shirley MacLaine.", "actress: Sex and the City, Miami Rhapsody, L.A. Story, Honeymoon in Vegas, The Little Match Girl, The Innocents, Annie, Square Pegs, A Year in the Life, Equal Justice; opera singer: Hansel and Gretel, Cavalleria Rusticana, Pagliacci, Parade; dancer: Cincinnati Ballet Theatre, American Ballet Theatre", "\"Big Spender\" is a song written by Cy Coleman and Dorothy Fields for the musical Sweet Charity, first performed in 1966. It is sung, in the musical, by the dance hostess girls; it was choreographed by Bob Fosse for the Broadway musical and the film. It is set to the beat of a striptease as the girls taunt the customers. \"Big Spender\" is published by Notable Music and administered by Downtown Music Publishing ", "\"Big Spender\" is a song written by Cy Coleman and Dorothy Fields for the musical Sweet Charity. It is sung, in the musical, by the dance hostess \"girls\"; it was choreographed by Bob Fosse for the Broadway musical and the film. It is \"set to the beat of a striptease\" as the girls \"taunt\" the customers.", " 1992 Newsies (performer: \"CARRYING THE BANNER\", \"SANTA FE\", \"THE WORLD WILL KNOW\", \"KING OF NEW YORK\", \"SANTA FE (REPRISE)\", \"ONCE AND FOR ALL\")" ]

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[ "The Marquess of Queensberry rules, often referred to as “Queensberry rules”   is the code of accepted rules that currently govern the sport of boxing all over the world.  They were written by John Graham Chambers, and published in 1867, however,  John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry was the first publicly endorse the code, which is why they took the name “Marquess of Queensberry”. Although published in 1867, fights were held under the London Prize Ring Rules for many years to come.  In fact, the last heavyweight championship bout held under London rules wasn’t until 1889, when John L. Sullivan beat a game Jake Kilrain in 75 rounds to defend his heavyweight championship. The Queensberry rules were the first set of rules to mention gloves in boxing, and were intended for use in both professional and amateur boxing matches, thus separating them in type from the less popular American Fair Play Rules that would be published in 1888, which at the time, were strictly intended for amateur matches.  Before the Queensberry rules were published, boxing had operated under Jack Broughton’s original London Prize Ring rules of 1743, which were revised once in 1853,  and later edited and replaced by the third version of the London Prize Ring Rules published in 1838.     All of the rule sets, previous to the Queensberry rules, were more ruthless so to say. The United States started using the Queensberry rules in 1889, and continue to operate under them in the present day.", "The Queensberry Rules are the code of rules which were drawn up in 1867 under the supervision of Sir John Sholto Douglas (1844-1900), ninth Marquis of Queensberry, to govern the sport of boxing in Great Britain.", "The Marquess of Queensberry rules have been the general rules governing modern boxing since their publication in 1867.", "Patron of boxing; the Queensberry rules governing the sport of boxing were drawn up under his supervision, 1867; succeeded his father as Marquess, 1858; sat as representative peer for Scotland, 1872-80.", "The 'Queensberry rules', the code of general rules in boxing, was named after John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry in 1867, that formed the basis of modern boxing. Britain's first heavyweight world champion Bob Fitzsimmons made boxing history as the sport's first three-division world champion. Some of the best contemporary British boxers included; super-middleweight champion Joe Calzaghe, featherweight champion Naseem Hamed, and heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis. The modern game of cricket was created in England in the 1830s when round arm bowling was legalised, followed by the historical legalisation of overarm bowling in 1864. In 1876–77, an England team took part in the first-ever Test match against Australia. Hugely influential in terms of his importance to the development of the sport, W. G. Grace is regarded as one of the greatest cricket players of all time, and devised most of the techniques of modern batting. The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882 that has remained Test cricket's most famous contest, and takes place every two years. The County Championship is the domestic competition in England and Wales.", "Queensberry was a patron of sport and a noted boxing enthusiast. In 1866 he was one of the founders of the Amateur Athletic Club, now the Amateur Athletic Association of England, one of the first groups that did not require amateur athletes to belong to the upper-classes in order to compete. The following year the Club published a set of twelve rules for conducting boxing matches. The rules had been drawn up by John Graham Chambers but appeared under Queensberry's sponsorship and are universally known as the \"Marquess of Queensberry rules\". ", "Queensberry rules — Queens|ber|ry rules, the the rules of fair fighting in the sport of ↑boxing, which were established in 1867 by a British lord, the Marquess of Queensberry …   Dictionary of contemporary English", "Marquess of Queensberry rules code of rules that most directly influenced modern boxing. Written by John Graham Chambers, a member of the British Amateur Athletic Club, the rules were first published in 1867 under the sponsorship of John Sholto Douglas, ninth marquess of Queensberry,...", "The London Prize Ring Rules were the formalized rules of bare-knuckle boxing and were put together in the 19th century. They were the rules of bare-knuckle boxing or prize fighting for well over a century. They were replaced by the Marquess of Queensberry rules which are tied to the modern form of boxing.", "Queensberry Rules — [ kwi:nzb(ə)ri] plural noun the standard rules of boxing. Origin C19: named after the 9th Marquess of Queensberry, who supervised the preparation of the rules …   English new terms dictionary", "Queensberry was a patron of sport and a noted boxing enthusiast. In 1866 he was one of the founders of the Amateur Athletic Club, now the Amateur Athletic Association of England, one of the first groups that did not require amateur athletes to belong to the upper-classes in order to compete. The following year the Club published a set of twelve rules for conducting boxing matches. The rules had been drawn up by John Graham Chambers but appeared under Queensberry's sponsorship and are universally known at the \"Marquess of Queensberry rules\". Queensberry, a keen rider, was also active in fox hunting and owned several successful race horses.", "Queensberry rules — /ˈkwinzbəri rulz/ (say kweenzbuhree roohlz), / bri/ (say bree) plural noun a set of rules followed in modern boxing. {named after the 8th Marquess of Queensberry, 1844–1900, English sportsman} …   Australian English dictionary", "The Queensberry Rules Bare-knuckle fighting has been a popular sport since classical times, but the introduction of the Queensberry Rules in 1867 introduced an element of restraint, bringing the sport into the modern age. The rules specify: • the dimensions of the ring • three-minute rounds, with a minute break • the requirement to wear gloves • the banning of spikes in footwear • the prohibition of wrestling or hugging • the banning of other people in the ring • the conditions of a count and a knockout The rules were actually codified by the Welsh sportsman John Graham Chambers, founder of England’s Amateur Athletic Club, who named them after John Sholto Douglas, the 9th Marquess of Queensberry (below), a keen patron of the sport.", "John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (20 July 1844 - 31 January 1900) was a Scottish nobleman, remembered for lending his name and patronage to the \"Marquess of Queensberry Rules\" that formed the basis of modern boxing and for his role in the downfall of author and playwright Oscar Wilde.", "John \"Jack\" Broughton was a true pioneer of the sport.  Broughton was the first person credited with standardizing a set of rules for boxing.  \"The Broughton Rules\" were widely accepted and later contributed to the development of \"The Marquis of Queensbury Rules\" that are still used worldwide.  Broughton is also credited with inventing the first form of padded boxing glove, he drew inspiration from a statue of a Greek boxer wearing the Cestus.", "The 10th Marquess of Queensberry (rules for the nonmartial sport of blogging) - Port Washington, WI Patch", "Patron of sport and subject of an infamous trial. Although born in Italy, Douglas succeeded his father to the Queensberry title in 1858 at the age of just 14. He is best known for giving his name to the \"Queensberry Rules\" for boxing, which he sanctioned in 1867. Douglas was also a founder of the Amateur Athletic Club in 1860. He was tried for libelling the Irish playwright Oscar Wilde, who Douglas accused of having a homosexual relationship with his son, Lord Alfred. This action eventually led to Wilde's disgrace and imprisonment.", "One early prize fighter who fought under Marquess of Queensberry rules was Jem Mace , who won the English heavyweight title under these rules in 1861. In 1889, the Queensberry rules came into use in the United States and Canada. [5]", "24; The Queensberry rules came to dominate the sport gradually over the next 25 years; courts in England directed juries to use the Queensberry rules to determine whether a contest was a legitimate fighting match or an unlawful encounter thereby legitimating the principles of Queensberry rules into law.", "One early prize fighter who fought under Marquess of Queensberry rules was Jem Mace, former English heavyweight champion, who defeated Bill Davis in Virginia City, Nevada under these rules in 1876. In 1889, the Queensberry rules came into use in the United States and Canada. ", "The first Rules were drawn up in Scotland, and they were formally adopted as the “Rules in Curling” by the Grand Caledonian Curling Club, which was formed in Edinburgh in 1838 and became the sport’s governing body. Four years later, following a demonstration of curling on the ballroom floor of Scone Palace near Perth by the Earl of Mansfield during a visit by Queen Victoria, the Queen was so fascinated by the game that in 1843 she gave permission for the Club’s name to be changed to the Royal Caledonian Curling Club (RCCC) – by which it is still known today.", "Thoroughbred racing, which originated under Charles II of England as the \"sport of kings\", is popular throughout the UK with world-famous races including the Grand National, the Epsom Derby, Royal Ascot and the Cheltenham National Hunt Festival (including the Cheltenham Gold Cup). The UK has proved successful in the international sporting arena in rowing.", "Development of the laws The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, over's, how out, etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up \"Articles of Agreement\" to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling.", "Robert Dover codified English country sports into his celebrated Dover's Cotswold Olimpicks, in 1612, almost certainly attended by Shakespeare , which continued until 1853. Baron de Coubertin had his idea to found a modern Olympics partly from his attendance at the similar Much Wenlock Olympics in Shropshire. Both these festivals run today. The equivalent sports festivals in Scotland are the Highland Games. In both countries from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries local girls and women of all ages ran footraces at country fairs for holland smocks, or shifts — the ‘smock races’. In Scotland also, during nearly 200 years from the Peace of Glasgow in 1502 to the Revolution of 1688, every reigning monarch of the Stuart line, including Mary Queen of Scots, played golf — a sport which has been played on the moon.", "Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as \"lawn tennis\". It had close connections both to various field (\"lawn\") games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. During most of the 19th century, in fact, the term \"tennis\" referred to real tennis, not lawn tennis: for example, in Disraeli's novel Sybil (1845), Lord Eugene De Vere announces that he will \"go down to Hampton Court and play tennis.\" ", "The Highland Games are introduced at Braemar, Scotland. These games were the progenitors of modern track-and-field, and of professional sports in general. They also helped popularize Cumberland wrestling, which had been popular mainly in London and Northern England. To ensure proper decorum, a prize of a gold guinea was awarded for the neatest costume. (Said costume consisted of long underwear, stocking feet, and a pair of shorts.) To ensure equitable matches, four weight divisions were used. Matches only began when the wrestlers had fair holds behind one another�s backs, or five minutes had passed. Victory was determined by best of three falls. Failure to keep one�s hands gripped behind the other�s back or touching the ground with any part of the body other than the feet constituted a fall.", "Sport in the first half of the nineteenth century remained premodern, abhorred by proper Victorians who frowned upon it as immoral and wasteful. The sporting fraternity encompassed a male bachelor subculture, including segments of the elite, skilled butchers, street thugs, volunteer firefighters, and Irish immigrants. They enjoyed blood sports, combat sports like boxing (which was universally banned), and gambling sports. Southern plantation owners employed slaves as cock trainers, jockeys, boxers, and oarsmen.", "[(sense 1) C19: named after the ninth Marquess of Queensberry, who originated the rules in 1869]", "The modern sport is governed by the Camanachd Association (Scots Gaelic: Comann na Camanachd). The association came into being in the late Victorian era in as a means of formulating common rules to unite the various different codes and rules which differed between neighbouring glens. Its first meeting was held in Kingussie in 1893.", "The rules that currently govern the sport were first created in 1867 and completely revolutionized the sport. The ten-count was introduced to determine the end of a bout. Illegal tactics were given a more discerning eye. 3-minute rounds with a one-minute rest period were established.", "Several European and Asian countries have their own governing bodies where the sport has enough players to have a national following and presence. Generally, these countries have rule books based upon either the Canadian, American, or I.S.B.H.F. rule books, or a combination of some type of these.", "Articles of Agreement governing the conduct of matches between the teams of the second Duke of Richmond and Mr. Brodrick of Peperharow." ]

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[ "The NASDAQ Stock Market, commonly known as the NASDAQ (currently stylized as Nasdaq), is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the New York Stock Exchange. The exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc., which also owns the OMX stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges.", "Second largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization and trade value. The exchange is owned by NASDAQ OMX Group which also owns and operates 24 markets, 3 clearinghouses and 5 central securities depositories supporting equities, options, fixed invome, derivatives, commodities, futures and structured products. It is a home to approximately 3,400 listed companies and its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has been published since its inception. Stock market is also followed by S&P 500 index.", "The NASDAQ and NYSE, both located in New York City, are the two largest stock exchanges in the world. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) has a larger market cap than the NASDAQ, which is known for its large selection of technology stocks (e.g., Google and Facebook). While trading on the NASDAQ is fully automated, the NYSE still uses human specialists to monitor and occasionally carry out its electronic trading. It is cheaper for companies to enter and stay listed on the NASDAQ exchange.", "The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE and nicknamed \"The Big Board\" ), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately 169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978.", "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.", "Momentum among high-technology stocks continued to build in the waning years of the century, when much of the world began preparations to enter into a new economic landscape, the so-called Internet Economy. In 1999, in order to provide a more appropriate vehicle for this new breed of stock, the LSE launched the techMark exchange. This new exchange, modeled directly on the NASDAQ and the Neuer Markt of Germany, provided still more flexible listing conditions for high-tech and startup companies.", "Zynga, Facebook and Groupon all may be on the stock market ropes, but there’s one Bay Area technology company that’s won all 12 rounds: Apple. The Cupertino personal computing giant won the title of “most valuable company of all time” on Aug. 20, when a market rally lifted the stock share to more than $662. That’s a market capitalization rate of around $623 billion. The previous record-holder, Microsoft, touched $616.3 billion during the Internet boom of 1999. No sooner had the threshold been breached than market watchers jumped in to try taking some of the shine off of Apple’s crown. Microsoft still has a higher valuation in inflation-adjusted dollars, they said (and it does, at a market cap of around $850 billion). Petrochina, the Chinese oil company, reached an even higher valuation on the Shanghai stock exchange — $1 trillion. (Also true, but that exchange isn’t open, and Petrochina’s prices on the exchanges in New York and Hong Kong are under $500 billion.) All of the naysayers’ caveats are true, but they don’t much matter. We say $623 billion is $623 billion — more than the GDP of Switzerland. And with a low price-earnings ratio and a new iPhone 5 rumored to come out this year, Apple’s stock might go higher yet. There’s plenty of time for the new champion to set another world record. Guest Editorial San Francisco Chronicle", "Page and Brin each own thirty-eight million shares of Google stock. They would become overnight millionaires when Google began trading on the NASDAQ, or National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation system, sometime in 2004. Business journalists were calling it the most hotly anticipated IPO of the post-dot-com era. Many other Internet companies had quickly become publicly traded ones in the late 1990s, but began to crash when the economy slowed over the next few years. Just prior to launching their IPO, Google entered a legally required \"quiet period,\" in which they were not allowed to discuss their plans or strategies with the press. Brin told Levy in Newsweek just before that period that he and Page were content to keep tinkering with their research-paper idea. \"I think we're pretty far along compared to 10 years ago,\" he said. \"At the same time, where can you go? Certainly if you had all the world's information directly attached to your brain, or an artificial brain that was smarter than your brain, you'd be better off. Between that and today, there's plenty of space to cover.\"", "Google Inc. ( NASDAQ :  GOOG ) is an American multinational internet corporation invested in internet search , cloud computing , and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, [5] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. [6] [7] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin , often dubbed the \"Google Guys\", [8] [9] [10] while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates.", "NASDAQ is a global electronic marketplace for buying and selling securities, as well as the benchmark index for U.S. technology stocks. Nasdaq was created by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).", "Euronext Paris is France's securities market, formerly known as the Paris Bourse, which merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Brussels exchanges in September 2000 to form Euronext NV, which is the second largest exchange in Europe behind the UK's London Stock Exchange Group. ", "* High Technology and E-commerce (Microsoft, Microsoft Canada, Intel, F5 Networks, Nintendo of America, Nintendo of Canada, Tektronix, Amazon.com, Expedia, Ballard Power Systems, MacDonald Dettwiler, EA Canada, Cymax Stores, Micron Technology, Electronic Arts, Ballard Technologies)", "eBay Inc. is an American Internet company that manages eBay.com, an online auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide.", "• As of 2013, which of these companies are publicly traded? Apple, Bank of China, Exxon Mobil, General Electric, Microsoft, Samsung, Toyota Motor, Volkswagen", "Pearson PLC is a British multinational publishing and education company headquartered in London. It is the largest education company and the largest book publisher in the world. Pearson has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depository Receipts.", "We’re all Google fanboys here right? Well we kind of have to be since we use probably every Google service that’s still in existence. Today we’ve got some good news. According to Bloomberg, it appears that Google has surpassed Exxon Mobile to become the second most valuable company in the US. So who’s number one? Who else but Apple. Bloomberg’s data shows us that Exxon Mobile is worth $392.6 billion, Google at $393.5 billion and Apple at a whopping $465.5 billion. So Google still has quite a ways to go before they pass up Apple. But at the rate Apple and Google are going, that may happen sooner than we think.", "Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal. The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn. By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn. The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place. ", "Apple’s market cap has exceeded that of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. since May 2010. Microsoft now has a market capitalization of $391 billion. Apple’s value also moved above that of Google Inc. in January 2010. The operator of the world’s most popular search engine currently has a market cap of $370 billion.", "● The World's Most Valuable Brands 2015 : 1. Apple. 2. Microsoft. 3. Google. 4. Coca-Cola. 5. IBM. 6. McDonald's. 7. Samsung. 8. Toyota. 9. General Electric (GE). 10. Facebook. 11. Disney. 12. AT&T. 13. Amazon. 14. Louis Vuitton (LV luxury products). 15. Cisco. 16. BMW. 17. Oracle. 18. Nike. 19. Intel. 20. Wal-Mart. 21. Verizon. 22. American Express. 23. Honda. 24. Mercedes-Benz. 25. Budweiser.", "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services.", "Coca-Cola (US) IBM (US) Microsoft (US) Google (US) GE (US) McDonald’s (US) Intel (US) Nokia (Finland) Disney (US) Hewlett-Packard (US)", "Exxon Mobil remains the largest U.S. stock, with a value of $278.6 billion. Microsoft fell to third, with a market cap of $219.2 billion, as of the close of the market today.", "142 Expedia Press Room - Press Releases] (TicketMaster changed its name to USA Networks in 2001 and then InterActiveCorp in 2003 ). IAC spun off its travel group of businesses under the Expedia, Inc. name in August 2005, including Expedia, Expedia Corporate Travel (now Egencia), TripAdvisor, Classic Vacations, eLong, Hotels.com, and Hotwire.com. In late 2011, Expedia, Inc. spun out TripAdvisor Media Group, retaining its portfolio of travel transaction brands. On December 21, 2012, Expedia bought a majority stake in travel metasearch engine Trivago in a combined cash and stock deal worth €477 million (approximately $630 million). ", "MTS is a fixed income trading electronic platform, trading European government bonds, quasi-government bonds, corporate bonds, covered bonds and repo. MTS provides access to both cash and repo markets as well as fixed income market data and fixed income indices. It is majority owned by the London Stock Exchange Group. Shareholding firms also include large international banks such as J.P. Morgan, Deutsche Bank and BNP Paribas.", "Google - previously known as \"BackRub\" - was founded by Page and Brin while they were students at Stanford University. It was incorporated as a privately held company in 1998. Moscow-born Brin invested $5m to secure a seat on the inaugural Soyuz space tourist flight to the international space station in 2011.", "In 2008, iTunes became the second-biggest music retailer in America—second only to Walmart, fueled by iTunes and iPod sales. Apple has also been ranked No. 1 on Fortune magazine's list of \"America's Most Admired Companies,\" as well as No. 1 among Fortune 500 companies for returns to shareholders.", "Bragging rights on the board of these behemoths? Apple’s market cap this month exceeds Microsoft’s — $222 billion vs. $219 billion, making Apple the world’s most valuable technology company.", "The thriving young company moved again in 1986, this time to a new corporate campus in Redmond, Washington . Microsoft stock went public in March 1986. Adjusting for splits, a share of that stock [ MSFT ] is worth about 320 times its original value today (or about 160 times, even accounting for inflation).", "In January 2015, Expedia acquired Travelocity from Sabre Corp for $280 million. Expedia previously partnered with Travelocity to provide the technology platform for Travelocity's US and Canada points of sale. ", "Googleâs Stock Split Means More Control for Larry and Sergey For founders, maintaining control of a big public company can be an ongoing struggle, even when its entire shareholder structure was designed to keep you in charge. Just ask the GoogleGOOG -0.29% guys. Back in April 2012, Google proposed a 2-for-1 Stock Split , a plan that would double the number of outstanding shares in the company and halve its stock price, while allowing its founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin to maintain tight control over the direction of the business. Google stock was trading at about $650 at the time, just as the company announced a 61% jump in first-quarter profit. Now, almost two years and a settled shareholder lawsuit later â and with Google stock trading at $1,133 â there is a timeline for when the Stock Split will take effect. In short: on April 2, all Googleâs shareholders will get one new Class C share for every Class A or B share they already own. In a statement today, index manager S&P Dow Jones Indices sa ...", "On this day in 1975, at a time when most Americans use typewriters, childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft, a company that makes computer software. Originally based in Albuquerque, New Mexico , Microsoft relocated to Washington State in 1979 and eventually grew into a major multinational technology corporation. In 1987, the year after Microsoft went public, 31-year-old Gates became the world’s youngest billionaire.", "Does anyone know what the other most valuable private companies in the world are? Are there any non-state-owned private companies bigger than Apple?" ]

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[ "Zorro (Spanish for \"fox\") is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega, a fictional character created in 1919 by pulp writer Johnston McCulley . He is a Californio nobleman living in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican rule (between 1821 and 1846), [1] although some movie adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the earlier Spanish rule .", "Zorro (Spanish for “fox”) is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega, a fictional character created in 1919 by pulp writer Johnston McCulley . He is a Californio nobleman living in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican rule (between 1821 and 1846), [1] although some movie adaptations of Zorro’s story have placed him during the earlier Spanish rule .", "Zorro (Spanish for \"fox\") is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega, a fictional character created in 1919 by pulp writer Johnston McCulley. He is a Californio nobleman living in Los Angeles during the era of Mexican rule (between 1821 and 1846), although some movie adaptations of Zorro's story have placed him during the earlier Spanish rule.", "Zorro (Spanish for Fox) is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega (originally Don Diego Vega), a nobleman and master swordsman living in the Spanish colonial era of California . The character has undergone changes through the years, but the typical image of him is a black-clad masked outlaw who defends the people of the land against tyrannical officials and other villains. Not only is he much too cunning and foxlike for the bumbling authorities to catch, but he delights in publicly humiliating those same foes.", "Zorro ( Spanish for fox) is the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega (originally Don Diego Vega), a nobleman and master living in the Spanish colonial era of California . The character has undergone changes through the years, but the typical image of him is a black-clad masked outlaw who defends the people of the land against tyrannical officials and other villains. Not only is he much too cunning and foxlike for the bumbling authorities to catch, but he delights in publicly humiliating those same foes.", "Don Diego de la Vega, aka Zorro (Spanish for “fox” in case you were wondering, gringo), a wealthy Spanish nobleman leading a double-life as the populist crusader of the title. It’s clear he’s been operating for some time now, but that’s about to come to an unfortunate end. Played by Anthony Hopkins.", "” which was published in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly beginning in August 1919. Zorro’s true identity is Don Diego Vega (later changed to Don Diego de la Vega), a young nobleman who lived in Los Angeles, California, during the early 19th century when the area was still under Spanish rule. Don Diego became the swordsman Zorro in order to defend the people of Los Angeles from political oppression. Zorro famously uses the letter Z as his “mark,” using his sword to carve it into the clothes—or sometimes the bodies—of his adversaries in three swift strokes. Zorro is not only a master swordsman but a skilled marksman and horseman.", "Players will make an incredible action-packed journey through the sun-scorched coast and desert landscape of early 1800's Spanish California playing as the infamous Zorro, the swashbuckling defender of the oppressed whose secret identity is the fictional wealthy caballero Don Diego de la Vega. Using the unique properties of the Wii controller, players can whip, slice and of course perform Zorro's signature Z' slash move to bring his foes to justice. Players will discover the secrets behind the origin of Zorro himself. The game also carries forward some of the explosive plot lines suggested by recent Zorro properties, such as the recent blockbuster Hollywood movies.", "Don Diego de la Vega : Isn't it ironic? I'm trapped by this brilliant illusion I've created. I'm no longer respected by the very people I've sworn to protect. Yes, Zorro is respected. But who am I? Diego de la Vega or 'The Fox'. The phantom of the night, snatching a few fleeting moments with the woman I love. If she heard me speak today, it would have been a simple matter to conclude that Zorro and I are one and the same. But then Zorro would never catch a cold. Zorro is indestructable.", "Zorro is actually the secret identity of Don Diego de la Vega. After being asked to return home from Spain by his father, Diego soon learns that his beloved Los Angeles is under the control of a dictator Captain Enrique Monastario. However, as to not arouse any suspicion, Diego takes on the persona of a fop: An arrogant scholar who could seen mainly as a useless and lazy clown. However, by night, Diego dons his mask, cape and sword to ride as Zorro. He is always hunted by the inept soldier, but they can never capture him. He is loved by the people, who see the outlaw as a hero, for Zorro fights corruption and tyranny, and it was thanks to him. Monastario is then arrested and removed from power.", "Artistic Licence: The fictional Zorro is the non-de-plume of nobleman Don Diego de la Vega, whose quest is sparked by his social conscience.", "Completing the regular characters on the series was Don Alejandro de la Vega, Diego's father. Alejandro was one of the wealthiest and most prominent of the citizens of Los Angeles, and many of the local peasants and landowners turned to him for help and guidance. It was Alejandro who first summoned Diego back home to help stop the evil Monastario in his quest for power, thereby inadvertently beginning Zorro's career. For most of the series, Alejandro didn't know that Diego was secretly Zorro, and his son's apparent cowardice caused friction within the family.", "(Approximate date) Diego's great-grandson, James Vega, leaves his job in the city and returns to his ancestral home. Adopting the guise of Zorro, he thwarts a gang of villains who are plotting to gain control of the new railroad under construction. (The Republic serial Zorro Rides Again.) James' father has died sometime before the story begins, and Don Miguel will soon be killed by outlaws. Don Miguel says that James is the last living descendant of the original Zorro, but it is possible that he doesn't count the Meredith, Stewart and Mason branches of the family since they do not carry the de la Vega name.", "In The Mask of Zorro (1998), a younger protagonist, Alejandro Murrieta (fictional brother of Joaquin Murrieta ), becomes Diego's successor. Alejandro returns in the 2005 sequel The Legend of Zorro . In his second appearance, he is called Don Alejandro de la Vega. He is played by Antonio Banderas .", "Don Diego de la Vega is born (Diego is 24 in the first story) - he is the son of Don Alejandro and Chiquita.", "(Approximate date) James Vega is born. He is the son of Don Ramon, the grandson of Don Cesar, and the great-grandson of Don Diego. James spends his boyhood on the ancestral de la Vega land, but leaves to attend school in the city (New York?) at a young age. When we first meet him in the serial Zorro Rides Again, he has no discernible accent, and his name has been shortened to Vega. Possibly Don Ramon urged James to insure his success by taking steps to blend in with the dominant anglo culture.", "Like Sir Percy in The Scarlet Pimpernel , Don Diego avoids suspicion by playing the role of an effete dandy who wears lace, writes poetry, and shuns violence. The all-black Fairbanks film costume, which with variations has remained the standard costume for the character, was likely adapted from the Arrow serial film character The Masked Rider (1919). This character was the first Mexican black-clad masked rider on a black horse to appear on the silver screen. Fairbanks's costume in The Mark of Zorro, released the following year, resembled that of the Rider with only slight differences in the mask and hat. [5]", "In The Curse of Capistrano Don Diego Vega becomes Señor Zorro in the pueblo of Los Angeles in California \"to avenge the helpless, to punish cruel politicians,\" and \"to aid the oppressed.\" He is the title character , as he is dubbed the \"curse of Capistrano.\"", "Zorro, whose name in Spanish means “fox,” was likely based on Mexican folktales of a noble bandit who fought on behalf of the peasantry and indigenous peoples. The character first appeared in McCulley’s serialized five-part story “", "They come from many different countries, such as Spain and Scotland, and their costumes represent their native cultures. The relatives include Don Diego, a Spanish vampire duck who makes his fun and games by burning down villages, and Rory McDuckula, a Scottish vampire duck who later makes himself an enemy of Duckula. ", "1838, \"South American fox-wolf,\" from Spanish zorro, masc. of zorra \"fox,\" from Basque azaria \"fox.\" The comic book hero, a variation on the Robin Hood theme set in old Spanish California, was created 1919 by U.S. writer Johnston McCulley (1883-1958).", "* TakeUpMySword: Literally. Despite being a BadassGrandpa, Don Diego feels his way too old to continue his heroics, so he made Alejandro his LegacyCharacter.", "(Approximate date) Don Ramon de la Vega is born to Don Cesar. His brother, Don Manuel will be born several years later. (The brothers are born about twenty years after the wedding of Don Cesar and Dolores, so they may be the product of a second marriage. Even with this late date, Don Ramon would be about fifty-five when his son James was born and Don Manuel would be about seventy five when he appeared as a character in the serial Zorro Rides Again.)", "Diego returns to find that his father, who had been alcalde, has been replaced by the corrupt Luis Quintero. Quintero and the brutal garrison commander, Captain Juan Ramon, are exploiting the peasants, the priests, and the Indians. Diego poses as a harmless fop so that he can battle Quintero and Ramon in the guise of El Zorro. (The Curse of Capistrano, filmed several times as The Mark of Zorro, The Bold Caballero, and other titles.) Quintero's name is revealed in the 1940 version of The Mark of Zorro but the idea that he is Lolita's father is fictitious.)", "After the Crockett miniseries, Disney attempted to create other heroic characters, such as six episodes of \"The Saga of Andy Burnett\" (1957), starring Jerome Courtland as a pioneer who traveled from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to the Rocky Mountains. \"The Nine Lives of Elfego Baca\" followed in 1958, with Robert Loggia as New Mexico lawman Elfego Baca. Some thirteen segments of Texas John Slaughter aired in 1958–1959, based on real-life law enforcement officer John Horton Slaughter of Texas and starring Tom Tryon. Another Disney miniseries, The Swamp Fox, starred Leslie Nielsen as American Revolutionary War fighter Francis Marion, and aired between 1959 and 1961. Marion wore a foxtail on his three-cornered hat, but the headpiece failed to attract the same level of attention as the Crockett coonskin caps attained.", "The role of Passepartout was greatly expanded from the novel to accommodate Cantinflas, the most famous Latin-American comedian at the time, and winds up as the focus of the film. While Passepartout describes himself as a Parisian in the novel, this is unclear in the film—he has a French name, but speaks Spanish when he and his master arrive in Spain by balloon. In the Spanish version the name of his character was changed from the French Passepartout to the Spanish “Juan Picaporte”. There is also a comic bullfighting sequence especially created for Cantinflas that is not in the novel. [6] Indeed, when the film was released in non-English speaking nations, Cantinflas was billed as the lead. [6] According to the guidebook, this was done because of an obstacle Todd faced in casting Cantinflas, who had never before appeared in an American movie and had turned down countless offers to do so. Todd allowed Cantinflas to appear in the film as a Latin, “so,” the actor said himself, “…to my audience in Latin America, I’ll still be Cantinflas.”", "The Scarlet Pimpernel (played here by Fred Terry), represents the original \"hero with a secret identity \" that would become prevalent in comic books. [231]", "Image- USA TODAY (Chief Clancy Wiggum from “The Simpsons” is known as Jefe Clancy Gorgory in the Latin American version of the program)", "He was popularly known as \"El Jefe\" (\"The Chief\") or \"El Benefactor\" (\"The Benefactor\"), but was privately referred to as Chapitas (\"Bottlecaps\") because of his indiscriminate wearing of medals. Dominican children emulated El Jefe by constructing toy medals from bottle caps. He was also known as \"el chivo\" (\"the goat\").", "In Mexico and Latin America, the Riddler is known as El Acertijo, which literally means \"The Riddle\".", "El Zorro And El Coyote: Two Hispanic Fictional Champions Of The Underdog | The Huffington Post", "In an episode of the animated TV show The Tick , a villain was named El Seed and was very loosely based on El Cid." ]

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[ "Just about everyone knows Dr. Seuss’s story of the Lorax, the gruff but lovable forest guardian who speaks for the trees. Now, the classic tale is springing to life on the big screen. The 3-D animated adventure follows a young boy named Ted (voiced by Zac Efron), who lives in the all-plastic town of Thneed-Ville. Ted is on a quest to find a real, live tree, so he goes to the all-knowing Once-ler for help. The Once-ler tells Ted the story of the Lorax (voiced by Danny DeVito), and what exactly happened to all of the trees—including the Once-ler’s own role in the forest’s destruction.", "Thinking that a trip might get him un-stuck, Audrey (his second wife) suggested that they go to Africa. In Kenya, sitting at his hotel swimming pool, Seuss saw “workmen cutting down trees” and thought, “They can’t cut down my Dr. Seuss trees!” He named these trees “Truffula Trees,” and invented the Lorax, a small, whiskery character who “speaks for the trees” because “the trees have no voices.” Seuss then saw, in the distance, a herd of elephants ambling over the top of a hill. As he later remembered, seeing those elephants “broke my logjam.” He wrote a full draft of the book on a laundry list — the only paper he had handy. After he returned to La Jolla, he revised and illustrated the book, using his remembered image of the trees for his Truffula Trees. As the Morgans note, at Audrey’s suggestion, Seuss shifted his color palette away “from his usual primary colors to mauve, plum, purple and sage-green.” The contrast between these bright colors depicting unspoiled nature and the grays, browns, and dark blues of the polluted landscape deftly highlights the need to take care of the environment. As a tribute to Audrey’s influence on the book, Dr. Seuss dedicated The Lorax to her and her two daughters, Lark and Lea.", "'I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees!' The irrepressible, big-hearted, moustachioed critter is back. Following rave reviews and an Olivier nomination for Best Entertainment and Family show, Dr. Seuss's The Lorax returns to The Old Vic stage. This dazzlingly funny, moving and inspiring show sees the go-getting Once-ler come face to face with the magical Lorax in a battle over the beloved truffula trees and the whole of Paradise Valley. Adapted for the stage by David Greig with music and lyrics by Charlie Fink, Dr. Seuss's The Lorax is a brilliant riot of eye-popping colour, gorgeous puppetry and infectious music to enchant adults and children alike.", "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012) brings computer animation to a 1971 book written by the famous author of The Cat In the Hat. Published a year after the first Earth Day launched the modern environmental movement, the book is about a world that chops down all its trees to make a silly consumer product. Years later, a boy tries to find a surviving tree. The film adaptation (released in both 2D and 3D) has the same environmental zeal, adding musical numbers and voices by Danny DeVito, Zac Efron, Taylor Swift, and Betty White. By preaching against clear cutting, blind consumerism, and corporate greed, it has won the embrace of tree-huggers and the ire of conservatives. Putting politics aside, however, it presents a contradiction: Who wouldn't want to live in the ersatz but wonderful city portrayed in this movie?", "In 2011, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. In 2012, DeVito voiced the Lorax in The Lorax. In 2013, along with Rashida Jones, he voiced Herb for the third time on \"The Changing of the Guardian\" episode of The Simpsons (aired on January 27, 2013. season 24, episode 11). He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends Champions for Earth tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the 3DS game Detective Pikachu, dedicated fans started a petition requesting Devito as the English voice actor for the titular character. The petition gained 40,000 signatures but he declined to audition for the role. ", "He was portrayed by Danny DeVito , who also played Harry Wormwood in Matilda and also voiced Mr. Swackhammer in Space Jam.", "The CGI film, from Universal Studios and Illumination Entertainment, features voice-work from a star-studded cast, including Danny DeVito, Zach Efron, Taylor Swift and Betty White. The movie represents the fourth feature-length film adaptation of a Dr. Seuss book, following How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), The Cat in the Hat (2003), and Horton Hears a Who (2008).", "A wizard of the written word, today marks the 110th birthday of Theodor Geisel — better known as the dear Dr. Seuss. The beloved children’s author and illustrator created a menagerie of creatures that recited anapestic tetrameter, caused trouble, and captured our imaginations. The man behind beasties like the Grinch, Lorax, and Sneetches was a fascinating character in his own right. Here are 20 facts about the great Dr. you might have missed.", "But Billy is both confused and surprised when Eli begins talking aloud to the forest creatures like the huge buck, Trevor, and particularly the ancient tree, Martha. He assumes Eli is merely talking as a kind friend would talk to a loving, adoring pet. Yet the old man insists the creatures of the forest not only hear him, but answer him:", "Theodor Seuss Geisel (pronounced /ˈɡaɪzəl/; March 2, 1904 in Springfield, Massachusetts � September 24, 1991) was an American writer and cartoonist most widely known for his children's books written under the pen name Dr. Seuss. He published over 60 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of trisyllabic meter. His most celebrated books include the bestselling Green Eggs and Ham, The Cat in the Hat, and One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish. Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including eleven television specials, three feature films, and a Broadway musical.", "Gerald McBoing, a boy who spoke with nonanimate sound effects, was the brainchild of tongue-twisting Dr. Seuss. Dr. Seuss's script for the first Gerald McBoing Boing animated film (1951) consisted almost entirely of voice-overs and sound effects; Dr. Seuss used polysyllabic sound effects to fill out lines and rhyme. Gerald McBoing Boing was immensely popular: the 45 rpm record version (1950), the movie (1951), the book (1952) based on the movie, and the weekly tv show (1956–57) made him impossible to escape. Like my fellow young stutterers at the time, I recall being especially sensitive to how Dr. Seuss conjoined tongue-twisting \"nonsense\" with speech impediment—almost in imitation, as it seemed to me, of the stutterer Lewis Carroll, who called himself \"Dodo.\" [End Page 87]", "As a testament to Seuss’s importance as both thinker and writer, he joins Hans Christian Andersen, Astrid Lindgren, and Mark Twain as one of the very few writers for children to have his own public statue. At the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden in his hometown of Springfield, Massachusetts, a bronze Ted Geisel sits in a chair next to the Cat in the Hat. Nearby are some of the other creatures of his imagination — the Lorax, the Grinch and his dog Max, Yertle the Turtle, Horton the  Elephant, and Thidwick the  Big-Hearted Moose.  Lark  Grey  Dimond-Cates, the  sculptor  and Geisel’s stepdaughter, said of the sculpture garden she designed, “I want people to leave taking Dr. Seuss’s work a little more seriously… . I think a lot of people take Dr. Seuss’s work lightly — it’s fluff, it’s cute. If you sit down and read his books carefully, they have so much more to them.”", "Horton Hears a Who! is a book written by Dr. Seuss , starring Horton the Elephant , the Sour Kangaroo, the Young Kangaroo, the Mayor, the Wickersham Bros, Vlad Vladakoff, the Whos, and JoJo. It was published in 1954 and the first children's book written by Seuss after he moved to La Jolla .", "On October 5, 1999, Rhino Entertainment released a new CD soundtrack (which included the soundtrack for another Dr. Seuss cartoon, Horton Hears a Who). Both story collections contain selected dialogue and music numbers. The \"isolated music tracks\" in this edition are taken directly from the television soundtrack and are not the re-recorded tracks from earlier versions. The dialogues are the originals, being voiced by Boris Karloff for \"Grinch\" and Hans Conried for \"Horton.\"", "When you think back on the first time you read The Lorax as a child, did you hear a voice like Danny DeVito’s in your head?", "*\"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" originally done for the 1966 cartoon special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!; lyrics written by Dr. Seuss, music by Albert Hague, and performed by Thurl Ravenscroft", "Released theatrically on March 14, 2008, by 20th Century Fox, it received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million. The film is the third Dr. Seuss feature film adaptation, the second Dr. Seuss film starring Jim Carrey after How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), and the first adaptation of a Dr. Seuss work fully animated using CGI technology.", "The Lorax review: Dr Seuss's eco message gets lost in its new environment | Daily Mail Online", "Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! is a 2008 American computer-animated adventure comedy film based on the Dr. Seuss' book of the same name. The film was directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino, and was produced by Blue Sky Studios. It features the voices of Jim Carrey and Steve Carell. Released on March 14, 2008 by 20th Century Fox, it received generally positive reviews, and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million.", "A perennial favorite, Dr. Seuss’s wonderfully wise graduation speech is the perfect send-off for children starting out in the world, be they nursery school, high school, or college grads! From soaring to high heights and seeing great sights to being left in a Lurch on a prickle-ly perch, Dr. Seuss addresses life’s ups and downs with his trademark humorous verse and illustrations, while encouraging readers to find the success that lies within. In a starred review, Booklist notes: “Seuss’s message is simple but never sappy: life may be a ‘Great Balancing Act,’ but through it all ‘There’s fun to be done.’”", "Besides often speaking in rhyme , Yogi Bear had a number of catchphrases , including his pet name for picnic baskets (\"pic-a-nic baskets\") and his favorite self-promotion (\"I'm smarter than the av-er-age bear!\"), [10] although he often overestimates his own cleverness. Another characteristic of Yogi was his deep and silly voice. He often greets the ranger with a cordial, \"Hello, Mr. Ranger, sir!\" and \"Hey there, Boo Boo!\" as his preferred greeting to his sidekick , Boo Boo. Yogi would also often use puns in his speech, and had a habit of pronouncing large words with a long vocal flourish.", "Joe Alaskey now does the voice of Tweety. Alaskey is also a very talented \"on-camera\" actor, guest starring on numerous television series, including \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,\" \"Growing Pains,\" and \"Night Court.\" He served as the voice of Richard Nixon in the Oscar-winning feature film \"Forrest Gump,\" as well as the voice of the oh-so-irreverent Daffy Duck, serving as presenter during the 67th Annual Academy Awards ceremony. Alaskey can also he heard as the voice of Stinkie in Steven Spielberg's \"Casper.\"", "Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard . [46]", "* Doc (voiced by Roy Atwell in the film, Jim Cummings in the Walt Disney World Attraction and the DVD bonus features, David Ogden Stiers in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, Bill Farmer in The 7D) - The leader of the seven dwarfs, Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words.", "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson's most well-known creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the straight man protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably on Sesame Street, and The Muppet Show, as well as in movies, specials, and public service announcements throughout the years. Henson originally performed Kermit until his death on May 16, 1990; Steve Whitmire has performed Kermit since that time. He was voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects.", "J. Audubon Woodlore is the park ranger of Brownstone National Park (a play on Yellowstone National Park), one of the features of which is a geyser named \"Old Fateful\" (a play on Old Faithful). He was originally voiced by Bill Thompson. Woodlore's name is an inside joke-reference to John James Audubon, the famous 19th Century ornithologist/naturalist/painter. He is currently voiced by Corey Burton and Jeff Bennett.", "Dick Dastardly (Full Name Richard Milhous Dastardly) is one of Hanna-Barbera 's most recognized villains, known for his evil laugh and famous catchphrase: \"Drat, Drat and Double Drat!\" and occasionally \"Triple Drat!\" he is voiced by original Paul Winchell and later Jim Cummings impersonating Jack Lemmon on the movies Disney's Winnie the Pooh.", "Mister Magoo was a popular cartoon character (voiced by Jim Backus) known for his bumbling through life despite the fact that he was nearly blind but refused to accept it. First appearing in the short film Ragtime Bear (1949), Magoo \"starred\" in a number of classic story adaptations, including one 1962 TV special doing Charles Dickens' Christmas tale A Christmas Carol (1843). Magoo played the role of Ebenezer Scrooge, the cynical old man who learns to appreciate Christmas through the help of a series of spirit visits.", "Lucifer is the devilish pet cat of Lady Tremaine and the secondary antagonist from Disney's 1950 film Cinderella and its sequels. He has black fur, a toothy grin, and is portrayed as a sneaky, wicked, and cheating predator who loves nothing more than eating mice. He was voiced by June Foray in the original film and by Frank Welker in the sequels.", "* Steve Whitmire (Many characters of The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, and others, Wembley Fraggle of Fraggle Rock, and current muppeteer and voice for Ernie of Sesame Street)", "The Cowardly Lion makes a brief cameo in Oz: The Great and Powerful, as a CGI character. He briefly tries to attack Oz (played by James Franco), and his monkey companion Finley (voiced by Zach Braff), but Oz uses his magic to create a velvet fog that immediately intimidates the lion, causing him to immediately retreat.", "Boo Boo. Sidekick and partner in crime to Yogi Bear at Jellystone National Park. Voice of Don Messick." ]

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[ "Isaac Merritt Singer (October 26, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an American inventor, actor, and entrepreneur. He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Singer’s machine was not the first of its kind, but its design was particularly innovative and capable of changing the lives of millions. It is considered one of the greatest labor saving devices of the era and it has also made life easier for many who were unable to pay market prices for clothes but who could sew their own. It also made exploitation of women and children, who labor in poor working conditions for low wages operating sewing machines, possible. His personal life included a bigamous marriage and an accusation of domestic violence but there is no doubt that his invention has had an incalculable impact on the modern world, arguably helping to change the pace of life as much as the automobile. “Singer” remains a household name for sewing machines. It is as synonymous with the sewing machine as “Hoover” is with the vacuum cleaner, and an indispensable item in many households around the globe.", "Isaac Merritt Singer (October 26, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an inventor, actor, and entrepreneur. He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company.", "Isaac Merritt Singer (October 27, 1811 – July 23, 1875) was an American inventor, actor, and entrepreneur. He made important improvements in the design of the sewing machine and was the founder of the Singer Sewing Machine Company. Many had patented sewing machines before Singer, but his success was based on the practicality of his machine, the ease with which it could be adapted to home use, and its availability on an installment payment basis. Singer fathered at least 24 children with various wives and mistresses.", "Because the carving machine evoked but little interest, Singer turned his attention to the sewing machine as a device offering considerable opportunity for both improvement and financial reward. Phelps liked Singer’s ideas and joined with George Zieber, the publisher who had been backing the carving-machine venture, to support Singer in the work of improving the sewing machine. His improvements in the Blodgett and Lerow machine included a table to hold the cloth horizontally rather than vertically (this had been used by Bachelder and Wilson also), a yielding vertical presser foot to hold the cloth down as the needle was drawn up, and a vertically reciprocating straight needle driven by a rotary, overhanging shaft.", "The son of a German immigrant, Isaac Merritt Singer (born October 26, 1811 in Pittstown, New York; died July 23 1875 in Paignton, United Kingdom) was the man behind one of the sewing machine patents that succeeded within an extremely competitive market in the mid-1850s. Since the eighteenth century, inventors had designed sewing machines to serve the needs of tailors and for various industrial purposes. However, inventors had struggled to develop a machine appropriate for domestic use. Singer contributed to the sewing machine trade with important technological advancements and also with the development of a marketing system capable of selling sewing machines around the world. The sewing machine transformed sewing work in households, garment shops, and factories across the globe by the beginning of the twentieth century. Founded in 1851, the Singer Company, later called the Singer Sewing Machine Company, was the largest provider of sewing machines both in the United States and overseas until the 1950s. Despite his professional accomplishments, Singer’s scandalous personal behavior was a source of concern for his partner in the firm and he eventually stepped down from active management of the company. He retired, moved to Europe, and died in a palatial English estate in 1875 at the age of 64.", "August 12, 1851, Isaac Merrit Singer patented his sewing machine and formed I.M. Singer & Company to market the product.", "For his first patent model, Isaac Singer submitted a commercial sewing machine. He was granted Patent No. 8,294, on August 12, 1851. These commercial sewing machines were built in Orson C. Phelps’s machine shop in Boston. The head, base cams, and gear wheels of the machine were made of cast iron; to fit together, these parts had to be filed and ground by hand. The machine made a lockstitch by using a straight, eye-pointed needle and a reciprocating shuttle. The specific patent claims allowed were for: 1) the additional forward motion of the shuttle to tighten the stitch; 2) the use of a friction pad to control the tension of the thread from the spool; and 3) placing the spool of thread on an adjustable arm to permit thread to be used as needed.", "Isaac Singer, whose name is known around the world as a manufacturer of sewing machines, was the eighth child of poor German immigrants. Isaac was born on October 27, 1811, in Pittstown, New York, but most of [Pg 143] his early life was spent in Oswego. He worked as a mechanic and cabinetmaker, but acquired an interest in the theater. Under the name of Isaac Merritt, he went to Rochester and became an actor. In 1839, during an absence from the theater, he completed his first invention, a mechanical excavator, which he sold for $2000. With the money Singer organized a theatrical troupe of his own, which he called “The Merritt Players.” When the group failed in Fredericksburg, Ohio, Singer was stranded for lack of funds.", "To all whom it may concern: Be it known that I, Isaac Merritt Singer of the City, County and State of New York have invented certain new and useful improvements in the machine for sewing seams in cloth. – all from Isaac M. Singer", "- Isaac Merritt Singer, of New York City, received first U.S. patent for a \"Improvement in Sewing-Machines\"; covered spring and cone pulley device.", "The latter half of the 19th century gave the world inventions for the home to make life easier and more convenient. Isaac Singer gave the world the sewing machine motor in 1855. In 1858, Hamilton Smith invented the rotary washing machine. The typewriter was invented by Christopher Scholes in 1867. 1876 brought about another of the world's most important inventions when Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. Right on its heels came another monumental invention when, in 1878, both Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan created an electric light bulb. Further domestic convenience came in 1889, when Josephine Cochran invented the automatic dishwasher.", "The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844, thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851, and the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent.", "The son of a German immigrant, Isaac Merritt Singer was the man behind one of the sewing machine patents that succeeded within an extremely competitive market in the mid-1850s. Since the eighteenth century, inventors had designed sewing machines to serve the needs of tailors and for various industrial purposes. However, inventors had struggled to develop a machine appropriate for domestic use. Singer contributed to the sewing machine trade with important technological advancements and also with the development of a marketing system capable of selling sewing machines around the world.", "Still, Walter disappears from our story. He does reappear patenting an improved model of his earlier invention in 1854 (some 20 years after he first developed it) but it is all way too late by then. He also appeared in many court cases between several of the larger sewing machine characters all bluffing their way through court, but that�s a long way off. If you read my history on Isaac Singer you can see what part he played and the devious tricks Isaac got up to.", "Singer immediately applied for a patent on this machine, which he received on August 12, 1851. He then organized what became I. M. Singer and Company and began manufacturing sewing machines. Though he had some competition in the market, the fact that his machine could perform continuous stitching, put it in great demand almost immediately.", "While costly, the patent wars of the 1850s fostered innovation as companies continued to improve their technology. As Frederick Bourne, president of the Singer Sewing Machine Company between 1889 and 1905, explained, litigation never stopped Singer’s inventive spirit and he continued to improve his machine. In 1854, Singer launched the “latch under needle” mechanism as a means for competing with Howe’s lock stitch mechanism. Also, he designed a “machine [for] making the single-thread chain-stitch; and… a machine for embroidering, using two threads and making a double-thread chain-stitch.” Later in 1856, Singer invented different mechanisms to attach to the sewing machine to perform elaborate non-linear stitching and to sew the fabric in diverse ways (rufflers, for example). [32] These innovations helped Singer to increase sales between 1853 and 1856. In 1853 Singer sold 2,629, a figure that tripled by 1856.", "Singer fought off law suits from other sewing machine manufacturers, but he had achieved success. By 1854, despite losing some of the law suits, his company had reached and retained a commanding position in the industry. Singer created improvements on his original design and attached the improvements to his original patent, creating what is called a pooling of patents, where many patented ideas are brought together into a kind of giant and complicated product patent, making it difficult to steal.", "Singer enjoyed demonstrating the machine and showed it to church and social groups and even at circuses; this personal association then encouraged him to improve its reliability and convenience. He developed a wooden packing case which doubled as a stand for the machine and a treadle to allow it to be operated by foot. Because of the dimensions of the packing case, Singer put the pivot of the treadle toward its center, about where the instep of the foot would rest. This produced the heel-and-toe action treadle, a familiar part of the sewing machine until its replacement by the electric motor. Both hands were freed to guide and arrange the cloth that was being stitched. Singer also added a flywheel to smooth out the treadle action and later an iron stand with a treadle wide enough for both feet. The treadle had been in use for two years before a rival pointed out that it might have been patented. To Singer’s chagrin it was then too late for patent laws [Pg 34] did not permit patenting a device that had been in public use.", "• Elias Howe (1819-67) who won fame when, in 1837, he designed, and, over the next nine years, built the sewing machine, for which he took out a patent in 1846. He then went to England, returning a few years later to find that the a man by the name of Isaac Singer had stolen his patent and had started mass manufacture of the sewing machine under the Singer trade name. Howe pursued Singer in court, during the course of which unfounded charges of anti-Semitism were made against Howe by Singer, who was Jewish. After several years, Howe won: Singer was ordered to pay the inventor royalties on all Singer sewing machines ever produced, and Howe retired a wealthy man.", "A Gibbs sewing machine, on a simple iron-frame stand with treadle, sold for approximately $50 in the late 1850s, [69] while a Wheeler and Wilson [70] machine or a Grover and Baker [71] with the same type of stand sold for approximately $100. After the introduction of the Gibbs machine, the Singer company [72] brought out a light family machine in 1858 that was also first sold for $100. It was then reduced to $50, but it was not popular because it was too light (see discussion of Singer machines, pp. 34-35). In 1859, Singer brought out its second, more successful family machine, which sold for $75.", "Singer’s aggressive selling had begun to overcome the public’s suspicion of sewing machines. He pioneered in the use of lavishly decorated sewing-machine showrooms when the company offices were expanded in the mid-1850s (fig. 30). These were rich with carved walnut furniture, gilded ornaments, and carpeted floors, places in which Victorian women were not ashamed to be seen. The machines were demonstrated by pretty young women. The total effect was a new concept of selling, and Singer became the drum major of a new and coming industry that had many followers (see fig. 31).", "Be it known that LISAA c M. SINGER, of the city, county, and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in the Machine for SewingSeams in Cloth and other Substances; and I do hereby declare'th'at the following is afull, clear, and exact descrip tion thereof, reference being had to the accompanying drawings, making part of this specification, in which Figure 1 is a front elevation of the machine; Fig. 2,-aside elevation; Fig. 3, a plan of the table with the plates that cover the shuttle re moved Fig. 4, a vertical section passing through and in the plane of the cam-shaft; Fig. 5, a cross-section passing between the carriage of the shuttle-driver and the wheel that carries the crank-pin, and looking toward the front of the machine; and Fig. 6, a section of ieedqnotion.", "August 12, 1851: Isaac Singer is issued US Patent #8294. Singer was born in Pittstown, New York on October 27, 1811. He fathered his first child at the age of ten. By age twelve, he ran away from home and a disagreeable stepmother. He went to live with an older brother who had a machine shop. There, he leaned the trade. Seeking fame and fortune, Isaac became an actor. His reviews were not spectacular. He married in 1830 and had two children with his wife.", "Always the showman, Singer relished exhibiting his invention at social gatherings and was masterful in convincing the women present that the sewing machine was a tool they could learn to use. The machine was transported in its packing crate, which served as a stand; it contained a wooden treadle that allowed the seamstress to power the machine with her feet, leaving both hands free to guide the cloth. This early, heavy-duty Singer machine was designed for use in the manufacturing trades rather than in the home.", "Isaac Singer's machine was somewhat different its needle moved up and down, rather than sideways, and it was powered by a treadle rather than a hand crank. However, it used the same lockstitch process and a similar needle. Elias Howe died in 1867, the year his patent expired.", "At 38, with Mary Ann and eight children, he packed up his family and moved back to New York City, hoping to market his wood-block cutting machine there. He obtained an advance to build a working prototype, and constructed one in the shop of A. B. Taylor & Co. Here he met G. B. Zieber, who became Singer's financier and partner. However, not long after the machine was built, the steam boiler blew up at the shop, destroying the prototype. Zieber persuaded Singer to make a new start in Boston, a center of the printing trade. Singer went to Boston in 1850 to display his invention at the machine shop of Orson C. Phelps. Orders for Singer's wood cutting machine were not, however, forthcoming.", "Steam-powered hoisting devices were used in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 \"safety elevator\" prevented the car from falling if the cable broke, and thus paved the way for the first commercial passenger elevator, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first electric elevator appeared in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German firm of Siemens and Halske. A self-closing shaft door was invented by J.W. Meaker in 1874 (\"Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways,\" US Patent No. 147,853). See Elevator Timeline", "Nevertheless, Howe completed a second machine (fig. 15), which he submitted with his application for a patent. The fifth United States patent (No. 4,750) for a sewing machine was issued to him on September 10, 1846. The machine used a grooved and curved eye-pointed needle carried by a vibrating arm, with the needle supplied with thread from a spool. Loops of thread from the needle were locked by a thread carried by a shuttle, which was moved [Pg 20] through the loop by means of reciprocating drivers. The cloth was suspended in a vertical position, impaled on pins projecting from a baster plate, which moved intermittently under the needle by means of a toothed wheel. The length of each stitching operation depended upon the length of the baster plate, and the seams were necessarily straight. When the end of the baster plate reached the position of the needle, the machine was stopped. The cloth was removed from the baster plate, which was moved back to its original position. The cloth was moved forward on the pins, and the seam continued.", "Figure 42.—1852: Nearly one hundred years after Roubo's plate appeared, Jacob Switzer applied for a patent for an \"Improved Self Holding Screw Driver.\" The similarity of Switzer's drawing and Roubo's plate is striking. (Original patent drawing 9,457, U.S. Patent Office, Record Group 241, the National Archives.)", "Figure 60.—1857: In a variety of arrangements, the addition of metal plates, caps, and screws at the mouth of the plane, as shown in Thomas Worrall's drawing, proved a transitional device that preserved the ancient shape of the tool and slowed the introduction of bench planes made entirely of iron. (Wash drawing from U.S. Patent Office, June 23, 1857, Record Group 241, the National Archives.)", "In 1857, Elisha Otis and the Otis Elevator Company began manufacturing passenger elevators. A steam-powered passenger elevator was installed by the Otis Brothers in a five-story department store owned by E.W Haughtwhat & Company of Manhattan.", "An early American electrical plug and socket was invented by Harvey Hubbell and patented in 1904. Hubbell's first design was a socket which screwed into a lampholder (like the early lampholder plugs), but with a separable plug with pins ()or blade (US patent 774251). The 1906 Hubbell catalog shows the blade plug with a flush mounting socket for use in wall or floor. Other manufacturers adopted the Hubbell pattern, and by 1915 they were widespread." ]

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[ "Guitar necks usually have a plurality of spaced apart frets on the guitar neck and a fixed guitar nut. The nut has a plurality of grooves to allow for strings to sit therein. Frets are the raised portions on the neck of stringed instruments that generally extends across the full width of the neck. Most often the frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboards on the neck. Frets are generally used to divide the neck into fixed segments at intervals related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitar, each fret can represents one semitone where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.", "A fret is a raised portion on the neck of a stringed instrument , that extends generally across the full width of the neck. On most modern western instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard . On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck serve as frets.", "A fret is a raised portion on the neck of a stringed instrument, that extends generally across the full width of the neck. On most modern western instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard. On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck serve as frets.", "The neck joint or heel is the point at which the neck is either bolted or glued to the body of the guitar. Almost all acoustic steel-string guitars, with the primary exception of Taylors, have glued (otherwise known as set) necks, while electric guitars are constructed using both types. Most classical guitars have a neck and headblock carved from one piece of wood, known as a \"Spanish heel.\" Commonly used set neck joints include mortise and tenon joints (such as those used by C. F. Martin & Co.), dovetail joints (also used by C. F. Martin on the D-28 and similar models) and Spanish heel neck joints, which are named after the shoe they resemble and commonly found in classical guitars. All three types offer stability. Bolt-on necks, though they are historically associated with cheaper instruments, do offer greater flexibility in the guitar's set-up, and allow easier access for neck joint maintenance and repairs. Another type of neck, only available for solid body electric guitars, is the neck-through-body construction. These are designed so that everything from the machine heads down to the bridge are located on the same piece of wood. The sides (also known as wings) of the guitar are then glued to this central piece. Some luthiers prefer this method of construction as they claim it allows better sustain of each note. Some instruments may not have a neck joint at all, having the neck and sides built as one piece and the body built around it.", "The banjo is a four-, five- or (occasionally) six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head. The membrane, or head, is typically a piece of animal skin or plastic, and the frame is typically circular. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in America, adapted from African instruments of similar design.", "The size of the five string banjo is largely standardized—but smaller and larger sizes exist, including the long-neck or Seeger neck variation designed by Pete Seeger . Petite variations on the five-string banjo have been available since the 1890s. S.S. Stewart introduced the banjeaurine , tuned one fourth above a standard five-string. Piccolo banjos are smaller, and tuned one octave above a standard banjo. Between these sizes and standard lies the A-scale banjo, which is two frets shorter and usually tuned one full step above standard tunings. Many makers have produced banjos of other scale lengths, and with various innovations.", "Another type of neck, only available for solid body electric guitars, is the Neck-through-body construction. These are designed so that everything from the machine heads down to the bridge are located on the same piece of wood. The sides (also known as wings) of the guitar are then glued to this central piece. Some luthiers prefer this method of construction as it is said to allow better sustain of each note. Some instruments may not have a neck joint at all, having the neck and sides built as one piece and the body built around it.", "h illustrates a playing-surface neck insert featuring an escalloped neck surface area 1408 between pairs of frets 1408 a and 1408 b, which, similar to the pipa type neck depicted in", "Frets are metal strips (usually nickel alloy or stainless steel) embedded along the fretboard which are placed in points along the length of string that divide it mathematically. When strings are pressed down behind them, frets shorten the strings' vibrating lengths to produce different pitches- each one is spaced a half-step apart on the 12 tone scale. For more on fret spacing, see the Strings and Tuning section below. Frets are usually the first permanent part to wear out on a heavily played electric guitar. They can be re-shaped to a certain extent and can be replaced as needed. Frets also indicate fractions of the length of a string (the string midpoint is at the 12th fret; one-third the length of the string reaches from the nut to the 7th fret, the 7th fret to the 19th, and the 19th to the saddle; one-quarter reaches from nut to fifth to twelfth to twenty-fourth to saddle). This feature is important in playing harmonics. Frets are available in several different gauges, depending on the type of guitar and the player's style.", "The short fifth string presents special problems for a capo. For small changes (going up or down one or two semitones, for example) it is possible simply to re-tune the fifth string. Otherwise, various devices called fifth string capos effectively shorten the vibrating part of the string. Many banjo players use model railroad spikes or titanium spikes (usually installed at the seventh fret and sometimes at others), that they hook the string under to press it down on the fret.", "Some guitars and mandolins have nuts that are just string spacers, with deep notches. These instruments use a zero fret, which is a fret at the beginning of the scale where a normal nut would be, which is higher than the other frets to provide the correct string clearance. The zero fret is often found on cheaper instruments, as it's much easier to set up an instrument this way. With a zero fret, the fret merely needs to be the right height. However, a zero fret also makes the sound of the open string very similar to the fretted note, where the nut itself, being made of a different material, has a different timbre if it is used instead of a zero fret. Zero frets are fixed into the neck and are not easily removable.", "A flat-bridged instrument allows all of the strings to be played at once, producing a four-or five-note chord, depending on the number of strings. The top or bottom string can be stopped and played separately, if the indentation on the sides of the instrument (the waist) or the height of the bridge allows it. The middle strings can’t be stopped without stopping other, outer strings, because finger pressure along the neck puts them below where the bow can reach. A slight curve to the bridge lets the player play strings separately or two or three at a time.", "Steel-string acoustics and electric guitars have a steel truss rod that runs through the neck under the fretboard. Strengthening the neck with a truss rod counteracts the tension exerted by the strings and allows the curvature of the neck to be adjusted. Classical guitars do not require a truss rod due to the low tensile strength and high elasticity of nylon strings. Some less expensive steel-string acoustics do not have a truss rod. Adjusting the truss rod can have a marked impact on the action, tuning and playability of a guitar and should be left to a naked lighter tatti", "Traditional stringed instruments like the guitar, violin, banjo, and bass suffer from some notable limitations, largely because they rely on the vibration of strings and the resonance of those vibrations through the body of the instrument to which they are attached. These strings are prone to breaking, going out of tune, losing tonal quality as they age, and other shortcomings. Traditional stringed instruments also require constant adjustment in order to stay in tune. Additionally, to change to a new tuning requires changing the tension of individual strings, replacing strings (to accommodate the new string tension), or a new “setup” (precise adjustments to the bridge and other components of the instrument). The strings also rely on mechanical systems like tuning pegs and bridges that require constant adjustment and are prone to failure. The resonant bodies of these instruments can fall victim to breaking due to their fragile structure, warping or becoming distorted from environmental factors like humidity. These limitations have been noted elsewhere, but significant opportunities remain to replace such strings with robust electronic alternatives.", "A guitar string has a uniform mass across its entire length, has a known length since it is fixed at both ends (at the \"nut\" and at the \"bridge\"), and has a given tension depending on how tightly it is tuned with the tuning peg. Because the string is fixed at both ends, it must always be stationary at those points, so it naturally vibrates most widely at its center.", "Notice that the name of the g’ string is in lower case, italicized and has an apostrophe. This is done to indicate that the g’ string is tuned an octave higher than one would normally expect (switching from guitar). This is called reentrant (pointing inward) tuning.This is the case whenever a stringed instrument is tuned and the pitches do not follow a pitch pattern moving lowest to highest or highest to lowest. Examples of reentrant tuned instruments are modern 5-string banjo, charango (from South America), lute, cuatro (from Venezuela) and sitar to name a few.", "The section of the guitar attached to the top of the neck. Used to hold the machineheads.", "Some Celtic banjo players prefer a long neck, but many are just as happy with a medium or short-necked-banjo. For that reason, manufacturers often describe a 17 fret Four-String as a \"Tenor, or Irish\" banjo. 19-fret Four-Strings are usually described as simply \"Tenor.\" But, unfortunately, some manufacturers and many stores call all Four-String banjos \"tenors,\" so you really do have to count the frets to know what you're looking at.", "The piece of the harp that moves, in a graceful curve, from the top of the pillar to the player's shoulder, is called the NECK. The top line of the neck is an excellent place for elaborate carving. The STRINGS are attached to TUNING PINS, which are found along the length of the neck. Strings may be made of GUT or METAL, but as a side note, Scottish and Irish harps had strings made from brass wire, not gut. Tuning Pins are made of bone, metal, ivory or other hard, carvable material.", "a-14 i depict a number of exemplary playing-surface neck inserts for installation in the more generalized stringed instrument module shown in", ", wherein said neck region of said instrument body is further structured to removably receive at least one of a plurality of different types of neck elements, wherein each of said plurality of different types of neck elements is structured to change vibrating length of at least one string of an array of strings.", "I.  5-string long neck banjo (often referred to as an \"Pete Seeger banjo\" - see FAQ)", "Lever -- Key mechanism used on a clavichord. It is a wooden rod that has a metal bar (the key) on one end, and when depressed, a fulcrum in the center of the rod raises it's back end to touch the strings and fret the string at a given length", ", wherein said instrument body removably receives said neck element, wherein said neck element comprises a plurality of block-shaped frets.", ", wherein said instrument body removably receives said neck element, wherein said neck element comprises a plurality of fin-shaped frets.", "i illustrates a playing-surface neck insert featuring a neck surface 1409 fitted with a plurality of partially-spanning frets, such as 1409 a, 1409 b, and full-span frets, such as 1409 c, each typically positioned in association with specifically designated scales and open string tunings. Note that in principal the use of partially spanning frets may be applied to other configurations (such as, those depicted in", "a and 10 b may get covered from time-to-time by the musician's arms. In the stringed instrument example of", "[0032]FIG. 3 shows a front view of base plate 110. As can be seen, front elongated v-shaped string guides 160, string intonation cutouts 170, and the fronts of the intonated string-nut fulcrums 175 are shown. In the manufacturing process, a small endmill was used to fabricate the string intonation cutouts 170, and the depth of each of the intonated string-nut fulcrums 175 in a single plunging operation. The circular shape of each of the string intonation cutouts 170 was found to be very beneficial in that a minimum of material needed be removed, and it provides for a smooth top edge of the front of base plate 110 thereby eliminating any potential for accidental damage to the player's hand. ", "[0011]There are a variety of mechanisms within the art that provide the player with a means for eliminating string slippage at the nut in order to improve the tuning stability of the instrument. With each mechanism, the player rigidly secures a length of each string between two flat surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,874, U.S. Pat. No. Des. 280,330, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,475,432 show string-locking mechanisms that require the usage of an allen wrench to secure the string between two flat surfaces. U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,678, U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,561, U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,350, U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,822, and U.S. Pat. No. Re. 32,863 each illustrate string-locking mechanisms that can be engaged manually by the player without the need for using a tool. Any of these locking mechanisms can be used with the present invention. ", "Internal bracing to support the top in the F-style mandolins is usually achieved with parallel tone bars, similar to the bass bar on a violin. Some makers instead employ \"x-bracing,\" which is two tone bars mortised together to form an X. Some luthiers now using a \"modified x-bracing\" that incorporates both a tone bar and x-bracing.", "If you place your finger 1/3 of the way along one string, then what is left is 2/3 of the string, and the ratio of the longer string to the shorter is 3/2. When you play it, you hear another consonant interval, the fifth. (It is called that because the higher pitch is the fifth in the major scale, do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do. That is, `so,' if the lower pitch is `do.')", "Flexible strip of cane or metal set into a mouthpiece or the body of an instrument; set in vibration by a stream of air." ]

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[ "Sweet Polly Purebred is a female anthropomorphic dog TV news reporter and Underdog's love interest; she serves as the damsel in distress of most episodes. When being pursued by an antagonist, Polly is apt to start singing, \"Oh where oh where has my Underdog gone\", in a whiny voice, hoping for the object of her affections to come and rescue her. Polly's face is slightly similar to that of Underdog's, with a large muzzle and nose, she wears her platinum blonde hair styled in a pageboy, and her wardrobe consists of a black skirt, white shirt, red sweater, and black high-heels. In a few episodes it is hinted that Polly shows her love for Underdog. For example, in the episode \"March of the Monsters\", she is caught by a robot and calls for Underdog. He then saves Polly, but after Underdog uses his sci-fi noise and breaks all the glass, the townspeople complain about his noise. However, Polly defends the hero and tells the people they should thank him for saving everyone from the robots. She then goes to reward Underdog with a big kiss, but the hero backs away and flies off. Also, in the episode \"The Vacuum Gun\", when Polly is caught by Simon Barsinister's vacuum gun, she calls for Underdog, and her song annoys Simon. Later in the episode, she retrieves Underdog's ring.", "Underdog's girlfriend is TV reporter Sweet Polly Purebred (voice of Norma McMillan) who cries \"Oh where, Oh where has my Underdog gone?\" in times of crisis. Sensing her peril Underdog proclaims \"Hark! When Polly calls, I am not slow -- It's Hip! Hip! Hip! and away I go!\"", "Underdog had a girlfriend named Sweet Polly Purebred. Sweet Polly was sweet on Underdog. Sweet Polly was a reporter, who seemed to get into trouble with the bad guys in every show. When in crisis mode, she would yell, help, help, help, Underdog, help. Sometimes Sweet Polly would actually sing despondently when Underdog was late in arriving. “Oh where, oh where has my Underdog gone?”", "When the city is in trouble, humble and lovable dog Shoeshine Boy turns into his alter-ego Underdog to stop a series of villains, including Simon Bar Sinister and Riff Raff. TV reporter Sweet Polly Purebred often ends up getting into a situation and must be saved by her hero, Underdog.", "Underdog was probably the best boyfriend Sweet Polly Purebred ever had. No matter how far away and how deeply engrossed in shining shoes of his customers, Underdog could always hear Sweet Polly calling out his name. The “humble and lovable Shoeshine Boy” would slip into a phone booth and emerge as the champion of justice and protector of Sweet Polly. Underdog had super sensitive hearing, at least when it came to Sweet Polly. No doubt this would have resulted in a happy marriage if they had ever tied the knot. Underdog would often say, “When Polly’s in trouble I am not slow, it’s Hip, Hip, Hip and away I go !”", "Underdog was an anthropomorphic superhero. The premise was that \"humble and lovable\" Shoeshine Boy, a cartoon dog, was in truth the superhero Underdog. George S. Irving narrated, and comedy actor Wally Cox provided the voices of both Underdog and Shoeshine Boy. When villains threatened, Shoeshine Boy ducked into a telephone booth, where he transformed into the caped and costumed hero, destroying the booth in the process when his super powers were activated. Underdog almost always spoke in rhyme:", "Underdog was an anthropomorphic superhero. The premise was that \"humble and lovable\" Shoeshine Boy, a cartoon dog, was in truth the superhero Underdog. George S. Irving narrated, and comedy actor Wally Cox provided the voices of both Underdog and Shoeshine Boy. When villains threatened, Shoeshine Boy ducked into a telephone booth, where he transformed into the caped and costumed hero, destroying the booth in the process when his super powers were activated. Underdog almost always spoke in rhyme:", "*The 1967 show Underdog is a parody of Superman, and its star reporter Sweet Polly Purebred is based on Lois Lane.", "In 2005, Variety reported that a live-action Underdog motion picture was in development by Spyglass Entertainment , scripted by Joe Piscatella and Craig A. Williams. As announced, the story introduces \"a diminutive hound named Shoeshine [who] gets superpowers after a lab accident. When he's adopted by a 12-year-old boy, the two form a bond around the shared knowledge that Shoeshine is really Underdog.\" Actor Peter Dinklage was cast to play Simon Bar Sinister, while Alex Neuberger was cast to play Underdog's human companion Jack Unger . The movie started filming in Providence, Rhode Island in March 2006, and was released on August 3, 2007, and rated by the MPAA Film Board at PG. The film was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Shoeshine/Underdog, voiced by Jason Lee , was played by a lemon Beagle named Leo, sporting a red sweater and a blue cape.", "Underdog (voice of Wally Cox) is the alter ego of a humble, mild-mannered dog named Shoeshine Boy who lives in Washington, D.C.", "Underdog premiered Oct. 3, 1964, on NBC. Two non-Underdog segments rounded out the half-hour — \"The Hunter\" and \"The World of Commander McBragg\", both of which were retreads from earlier shows by the same producer, King Leonardo & His Short Subjects and Tennessee Tuxedo & His Tales respectively. In its 1966 season, the show moved to CBS, and the back-up segments were replaced with fresher material — Go Go Gophers (a new segment about a two-gopher Native American tribe resisting a two-coyote cavalry) and Klondike Kat (in only its first rerun, sort of a cross between Dudley Do-Right and Tom & Jerry. ) At both networks, Underdog's voice was provided by veteran character actor Wally Cox. Polly was voiced by Norma MacMillan, who also did the voices of Casper the Friendly Ghost and Gumby.", "BOSTON — William Watts Biggers, co-creator of the cartoon “Underdog,” the mild-mannered shoeshine boy who turned into a caped superhero to rescue his girlfriend, Sweet Polly Purebred, has died. He was 85.", "A television news reporter. Her station is WTTV, channel 5. TTV is a semi-inside reference to Total Television, the production company for the Underdog show. Sweet Polly is an obvious spoof of Lois Lane who needs to be saved from one villain after another.", "Underdog is voiced by Wally Cox in the television cartoon. In the film adaptation, he is voiced by Jason Lee and portrayed onscreen by a lemon beagle named Leo sporting a red sweater and a blue cape.", "Anthropomorphic incarnation of Moriarty appeared in the anime series Sherlock Hound, voiced by Chikao Ōtsuka for Japanese and Hamilton Camp for English. During the series, Moriarty is the main villain behind every crime in almost each episode. As many characters were depicted as an anthropomorphic dogs, Moriarty himself is seen closely resembling wolf.[24]", "Pasquale also provides the voice over for Underdog, the cartoon dog mascot of personal injury firm National Accident Helpline. ", "Scoobert Scooby Dooby Doo (or Scooby-Doo, for short) is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra's hit song \"Strangers in the Night\", he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors (reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation), treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in a famous (and much parodied) speech impediment. His catchphrase is \"Scooby-Dooby-Doo!\"", "Cartoon Characters: Lady, Tramp, Jock, Trusty, Si, Am, Tony, Joe, Jim Dear, Darling, Aunt Sarah, Peg, Boris, Toughy, Nutsy, Pedro, Bulldog, Dachsie, Beaver, Scamp, Dog Catcher, Policeman, The Professor, Pedro, Hyena, Old Sailor, Polar Bear.", "A small black Scottie (Scottish terrier) dog, Jock, is a regular companion, as well as Yorky (a Yorkshire terrier) in later years. A canine girlfriend, Fifi the poodle, appears too. An Alsatian dog, referred to as Brutus, is his adversary. Fred likes chasing cats but freely admits he would not know what to do with one if he caught it.", "Chance is a young, immature American bulldog owned by a young boy named Jamie who cares for him very deeply. Given his early life, he was abandoned as a puppy and sent to the pound. Fortunately, he was adopted by Jamie and given a home. His pet comrades are Shadow , a wise, old golden retriever and Sassy , a Himalayan cat who is constantly annoyed by Chance's antics and is usually tortured by him. Due to his immaturity, Chance has a tendency to get himself (as well as his pet comrades) in trouble. He considers Shadow an old fusspot and calls him \"old timer,\" but still has respect for him. His fear of going to \"the bad place\" seen in the second film leads him and the others to be left behind.", "Everybody loves beautiful, stylish Daphne Blake. She's always up for adventure, with hundreds of plunges into perilous predicaments under her fashionable lime green belt. And she's great for the ego since she always needs to be rescued. Unlike her canine colleague, Daphne loves the challenges presented by the unknown. She also enjoys a good \"whodunit\" and hopes to become a famous mystery writer someday.", "Rosco got her from a police gazette magazine, and he loved this dog more than anything else in the world, even money! Supposedly she could smell a crook a mile away. I guess that’s why she hated Boss so much. She like the Duke boys though.", "WE ALSO WOULD like to make mention of one other regular cast member. That would be Bullet, Roy's faithful German Shepard puppy dog.", "These loveable four-legged stars have made us laugh and cry while teaching us some of life’s greatest lessons. Whether drawn in a cartoon or actual, the dogs featured in our favorite television shows and acclaimed films have huge personalities that often make them just as popular as their human costars. We teamed with our friends at the Canine Fence Company.com to come up with a list of the some of the most famous pooches on the planet.  If you grew up watching shows like Lassie, Snoopy and Scooby Doo, then you’ll remember these amazing canine characters!", "As noted in the annotations for \" Beware of Dog \", Lassie is the beloved canine character created by Eric Knight in 1938, and who later became a film, radio, and TV star.", "Shep, the egotistical canine from Chuck Jones' Fresh Airedale, is more Took a Level in Jerkass than villain, although his goal—to eliminate a Scottish terrier who was deemed the city's top dog—would seem evil enough to qualify him as a villain. It goes awry as Shep nearly drowns and the terrier rescues him. But when the terrier collapses from exhaustion, everybody—the press included—fetes Shep as a hero that rescued the terrier.", "^ Eber, Hailey (4 December 2011). \"Uggie, the canine co-star of \"The Artist,\" is receiving praise from critics\". New York Post. Retrieved 5 March 2012.", "Tex Avery’s animated basset hound has a voice that could send even the happiest person straight for a bottle of Prozac. But there’s something about the way he waddles and those heavy-hanging cheeks that manages to turn most frowns upside down.", "The Mumbly Cartoon Show, in which starred a canine version of Peter Falk's Columbo, also featured a caricature of Kojak/Savalas called \"Schnooker\" as the title character's sidekick. ", "Patrick McDonnell's comic strip Mutts features a Jack Russell terrier named Earl who is a main character in the comic strip.", "Happy returned in the short Prest-O Change-O , directed by Chuck Jones , where he is the pet rabbit of unseen character Sham-Fu The Magician. Two dogs, fleeing the local dogcatcher, enter his absent master's house. Happy harasses them, but is ultimately bested by the bigger of the two dogs.", "Hate-crime police investigated Basil Brush, a puppet fox on children's television, who had made a joke about Gypsies. The BBC confessed that Brush had behaved inappropriately and assured police that the episode would be banned." ]

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[ "The Greek myth follows Jason and a band of heroes and warriors called the Argonauts. The Argonauts accompanied Jason in a fearsome quest to find the treasured Golden Fleece & reclaim his rightful throne.", "                                               In Greek mythology, Argonauts were a band of heroes, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Their name comes from their ship, the Argo, named after its builder, Argus. \"Argonauts\" literally means \"Argo sailors\". They were sometimes called Minyans, after a prehistoric tribe in the area.", "The Argonauts ( Argonautai) were a band of heroes in  Greek mythology , who in the years before the  Trojan War , around  1300 BCE , accompanied  Jason  to  Colchis  in his quest to find the  Golden Fleece . Their name comes from their ship, Argo , named after its builder,  Argus . \"Argonauts\" literally means \"Argo sailors\". They were sometimes called  Minyans , after a  prehistoric  tribe in the area.", "Argonauts were a band of heroes in Greek mythology, who in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. Medea fell in love with Jason.", "Argonauts, in Greek mythology, the band of heroes who sailed on the ship Argo to obtain the Golden Fleece. The leader of the expedition was Jason, son of Aeson, king of Iolcus in Thessaly. Aeson was deposed by his half brother Pelias, who then tried to prevent Jason from claiming the throne. To this end, he persuaded Jason to undertake the dangerous quest for the Golden Fleece, which was held by Ae�tes, king of Colchis, a region located at the eastern end of the Euxine (Black) Sea. Jason assembled 50 of the noblest young men of Greece to accompany him on the voyage. The group that was chosen included Hercules, Orpheus, Castor and Pollux, and Peleus.", "In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece ( chrysómallon déras) is the fleece of the gold-hair winged ram, which was held in Colchis. The fleece is a symbol of authority and kingship. It figures in the tale of the hero Jason and his band of Argonauts, who set out on a quest for the fleece by order of King Pelias, in order to place Jason rightfully on the throne of Iolcus in Thessaly. Through the help of Medea, they acquire the Golden Fleece. The story is of great antiquity and was current in the time of Homer (eighth century BC). It survives in various forms, among which the details vary.", "Argonauts In Greek mythology the Argonauts were heroes who made a hazardous voyage to Colchis with Jason in the ship the Argo to get the golden fleece.", "After completing the Twelve Labours, one tradition says Hercules joined Jason and the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece. However Herodorus (c. 400 BC) disputed this, and denied Hercules ever sailed with the Argonauts. A separate tradition (e.g. Argonautica) has Hercules accompany the Argonauts, but he did not travel with them as far as Colchis.", "After completing the Twelve Labours, one tradition says Hercules joined Jason and the Argonauts in their quest for the Golden Fleece . However Herodorus (c. 400 BC) disputed this, and denied Hercules ever sailed with the Argonauts. A separate tradition (e.g. Argonautica ) has Hercules accompany the Argonauts, but he did not travel with them as far as Colchis .", "Jason was the leader of the Argonauts, the 50 heroes who sailed in search of the Golden Fleece. Jason's uncle, Pelias, had stolen the kingdom that should belong to Jason. He promised to return it only if Jason would bring home the Golden Fleece—the wool from the magical winged ram that became the constellation Aries. On their journey Jason and the Argonauts faced down such dangers as the deadly singing Sirens . They ultimately captured the fleece with the help of the sorceress Medea, who became Jason's wife.", "In Greek mythology, Jason and the Argonauts sailed on the Argo in search of the Golden Fleece. The vessel was called the \"Argo\" in honor of the ship's builder, a man named Argus.", "According to Greek legend, the hero Jason and his Argonauts, after they found the golden fleece in Colchis, sailing in north on the Danube instead to return to the Aegean Sea.", "While the Argo was being built, Jason let it be known that he needed a crew of the bravest men in Greece to accompany him on an adventure of a lifetime. The men who responded were indeed the best men in Greece ... they were kings, princes and demigods. The crewmen were called Argonauts, i.e. Argo Seamen. The Argonauts included sons of Zeus as well as sons of Poseidon [lord of the sea], sons of Boreas [North Wind] and sons of Helios [Sun].", "In Greek mythology, hero and leader of the Argonauts. Sent on a quest for the Golden Fleece, Jason sailed aboard the Argo. After surviving many perils, he found the fleece in Colchis and stole it, with the help of the sorceress Medea, whom he married.", "Legendarily, the Black Sea was sailed by Jason and the Argonauts. In a sacred grove in ancient Colchis (contemporary Georgia) on its eastern shore, the Greek heroes sought the Golden Fleece.", "Jason, the son of Aeson, was the leader of the Argonauts and the husband of Medea. Because of a prophecy that Jason would someday do him harm, King Pelias of Iolcos sent Jason on a seemingly impossible quest to bring the Golden Fleece back from distant Colchis. For the quest, Jason assembled a crew of heroes from all over Greece; Argos built for the heroes the largest ship ever constructed, the Argo.", "Jason The leader of the Argonauts who sailed to Caochis in search of the golden fleece.", "Jason gathered together the glory-seeking heroes and demigods of the time and packed them on board a special boat called the Argo. As stated at the start, these sailor-adventurers were the Argonauts. They engaged in many adventures on their way to Colchis, so several of the men enhanced their heroic status. Some of the creatures they encountered appear in other stories of the Greek heroes, making the story of the Argonauts a central myth.", "Argonaut ((Greek mythology) one of the heroes who sailed with Jason on the Argo in search of the Golden Fleece)", "In Pindar's version, Jason was supported on his arrival in Iolcus by all his kinsmen: not only his father, but his uncles, PHERES (1) and AMYTHAON, and their sons. Jason claimed the throne from Pelias, but offered to let him keep the land and flocks that he had seized. Pelias gave a smooth reply, pretending that the spirit of the dead PHRIXUS, the original owner of the Golden Fleece, kept haunting his dreams, ordering him to fetch the Fleece from Colchis. Since he himself was too old, Jason must go on his behalf. Pelias promised that on the successful completion of this quest, he would hand over the throne to Jason. Again, the king was quite sure that Jason would never survive to claim it.", "               According to Greek legend, Aeson was the rightful king of Iolcos, but his half-brother Pelias usurped the throne. It was Pelias who sent Aeson's son Jason to look for the Golden Fleece. ", "n. The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece.", "The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece", "The Greek myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece is one of the oldest myths of a hero's quest. It is a classic story of betrayal and vengeance and like many Greek myths has a tragic ending. It begins when Jason's Uncle Pelias kills Jason's father, the Greek King of Iolkos, and takes his throne. Jason's mother brings him to Cheiron, a centaur (half man, half horse) who hides him away and raises him on the Mountain of Pelion.", "The legendary Greek hero leads a team of intrepid adventurers in a perilous quest for the legendary Golden Fleece.", "After the strangers had been fed and bathed, King Aetes asked them who they were and why had they come. Jason answered that they were all sons or grandsons of the Gods who had sailed from Greece in hope that he would gift them the Golden Fleece in return for whatever service he asked of them. They were willing to conquer his enemies or do anything else he wished.", "The Greek tale of Jason and the Golden Fleece has been told for 3,000 years. It's a classic hero's quest tale - a sort of ancient Greek mission impossible - in which the hero embarks on a sea voyage into an unknown land, with a great task to achieve. He is in search of a magical ram's fleece, which he has to find in order to reclaim his father's kingdom of Iolkos from the usurper King Pelias.", "After consulting the oracle at Delphi, Jason invited the most daring noblemen from all over Greece, to join him. The roster of those accepting his invitation,was truly impressive: It included the top of the cream of all the brave heroes that lived at the time. Some of these, were the following:", "And this was the hero's quest. His task would take him beyond the known world to acquire the fleece of a magical ram that once belonged to Zeus, the king of the gods. Jason's ancestor Phrixus had flown east from Greece to the land of Cochlis (modern day Georgia) on the back of this ram. King Aietes, son of Helios the sun god, had then sacrificed the ram and hung its fleece in a sacred grove guarded by a dragon. An oracle foretold that Aietes would lose his kingdom if he lost the fleece, and it was from Aietes that Jason had to retrieve it.", "Jason next sent heralds to every court of Greece, seeking volunteers who would sail with him. Well, you don't have to be in Who's Who to know what's what...Every royal house wanted to send at least one representative on the Quest. It got downright ugly as kings vied to get their offspring in on the action. Everyone knew that, return alive or not, all participants in this epic nautical Quest would forever live in legend.", "One of the most legendary adventures in all mythology is brought to life in Jason and the Argonauts, an epic saga of good and evil. As a mere boy Jason, the heir to the kingdom of Ancient ... See full summary  »", "Jason, determined to win back the throne, agreed to the challenge. Word went throughout Greece that Jason was looking for a crew with whom to sail and find the famous Golden Fleece. Although the journey was known to be very dangerous, the chance of possibly finding the mythical fleece was very exciting to the bravest heroes of Greece. Many well-known heroes were eager to take the risk. It is said that Jason held great games at the base of Mount Olympus in which all the heroes of Greece came to compete for a place on his ship." ]

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[ "The Roomba is an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner designed by iRobot. It navigate through your home and avoid obstacles while vacuuming the floor. The first Roomba was introduced in 2002. Over 6 million units has been sold worldwide since.", "The Roomba is a series of autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners sold by iRobot Corporation (USA). This robot is able to navigate a living space and common obstacles while vacuuming the floor. New models of Roomba also are able to optimize cleaning.[1]", "A Roomba [13] is an autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner manufactured and distributed by iRobot. Since its introduction in 2002, the home appliance product has sold at least 6 million units and established itself as one of the first commercially successful first-generation domestic robots. On March 6th, 2012, Redditor buswork submitted a photo to the /r/pics [1] subreddit of a Roomba with a kitchen knife taped to the top in a post titled “Home Security.” Within five months, the post received over 23,000 up votes and 550 comments.", "Roomba è un robot domestico per la pulizia dei pavimenti prodotto da iRobot a partire dal 2002. Nel febbraio del 2011 il CEO di iRobot, Colin Angle, ha dichiarato che sono stati venduti nel mondo oltre 6 milioni di robot domestici iRobot. Il robot ha la forma di un disco dal diametro di 34 cm e alto 9 cm. Calcola il suo itinerario tramite un algoritmo che elabora i dati dei sensori posti sul paraurti e su altri sensori IR. Il sistema di pulizia è costituito da 3 spazzole e da una unità di aspirazione. Il robot è alimentato da una batteria NiMH con tempi di ricarica che oscillano tra le 12 ore (nella prima generazione di robot, per un'autonomia massima di 1,5 ore) e le 3 ore (dalla seconda in poi, per un'autonomia massima di 2 ore - nella quarta generazione, la serie 700, c'è stato un ulteriore incremento dell'autonomia >= del 50%). Finora sono state prodotte 4 generazioni di Roomba. Nella prima generazione era necessario indicare, tramite gli appositi pulsanti, la dimensione della stanza da pulire; nelle generazioni successive del robot, il calcolo delle dimensioni della stanza viene effettuato in maniera automatica, e i tre pulsanti sono stati raggruppati in un unico tasto denominato CLEAN. Nella quarta generazione sono presenti opportuni sensori che permettono ai robot di evitare gli ostacoli e di non cadere dalle scale. Inoltre, è anche possibile programmare il giorno e l'ora esatta della settimana in cui si vuole che Roomba faccia le pulizie.", "Roomba is a series of autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners sold by iRobot. Roomba was introduced in 2002. As of Feb 2014, over 10 million units have been sold worldwide. Roomba features a set of basic sensors that help it perform tasks. For instance, the Roomba is able to change direction on encountering obstacles, to detect dirty spots on the floor, and to sense steep drops to keep it from falling down stairs. It uses two independently operating wheels that allow 360° turns in place. Additionally, it can adapt to perform other more creative tasks using an embedded computer in conjunction with the Roomba Open Interface.", "Roomba is a series of autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners sold by iRobot.Roomba was introduced in 2002. As of Feb 2014, over 10 million units have been sold worldwide. Roomba features a set of basic sensors that help it perform tasks. For instance, the Roomba is able to change direction on encountering obstacles, to detect dirty spots on the floor, and to sense steep drops to keep it from falling down stairs. It uses two independently operating wheels that allow 360° turns in place. Additionally, it can adapt to perform other more creative tasks using an embedded computer in conjunction with the Roomba Open Interface.", "The Roomba features a set of basic sensors that prevent it from falling down stairs, changing its direction when it bumps into an obstacle, and allowing detection of exceptionally dirty spots on the floor. It has two motorized wheels that can operate independently from each other. The Roomba uses the wheels to move forward and turn around its own axis to go in another direction.[1]", "The company iRobot makes the best-known brand, the Roomba, which, as of February 2014, had sold more than 10 million units. It automatically guides itself around home via onboard sensors which also detect obstacles. At the end of cleaning it takes itself back to its docking station to charge.", "Unlike the Electrolux Trilobite vacuuming robots, Roombas do not map out the rooms they are cleaning. Instead, they rely on a few simple algorithms such as spiral cleaning (spiraling), room crossing, wall-following and random walk angle-changing after bumping into an object or wall. This design is based on MIT researcher and iRobot CTO Rodney Brooks' philosophy that robots should be like insects, equipped with simple control mechanisms tuned to their environments. The result is that although Roombas are effective at cleaning rooms, they take several times as long to do the job as a person would. The Roomba may cover some areas many times, and other areas only once or twice.", "Unlike the Electrolux Trilobite vacuuming robots, Roombas do not map out the rooms they are cleaning. Instead, they rely on a few simple algorithms such as spiral cleaning (spiraling), room crossing, wall-following and random walk angle-changing after bumping into an object or wall. This design is based on MIT researcher and iRobot CTO Rodney Brooks ' philosophy that robots should be like insects , equipped with simple control mechanisms tuned to their environments. The result is that although Roombas are effective at cleaning rooms, they take several times as long to do the job as a person would. The Roomba may cover some areas many times, and other areas only once or twice.", "Roomba was introduced in September 2002. , over 10 million units have been sold worldwide. Roomba features a set of basic sensors that enable it perform its tasks. For instance, the Roomba is able to change direction on encountering obstacles, to detect dirty spots on the floor, and to sense steep drops to keep it from falling down stairs. It uses two independently operating wheels that allow 360° turns in place. Additionally, it can adapt to perform other more creative tasks using an embedded computer in conjunction with the Roomba Open Interface.", "• David Clelland, Labour MP for Tyne Bridge, has a robotic vacuum cleaner , the iRobot Roomba 560. The £224.99 robot vacuum cleaner contains an automatic sensor to guide itself around the home - a tool that could prove useful in delving through the 40,000 pages of expense claims. According to the promotional material, it \"reaches deep into corners to remove and detect\" dirt.", "iRobot 500 series or third Generation (according to the Official iRobot Website ). The third-generation 5xx Roomba was introduced in 2007 and features an infrared sensor to detect obstacles, a dock button, and improved mechanical components. Some second-generation models remain on sale, however, as the 4xx series for awhile. The 500 series had double the cleaning capacity of the last generation. [1] The base of all Roomba 500 series models are the same, they only differ in some features (handle, scheduling, bin type) and included accessories. iRobot has sold the same robots with different model numbers in each regions, and created some unique bundles for some regions. Roomba models 535 and up are compatible with scheduling and with the wireless command centre, whereas Roomba models 550 and up include on-board scheduling. [18]", "Entrepreneurs like iRobot's Mr. Angle aren't fussing over whether today's clever gadgets represent \"true\" AI, or worrying about when, or if, their robots will ever be self-aware. Starting with Roomba, which marks its 10th birthday this month, his company has produced a stream of practical robots that do \"dull, dirty, or dangerous\" jobs in the home or on the battlefield. These range from smart machines that clean floors and gutters to the thousands of PackBots and other robot models used by the US military for reconnaissance and bomb disposal.", "As of 2016, there have been seven generations of Roomba units: the first-generation Original Series, the second-generation 400 & Discovery Series, the third-generation Professional & 500 Series, the fourth-generation 600 Series, the fifth-generation 700 Series, the sixth-generation 800 Series, and the seventh-generation 980 model. All models have a pair of brushes, rotating in opposite directions, to pick up debris from the floor. In most models, the brushes are followed by a squeegee vacuum, which directs the airflow through a narrow slit to increase its speed in order to collect fine dust. A horizontally mounted \"side spinner\" brush on the right side of the unit sweeps against walls to reach debris not accessible by the main brushes and vacuum. In the first generation of robots, the dirty air passes through the fan before reaching the filter, while later models use a fan-bypass vacuum.", "Roomba Serial Control Interface (Roomba SCI) — Exposes all the functionalities and sensor information from the iRobot Roomba vacuum cleaner, for external interfacing. Using the Roomba SCI, a roboticist can command and control the Roomba by connecting to the 7-pin Mini-Din UART port.", "Four infrared \"cliff sensors\" on the bottom of the Roomba's bumper prevent it from falling off ledges such as the top steps of stairways. Most second- and third-generation models have internal acoustic-based dirt sensors that allow them to detect particularly dirty spots (zones having excess particulates) and focus on those areas accordingly. Many second- and third -generation Roombas come packaged with IR (infrared) remote controls, allowing a human operator to \"drive\" the robot to areas to be specially cleaned.", "Some higher-end 500 and 700 series robots are compatible with \"Virtual Wall Lighthouses\", [1] using an internal radio-frequency transmitter/receiver to communicate. These more-advanced Virtual Wall accessories have a mode of operation that confines a Roomba to a fixed area to be cleaned, but later allows the cleaner to proceed to the next space to be cleaned. [4]", "The Roomba is not designed for deep-pile carpet. Also, the first- and second-generation Roombas can get stuck on rug tassels and electrical cords. The third-generation is able to reverse its brushes to escape entangled cords and tassels. Additionally, all models are designed to be low enough to go under a bed or most other items of furniture. If at any time the unit senses that it has become stuck, no longer senses the floor beneath it, or it decides that it has worked its way into a narrow area from which it is unable to escape, it stops and sounds an error to help someone find it. Early models use only flashing lights to indicate specific problems, while later models use a voice to announce a problem and a suggested solution.", "A robotic vacuum cleaner is an autonomous robot machine that has intelligent programming and usually, a restricted cleaning capacity. Some designs combine a number of cleaning features (mopping, UV sterilization, etc.) simultaneous to vacuuming, thus rendering the machine into more than just a robot \"vacuum\" cleaner.", "Some higher-end 500 and 700 series robots are compatible with \"Virtual Wall Lighthouses\", using an internal radio-frequency transmitter/receiver to communicate. These more-advanced Virtual Wall accessories have a mode of operation that confines a Roomba to a fixed area to be cleaned, but later allows the cleaner to proceed to the next space to be cleaned.", "All Roomba models are disc-shaped, 34 cm (13.4\") in diameter and less than 9 cm (3.5\") high. A large contact-sensing mechanical bumper is mounted on the front half of the unit, with an omnidirectional infrared sensor at its top front center. A recessed carrying handle is fitted on the top of most units[ citation needed ].", "The next step in autonomous behavior is to actually perform a physical task. A new area showing commercial promise is domestic robots, with a flood of small vacuuming robots beginning with iRobot and Electrolux in 2002. While the level of intelligence is not high in these systems, they navigate over wide areas and pilot in tight situations around homes using contact and non-contact sensors. Both of these robots use proprietary algorithms to increase coverage over simple random bounce.", "Roomba Pink Ribbon Edition, model # 4188, (Identical to # 4105 except for color with 20% of the sale price was donated to the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation) (2005, discontinued)", "Lack of reliable functionality has limited the market for industrial and service robots (built to work in office and home environments). Toy robots, on the other hand, can entertain without performing tasks very reliably, and mechanical varieties have existed for thousands of years. (See automaton .) In the 1980s microprocessor-controlled toys appeared that could speak or move in response to sounds or light. More advanced ones in the 1990s recognized voices and words. In 1999 the Sony Corporation introduced a doglike robot named AIBO, with two dozen motors to activate its legs, head, and tail, two microphones, and a colour camera all coordinated by a powerful microprocessor. More lifelike than anything before, AIBOs chased coloured balls and learned to recognize their owners and to explore and adapt. Although the first AIBOs cost $2,500, the initial run of 5,000 sold out immediately over the Internet .", "Swedish appliance company Electrolux presents the first prototype of a robotic vacuum cleaner. The device, billed as \"the world’s first true domestic robot,\" sends and receives high-frequency ultrasound to negotiate its way around a room, much as bats do. In the production model, launched in Sweden a few years later, eight microphones receive and measure the returning signals to give the vacuum an accurate picture of the room. It calculates the size of a room by following around the walls for 90 seconds to 15 minutes, after which it begins a zigzag cleaning pattern and turns itself off when finished.", "Rather than climb stairs, which requires highly specialized hardware, most indoor robots navigate handicapped-accessible areas, controlling elevators, and electronic doors. With such electronic access-control interfaces, robots can now freely navigate indoors. Autonomously climbing stairs and opening doors manually are topics of research at the current time.", "In December 2009, Neato Robotics launched the world's first robotic vacuum cleaner which uses a rotating laser-based range-finder (a form of lidar) to scan and map its surrounding. It uses this map to clean the floor methodically, even if it requires the robot to return to its base multiple times to recharge itself. In many cases it will notice when an area of the floor that was previously inaccessible becomes reachable, such as when a dog wakes up from a nap, and return to vacuum that area. It also has the strongest impeller among robotic vacuum cleaners, pulling in 35CFM of air. ", "The DC06 does not need to be programmed. It 'thinks' for itself and therefore can clean a room on its own. Its intelligence stops it falling down stairs and will pause the machine if a dog or child gets too close.", "This little robot vacuum cleaner comes through so much. Yo sigo siendo el robot como ustedes me dicen.", "Dyson previously showed off another robot vacuum cleaner - the DC06 - in 2001, but cancelled the project a few years later, in part because it would have cost consumers $3,000 (�1,820) or more. It has yet to announce the price of the new model.", "i www.bang-olufsen.com Sparkling clean floors with the Scooba Robotic Washer Scooba is a clever new robot that washes, scrubs, and shines tile, linoleum, or sealed hardwood floors, all by itself! Sit back and catch up on some reading while it cleans every inch of your floor up to five times. Scooba picks up debris and small particles off the floor, emits a cleaning solution and gently scrubs away, eliminating up to 98 per cent of common household bacteria like E. Coli and Staphylococcus. The robot is small enough to fit under tables, while it avoids chair legs, ledges, carpets, and stairs owing to infrared scanning technology." ]

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[ "What's in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. (Romeo and Juliet)", "Against this backdrop of chronic rancor and malice, a Capulet and a Montague fall deeply in love. The lovers, Romeo and Juliet, are young, inexperienced; they have not yet learned to hate like adults. The name Montague or Capulet is not in itself enough to provoke them to hatred. As Juliet says, \"What's in a name? that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet\" (2.2.47-48).", "\"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" is a frequently referenced part of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, in which Juliet seems to argue that it does not matter that Romeo is from her rival's house of Montague, that is, that he is named \"Montague.\" The reference is often used to imply that the names of things do not affect what they really are.", "What’s in a name? As Shakespeare said in Romeo & Juliet, “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.\" But authors often struggle to find the right name for a character — get it wrong and face ridicule or worse, ignominy. (The one that still makes me giggle is Jo Nesbø's detective ‘Harry Hole’ which everyone seems to ignore.)", "\"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet\" - Romeo and Juliet", "WHAT'S IN A NAME? THAT WHICH WE CALL A ROSE BY ANY OTHER WORD WOULD SMELL AS SWEET", "“What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”", "William Shakespeare : What's in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet;", "A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo. [91] Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising \" queer theory \" in Queering the Renaissance, comparing their friendship with sexual love. Mercutio, in friendly conversation, mentions Romeo's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . [92] An example is his joking wish \"To raise a spirit in his mistress' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down.\" [93] [94] Romeo's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline, a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring. As Benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. Shakespeare's procreation sonnets describe another young man who, like Romeo, is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual. Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way. In this view, when Juliet says \"...that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet\", [95] she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman. [96]", "Juliet knows that the blood feud prevents her from loving a Montague. She ponders it. It’s only your name that’s the enemy. You are what you are, even though you may be a Montague. What’s ‘Montague’? It isn’t hand or foot or arm or face or any other part belonging to a man. Oh I wish you had a different name. What is so special about a name? A rose, even if it were called something else, would smell just as sweet. So Romeo would still have all the perfection that he has, even if he were not called Romeo. Romeo, take off your name and in exchange for that whole name, which is not really a part of what you are, you can have all of me.", "\"What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet\"", "The Capulets are having a feast and a servant says to Romeo that he is welcome at the feast as long as he is not from the house of Montague. It is in Romeo's best interests to go because Benvolio wants Romeo to get over his infatuation with Rosaline and see for himself that there are many other beautiful ladies who deserve his attention. As Mercutio, Romeo's friend, has been invited, Romeo will accompany him and, upon seeing Juliet is prepared to renounce the name that is \"hateful to myself\" (II.ii.55). Juliet is so in love with Romeo that she is also prepared to give up her name and says, \"I'll no longer be a Capulet\" (36). Juliet speaks the often quoted line, \"What's in a name?\" (43).", "A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo. Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising \"queer theory\" in Queering the Renaissance, comparing their friendship with sexual love. Mercutio, in friendly conversation, mentions Romeo's phallus, suggesting traces of homoeroticism. An example is his joking wish \"To raise a spirit in his mistress' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down.\" Romeo's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline, a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring. As Benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. Shakespeare's procreation sonnets describe another young man who, like Romeo, is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual. Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way. In this view, when Juliet says \"...that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet\", she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman. ", "-An idea from the hilarious book “My Name is Will” by Jess Winfield, a founding member of the Reduced Shakespeare Company: Two roses, one white and one red (which, incidentally, mirrors the roses from the War of the Roses), with “By any other name” written below.", "Juliet is not allowed to associate with Romeo because he is a Montague. If he had any other name it would be fine. She’s complaining that his name is meaningless. If the rose had any other name it would still be the same. So with Romeo; he would still be the same beautiful young man even if he had a different name. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet” Juliet knows that the blood feud prevents her from loving a Montague. She ponders it. It’s only your name that’s the enemy. You are what you are, even though you may be a Montague. What’s ‘Montague’? It isn’t hand or foot or arm or face or any other part belonging to a man. Oh I wish you had a different name. What is so special about a name? A rose, even if it were called something else, would smell just as sweet. So Romeo would still have all the perfection that he has, even if he were not called Romeo. Romeo, take off your name and in exchange for that whole name, which is not really a part of what you are, you can have all of me.", "\"What's in a name?\" is the less specific of the two phrases, and also the less common. Juliet here merely rehearses in a different form the point of \"What's a Montague,\" moving, like a good Renaissance student, from the particular to the general. Names in general, she insists, ought to be separable from the things they name. Romeo never does change his name, and it wouldn't have done much good anyway. Whether or not he's essentially a Montague, and Juliet essentially a Capulet, their families will continue to act that way.", "Juliet says this phrase in lines 43-44, Act-II, Scene-II of Romeo and Juliet. This phrase implies Shakespeare’s belief that the name means very little, but individual’s worth counts.", "[Speaker: Romeo. Meaning: Juliet's beauty is like a bright star against a dark sky. Often in the play, Shakespeare uses figures of speech involving light and darkness. In the first line of this quotation is a metaphor and, in the second line, a simile (a comparison of unlike things that uses like, as, or than.]", "The idea of this line is love, beauty and family names. In the following lines, Juliet talks to herself that the name of Romeo is a meaningless and an artificial convention ,and she loves him as a person not due to his family name, or Montague name. Out of the love for Juliet, Romeo rejects to bear the name of his family and vows as Juliet’s lover, as she asks him to be “new baptized” and “deny (his) father.” In fact, this line encapsulates the tragedy and central struggle of the entire play. This is not only evocative but highly suggestive phrase when combined with the previous one.", "That means, you must mention the character's name who made the statement. These quotes have been categorized by the title of the Shakespeare play . Day Quotes · Funny Valentine's Day Quotes · Valentine's Day Quotes for Friends", "Mercutio and the Nurse are Shakespeare's creations in this play. For the character of the former he had but a slight hint in the poem of Arthur Brooke. There we read of Mercutio as a courtier who was bold among the bashful maidens as a lion among lambs, and we are told that he had an 'ice-cold hand.' Putting together these two suggestions, discovering a significance in them, and animating them with the breath of his own life, Shakespeare created the brilliant figure which lights up the first half of Romeo and Juliet, and disappears when the colours become all too grave and sombre.", "Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of the everyday,” associated with the adults in the play, and “the world of romance,” associated with the two lovers (Zender 138). Romeo and Juliet’s language of love nevertheless becomes “fully responsive to the tang of actuality” (141).", "The play arguably equates love and sex with death. Throughout the story, both Romeo and Juliet, along with the other characters, fantasise about it as a dark being, often equating it with a lover. Capulet, for example, when he first discovers Juliet's (faked) death, describes it as having deflowered his daughter. Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death. Right before her suicide she grabs Romeo's dagger, saying \"O happy dagger! This is thy sheath. There rust, and let me die.\" ", "In the concluding speech of Romeo and Juliet, the Prince wraps up the tragic plot and suggests the possibility of future peace between the Montagues and Capulets. He does describe it as a \"glooming peace\", which does not detract from the fact that the play has reached a reconciliation, but it is also indicative of some more subtle points. First of all, Romeo and Juliet is not truly a classical tragedy because it ends with a reconciliation instead of total annihilation. Some scholars do not ascribe to this interpretation but regardless, it is clear that the play has moral overtones, since the youthful purity of Romeo and Juliet's love leads to positive changes in their world, even though they are no longer alive. When the Prince notes that the \"sun…will not show his head,\" it reminds the audience about the connection between daytime and disorder. The lesson here seems to be then, that tragedy can lead to change, if people are actually willing to learn from it.", "Shakespeare varies the rhythm of this line with two trochees , one as the initial foot and one following the caesura . Both, as discussed in other readings, are common variants that Shakespeare used. The syntax and pronoun ambiguity can make this line seem a little more complicated than it is. All Romeo is asking, essentially, is what if her eyes traded places with those \"two fairest stars\" mentioned above? The comparison continues.", "Romeo and Juliet explodes with verbal fireworks. As one of Shakespeare�s early dramas, the play was a vehicle through which he attempted to startle audiences with his ability to manipulate language by creating puns, rhyming poetry, and striking figures of speech. The play opens with the chorus reciting a poem. Then, in the opening dialogue, Shakespeare spices his writing with puns and double-entendres, as when the servants Sampson and Gregory make veiled sexual references:", "Although set in different times many of the most famous quotes about life and love by William Shakespeare are still relevant today.  Did you know that William Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. It's no wonder that expressions from his works in literature, including the \"Parting is such sweet sorrow\" quote, are an 'anonymous' part of the English language. Many people continue to use this \"Parting is such sweet sorrow\" quote by William Shakespeare in famous quotes about life.", "Titania and Oberon are both fairies, that are in fact in another realm. In this realm, the two are fighting over “custody” of a mere Indian boy. Their relationship reminds me of, as Sandra said in class, a classic old married couple. They fight over little things. Titania appears more calm, more sassy, whereas Oberon comes off as very verbal and angry. I think a key point that Shakespeare was referring to was the intensity of love, among all, even fairies. Titania and Oberon are literal fairies, and we can compare their behavior and actions to those of simple Aristocrats. The beings are above and beyond human life, yet their feelings and actions can somehow be comparable to an old married human couple? If Shakespeare is making this point, I think that is why he inserts doubles. The class discussion about Doppelgangers, and doubles, makes me wonder what the point of having them is. I think maybe Shakespeare is comparing not just people and creatures’ similarities, but particularly the common factor of love among them all. Fairies and humans; kings and duchesses’ alike, all have similar actions and expressions of love.", "Love and Othello Human identity is one of the complex sides of human beings. Because there is no single identity, it is an unsoluble issue.... People are different in terms of their natures. This has been one of the important elements that writers use in their works for years. William Shakespeare was one of them. He analyzed human identity very well and shaped his characters according to his researches. His analysis of humankinds are well-presented in his tragedies. Even though they have bad deeds...", "Rosaline is used as a name for only one other Shakespearean character—the one of the main female figures in Love's Labours Lost (1598). Scholars have found similarities between them: both are described as beautiful, and both have a way of avoiding men's romantic advances. Rosaline in Love's Labours Lost constantly rebuffs her suitor's advances and Romeo's Rosaline remains distant and chaste in his brief descriptions of her. These similarities have led some to wonder whether they are based on a woman Shakespeare actually knew, possibly the Dark Lady described in his sonnets, but there is no strong evidence of this connection. ", "Shakespeare also names one of the main characters of his play The Two Gentlemen of Verona Proteus. Inconsistent with his affections, his deceptions have unraveled at the finale of the play as he is brought face-to-face with his friend Valentine and original love Julia:", "In the play Romeo and Juliet who says \"But, soft! What light through wonder window breaks\"? What literary device isused?" ]

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[ "DKNY is a New York-based fashion house specializing in fashion goods for men and women founded in 1984 by Donna Karan.", "Inspired by her daughter Gaby, Donna Karan founded DKNY in 1989 as a younger, more affordable fast fashion diffusion line to run alongside her existing Donna Karan New York label. Many labels and brands have branched off of the original DKNY brand/label including DKNY Jeans, DKNY Active, DKNY Underwear, DKNY Juniors, DKNY Kids, DKNY Pure. DKNY Men, launched in 1992, consists of tailored suits, dress wear, formalwear, casual wear, sportswear, and shoes.", "Designer Donna Karan started working for Anne Klein fashion house during the 70’s. Donna Karan New York (Donna Karan Collection) is an American fashion company founded by Donna Karan and co-founded by her late husband, Stephan Weiss, in 1984. It was not until 1988 that Karan expanded her franchise by founding DKNY which, under the advice of her daughter, who believed the same upbeat, New York designs at a more available price. It is currently owned by Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH), however Karan remains designer in chief.", "According to Rodney Yee Yoga is being centered. As the founder of DKNY, fashion diva Donna Karan has to balance her design creativity with the pressures of running a multi-million dollar business. But instead of coming unraveled at the seams, Karan enlists yoga expert Rodney Yee to keep her centered.", "Donna Karan New York, a.k.a DKNY , started in 1989 as a diffusion line for Donna Karan, a label that was started by its namesake in 1985. Donna Karan cut her teeth with Anne Klein in the 1970s before going out on her own in the 80s. She is known for having a workable style aesthetic, for making clothing that is comfortable as well as good looking, and for designing accessories that real women and men rely on for function and form. The legions of people who have worn DKNY jeans until they fall apart are a testament to the genius of DKNY and its founder.", "Donna Karan Collection is the luxury line of designer Donna Karan. Since it arrived on the fashion scene, it has become a couture favorite of fashionistas, until its now omni-present DKNY became more widely available. DKNY seeks to bring the energy and flavor of New York style to the world. Rather than being just a quality line of clothes, DKNY represents an entire lifestyle. DKNY designs are perfect for the daily needs of the fashionable dressed, whether it's the perfect suit for the office, or the perfect pair of jeans for the weekend. No matter what your lifestyle, or where you live it, DKNY is sure to be a part of it.", "Since 2005, Donna Karan has offered online shopping of its DKNY and associated lines at the label's web site. Products range from DKNY and DKNY Jeans womenswear, accessories, underwear, shoes, baby clothing, the PURE collection to DKNY menswear. The latter was available up until the spring 2002 season. Since then only the DKNY Jeans label, underwear, eyewear and watches have been offered online for men.", "Stores opened in London in 1997 and New York City in 1999. The DKNY headquarters is located at 550 Seventh Avenue in Manhattan, New York. There are currently seventy Donna Karan collection and DKNY stores globally, including twenty stores in China including Hong Kong and Shanghai, two stores in Canada including Vancouver, B.C. and Montreal, four in Dubai. DKNY has also opened some stores in Denmark.", "FASHION NEWS DKNY launched a collection for Ramadan In one of its kind stunt, the major New York fashion house, DKNY, has collaborated with two Arabic women, Fashion Designer Tamara Al-Gabbani and Fashion Editor Yalada Golsharifi, for styling a collection inspired by Ramadan and its authentic vibes. The collection includes a variety of loosely fitted garments mainly made in satin and silk, with a range of colors including black and white, mustard and grey. The collection is now available at DKNY’s stores around the Middle East.", "Karan, who spent the last three decades revolutionizing \"the working woman's wardrobe\" for DKNY, will now be taking on an advisory role to focus on her Urban Zen Company and foundation, which she founded in 2007, DKNY announced on social media today.", "Karan, who spent the last three decades revolutionizing “the working woman’s wardrobe” for DKNY, will now be taking on an advisory role to focus on her Urban Zen Company and foundation, which she founded in 2007, DKNY announced on social media.", "While Hilfiger's earliest designs drew on 1960s counterculture and fashion, since the 1980s his designs typically draw from classic American New England styles. His initial lines for the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation were primarily designed to appeal to young men looking for designer clothing, and Tommy Hilfiger became one of the most prominent brands in 1990s sportswear, with Polo Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, Nautica, DKNY, and Donna Karan also popular. Each of these companies created distinctive wardrobes based upon stylish but wearable, comfortable and interchangeable multi-purpose clothes, all with a focus on luxury.", "The Company sells accessory products primarily under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Active, and CITY DKNY brands. These lifestyle collections are designed to complement their respective apparel collections, as well as exist as stand-alone collections.", "\"Growing up in New York left an indelible impression on us,\" read the signed letter from Dao-Yi Chow and Maxwell Osborne that was placed on every seat. They are New York natives, and DKNY, where they are newly installed creative directors, is a New York native, too. It grew out of the city and was a part of the landscape — figuratively, but literally, too. In its youth, a famous DKNY mural, of the cityscape seen within the logo, was a SoHo icon.", "This week marks the opening of DKNY's redesigned store in Soho, New York. Architect Andreas Bozarth Fornell of Koncept Stockholm worked together with Maxwell Osborne and Dao-Yi Chow, creative directors of DKNY, to create a concept that reflects New York City as well as the evolution of DKNY as a brand.", "DKNY collection. The DKNY menswear collection is positioned as a modern lifestyle collection. The collection includes dress and casual sportswear. For the Fall 2000 season, the Company launched DKNY underwear for men in the United States. Other products in the DKNY collection, including suitings and dress furnishings and finished pant programs, are being manufactured and sold by licensees of the Company in certain territories. The DKNY menswear collection is designed to appeal to a broader customer base than the Donna Karan New York collections for men and is more widely distributed than those collections.", "Gianni Versace (, born Giovanni Maria Versace; 2 December 194615 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house, which produces accessories, fragrances, make-up and home furnishings as well as clothes. He also designed costumes for the theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Diana, Princess of Wales, Naomi Campbell, Madonna, Elton John, Cher, Sting and many other celebrities, he was the first designer to link fashion to the music world. Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. Versace was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina now known as \"The Villa,\" at the age of 50 by Andrew Cunanan.Dirk Cameron Gibson, Serial Murder and Media Circuses, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p. 138. ", "After the 1970s, a decade in which the world of high fashion had fallen into disarray and people picked and chose amongst several acceptable styles, designer fashions came roaring back in the 1980s. High-profile European designers like Giorgio Armani (c. 1934–), Christian Lacroix (1951–), Karl Lagerfeld (1938–), Jean-Paul Gaultier (1952–), Azzedine Alaïa (c. 1940–), and others introduced daring, expensive lines of clothes to the praise of the fashion press. Wealthy people across Europe and in the United States flocked to Paris fashion shows and New York boutiques to purchase expensive originals, and lower-level designers and mass-market retail stores modeled their clothing lines on the more conservative efforts of the top names. This was the traditional way that fashions had been set, with designers leading the way in the creation of clothing styles.", "Garment District: Bounded by Fifth Avenue, Ninth Avenue, 34th Street, and 42nd Street, the Garment District in NYC is widely regarded as the center for fashion manufacturing and fashion design in the United States. Less than one square mile in area, this charming NY neighborhood boasts the showrooms of Oscar de la Renta, Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Liz Claiborne, and Nicole Miller. The NYC Garment District is also home to many cheap Manhattan hotels, such as Hotel Metro NYC and the Americana Inn NYC .", "The DKNY collection addresses a broad range of lifestyle needs from work to weekend to eveningwear. The collection includes jackets, skirts, blouses, bodysuits, dresses, pants, knits, sweaters, and outerwear.", "CITY DKNY Collection. For the Spring 2001 season, the Company launched in the United States a woman's accessories and footwear collection under the CITY DKNY brand name to address the women's \"better\" accessory", "Michael Kors is a New York City-based fashion designer widely known for designing classic American sportswear for women.", "Mr. Versace, born in the town of Reggio Calabria in Italy, began his career as a designer in 1972 and started his house in 1978, creating collections that fused sex appeal and bright colors, incongruously, with prints of historical derivation: classical sculpture and entomology figured prominently in his designs, as did his signature logo, the snake-entwined head of Medusa. Although his work was often criticized as being vulgar by conservative audiences, it had an undeniable following among individuals who wished to make their entrances known (see Elizabeth Hurley in her infamous safety-pin dress). He was regarded as the first designer to recognize and embrace the importance of contemporary culture on fashion, filling the audiences of his shows with celebrities like Elton John and Madonna, and crafting his advertising campaigns around erotic imagery, rather than merely clothing. Mr. Versace was also keenly aware of the power of mixing such references in his work, which offered such an extreme blend of high-brow and low-culture that the Versace name at one time could be associated both with outfits designed for a production for the La Scala opera house in Milan and for the cast of the 1995 film \"Showgirls,\" in which the actress Elizabeth Berkley memorably mispronounces the name.", "Edgy meets elegant in Dkny's sleek mixed-media dress. Designed with a shiny satin skirt and exposed-seam empire waist, this midi amps up the impact with sophisticated tonal color-blocking.", "Donatella was the first designer to use notable celebrities to wear her clothing on the catwalk and in other public media such as advertisements. Donatella soon proved to be the public relations giant within the Versace label and spread its name throughout Europe and the United States. In July 1998, a year after Gianni Versace was killed, Donatella mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year, but is equally famous for her celebrity friends and extravagant parties. ", "She soon proved to be the public relations giant within the Versace label and spread its name throughout Europe and most of the United States. Donatella chose to place some of her good friends, Lil' Kim, Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Courtney Love, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, Demi Moore, and Lady Gaga in high esteem in the Versace advertising sector, making them and other A-List celebrities such as Beyoncé and January Jones the persona and image of Versace. Her popularity grew when she designed the famous Versace Green Dress, also known as the \"Jungle-Dress\", which was worn by Jennifer Lopez at the Grammys. Branching into other fields, the company has created the grand, luxurious Palazzo Versace resort on the Gold Coast of Australia. Another growing symbol of the Versace style, the Burj al-Arab, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), boasts a broad collection of Versace furniture and beddings in its expensive and lavish rooms.", "Tel Aviv has become an international center of fashion and design. It has been called the \"next hot destination\" for fashion. Israeli designers, such as swimwear company Gottex show their collections at leading fashion shows, including New York’s Bryant Park fashion show. In 2011, Tel Aviv hosted its first Fashion Week since the 1980s, with Italian designer Roberto Cavalli as a guest of honor. ", "Known as the ‘‘bad boy’’ of the fashion world for his flamboyant and provocative style, Mr. Galliano helped to energize Dior after he joined it in 1996 as creative director, increasing sales and making it a jewel of the LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton luxury-goods empire run by the French billionaire Bernard Arnault. LVMH also owns the John Galliano line. Olivier Labesse, a spokesman for LVMH, did not return calls seeking comment on the designer’s role there.", "De la Renta presented his Spring 2015 collection at New York Fashion Week in September. When reviewing the show, New York Times fashion director and chief fashion critic Vanessa Friedman wrote of the designer and his collection , \"He has a respect for the classic forms (lunching suits, tea dresses, straight trousers — even full-blown ball gowns) that is almost palpable, not to mention an appreciation of the power of decoration and the allure it can bestow.\"", "In Christchurch, textile engineerturned-wool buyer Karel Adriaens observed a predominance of grey in both men’s and women’s clothing, and was surprised that only solicitors and doctors wore suits. In 1961 he left wool-buying to enter the fashion business, trying his hand first with children’s clothing (he had a hit with children’s duffel coats) and then with women’s wear. The company he formed, Cotura Fashions, derived design inspiration from international fashion magazines, and sometimes Adriaens simply borrowed and copied the imported garments of people he knew.", "Donatella soon proved to be the public relations giant of the Versace label and spread its name throughout Europe and the United States. Donatella chose to place some of her good friends, Madonna and Demi Moore, in high esteem in the Versace advertising sector, making them and other A-List celebrities the cover and look of Versace, a very business-oriented move. Donatella is also the Creator and Chief Designer of Versace Young, a fashion line for children launched in 1993.", "Balmain has opened its new flagship store in New York, designed by French architects Studio KO . Located in SoHo, the Parisian fashion house’s first American boutique captures the blend of energy, creativity and beauty of downtown Manhattan." ]

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[ "\"When You Wish upon a Star\" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio. The original version was sung by Cliff Edwards in the character of Jiminy Cricket, and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. The song has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company. The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 261546 and 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821.", "\"When You Wish Upon a Star\" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney 's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio . [1] The original version was sung by Jiminy Cricket ( Cliff Edwards ) [1] and is heard over the opening credits and in the final scene of the film. It has since become the representative song of The Walt Disney Company . The recording by Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 261546 and 26477A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice Label as catalogue number BD 821.", "\"When You Wish upon a Star\" is a song written by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington for Walt Disney's 1940 adaptation of Pinocchio. The original version of the song was sung by Cliff Edwards in the character of Jiminy Cricket and is heard over the opening credits and again in the final scene of the film. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song that year and has since become an icon of The Walt Disney Company.", "\"When You Wish upon a Star\" is a popular song written by Ned Washington and Leigh Harline and introduced in the 1940 Walt Disney movie Pinocchio, where it is sung by Cliff Edwards in the character of Jiminy Cricket, over the opening credits and again in the final scene of the film. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song that year.", "That was the song \"When You Wish Upon a Star.\"  It is from Walt Disney's animated movie \"Pinocchio.\"  For many people, it is the song most often linked with Walt Disney and his work.  The song is about dreams -- and making dreams come true.  That is what the Walt Disney Company tries to do.  It produces movies that capture the imagination of children and adults all over the world.", "His cartoon creatures were often surrounded with lovely songs. Thus, Snow White had \"Some Day My Prince Will Come\" and the dwarfs had \"Whistle While You Work.\" From his version of \"The Three Little Pigs,\" his most successful cartoon short, came another international hit, \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?\" Cliff Edwards as Jiminy Cricket sang \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" for \"Pinocchio.\" More recently, \"Mary Poppins\" introduced \"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.\"", "38. 1941: “When You Wish Upon a Star” from Disney’s “Pinocchio” becomes the first Best Original Song winner to come from an animated film.", "Among the most popular scores of the 1930s were the soundtracks for Walt Disney's series of Silly Symphonies, shown between 1929 and 1939. These included Frank Churchill's Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?, off Three Little Pigs (1933), Lullaby Land of Nowhere (1933) and Somebody Rubbed Out My Robin (1935), as well as Leigh Harline's Help Me Plant My Corn (1934) and The Penguin Is a Very Funny Creature (1934). Walt Disney's Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs (1937), whose best numbers (I'm Wishing, Whistle While You Work, Heigh Ho, Some Day My Prince Will Come) were composed by Frank Churchill, was even more important, both because the songs were an organic whole and because, for the first time, a label (Victor) released original soundtrack music (not the same songs interpreted by other musicians) as a an \"album\" of three 78 RPM records (of which at least two, Whistle While you Work and Heigh Ho, became extremely popular). By the same token, Pinocchio (1939) featured one of the era's most famous songs, When You Wish Upon A Star, again by Leigh Harline. Walt Disney's films turned the animated cartoon into a musical. They also legitimized the soundtrack as a commercial product. In fact the expression \"original sound track\" was coined by the Disney studios for the release of music from Pinocchio as a three-record album in 1940.", "Who sang \"When You Wish upon a Star\" in the 1940 Walt Disney film Pinocchio? Jiminy Cricket", "Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records \"cover version\" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. \"When You Wish Upon a Star\" won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. Source....WIKIPEDIA.", "Movie Theme - \"When You Wish Upon A Star\" from Disney's Pinocchio by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington (1940)", "Disney released its animated feature film masterpiece Pinocchio (1940) - one of the best examples of the studio's animation talent. This was Disney's second feature-length animated film, following after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) . It. won two Oscars, one for Best Score and one for Best Song (\"When You Wish Upon a Star\").", "The episode \"The Munnery\" (aired September 24, 2006) features a segment called \"Wishes Come True\", where children's dreams are coming true. This is a reference to the song \" When You Wish Upon a Star \" from Pinocchio .", "The horn sound of the Disney Cruise Line ships is to the tune of a song in this film, \"When You Wish Upon a Star\". Also another one of the Disney Dream 's horns is to the tune of another song in this film, \"Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life For Me)\".", "Hey Folks! Here's my rendition of Walt Disney's Classic Theme Song: When You Wish Upon A Star. Now, I'm definitely no Jiminy Cricket, but I think I do a good job. Give it a chance and take a listen to it. I like to think most people will like it. I've attached some info about the history of the song from Wikipedia (The most accurate resource on the interwebs). Anyway, I hope y'all like my rendition of it. Have a good Weekend!", "“When You Wish Upon A Star” was recently named #7 on the American Film Institute’s list of Top Movie Songs of all time. It has since become the anthem for Disney, heard in TV shows, other Disney productions and at the theme parks. It’s certainly lived up to Oscar’s billing as Best Song.", "The American Film Institute ranked \"When You Wish Upon A Star\" seventh in their 100 Greatest Songs in Film History, the highest ranked Disney animated film song, and also one of only four Disney animated film songs to appear on the list, the others being \"Some Day My Prince Will Come\" from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ranked at nineteenth, \"Beauty and the Beast\" from Beauty and the Beast ranked at #62, and \"Hakuna Matata\" from The Lion King, ranked at #99.", "The song went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The song was also nominated for AFI's 100 years...100 songs, as one of 15 songs from Disney and one of 17 songs from an animated movie to be nominated. The songs that eventually made the cut was: When You Wish Upon A Star (#7), Some Day My Prince Will Come (#19), Beauty and the Beast (#62) and Hakuna Matata (#99).", "Walt Disney - When You Wish Upon A Star - Performed By Daniel P. Collins - YouTube", "Edwards recorded another version in 1940 for an American Decca Records \"cover version\" of the score of Pinocchio, conducted by Victor Young and featuring soprano Julietta Novis and The King's Men. It was first released on a 4-record 78-RPM album set, and years later as one side of an LP, backed by selections from The Wizard of Oz. A recording with Christian Rub (with Mister Geppetto 's voice), Cliff Edwards and Chorus was released by Victor Records as catalogue number 26479B (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue number BD 823. It won the 1940 Academy Award for Best Original Song. [1] It was also the first Disney song to win an Oscar.", "Snow White was followed by other feature-length classics for children, such as Pinocchio (1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). Fantasia (1940), which coordinated animated segments with famous classical music pieces, was an artistic and technical achievement. In Song of the South (1946), Disney combined live actors with animated figures, and beginning with Treasure Island in 1950 the company added live-action movies to its repertoire. Disney was also one of the first movie studios to produce film directly for television, and its Zorro and Davy Crockett series were very popular with children.", "Unlike many Disney animated features, the film features only three songs, with just one, \"Cruella De Vil\", playing a big part in it. The other two are \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" in which only two lines are sung by Roger at its closure. Songwriter Mel Leven had, in fact, written several additional songs for it including \"Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor\", a cockney chant, meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion, and \"March of the One Hundred and One\", which the dogs were meant to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of \"Kanine Krunchies Jingle\" and \"Dalmatian Plantation\" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film. ", "Disney's film studios stayed busy as well. Averaging five or six releases per year during this period. While the production of shorts slowed significantly during the 1950s and 1960s, the studio released a number of popular animated features, like Lady and the Tramp (1955), Sleeping Beauty (1959) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), which introduced a new xerography process to transfer the drawings to animation cels. Disney's live-action releases were spread across a number of genres, including historical fiction (Johnny Tremain, 1957), adaptations of children's books (Pollyanna, 1960) and modern-day comedies (The Shaggy Dog, 1959). Disney's most successful film of the 1960s was a live action/animated musical adaptation of Mary Poppins, which was one of the all-time highest-grossing movies and received five Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Julie Andrews and Best Song for Robert B. Sherman & Richard M. Sherman for \"Chim Chim Cher-ee\" . ", "The music used in this film was also a notable change for Disney. While the music in previous films had been very much in the Broadway or Tin Pan Alley style, this film incorporated jazz into the soundtrack . The inclusion of Harris and Prima in the film helped this along immensely, as did the songwriting talents of Richard Sherman and Robert Sherman (\" I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)\") and Terry Gilkyson (\" The Bare Necessities \").", "The song won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2005, Julie Andrews included this song as part of \"Julie Andrews Selects Her Favorite Disney Songs.\"", "A cover version of the orchestral underscore is used in the Walt Disney World commercial: \"Wake Up Call\" to replace \" A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes \" as seen in the Pocahontas 1996 VHS tape.", "On Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic, this includes \"The Work Song\" and \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" on the first disc, \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" and \"So This Is Love\" on the second, and \"Oh, Sing Sweet Nightingale\" on the fourth. On Disney's Greatest Hits, \"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo\" is included on the first volume and \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" on the second volume.", "Directors, Bob Cormack Clyde Geronimi, et al. A collection of nine Walt Disney musical animated shorts set to a 1940s soundtrack. Includes three bonus cartoons (The band concert, Farmyard symphony, Music land) following the feature. Contents: Blue bayou / Ken Darby Chorus -- All the cats join in / Benny Goodman and his orchestra -- Without you / Andy Russell -- Casey at the bat / Jerry Colonna -- Two silhouettes / Dinah Shore -- Peter and the wolf / Sterling Holloway -- After you've gone / The Benny Goodman Quartet -- Johnnie Fedora and Alice Bluebonnet / Andrews Sisters -- The whale who wanted to sing at the Met / Nelson Eddy. 67 min. DVD 2888", "One of the more successful films was Melody Time, the animated 1948 film from Walt Disney Studios featuring Dennis Day. The Legend of Johnny Appleseed, a 19-minute segment, tells the story of an apple farmer who sees others going west, wistfully wishing he was not tied down by his orchard, until an angel appears, singing an apple song, setting Johnny on a mission. When he treats a skunk kindly, all animals everywhere thereafter trust him. The cartoon featured lively tunes, and a childlike simplicity of message. This animated short was included in Disney's American Legends, a compilation of four animated shorts.", "In 2015, a \"Legacy Collection\" edition soundtrack was released in recognition of the films 75th anniversary. This new release contains both Leopold Stokowski and Irwin Kostal versions of the films soundtrack as well as the never before released Stokowski recording of the deleted Clair de Lune segment. Sterling Holloways reading of the Sorcerers Apprentice and Peter and the Wolf (from Make Mine Music) are also included as bonus tracks.", "The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records. The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release, was issued on one 33 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes – the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums. It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.", "In 1955 it was made into an Academy Award-winning musical film, the first feature shot with the Todd-AO 70 mm widescreen process. The film starred Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, and its soundtrack was #1 on the 1956 album charts. " ]

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[ "Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora. Developed by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont in 1965, this high-strength material was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components.", "KEVLAR® by DuPont™ - Kevlar® is the registered trademark for a light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex® and Technora. Developed at DuPont® in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek, it was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Currently, Kevlar® has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high strength-to-weight ratio—famously: \"...5 times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis...\"", "Kevlar is the registered trademark for a light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. Invented at DuPont in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek, Kevlar was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.", "Kevlar is the registered trademark for a light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber. Typically it is spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as such or as an ingredient in composite material components. Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high strength-to-weight ratio. Invented at DuPont in 1965 by Stephanie Kwolek, Kevlar was first commercially used in the early 1970s as a replacement for steel in racing tires.[317]", "Relying on experience and instinct, Stephanie Kwolek invented one of the modern world's most readily recognized and widely used materials: Kevlar�. DuPont put its Pioneering Lab to work finding a viable commercial version of Kwolek's new crystalline polymers, the potential applications for which were obvious. The result was Kevlar� (first marketed in 1971), a fiber five times stronger ounce for ounce than steel, but about half the density of fiberglass. Kevlar� is best known to the public as the material from the which bulletproof vests are made; and in this use alone Kwolek's discovery has saved thousands of lives. DuPonts family of KEVLAR� brand fiber products provide a unique combination of toughness, extra-high tenacity and modulus, and exceptional thermal stability. These applications include cut, heat, and bullet / fragment resistant apparel, brake and transmission friction parts, gaskets, ropes and cables, composites, fiber optic cables, circuit board reinforcement, sporting goods, tires, automotive belts and hoses. KEVLAR� is often specified when requirements call for increased strength, reduced weight and/or extended wear life.", "That's where the modern technology of synthetic fibers comes into play. As early as 1965, chemical company DuPont manufactured a synthetic fiber known for its high strength, low weight, and resistance to chemicals, cuts, and fire. This fiber — called Kevlar — was soon used to make the first generation of flexible , concealable body armor .", "Ballistic nylon (until the 1970) or Kevlar or Spectra (a competitor for Kevlar) or the polyethylene fiber could be used to manufacture bullet proof vests. The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon & supplemented by plates of fiber-glass, steel, ceramic, titanium, Doron & composites of ceramic and fiberglass the last being the most effective. ", "In the 20th century, DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek, Sorona, Corfam, and Lycra. DuPont developed Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) for the refrigerant industry, and later more environmentally friendly refrigerants. It also developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair.", "Currently, Kevlar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its high strength-to-weight ratio-famously: \"...5 times stronger than steel on an equal weight basis...\"", "Wallace Carothers and a team at DuPont, building on work begun in Germany early in the century, make synthetic rubber. Called neoprene, the substance is more resistant than natural rubber to oil, gasoline, and ozone, and it becomes important as an adhesive and a sealant in industrial uses.", "By 1969 DuPont had invented seventy nylons and thirty-one polyesters. Due in part to DuPont’s successful marketing, synthetic fabrics were everywhere by the early 1970s and the high-fashion world was beginning to find that the shiny luster of these fabrics that were once embraced had become considered tacky and overexposed. These fabrics thus disappeared from runways and were replaced by high-quality natural fibers such as silks and woolens that had dominated in years prior, and still dominate couture fashion today.", "Du Pont and ICI were the giants of synthetic manufacture producing a wide range of fabrics under trade names relating to Polyamide , Polyesters, Polyurethanes, Polyolefins, and  Polyacrylonitriles the polyvinyl derivative.  All the fibre bases could be used as bulked or fine yarns dependant on fibre extrusion method and final finishing.  The name often related to the country or plant where the fibre was produced for example Enkalon was Irish made nylon whereas Crylor, an acrylic yarn was made in France.", "While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads, shoes, and clutch discs, contaminants of amphiboles were present. Since approximately the mid-1990s, brake pads, new or replacement, have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, metallic and aramid fiber (Twaron or Kevlar—the same material used in bulletproof vests).", "Spandex fiber Spandex or elastane is a synthetic fiber known for its exceptional elasticity (stretchability). It is stronger and more durable than rubber, its major plant competitor. It was invented in 1959 by DuPont, and when first introduced it revolutionized many areas of the clothing industry.", "1930: A team of US chemists at the DuPont company, led by Wallace Carothers (1896–1937), develop a revolutionary synthetic rubber called polychloroprene and sold as neoprene. (Shortly afterward, the same group developed an even more revolutionary material: nylon .)", "2. Unlike Kevlar, the Spectra used in bulletproof vests is usually not woven. instead the strong polyethelene polymer filaments are spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other. Resin is used to coat the fibers, sealing them together to form a sheet of Spectra cloth. Two sheets of cloth are then placed at right angles to one another and again bonded, forming a nonwoven fabric that is next sandwiched between two sheets of polyethelene film. The vest shape can then be cut from the material.", "Toward the end of the 1920s the next important breakthrough for DuPont Corporation came as a result of fundamental rather than applied research. The head of research noted at the time: \"We are including in the budget for 1927 an item of $20,000 to cover what may be called, for want of a better name, pure science or fundamental research work...the sort of work we refer to...has the object of establishing or discovering new scientific facts.\" In a short time the group that had been put together under this budget had developed an understanding of radical polymerization and established the basic principles for condensation polymerization and the structure of condensation polymers. This led to the invention and commercialization of nylon in 1938--the beginning of the modern materials revolution. (Prior to this, the group yielded neoprene synthetic rubber in 1933.)", "DuPont opens a U.S. manufacturing plant to produce Dacron, a synthetic material first developed in Britain in 1941 as polyethylene terephthalate. Because it has a higher melting temperature than other synthetic fibers, Dacron revolutionizes the textiles industry.", "In chemistry, polytetrafluoroethylene is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications. PTFE is most well known by the DuPont brand name Teflon. PTFE was accidentally invented by Roy Plunkett of Kinetic Chemicals in 1938.", "As DuPont diversified out of explosives it sought other applications for its nitrocellulose expertise. The Fabrikoid Company, of Newburgh, N.Y., had already developed a textile coating process, and in 1910 DuPont purchased the company for $1.2 million. It soon became evident that the facilities were unsatisfactory, however, and within a few years DuPont’s chemists had substantially improved the product and its production. The manufacture of DuPont Fabrikoid began with a nitrocellulose coating known as pyroxylin. The pyroxylin was colored with pigments suspended in castor oil, producing a soft and pliable product. A coating machine applied this substance to a base fabric, and the result was then embossed and finished. In the 1920s and 1930s, automobile manufacturers used Fabrikoid in convertible tops and seat covers, but by the 1940s new, more durable vinyl-coated fabrics overtook the market.", "In recent years developments with synthetic fibres such as Kevlar Spectra Dyneema and selected others have lead to the development and production of", "Research during World War II improved Cordura and enabled its manufacture on standard rayon production equipment, thereby boosting both quality and output. The tendency of Cordura to strengthen when heated led to its extensive use in military tires made from synthetic rubber, which ran hotter than natural rubber.", "\"Better things for better living... through chemistry\" is a famous commercial slogan that captured the attitude of the public around 1940 when synthetic polymers were beginning to make a major impact in people's lives. What was not realized at the time, however, were some of the problems these materials would create as their uses multiplied and the world became more wary of \"chemicals\". (DuPont dropped the \"through chemistry\" part in 1982.)", "Today, ballistic vests, also known as flak jackets, made of ballistic cloth (e.g. kevlar, dyneema, twaron, spectra etc.) and ceramic or metal plates are common among police forces, security staff, corrections officers and some branches of the military.", "Nomex heat-resistant fiber grew out of work done in the late 1950s at DuPont’s Pioneering Research Laboratory by Paul Morgan and Stephanie L. Kwolek. After an unprecedented investment in development–including the establishment of a pilot plant at the Spruance plant in Richmond, Va., in 1959–DuPont introduced Nomex in both woven and nonwoven form in 1967. Offered in paper, felt, fabric and fiber forms, Nomex serves a variety of industries, but remains best known for its use in firefighter’s apparel.", "One such Buna rubber, known as “GR-S (Government Rubber Styrene)”, is a copolymer of butadiene and styrene, became the basis for U.S. synthetic rubber production during World War II. [41]", "New plastics were invented such as neoprene in 1932, polythene in 1933 and Perspex in 1934. One of the most famous wholly synthetic fibres was invented in 1938 at the cost of $10 million - nylon. In the first year of its creation, nylon went into toothbrush bristles and nylon stockings. 64 million pairs of stockings were made in 1938 alone. Nylon was also used by the military in World War Two for gearing wheels in vehicles and parachute cords.", "Photo: Kevlar textiles get their properties partly from the inherent strength of the polymer from which the fibers are made and partly from the way the fibers are knitted tightly together, as shown here in a NASA ballistics test. Picture courtesy of NASA Glenn Research Center (NASA-GRC) .", "In 1978, a highly texturized fiberglass fabric was invented by Bal Dixit, called Zetex. This fabric is lighter than asbestos, but offers the same bulk, thickness, hand, feel, and abrasion resistance as asbestos. The fiberglass was texturized to eliminate some of the problems that arise with fiberglass, such as poor abrasion resistance and poor seam strength. ", "Polymer means that Kevlar is made from many identical molecules bonded together (each one of which is called a monomer). Plastics are the most familiar polymers in our world. As we've seen, the monomers in Kevlar are based on a modified, benzene-like ring structure.", "In 1934, Michelin introduced a tire that was based on technology developed for local commuter trains and trolleys. It had a safety rim inside the tire which if punctured would run on a special foam lining. The tire was sold for military use and for specialized vehicles like bank armoured cars. It was advertised as \"semi-bullet proof\". While the tire performed as advertised it was far too expensive to be a feasible option for most private automobile users. ", "In 1976, Richard Davis, founder of Second Chance Body Armor, designed the company's first all-Kevlar vest, the Model Y. The lightweight, able vest industry was launched and a new form of daily protection for the modern police officer was quickly adapted. By the mid-to-late 1980s, an estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of police patrol officers wore able vests daily. By 2006, more than 2,000 documented police vest \"saves\" were recorded, validating the success and efficiency of lightweight able body armor as a standard piece of everyday police equipment." ]

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[ "A kayak roll (often referred to as an Eskimo roll) is the act of righting a capsized kayak by use of body motion and/or a paddle. Typically this is done by lifting the torso towards the surface, flicking the hips to right the kayak, and applying a small force by means of the paddle to assist the torso back over the boat. The roll is an essential for paddlers who attempt serious whitewater (Class IV or greater), as exiting the boat and swimming gives the paddler less maneuverability and control, and thus leaves him/her more exposed than in the boat.", "The Kayak Roll (often referred to as an \"Eskimo roll\") is the act of righting a capsized kayak by use of body motion and/or a paddle . Typically this is done by lifting the torso towards the surface, flicking the hips to right the kayak halfway up and applying a righting force by means of the paddle while tucking close to the front or back deck.", "An eskimo roll is simply a general term for a complete roll in kayaking. There are more specific variations on the eskimo roll, including a screw roll, a reverse screw roll, a C-to-C roll, a hand roll, and an obsolete roll.", "The skill of righting a capsized kayak was devised by the hunter-gatherer societies that also developed the kayak as a hunting boat; the Aleut and Inuit people. The Greenland Inuit used several techniques that allowed the kayak to be righted with or without a paddle, also using only one hand, or without hands at all. A survey in Greenland in 1911 found that of a total of 2,228 hunters with a kayak of their own, 867 were able to roll. ", "A large part of the success of an Eskimo roll lies in the fluidity of your motions. You want to be able to go through the motions of s roll without stopping to think about each position or step.", "Aerobatics — sport aerobatics involves aircraft maneuvers such as rolls, loops, stall turns (hammerheads), and tailslides.", "roll - a flight maneuver; aircraft rotates about its longitudinal axis without changing direction or losing altitude", "The hip flick helps to right the boat. This action uses the knee to pull one side of the boat into the body and the hip to push it away on the other side. The aim is not to get the body clear of the water, but to use its buoyancy force to assist the righting action. At the last moment, the flicking action pulls the canoeist out of the water and into an upright position.", "It is possible to perform a roll in certain kinds of canoes, provided the canoeist is strapped in and provided that the canoe is of a rollable hull profile and uses floatation bags and/or a spraydeck . Rolling a canoe is considerably harder than a kayak, especially in a tandem canoe where the upright motion requires precise coordination between the canoeists.", "The ultimate party trick roll, but also a lifesaver if you ever find yourself upside down without a paddle, the hand roll is just what it sounds like: a roll executed using just your hands. But, like most rolls, the secret is in the hip snap. Letting the boat float up toward their normal rolling side, experienced paddlers will lock their thumbs together to form a giant flipper and thrust against the water while hip-snapping. It's tricky to do properly, it's cool to see, and it's the \"white whale\" of modern kayaking.", "Midshipman's roll – A slovenly method of rolling up a hammock transversely, and lashing it endways by one clue. [4]", "Roll:  Motion of the ship from side to side, alternately raising and lowering each side of the deck.", "The second one is on the very right hand side of the picture. It is the aft tripod head of the Oklahoma as she is rolling over. You have to look closely, but it is plainly there, inside the little triangle of clear sky, surrounded by smoke and flame.", "6. a maneuver in which an aircraft is headed partly into the wind to compensate for drift.", "The Italian Cavour. Like the Juan Carlos I, it's operated as a light aircraft carrier first and an amphibious ship (in this case, an LPH (Landing Platform Helicopter) second. It has a ski jump with an unusually shallow angle, which cut construction costs but also reduced the advantage of the ski jump.", "Evasive course or maneuver : one designed to allow the ship to either miss or be missed by another object.", "When the expedition arrived at Kings Bay on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen they found the dock occupied by a Norwegian vessel in the process of coaling. The Norwegian ship claimed it was unable to relinquish its place, and Byrd faced the choice of waiting for the coaling to finish, thus wasting valuable flying time, or attempting to unload the expedition’s equipment by ferrying it from the ship across a bay filled with large ice floes. In the end, he decided he could not wait and had the equipment, including the aircraft itself, hoisted over the ship’s side and carried across the bay balanced on a raft fashioned from the ship’s four lifeboats. In the Times narrative, this became a central episode, with Byrd and his crew battling against the wind and ice that threatened to block their path and damage the plane. The aircraft’s vulnerability during its voyage, reinforced by images of the dismantled plane perched precariously aboard the makeshift raft, allowed Byrd to demonstrate his leadership by guiding the plane through the perilous ice-filled waters. 73", "Just after midnight on March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez (a single- hull oil tanker) hit Bligh Reef in the Prince William Sound, dumping 11 million gallons of crude oil into the Ocean. On board the ship was Captain Joseph Hazelwood, a harbor pilot, and third mate Gregory Cousins. Once the harbor pilot had safely guided the huge vessel through the Valdez Narrows and past Rocky Point, he relinquished control of the tanker to Captain Hazelwood. Although the weather made it possible to traverse the sound, some small icebergs (growlers) drifted into it from the Columbia Glacier. Subsequently, Captain Hazelwood radioed the Coast Guard, notifying them that in order to avoid the growlers he would be changing course. Upon notification, the Coast Guard granted Captain Hazelwood permission to move into the northbound lane. Before retiring to his cabin, Captain Hazelwood instructed his third mate Gregory Cousins to steer the vessel back into the southbound lane once it passed Busby Island. Although Cousins did give the instructions to the helmsman to steer the vessel to the right, the vessel was not turning sharply enough and at 12:04 a.m. the vessel hit Bligh Reef. It is not known whether Cousins gave the orders too late, the helmsman failed to follow instructions properly, or if something was wrong with the vessel's steering system.", "List - A vessel's angle of lean or tilt to one side, in the direction called roll. Typically refers to a lean caused by flooding or improperly loaded or shifted cargo.", "ROLL - Of the three axes in flight, this specifies the action around a central point. Compare PITCH and YAW.", "Club hauling The ship drops one of its anchors at high speed to turn abruptly. This was sometimes used as a means to get a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel.", "Club hauling The ship drops one of its anchors at high speed to turn abruptly. This was sometimes used as a means to get a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel.", "CRAB - A rudder-controlled yawing motion to compensate for a crosswind in maintaining a desired flight path, as in a landing approach.", "A.K.A. 'ROUND-DOWN'. The aftmost edge of the flight deck . Slopes toward the water at about 45 degrees.", "The journey was considered quite dangerous. If ice lumps or stress damaged even one of the Arktika’s propellers badly enough, she would lose enough power to get stranded in the ice. Surveying the area for best routes was a challenging task for the pilots of the helicopter the icebreaker had on board. In the worst moments the ship had to traverse ice sheets so thick, that she had to constantly pull back on push forward to break them.", "in which the control surfaces are capable of correcting the trajectory throughout the flight. But preset guidance has features that make it useful in the initial control of ballistic missiles. One possible ballistic system combines features of both preset and command guidance. The problem has already been stated: from known factors, it is possible to calculate an initial velocity and direction that will produce a ballistic trajectory ending at the target. The target location is known; because of the great range, target location is determined from maps, rather than by observation. The location of the launching point is also known. (In the development of the Polaris missile system, a major part of the total effort was devoted to development of a Ship's Inertial Navigation System, by which the Polaris launching vessel can determine its own position with the required accuracy.)", "The sled went up with a lurch, too strong a surge. Then it straightened out neatly, as Fylh learned how to make adjustments, and sped across the river, to circle and return, alighting with unusual care considering who had the controls. Fylh spoke to Jaksan before he was off his seat.", "As the osprey’s dive continues, the primaries are progressively folded back and held tight to the body to further reduce drag. The osprey shifts its center of gravity farther back and increases its airspeed. Minor flicks and wrists of the primaries and tail provide thrust and course adjustments as the plummeting osprey tracks a fish like a guided missile.", "Directive to initiate a briefed tactical sequence or maneuver, such as a turn at the initial point.", "Roll protection — A framework, safety canopy, or similar protection for the operator when equipment overturns.", "Roll protection - A framework, safety canopy, or similar protection for the operator when equipment overturns.", "In 1989 the American oil tanker Exxon Valdez clashed with the Bligh Reef, causing a major oil leakage. The tanker had left the Valdez terminal in Alaska, navigating through Prince William Sound. Captain Joseph Hazelwood informed the coast guard they would change course to avoid collision with some small icebergs present in the region. The coast guard instructed the captain to sail north." ]

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[ "In its most basic form, a bagpipe consists of a melody pipe, called the chanter, which produces a series of different notes depending on which of its fingerholes are open and closed, and at least one drone pipe, which produces a single constantly-sounding note. The notes of the melody pipe must be in tune with each other, just as the notes of a piano or any other instrument must be in tune with one another, and additionally the note produced by the drone must be in tune with the chanter's notes. If the bagpipe has more than one drone, then obviously the additional drones must likewise be in tune both with one another and with the chanter.", "Magyar duda or Hungarian duda (also known as tömlősíp, bőrduda and Croatian duda) has a double chanter (two parallel bores in a single stick of wood, Croatian versions have three or four) with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.", "For the chanter, two single-reed cane pipes are placed parallel, one pipe often sounding a drone or other accompaniment to the other pipe. Most have cowhorn bells, being bag versions of hornpipes; they are found in North Africa , the Arabian Peninsula , the Aegean, the Caucasus , and among the Mari of Russia. Other double chanters in eastern Europe (Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine, and elsewhere) are made of a single piece of wood with two cylindrical bores (as in cane pipes) and single reeds of cane or elder. There is also a separate bass drone tuned, like most bass drones, two octaves below the chanter keynote. The Bulgarian gaida and the Czecho-Polish dudy (koza) have a single chanter, and in the dudy, the chanter and drone each carry a huge cowhorn bell.", "The TABOR as mentioned in Psalms 81:2 is a small drum used to accompanied oneself to the playing of a pipe or flute. \"...you are commanded, when you hear the sound of horn, pipe, zither, triangle, dulcimer, music and singing of all kind... ( Daniel 3:5 ) Daniel in this passage describes the orchestra of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. The HORN might be a double-pipe wind instrument made up of one melody pipe and one drone pipe. The PIPE is a wind instrument (aerophones) such as pan-pipes, whistles or skin bagpipes. ", "Drone: A continuous steady musical sound, usually produced with the intention of creating harmonies with the notes of a simultaneously played melody. Also the name of the pipe(s) of a bagpipe that produce(s) this sound. Depending on the exact natures of the sounds produced by the drones and the melody pipe (chanter) some very complex interactions take place that produce (or reinforce) yet more sounds, called overtones or harmonics (see definition).", "The Cabrette is a bellows or mouth-blown pipe with one small drone in a common stock with the chanter. Originating in Auvergne, this pipe has spread throughout France because of its relatively easy maintenance and playability. The key of G is most commonly found, but they are also made in other keys. The drone is tuned to the tonic. These pipes overblow into the second octave, making it possible to play the many C tunes from Auvergne. Since the cabrette is played so often with the hurdy-gurdy (where the drones can be quite dominant), or in groups, many players do not use the drone.", "The arghul is a double-pipe, single-reed woodwind instrument that consists of two tubes: a melody pipe with between five and seven holes and a longer drone (Arabic ardiyya, \"ground\") pipe. Its tone is similar to that of a clarinet, although a bit reedier. Unlike the similar mijwiz, the arghul only has fingering holes on one of the instrument's pipes, and the drone pipe has a detachable length that allows the player to alter the pitch of the drone.", "Musette (2): French bellows blown bagpipe with 2 small cylindrical keyed chanters, and a shuttle drone. Probable precursor to the Nothumbrian Smallpipes See Northumbrian Smallpipes", "an ancestor of the oboe since the Middle Ages in Europe and Asia. Has a conical bore and double reed like the bassoon . Analogous to the pipe chanter.", "Behind the CHANTER are the DRONES. Most pipes have a minimum of one drone. Three drones on a pipe are not uncommon. The Chanter and drones have reeds at their ends. The air forced through the blowpipe, into the bag, up the drones or chanter and through the reeds is what gives a bagpipe that buzzing sound. All of these parts are referred to as the PIPES and are attached to the bag with STOCKS made from wood.", "An unusual kind of chanter is the regulator of the uilleann pipes. This chanter is in addition to the main melody chanter and plays a limited number of notes, operated by keys. It is fitted in the stock for the drones and is played with the wrist, allowing the player to produce a limited but effective chordal accompaniment.", "It is important to remember that while the bagpipe chanter is a vital part of the instrument there are other components that are equally so: the bag itself and the drones plus the mouthpiece and reeds are all essential parts of the makeup of this complex and very interesting instrument, and all come together to create the unique sound that is instantly recognisable.", "Pastoral pipes : Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.", "Most bagpipes have at least one drone : a pipe which is generally not fingered but rather produces a constant harmonizing note throughout play. A drone is most commonly a cylindrical tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds exist. The drone is generally designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be adjusted.", "Most bagpipes have at least one drone. A drone is most commonly a cylindrical tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds do exist. The drone is generally designed in two or more parts, with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be manipulated. Drones are traditionally made of wood, often a local hardwood, but also (particularly nowadays) from tropical hardwoods, such as rosewood, ebony, or African Blackwood. Some drones have a tuning bead, which effectively alters the length of the drone by opening a hole, allowing the drone to be tuned to two or more distinct pitches. The tuning bead may also shut off the drone altogether. In general, where there is one drone it is pitched two octaves below the tonic of the chanter, and further additions often add the octave below and then a drone consonant with the fifth of the chanter. This is, however, a very approximate rule of thumb.", "Closed-ended chanters, or those that close the end on the player’s leg, include the Uilleann pipes, the Northumbrian smallpipe, and the left chanter of the surdulina, a type of Calabrian zampogna. This closed end, when all the finger holes of the chanter are also covered, causes the pipe to be silent. (The drone continues. Only the chanter is silenced this way.)", "Drone pipes might lie on the player’s shoulder, across the arm opposite the bag, or dangle parallel to the chanter. Some drones have a tuning screw, which alters the length of the pipe by opening or closing a hole. Such a screw allows the player to choose one of two pitches (open and half-open) or turn the drone entirely off.", "DRONES : The drones are pipes that are tuneable and are designed to provide continuous single-note accompaniment to the chanter. They can be switched on or off by means of a stop-key, and are tuned by means of sliding components. On the standard modern set there are three drones, tuned to the bottom note of the chanter and the notes an octave and two octaves below that. The drones are set into a common stock (which is tied into the bag), and they like across the player�s lap.", "Bagpipes have always been made in many shapes and sizes, and have been played throughout Europe from before the Norman Conquest until the present day. Medieval pipes usually had a single drone - see contemporary illustrations of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales for English single-drone pipes. Around 1400 (give or take 50 years), most shepherd-style pipes acquired a second drone. A third drone is added about after 1550. See paintings by Brueghel and the illustrations in Praetorius' Syntagma Musicum. The Renaissance also saw the advent of small, quiet chamber pipes such as Praetorius' Hummelchen or the French shuttle-drone models, some blown with bellows under the arm rather than with the mouth.", "the vibrating element of a drone reed which has a single vibrating element. Chanter reeds have two vibrating elements or blades.", "The construction of the bagpipe allows a continuous supply of air to be maintained. By squeezing the bag with his left hand while a breath is taken, the flow of air can be kept up in both the drone pipes and chanter.  As the player blows air in, a flap opens; when he stops blowing the air pressure within the bag forces the flap shut. The chanter has seven finger holes and a thumb hole.", "In most pipes, a single drone is pitched two octaves below the lowest note of the chanter. Additional drones might be an octave below that or matching the fifth (the fifth note up from the lowest—it’s a musical interval of key significance in many forms of music) of the chanter.", "The construction of the bagpipe allows a continuous supply of air to be maintained. By squeezing the bag with his left hand while a breath is taken, the flow of air can be kept up in both the drone pipes and chanter. Other features of this instrument are the mouthpipe and the double reed of the chanter and drone. The mouthpipe contains a round piece of leather hinged onto the bag end which acts as a one way valve. As the player blows air in, the flap opens; when he stops blowing the air pressure within the bag forces the flap shut. The chanter has seven finger holes and a thumb hole, and has a usual range of an octave and one note.", "TechnoPipes - by Fagerstrom TechnoPipes - by Fagerstrom The TechnoPipes are a full size electronic Bagpipe is an ideal complement to your regular practice chanter. It comes complete with a set of headphones. This chanter uses earphones to hear you playing. This way you are the only person who hears you practice. It is perfect for practicing on bus's trains, in bed or at church! As well, this chanter is designed so that you can play a natural C or F. The precision of the electronics make this chanter unforgiving at detecting crossing noises. The unit is specially programmed to shut down after a period of inactivity to conserve battery power. The Biggest differences between the TechnoPipes and the TechnoChanter is that the TechnoPipes have a lot more options included in the unit. The additional options included in the TechnoPipes are; Authentic Highland Bagpipe, and two different smallpipe Sounds. Drone sound with optional E or D drones. A built in Metronome. Recordable playback capabilities, and Midi Output. This unit uses 1 AAA battery . The TechnoPipes is perfect for traveling as it will easily fit in your luggage without taking up too much room. Chanters are available in black or clear (pictured right). This chanter is a must for the serious Piper. BAG326   $430.00  ", "A chanter or melody-pipe with a double or single reed and usually eight finger holes (which gives it a nine-note range)", "2. Put the chanter in the pipes, cork the drones off and blow low A and high A alternately. Try not to over-blow. Remember that you are only blowing one reed at this point instead of four.", "French has the word muse or cornamuse, although there’s another instrument, a relative of the crumhorn, by the same name. (The crumhorn is a reed-capped instrument with a beautiful bent-tube and a cylindrical bore that makes a buzzing nasal sound. There’s a biography to come on this one). The chanter of the cornamuse was called the chalumeau, and had eight or nine holes.", "In some musical styles, a sustained open string drone can be played during a passage mainly written on an adjacent string, to provide a basic accompaniment. This is more often seen in folk traditions than in classical music.", "n. A musical wind instrument, consisting of a hollow cylinder or pipe, with holes along its length, stopped by the fingers or by keys which are opened by the fingers. The modern flute is closed at the upper end, and blown with the mouth at a lateral hole.", "n. Specifically— In ancient music, a direct flute with a conical wooden tube having a varying number of finger-holes. Sometimes two tubes were attached to one mouthpiece.", "a musical wind instrument consisting of a conical, usually brass tube with keys or valves and a mouthpiece with one reed.", "flute. (Italian Flauto, French Fl�te, German Fl�te). Wind instrument of ancient origin formerly made of wood but now of silver and other metals. From medieval times two methods of producing sound were used: (a) blowing across a round mouth-hole as on the panpipes or transverse (side-blown) flute; (b) blowing into a whistle mouthpiece (end-blown) as on the recorder or flageolet. The word flute was used indiscriminately to denote both types during medieval times, but in the baroque period flute or flauto specifically meant the end-blown recorder. The modern flute is descended from the German (transverse) flute. Whereas today it is cylindrical in bore, stopped at one end, until the early 19th century it was conical. The player's breath sets in vibration the column of air inside the tube. Acoustically, the tube acts as an open one; the mouth-hole serves to prevent its acting as stopped and thus sounding an octave lower. The body orginally had one thumb-hole and from four to eight finger-holes. The first key was added in 1677, the second in 1726 by Quantz, flute teacher of Frederick the Great. The great flute virtuoso of the Bavarian Court Orchestra, Theobald Boehm , used an eight key flute, but revolutionized the instrument in 1832 with his 'ring key' system. In 1847, he produced a fifteen hole metal instrument with 23 keys and levers." ]

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[ "A far cry from his days as Captain Kirk taking on space aliens, William Shatner returns this week to battle the economy in a new Priceline.com TV campaign. In his longest running role, Shatner enters year 11 as the discount travel site’s celebrity spokesperson.", "For an advertising character, William Shatner’s Priceline.com spokesperson has had quite an extensive storyline. As one of the longest-running spokespeople in history, he has been at it since 1997, when 90 per cent of the discount travel website’s advertising was on the radio (the other 10 per cent was in newspapers). And now Mr. Shatner is shepherding the brand’s first marketing push into Canada.", "It's especially fitting that the spots tie in Mr. Shatner who, in his priceline.com role, is one of the longest-running celebrity spokespeople in advertising history.  \"In over 17 years, William Shatner has done an amazing job establishing and reinforcing priceline.com's brand position as the best value in travel services, and Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting is taking that message to a whole new generation of millennial and Gen X customers,\" said priceline.com's Chief Marketing Officer Brett Keller. \"In this latest campaign, we're reminding consumers of the two key reasons they come to priceline.com – our connections and our savings.\"", "In 1998 Shatner became the spokesperson for \"Priceline.com.\" The earliest of this company's commercials, in which Shatner strummed a guitar and spoke \"songs\" advertising Priceline in front of a bemused audience, gained much notoriety and earned him somewhat of a come-back in show business. He continues to perform for Priceline commercials, which he at first did in voiceover. More recently, he has been seen as the \"Priceline Negotiator.\" He did appear in two Priceline.com commercials with Leonard Nimoy as well, and one with Robert Pine.", "Kirk is, of course, Yet Another Star Trek Reference. Harvey's comment refers to a series of commercials that William Shatner did for Priceline.com (though they've since parted ways). From an article in USAToday:", "Shatner has occasionally spoofed his earlier musical career. At the 1992 MTV Movie Awards he performed all five of the Best Song From a Movie nominees. More recently, he performed in the same style for a series of Priceline.com television commercials. One such commercial featured Shatner with frequent collaborator Ben Folds performing an irony-laden version of the Diana Ross hit, \"Do You Know Where You're Going To?\". Shatner also appeared on Ben Folds's \"In Love\" and \"Still in Love\" (on the album Fear of Pop: Volume 1). Audio Antihero founder Jamie Halliday named \"In Love\" by Fear of Pop and William Shatner as his \"favourite song of all time.\" ", "Brett Keller, chief marketing officer for Priceline.com, said the discount travel company wanted to find a creative way to bring Shatner’s popular character back.", "As has become typical over the years, Mr. Shatner played an active role in developing creative for the new advertisements.  In the spots, he playfully strolls through hotels around the world while talking about all the \"guys he knows\" who can swing exclusive hotel deals for priceline.com customers.  The spots were created by San Francisco-based Butler, Shine, Stern and Partners (BSSP). The campaign includes television, digital and social media components.  ", "* William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, commanding officer of the USS Enterprise. Shatner's good looks and groomed hairstyle made him a popular icon amongst young women. Captain Kirk, to this day, is one of the most popular science-fiction characters and the most popular Star Trek character.", "William Shatner has notched up an impressive 50-plus years in front of the camera, most recently displaying comedic talent, and being instantly recognizable to several generations of cult television fans as the square-jawed Captain James T. Kirk, commander of the starship U.S.S. Enterprise. Shatner was born in Côte Saint-Luc, Montreal, Canada, to ... See full bio »", "Expedia, Inc. is an American-based parent company to several global online travel brands including Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Hotwire.com, trivago, Egencia (formerly Expedia Corporate Travel), Venere.com, Expedia Local Expert, Classic Vacations, Expedia CruiseShipCenters, Travelocity, Orbitz and HomeAway. Expedia, Inc.’s companies operate more than 100 branded points of sale in more than 60 countries. Expedia also powers travel bookings for over 10,000 partners such as airlines and hotels, consumer brands, and high traffic websites through Expedia Affiliate Network, 80% of which is powered by their API. Expedia Inc. is listed on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol EXPE. ", "Expedia buys Travelocity. Giant online travel agency Expedia, which has been providing services to erstwhile competitor Travelocity for the past couple of years, has now purchased that site from Sabre , the global distribution system, for $280 million. For years, Orbitz, Expedia, Travelocity and Priceline have dominated the web-based travel agency game. Could this be a sign of more consolidation to come in an increasingly crowded field of old and new competitors? Readers who have followed my career may recall that I was once a spokesperson and travel trends expert for Expedia . During that time, I would never have dreamed that our arch competitor would end up swallowed up by Expedia. Times sure change! Related: Mergers that make sense", "William has starred in a series of comical commercials for the travel booking website since the 90s; Kaley joined on as his on-screen daughter in 2013.", "(8) BUT WAIT, THERE’S MORE! Also on the auction bloc: “William Shatner Defends His Decision Not To Attend His Friend Leonard Nimoy’s Funeral – ‘…we’ll mourn Leonard, say his name and then pledge your money….’”", "Priceline.com has acquired Traveljigsaw, the multi-national care hire reservation service, providing a second exit in May in the travel sector for Livingbridge, who backed the MBO of Travelljigsaw in June 2008. Livingbridge invested £12.9m for a 40% stake, and then refinanced its investment in December 2009 with Yorkshire Bank. Traveljigsaw, is one of the largest car rental brokers in the world, providing and arranging car rental services from over 4,000 locations in 80 countries to over ½ million customers every year. Priceline.com, the NASDAQ listed online travel service provider, operates in 29 languages in 78 countries in Europe, North America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa and includes Booking.com, Travelweb.com, Lowestfare.com, RentalCars.com and BreezeNet.com. The deal sees Livingbridge exiting in full, the Traveljigsaw management team have retained a minority stake.", "The tech-savvy Aer Lingus website provides users everything needed to make travel planning easy, including special e-fares, easy flight booking with flexible search calendar, interactive seat selection, online check-in and flight changes, real time flight information and status, online frequent flyer account management and award redemption, destination guide and vacation services.", "Usually you have to know your destination, then find out which company takes you there, go and purchase the ticket (only a few have online sales). There is a commercial website, Clickbus [34] , that integrates the ticket sales for the largest companies.", "Save 40%^ per night at Universal Orlando On-Site Hotels. Plus receive a $100 Sears Gift Card^^ when you book with Sears Travel.", "iStock Pack Up + Go is a travel agency like no other. The year-old startup eliminates the stress of planning a vacation by choosing your destination for you, making all necessary accommodations, and... planning your itinerary. The catch? You won't know your destination until your departure. Founder Lillian Rafson and a small team of travelers curate three-day getaways in the US, designing customer experiences based on their home city, budget, travel dates, and interests. Such convenience comes at a cost— between $350 and $2,000, which covers transportation, lodging, and planning. \"My favorite vacations have all been really spontaneous, and full of local recommendations that I wouldn't have found in a guidebook,\" Rafson tells Tech Insider. That's exactly what Pack Up + Go aims to do for its...", "real family savings are to be found in our brand-new ,>'..3\" The real 1/4.s Summer '89 brochure. Every single week throughout the season, we have bargains on offer which will make your money stretch further At Mo' than you ever imagined. Like the thousands and thousands of 'free child places' which reach right up to the dizzy heights of 19 years of age. And just for good measure, we have the most amazing 2nd child reductions, which also include places for 19 year olds. And it goes without saying, that our adult prices are as appetizing as our long list of sunshine destinations, and flights are now from Manchester, Birmingham, East Midlands, Stansted, Newcastle, Glasgow, Cardiff and Bristol. But to be sure of the best summer bargains, get along to your ABTA Travel Agent and book early with Airtours.", "FPO: By clicking \"Continue\", you will be leaving Walt Disney World and will be redirected to Hong Kong website to make hotel reservations at Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel and/or Disney's Hollywood Hotel managed by Hong Kong International Theme Parks Limited.", "Ironically, America's discount airlines, such as JetBlue, Southwest, and Virgin America sometimes have more amenities than the legacy carriers, and for many people may be a much better experience. Jet Blue offers over 45 channels of satellite television, non-alcoholic beverages and real snacks for free on every flight; Virgin America also has satellite TV, in addition to on demand dining (even in economy). On Jet Blue your first checked bag is free ($35 for a second bag), and Southwest is the only U.S. carrier to still offer two checked bags per passenger free of charge. Virgin America charges for checked bags, but their fees are considerably lower than the legacies.", "In tandem with Cyber Monday and Black Friday, luxury ocean liner company, Cunard will offer attractive promotions on a range of itineraries...", "Currently, Southwest is advertising flights for $99. Then a voice simulating a plane’s captain says, “You are now free to move about the country.’’", "A US based travel company servicing the US and Canada for vacation packages to the Isles of Scilly, England.", "You can sign up to receive e-mails from various companies to discover as quickly as the offer is offered so you can get very first dibs on these discounts. Register for these emails for your preferred hotels, rental vehicles, airlines and numerous other activities that can be done on vacation.", "The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low-cost airlines and more accessible airports have made many types of tourism more affordable. On 28 April 2009 The Guardian noted that \"the WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.\" There have also been changes in lifestyle, for example some retirement-age people sustain year round tourism. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor-made package requested by the customer upon impulse.", "In 1997, the Europe business travel and leisure retail arm of Wagons-Lits (Wagonlit Travel) was merged on an equal basis with that of Carlson Travel Network (operating in the United States). The result was a new company called \"Carlson Wagonlit Travel\" jointly owned by Accor and Carlson Holdings Inc., the former parent companies of the merged entities. ", "Thinking back to airlines that no longer exist, one of the things I miss is the old PSA smile.  California-based Pacific Southwest Airlines used to apply smile decals to the noses of its jets.  It wasn’t anything showy, just a thin black curve.  It was a DaVincian, ambivalent kind of smile that didn’t get under your skin — as if each plane were expressing contentment simply at being a plane.  (Alaska’s Eskimo is smiling too, but I don’t trust him.)  The PSA name, if not its good mood, has been retained by its inheritor, US Airways, and reassigned to one of their commuter affiliates.  In Ohio.  Deserves a frown if you ask me.", "Under new management, the Trans World Corporation (TWA's holding company) expanded to purchase the overseas operations of Hilton Hotels . In 1964, TWA started a program to assist in the United States' export expansion effort that became known as the TWA MarketAir Corporate Logo to promote business passenger air travel and as a marketing tool to be used in air cargo sales. This marketing effort was initiated by the Senior Vice President, Marketing, Thomas B. McFadden, in collaboration with the Bureau of International Commerce, important U.S. financial institutions, and export expansion entities to offer tools that small and medium-sized U.S. companies could use at low or no cost to expand their exports. Staff management of this program was under the direction of Joseph S. Cooper. A key element of this program was the MarketAir Newsletter in a number of languages targeted to American exporters and international travelers. [15] [16]", "The Carlson side of the merger had grown from a travel agency founded by Ward Forster in the United States in 1888. Originally called \"Ask Mr. Foster\", the chain was renamed to \"Carlson Travel Network\" following an earlier purchase by the Carlson Group.", "In 1997 a new British operator entered the UK cruise market, trading under the name of Direct Cruises. This was a subsidiary of the direct-sell package tour company Direct Holidays and was aimed primarily at the cruise market in the North of England and in Scotland." ]

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[ "Trifecta or triactor – the bettor must pick the three horses that finish first, second, and third, in the exact order", "Trifecta or triactor: the bettor must pick the three horses that finish first, second, and third, in the exact order.", "Trifecta or triactor – The bettor must pick the three horses that finish first, second, and third, in the exact order.", "trifecta � the bettor must pick the three horses that finish first, second, and third, in the exact order.", "Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third, in the correct order.", "* Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third, in the correct order.", "Bet in which the bettor picks the first three finishers in exact order (also known as \"triple\").", "* Trifecta: The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third, in the correct order (introduced on 26 May 2010).", "Trifecta : The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third.", "Trifecta – The bettor must correctly pick the three runners which finish first, second, and third", "In the most basic horizontal wager, an exacta, the bettor selects the first and second place horses in the exact order. Picking the first three finishers in exact order is called a trifecta and a superfecta refers to the specific finishing order of the top four horses. A quinella boxes an exacta, allowing the first two finishers to come in any order and still win.", "In boxing the trifecta, the bettor may bet a minimum of three horses on a single ticket, giving the bettor every possible combination of the chosen horses to finish first, second, third in exact order.", "One very common form of this is to attempt to pick a Trifecta, where the winning wager requires the punter placing it to select which runner will finish first, second and third along with the exact order of that finish.", "At all tracks, bettors may wager on a horse to win (finish first), place (finish first or second), or show (finish first, second, or third). Other popular wagers are the daily double (picking the winners of two consecutive races), exactas (picking the first and second horses in order), quinellas (picking the first and second horses in either order), and the pick six (picking the winners of six consecutive races).", "* Trio (trio): The bettor must pick the runners that finish first, second and third in a nominated race.", "Trio (trio): The bettor must pick the runners that finish first, second and third in a nominated race.", "Trio (trio) – The bettor must pick the runners that finish first, second and third in a nominated race", "Exacta, perfecta, or exactor: the bettor must pick the two horses that finish first and second, in the exact order.", "For example, you can have what is called a Standout Trifecta, where one or more runners is picked to win. In this wager, the punter may pick any number of horses, along with other horses to run to place second and third, any one of which posting the victory supplies a winning wager.", "Straight Trifecta: Pick the first three horses to cross the finish line in exact order. To bet you say \"$2 trifecta numbers 7,4 and 5.\" Only if they finish 7-4-5 you win.", "Trifecta: A wager in which the player selects the first three horses in a race in order.", "TRIFECTA (or TRIPLE) : A wager picking the first three finishers, representing separate betting interests, in exact order. Canadian tracks use the term \"triactor\".", "In horse racing, a trifecta bet is a wager that names the top three finishers in order. It's known as an \"exotic\" bet in many circles since it requires the identification of more than one finisher. The most traditional ticket only wins if the three named horses finish in the exact order set out by the better. There are some variations, though; people can often put a bet on three or more horses generally, meaning that if the named animals finish in the top three at all, regardless of their specific order, there’s a payout. Most of these bets are placed with what’s known as a “box” or a “wheel.” These tend to have a greater likelihood of success than a straight ticket, but are usually also less lucrative. In most cases, people only place this sort of bet in any of its forms if they’re very confident about a race’s outcome.", "Pick 3, 4, 5, 6 � In racing, a pari-mutuel wager in which the bettor must correctly identify all of the winners of a certain number of consecutive races�Pick 3, Pick 4, Pick 5, or Pick 6. At some racecourses, a carryover pool exists for Pick 6 so that any un-won funds are added to the next day�s pool.", "All betting at American tracks today is done under the pari-mutuel wagering system, which was developed by a Frenchman named Pierre Oller in the late 19th century. Under this system, a fixed percentage (14 percent-25 percent) of the total amount wagered is taken out for track operating expenses, racing purses, and state and local taxes. The remaining sum is divided by the number of individual wagers to determine the payoff, or return on each bet. The projected payoff, or \"odds,\" are continuously calculated by the track's computers and posted on the track odds board during the betting period before each race. Odds of \"2-1,\" for example, mean that the bettor will receive $2 profit for every $1 wagered if his or her horse wins.", "Combination bet – Selecting any number of teams/horses to finish first and second in either order.", "Combination Bet – Selecting any number of teams/horses to finish first and second in either order.", "Pick 3 Bet : A pick three horse racing wager is the same as the Daily Double, with a third race added to the ticket. So, instead of picking two consecutive race winners, cappers need to pick three winners in a row. Since the pick 3 has it’s own betting pool, handicappers only pay one commission (takeout) to the track. The commission paid is lower, offering a better value for the pick 3 versus betting these races individually. Of course, it’s difficult to pick three winners in a row, but pick 3 odds are very good, offering a nice payday for winners.Like the Daily Double, pick 3 bets are generally offered for the first 3 races, and final 3 races of the day. On occasion, rolling pick 3’s can be found as well.", "Alternatively, the bettor might choose to place �4 wagers on selected horses to Win in each of the first three races, for a total stake of �12�a so-called �combination bet� made up of three singles. If at least one of the selections succeeds at odds of higher than 3/1, the betting will pay a profit. Similarly, two winners at average odds of above 2/3 would also yield a profit, and if all three win, it will be a happy day at the races indeed.", "3 selections from the same event, to finish 1-2-3 in the order written = 1 bet.", "Quinella: This is bet is on the first and second place horse in a given race in any order.", "To collect, you must pick the winners of three consecutive races. You must make your selections before the first race of your Pick 3 wager." ]

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[ "Kentuck Knob, also known as the Hagan House, is a residence designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in rural Stewart Township near the village of Chalk Hill, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, USA, about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture . This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". [1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "Fallingwater or Kaufmann Residence is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania, 43 mi southeast of Pittsburgh. The home was built partly over a waterfall on Bear Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in the Laurel Highlands of the Allegheny Mountains. The house was designed as a weekend home for the family of Liliane Kaufmann and her husband, Edgar J. Kaufmann, owner of Kaufmann's department store.", "1935 Wright’s Falling Water – a concrete house with multiple cantilever balconies built over a waterfall on Bear Run Creek in Pennsylvania. Wright’s very effective answer to the International Style, and, arguably, his most famous house.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 - 1959) Wright's life and works are staples of quiz tournaments. Born in Wisconsin, he worked under Louis Sullivan before founding a Chicago practice. His early homes, like the Robie House at the University of Chicago, are in the \"Prairie\" style: horizontal orientation and low roofs. His \"organic architecture\" tries to harmonize with its inhabitants and site: Examples include the Kaufmann House (also known as Fallingwater) in Pennsylvania; the Johnson Wax Museum in Racine, Wisconsin; and Taliesin West, his Arizona home and studio. (The original Taliesin, in Wisconsin, burned down in 1914). Other notable Wright works are the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, the Larkin Building in Buffalo, the Unity Temple in Oak Park, and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, one of few buildings to survive a 1923 earthquake.", "Two U.S.National Historic Landmarks are in Stewart Township. They are Fallingwater and Kentuck Knob. Both were designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and are available for touring.", "agenda would have to be Fallingwater (Figure 1) in Mill Run, PA, roughly 60 miles southeast of Pittsburg. Fallingwater is an architectural... marvel designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, arguably America’s most famous architect and as luck would have it is one of the architects mentioned in the module assignment. Wright designed the house for his clients, the Kaufmann family and was completed by 1939. Edgar Kaufmann was a businessman and philanthropist. The family owned Kaufmann’s Department...", "Wright would go on to create such masterpieces of modern architecture as Fallingwater, in 1939, and the Guggenheim Museum, completed in 1959.  The Robie House, however, remains as one of the defining moments of the architect’s career. In 1991, the house was recognized by the American Institute of Architects as one of the ten most significant structures of the twentieth century. Today the Robie House stands as an important part of America’s cultural heritage, a powerful declaration of Wright’s uncompromising vision for a new American architecture.", "Dawson, Joey Humanities 101 October 2, 2012 Page 1 Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright I have chosen the... Fallingwater House to write about in this assignment. The house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1936 and 1939. It is located in Bear Run, Pennsylvania. The house is built on top of a waterfall on the side of a hill. Frank Lloyd Wright designed the house to appear as if it wasn't even standing on solid ground. Descriptive criticism: Every piece of artwork ever done has...", "They approached architect Frank Lloyd Wright to design a modern home for them. As Wright walked the property in 1935 with Edgar Kaufmann, Sr., he noted the shape of the land and how boulders stacked on top of each other with some projecting over the stream. When Kaufmann showed Wright his favorite spot, the waterfall, Wright decided to cantilever the house over the falls. Although Kaufmann imagined a house with a view of the falls, Wright envisioned the Kaufmanns living with the falls. Wright explained, “I want you to live with the waterfall, not just to look at it, but for it to become an integral part of your lives.” The sound of falling water filled the house, as did humidity. Because the house is directly over running water, it had problems with mold. “The senior Mr. Kaufmann called Fallingwater 'a seven-bucket building' for its leaks, and nicknamed it \" Rising Mildew. \" Despite these problems, it is one of America’s and Wright’s most loved architectural treasures. The Fallingwater website describes how this home was conceived, created, and conserved. It includes many teaching materials and photographs.", "Frank Lloyd WRIGHT drew up initial design plans for MELSON'S home which was to be a linear structure allowing a good view of Willow Creek. WRIGHT'S design for the MELSON House was used for the creation of the Isabel ROBERTS House.", "Kentuck Knob is a one-story dwelling situated on Chestnut Ridge, the western-most ridge of Pennsylvania’s Allegheny Mountains. The house stands at the end of a driveway south of Pennsylvania State Route 2010. The home is recessed into the southern side of Kentuck Knob’s 2,050-foot (620 m) peak with 79 acres (320,000 m) mountainous surrounding it that originally composed a farm. The Hagans, I.N. and Bernardine, planted much of the hilltop property with tree seedlings to provide both privacy and a wind break. The mountain summit offers a sweeping view of the Youghiogheny River gorge as well as surrounding hills and farmland. The house is only four miles south of Wright's most famous house, Fallingwater (1935), also in Pennsylvania's Laurel Highlands region.", "Fallingwater stands as one of Wright's greatest masterpieces both for its dynamism and for its integration with the striking natural surroundings. Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic philosophy. Wright's passion for Japanese architecture was strongly reflected in the design of Fallingwater, particularly in the importance of interpenetrating exterior and interior spaces and the strong emphasis placed on harmony between man and nature. Contemporary Japanese architect Tadao Ando has stated: \"I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from Japanese architecture. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me.\" ", "Bill Hedrich’s 1937 image of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater may be “the most reproduced architectural photograph ever,” Mr. Sobieszek said. Architecture tourists who find their way to Bear Run in Pennsylvania end up, consciously or unconsciously, following in the footsteps of an image. In the woods below the house, there is a well-beaten path to the point from which one can shoot an amateur version of Hedrich’s stack of balconies, staircases and waterfalls. Wright criticized the image as “acrobatic,” but maybe he was just jealous — the photograph, rather than Wright’s strikingly similar rendering, is said to have given the house its name.", "There are several historically and architecturally significant buildings in Austin, including Austin High School, St. Augustine's Church, Roosevelt Bridge, the Historic Paramount Theatre, the Hormel Historic Home, the Arthur W. Wright House, and several blocks of historic downtown buildings on Main Street. Austin is also home to a Frank Lloyd Wright home, the Elam Residence.", "The Bachman-Wilson House, a New Jersey home originally designed in 1954 by world-famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Abraham Wilson and Gloria Bachman, was being threatened by repeated flooding at its original location along the Millstone River. The last owners of the house, architect and designer Lawrence and Sharon Tarantino, determined that relocating the house was necessary for its preservation.", "Taliesin, located near Spring Green, Wisconsin, was the summer home of the renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright. It was where he designed the architecture of Fallingwater and the Guggenheim, among others.", "The most striking aspect of this house is its close integration with the surrounding landscape. The plants, water, and rocks enter the rooms, becoming part of the domestic setting. The house is composed of horizontal planes, supported by four central stone pillars, that extend in every direction, ending in smooth concrete projecting terraces that resemble overlapping trays. The rooms are separated from the surrounding landscape by ribbons of continuous glass. A stairway in reinforced concrete leads from the living room to the stream; a pathway through the woods leads over a small bridge to the entrance of the house. The entrance opens directly onto the living room, which occupies the entire main floor, with one terrace located directly over the stream, and another facing the mountain behind. As is common in Wright's interiors, the centre of this space is the fireplace. The living-room floor is composed of irregularly shaped slabs of stone, the walls are dressed in stone, the furniture, designed by Wright himself, is made of walnut.", "Wright intended to build the home above the falls, rather than below them to afford a view of the cascades as he had expected. It is said that Kaufmann was initially very upset that Wright had designed the house to sit atop the falls. He had wanted the house located on the southern bank of Bear Run, directly facing the falls. He had told Wright that was his favorite aspect of the Bear Run property.", "Other Wright houses considered to be masterpieces of the late Prairie Period (1907–1909) are the Frederick Robie House in Chicago and the Avery and Queene Coonley House in Riverside, Illinois. The Robie House, with its soaring, cantilevered roof lines, supported by a 110-foot-long (34 m) channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after World War I and is sometimes called the \"cornerstone of modernism\". However, Wright's work was not known to European architects until the publication of the Wasmuth Portfolio.", "Here is another example of Wright’s integration with nature. This house is built on top of the waterfall the family enjoyed on their country property.", "Frank Lloyd WRIGHT'S STOCKMAN House originally was located immediately across the street. The original home's deeply overhanging eaves have been removed. Francis \"Barry\" BRYNE'S FRANK House on State Street was built for Carl's brother Edward.", "Wright's first successful house design was for William H. Winslow House (1893) in River Forest, Illinois. This attracted the attention of Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912), former pupil of William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) and the most influential architect in Chicago, who tried and failed to headhunt Wright as principal designer for Burnham and Root, offering a 4-year education at the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, as a sweetener. Other examples of Wright's pre-Prairie House architecture included: Heller House (1896) and Rollin Furbeck House (1897). These were followed by the first mature examples of the new style - the Ward Willits House (1901), Highland Park, Illinois; the Darwin D. Martin House (1904), Buffalo; the Edwin H. Cheney House (1904), Oak Park, Illinois; the Frederick C. Robie House (1910), Chicago; and the Avery Coonley House (1908), Riverside, Illinois - a design progression that moved increasingly toward greater abstraction. In addition, he also designed more traditional homes for his more conservative clients. These included: These included Bagley House (1894), a Dutch Colonial Revival style residence; Moore House I (1895), a Tudor Revival style house; and Charles Roberts House (1896), a Queen Anne style residence.", "The House on the Rock was designed and built in the early 1940s. It is considered an architectural marvel and is perched on a 60-foot chimney of rock. The 14-room house is now a complex of rooms, streets, buildings, and gardens covering over 200 acres. The Infinity Room contains 3,264 windows.", "Graycliff, located just south of Buffalo, NY is an important mid-career (1926–1931) design by Wright; it is a summer estate designed for his long-time patrons, Isabelle and Darwin D. Martin. Created in Wright's high Organic style, Wright wrote in a letter to the Martins that \"Coming in the house would be something like putting on your hat and going outdoors.\" Graycliff consists of three buildings set within 8.5 acres of landscape, also designed by Wright. Its site, high on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie, inspired Wright to create a home that was transparent, with views through the building to the lake beyond. Terraces and cantilevered balconies also encourage lake views, and water features throughout the landscape were designed by Wright to echo the lake as well.", "The projecting cantilevered roof eaves, continuous bands of art-glass windows, and the use of Roman brick emphasize the horizontal, which had rich associations for Wright. The horizontal line reminded him of the American prairie and was a line of repose and shelter, appropriate for a house.", "Architect inspired by the American landscape and natural processes. In Fallingwater (1937) he designed a landscape in which the house is inexrticably linked with rocks, trees and waterfall. his own house Taliesen West (1937) was closely linked to the desert.", "In 1916, the Alameda County Society of Architectsâ Yearbook featured a photograph of the Burke house, crediting Chester H. Miller with its design. Miller (1890-1953) worked for Southern Pacific in 1910 and may have been employed as a draftsman as early as 1908. Could Patterson, overseeing numerous major railroad projects throughout the West and as far away as Texas, have assigned the relatively simple Burke house project to young Miller? Would Burke, a shrewd attorney, also in the employ of the railroad and in a position to know who was drawing the house plans, have agreed to leave the design of his family residence in the hands of an 18-year old with no formal architectural training? These are questions still awaiting an answer. ", "The Prairie School houses (characterized by open plans, horizontal lines, and indigenous materials) were related to the American Arts and Crafts movement (hand craftsmanship, simplicity, function), an alternative to the then-dominant Classical Revival Style (Greek forms with occasional Roman influences). Some firms, like Purcell & Elmslie, however, consciously rejected the term \"Arts and Crafts\" for their work, which accepted the honest presence of machine worked surfaces. The Prairie School was also heavily influenced by the Idealistic Romantics (better homes would create better people) and the Transcendentalist philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson. In turn, the Prairie School architects influenced subsequent architectural idioms, particularly the Minimalists (less is more) and Bauhaus (form follows function), which was a mixture of De Stijl (grid-based design) and Constructivism (which emphasized the structure itself and the building materials).", "The village offices and Cooperstown Art Association are housed in a neo-classical building designed by Ernest Flagg. He is famed for Manhattan's 47-story Singer Building and the Boldt Castle on the St. Lawrence River. The Cooperstown building was originally commissioned by Elizabeth Scriven Clark in 1898 as a YMCA. Her son Robert Sterling Clark gave it to the village in 1932 during the Great Depression.", "The house is an example of Griffin’s development of Prairie School principles that had their origin in the landscape-inspired houses of the early modern movement in Chicago. The house is sited on a rise in the Parramatta valley and has long views to the Blue Mountains, and responds to the broad, open site of the undulating Cumberland Plain at Dundas." ]

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[ "In 1967, The Seven-Up Company introduced the UNCOLA advertising campaign, which sent 7UP sales rocketing nationwide. Consumers endorsed 7UP as a viable, thirst-quenching alternative to colas. The UNCOLA tag immediately joined the nation’s vernacular and remained synonymous with 7UP, despite subsequent campaigns that featured new slogans.", "It’s with that knowledge that we look what went wrong with that soft drink. Owned today by the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, it was once only behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi in market share. It was the Uncola, with ads featuring Jeffrey Holder.", "In 1946, Winter returned to work at Seven-Up, starting as sales promotion assistant at the company’s headquarters in St. Louis, Mo., and progressing through the organization to become vice president-director of marketing. In 1967, under his direction, 7UP re-branded itself as the “UNCOLA” in a memorable, award-winning campaign. The brand also hired actor/ director/ choreographer Geoffrey Holder as its spokesperson in one of the most memorable advertising campaigns of all time.", "\"Bill Winter is someone I admired as a leader in the soft-drink business going back to the early days of my career when I carried 7UP on my delivery truck in Springfield, Mo.,\" Larry Young, president of Dr Pepper Snapple, said in the statement. \"The 'Uncola' positioning and the use of an iconic spokesman in Geoffrey Holder were breakthroughs for not only the 7UP brand but also our industry, as was the brand's longstanding support of MDA.\"", "The Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced soft drinks under the Coca-Cola brand name. The most famous of these is Diet Coke, which has become a major diet cola, but others exist, such as Cherry Coke. There are also some drinks marketed by the company but which remain unaffiliated with Coca-Cola the drink, such as Sprite.", "Rather than a cola the number three soft drink behind Coke and Pepsi was 7 UP, owned by Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. Instead of following the lead of Coke and Pepsi and launching a new ad campaign, Cadbury Schweppes chose to stay with its successful, award-winning \"Make 7 UP Yours\" campaign. John Clarke, chief advertising officer for Dr Pepper/Seven Up, told PR Newswire, \"Entering into its fifth year, the 'Make 7 UP Yours' campaign continues to be a favorite among consumers, positively impacting both advertising and brand awareness.\" The company reported that product awareness had more than doubled since the \"Make 7 UP Yours\" campaign was introduced in 1999. In addition the campaign resonated particularly well with 12- to 24-year-olds, 7 UP's target audience.", "Mountain Dew sales outpaced those of all other full-calorie soft drinks during most of the time that \"Do the Dew\" ran. The brand did not grow at the double-digit rates that it had known in the 1980s and early 1990s, but the campaign firmly established the product as the number four soft drink in the United States, behind Coke, Pepsi, and Diet Coke, while managing to retain Mountain Dew's aura of daring, youthful edginess. Although its formula of appealing to young men through an association with extreme sports and similarly bold brand imagery was frequently imitated, few marketers in the United States were as effective in making their brands synonymous with youthful exuberance as Mountain Dew was between 1997 and 2005.", "CocaCola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines throughout the world. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke.", "Sprite is a colorless, lemon and lime flavored, caffeine-free soft drink, created by the Coca-Cola Company. It was developed in West Germany in 1959 as Fanta Klare Zitrone (\"Clear Lemon Fanta\") and introduced in the United States as Sprite in 1961. This was Coke's response to the popularity of 7 Up. It comes in a primarily silver, green, and blue can or a green transparent bottle with a primarily green and yellow label.", "Lilt is a brand of soft drink manufactured by The Coca Cola Company and sold in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland only. During the 1980s, Lilt was promoted with the advertising slogan, 'the totally tropical taste'. In the late 1990s it was heavily promoted in both countries with advertisements featuring two Jamaican women, Blanche Williams and Hazel Palmer. They became known in the media as the 'Lilt Ladies.'", "PepsiCo also answered the needs of the growing ethnic population of the United States. According to Tom Pirko, president of beverage consultant Bevmark, in a 2001 Advertising Age article, \"More than one third of America's youth are Hispanic or black. Soft drinks are more popular among minorities than Caucasians and among youth than their parents.\" In response, PepsiCo launched three new drinks to meet these demands: Sierra Mist (a lemon-lime soda), Mountain Dew Code Red, and Pepsi Blue (a cola and berry beverage). According to a 2002 New York Times article, \"Both Code Red and Pepsi Blue have sixteen-year-old males as their target consumer.\"", "loodworth. Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son CharleyPemberton began selling his own version of the product.Coca-Cola, the corporation nourishing the global community with theworld¶s largest selling soft drink concentrates since 1886, returned to India in 1993after a 16 year hiatus, giving a new thumbs up to the Indian soft drink market. Inthe same year, the Company took over ownership of the nation¶s top soft-drink  brand and bottling network. It¶s no wonder our brands have assumed an iconicstatus in the minds of the world¶s consumers.", "PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which includes an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and of Quaker Oats in 2001, which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio.", "Diet Coke was sweetened with aspartame, an artificial sweetener, after the sweetener became available in the United States in 1983; to save money, this was originally in a blend with saccharin. After Diet Rite cola advertised its 100 percent use of aspartame, and the manufacturer of NutraSweet (then G. D. Searle & Company) warned that the NutraSweet trademark would not be made available to a blend of sweeteners, Coca-Cola switched the formula to 100 percent NutraSweet. Diet Coke from fountain dispensers still contains some saccharin to extend shelf life. ", "In response to Pepsi's success with Mountain Dew, top Pepsi competitor Coca-Cola introduced citrus-flavored Mello Yello in 1964. Like Mountain Dew, Mello Yello boasted higher than normal caffeine amounts, 53 mg per serving. In marketing the product Coke first connected the drink with urbane jazz, thus portraying its \"mellowness.\" But once Mountain Dew became the drink for extreme-sports enthusiasts, Mello Yello followed suit, introducing the tagline \"There is nothing mellow about it.\" To reinforce the point, Coke plastered Mello Yello packaging with images of people engaging in extreme sports. Nevertheless, by the 1990s Mello Yello was still far behind Mountain Dew in sales and popularity. While Mountain Dew had climbed to the number four spot in total U.S. soft-drink sales, Mello Yello, with only 0.5 percent of the market in 1996, was nowhere near the top-10 list. In 1997 Coke introduced Surge, which sold 69 million cases in the first year but flopped soon afterward. But Coke was far from quitting the game.", "Calloway hoped to build on the phenomenal success of the Slice line of fruit juice beverages, which achieved $1 billion in sales and created a new beverage category within just two years of its 1984 introduction. From 1985 to 1993, PepsiCo introduced, acquired, or formed joint ventures to distribute nine beverages, including Lipton Original Iced Teas, Ocean Spray juices, All Sport drink, H20h! sparkling water, Avalon bottled water, and Mug root beer. Many of these products had a “ New Age ” light and healthy positioning, in line with consumer tastes, and higher net prices. In 1992, PepsiCo introduced Crystal Pepsi, a clear cola that, while still a traditional soda, also tried to capture the momentum of the “New Age” beverage trend.", "Dr Pepper is a  soft drink  marketed as having a unique  flavor . Created in the 1880s by Charles Alderton of  Waco, Texas  and first served around 1885, Dr Pepper was first nationally marketed in the  United States  in 1904 and is now also sold in Europe, Asia, South America, and Australia. Variants include a no- sugar  version,  Diet  Dr Pepper, as well as a line of versions with additional flavors, first introduced in the 2000s.", "Since the first diet soft drink was introduced in the 1960s, the diet category has been a vital part of the beverage industry worldwide. Diet Pepsi is PepsiCo's second-biggest trademark, a $3 billion brand. Yet this important brand has been at the mercy of cultural trends that have seen low-calorie sodas go in and out of style as Americans think and rethink the merits of a healthy lifestyle.", "In February 2015, a 75th anniversary version of Fanta was released in Germany. Packaged in glass bottles evoking the original design and with an authentic original war-time flavor including 30% whey and pomace, it is described on the packaging as \"less sweet\" and a German original. An associated television ad referenced the history of the drink and said the Coca-Cola company wanted to bring back \"the feeling of the Good Old Times\" which was interpreted by many to mean Nazi rule. The ad was subsequently replaced.", "Dr Pepper is a carbonated soft drink marketed as having a unique flavor. The drink was created in the 1880s by Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas and first served around 1885. Dr Pepper was first nationally marketed in the United States in 1904, and is now also sold in Europe, Asia, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and South America, as well as New Zealand and South Africa as an imported good. Variants include a version without high fructose corn syrup, Diet Dr Pepper, as well as a line of additional flavors, first introduced in the 2000s.", "dnL / 7 Upside Down : dnL was the name of a soft drink produced by Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages in the United States. It was part of the 7 Up family of soft drinks, and was introduced in September 2002. It was launched in the same year as other attempts to extend soft drink brand names with new variations, including Pepsi Blue, Dr Pepper Red Fusion and Vanilla Coke. It was arguably poorly marketed, and, while it remained listed as an official product of the company in late 2005, it was scheduled to be discontinued for 2006 in favor of the \"7 Up Plus\" brand. ", "Company created a line of flavored drinks, most of the bottlers created their own brands, with orange, root beer, strawberry, grape and fruit-flavored drinks. Because they were not allowed to put them in bottles with the \"Coca-Cola\" script, the bottlers developed their own \"flavor bottles.\" The writing on many of these bottles indicates they are property of the local", "The name was derived from Moxie, which was a nationwide sold soft drink made in Portland, Maine in the 1950s. It was also advertised in many issues of MAD. Product placement anyone?", "The Coca-Cola Company is a beverage company, manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The company is best known for its flagshipproduct Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Colaformula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The Coca-ColaCompany in 1892. Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offersmore than 400 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1.6 billion servingseach day. The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 whereThe Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is then sold tovarious bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-ColaCompany is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is partof DJIA, S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index.Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent.", "In 2009, Pepsi-Cola introduced Pepsi Throwback and Mountain Dew Throwback, which featured real sugar instead of high fructose corn syrup. The sodas summon a simpler time (the 1960s and 1970s), before HCFS infiltrated food and beverages and become a hot-button issue. The drinks initially featured retro logo and vintage vibe. They became permanent fixtures in Pepsi’s product line in 2011.", "Brand of British soft drink, bought as a concentrate and diluted with water. Also comes (less commonly) in carbonated form.", "Nestea was distributed jointly by Coca-Cola and Nestle, with Coca-Cola providing the formula and Nestle the name. A divorce between Coca-Cola and Nestle in September 2012 lead to Nestle keeping the name but Coca-Cola introduced the repackaged Fuze tea. ", "Lipton is a brand of tea , owned by the company Unilever . Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods , to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton . The Lipton ready-to-drink beverages are sold by Pepsi Lipton International, a company jointly owned by Unilever and PepsiCo .", "In 1997 Quaker dropped longtime advertising agency Jordan, McGrath, Case & Taylor, which had handled its campaigns during the 1980s, in favor of FCB. A distinguished agency of long standing, FCB had fallen on hard times in the early 1990s, but with the Quaker account and others, analysts predicted renewed strength for the firm. Its first ads for Quaker, in 1997, used the song \"Heart and Soul.\" During most of 1998, FCB and Quaker concentrated on Quaker Oats Fruit & Oatmeal, as well as Quaker's Dino Eggs. The Dino Eggs, a brand extension for children whose introduction was tied to Universal Pictures's release of a new film in the popular Land Before Time series, were marketed in the shape of eggs. When hot water was added to them, they \"hatched\" into brightly colored dinosaurs.", "Lipton is a brand of tea belonging to Unilever and PepsiCo. Lipton was also a supermarket chain in the United Kingdom before it was sold off to Argyll Foods, to allow the company to focus solely on tea. The company is named after its founder Thomas Lipton.", "Dasani is a brand of bottled water from The Coca-Cola Company, launched in 1999, after the success of Aquafina (produced by Coca-Cola-rival PepsiCo). It is one of many brands of Coca-Cola bottled water sold around the world. In 2010, in a bid to counteract falling sales and bans on bottled water, The Coca-Cola Company announced they would be distributing Dasani water in new packaging made of 30% plant based materials. Unlike other plant based packaging, the bottles are compatible with standard recycling plants and represent up to a 25% reduction in carbon emissions when compared to standard water bottles. ", "He had a soda fountain installed that served Fresca. It was his favorite brand of soda." ]

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[ "Little Miss Muffet, as everyone knows, sat on a tuffet eating her curds and whey when along came a spider who sat down beside her and frightened Miss Muffet away. While everyone knows this, the significance of the event had never been analyzed until a conference of thinkers recently brought their special insights to bear upon it. Following are excerpts from the transcript of their discussion:", "* Wasn't little Miss Muffet eating something when that spider \"came up beside her?\" (She was \"eating her curds and whey.\")", "(1)  Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet eating her curds and whey. Along came a spider and sat down beside her, and frightened  ", "In Sesame Street's Mother Goose Rhymes , Betty Lou takes on the role of Miss Muffet, sitting on her tuffet and eating a bowl of stew in this version. They spider comes down to sit beside her and point out that there is plenty of stew for her to eat.", "As Little Miss Muffet was reciting her Nursery Rhyme, Goldilocks appeared. She says with the three bears busy with Curly Bear , she is looking for something to do. Suddenly, she spots Miss Muffet’s bowl of curds and whey and starts to eat it. Then Goldilocks decides to sit on Miss Muffet’s tuffet and recite her Miss Muffet rhyme that includes her name. Miss Muffet starts to cry and says she is going to tell on her to Mother Goose . As Miss Muffet left, the spider appeared and after seeing Goldilocks, he gets frighten away from her. Suddenly Prairie Dawn sees another breaking story and goes off to the next scene.", "“Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet, eating her curds and whey.” We all know the old nursery rhyme, but do you know what curds and whey really are? Let’s do an experiment to find out.", "B. Little Miss Muffet was observed eating her curds and whey. What would be the composition of her curds and what would be the composition of her whey? Also, by what method by which those curds and whey most probably were produced?", "Militarist: Second-strike capability, sir! That’s what was lacking. If Miss Muffet had developed a second-strike capability instead of squandering her resources on curds and whey, no spider on earth would have dared launch a first strike capable of carrying him right to the heart of her tuffet. I am confident the Miss Muffet had adequate notice from experts that she could not afford both curds and whey and, at the same time, support an early-spider-warning system. Yet curds alone were not good enough for Miss Muffet. She had to have whey, too. Tuffet security must be the first responsibility of every diner...", "Little Miss Muffet – From the nursery rhyme of the same name. Normally portrayed as wearing a short dress, with bloomers and matching hat or hair-bow. Famous for the spider that sat down beside her.", "Little Miss Muffet had three choices: to flee (runaway), stand and call for help, or crush and dispatch the intruding spider.  ", "The spider is also found in modern children's tales. The nursery rhymes Itsy Bitsy Spider and Little Miss Muffet have spiders as focal characters. The poem \"The Spider and the Fly\" (1829) by Mary Howitt is a cautionary tale of seduction and betrayal which later inspired a 1949 film and a 1965 Rolling Stones song, each sharing the same title, as well as a 1923 cartoon by Aesop Fables Studio. ", "✰ She would eat any living creature - fish, humans, birds, animals - that went near her hiding place. She also destroyed ships and killed their crew.", "In What if Aunt May instead her nephew had been bitten by the radioactive spider? (Earth 3123) Peter Parker was at his High School Field Trip when May discovered that her nephew forgot his lunch. May took it to him. When she arrived at the Science Institute, May had been bitten by the radioactive spider. She felt dizzy, gave Peter his lunch and went away. A car without breaks drove into May. With her spider instinct, she dodged the car and crawled on a wall. Understanding she had powers, May went home and thought of some ways to make money. She prepared a costume and became Spider-lady. She looked at a weapon when her bread burnt. She put too much yeast and the bread became a stinky paste. For May it was the ideal weapon. She heard at the radio that Leap Frog stole a candy store. She decided to become a super heroine. She fought Leap Frog and the fight finished in her backyard. Peter arrived at that moment. Leap Frog:char took advantage of the distraction of May and beat her. May, upset, didn’t want to endanger her nephew. She gave Leap Frog a thrashing. Peter afraid, fainted. May decided to take care of her nephew and to be a super heroine.", "That eating trial was absolutely shocking. Tormenting and then eating a live spider? She's not a hero, just cruel #ImACeleb", "Spiders inject their victims with a chemical that dissolves them. Then the spiders drink their lunch with their mouths which are soda straw-like.", "Bentley Drummle, called The Spider, a sulky rich boy notable for his bad manners. He is Pip’s rival for Estella’s love. After marrying her, he treats her cruelly. Pip meets him while Drummle is being tutored by Mr. Pocket.", "The Caterpillar in Alice in Wonderland is a blue creature who appears to be smoking a hookah. He is seen as a very violent character as he screams at Alice quite often during the scenes he appears in. He blows smoke in Alice's face and when she needs help he ignores her. He is a quite mean character as he provides little to no help to Alice and ends up confusing her more while she is trapped in Wonderland. He then ignores her and turns into a butterfly and flutters away not caring if Alice makes it out alive or not. He also instructs her to eat a mushroom but doesn't tell her what it does thus putting her into possible danger. He reappears one final time during the ending chase, still in butterfly form but once again smoking on his hookah, and again ignoring Alice when she asks for his help escaping the Queen of Hearts. ", "First seen in print in 1805 but thought to date back to Dr Thomas Muffet, known to have studied spiders in the 16th century. It's suggested that he wrote it about his stepdaughter Patience.", "Juveniles of some spiders in the families Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae and Salticidae feed on plant nectar. Laboratory studies show that they do so deliberately and over extended periods, and periodically clean themselves while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which indicates that they are seeking nutrients. Since many spiders are nocturnal, the extent of nectar consumption by spiders may have been underestimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars, and studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes. ", "Potter was an unsentimental naturalist who thought no creature either good or bad, and had no qualms describing earwigs in Mrs. Tittlemouse's passage or woodlice in her pantry. Her publisher Harold Warne however had different ideas about what was appropriate for a children's book. He had become accustomed to Potter's unusual choice of animal subjects through the years, but, ever sensitive to public reaction, thought she had gone a bit too far in Mrs. Tittlemouse with the earwig and the woodlice. The earwig was, at his behest, transmogrified into a beetle and the woodlice into \"creepy-crawly people\" hiding in Mrs. Tittlemouse's plate rack. \"I can alter the text, when I get the proofs,\" she wrote, \"and will erase the offensive word 'wood-lice'!\" Potter argued for the generic term \"slaters\" for the woodlice, but was overruled. It was decided that an illustration of a centipede (Miss Maggie Manylegs) would be withdrawn and replaced with a butterfly.", "*Miss Spider – A good-natured female spider who takes care of James. Generally friendly and decent in manner, but described by Dahl as having \"a large, black and murderous-looking head, which to a stranger was probably the most terrifying of all\". She has particular resentment toward Sponge, who caused the deaths of Miss Spider's father and grandmother. On the journey, Miss Spider makes hammocks for the others to sleep; and in the final chapter, becomes a tightrope manufacturer.", "Ghostly creature that generally lives in attics, eating spiders and moths. The Weasleys have one living in their attic.", "During a conversation at the kitchen table in the latter part of the film, there is a spider/fly/bug crawling around on the chair closest to the camera. It appears and reappears several times. See more »", "At the beginning of the book, the mouse meets a fox. The fox thinks the mouse looks delicious and tries to get the mouse to come to his house so the fox can eat him for lunch. However, the mouse is very smart and tells the fox he can't, because he is going to have lunch with the gruffalo. The fox does not know what a gruffalo is, and the mouse tells him it is an animal with sharp teeth and claws, and that the gruffalo's favorite meal is roasted fox! The fox is scared and runs away.", "MADHUR JAFFREY Dick Sing-Smith Spiders and funny frightening things are all part of the fun for Pob's special guest Madhur Jaffrey. There's a spider to make, of course, and in the countryside Dick and Hattie solve another of Pob's clues. For Pob's Paper, send 30p in stamps and a sae to address 2, page 47. DESIGNER BOB BERK PRODUCER ANNE WOOD DIRECTOR DOUG WILCOX Ragdoll Productions", "As for Charlotte herself, I had never paid much attention to spiders until a few years ago. Once you begin watching spiders, you haven’t time for much else — the world is really loaded with them. I do not find them repulsive or revolting, any more than I find anything in nature repulsive or revolting, and I think it is too bad that children are often corrupted by their elders in this hate campaign. Spiders are skilful, amusing and useful, and only in rare instances has anybody ever come to grief because of a spider.", "Sherlock Holmes investigates a series of so-called \"pajama suicides\". He knows the female villain behind them is as cunning as Moriarty and as venomous as a spider.", "In Charlotte’s Web, the story tells of a pig named Wilbur who is saved by a spider named Charlotte. What is the first message she writes in her web about Wilbur?", "The Queen of Brobdingnag finds Gulliver very entertaining. Because of her huge size, Gulliver is disgusted when she eats.", "On the other hand, a person who admires spiders is referred to as an \"arachnophile\"; such as Virginia, an orphan who likes to play spider games in the black comedy horror B movie, Spider Baby. ", "In the episode \" Big Bug Valley! \" reveals Captain Hook suffers from Arachnophobia (a fear of spiders).", "Question: I've Heard A Daddy Longlegs Is Not A Spider. If It's Not A Spider, What Is It?" ]

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[ "A top hat, silk hat, cylinder hat, chimney pot hat or stove pipe hat [1] (sometimes also known by the nickname \"topper\") is a tall, flat-crowned, broad-brimmed hat worn prior to and including the 19th and early 20th centuries. Now, it is usually worn only with morning dress or white tie , as servants' or doormen's livery , or as a fashion statement .", "Top Hat: Tall, flat-crowned, and broad-brimmed, most commonly worn during the 19th and early 20th Centuries. Today the top hat is more worn for formal occasions.", "The top hat is a tall flat crowned hat with a broad brim that was popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In modern North American culture, this type of hat is commonly worn by doormen at Hotels. With that said, the hat in itself is also much of a symbol in Rock Culture. The following picture shows Angus Stone wearing a top hat:", "Between the latter part of 18th century and the early part 19th century felted beaver fur was slowly replaced by silk \"hatter's plush\", though the silk topper met with resistance from those who preferred the beaver hat. The 1840s and the 1850s saw it reach its most extreme form, with ever higher crowns and narrow brims. The stovepipe hat was a variety with mostly straight sides, while one with slightly convex sides was called the \"chimney pot\". The style we presently refer to as the stovepipe was popularized in the United States by Abraham Lincoln during his presidency; though it is postulated that he may never have called it stovepipe himself, but merely a silk hat or a plug hat. It is said that Lincoln would keep important letters inside the hat. One of Lincoln's top hats is kept on display at the National Museum of American History in Washington, DC. ", "The earliest mention of a 'mad hatter' appears to refer to one Robert Crab, a 17th Century eccentric living at Chesham, England. He gave all his goods to the poor and lived on dock leaves and grass. Carroll, however, seems to have based his mad hatter not on Robert Crab, but on a certain Theophilus Carter, not a hatter but a furniture dealer, who was known locally as the Mad Hatter, partly because he always wore a top hat, and partly because he was quite an eccentric and produced some wacky inventions. Makers of felt hats would indeed often drool, tremble, talk to themselves and have bouts of severe paranoia, for reasons that only became clear later. Both in Europe and North America they were the eccentrics and madmen of the clothing trades, which gave rise to the phrase as used today. ( reference )", "Brim size decreased dramatically in the 1840’s but still covered most of the wearer’s hair and much of her face. From the mid 1850’s the bonnet’s depth reduced to expose more of the face and hair. The ‘Bavolette’ was a ribbon frill at the back of the bonnet. Its purpose was covering the neck, which was considered an erogenous zone in the mid 19th century. Necks were only on view with evening dress! Once again, a brief foray into hats over bonnets occurred in the late 1850’s when the ‘wide-awake’ was introduced. It was a revival of the 18th century shepherdess hat that sported a broad brim and shallow crown.", "MAD HATTER - An oversized top hat known because of the Mercury used in hat making, which sent Milliners mad.", "The formal men’s hat of the nineteenth century was the top hat, an updated version of a hat of earlier centuries that had been faced with beaver fur, though by the 1830s silk ones had become standard. Tall and round, with the brim curling up at the sides, it’s familiar still in very formal wear and from costume dramas. In Britain it was colloquially a topper; in the US a plug-hat, because in shape it resembled a fire plug. An older version was called the bell-topper, beltopper, or belltopper because it had a bell-shaped crown.", "The most common hat of this period was the fedora , often worn tipped down over one eye at a rakish angle. The more conservative Homburg also remained popular, especially among older people and even began to be worn with semi-formal evening clothes in place of the tophat , which in turn became confined to wear with formal . Neckties were wide, and bold geometric designs were popular, including stripes, and quadrilateral designs.", "As in France, there were both regional and class differences in the types of hats men selected. In the middle decades of the nineteenth century, top hats were required in cities and were sometimes worn by workers with their work clothes (Severa 1995: 106, 225). During this period, the \"wide-awake\" (a black hat with a broad, stiff brim) was very popular in the western states (106). By the 1870s, top hats made of silk were worn in cities by prosperous businessmen but were not worn in the countryside (Brew 1945: 291), where the soft felt hat was popular with railroad workers and farmers (Severa 1995: 210, 472). Straw hats were worn in the fields by farmers (Brew 1945: 507). Bowlers (derbies) were worn by businessmen, particularly when they visited the countryside, and by some workmen in the cities, although caps were more \"typical of the laborer\" (Brew 1945: 506).", "The phrase \"as mad as a hatter\" refers to the 19th century usage of a mercury-based compound in the making of fine hats. Due to long-term exposure, hatters would often develop symptoms of mercury posioning, such as tremors or mood-swings, that would make them appear \"mad\" to others. [1]", "AUROLE - A late nineteenth century hat with an upturned brim that framed the face in a semi-circle shape, popular throughout the 1940s.", "James Laver once observed that an assemblage of \"toppers\" resembled factory chimneys and thus added to the mood of the industrial era. In England, post- Brummel dandies went in for flared crowns and swooping brims. Their counterparts in France, known as the \" Incroyables \", wore top hats of such outlandish dimensions that there was no room for them in overcrowded cloakrooms until the invention of the collapsible top hat. [10] [11]", "James Laver once made the observation that an assemblage of \"toppers\" looked like factory chimneys and thus added to the mood of the industrial era. In England, post- Brummel dandies went in for flared crowns and swooping brims. Their counterparts in France, known as the “ Incroyables ,” wore top hats of outlandish dimensions that there was no room for them in overcrowded cloakrooms until Antoine Gibus came along in 1823 and invented the collapsible top hat. Such hats are often called an opera hat, though the term can also be synonymous with any top hat, or any tall formal men's hat. In the 1920s they were also often called high hats.", "It is in this atmosphere of Fédora frenzy that Knox the Hatter, the first known advertiser of the modern fedora hat, launched his new range of men’s hats. It’s very plausible that, in the autumn of 1883, groping for a marketable name with fashionable, vaguely French associations, he followed a well-worn recent precedent and plumped for “fedora”. It is notable also that he invokes a French designer, Garvarny. It is not clear whether Garvarny really existed, and if he did (perhaps Knox was thinking of the artist Paul Gavarni, real name Sulpice-Guillaume Chevalier, who died in 1866), whether he had the remotest involvement in designing a hat. Certainly Knox was a fairly canny and ruthless businessman, having previously (in 1868) successfully lobbied the New York authorities to tear down a (by many accounts very useful) pedestrian bridge across Broadway in Manhattan, because it partially obscured his storefront.", "The use of mercury compounds in 19th century hat making and the resulting effects are well-established - mercury poisoning is still known today as 'Mad Hatter's disease'. That could be enough to convince us that this is the source of the phrase. The circumstantial evidence is rather against the millinery origin though and, beyond the fact that hatters often suffered trembling fits, there's little to link hat making to the coining of 'as mad as a hatter'.", "The Fedora, and its little brother, the Trilby, are two of the most famous and timeless of all men’s hats. The Fedora features a wide brim, a hat-band or ribbon and a pinched and indented crown. The Trilby is similarly shaped, but typically has a shorter brim (and a tighter upturning at the back).", "The most popular and most dominant hat style is the low round crowned, wool felt hat with a wide brim. If you are wearing this style you�ll probably not have a �correctness� issue.", "Throughout the 1870’s and 1880’s, hats and bonnets were on a fashion par. Women who wanted a more modest appearance often preferred bonnets. Sadly for bonnets, this eventually associated them with a matronly appearance. Very tall hats of the mid 1880’s were known as ‘3-story’ or ‘flowerpots’ and for very good reason. They soared atop the hair, appearing as if a roof on the tower of a building. This style originated as a revival of a late 18th century woman’s riding hat. That in turn was a copy of a man’s style of the same period.", "POKE BONNET - By 1800, coiffures were \" smaller heads, \" and bonnets were replacing the huge MOBS and CALASH styles. The poke shaped bonnet with rounded front brim had a small crown. The bonnet came in various shapes and fabrics.", "A trilby hat (or simply trilby) is a soft fur felt men's hat with a narrow brim and a deeply indented crown with a pinch at the front. Traditionally it was made from rabbit hair felt, but is now sometimes made from other materials, including tweed and wool. Trilbies are softer than homburgs, and have a flexible brim instead of a curved one. They are similar to their American cousin, the fedora, which has a wider brim.", "  Please Note: Sizes run large, see below or call us at 1-888-847-4287 for help with sizing. S = 7 1/8 (57cm)M = 7 3/8 (59 cm) L = 7 5/8 (61 cm) XL = 7 7/8 (63 cm)  The Jaxon Wool Homburg Hat is a classic! Once more popular than the fedora throughout Europe and America, this classic style was considered as formal as top hat and derby styles. Later nicknamed the \"Godfather\" by popular American culture, the classic Homburg still holds a place in today's fashion.   Featuring the classic stiff finish, center dent crown and curled brim, the Jaxon Wool Homburg Hat gives you the complete look at an unbeatable price!   Approx.4 1/4\" Center Dent Crown3\" Curled Brim   Made of:100% Wool Felt - Stiff Finish   Grosgrain Ribbon HatbandGrosgrain Ribbon Bound EdgeRemovable Jaxon Side PinCotton SweatbandSatin Lined   Sizes: S, M, L and XL  ", "The bowler hat, also known as a bob hat, derby (US), or bombín, is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown originally created in 1849 for the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester. The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in the United Kingdom and the eastern United States. Later in the United Kingdom, it would come to be worn as civilian work dress by former officers of the Queen's Guard.Roetzel, Bernhard (1999). Gentleman's Guide to Grooming and Style. Barnes & Noble. In Bolivia, women of Quechua people have worn bowler hats since the 1920s when British railway workers introduced them there.", "PORK PIE - ( 1930's ) A new shape in men's hats had a low crown with telescoped flat top. A small, round sporty hat with a low crown and a small up-turned brim. These types of hats have enjoyed many revivals throughout fashion history. First shown in felt, then straw. Adapted for women.", "A kind of peaked military cap was worn with skeleton suits and tunics, among other outfits from about the 1820s-50s. Younger boys might wear tassles with them. The caps were worn in the American Army during the Mexican War (1846-48). Odly this rather modern looking style had gone out of fashion by the outbreak of the Civil War. The cap was also worn in early Victorian England, but I am less sure about the Continent. It may have well been the predecesor of the peaked school cap. The style was also known as the Oliver Twist cap.", "Trilby Hat – A trilby hat (or simply trilby) is a type of hat. Although also used as a synonym for a short-brimmed fedora in the United Kingdom, the trilby is distinguished by a very narrow brim that is sharply turned up in the back and a short crown, which is pinched in the front and indented into a teardrop shape in the center. The hat’s name derives from the stage adaptation of George du Maurier’s 1894 novel Trilby; a hat of this style was worn in the first London production of the play, and promptly came to be called “a Trilby hat”.", "In the different American sartorial worlds of city and countryside, wearing a hat was equally important (Brew 1945: 507). According to Severa (1995: 210), \"A hatless man was an anomaly\" in the 1860s; in the 1890s, the hat was described as being \"almost always in place, even when the coat and necktie have been laid aside because of the heat.\" Brew (1945: 508, 511) estimates that, in the 1880s, the average American bought a hat every year or two and, in the first decade of this century, probably owned two hats.", "cap A headcovering, usually of unstiffened fabric with a crown and usually with a brim which goes only part way around the crown.", "Style of hat worn on the back of the head and had a deep upturned brim", "FASCINATORS - A romantic name for a long knitted or crocheted scarf-like hood that came down over the shoulders 1865-1910 More recently refers to a small headpiece.", "a hat that has a dented crown, and a brim that is turned upward in the back and downward in the front, usually made of felt.", "man's head covering consisting of a long piece of cloth wrapped around a cap or around the head." ]

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[ "Quebec is remarkable for the natural resources of its vast territory. It has about 30 mines, 158 exploration companies and fifteen primary processing industries. Many metallic minerals are exploited, the principals are gold, iron, copper and zinc. Many other substances are extracted including titanium, asbestos, silver, magnesium, nickel and many other metals and industrial minerals. However, only 40% of the mineral potential of Quebec is currently known. In 2003, the value of mineral exploitation reached Quebec 3.7 billion Canadian dollars. Moreover, as a major centre of exploration for diamonds, Quebec has seen, since 2002, an increase in its mineral explorations, particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish Mountains and the Torngat Mountains.", "Canada's dollar is the 5th most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U.S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. The Canadian dollar is popular with central banks because of Canada's relative economic soundness, the Canadian government's strong sovereign position, and the stability of the country's legal and political systems. ", "Also in the 1990s, certainly a rival to the claim of \"Canada's biggest fraud,� the Bre-X gold mining scam swept the world's imagination in what the Ottawa Citizen eventually called a \"monumental swindle.\"� It began when a small company (co-owned by David Walsh, Michael de Guzman, and John Felderhof) in Calgary, Canada, claimed to have discovered a huge new source of gold in Indonesia. Soon enough, the head (Peter Munk; also Jewish) of Canada's largest gold producer (Barrick Gold Corporation) was a player in the story. \"In the heat of negotiations between [Munk's company] and Bre-X,\" notes the Citizen,", "Quebec is also one of the best big game territories on the continent. Moose, cariboo, deer, and bear are still plentiful in its immense forested lands. The northern regions particularly possess an abundance of fur-bearing animals, whose marketable pelts were valued in 1944 to $6,167,605.", "Several VCs have been stolen and, being valuable, have been placed on the Interpol watch-list for stolen items. [81] The VC awarded to Milton Gregg , which was donated to the Royal Canadian Regiment Museum in London, Ontario Canada in 1979, was stolen on Canada Day , (1 July 1980), when the museum was overcrowded [82] and has been missing since. A VC awarded in 1917 to Canadian soldier Corporal Filip Konowal [83] was stolen from the same museum in 1973 and was not recovered until 2004. [84]", "Ottawa commits millions to Lac-Megantic BY THE CANADIAN PRESS LAC-MEGANTIC, Que. — Ottawa and Quebec shared a rare moment of solidarity Thursday, agreeing to split the estimated $190 million price tag to decontaminate the devastated town of Lac-Megantic. Last summer, a runaway tanker train carrying crude oil rumbled into the heart of the Quebec community, jumped the tracks and exploded in a fiery crash that killed 47 people. The derailment levelled the town’s centre and spewed millions of litres of crude into the environment, contaminating the soil as well as a nearby river and lake. Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the region Thursday and pledged to help cover up to $95 million of the cleanup cost, one-half of the overall estimate made by the Quebec government. “I know there is no amount of money that can erase the painful memories . . . but you have to know that our government is doing everything in its power to support you,” Harper told a news conference at the Lac-Megantic golf course, a few kilometres from the centre of town. “The events of July 6, 2013, profoundly touched all", "In 2007 the Royal Canadian Mint produced a 100 kg gold coin with a face value of $1,000,000, though the gold content was worth over $2 million at the time. It measures 50 cm in diameter and is 3 cm thick. It was intended as a one-off to promote a new line of Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins, but after several interested buyers came forward the mint announced it would manufacture them as ordered and sell them for between $2.5 million and $3 million. As of May 3, 2007, there were five orders.", "Fearing the possibility of counterfeiting, the government approved a new design for the reverse, replacing the voyageur with a Robert-Ralph Carmichael design of a common loon floating in water. The coin was immediately nicknamed the \"loonie\" across English Canada, and became known as a \"huard\", French for \"loon\", in Quebec. The loonie entered circulation on June 30, 1987, as 40 million coins were introduced into major cities across the country. Over 800 million loonies had been struck by the coin's 20th anniversary. ", "Following the narrow victory, the Chrétien government established a pro-Canada advertising campaign. The aim was to sponsor hunting, fishing and other recreational events, and in doing so promote Canada within Quebec. While many of the events sponsored were legitimate, a large sum of money was mismanaged. Auditor General Sheila Fraser released a report in November 2003, outlining the problems. This eventually led to the Gomery Commission ‘s investigation of the Sponsorship Scandal . Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe argued that Canada was trying to “buy” federalism and using it as an excuse to channel dirty money into Liberal-friendly pockets. This scandal’s extensive coverage in Quebec contributed support to the sovereignty movement.", "The Grey Cup has been stolen on two occasions: it disappeared for three days in 1967 when it was taken from the Hamilton Tiger-Cats as a prank, and in December 1969 it was stolen from the offices of the Ottawa Rough Riders at Lansdowne Park . [49] The thieves attempted to ransom the trophy, but the CFL refused to pay and made plans to replace it with a duplicate. [50] An anonymous phone call led to the trophy's recovery two months later in a locker at Toronto's Royal York Hotel . [3] The thieves were never found. [3]", "The DSEQ asked retired Quebec court judge Bernard Grenier in 2006 to investigate Option Canada after the publishing of Normand Lester and Robin Philpot’s “The Secrets of Option Canada”, which alleged over $5,000,000 had been spent helping the “No” campaign. [142] Grenier determined that C$539,000 was illegally spent by the “No” side during the referendum, although he drew no conclusions over the “Unity Rally.” Grenier said there was no evidence of wrongdoing by Jean Charest or that the rally was part of a plan to sabotage the sovereigntist movement . [143] Grenier urged Quebecers in his report to move on. [143] The Bloc Québécois called for a federal inquiry, which did not occur. [144]", "The Frenchmen were able to collect gold and diamonds. However, these treasures turned out to be mere iron pyrites and quartz crystals, respectively. This incident gave birth to the French expression, “As false as Canadian diamonds.” Even so, the discoveries were taken back home.", "A series of protests by native peoples swept across Canada in 1990. On March 11 a Mohawk group set up a blockade to stop the town of Oka, Que., from expanding a golf course on 55 acres (22 hectares) they claimed as ancestral territory. On July 11 a force of 100 Quebec police officers attacked the blockade, setting off a gun battle in which one police officer was killed. The Mohawks held the blockade for 11 weeks, finally surrendering to the Army in September. Another group of Indians blockaded the Mercier Bridge, one of the four main bridges into Montreal.", "According to a report by NPR’s Christopher Worth , the group has stolen about half a billion dollars over roughly 500 robberies.", "Canadian government agency The Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) recently announced that it had suffered a major breach of its security and potentially compromised the personal information of a large number of investors as a result of losing a portable device, according to a statement released on April 11, 2013.", "Gouzenko was lucky. His fate was quickly decided by honest members of the Canadian government before the conspirators could do anything. In English we say: “you can’t un-ring a bell”. This saved his life. Let me again illustrate with a quote from Wikipedia:", "October Crisis: The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front.", "An unidentified man, 43, claimed responsibility last week for the theft, according to the police. He said that it took place in the municipal museum in Draguignan during a break-in timed to a Bastille Day parade that masked the sound of security alarms. He turned himself into police in Southern France last Wednesday, a day after detectives arrested two men in Nice as they tried to sell the stolen painting, the Dutch master’s “Child With a Soap Bubble, ” which is valued at more than 3.2 million euros or almost five million dollars.", "Soon after Operation Harpie Reinforce began, an altercation took place between French authorities and Brazilian miners. On 12 March 2010 a team of French soldiers and border police were attacked while returning from a successful operation, during which \"the soldiers had arrested 15 miners, confiscated three boats, and seized 617 grams of gold... currently worth about $22,317\". Garimpeiros returned to retrieve their lost loot and colleagues. The soldiers fired warning shots and rubber \"flash balls\", but the miners managed to retake one of their boats and about 500 grammes of gold. \"The violent reaction by the garimpeiros can be explained by the exceptional take of 617 grammes of gold, about 20 percent of the quantity seized in 2009 during the battle against illegal mining\", said Phillipe Duporge, the director of French Guiana's border police, at a press conference the next day. ", "During the 1960s, a terrorist group known as the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) launched a decade of bombings, robberies and attacks on government offices. Their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when James Cross, the British trade commissioner to Canada, was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was murdered a few days later. In response, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau declared martial law using the War Measures Act. A Federal government inquiry later revealed that under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's demand, some Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) agents infiltrated the group and pushed them towards terrorist actions in order to gain evidence of the group's willingness to commit terrorist acts.", "The Crown Jewels were stolen in 1792 when the Garde Meuble (Royal Treasury) was stormed by rioters. Most, though not all, of the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Neither the Sancy Diamond nor the French Blue Diamond were found in the years after, however. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the Hope Diamond.", "The Front de liberation du Quebec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces it will not meet the demand, beginning Quebec's October Crisis.", "One of the Canadian victims is reported to be 28-year old Mathieu Lafond of Repentigny, Que.", "Zero Hedge - Taking advantage of public anxiety in the wake of the attacks on Charlie Hebdo and a Jewish supermarket, France has taken the first step. It seems the terrorists involved partially financed these attacks by cash, as well as by consumer loans and the sale of counterfeit goods� Despite the arrant absurdity of blaming cash and financial privacy for these crimes, French Finance Minister Michel Sapin brazenly stated that it was necessary to \"fight against the use of cash and anonymity in the French economy.\" He then announced extreme and despotic measures to further restrict the use of cash by French residents and to spy on and pry into their financial affairs.", "The Jules Rimet Trophy was stolen from a Westminster stamp exhibition. Its subsequent discovery by Pickles the dog would be the stuff of legend…", "breached many times in their history by the government, [42] notably by the Canadian Indian residential school system and resource extraction", "* breached many times in their history by the government, notably by theCanadian Indian residential school system and resource extraction", "Immediately prior to the Christmas break, in a faxed letter to NDP candidate Judy Wasylycia-Leis, the Commissioner of the RCMP, Giuliano Zaccardelli announced the RCMP had opened a criminal investigation into her complaint that it appeared Liberal Finance Minister Ralph Goodale's office had leaked information leading to insider trading before making an important announcement on the taxation of income trusts. On December 27, 2005, the RCMP confirmed that information in a press release. At the conclusion of the investigation, Serge Nadeau, a top Finance Department civil servant, was charged with criminal breach of trust. No charges were laid against then Finance Minister Ralph Goodale. ", "In 2015, KPMG was accused by the Canada Revenue Agency of Tax evasion schemes. \"The CRA alleges that the KPMG tax structure was in reality a \"sham\" that intended to deceive the taxman.\". ", "ª Security van heist CROOKS have stolen a security van which was transporting the equivalent of one million euros in Turkish lira in the occupied part of Cyprus.", "Court records show that a Michael Joseph Zehaf-Bibeau was accused of robbery in Vancouver in late 2011. He was found guilty of uttering threats, a lesser charge.", "Chinese Acquisitions of Canadian Companies and Chinese Greenfield Investments in Canada: When are there Genuine National Security Threats?" ]

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[ "A flea flicker is an unorthodox play, often called a \"trick play\", in American football which is designed to fool the defensive team into thinking that a play is a run instead of a pass. It can be considered an extreme variant of the play action pass and an extension of the halfback option play.", "The hook and lateral or hook and ladder is a trick play in American or Canadian football. It starts with the hook, which is where a wide receiver runs a predetermined distance, usually 10 yards down the field, and along the sideline, and \"hooks in\" towards the center of the field to receive a forward pass from the quarterback. Another offensive player (usually another wide receiver) times a run so that he is at full speed, just behind the player with the ball at the time of the catch. As the defenders close in on the stationary ball carrier, he laterals or hands the ball to the teammate running at full speed in the opposite direction of the original receiver. ", "Five trick plays that have been successful in major games include the Statue of Liberty, the hook and ladder, the flea flicker, the fumblerooski, and the fake punt.", "Football lost a good one last October when Bum Phillips died. In addition to being one of the great characters and innovators in defensive football, Bum also helped institute an offensive trick play that was later dubbed the \"Bumerooski\" in his honor. In addition to sounding like an expression of sadness by overly fratty frat guys, the Bumerooski is also a classic case of football shenanigans. The play is a legal version of the \"Fumblerooski\" (made famous in the 1984 Orange Bowl , and immortalized in the film \" Little Giants \") but instead of the quarterback placing the ball on the ground (considered an illegal forward fumble in the NFL), he hands it off to a running back between his legs and continues the play-fake the opposite direction while the running back scampers into the end zone, usually without incident as the Chargers display in the video above. The Panthers ran a version of the Bumerooski as recently as 2011, showing that a little old-fashioned chicanery never goes out of style.", "Trick football plays are among the most entertaining aspects of the game. So many standard football tactics are repeated again and again from week to week, a trick play is like a breath of fresh air.", "Trick football plays are among the most entertaining aspects of the game from a fan’s perspective. Because so many standard football tactics are repeated again and again from week to week, a trick play is like a breath of fresh air.", "In the flea flicker, a running back or wide receiver takes a handoff from the quarterback, runs wide, and then tosses the ball back behind him to the quarterback, who tosses the ball far downfield. When executed correctly, the misdirection can freeze the defense and allow a receiver to get wide open downfield. The flea flicker is one of the more common trick plays. This is a particularly risky play, for if the toss back to the quarterback is off target, the offense can lose many yards or even possession of the ball.", "The flea flicker is an extremely high-risk play and it often results in a big gain, a turnover, or a big loss. One problem is that it takes a significant amount of time for the play to develop. During that time, the defense might get past the offensive line to tackle the running back before he can make the pitch to the quarterback, or sack the quarterback before he can throw the ball. Then there is also the risk that the running back could fumble if he is hit as he pitches the ball. Because of these risks the play is rarely used in a game.", "Hook – When a player is positioned at the crap table between the base dealer and the stickman.", "the hook, where a player approaches another player from a rear angle and attempts to catch the opponent’s hurley with his own at the top of the swing; and", "In the fumblerooski, the quarterback takes the snap and immediately places the ball, unseen by the defense, on the ground. This is technically a fumble, and thus the name of the play. The quarterback then moves away from the ball, faking a pass or setting up for a fake hand-off to one side of the line. Meanwhile, one of the backs picks up the ball and starts a rush in the opposite direction. In general terms the play is very similar to the Statue of Liberty, although it gives the quarterback more room for motion.", "Perhaps the most risky trick play is the fake punt, because if it fails, a team can lose 40 yards of field position. The standard football formations used for punts have blockers behind the line of scrimmage to pick up punt blockers who break through the line of scrimmage cleanly. In a fake punt, either the center can snap the ball to one of these “up backs,” who tries to run for the first down, or the punter himself can pass or run. A fake punt is rarely used by a team that is deep in its own territory, as failure can leave the other team with only a short distance to go for a touchdown.", "While there are certainly plenty of fake punts that have been executed, the fake puntrooskie by Florida State against Clemson is one of the most memorable plays in college football history.", "Some proponents of the term \"hook and lateral\" claim that the \"hook\" refers to the pattern run by the receiver who catches the pass from the quarterback. The \"lateral\" refers to the pitching of the ball by the receiver to his teammate. This is not synonymous with a \"ladder\", which is a specific route (also called a \"chair\") in which a receiver cuts out before turning up the field along the sideline. If the \"hook\" receiver laterals the ball to a teammate running a ladder route, the play could accurately be described as a \"hook and ladder\". This would not be true of many hook and lateral plays; in the case of the play run by the Boise State Broncos in the 2007 Fiesta Bowl, the player who received the lateral from the \"hook\" receiver was running a slant route across the center of the field rather than a ladder route.", "Conventional trick plays involve the defense's inability to quickly react to changes in direction, based on the basic assumption that such changes rarely occur. Another class of trick plays are deliberately more tricky, involving deception about the position of the ball, the state of the play, or taking advantages of tricks in the rules.", "n Huffelpuff, a house of rivalry in Quidditch, a risky game played high in the air on broomsticks.", "A keep-away game of catch ball played by both genders. The game was also called the ‘kangaroo-play’ because the players jumping up to catch the ball resembled the movements of a kangaroo.", "Spaling would likely have fallen over the railing of the second deck, where the two Leafs were perched for the game. Replays of the homer show two figures, one in a baseball cap, reaching over the barrier in an attempt to catch the ball. It landed in the first-level seating, just out of their reach.", "This guy, we’ll call him Spenser, used to occasionally play NFL Blitz with his friends in high school, a long time ago. The year is not important, but it was before that weird Y2K scare. Anyways, he found a play in the first iteration of NFL Blitz whereby you could throw a pass back to the quarterback after hitting a receiver, thereby faking out the entire rampaging line. It was the Bo Jackson in Tecmo of NFL Blitz, and no one could do it as adroitly as this idiot Spenser.", "... o player, who wore a kind of gauntlet on the arm. There was a game known as", "An aggressive defense can regain possession of the ball by catching (intercepting) passes meant for players on the other team. Both fumble recoveries and interceptions can be run back into the end zone for touchdowns.", "Each team consists of seven players: three Chasers, two Beaters, one Keeper and one Seeker, all riding magic broomsticks. The Chasers try to put the big red Quaffle ball through one of the opposing team's three hoops. If a Chaser is successful, his/her team scores 10 points. The Keeper defends his/her team's hoops. Beaters use bats to hit iron Bludger balls at the other team's players. Beaters protect their teammates by making sure that the Bludgers are always heading toward the other team. The Seeker tries to catch the Golden Snitch ball. When a Seeker catches the Snitch, his team gets 150 points and the game ends. Usually the team whose Seeker catches the Snitch will win, but it could also lose if the team is trailing by 160 points or more. What happens when a Seeker catches the Snitch while their team is trailing by exactly 150 points (thus requiring a tie-breaker scenario) is unknown.", "The game is won only after the snitch has been caught cleanly, and the team that caught the snitch is awarded 30 points. The winner is determined not by the snitch catch but by the number of points earned; thus it is not unknown for teams that are losing by a wide margin to try delaying a snitch catch so that they can narrow the opponents' lead, along with the reverse, with the winning team trying to extend their lead.", "Dean Winchester : Today, you will have the honor of playing one of the greatest games ever invented. A game of skill, agility, and cunning. A game with one simple rule:", "Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass", "Graham was famous for dunking the ball over the crossbar after touchdowns, but that move was outlawed by the NFL before this season. Leaving him with a bevy of other options including the good-old-fashioned-but-chronically-underrated spike, Graham decided to become one with the fans until a man by the name of Scott McGowan, dressed in the guise of a joker, took things a bit too far.", "Defined as anything against ‘the letter and spirit of the Laws of the Game’. Type of foul play fall into various categories:", "The game has evolved into one of extreme urgency.  Yes, plays only last a few seconds.  But that is the beauty of it.  Each player has an individual and unique assignment on every play.  The timing and skill required for the plays to execute properly takes years of muscle memory/training and classroom study to master.  It is an art to us.  We absolutely love it.", "Blurting : Locking broom handles with the intent to steer an opponent off course. (All players)", "In addition to Clark's famous touchdown catch, two more plays referred to as \"The Catch\" took place during games at Candlestick. The play dubbed \"The Catch II\" came in the 1998 Wild Card round, as Steve Young found Terrell Owens for a touchdown with eight seconds left to defeat the two-time defending NFC Champion Packers. The play called \"The Catch III\" came in the 2011 Divisional Playoffs, when Alex Smith threw a touchdown pass to Vernon Davis with nine seconds remaining to provide the winning margin against the New Orleans Saints.", "What might only interest me: The name of the winning play that Marshall used against Xavier was \"213 Bootleg Screen.\"", "Many individual games, of course, have been won in Down To The Last Play moments. Some notable examples are listed below." ]

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[ "Captain Morgan is a brand of rum produced by alcohol conglomerate Diageo. It is named after the 17th-century Welsh privateer of the Caribbean, Sir Henry Morgan who died on 26 August 1688. Since 2011, the label has used the slogan \"To Life, Love and Loot.\"", "Captain Morgan is a brand of rum produced by alcohol conglomerate Diageo. It is named after the 17th-century Welsh privateer of the Caribbean, Sir Henry Morgan who died on 26 August 1688. Since 2011, the label has used the slogan “To Life, Love and Loot.”", "Diageo, the world-renowned British alcohol giant, has produced the rum brand, Captain Morgan. It is named to honor Sir Henry Morgan, the Welsh privateer of the Caribbean in 17th century, who died on August 26, 1688. Since 2011, the slogan of the label is “To Life, Loot and Love”.", "Variety is the spice of life. So we’ve spiced up life quite a bit. We’ve developed a collection of rum, each Captain Morgan drink with its own distinctive flavor and personality, that is suited for the mate with an adventurous spirit. Whichever one you choose, legendary times are never far away.", "If you’ve happened to catch just one of the bazillion Captain Morgan ads that are out there, then you know that there’s a dashing and fun-loving pirate who is trying to bring the world together, one stiff rum drink at a time.", "Blackbeard is believed to have been born Edward Teach, or Edward Thatch, in Bristol, in 1680. He fought as a privateer for the British, attacking Spanish and French ships in the War of the Spanish Succession, before turning to piracy. His troop captured a French slave ship called La Concorde near the Caribbean island of St Vincent in November 1717 and renamed it Queen Anne’s Revenge. It became his flagship, sailing alongside three smaller sloops.", "his wealth attracted English privateers, the most famous of whom was Sir Francis Drake. A privateer was a government sanctioned pirate given \"letters of marque.\" These protected him from hanging if captured.", "According to a legend, naval rum rather than brandy was used to preserve his body. It was supposedly illicitly half drunk by the time it reached London; the crew were supposed to have sucked out the rum using thin straws. This gives rise to the slang term \"tapping the Admiral\", meaning illicit drinking, and may be related to the nickname given to Naval rum rations later, \"Nelson's Blood\", (although this is possibly a deliberate echo of the Communion ritual).", "at the town of Coralio of the sloop Estrella del Noche and her cargo of drygoods, patent medicines, granulated sugar and three-star brandy. Also six Martini rifles and a barrel of American whisky. Caught in the act of smuggling, the sloop with its cargo was now, according to law, the property of the republic.", "Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish to the fountain.", "Captain Morgan was a successful privateer-pirate. He made numerous successful raids on Spanish targets of which his attacks on various ports in what we know today as Panama, were the most famous (Portobello, Maracaibo and Panama).", "In the 1820s Puerto Rica’s Roberto Cofresi, a Puerto Rican pirate, was wreaking havoc in the Caribbean seas. He was bloodthirsty, no doubt, one of his favourite past times was nailing captives to the deck of his ship El Mosquito and while he was latterly seen as a Robin Hood, there’s little doubt he was a dastardly chap. He was also rum thirsty and served up a concoction of pineapple, coconut and sugar cane spirit to appease his antsy crew. This is the basis of a pina colada. There are other stories about how this drink came to be, some more accurate perhaps, but what we’re saying here is that this oft derided camp classic was the choice of a cutthroat criminal. If you ever feel the need to defend this cocktail choice to a small minded flaming Sambuca shooter (why would you?), let them know as much.", "It's not surprising that the tradition of rum and the sea began in the Caribbean. After all, this is where rum came of age and took its place in history. Even before ships began sailing out of sight of land, a sailor's life was full of hardships. When kings and queens began to maintain fighting ships at sea, living conditions for the men who sailed them worsened. Food was notoriously bad and inadequate for the underpaid crews, and circumstances continued to decline as ships voyaged farther from home to extend the influence of the powerful monarchs. To compensate the sailors and help take their mind off their wretched existence, crews were given a daily allowance of beer or wine. In the 16th century, ships began making regular voyages to the Caribbean where the crew's wine turned to vinegar even faster than it did in more moderate latitudes, and beer often spoiled before the ship even reached her destination. However, in stark contrast to sailors of the deck, ship's officers sailed with their own stores of luxuries, including spirits; the well-being of the common sailor was of little concern to those who occupied the aft decks.", "In Real Life , this type of pirate tended to overlap with Privateers (people commissioned by a government during wartime to capture enemy vessels or otherwise cause problems for enemy ships, and paid with the prizes they took). The Spanish viewed Sir Francis Drake", "Alcohol was both a GodSend and Devil's Torment on board Naval and Pirate vessels. Thanks to Captain Billy Bones in the book Treasure Island, the alcoholic beverage most associated with pirates is rum. Of course, rum has a long association with the British and American navies because both navies had liquor rations and that liquor was usually rum.   Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented molasses. At one time it was all the rage in the Colonies as well as Caribbean because of its inexpensive means of production.", "With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th and 18th-century maritime incidents. The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships, and was too shallow for the Royal Navy 's larger vessels to navigate. The island then was not the popular tourist destination it later became; the author George Woodbury described it as \"no city of homes; it was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population,\" continuing, \"The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on; all others were transient.\"", "In May 1694, while stationed aboard the privateer Charles II off the coast of Spain, Henry Avery plotted a mutiny that would launch his new and short-lived career as a pirate. Following the successful takeover, Avery, who was a former Royal Navy midshipman, renamed the ship the Fancy and set out with his newly liberated crew to seek a fortune. Avery steered the Fancy, which boasted nearly 50 guns and a crew of 150, to the island of Johanna off the Cape of Good Hope. There, the ship was cleaned and restructured to increase her speed. Avery and his crew terrorized ships in the Indian Ocean until late 1695, when they set sail for the Bahamas, enormous fortune in tow, for an early retirement. Governor Nicholas Trott offered refuge in exchange for treasure, including 1,000 pounds of ivory tusks, and Avery also presented Trott with the Fancy. While several of his men were later captured and sentenced to death, Avery vanished and died a free and wealthy man.", "\"Here it is about gentlemen of fortune. They lives rough, and they risk swinging, but they eat and drink like fighting-cocks, and when a cruise is done, why, it's hundreds of pounds instead of hundreds of farthings in their pockets. Now, the most goes for rum and a good fling, and to sea again in their shirts. But that's not the course I lay. I puts it all away, some here, some there, and none too much anywheres, by reason of suspicion. I'm fifty, mark you; once back from this cruise, I set up gentleman in earnest. Time enough too, says you. Ah, but I've lived easy in the meantime, never denied myself o' nothing heart desires, and slep' soft and ate dainty all my days but when at sea. And how did I begin? Before the mast, like you!\"", "Ads from the company have also featured actors performing clever tricks to ensure that the good times roll. Then they ask you, the consumer, if you’ve “got a little Captain in you?” Of course, the question is asking whether you’re up for a rum-inspired party, not whether you feel like raiding a Spanish settlement on behalf of the British Empire.", "On 15 November 1720 pirate hunter Captain Jonathan Barnet took Rackham's crew by surprise while they were hosting a rum party with another crew of Englishmen at Negril Point off the west coast of Jamaica. After a volley of fire left the pirate vessel disabled, Rackham's crew and their \"guests\" fled to the hold, leaving only the women and one other to fight Barnet's boarding party (it is also possible that Rackham and his crew were too drunk to fight.) Allegedly, Read angrily shot into the hold, killing one, and wounding others when the men would not come up and fight with them. Barnet's crew eventually overcame the women. Rackham surrendered, requesting \"quarter.\"", "Stede Bonnet pirated in the early 18th century in Barbados, and was known as “The Gentleman Pirate” since he was a fairly wealthy land owner before he turned to a life on the seas. He bought his own Pirate ship and sailed it to Nassau in the Bahamas, and when he ran into the famous Pirate Blackbeard Stede Bonnet decided to let Blackbeard lead his ship for a while. The two worked together to capture merchant ships along the East Coast, but when they failed to capture a large prize all of Stede Bonnet’s crew fled to join Blackbeard on Queen Anne’s Revenge. When Bonnet sailed his ship up the Cape Fear River to make repairs, he was captured and his days of piracy were over.", "TDPR is one of the most famous pirates ever, but we don’t get to see him doing much pirating. His appeal lies in his fearsome reputation, his fantastic sword fighting skills, and his classic costume. And true love. Never forget that.", "Pigeon Island offers an Interpretation Centre, equipped with artifacts and a multimedia display on local history, ranging from the Amerindian occupation of A.D. 1000 to the Battle of the Saints, when Admiral Rodney's fleet set out from Pigeon Island and defeated Admiral De Grasse in 1782. The Captain's Cellar Olde English Pub lies under the center and is evocative of an 18th-century English bar.", "Blackbeard, now in charge of two good ships, continued to prowl the waters of the Caribbean and North America. On November 17, 1717, he captured La Concorde, a large French slaving ship. He kept the ship, mounting 40 guns on it and naming it Queen Anne's Revenge . The Queen Anne's Revenge became his flagship, and before long he had a fleet of three ships and 150 pirates. Soon the name of Blackbeard was feared on both sides of the Atlantic and throughout the Caribbean.", "(2) The flag most usually identified as the Jolly Roger today is the skull and crossbones, being a flag consisting of a skull above two long bones set in an x-mark arrangement on a black field. This design was used by four pirates, captains Edward England, John Taylor, Sam Bellamy and John Martel. Despite its prominence in popular culture, plain black flags were often employed by most pirates in the 17th-18th century.", "Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century (i.e. the later part of the \"Golden Age of Piracy\").", "Maynard sailed from James River on November 11 , 1718, in command of thirty men from HMS Pearl, and twenty-five men and a midshipman of HMS Lyme, and in command of the hired sloops, the Ranger and Jane (temporarily commissioned as His Majesty's Ships to avoid accusations of piracy themselves). Maynard found the pirates anchored in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island, on the evening of November 21.", "Captain Henry Morgan was a Welsh buccaneer who famously plundered Spain's Caribbean colonies during the late 17th century. Operating with the unofficial support of the English government, he undermined Spanish authority in the West Indies.", "(1) The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various flags flown to identify a ship's crew as pirates.", "(1) The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various flags flown to identify a ship's crew as pirates.", "Nicknamed 'Black Barty', Captain Bartholomew Roberts was the pirate captain of a succession of ships - including the Royal Rover, Fortune, Royal Fortune, and Good Fortune - who burned and plundered ships from the coasts of West Africa to the coasts of Brazil and the Caribbean and as far north as Newfoundland.", "In 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the \"Old Roger\" off Brazil, \"Old Roger\" being a nickname for the devil. " ]

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[ "The Newfoundlander was given its name in 1775, when enthusiast George Cartwright applied the name. The \"Landseer\" Newfoundland, or the white and black variety, was given its name in homage to artist Sir Edwin Landseer, who often featured the black and white Newfoundlander in his paintings. The most famous Newfoundlander is perhaps Nana, the nurse dog for the Darling family in the story of Peter Pan.", "There are many legends of Newfoundlands saving drowning victims by carrying lifelines to sinking ships. The dogs were kept in the \"dog walk\" on early sailing ships. If the sea was too choppy when land was sighted, the dog carried a line to land. A Newfoundland named Seaman accompanied the Lewis and Clark expedition, and Nana, the children's \"nurse\" in the original Peter Pan, was a Newfoundland.  Additionally, a Newfoundland was on board the Titanic, survived the sinking, swam for hours next to one of the lifeboats, and alerted the rescue ship of the proximity of the lifeboat by barking; the dog was taken in by one of the crew members.", "Peter Pan opens in London, in the home of the slightly eccentric, but typical, Darling family. Mr. and Mrs. Darling worry about paying the bills, and cut corners to make ends meet. Hence the childrens' nurse, Nana, a Newfoundland dog who cares for Wendy, John and little Michael as they sleep, watching them protectively from her kennel in the nursery.", "* Nana: The Darlings' nursemaid, a (St. Bernard) dog (originally a Newfoundland dog). She is an unnatural dog, taking care of the Darling children and cleaning up after their continuous messes. She is very efficient at her work, and possesses much tolerance to the messes she must cope with. She is the family's darling pet, a general favourite; so much that separating her from the children for one night was considered a great punishment.", "Surely you remember Nana, the fictional Newfoundland employed as a nanny by the Darling family in Peter Pan? Sweet-natured Nana was first introduced to the public by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie in his 1904 play, Peter Pan, which later became the well-loved kids' story we know today.", "There has been considerable confusion about what breed of dog Nana is. This is compounded by people getting confused about what breed of dog J. M. Barrie and his wife Mary had.... because they had two. In the script for the play, Barrie specifies that Nana is a Newfoundland. ( Luath , the Barries' dog at that time, was a Newfoundland.) This is confirmed in the text of the novel Peter and Wendy . However, when Barrie first conceived Peter Pan, his dog was Porthos , a Saint Bernard. Porthos and Luath were superficially similar in appearance. In Disney's animated adaptation, Nana was clearly depicted as a Saint Bernard, and the dogs who played Nana in P. J. Hogan 's 2003 adaptation were also Saint Bernards.", "*Nana – Nana is a Newfoundland dog who is employed as a nanny by the Darling family. Nana does not speak or do anything beyond the physical capabilities of a large dog, but acts with apparent understanding of her responsibilities. The character is played in stage productions by an actor in a dog costume. Barrie based the character of Nana on his dog [http://neverpedia.com/pan/Luath Luath], a Newfoundland.", "Famous Newfoundlands are “Seaman” of the Lewis & Clark expedition and the original “Nana” of the Peter Pan story. An excellent picture book for young children is “Seaman’s Journal, On the Trail With Lewis and Clark” by Patricia Reeder Eubank.", "The children’s faithful nurse, the dog Nana, was said to be inspired by J.M. Barrie’s own dog, a St. Bernard called Porthos.", "In the nursery of the Darling home, a dog is the nurse, or nanny. Perhaps that is one reason there is so much joy there. Nurse Nana bathes the three children and gives them their suppers and in all ways watches over them. One night, Mrs. Darling, on Nana’s night off, sits with the children as they sleep. Drowsing, she is awakened by a slight draft from the window, and, looking around, she sees a strange boy in the room. She screams, and Nana, who has just returned home, lunges for the intruder, but the boy leaps out the window, leaving only his shadow behind. He had been accompanied also by a ball of light, but it too has escaped. Mrs. Darling rolls up the boy’s shadow and puts it in a drawer, thinking that the boy will come back for it sometime soon and thus may be caught.", "The Newfoundland Dog has the most gentle nature among dogs and is justifiably known as the Gentle Giant. The breed is wonderful with other animals in the household, and has a particular love for children. In Victorian times, wealthy people would keep a Newfoundland dog to protect their children and the original dog in Peter Pan was one of these magnificent creatures. These dogs will allow children to crawl all over them without complaint.", "In J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, what was the name of the Darling family’s dog, which was also the children’s nurse?", "The earliest popularized written version of the tale is from 1837.  It was penned by a British poet named Robert Southey (1774-1843). Southey was a British Poet Laureate from 1813 to 1843.  He was also a dabbler in science (in 1799 he experimented with the great scientist Sir Humphry Davy in his work with nitrous oxide).  He was a friend to poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge; he and Coleridge collaborated occasionally.  Southey also wrote the nursery rhyme “What Are Little Boys Made Of?” (“Frogs and snails, and puppy dogs’ tails …”) about 1820.  Southey’s bear story was initially published anonymously  by him in a collection of tales and essays he’d written called The Doctor (seven volumes, published from 1834-1847).  The name of the tale was “The", " 1940's Catholic Edition - 1st Grade. Hard cover, 192 pages. By Reverend John A. O'Brien, William S. Gray and May Hill Arbuthnot. Illustrated by Keith Ward, Eleanor Campbell and Miriam Story Hurford. Published by Scott, Foresman & Co. Cute stories like, Old Toy Horse, Who Took the Nuts?, Bunny Boy, Playing Store, Jane's Dear Old Doll, Little Duck Talks, Dark Pony, The Merry-Go-Round and others. Rare, charming & very collectible.", "Mrs. Tittlemouse is a tale in which no humans play a part and one in which events are treated as though they have occurred since time immemorial and far from human observance. It is a simple story, and one likely to appeal to young children. ", "James Doti's Christmas story of a little boy, his dog and his Italian nonna is set in a 1950s Italian neighborhood in a big American city. Charmingly told and beautifully illustrated, it even includes a recipe for biscotti, making it a perfect Christmas gift for children. [$14.95; hardcover; 32 pages; Jabberwocky Books]", "We are taken into a world of autonomous creatures living in a private wood, each with his own home and whimsical daily doings. Christopher Robin can solve any dilemma, however he does take cues from Pooh when a rescue of a flood bound Piglet is in order. Rather Christopher Robin is about his own business of being alive and pursuing what curiosities may stir him, and the animals follow their inclinations likewise. Decorations, or drawings, in the story were created by the Punch cartoonist and co-worker of the author, Ernest G. Shepard.", "The Caldecott went to illustrator Sophie Blackall for Finding Winnie. Written by Lindsay Mattick, it's the real-life story of a Canadian veterinarian on his way to fight in World War I who rescues a little black bear at a train depot and names her Winnie for his hometown of Winnipeg. Winnie eventually ended up in the London Zoo, where she became a favorite of author A.A. Milne and his son Christopher Robin — and the inspiration for Winnie the Pooh.", "Ginger and the Mystery Visitor (Charlotte Voake) - Ginger and the resident kitten are annoyed by a pushy feline who sneaks in and eats their food. Can the girl find a way to solve the mystery? It’s a wonderful arrangement: Ginger, the kitten, and the girl who looks after them. Until a spy appears at the window, and even shows up one day in the kitchen licking their bowls! The girl is curious as to where the large and seemingly hungry feline comes from. But when she ties a note to his collar asking, \"Do I belong to anyone?\" she gets a surprising response that will tickle anyone who knows cats. With spare, expressive illustrations capturing the animals’ body language to a T, here is a charming read-aloud treat for animal lovers and children who like a gentle taste of intrigue. Recommended for ages 3-7.", "Another picture book version is the Caldecott Medal -winning A Story a Story , retold and illustrated by Gail E. Haley , [9] which takes its title from a traditional Ashanti way of beginning such tales: \"We do not really mean, we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true. A story, a story; let it come, let it go\" and finishes traditionally with: \"This is my story which I have related. If it be sweet, or if it be not sweet, take some elsewhere, and let some come back to me.\" [10]", "a. The dog b. Rebecca and Lucy c. The kangaroo d. James e. Did you f. My friend g. Eddie Mae ©Teacher Created Resources, Inc.", "Another large, inexpensive kids' book with simple art. The distinctive feature of this book is that each story is timed. Three fables: TMCM (67, with two colored pictures), FC (74), and LM (98, the latter two with black-and-white illustrations). The artist collaborated on Bedtime Tales (1989).", "The latest winner of the Caldecott Medal, awarded in 2016, is Sophie Blackall for Finding Winnie: The True Story of the World’s Most Famous Bear, written by Lindsay Mattick (Little, Brown, 2015, ). ", "A revived version of this well-known story, which has been written especially for today's children. It is one of a number of stories, within a series, that have been rewritten and re-illustrated by a selection of award-winning authors and illustrators to celebrate the 1998 National Year of Reading.", "Dian Curtis Regan's My Zombie Valentine has twelve-year-old Joseph \"Joey\" Milford Ocean as its main character. Joey's younger sister takes great pleasure in reminding him that \"Milford\" was their grandparent's dog, who died the night Joey was born, a fact which greatly annoys him.", "With over a million copies sold, this humorous story is a favorite of many children. Children can identify with both the mouse and the boy. They may recognize the wants and needs of this little mouse, and realize that they are capable of the love and patience with which the boy care-giver meets the mouse's needs. Teachers like it too, as it introduces the important concepts of sequencing and cause and effect. Young readers will enjoy the challenge of recalling the sequence of events. Older readers may use this simple, engaging story to anchor their understanding of cause and effect, then apply their understanding to subjects as advanced as the causes of the American Revolution.", "      Award winning illustrator Rosemary Wells has used warm, inviting colours to animate these rhymes and has populated them with rabbits, mice and cats. A healthy assortment of other animals, including, of course, Mother Goose, herself, and a few humans also make an appearance. What a cheerful bunch they are, brimming with the innocence, joy and mischief that are the property of childhood.", "Another picture book version is the Caldecott Medal winning A Story a Story retold and illustrated by Gail E. Haley, which takes its title from a traditional Ashanti way of beginning such tales: \"We do not really mean, we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true. A story, a story; let it come, let it go\" and finishes traditionally with: \"This is my story which I have related. If it be sweet, or if it be not sweet, take some elsewhere, and let some come back to me.\"", "Publishers Weekly : This celebrated, splendidly matched author-illustrator team here present a 64-page love story that is equally sweet and silly. For years, Mr. Hoppy has leaned over his balcony rail to gaze longingly at Mrs. Silver, who lives one floor below him. But all of her attention and affection is showered upon her pet tortoise, Alfie. Although the creature seems content, his devoted owner is concerned because he has gained a mere three ounces in the 11 years she has owned him. When the distressed Mrs. Silver tells her neighbor that she will be his \"slave for life\" if he can find a way to make Alfie grow, the determined Mr. Hoppy devises an elaborate scheme to make her think the tortoise is growing. (Since tortoises, according to Mr. Hoppy, are backward creatures that \"can only understand words that are written backwards,\" his exhortation to the pet begins \"Esio Trot\"--which is \"tortoise\" reversed.) It is a happy Hoppy who gets all the credit--and Mrs. Silver's hand. Adults and older children will appreciate Dahl's superior storytelling skills, and will chuckle at Blake's animated, cartoony drawings. But the book's length and subtle humor make it less suitable for beginning readers. All ages.", "\" Marguerite Henry's stories about horses are timeless, and as a child, I devoured any one of her books that I could get my hands on. This book is great for young readers, and teaches one about perseverance, trust, and hope. A fictionalized account of a true story, it is a book that every young horse lover should have in their library. \"", "I want to be able to read it to my grandchildren and would be delighted if anyone can point me in the right direction to locate a copy of this great poem for young children. I recall one of my daughters chuckling every time I got to “A mouse, a mouse etc….”", "The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes (1911) This book includes some American animals - grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear." ]

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[ "On this day in 1953, Massachusetts Democratic Sen. John F. “Jack” Kennedy (1917-1963) married Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Bouvier (1929-1994) at St. Mary’s Church in Newport, R.I. Some 750 guests attended the nuptial Mass, presided over by Boston Archbishop Richard Cushing. The bride was the elder daughter of John Vernou Bouvier III (1891–1957) and Janet Norton Lee Bouvier Auchincloss (1906–1989). Her parents divorced in 1942.", "Jacqueline Lee (Bouvier) Kennedy Onassis commonly known as Jackie (July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Five years later she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis; they remained married until his death in 1975.", "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and served as First Lady during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. She was later married to Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis from 1968 until his death in 1975. In later years she had a successful career as a book editor. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and historic preservation, her style and elegance, and her public stoicism in the wake of President Kennedy's assassination. ", "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier and then-U.S. Representative John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and often attended the same functions. They were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952. Bouvier was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, charm, wit and wealth. The two also shared similarities in both being Catholic and writers, enjoying reading and previously having lived abroad. Kennedy was then busy running for the US Senate but after his election in November, the relationship grew more serious and led to their engagement, officially announced on June 25, 1953.", "Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, pronounced; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, pronounced; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy , and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 .", "Newport, Rhode Island (JFK+50) Senator John F. Kennedy & Jacqueline Lee Bouvier exchanged wedding vows today at St. Mary’s Catholic Church here in Newport.", "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, née Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, later (1953–68) Jacqueline Kennedy, byname Jackie (born July 28, 1929, Southampton , New York , U.S.—died May 19, 1994, New York City ), American first lady (1961–63), the wife of John F. Kennedy , 35th president of the United States , who was noted for her style and elegance. Her second husband, Aristotle Onassis , was one of the wealthiest men in the world.", "In 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. Shortly after, he was elected to the United States Senate and the couple married the following year. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she aided her husband’s administration with her presence in social events and with her highly-publicized restoration of the White House . On November 22, 1963, she was riding with him in a motorcade in Dallas , Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from public view after his funeral , and she married Aristotle Onassis in 1968.", "Jackie Kennedy - Marrying JFK (TV-14; 1:47) A wealthy, educated Catholic girl, Jacqueline Bouvier's beauty and likability suited his political aspirations and made her the perfect bride for John F. Kennedy. The couple married on September 12, 1953 in Newport, Rhoda Island.", "John Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Bouvier , when he was a congressman. They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. Kennedy and his wife were younger in comparison to presidents and first ladies that preceded them, and both were popular in ways more common to pop singers and movie stars than politicians, influencing fashion trends and becoming the subjects of numerous photo spreads in popular magazines. Although Eisenhower had allowed presidential press conferences to be filmed for television, Kennedy was the first president to ask for them to be broadcast live and made good use of the medium. [78] Jacqueline brought new art and furniture to the White House, and directed a restoration. They invited a range of artists, writers and intellectuals to rounds of White House dinners, raising the profile of the arts in America. The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a President , three senators , and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. Jack Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom, from 1938 to 1940.", "Kennedy met his future wife, Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Bouvier (1929–1994), when he was a congressman. Charles L. Bartlett , a journalist, introduced the pair at a dinner party. [291] They were married a year after he was elected senator, on September 12, 1953. [292] The Kennedy family is one of the most established political families in the United States, having produced a president, three senators, and multiple other Representatives, both on the federal and state level. Family patriarch, Joe Kennedy, was a prominent American businessman and political figure, serving in multiple roles, including Ambassador to the United Kingdom , from 1938 to 1940.", "Janet married twice. She married John Vernou Bouvier III in East Hampton, New York, on 7th July 1928. John was called Black Jack Bouvier and he and Janet had two daughters, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier on 28th July, 1929, and Caroline Lee Bouvier who was christened in New York on 29th July 1933. Caroline was usually called Lee, and she married twice. She married Michael Canfield in April, 1953 and she married Prince Stanislaus Radziwill in March, 1959.", "Bouvier enrolled as a student in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York in the fall of 1947. She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more geographically isolated Vassar. Bouvier was an accomplished student, participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.Spoto, pp. 67-68. Due to her dislike of the college, she did not take an active part in its social life, and instead traveled back to New York City on the weekends. She had made her society debut in the summer before entering college, and became a frequent presence in New York social functions; Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the \"debutante of the year\". Bouvier spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France – at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris – in a study-abroad program through Smith College. Upon returning home, she transferred to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.", "Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou \"Black Jack\" Bouvier III (1891–1957) and Janet Norton Lee (1907–1989), at Southampton Hospital. Jacqueline was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan. She was named after her father. Her younger sister, Caroline Lee (1933–), known as Lee, was born four years later. The Bouviers divorced in 1940; in 1942, Janet married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. and had two more children: Janet Jennings Auchincloss (1945–1985) and James Lee Auchincloss (born 1947).", "Jacqueline was the elder of two daughters of Janet Lee and John (“Black Jack”) Bouvier III, a stock speculator. As a child she developed the interests she would still relish as an adult: horseback riding, writing , and painting. In 1942, after her parents had divorced and her mother married Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr., a wealthy lawyer, Jacqueline divided her time between the family’s Merrywood estate in Virginia and Hammersmith Farm in Newport , Rhode Island .", "*Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis - former First Lady; her mother, Janet Lee Bouvier, is of mostly Irish descent", "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and the nominee of the Democratic Party for President of the United States in the 2016 election. She served as the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, the junior United States Senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States during the presidency of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001, and First Lady of Arkansas during his governorship from 1979 to 1981 and from 1983 to 1992.", "Janet Norton Lee, born 1907, December 3, New York, New York; attended Sweetbriar College, Virginia, and Vassar College but did not graduate from either institution; a noted horsewoman and a multiple trophy winner. Janet Lee married John Bouvier, 1928, July 7, at St. Philomena's Church, East Hampton, New York; died, 1989, July 22, Newport, Rhode Island.", "Jacqueline spent her early years in Manhattan and East Hampton on Long Island, at the Bouvier family estate, \"Lasata.\" Following their parents' divorce, the Bouvier sisters divided their time between their mother's homes in McLean, Virginia and Newport, Rhode Island, and their father's homes in New York City at 125 East 74th Street and Long Island.", "Both daughters married while their father was president. Luci married Patrick Nugent, in 1966 at the Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington. That marriage ended in divorce and she wed Canadian banker Ian Turpin in 1984. Daughter Lynda Bird married Charles Robb, later governor and U.S. senator from Virginia, in a White House wedding in 1967.", "In 1928, Tunney was married to a wealthy socialite, the former Mary \"Polly\" Lauder (1907 – April 19, 2008). The couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and had four children. Among them is John V. Tunney (born 1934), who was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from California from 1971 until 1977. The others are Jonathan \"Jay\" Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut; Gene L. Tunney of Honolulu, Hawaii and Joan Tunney Cook of Omaha in Boone County in northwestern Arkansas. Tunney's daughter Joan was committed to a mental hospital on June 6, 1970 after she murdered her husband.", "In 1928, Tunney was married to a wealthy socialite, the former Mary \"Polly\" Lauder (1907 – April 19, 2008). The couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and had four children. Among them is John V. Tunney (born 1934), who was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from California from 1971 until 1977. The others are Jonathan \"Jay\" Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut; Gene L. Tunney of Honolulu, Hawaii and Joan Tunney Cook of Omaha in Boone County in northwestern Arkansas. Tunney's daughter Joan was committed to a mental hospital on June 6, 1970 after she murdered her husband.", "In 1928, Tunney was married to a wealthy socialite, the former Mary \"Polly\" Lauder (1907 – April 19, 2008). The couple lived in Stamford, Connecticut and had four children. Among them is John V. Tunney (born 1934), who was a United States House of Representative and U.S. Senator from California from 1971 until 1977. The others are Jonathan \"Jay\" Tunney of Stamford, Connecticut; Gene L. Tunney of Honolulu, Hawaii and Joan Tunney Cook of Omaha, in Boone County, Arkansas. Tunney's daughter Joan was committed to a mental hospital on June 6, 1970 after she murdered her husband.", "Through her marriage to Black, Temple (now known as Shirley Temple Black) became active in Republican politics. The couple campaigned on behalf of the Eisenhower/Nixon ticket in 1950s and lived in Washington, D.C. for a time. In 1967, Temple Black even ran for Congress herself, running on a platform of support for the Vietnam War; she lost to a more moderate Republican.", "Actress Jane Fonda, left, and her second husband, Tom Hayden walk with their 2-year-old son Troy, as they arrive to vote in Santa Monica, Calif., June 8, 1976. Hayden, who was a leader of the student anti-Vietnam war movement of the 1960s, failed to win the Democratic primary challenge against U.S. Senator John Tunney, but later won seats in the California State Assembly and State Senate.", "Lynda Bird Johnson (Robb), born 19 March, 1944; Luci Baines Johnson (Nugent Turpin), born 2, July, 1947; Lynda Johnson was married in the White House in December of 1967 to Marine Charles S. Robb, who later served as Governor and U.S. Senator from Virginia. Luci Johnson was married in a the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception to Patrick Nugent in August of 1966, with a wedding reception that followed, in the White House. They divorced in 1979.", "Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee has represented the 18th Congressional District of Texas since January 3, 1995 (104th Congress-Present). Her committee assignments have included the Judiciary; Science; Foreign Affairs; and Homeland Security Committees. She is the Ranking Member of the Immigration, Border Security and Claims Committee as well as the only female to serve as a ranking member of Judiciary Subcommittee. During her tenure in Congress, Rep. Jackson Lee has served as Co-Chair of the Congressional Children's Caucus, Co-Chair of the Democratic Caucus's Children's Taskforce, Speaker on the Bi-Partisan Taskforce on Youth Violence, member of the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, the Congressional Caucus on Women's Issues, the Congressional Black Caucus where she has served as the Whip for two terms, the Internet Caucus, and the Aeronautics and the Space Caucus. Prior to her career in Congress, she practiced law, served as Staff Counsel for the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations, and as a municipal judge for three years. Before her election to Congress, Rep. Jackson Lee served two terms as one of the first African American women At-Large members of the Houston City Council, where she chaired the first Human Relations Committee, along with the Airport and Cable Committees. She also served as an associate Municipal Court Judge for the City of Houston. She received a bachelor�s degree from Yale University and a law degree from the University of Virginia Law School.", "2011 – Geraldine Ferraro, a Democratic Party Congresswoman and the first woman to stand for Vice-President of the United States on a major party ticket dies in Boston.", "Madeleine Korbel Albright (born May 15, 1937) is the first woman to become a United States Secretary of State.", "At the time of the Democratic National Convention of 1984, Geraldine Ferraro was serving her sixth year in Congress . An Italian-American from Queens, New York, since she moved there in 1950, she was an active Roman Catholic. She kept her birth name when she married John Zaccaro. She had been a public school teacher and a prosecuting attorney.", "On this date at the opening of the 91st Congress (1969–1971), Shirley Anita Chisholm of New York became the first African-American Congresswoman. Trained as a school teacher, Chisholm served two terms in the New York state legislature before winning election in November 1968 to a newly created congressional district in Brooklyn. The only woman among the freshman class of the 91st Congress, Chisholm took the House by storm. “I have no intention of just sitting quietly and observing,” she said. “I intend to focus attention on the nation’s problems.” Chisholm continued to work for the causes she had espoused as a community activist. She sponsored increases in federal funding to extend the hours of daycare facilities and a guaranteed minimum annual income for families. She was a fierce defender of federal assistance for education, serving as a primary backer of a national school lunch bill and leading her colleagues in overriding President Gerald R. Ford ’s veto on this measure. In 1972, she mounted a longshot presidential bid that nevertheless received national attention. In 1982, after seven terms in the House, Chisholm declined to run for re-election to the 98th Congress (1983–1985). She stated that she had become disillusioned with the conservative politics of the Ronald Reagan administration and factionalism in Congress. After leaving office, Chisholm taught and remained active in political organizations, but never again sought elective office." ]

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[ "A mark or stamp applied to a precious metal by a legally appointed official denoting quality of a piece after assaying, examining to determine the amount of precious metal contained in a piece.", "Hallmark — A stamped impression on the surface of a precious metals bar that indicates the producer, serial number, weight, and purity of metal content.", "Hallmark: Hallmarks are simply marks stamped onto a precious metal by a legally appointed official after assaying to denote the amount of precious metal contained in a piece. They have been used in England since about 1300 to indicate the fineness and the maker of gold and silver articles. The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, London, and other guilds are empowered to test and stamp gold and silver wares with four or more marks, including a quality mark, a town mark, a date letter (changed each year) and a maker's mark.", "Hallmark - An official mark stamped on gold and silver articles to attest to their purity.  Marks placed on English and European objects made of silver or gold.  Hallmarks were required by law, and indicate the maker, date and place of manufacture.  There is usually a fourth mark that certifies that the object meets a minimum standard of purity.", "A stamp or cover that has actually been used to carry a personal or business communication.", "In 1944, it adopted its current slogan, \"When you care enough to send the very best.\" It was created by C. E. Goodman, a Hallmark marketing and sales executive, and written on a 3x5 card. The card is on display at the company headquarters. In 1951, Hall sponsored a television program for NBC that gave rise to the Hallmark Hall of Fame, which has won 80 Emmy Awards. Hallmark now has its own cable television channel, the Hallmark Channel which was established in 2001. For a period of about 15 years, Hallmark owned a stake in the Spanish language network Univision.", "A silver hallmark is nothing more than an indication of metal content and its purity or quality.  It may or may not include the manufacturer�s mark or location of origin.  A manufacturer�s mark or �maker�s mark� alone are not necessarily considered hallmarks.", "GREETINGS STAMP : Postage stamp created for social use sending birthday, Xmas or other types of greeting cards and letters.", "Founded in 1910 as a postcard company, Hallmark has grown to be one of the most famous greeting card companies in the world. Capitalizing on the popularity of postcards after the turn of the century, Hallmark soon began manufacturing Christmas and Valentine's Day cards, and sold the first commercially-produced gift wrap in 1917. Always an innovator, within the last several decades Hallmark has also branched out into Christmas tree ornaments that are avidly collected by enthusiasts. More recently, Hallmark created a website for its popular line of digitized eCards.", "The Cyprus Hallmark consists of three compulsory symbols: 1. The manufacturer's mark - Consists of the initials of the manufacturer of the article surrounded by a small shield; 2. The fineness mark - The purity of the metal, in parts per thousand; 3. The official mark - the Head of Aphrodite until December 2001 and a ship as from January 2002 denotes that the article is made of Gold, and the fish that the articles is made of Silver. The manufacturer's mark must be struck on the articles by the manufacturer before its submitted to the Assay Office for Hallmarking. The manufacturer may make arrangements for the manufacture's mark to be struck by the Assay Office upon submission of the article to be struck with the approved hallmarks. ", "It is a common misconception that a '925' stamp for sterling silver is a hallmark. Whilst a piece of jewellery with a sole '925' mark may be generally sterling silver and the mark recognised in the country where the item was made, the quality is not assured and has no legal standing in the U.K.", "Hallmark has been your family-owned creator of greeting cards, gifts, gift wrap and more for over 100 years. We take deep pride in helping individuals connect in just the right way.", "\"LF\" inside a diamond shape joined under the capital letters, followed by the numerals \"15\" slightly raised above the line. Also \"STERLING\" stamp above it.", "The manufacturer's mark which is registered under the relevant section of the Law shall include the initial letters of the name or names of the manufacturer and shall be of such design as may be approved by the Assay Office. The standards of fineness of Gold and Silver articles that are hallmarked are for gold : 375, 585, 750 and 916 parts per thousand; for silver: 800, 830 and 925 parts per thousand; no negative tolerance is permitted on the above standards of fineness.", "‘O’ in the bottom left and ‘C’ in the bottom right. The stamp comes with a Certificate of Authenticity and is housed in a capsule.", "(Example is a modernist collar/pendant which looks to be 1960s/1970s era. It is stamped \"ALTON, F, three crowns in a 3 leaf clover (Swedish mark), S in a hexagon (for sterling?) and has a T8 year mark in a rectangle. It is also signed \"Theunia\" or \"Theuria\" in script.", "The stamp is released on January 8, 1993, with extravagant first day issue ceremonies at Graceland. The Elvis stamp becomes the most widely publicized stamp issue in the history of the U.S. Postal Service, and it is the top selling commemorative postage stamp of all time. The USPS prints 500 million of them, three times the usual print run for a commemorative stamp.", "An inscription printed on a stamp after manufacture, often to commemorate an event or anniversary or a stamp exhibition.", "Stamps that an organization perforates through the face in some manner to discourage unauthorized use by their employees.", "On April 12, 2007, the Postal Service issued its first Forever stamp, a nondenominated, nonexpiring stamp intended for customers mailing a piece of First-Class Mail. Sold at the going rate of a First-Class stamp, a Forever stamp is always valid for the first ounce of First-Class postage. Forever stamps were initially intended as a convenience for customers, to ease the transition during stamp price changes. From 2007 to October 2010, only one design was issued: the Liberty Bell Forever stamp.", "initials (SCV & CV) followed by numbers, it also mints its own coins and postage stamps.", ". However, individuals continue to use postage stamps, which remain not only functional but popular, as can be seen in the excitement generated by such recent stamps as those commemorating World War II, Elvis Presley, and Princess Grace of", "Issues a single metal oval, worn vertically, stamped \"\" above and below the 3-slot horizontal break line. It is stamped in 4 lines with:", "a subclass of first class mail , begun in 1968, providing a postage savings for items weighing 13 ounces or more.  The first stamp specifically intended for use on priority mail was the 1989 $2.40 Moon Landing stamp ( Scott 2419).  The first stamped (prepaid) Priority Mail envelope was issued in 2003.", "Something for everyone? This stamp depicts a number of events such as fencing, show jumping and swimming", "a product of the USPS , sold in conjunction with commemorative postage stamps .  Each panel has the commemorative stamp affixed and contains background information and illustrations.", "Some of the most popular shows from over 60 years of children’s television are celebrated with 12 much-loved characters featured on a new set of Special Stamps", "Designed by Eriki Bilal. Originally part of a booklet - Communication - where each stamp was drawn by a different comic strip artist. This one was later issued as part of a pre-paid envelope.", "A philatelic card which has no postal use and which is usually created for a special event.", "During times of war and conflict, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing has printed special products, including military payment certificates for American forces, Allied military currency, and postage stamps for a number of Allied countries.", "internal antenna allows for communication and power with a receiving antenna at the transaction point to transfer information. Close proximity is required for such transactions, which can decrease transaction time while increasing convenience. A combination card functions as both a contact and contactless smart card. Specific to interactive television, the viewer can insert smart cards into the set-top box to trigger the box to decrypt contact programming.", "In most post offices you will find an automatic machine (yellow) with a scale and a screen. Just put your mail on the scale, tell the machine (French or English) the destination, pay the indicated amount and the machine will deliver a printed stamp." ]

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[ "Angels on horseback, or oysters wrapped in bacon, is a classic oyster dish that is very common on the East Coast and  is often seen as a wedding appetizer on Long Island in New York. With only three ingredients in the prep list – bacon, oysters and a squirt of lemon juice – this  dish couldn't be easier to prepare.  Make as many as you can afford -- I once made 100 for a group of 15 people and they were all eaten in less than 10 minutes. For normal people, figure on 6-8 as an appetizer. Double it for a main course.", "Angels On Horseback is a delicious oyster dish and its really easy to make. In order to make Angels On Horseback you need Oysters , Bacon , and toothpicks. You want to take your oysters and wrap them with a slice of bacon. Then secure the bacon with the toothpicks.", "“On Horseback.” There are lots of variations to this simple appetizer. Angels on Horseback are oysters wrapped in bacon. Some recipes include dates wrapped in bacon and are baked . Some recipes stuff a prune with mango chutney, cheese, almonds or smoked oysters. But all are wrapped in some sort of bacon and are riding on the stick of your choice. I always associate them with the Christmas season.", "Angels On Horseback Oysters are basically broiled bacon wrapped oysters.  These appetizers are so easy and simple to make and delicious to eat!  They are wonderful for entertaining since they can be prepared in advance and then simply grilled a couple minutes before serving.  The juices from the bacon melds into the oysters when grilling giving the shrimp a heavenly bacon flavor that no one can resist!  If you have never tried oysters, this is a delicious way to introduce yourself to them.", "The dish is typically prepared by rolling shucked oysters in bacon and baking them in an oven. Modern variations of angels on horseback include skewering and frying. Serving can vary widely to taste on either skewers or breads, with additional accompaniments or condiments. Angels on horseback differ from the similar, fruit-based, devils on horseback, but the dishes' names are sometimes erroneously considered synonyms.", "Oysters, lue point, chincatigue, These bivalves are wrapped in bacon, grilled & served on toast to make \"Angels on Horseback\"", "Place these bacon wrapped oysters-your Angels on Horseback on a broiler pan and keep them ready until a few minutes before you wish to serve them.", "Angels on horseback is traditionally BACON WRAPPED OYSTERS- I can see a substitution of shrimp for the oysters but where is the bacon.", "In the United Kingdom, \"pigs in blankets\" refers to small sausages (usually chipolatas) wrapped in bacon. They are a traditional accompaniment to roast turkey for Christmas dinner. Pigs in blankets can be accompanied with devils on horseback, an appetizer of prunes wrapped in bacon.", "Our food club made these appetizers as part of a meal dedicated to one of our members who died of cancer. He was from Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom, a place known for oysters. If you have access to fresh oysters like we do here in France, and you want to celebrate a special occasion (or why not just for any reason?), these Angels on Horseback are a surprisingly delicious pop-in-the mouth appetizer. The hardest part is getting the oysters shucked.", "Angels on horseback can be served a hors d'œuvre, as a canapé, or as a savoury. Angels on horseback are canapés when served with breads. In England, savouries are served after the dessert and are salty or savoury items meant to cleanse the palate before the serving of wines. One cookbook including angels on horseback as a savoury is the 1905 Savouries Simplified, by Constance Peel. ", "A thin variety of sausage, known as the chipolata is often wrapped in bacon and served alongside roast turkey at Christmas time and are known as Pigs in a Blanket or \"Pigs in Blankets\". They are also served cold at children's parties throughout the year. The word derives from the Italian \"cipolatta\", \"onioned\" or made with onion, although its meaning has been forgotten and it need not contain onion.", "A similar, but entirely savoury, dish comes from Buckinghamshire. Known as the Buckinghamshire Bacon Badger, it is made from bacon, potatoes and onions which are enclosed in a pastry case.[2]", "Preheat the oven to 210C gas mark 6. Rinse the tripe carefully and cut into squares with scissors. Peel and chop onions. Place the onions in the bottom of the casserole then top with a layer of bacon. Season well. Continue with layers of tripe, calves foot and carrots, finishing with a layer of tripe. Add the Cognac, cider (and a little water if necessary to top up) and the clove and tuck the bouquet garni in the centre. Cover and seal and cook for at least six hours and preferably ten. Serve with steamed potatoes.", "Bacon may be eaten smoked, boiled, fried, baked, or grilled and eaten on its own, as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts in North America) or used as a minor ingredient to flavour dishes (e.g., the Club sandwich). Bacon is also used for barding and larding roasts, especially game, including venison and pheasant. The word is derived from the Old High German bacho, meaning \"buttock\", \"ham\" or \"side of bacon\", and cognate with the Old French bacon. ", "One of the earliest references to Angels on Horseback was in the New York Times in 1896. In that newspaper article they were said to have been invented by Urbain Dubois who was the Chef to the German Emperor. We do know they weren't invented in Germany but most likely in England where they have been served dating back to the early 1600's.", "I hope you enjoy this recipe for Angels on Horseback. Have you reached the end and want to see more recipes like this? You can subscribe to BrightonYourHealth’s monthly newsletter and article updates by clicking on the button below. Your email will always remain private.", "Ham and bacon are made from fresh pork by curing with salt (pickling) and/or smoking. Shoulders and legs are most commonly cured in this manner for Picnic shoulder and ham, whereas streaky and round bacon come from the side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly). ", "“Pigs in blankets (also known as pigs in the blanket, pigs in blankets, devils on horsebacks, wiener winks, worstjes in deeg, kilted sausages, wild willies) refers to a few different sausage-based foods in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Canada, and Japan. They are often different from sausage rolls.”", " Savory, rich bacon and beef pair perfectly with beer, mustard, and red wine vinegar creating a well-rounded, complex flavor profile. The recipe comes together quickly and makes 16 cups-- enough for 12 generous servings. Make sure to use low sodium beef broth to keep a balanced salt level. Serve with crusty bread, cornbread, or butter rolls.", "A 1743 English cookery book The Lady's Companion: or, An Infallible Guide to the Fair Sex contained a recipe for \"Calf's Chitterlings\" which was essentially a bacon and offal sausage in a calf's intestine casing . [2] The recipe explained the use of calf's, rather than the more usual pig's, intestines with the comment that \"[these] sort of ... puddings must be made in summer, when hogs are seldom killed\". [3] This recipe was repeated by the English cookery writer Hannah Glasse in her 1784 cookery book Art of Cookery . [4]", "Your plate will probably contain bacon, eggs, Lorne (or square) sausage, black pudding (a type of 'blood sausage'), maybe fruit pudding (a 'sausage' made from suet, wheat flour, sugar and dried fruit such as raisins), grilled or fried tomatoes, mushrooms, baked beans, and maybe even 'potato scones'.", "A similar, but entirely savoury, dish comes from Buckinghamshire. Known as the Buckinghamshire Bacon Badger, it is made from bacon, potatoes and onions which are enclosed in a pastry case.", "Holy trinity. No, not that holy trinity, I'm talkin' 'bout the one they worship in N'orleans, minced onion, bell peppers, and celery, cooked in fat, usually butter, but bacon fat or duck fat works just fine. Used properly, you might just see god.", "A “best of” list is not complete without including the greatest food known to man – bacon . The perfect way to enjoy those cold winter evenings, this is a recipe for success. [ View Recipe ]", "Cecina is cured meat made from beef or horse, and it is considered as a delicacy. Foal meat (carne de potro) is preferred rather than horse meat, and it is easy to find in supermarkets and usually prepared as stew or steak. It is a common practice to give it to children with anemia. Although no generalized taboo exists, its consumption is minor compared to pork, beef, and lamb.", "            Alternatively the duck can be cooked wrapped in a piece of muskin (cheesecloth) or a white talbe napkin with both ends tied, like a galantine.  It is then served unwrapped, surrounded with orange quarters.  Serve rouennaise sauce separately.", "à la Marengo: a dish created, supposedly, for Napoleon after the battle of Marengo -- chicken or veal, browned in olive oil, then braised with garlic, olives, onions, tomatoes and wine (sometimes brandy)", "\"Earth dish made with braised veal and root vegetables. It was one of Chief O'Brien's favorite foods. This is, of course, replicated veal.\"", "Taboo for Jews, horse meat is eaten in many parts of the world, particularly France and Belgium. The flesh is on the sweet side and can be mistaken for beef if flavored with garlic or some other strong herb. May be cooked like beef.", "To this day the words \"Spider Cornbread\" proclaim a celebrated American tradition based on a special pan. In 1971, Marie Nightingale?s Out of Old Nova Scotia Kitchens (near New England) included a sour milk cornbread recipe called \"Spider Cornbread,\" as did the Montclair, New Jersey Historical Society version of an early family manuscript cookbook. An honorary title.", "In Malta, horse meat () is seared and slowly cooked for hours in either tomato or red wine sauce. A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants." ]

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[ "The Monkees are an American-British pop rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "The Monkees are an American Pop-rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "The Monkees are an American pop rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz , Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner.", "The four Monkees were Michael Nesmith (born 30th December 1942 in Houston, Texas), Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson on 13th February 1942 in Washington DC), Micky Dolenz (born George Michael Dolenz on 8th March 1945 in Los Angeles) and Davy Jones (born 30th December 1945 in Manchester, England). Michael and Peter were already musicians and Micky and Davy had experiences with fame as child stars. Michael had released records under the name of Michael Blessing and Peter was a folk musician. Micky, using the name Braddock, had stared in the 1950's television series Circus Boy, and Davy had been Ena Sharples' grandson in Coronation Street and starred in stage musicals such as Pickwick and Oliver!", "This 1966 photo shows The Monkees singing group. Shown from left, are, Davy Jones, Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz and Mike Nesmith. Jones died Wednesday Feb. 29, 2012 in Florida. He was 66. Jones rose to fame in 1965 when he joined The Monkees, a British popular rock group formed for a television show. Jones sang lead vocals on songs like \"I Wanna Be Free\" and \"Daydream Believer.\"", "The Monkees' Davy Jones dead at 66 – The Monkees -- Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz, top, and Davy Jones and Michael Nesmith -- pose for a group portrait in 1967. The pop group was created to star in an NBC sitcom and capitalize on the Beatles' teenybopper popularity. \"The Monkees\" TV series premiered in the fall of 1966.", "Unlike most bands of the time, the Monkees were not formed by its members, but rather by TV producers: they were a fictional band in the TV show of the same name. TV producers, Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson, formulated an idea for a show about a Beatles-like band, then put ads in newspapers, seeking musicians to star in the series. The band was composed of Mike Nesmith, Mickey Dolenz, Davy Jones, and Peter Tork. All the members had some musical experience.", "Davy Jones, Mike Nesmith and Mickey Dolenz of The Monkees in a reording studio, 1960 Gems/Redferns/Getty", "In 1986, three of the original Monkees - Davy Jones, Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz - officially reunited. Mike Nesmith, a reluctant Monkee even at the height of their stardom, remained the only hold-out.", "The Monkees were formed in 1965 for a TV sitcom about a band “that wanted to be the Beatles.” Although Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork were cast for their acting abilities and presumed appeal to teenage girls rather than their musical chops, they developed into a tight band and had several hits. Their self-titled debut album reached #1 on the Billboard charts.", "The Monkees were one of the biggest acts on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the late 1960s, as proven by this recap of the pop quartet's biggest hits. Comprising the late Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork, the pop act notched a total of 20 singles on the Hot 100 in its career.", "1986: Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork reunited as The Monkees when they kicked off their 145-date \"20th Anniversary World Tour\" at the Concord Hotel in the Catskill Mountains. The group has risen in popularity thanks to MTV, which started airing old episodes of their TV show.", "The Monkees were one of the biggest acts on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in the late 1960s, as proven by this recap of the pop quartet's biggest hits. Comprising Davy Jones - who passed away of a heart attack earlier today -- Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork, the pop act notched a total of 20 singles on the Hot 100 in its career.", "The Monkees' first studio album in 20 years was released May 27, 2016. \"Good Times!\" celebrates the band's 50th anniversary and features new contributions from surviving members Michael Nesmith, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork. CD also includes tunes written especially for the project by various respected modern-rock artists.", "Dolenz and Jones first met in the 1960s when they were cast alongside Peter Tork and Michael Nesmith in The Monkees, the band formed as part of a TV series about a rock band also called “The Monkees.”", "In 2016, the Monkees are now two — Dolenz, 71 and Tork, 74. Sadly, Davy Jones died of a sudden heart attack in 2012 at the age of 66. Jones’ death prompted Nesmith, 73, to rejoin a band he had distanced himself from since the end of the ’60s to participate in several tours between 2012-2014 before retreating once again. However, this did not prevent the Monkees from beginning the night’s set with the Nesmith-penned, rockabilly-inspired “Listen To The Band.”", "The Monkees with Jones, left, and from left, Micky Dolenz, Mike Nesmith and Peter Tork. Photograph: Michael Ochs Archives", "This is the version of The Monkees featuring original members Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork, but not Mike Nesmith, who briefly toured with them from 2011 to 2014. But he's \"always invited,\" Micky Dolenz tells Rolling Stone, \"and at times he has blessed us with his presence ... I sure hope he does show up at some point and sing a couple of songs with us.\"", "The Monkees' Davy Jones dead at 66 – Dolenz, from left, Tork and Jones promote their tour in London in 1989.", "The Monkees' late 2012 reunion tour marked Nesmith's first U.S. shows with the group since 1970. Although last year's tour was highlighted by tributes to Davy Jones, who passed away in February 2012, Dolenz tells Rolling Stone that the group's set list will be slightly different this summer.", "The Monkees went off the air in 1968, the same year as their only feature film, Head, premiered to poor reviews and box office results. Tork soon left the group, but Nesmith and the others made one more album together as the Monkees. Over the years, Nesmith has occasionally reunited with his former bandmates, most notably for 1996’s Justus, which featured all four original members.", "The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from Justus. For the first time since the brief 1986 reunion, Nesmith returned to the concert stage for a tour of the United Kingdom in 1997, highlighted by two sold-out concerts at Wembley Arena in London. The full quartet also appeared in an ABC television special titled Hey, Hey, It’s the Monkees , which was written and directed by Nesmith and spoofed the original series that had made them famous. Nevertheless, following the UK tour, Nesmith declined to continue future performances with the Monkees, having faced harsh criticism from the British music press for his deteriorating musicianship. Tork noted in DVD commentary that “in 1966, Nesmith had learned a reasonably good version of the famous “Last Train to Clarksville” guitar lick, but in 1996, Mike was no longer able to play it” and so Tork took over the lead guitar parts.", "Nesmith played guitar and wrote numerous songs, both for the Monkees and others. Tork, who played bass and keyboards on the TV show, was a multi-instrumentalist.", "With Jones sticking primarily to vocals and tambourine (except when filling in on the drums when Dolenz came forward to sing a lead vocal), the Monkees' live act constituted a classic power trio of electric guitar, electric bass and drums (except when Tork passed the bass part to Jones or one of The Sundowners in order to take up the banjo or electric keyboards).", "With Jones sticking primarily to vocals and tambourine (except when filling in on the drums when Dolenz came forward to sing a lead vocal), the Monkees’ live act constituted a classic power trio of electric guitar, electric bass, and drums (except when Tork passed the bass part to Jones or one of the Sundowners in order to take up the banjo or electric keyboards).", "Nesmith went on to a critically respected and modestly successful solo career, cutting several excellent country-rock albums, and he enjoyed considerable success in the entertainment business, producing music videos and feature films as well as running a film and video label, Pacific Arts. Both Dolenz and Jones moved back and forth between acting and music, and in 1975 they teamed up with Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to record a new album and the foursome went out on the road, playing their new material as well as many of the Monkees' hits. Tork's music career stayed under the radar through much of the '70s, though he led a band called Release, operated a music production firm, recorded a Christmas single with Dolenz and Jones in 1976, and was courted for a solo deal with Sire Records.", "In late 1965, a casting call brought 400 actors to interviews resulting in 14 screen tests and audience evaluation. The four chosen were Micky Dolenz, who had starred in the TV series Circus Boy years before; Davy Jones, an English stage actor; Mike Nesmith, a non-actor but \"real\" musician; and Peter Tork, a folk musician from New York City.", "In 1986, their 20th year, the television show and music experienced a revival, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records featuring various incarnations of the band's lineup. In 1997, all four members reunited for a new album, television special, and tour. A smaller-budget tour occurred in 2001. In 2011, for their 45th anniversary, band members Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork reunited (beginning in Liverpool) [7] for a critically [8] and commercially successful tour that sold out [7] [9] multiple venues. It would be the last tour with Davy Jones, who passed away on February 29, 2012. Micky Dolenz stated that \"just before the untimely passing of Davy Jones, all four of the original group were contemplating another reunion.\" [10]", "Following Davy Jones' death, in 2012, Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz performed at a memorial concert, \"An Evening of Music & Memories,\" at B.B. King's Blues Club & Grill on April 3, 2012 in New York City.", "Davy: We were gonna use all of those guys but they didn’t want to act. They just wanted to play music. And they were into other things too you know, so therefore at the time maybe they were into, y’know, smoking the grass and doing whatever, but who didn’t in the ’60s and if you now remember the ’60s you weren’t really there. That’s what they say. You’ve heard that many of times but y’know, the thing would be that we found different people. You know, they had to be multifaceted talented in certain ways.  Now, Mickey Dolenz, Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith,", "In assigning instruments for purposes of the television show, a dilemma arose as none of the four was a drummer. Both Nesmith, a skilled guitarist and bassist, and Tork, who could play several stringed and keyboard instruments, declined to give the drum set a try. Jones tested well initially as a novice drummer, but the camera could barely capture him behind the drums because of his short stature. Thus, Dolenz (who only knew how to play the guitar) was assigned to become the drummer. Tork taught Dolenz his first few beats on the drums, enough for him to fake his way through filming, but Micky was soon taught how to play properly. [16] Thus, the lineup for the TV show most frequently featured Nesmith on guitar, Tork on bass, Dolenz on drums, and Jones as a frontman/singer/percussionist.", "1963 Peter Tork moves to New York's Greenwich Village to play in various folk groups in music \"basket\" houses, where money is collected after each performance. [3] While still performing in the musical Oliver!, Davy makes his first studio recordings of demonstration tapes of his singing. [3] He is also nominated for a Tony award. [3] Mike Nesmith performs solo and with folk groups and releases his first recording. [3]" ]

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[ "In 1996, Chemical Bank of New York acquired Chase Manhattan Bank, retaining the Chase Manhattan name. The corporation merged with J.P. Morgan & Co in 2000 to form JPMorgan Chase. The blue Chase brand  has become highly visible in California and the West following its acquisition of Washington Mutual in 2008, all 822 former WaMu branches having been converted to Chase.", "In 2000, JPMorgan & Co. Incorporated merged with the Chase Manhattan Corp., effectively combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (JPMorgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm under the name of J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.", "In 2000, J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp., effectively combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (J.P. Morgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm under the name of J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.", "Chase bank is a national bank of the United States, and works as a subsidiary of JP Morgan Chase (a multinational banking conglomerate). Chase was called Chase Manhattan Bank before it got merged with J.P. Morgan and Company in the year 2000. Chase works for the consumer and commercial division of banking in the industry. The headquarters of the bank are situated in Chicago. Chase has established over 5,000 branches and more than 16,000 ATM nationwide. The bank now also offers online services like the chase credit card login services. These chase credit card login services allow users to conduct their financial transactions online itself.", "In 1857 the Peabody and Morgan American banking partnership was directly influenced by the Bank of England. The Bank of England provided an £800,000 bailout package in return for concessions to curtail competition.17 Over time the Rothschilds acquired stock and gained control. A similar strategy enabled the Rothschilds to take the helm of the Rockefeller flagship, Chase Manhattan. The Rothschilds signaled the Rockefellers were subordinate when in 2000 JP Morgan executives assumed the key management positions of JPMorgan Chase. Today, the lead Rothschild American front man is JPMorgan Chase's chief executive Jamie Dimon. Dimon is ultimately subordinate to N M Rothschild & Sons Limited chairman David de Rothschild.", "Its present name is derived from the collaboration of J.P. Morgan & Co. and Chase Manhattan Corporation, which were long-running financial institutions before their merger. Since then, the company grew through additional mergers and acquisitions of Bank One, Bear Steams, Washington Mutual, Collegiate Funding Services, The Bank of New York Co., and ClimateCare.", "Although the old Chase Manhattan Bank's headquarters were located at One Chase Manhattan Plaza in downtown Manhattan, the current world headquarters for JPMorgan Chase & Co. are located at 270 Park Avenue, Chemical Bank's former headquarters.", "Banking in the 1990s was a highly competitive business, as banks offered a variety of services to attract customers and sought to stem the flow of investors to brokerage houses and insurance firms. Large banks in the United States, in terms of assets, include Citibank and J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., headquartered in New York City; Bank of America and Wachovia/First Union, headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina; and Wells Fargo, headquartered in San Francisco, California.", "In 1996, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with Chemical Banking Corp., under the name of The Chase Manhattan Corp., creating what was then the largest bank holding company in the United States.", "The Rockefellers have maintained their controlling interest in the Chase Manhattan Bank, owning five per cent of the stock. Through this one asset they control $42.5 billion worth of assets. Chase Manhattan interlocks closely with the Big Four insurance companies, of which three, Metropolitan, Equitable and New York Life had $113 billion in assets in 1969.", "JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) is an American multinational banking and financial services holding company and the largest bank in the United States.", "The expansion of a commercial and retail bank into investment banking was in keeping with the fashion of the times. Barclays was already well on the way to becoming a vehicle for the ambitions of its investment bank, Barclays Capital . And at the summit stood investment banking thoroughbreds like Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, which seemed to offer those with the guts and capital to copy their models the chance to make the kind of money in a year retail banks would take decades to earn.", "The combined company retained the Wells Fargo name, and was based in San Francisco. However, Charlotte remained as the headquarters for the combined company's East Coast banking operations, and Wachovia Securities remained in Charlotte. Three members of the Wachovia board joined the Wells Fargo board. The merger created the largest branch network in the United States.", "In the 1980s, job growth and office construction were spurred by the arrival of national banks and financial institutions in the wake of the 1981 Financial Center Development Act, which liberalized the laws governing banks operating within the state, and similar laws in 1986. Today, many national and international banks, including Bank of America, Chase, and Barclays, have operations in the city, typically credit card operations.", "The New York Chemical Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the company amended its charter to perform banking activities and created the Chemical Bank of New York. After 1851, the bank was separated from its parent and grew organically and through a series of mergers, most notably with Corn Exchange Bank in 1954, Texas Commerce Bank (a large bank in Texas) in 1986, and Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in 1991 (the first major bank merger \"among equals\"). In the 1980s and early 1990s, Chemical emerged as one of the leaders in the financing of leveraged buyout transactions. In 1984, Chemical launched Chemical Venture Partners to invest in private equity transactions alongside various financial sponsors. By the late 1980s, Chemical developed its reputation for financing buyouts, building a syndicated leveraged finance business and related advisory businesses under the auspices of pioneering investment banker, Jimmy Lee. At many points throughout this history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the United States (either in terms of assets or deposit market share).", "Bank One Corporation traced its roots to First Bancgroup of Ohio, founded as a holding company for City National Bank of Columbus, Ohio and several other banks in that state, all of which were renamed \"Bank One\" when the holding company was renamed Banc One Corporation. With the beginning of interstate banking they spread into other states, always renaming acquired banks \"Bank One\", though for a long time they resisted combining them into one bank. After the First Chicago NBD merger, adverse financial results led to the departure of CEO John B. McCoy, whose father and grandfather had headed Banc One and predecessors. Dimon was brought in to head the company. JPMorgan Chase completed the acquisition of Bank One in the third quarter of 2004. The former Bank One and First Chicago headquarters in Chicago serve as the headquarters of Chase, JPMorgan Chase's commercial and retail banking subsidiary.", "The bank is based in Charlotte, North Carolina, but has a presence in more than 150 countries. Clientele includes 99 percent of the Fortune 500 companies based in the U.S. and 83 percent of the magazine’s global 500. It is the largest wealth management corporation in the world and is considered a major player in investment banking after it purchased Merrill Lynch in 2008.", "A $7.5 million settlement was reached in April 2014 with former chief financial officer for Bank of America, Joe L. Price, over allegations that the bank's management withheld material information related to its 2008 merger with Merrill Lynch. In August 2014, the United States Department of Justice and the bank agreed to a $16.65 billion agreement over the sale of risky, mortgage-backed securities before the Great Recession; the loans behind the securities were transferred to the company when it acquired banks such as Merrill Lynch and Countrywide in 2008. As a whole, the three firms provided $965 billion of mortgage-backed securities from 2004–2008. The settlement was structured to give $7 billion in consumer relief and $9.65 billion in penalty payments to the federal government and state governments; California, for instance, received $300 million to recompense public pension funds. The settlement was the largest in United States history between a single company and the federal government. ", "JPMorgan Chase raised $10 billion in a stock sale to cover writedowns and losses after taking on deposits and branches of Washington Mutual. Through the acquisition, JPMorgan now owns the former accounts of Providian Financial, a credit card issuer WaMu acquired in 2005. The company announced plans to complete the rebranding of Washington Mutual branches to Chase by late 2009.", "JPMorgan Chase was the biggest bank at the end of 2008 as an individual bank. (not including subsidiaries)", "Wall Street had become almost exclusively a street of banks and exchanges as early as the 1820s. At first these institutions tended to move into former dwellings, but by the mid- 1840s most of them had erected new Greek Revival bank buildings. At mid-century many financial institutions responded to the increasing demand from private bankers and insurance companies eager to locate in the Wall Street area by replacing their earlier bank buildings with Italianate commercial palaces containing both banking rooms and several office floors. In the twentieth century, banks on Wall Street began to build skyscraper headquarters, notably the Bank of New York at 48 Wall Street, the Manhattan Company (predecessor of the Chase Manhattan Bank) at 40 Wall Street, Bankers Trust at 14 Wall Street, and the Irving Trust Company at 1 Wall Street.", "Morgan Stanley (MS) is an American multinational financial services corporation headquartered in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, New York City.", "Citigroup Inc. (Citi) is an American multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Manhattan, New York City.", "Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States. Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States, and is home to The New York Stock Exchange , located on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization. [128] Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income. [129]", "Cohen was appointed executive director in charge of US investment banking at Orion Bank in 1980. Orion at that time was the largest consortium merchant bank in the world and was one of the few non-U.S. investment banks to take an active lead management position of Eurodollar bond issues on behalf of U.S. corporations. Cohen was largely responsible for establishing Orion as a leading underwriter of U.S. corporate issues in the international capital markets and received particular recognition for a series of innovative issues on behalf of General Telephone and Electronics. From 1983 to 1985, he served as managing director of Samuel Montagu (New York). At Montagu, he was active in advising on a number of prominent leveraged buy-outs, including a high-profile management acquisition of Hills Bros. Coffee.", "The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (up to the Wachovia and First Union merger of 2001). The list is not comprehensive.", "A savings bank holding company and former owner of Washington Mutual Bank, then the largest savings and loan association in the US.", "Real estate is a major force in Manhattan's economy, and indeed the city's, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US$914.8 billion for the 2015 fiscal year. Manhattan has perennially been home to some of the nation's, as well as the world's, most valuable real estate, including the Time Warner Center, which had the highest-listed market value in the city in 2006 at US$1.1 billion, to be subsequently surpassed in October 2014 by the Waldorf Astoria New York, which became the most expensive hotel ever sold after being purchased by the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, for . When 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for US$510 million, about US$1,589 per square foot (US$17,104/m²), it broke the barely month-old record for an American office building of US$1,476 per square foot (US$15,887/m²) based on the sale of 660 Madison Avenue. In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price. ", "No. 20 Exchange Place was built to house the head offices of one of Wall Street's new banking conglomerates, the City Bank-Farmers Trust Co., along with a branch of the National City Bank of New York and a branch of the Canadian Bank of Commerce.1 The City Bank-Farmers Trust Company was the product of a merger of two long-established banking firms: the National City Bank of New York and the Farmers Loan and Trust Company. The Canadian Bank of Commerce was a tenant in a building demolished to make way for the new tower and had been located on the site since as early as 1872.", "Wall Street is a street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It runs east from Broadway to South Street on the East River, through the historical center of the Financial District. It is the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Over time, Wall Street became the name of the surrounding geographic neighborhood and also shorthand (or a metonym) for the \"influential financial interests\" of the American financial industry, which is centered in the New York City area. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City vies with the City of London to be the financial capital of the world.", "* Investment banking involves advising the world's largest organizations on mergers and acquisitions, as well as a wide array of fund raising strategies. ", "New York City is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three \"command centres\" for the world economy (along with London and Tokyo). The city is the centre for finance and insurance in the United States. The New York metropolitan area had approximately gross metropolitan product of $1.13 trillion in 2005, making it the largest regional economy in the United States and, according to IT Week, the second largest city economy in the world. According to media analyses, New York controlled 40% of the world's finances by the end of 2008, making it the largest financial centre in the world. Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 42 Fortune 500 companies. New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company." ]

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[ "Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965), known by his stage name Moby, is an American singer-songwriter, musician, DJ and photographer. He is well known for his electronic music, veganism, and support of animal rights. Moby has sold over 20 million albums worldwide. AllMusic considers him \"one of the most important dance music figures of the early 1990s, helping bring the music to a mainstream audience both in the UK and in America\". ", "4. The American DJ and musician Moby took his stage name from the novel. Richard Melville Hall (born September 11th, 1965) is a descendant of Melville, and named himself after his ancestor’s most famous novel.", "Richard Melville Hall, alias Moby was born on September 11, 1965 in Harlem, New York, and raised in Connecticut. Today, he lives in Little Italy, New York.", "His artist name, Moby, comes from his great-great grand uncle: Herman Melville, the author of �Moby-Dick�. But he has lots of other names: he is also known as Vodoo child, Barracuda, DJ Cake and Mindstorm.", "1) Moby, the electronic dance producer uses the nickname he acquired when people discovered that he was related to Herman Melville, author of \"Moby Dick\".", "Rev. Richard Wayne Penniman (born December 5, 1932), known by the stage name Little Richard, is an American singer , songwriter and pianist . He is considered the key figure in the transition from rhythm and blues to rock 'n roll in the 1950s. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame web site entry on Richard observes that \"he claims to be 'the architect of rock and roll,' and history would seem to bear out Little Richard's boast. More than any other performer - save, perhaps, Elvis Presley , Little Richard blew the lid off the Fifties, laying the foundation for rock and roll with his explosive music and charismatic persona. On record, he made spine-tingling rock and roll. His frantically charged piano playing and raspy, shouted vocals on such classics as \" Tutti Frutti \", \" Long Tall Sally \" and \" Good Golly, Miss Molly \" defined the dynamic sound of rock and roll.\" [1]", "Ellas Otha Bates (December 30, 1928 � June 2, 2008), known by his stage name Bo Diddley, was an American rhythm and blues vocalist, guitarist, songwriter (usually as Elias McDaniel), and inventor. He was also known as \"The Originator\" because of his key role in the transition from the blues to rock & roll, influencing a host of acts including Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, The Velvet Underground, The Clash, The Yardbirds, and Eric Clapton. He introduced more insistent, driving rhythms and a hard-edged guitar sound on a wide-ranging catalog of songs. Accordingly, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation and a Grammy Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. He was known in particular for his technical innovations, including his trademark rectangular guitar.", "Richard Wayne Penniman, known by the stage name Little Richard, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, recording artist, and actor, considered key in the transition from rhythm and blues to rock and roll in the mid-1950s. He was also the first artist to put the funk in the rock and roll beat and contributed significantly to the early development of soul music.…  Read More", "Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 - September 28, 1891) was born into a seemingly secure, prosperous world, a descendant of prominent Dutch and English families long established in New York State. That security vanished when first, the family business failed, and then, two years later, in young Melville's thirteenth year, his father died. Without enough money to gain the formal education that professions required, Melville was thrown on his own resources and in 1841 sailed off on a whaling ship bound for the South Seas. His experiences at sea during the next four years were to form in part the basis of his best fiction.", "Sir Cliff Richard (born Harry Rodger Webb, 14 October 1940) is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide. He has total sales of over 21 million singles in the UK and is the third-top-selling artist in UK Singles Chart history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley.", "Herman Melville was an American novelist born in New York City. Though his book Moby Dick has garnered great literary praise, the first 3,000 books printed did not sell out during the author’s lifetime.", "Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter , multi-instrumentalist, humanitarian and education philanthropist. He is a prominent convert to Islam.", "Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou, ), commonly known by his former stage name Cat Stevens, is a British singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, humanitarian, and education philanthropist. His 1967 debut album reached the top 10 in the UK, and the album's title song \"Matthew and Son\" charted at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. His albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were both certified triple platinum in the US by the RIAA. His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and Islamic music. ", "Moby-Dick is an operatic version of Herman Melville's classic novel about a captain obsessed with conquering the great white whale that has crippled him. Appearing as Captain Ahab is heldentenor Ben Heppner, the starriest singer seen around here in some time.", "Bruno Mars. REAL NAME: Peter Gene Hernandez. The singer is a mix of Filipino, Spanish, Puerto Rican, Hungarian, Ukrainian and he's part Jewish, too.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer–songwriter and musician. Franklin began her career singing gospel at her father, minister C. L. Franklin's church as a child. In 1960, at the age of 18, Franklin embarked on a secular career, recording for Columbia Records but only achieving modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, Franklin achieved commercial acclaim and success with songs such as \"Respect\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" and \"Think\". These hits and more helped her to gain the title The Queen of Soul by the end of the 1960s decade.", "Sir Roderick David \"Rod\" Stewart, (born 10 January 1945) is a British rock singer-songwriter. Born and raised in London, he is of Scottish and English ancestry. Stewart is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold over 100 million records worldwide. He has had six consecutive number one albums in the UK and his tally of 62 UK hit singles includes 31 that reached the top ten, six of which gained the #1 position. Stewart has had 16 top ten singles in the US, with four reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. He was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity. ", "Lou Reed. Image by Timothy Greenfield Sanders used courtesy of Esther Creative Group Yes, that Lou Reed, the lead singer and songwriter of the Velvet Underground. A few years ago when we were producing the audio guide to The Stories and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe , I stumbled upon something...", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24 , 1941 ) is an American folk and rock singer-songwriter, born in Duluth, Minnesota . In 2016 Dylan received the Nobel Prize in Literature, \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\".", "17. The English singer and songwriter Kathryn Williams once introduced her version of Hallelujah in a live show by saying, \"I really, really, really want to shag Leonard Cohen.\"", "Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22, 1968, Kingston, Jamaica), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican-American reggae singer who takes his nickname from Scooby-Doo's companion—a nickname given to him by his friends during his teenage years because his name bore a similarity to the Scooby Doo character. He is especially notable for his distinctive sub-baritone voice. Speaking on This Morning on August 27, 2008, Burrell states the name Shaggy is a reference to his then hairstyle.", "In 1999 and 2000, Anderson performed a successful touring show, Songs and Stories from 'Moby Dick' based on the story of Herman Melville's classic novel. Three songs from the show featured on her album Life On A String, released in 2001.", "Orville Richard Burrell (born October 22, 1968 Kingston, Jamaica), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican-American reggae singer & rapper. He is perhaps best known for his 1995 single \"Boombastic\" and 2000 single \"It Wasn't Me\". He has been noted as having a baritone-range singing voice and is said to have taken his nickname from his \"shaggy\" hair.", "Having decided that his future lay in writing songs for others, Joel began composing material for a demo album in 1971. He was soon signed to producer Artie Ripp's Family Productions, a Los Angeles label, and Joel moved to California to record his first solo album. Cold Spring Harbor, originally intended simply as a vehicle to showcase his songs, was released in 1972. The album was technically inferior due to problems during the mastering stage of production; Joel's voice was speeded up and sounded, in his words, \"like a chipmunk.\" His association with Ripp would prove to be financially disastrous for the singer, who unfortunately signed away all publishing rights, copyrights, and royalties to his producer/manager for a period of 15 years. This deal reportedly cost millions to break later in Joel's career.", "\"The Downeaster 'Alexa'\" is a song originally written, produced, and performed by Billy Joel for his eleventh studio album Storm Front. The album itself went to number one while the fourth single \"The Downeaster 'Alexa'\" placed at #57 in the Billboard Hot 100. The song was included on Billy Joel's Greatest Hits Vol. 3 album in 1997.", "Penniman's initial musical influences were gospel performers, such as  Brother Joe May ,  Sister Rosetta Tharpe ,  Mahalia Jackson  and  Marion Williams . May, who as a singing evangelist was known as the \"Thunderbolt of the Middle West\" due to his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired the boy to become a preacher. [12 ] [13 ] Penniman performed with Tharpe at the  Macon City Auditorium  at fourteen after Tharpe heard him singing prior to her concert. [14 ]Penniman attended Macon's  Hudson High School  where he was a below average student. His musical talent, however, was recognized there when he learned to play the  alto saxophone . Penniman's mother recalled how Richard was \"always musical\" and that when he was young, he would always \"beat on the steps of the house, and on tin cans and pots and pans, or whatever\", while singing. [15 ] She also recalled that Richard was so quick at learning to play the saxophone that he was allowed to play with the school's  marching band  immediately. [15 ]", "8. Moby went solo at the end of the `80s when he moved back to New York making dance records under the names Voodoo Child, Brainstorm, Barracuda and UHF. His focus was on the acid house and rave scene.", "\"Green Sally Up\" was recorded by Moby in the Album \"Play\" under the name \"Flowers\". See http://www.lyricsdepot.com/moby/flower.html", "Joel signed his first solo record contract with Family Productions, and subsequently recorded his first solo album. Cold Spring Harbor (a reference to the Long Island town of the same name), was released in 1971. However, the album was mastered at the wrong speed, and the album was initially released with this error, resulting in Joel's sounding a semitone too high. The onerous terms of the Family Productions contract also guaranteed him very little money from the sales of his albums.", "Joel signed a contract with the record company Family Productions (owned by Artie Ripp but backed by Gulf + Western), with which he recorded his first solo album, Cold Spring Harbor (a reference to Cold Spring Harbor, New York, a town on Long Island). Ripp states that he spent $450,000 developing Joel; nevertheless, the album was mastered at the wrong speed and as a result, the album was a technical and commercial disappointment. ", " 1962 Kid Galahad (performer: \"King of the Whole Wide World\", \"This Is Living\", \"Riding the Rainbow\", \"Home Is Where the Heart Is\", \"I Got Lucky\", \"A Whistling Tune\")", "John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist, born near Clarksdale, Mississippi." ]

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[ "Securities and Exchange Commission – SEC. In the US, a government agency which is responsible for protecting investors against fraudulent and dishonest practices in the securities market.", "As publicly traded companies suffered financial difficulties due to subprime market, analyses of company financials have identified instances of false accounting entries and fraudulently inflated assets and revenues. Investigations have determined that several of these companies manipulated their reported loan portfolio risks and used various accounting schemes to inflate their financial reports. In addition, before these companies' stocks rapidly declined in value, executives with insider information sold their equity positions and profited illegally. The FBI is working with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and other U.S. regulatory agencies to identify possible corporate fraud centered on violations of insider trading, securities fraud, and accounting fraud.", "6/26/12: Research firm executive arrested on insider trading charges: FBI New York, (Reuters) – Law enforcement authorities said on Tuesday they arrested and charged an executive at an investment research firm as part of the government's wide-ranging probe of insider trading at the now-defunct Galleon Group hedge fund. Tai Nguyen of research firm Insight Research LLC surrendered to the FBI Tuesday morning, an FBI spokesman said, and was expected to appear in federal court in Manhattan later in the day. Nguyen was facing charges related to insider trading, the FBI said, but the exact charges have not yet been made public. The FBI and federal prosecutors in Manhattan have mounted a campaign to root out insider trading on Wall Street, focusing in part on employees at so-called expert network firms who they say helped funnel corporate secrets from consultants at companies to hedge funds.", "The United States has been the leading country in prohibiting insider trading made on the basis of material non-public information. Thomas Newkirk and Melissa Robertson of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) summarize the development of US insider trading laws. Insider trading has a base offense level of 8, which puts it in Zone A under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines. This means that first-time offenders are eligible to receive probation rather than incarceration.", "Rules prohibiting or criminalizing insider trading on material non-public information exist in most jurisdictions around the world (Bhattacharya and Daouk, 2002), but the details and the efforts to enforce them vary considerably. In the United States, Sections 16(b) and 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 directly and indirectly address insider trading. The U.S. Congress enacted this law after the stock market crash of 1929. The United States is generally viewed as having the strictest laws against illegal insider trading, and makes the most serious efforts to enforce the laws. In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services and Markets Act, 2000 gives the UK's Financial Conduct Authority the responsibility to investigate and prosecute insider dealing, defined by The Criminal Justice Act 1993.", "In January 2012, the SEC charged two multi-billion dollar hedge fund advisory firms, Diamondback Capital and Level Global, as well as seven fund managers and analysts, involved in a $78 million insider trading scheme based on nonpublic material information about Dell ’s quarterly earnings and other similar inside information about Nvidia Corporation . [83]", "Christopher Cox , the former chairman of the SEC, has recognized the organization's own multiple failures in relation to the Bernard Madoff fraud. [23] Starting with an investigation in 1992 into a Madoff feeder fund which only invested with Madoff, and which, according to the SEC, promised \"curiously steady\" returns, the SEC did not investigate indications that something was amiss in Madoff's investment firm. [24] The SEC has therefore been accused of missing numerous red flags and ignoring tips on Madoff's alleged fraud. [25] As a result, Cox has said that an investigation will ensue into \"all staff contact and relationships with the Madoff family and firm, and their impact, if any, on decisions by staff regarding the firm.\" [26] Approximately 45 per cent of institutional investors felt that better oversight by the SEC could have prevented the Madoff fraud. [27] Harry Markopolos complained to the SEC's Boston office in 2000, telling the SEC staff they should investigate Madoff because it was impossible to legally make the profits Madoff claimed using the investment strategies that he claimed to use. [28]", "The SEC makes reports available to the public via the EDGAR system. SEC also offers publications on investment-related topics for public education. The same online system also takes tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws. The SEC adheres to a strict policy that it never comments on the existence or status of an ongoing investigation.", "The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to protect investors who buy stocks and bonds. Federal laws require companies that plan to raise money by selling their own securities to file reports about their operations with the SEC, so that investors have access to all material information. The commission has powers to prevent or punish fraud in the sale of securities and is authorized to regulate stock exchanges.", "New opportunities for fraud have also developed in response to government programs that were established to support the financial markets. The FBI anticipates new iterations of traditional fraud schemes to develop as a result of the government-spending programs such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program and the Termed Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility. As such, combating securities and commodities frauds remains a top priority for the FBI.", "Hedge fund titan Steven A Cohen's firm, long the focus of a federal investigation into insider trading, is paying more than $600m to US securities regulators to settle allegations arising from improper trading in two stocks. Guardian, 15 March 2013.", "The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), Federal Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) have statutory authority to monitor certain segments of the physical and futures energy commodities markets.  These agencies have imposed broad regulations prohibiting fraud and manipulation of such markets.  With regard to derivative activities that we undertake with respect to oil, natural gas, NGLs, or other energy commodities, we are required to observe the market-related regulations enforced by these agencies.  Failure to comply with such regulations, as interpreted and enforced, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.", "Madoff's name first came up in a fraud investigation in 1992, when two people complained to the SEC about investments they made with a firm called Avellino & Bienes. Madoff returned the money to investors and the SEC closed the case. In 2004, Genevievette Walker-Lightfoot, a lawyer in the SEC's Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations (OCIE), informed her supervisor branch chief Mark Donohue that her review of Madoff found numerous inconsistencies, and recommended further questioning. However, she was told by Donohue and his boss Eric Swanson to stop work on the Madoff investigation, send them her work results, and instead investigate the mutual fund industry. Swanson, Assistant Director of the SEC's OCIE, had met Shana Madoff in 2003 while investigating her uncle Bernie Madoff and his firm. The investigation was concluded in 2005. In 2006 Swanson left the SEC and became engaged to Shana Madoff, and in 2007 the two married. A spokesman for Swanson said he \"did not participate in any inquiry of Bernard Madoff Securities or its affiliates while involved in a relationship\" with Shana Madoff. ", "In September 2011, the SEC charged AXA Rosenberg and its founder, Barr Rosenberg, with fraud for concealing a significant error in the computer code of the quantitative investment model used to manage client assets. AXA Rosenberg paid $217 million to compensate harmed investors and a $25 million penalty. Barr Rosenberg paid a $2.5 million penalty and was barred from the industry for life. [74] [75]", "PINNACLE DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS LLC (ATLANTA): This investigation centered on investor solicitations by Pinnacle Development Partners LLC (Pinnacle) and its principals who represented having raised $60 million from over 2,000 investors in 33 states through a nationwide campaign that promised a 25 percent return in 60 days through investment in foreclosed properties. In October 2006, the SEC filed parallel civil fraud charges against Pinnacle and its founder, Gene O'Neal, for the operation of a Ponzi scheme. Pinnacle's assets were frozen, and the company consented to a court-appointed receiver to review its assets.", "In January 2003, Michael Zimmerman, a trader with SAC came under SEC scrutiny for allegedly trading on information in company reports written by his wife, Holly B. Becker, a noted Lehman Brothers Internet analyst, before they were published. This situation was mentioned in several articles. Although SAC was not under investigation, Becker and Zimmerman were served with Wells Notices. SAC claimed that if anything happened, it was before Zimmerman joined the company. A Business Week article about Cohen also discussed another possible conflict of interest with one of SAC’s traders.", "In 2009, the Project on Government Oversight , a government watchdog group, sent a letter to Congress criticizing the SEC for failing to implement more than half of the recommendations made to it by its Inspector General [31] According to POGO, in the past 2 years, the SEC had taken no action on 27 out of 52 recommended reforms suggested in Inspector General reports, and still had a \"pending\" status on 197 of the 312 recommendations made in audit reports. Some of these recommendations included imposing disciplinary action on SEC employees who receive improper gifts or other favors from financial companies and investigating and reporting the causes of the failures to detect the Madoff ponzi scheme. [32]", "Some manifestations of this white collar crime have become more frequent as the Internet gives criminals greater access to prey. The trading volume in the United States securities and commodities markets, having grown dramatically in the 1990s, has led to an increase in fraud and misconduct by investors, executives, shareholders, and other market participants.", "Report by Institutional Investment Manager-if a institutional investment manager exercises discretion over an account it must file reports with the SEC . If the market value of equity securities under the advisors control exceeds $100 million on the last trading day of any month, form 13f must be filed with the SEC", "The mission of the Economic Crimes Unit - II as it relates to Financial Institution Fraud is to identify, target, disrupt, and dismantle criminal organizations and individuals engaged in fraud schemes that target our nation's financial institutions. Areas investigated in the financial institution fraud arena include: financial institution failures, insider fraud, check fraud, counterfeit negotiable instruments, check kiting, loan fraud, and mortgage fraud.", "According to the SEC indictment against Annette Bongiorno and Joann Crupi, two back office workers who worked for Madoff, they created false trading reports based on the returns that Madoff ordered for each customer. For example, when Madoff determined a customer’s return, one of the back office workers would enter a false trade report with a previous date and then enter a false closing trade in the amount required to produce the required profit, according to the indictment. Prosecutors allege that Bongiorno used a computer program specially designed to backdate trades and manipulate account statements. They quote her as writing to a manager in the early 1990s “I need the ability to give any settlement date I want.” In some cases, returns were allegedly determined before the account was even opened.", "Stewart’s case was more complicated. She had made a timely sale, but that wasn’t enough to accuse her of insider trading. To do that, the government would have show Stewart traded while in possession of information that was nonpublic and material – something that is not widely known and that a regular investor would consider important in making a decision about a trade.", "Henry Theroux, speaking at the Banking Institutes International meeting, was eager to enlighten members about prevention of fraud. The stories of two rogue traders offered an opportunity to teach auditors and those responsible for oversight of banking operations about the practices to prevent such situations. Should auditors do more than evaluate the validity of numbers? Do they need to evaluate management practices, internal checks and balances, and controls on exposure to risk? The trading business is very complicated and many top managers may lack experience with trading, providing fertile ground for fraud. What can be done? What is the role of the global regulators in the frauds at Barings and Societe Generale? What about reporting structures in the organizations? What about remuneration structures? All of these questions were in Henry's mind as he worked to put together his training program for the members of Banking Institutes International. It was time for these frauds to be prevented and Henry was serious about helping to make this happen.", "A fraudulent investment scheme paying investors from money paid in by other investors rather than real profits", "* Financial Crimes, covering missions such as prevention and investigation of counterfeit U.S. currency, U.S. treasury securities, and investigation of major fraud. ", "The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the U.S. House of Representatives and a U.S. district attorney are all investigating a possible accounting scandal at Freddie Mac. Forbes, June 12, 2003.", "Institutional investors who, as part of the ordinary management of their investment portfolios, acquire securities representing more than five percent of a class of equity securities are required under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act to file reports indicating their beneficial ownership with the Commission. If these securities were acquired with neither the purpose nor effect of changing or influencing the control of the issuer, and not in connection with nor as a participant in any transaction having such purpose or effect, the institutional investor is eligible to report the acquisition on Schedule 13G.", "Anthony Bolton turns to private investigators after investors in Fidelity’s China fund suffer losses of 21%", "AMERICAS FINANCE Here is a brief overview of why and how trading surveillance technology can help:", "In April 2008 Wachovia was also investigated by United States federal prosecutors as part of a probe into drug money laundering by Mexican and Colombian money-transferring firms. The investigation of the alleged laundering also included other large U.S. banks. ", "If securities are missing, no criminal act, found as a result of an audit. A report must be filed no later than 10 business days after discovery or as soon after a count or verification of the certificate numbers can be determined", "The email was followed up with a phone call from a person claiming to be Steven Shapiro, after which, wiring instructions were sent to allow the transfer of funds to an Agricultural Bank of China account. The money was transferred as requested and it was only when a follow up email was received a week later requesting a further transfer of $18 million that suspicions were raised. Of course, by that point the transferred funds had been withdrawn and the account had been closed." ]

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[ "The Good Witch of the North, sometimes named Locasta or Tattypoo, is a fictional character in the Land of Oz , created by American author L. Frank Baum . [1] She is the elderly and mild-mannered Ruler of the Gillikin Country. Her only significant appearance in Baum’s work is in Chapter 2 of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), in which she introduces Dorothy to Oz and sends her to meet the Wizard, after placing a protective kiss on her forehead. She makes a brief cameo appearance at Princess Ozma ‘s birthday party in The Road to Oz (1909), but is otherwise only mentioned elsewhere in the series.", "The Good Witch of the North, sometimes named Locasta or Tattypoo, is a fictional character in the Land of Oz , created by American author L. Frank Baum . [1] She is the elderly and mild-mannered Ruler of the Gillikin Country. Her only significant appearance in Baum's work is in Chapter 2 of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900), in which she introduces Dorothy to Oz and sends her to meet the Wizard, after placing a protective kiss on her forehead. She makes a brief cameo appearance at Princess Ozma 's birthday party in The Road to Oz (1909), but is otherwise only mentioned elsewhere in the series.", "Glinda is the good witch who rules over the kingdom of the kind residents of Oz. She is genuinely good and helps Oz.", "In the original Wizard of Oz novel, there were two good witches and two wicked witches. Both Glinda and the Good Witch of the North are combined into one character in the 1939 film. This portrayal of Glinda stays in league to the original novel, while the real name of the Good Witch of the North varies by production.", "Glinda is a fictional character invented by L. Frank Baum , author and creator of the Oz legacy. She is the beautiful and independent Good Witch of the South who is introduced in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. She appears at the very end of Baum's story in the twenty third chapter of the novel titled Glinda the Good Grants Dorothy's Wish. Glinda lives in the magical Land of Oz . She is the official ruler of Oz's southern quadrant called Quadling Country . Glinda is the most educated and respected sorceress in all of Oz--she is forever immortal and rumored to be many hundreds, (possibly even thousands) of years old despite her lively personality and youthful appearance.", "In the classic 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, the Good Witch of the North is called Glinda, which is the name of the Good Witch of the South in the Oz novels. In the movie, Glinda the Good Witch of the North, portrayed by Billie Burke, is only slightly matronly and quite beautiful, and in addition to meeting Dorothy on her arrival in Oz, she also supervises her progress on her journey to the Wizard and helps her find her way back to Kansas at the end of the story. She wears a pink gown with a matching crown and carries a long magic wand with a glittering star on the tip. Although the existence of a \"Good Witch of the South\" is implied by the cardinal point names of Glinda and the other two witches, the film makes no direct reference to such a character.", "Though there were actually 2 good witches in the L. Frank Baum source material, The Wizard of Oz writers decided to combine the two as Glinda, the Good Witch of the North and played by Billie Burke. Yet, when you watch the movie, this merge tends to have unfortunate implications regarding Glinda.", "However, the Palace Guard, the Soldier with the Green Whiskers (his name is Omby Amby, but that's not revealed in this book) suggests that there might be one person left in Oz who can tell Dorothy how to get back home: Glinda, the Good Witch of the South. Who has not, may I remind you, appeared in this book before.", "During the first scene in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Good Witch of the North (Locasta or Tattypoo) explains to Dorothy that Oz still has witches and wizards, not being civilized, and goes on to explain that witches and wizards can be both good and evil, unlike the evil witches that Dorothy had been told of. That book contained only the four witches (besides the humbug wizard), but despite Ozma's prohibition on magic, many more magicians feature in later works.", "Locasta Tattypoo aka the (Good Witch of the North) is a fictional character created by L. Frank Baum , author and creator of the Oz legacy. She is introduced in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. She is from the magical Land of Oz and appears in the second chapter of the novel The Council with the Munchkins. Interestingly, she is not given a name in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and is only known by her title of position. It would not be until Baum wrote the sequel Oz books when her character is finally given an actual name. Unlike the 1939 MGM musical movie The Wizard of Oz , she is the first Good Witch to originally greet a newly arrived Dorothy Gale and her little pet dog Toto to Oz, and should not be mistaken for the character of Glinda the Good, who is actually the Good Witch of the South and doesn't make an appearance until the end of the original story.", "Ruling over the South of Oz as the Good Witch, Glinda is friends with Zelena and gifted a pendant to help control her magic. She is later banished to the Enchanted Forest by Zelena after sending Dorothy Gale home, and begins living in the woods, south of Rumplestiltskin 's castle, hidden in a pocket dimension of ice and snow, which only the pure of heart may enter through.", "Glinda the Good Witch of the North is a supporting character of The Wizard of Oz who helps and guides  Dorothy Gale on her quest to Emerald City to see the great and powerful wizard to send her back to Kansas. She is portrayed by Billie Burke. In fact, Glinda is the only Ozian character to be credited at the end because Burke didn't portray any people in Kansas (although in the RSC version her Kansas counterpart is Aunt Em ).", "At the beginning of The Marvelous Land of Oz, it is revealed that the Good Witch of the North had banned the practice of magic by any other witch in Gillikin Country (thereby minimizing potential future threats). The Gillikin Country had once been under the power of Mombi, but she was overpowered and routed by the Good Witch of the North, as revealed in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. Thus, the Wicked Witch of the North was forced to be no more than a lowly wizardess, under the Good Witch of the North's rule.", "The Good Witch of the South is Glinda the Good . She is the most powerful of the Witches. According to the Soldier with Green Whiskers, Glinda:", "Oscar Diggs , Finley , and China Girl come to a cemetery at the edge of the  Dark Forest , and see a dark, hooded figure. They quickly realize that the figure must be the Wicked Witch Evanora told them about, and watch she carefully places her wand onto nearby rocks. While Finley distracts the figure, Oscar steals the wand, and is about to break it in two when a gentle voice stops him. The hooded figure unveils herself, revealing a beautiful woman identical to Annie , Oscar's old flame back in Kansas. She introduces herself as Glinda and explains that the true Wicked Witch is Evanora . Years ago, she poisoned Glinda's father, the King, so she could rule Oz uncontested. Before he died, the King predicted that a powerful Wizard would come and take his place. To stop this from coming to pass, Evanora framed Glinda for her crime, forcing the good witch into exile.", "L. Frank Baum presented her as an extremely kind and gentle character who stood against the oppression and subjugation of people. She became the Ruler of the Gillikin Country in the North after freeing the Gillikins from the clutches of Mombi , the erstwhile Wicked Witch of the North. However, the character's kindness and magnanimity of spirit was not confined to her own domain, and she was loved not only by her own subjects but also by other people in Oz, such as the Munchkins . Although she wasn't as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East and was hence unable to depose her the way she deposed Mombi, the Good Witch of the North was nonetheless exceedingly sensitive to the plight of the enslaved Munchkins , who regarded her as their friend. She also appears as a highly altered player in Ruth Plumly Thompson 's The Giant Horse of Oz (1928), in which she is called Tattypoo.", "Glinda, along with her other good witch counterpart, appear in a little-known 1995 version of \"The Wizard of Oz\" made for British television. After the defeat of the Wicked Witch of the West, she reveals to Dorothy (Denise Van Outen) that the Ruby Slippers ended up in the possession of the Wicked Witch of the East after falling off the feet of a previous visitor from over the rainbow (Zöe Salmon, in a cameo appearance) after she wished to go back to where she came from. She refuses to take possession of them, as she's afraid of being tempted by their power, so she summons the other good witch, who takes them after Dorothy wishes herself home.", "Glinda, along with her other good witch counterpart, appear in a little-known 1995 version of \"The Wizard of Oz\" made for British television. After the defeat of the Wicked Witch of the West, she reveals to Dorothy ( Denise Van Outen ) that the Ruby Slippers ended up in the possession of the Wicked Witch of the East after falling off the feet of a previous visitor from over the rainbow ( Zöe Salmon , in a cameo appearance) after she wished to go back to where she came from. She refuses to take possession of them, as she's afraid of being tempted by their power, so she summons the other good witch, who takes them after Dorothy wishes herself home.", "The Good Witch of the South, Glinda is young and beautiful. Dorothy appeals to her to help her return to Kansas, but Glinda reveals to her the power of the silver slippers that can take her there right away. Glinda also proves herself wise and merciful, using the three commands of the Golden Cap that she procures from Dorothy to help the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, and the Cowardly Lion, and finally release the Winged Monkeys from their enthrallment to its master.", "It takes place 20 years before the events of the original novel, Oz the Great and Powerful focuses on the origin of the Wizard of Oz, whose real name is revealed to be Oscar Diggs, and who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches: Theodora (the Wicked Witch of the West whose non-canon origin is elaborated upon), Evanora (the Wicked Witch of the East ), and Glinda . Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz, while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself with the help of his trusty flying monkey, Finley and a young china doll, China Girl.", "The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the Winkie Country. Her castle is described as beautiful instead of being the sinister fortress shown in the movie. In all versions, she is seriously aquaphobic. The Wicked Witch of the West was not related to the Wicked Witch of the East, but leagued together with her, the Wicked Witch of the South and Mombi to conquer the Land of Oz and divide it among themselves, as recounted in L. Frank Baum's Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. She shows no interest in the death of the Eastern Witch, and all she cares about is obtaining the Silver Shoes which will increase her power. W. W. Denslow's illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz depict her as a paunched old hag with three pigtails and an eye-patch. L. Frank Baum himself specified that she only had one eye, but that it \"was as powerful as a telescope\", enabling the witch to see what was happening in her kingdom from her castle windows. Other illustrators, such as Paul Granger, placed her eye in the center of her forehead, as a cyclops. Usually, she is shown wearing an eye patch, however some illustrations incorrectly show her with two eyes.", "The Wicked Witch of the West (full name: Elphaba) is the main antagonist in The Wizard of Oz, the first novel of the famous Oz series, and its classic 1939 film adaptation. She is Dorothy 's arch-nemesis. Although, the Wicked Witch only appears in the first book, and that the Nome King is the primary antagonist of the series, she was so memorable (mostly thanks to the film) that most adaptations and nearly all re-telling of the story are centered about her.", "Glinda the Good. Ruler of the Quadlings, she is also a skilled sorceress, and one of the most respected citizens of Oz because of her power and knowledge. She is able to keep track of all that goes on through her Great Book of Records, where every event is written down as soon as it happens.", "In \"The Wiz\", the Wicked Witch of the West is given the name Evillene, and is the malevolent ruler of the Winkies. She is the sister of Addaperle, Glinda, and Evamene, the other three witches of Oz.", "The Wicked Witch Of The West is the main antagonist of the (1939) Film The Wizard Of Oz (1939) The Wizard Of Oz Her Kansas alter ego counterpart is the mean spirited town Mayor named Almira Gultch who tries to put protagonist Character Dorothy Gale's pet dog named Toto down for attacking her when Dorothy and him were walking home from the Kansas school House. File Img 20140621 054718 Jpg Thumb Almira Gultch Of Kansas History In both book and movie the Witch plays as the main antagonist in the story when Dorothy and Toto are in Oz.", "The Wicked Witch of the West: The Wicked Witch of the West is the major antagonist in the story. She uses the Winged Monkeys to do her biding, keeping the Winkies Slaves and forcing the Wizard of Oz out of the West. The Wicked Witch of the West's reign of terror is abruptly halted when Dorothy throws a bucket of Water on the witch.", "The Wicked Witch of the West (or Witch of the West, or Wicked Witch for short) is a fictional character invented by L. Frank Baum , author and creator of the Oz Legacy. Her first and only appearance is in Baum's first Oz book titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , published in 1900. She is introduced in the twelfth chapter of the novel titled, The search of the Wicked Witch, where she serves strictly as the most significant antagonist in the plot of the story. In the novel, Baum never named his Wicked Witch and she is only known by her title of position.", "The Wicked Witch of the West (or simply The Wicked Witch) was the ruler of the Winkie Country in the Land of Oz . Elphaba was the Wicked Witch of the West in Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and Wicked: The Untold Story of the Witches of OZ (musical).", "From The Witches of Oz : Witch of the East (left) and Witch of the West (right)", "The story of Wicked is not seen through the eyes of the original Oz protagonist--Kansas farm girl known as Dorothy Gale . However, even though Dorothy does not hold center stage, she still plays a part at crucial times but only because the story could never exist without her. Dorothy is neither the hero nor villain in the story but a mere outsider thrown into a world she knows nothing about.", "The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the western quadrant in the magical Land of Oz known as the Winkie Country . Interestingly, in Baum's original book of 1900, it is said the Wicked Witch lives in a yellow castle that is beautiful. Her home is described as consisting of long hallways carpeted with yellow velvet rugs, yellow silken draperies are placed at the castle windows and attractive yellow antiques and decor decorated nearly every room. It is indeed a luxurious setting instead of being the sinister fortress of medieval darkness shown in the 1939 movie.", "Wicked Witch of Munchkin Country (Royal advisor of oz \"Formerly\", but only in Oz the great and powerful)" ]

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[ "The word \"shogun\" comes from the Japanese words sho, meaning \"commander,\" and gun, or \"troops.\"  Thus, \"shogun\" was originally the title for a military commander or a general in ancient Japan, between the eighth and 12th centuries CE.  In the 12th century, the shoguns seized power from the Emperors of Japan, and became the de facto rulers of the country.  This state of affairs would continue until 1868, when the Emperor once again became the leader of Japan.", "(literally, \"military commander\") was often one of the hereditary military governors of Japan from 1192 to 1867. [1] In this period, the shōguns, or their shikken regents (1203–1333), were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor. When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese (see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the shōgun to secular European rulers, e.g. the King of Portugal . In keeping with the analogy, they even used the term \"emperor\" in reference to the shōgun/regent, e.g. in the case of Toyotomi Hideyoshi , whom missionaries called \"Emperor Taicosama\" (from Taiko and the honorific sama ).", "The time of rule by shoguns and warlords in Japan is referred to as the Japanese feudal period. During the feudal period, as military rule took over, the emperor's rule was restricted to religious matters. Feudalism in Japan lasted from the 12th until the 19th century. Its military-led warrior culture emerged partly in response to the threat of Mongol invasions in the 13th century. After Japan defeated the Mongols, a sense of national unity developed and the Japanese felt their culture was superior. Japan, however, had reaped no rewards from war, only debts; and unpaid samurai terrorised peasants to obtain money. The samurai drove the reigning Kamakura shoguns (1185-1333) from power, and the Muromachi shoguns (1333-1573) that followed them failed to maintain control. Provincial officials established themselves as warlords and fought each other in the Onin war (1467-1477), leading to the spread of feudal rule as the central government collapsed.", "Feuding between samurai warrior clans finally led to collapse of the nominal central government at Kyoto, and for the purpose of restoring order, the emperor appointed the leader of the victorious samurai faction, Minamoto Yoritomo, Japan's first shogun or military commander in 1185. While a form of civil government continued under the emperor at Kyoto, it exercised no real authority, and the shogun was in reality the military dictator of Japan supported in power by his samurai warrior vassals. The title of shogun became hereditary, and this form of military dictatorship endured in Japan until 1867 when the last shogun resigned and the emperor was restored to power.", "Upon the consolidation of power, Minamoto no Yoritomo chose to rule in consort with the imperial court in Kyoto. Though Yoritomo set up his own government in Kamakura in the Kantō region east of Kyoto, he styled it as a bakufu, which means \"tent headquarters\", implying that the Kamakura government was merely the army of the central imperial court. In 1192, the Emperor declared Yoritomo shogun, an abbreviation of the earlier title of seii tai-shōgun; the English term shogunate refers to the bakufu. Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868. ", "    Samurai, Japanese warriors, became the protectors of the shoen, and power began to grow for some families.  In the late 12th century, fights between powerful shoen estates end the Heian period, and the power of the Emperor diminishes.  By 1156, a new system was established, the shogun system.  The Shogun system was a feudal system in which the shogun, or powerful military dictators, controlled the peasants with the use of force.  Japan becomes a military country, run by powerful Shogunate.  This military system was brought in under the Kamakura period, and was also known as the bakufu.  Powerful families and the new warrior class under the Shogunate control this military government.  This military system lasted until 1868, when the Meiji reforms brought back the power of the Emperor and abolished all the Shogun leaders and samurai warriors.  The samurai developed a code of principles that would live on past the Shogunate system.  �Japanese history until the 16th century was marked by the gradual expansion of the samurai�s power and the corresponding decline of the aristocracy�s,�  (Ikegami 48).", ", title of the feudal military administrator who from the 12th cent. to the 19th cent. was, as the emperor's military deputy, the actual ruler of Japan. The title itself, Sei-i-tai Shogun [barbarian-subduing generalissimo], dates back to 794 and originally meant commander", "In the early 11th century, daimyo protected by samurai came to dominate internal Japanese politics. Two of the most powerful families, the Taira and Minamoto, fought for control over the declining imperial court. The Taira family seized control from 1160 to 1185, but was defeated by the Minamoto in the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Minamoto no Yoritomo seized certain powers from the central government and aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura in which the private military, the samurai, gained some political powers while the Emperors of Japan and the aristocracy in Japan remained the de jure rulers. In 1192, Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun by the emperor and the political system he developed with a succession of shogun at the head became known as a shogunate. Yoritomo's wife's family, the Hōjō, seized the power from the Kamakura shoguns. When Yoritomo's sons and heirs were assassinated, the shogun became a hereditary figurehead. Real power rested with the Hōjō regents. The Kamakura shogunate lasted for almost 150 years, from 1192 to 1333.", "Oh, yes, there were such places in the warring Japan of 16th century. Even Oda Nobunaga didn't touch the warlords of Kyushu islands. Christian warlords like Otomo Sorin, Lord of Bungo; Lord Omura Sumitada, Ito Yoshimatsu of Obi, and the Lord of Arima, were untouchable; they paid respect to the Emperor but in some kind of an unconsumed mutual coldness when it came to the Central Japanese warlords and Shoguns (click here for profiles, stories and pictures of Japanese Christian warlords and samurai) .", "Japanese warlord. Directing almost continuous military conquest, in 1560s he began unifying Japan under the Shogunate. By the late 1570s he was controlling nearly half of Japan, and on the verge of greater victories before being killed by a fellow commander.", "            The last century of the Muromachi period, from the Ōnin War to 1573, is known as the Age of Warring States. During this time, provincial and regional warlords known as daimyō dominated Japan. Some daimyō families had formerly been shugo, others had been lieutenants or deputies, and some were truly self-made men who had risen through the ranks. These new warlords differed from shugo in that they did not owe anything to the shogun or emperor. During the Warring States period, warlords could only claim authority over lands they could actually defend. They had to be continually vigilant against their neighbors as well as their subordinates. The age is sometimes characterized by the term gekokujō, which means the lower replacing the higher (or those of humble origins replacing their superiors). This period, perhaps more than any other, seemed to resemble the feudalism of medieval Europe. Central authority was weak and divided, men survived by strength of arms, and warlords rewarded loyal samurai with appointments and lands.", "These civil disorders tended to concentrate power in the hands of a few daimyo of unrivalled strength who ultimately fought for control of Japan itself. A general named Tokugawa Iyeyasu won this battle for control of Japan. He was appointed shogun by the emperor and established his military government at Yedo (now Tokyo).", "Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.", "    Bushido in Japan was important for many reasons.  In a time of civil wars and regional battles, the Bushido principle of nationalism led to the unification of Japan.  The powerful shugo, or provincial governor, Oda Nobunaga gained control of Kyoto in the 16th century and eventually gained control of one third of Japan.  Toyotomi Hideyoshi comes to power as Oda Nobunaga's general, and continues to unify Japan.  Finally, in 1600, Tokagawa Ieyusa wins a great battle, and Japan becomes entirely unified.  Japan enters into a period of isolation from the outside world, and the samurai class of the Tokagawa period reach their high point of culture.  The samurai train less in the arts of military, but more in education and in service.  This leads to great tension between samurai; those who accept the change from military to service, and those who cannot.  In 1702, the 47 Ronin make one last display of their resentment of the new class of samurai.  Until the return of the Emperor during the Meiji restoration, the samurai had become not more warlike but the cultural elite.", "The Japanese samurai warriors came into existence in the 12th century when two powerful Japanese clans fought bitter wars against each other - the Taira and the Minamato. At that time the Japanese shogunate, a system of a military ruler, called the shogun was formed. Under the shogun the next hierarchy were the daimyo, local rulers comparable to dukes in Europe. The Japanese samurai were the military retainers of a daimyo.", "In 645, the Soga clan were overthrown in a coup launched by Prince Naka no Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari, the founder of the Fujiwara clan. Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching Taika Reforms. The reforms nationalized all land in Japan, to be distributed equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. Subsequently the Jinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict between two rivals to the throne, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms. These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the Taihō Code, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments. These legal reforms created the ritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.", "(16031868) The last and most powerful of the Japanese shogunates (16031868), established by Ieyasu Tokugawa at Edo (modern Tokyo). Tokugawa power was cemented through ruthless domination of daimyo (noble) lands and lifestyles. Western commercial contacts were developed, important poetry and the great ukiyo-e art were produced, and there was rapid educational advance. Nevertheless, a series of …", "Bushidō (\"way of the warrior\") was a term that began to appear in intellectual and nationalist discourse after the Japanese defeat of China in 1895 and of Russia in 1905. Hagakure or \"Hidden in Leaves\" by Yamamoto Tsunetomo and Gorin no Sho or \"Book of the Five Rings\" by Miyamoto Musashi, both written in the Tokugawa period (1603–1868), are theories often associated with Bushido and Zen philosophy.", "The \" feudal \" period of Japanese history, dominated by the powerful regional families ( daimyo ) and the military rule of warlords, stretched from the twelfth through the nineteenth centuries . This time is usually divided into periods following the reigning family of the shogun:", "Being a warrior in feudal Japan was more than just a job. It was a way of life. The collapse of aristocratic rule ushered in a new age of chaos — appropriately called the Warring States period (c.1400-1600) — in which military might dictated who governed and who followed.", "Around the time of World War I, Zhang Zuolin established himself as a powerful warlord with influence over most of Manchuria. During his rule, the Manchurian economy grew tremendously, backed by immigration of Chinese from other parts of China. The Japanese assassinated him on June 2, 1928, in what is known as the Huanggutun Incident. Following the Mukden Incident in 1931 and the subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Japanese declared Inner Manchuria an \"independent state\", and appointed the deposed Qing emperor Puyi as puppet emperor of Manchukuo. Under Japanese control Manchuria was one of the most brutally run regions in the world, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local Russian and Chinese populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation. Manchukuo was used as a base to invade the rest of China.", "The first military government was established in Kamakura in eastern Honshu in 1185. Its founder took the title of \"Barbarian-Conquering-General\"--whose shortened form in Japanese is shogun. He claimed to be merely the military ruler, while the emperor ruled over the civil government in Kyoto. But, in fact, he gradually gathered all power into his own hands and those of his samurai followers, leaving the emperor more powerless than ever.", "From 1192 to 1867, sovereignty of the state was exercised by the shoguns, or their shikken regents (1203–1333), whose authority was conferred by Imperial warrant. When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese (see Nanban period), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the Emperor with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the Shogun to secular European rulers (e.g., the Holy Roman Emperor). In keeping with the analogy, they even used the term \"Emperor\" in reference to the shogun and their regent, e.g. in the case of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, whom missionaries called \"Emperor Taico-sama\" (from Taiko and the honorific sama).", "In 1185 a new government was founded by the Minamoto family in Kamakura, south of modern Tôkyô. In 1192 Minamoto Yoritomo was given the title 'shôgun' to signify his military control over the country. While it followed the laws of the Heian government, the Kamakura government was run by a network of samurai throughout the country, pledged to keep the peace. Since they exercised real power on the spot, they were able to take over land from rich aristocratic land proprietors and thus caused the Heian government in Kyôto to become even weaker. Gradually the samurai took the lead in developing the law of the nation.", "The Heian Period ended when the Minamotos were defeated by the Taira clan (1156). In turn, the Tairas were defeated in 1185 by an alliance of clans lead by a Minamoto clansman, Minamoto Yoritomo, who assumed the title of Seii Tai Shogun, or \"supreme general sent against the barbarians.\" After his victory, he killed his generals to ensure his position. He then set up a military government, the bakufu (\"tent government\"), in Kamakura, far from the effete and powerless court of the kuge (court nobles) in Kyoto. Although the shogun was the commander of the Emperor's armies, \"with Yoritomo's rule the title came to denote the military dictator who ruled in the name of the Emperor.\" (Saotome, 1993, p. 105.) The Buke (samurai( 4 ) class) became the de- facto ruling class. After Yoritomo's death in 1205, succeeding shoguns came from his allies in the Hojo Clan (1185-1336), then by force from the Ashikaga clan (1336-1568), and after a great civil war (Momoyama Period, 1568-1600), the Tokugawa clan (1600-1867).", "The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu. Instead of ruling from Kyoto, he set up the Shogunate in Kamakura, near his base of power. \"Bakufu\" means \"tent government\", taken from the encampments the soldiers would live in, in accordance with the Bakufu's status as a military government. ", "Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. , Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor", "It was these highly aspired ideals of educated warriors that allowed for the cohesion of samurai armies and for their power to eventually dominate government.  In 1160, the Taira clan beat the Minamoto clan and Taira no Kiyomori established the first samurai-lead government with the emperor losing control and being relegated to figurehead status. ", "The weak imperial line received a fatal blow to its power in 1156, when Emperor Toba died without a clear successor. His sons, Sutoku and Go-Shirakawa, fought for control in a civil war called the Hogen Rebellion.", "The Sengoku jidai (\"warring-states period\") was marked by the loosening of samurai culture with people born into other social strata sometimes making names for themselves as warriors and thus becoming de facto samurai. In this turbulent period, bushido ethics became important factors in controlling and maintaining public order.", "            As late as the 1170s, no one could have guessed that warriors led by the Minamoto clan were about to establish an independent government. Most warriors served as middle-level officials in the provinces, working as managers on government-owned public lands or on private estates (shōen). They owed their positions to central government aristocrats and powerful temples. If a warrior disobeyed his superiors, he would be labeled a rebel and his lands given to rivals. Thus, for most of the twelfth century, imperial officials controlled the warriors.", "As the effective influence of the imperial court gradually waned from the 9th century through the 12th century, power in the provinces devolved to local warriors (bushi or samurai). The warriors were typically landholders, usually small estate proprietors or estate managers. They lived in small, fortified compounds, surrounded by palisades or earthen fortifications, and they dominated the surrounding peasant communities. Often warriors served as local district officials, responsible for collecting taxes on remaining public lands. Much of their time was devoted to the cultivation of martial skills–archery, horsemanship, and swordsmanship. With their land holdings, military skills, and access to local office, the warriors constituted a powerful local elite." ]

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[ "A marquee is a large tent used as a temporary building. They have long been used for circus or other performances, fairs, banquets, large weddings or, more recently corporate hospitality events. Traditionally made of canvas, modern \"party tents\" are more likely to use PE (polythene) or, for higher quality, PVC. 'DIY' marquees are available up to 20 feet (6m) wide. 30 to 150 feet (9m to 45m) widths are very expensive and require specialized equipment and skill to erect, so they must usually be rented. Many corporations own large (9m to 45m wide) marquee tents but have them installed and maintained by qualified professionals. Party tents are held down with tensioned ratchets and/or stakes. Sizes range from 10 x 10 feet (3m x 3m) to 150 x 400 feet (45m x 120m). Marquees / party tents are dramatic and very strong.", "A circus is commonly a travelling company of performers that may include acrobats, clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists and other stunt-oriented artists. The word also describes the performance that they give, which is usually a series of acts that are choreographed to music and introduced by a “ringmaster”. The traditional circus is held in an oval or circular arena called a ring, which has tiered seating around its edge. In the case of traveling circuses, this location is often a large tent which is nicknamed the “big top”.", "* A marquee is a large tent used as a temporary building. They have long been used for circus or other performances, fairs, banquets, large weddings, religious tent revival events or, more recently corporate entertainment events. Traditionally made of canvas, modern \"party tents\" are more likely to use PE (polythene) or, for higher quality, PVC. 'DIY' marquees are available up to 20 ft wide. 30 to widths are very expensive and require specialized equipment and skill to erect, so they must usually be rented. Many corporations own large (9 m to 45 m wide) marquee tents but have them installed and maintained by qualified professionals. Party tents are held down with tensioned ratchets and/or stakes. Sizes range from 10 to.", "As styles of performance have changed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venues where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century bespoke circus buildings (often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring and sometimes a stage. The 'traditional' large tents, commonly known as 'Big Tops' were introduced in the mid 19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue and remain so to the present day. Contemporary circuses perform in a variety of venues including tents, theatres and casinos. Many circus performances are still held in a ring usually 13 m (42 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Philip Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks.", "The modern and commonly held idea of a 'circus' is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein. However, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical research, and the ongoing 'circus' phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman Philip Astley, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman times.", "* July 16 – With the closing of its \"Big Tent\" show in Pittsburgh, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announces all subsequent circuses will be \"arena shows\" due to changing economics.", "Throughout its history, the circus has always been plagued with problems. The worst tragedy in circus history occurred during the afternoon show of the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus on 6 July 1944, at Hartford, Connecticut. The flame-resistant Big Top leaked badly, so for 1944 the Ringling management substituted an old-fashioned tent waterproofed with a solution of paraffin and benzene. The coating kept water out, but the canvas was extremely flammable.", "In the smallest circus you may see talent equal to that seen in any of the big shows in this country or on the continent. In the confined space at their disposal they are unable to do anything spectacular, but I have seen in the one-pole tent a troupe of riders whose names appear on the bills of some of the best-known shows of today.", "117 Real Photo Postcards of a Sells-Floto Circus & Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Lot of 10 real photo postcards showing various day-to-day duties and activities of employees of the Sells-Floto Circus & Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, as well as the rough conditions and incidents they experienced while setting up and tearing down the shows, ca 1914-1915. Five RPPCs capture the aftermath of an incident involving the derailment of several cars used in the show. One of the cars is covered in canvas that is marked Pikes Peak or bust, and an additional car shown on its side reveals a SellsFloto / Buffalo Bill advertisement. Employees of the show can be seen posing near or on top of the derailed cars. Also included are 2 RPPCs that document a heavy rain, which caused flooding near the tents, as well as views captioned as Wagon raising entire tent at once and Spreading Canvas 60", "A circus is a company of performers that may include clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers, unicyclists, as well as other object manipulation and stunt-oriented artists. The term 'circus' also describes the performance which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Philip Astley is credited with being the 'father' of the modern circus when he opened the first circus in 1768 in England. Early circuses were almost exclusively demonstrations of equestrian skills with a few other types of acts to link the horsemanship performances. Performances developed significantly through the next fifty years, with large scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The 'traditional' format, whereby a ringmaster introduces a varied selection of acts that mostly perform choreographed acts to traditional music, developed in the latter part of 19th century and continued almost universally to be the main style of circus up until the 1970s.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is an American circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The company was started in 1919 when the circus created by James Anthony Bailey and P. T. Barnum was merged with the Ringling Brothers Circus . The Ringling brothers purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907, but ran the circuses separately until they were finally merged in 1919. In 1957 John Ringling North changed the circus from using their own portable tents to using venues, such as sports stadiums that had the seating already in place. In 1967 Irvin Feld bought the circus, but in 1971 he sold it to Mattel. He bought it back in 1982.", "The Roman circus (from Latin, \"circle\") was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. The circuses were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with theatres and amphitheatres, Circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time. Circuses were venues for chariot races, horse races, and performances that commemorated important events of the empire were performed there. For events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water.", "Today, the circus is produced and directed by Hungarian Laci Endresz. A live band (sometimes accompanied by Mooky the Clown ) provides all the music for the show, often dynamically syncing with the performers' movements. The circus band play a variety of different songs, usually Latin for the acts. In the winter the circus stages a pantomime instead of the regular show.", "An important footnote to this fire story is the fact that the circus had tried unsuccessfully to obtain the necessary quantity of a new canvas flame proofing compound that was developed by the Armed Services. It was pointed out by the Army that no civilian concern was allowed the use of the compound. Soon after the fire, however, the Army approached Ringling’s and granted them the necessary priority to obtain enough compound to fireproof their tents. From 1945 on, the circus tents were treated with a flame retardant compound.", "The performance surface of the circus was normally surrounded by ascending seating along the length of both straight sides and around the curved end, though there were sometimes interruptions in the seating to provide access to the circus or the seating, or to provide for special viewing platforms for dignitaries and officials. One circus, that at Antinopolis (Egypt), displays a distinct gap of some 50m between the carceres and the start of the ascending seating where there is apparently no structure. This appears to be an exception.", "When the tent became engulfed in flames, the crowd broke into a stampede. They could have escaped under the tent flaps almost anywhere, but in their panic, many tried to leave the way they had come in, but they now found that way blocked by the animal chute used to transport the big cats. Fire hadn't spread to the other end yet and employees tried directing them to that exit. In the panic, crowds still stampeded to the end on fire. Three minutes later, the tent poles started collapsing and the roof caved in. Within six minutes, all the tent had burned, leaving a pile of smoldering ashes. In all, 168 persons were trampled or burned to death - at least 80 of them were children. Another 487 people, including 60 circus employees, received burns and injuries. Insurance claims came to almost $4 million.", "The Greatest Show on Earth was originally called P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Menagerie, Caravan and Circus, and survives today as the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, which will offer ten days of performances starting tomorrow -- and is already inspiring a PETA sideshow regarding the treatment of its elephants .", "The Great Marquee, which was first put up in 1951, was named in the Guinness Book of Records as the world’s largest tent (3½ acres). It was replaced by the current modular structure in 2000. The remains of the old tent were cut up and used to make 7000 bags, aprons, and jackets.", "The circus is often called “The Greatest Show on Earth” after the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey company billed itself so soon after it began its series of performances in 1919. However, the circus had been around long before that with Philip Astley, considered “the father of the modern circus”, opening his equestrian-based show in England in 1768. Since then, the circus has continued to awe audiences with its captivating mix of clowns, acrobats, trained animals, trapeze artists, jugglers, and other thrill or comedy-based acts.", "The Circus consists of three long, curved terraces designed by the elder John Wood to form a circular space or theatre intended for civic functions and games. The games give a clue to the design, the inspiration behind which was the Colosseum in Rome. Like the Colosseum, the three façades have a different order of architecture on each floor: Doric on the ground level, then Ionic on the piano nobile, and finishing with Corinthian on the upper floor, the style of the building thus becoming progressively more ornate as it rises. Wood never lived to see his unique example of town planning completed as he died five days after personally laying the foundation stone on 18 May 1754.", "This super circus has a massive big top with excellent seating, and will light up the Market Green area, and the large transport will fill the venue.", "Nestling in a gloriously intimate domed amphitheatre formed by the four arched legs of the tower structure is a 1600-seat circus that has operated since 1894, long outliving illustrious touring competition like the Barnum & Baileys Circus of 1898 and Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show of 1904. In 1906, in what was then the world’s greatest circus, one Tower act alone boasted forty polar bears. Incredibly, animal acts remained on the bill until at last they were outlawed in 1990.", "After delighting audiences across the world, Continental Circus Berlin has landed in the Midlands with a glittering show that combines ice artistry, circus skills and illusions. Ice dancers, trapeze artists, contortionists, comedians and magicians all feature in this high-energy production, which is presented within a brand new state-of-the-art (and heated!) luxury big top.", "to ‘go to the circus’ for it is ‘an enormous bowl in which circular forms unroll. Nothing stops, everything is connected. The ring dominates, commands, absorbs. The circus is a rotation of masses, people, animals, and objects.’ The present work serves as one of Léger’s enduring visual celebrations of the circus spectacle.", "Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus is a United States traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. The circus, known as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, was started in 1919 when the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show on Earth, a circus created by P. T. Barnum and James Anthony Bailey was merged with the Ringling Bros. World's Greatest Shows. The Ringling brothers had purchased Barnum & Bailey Ltd. following Bailey's death in 1906, but ran the circuses separately until they were merged in 1919.", "Julius Caesar's development of the Circus, commencing around 50 BC, extended the seating tiers to run almost the entire circuit of the track, barring the starting gates and a processional entrance at the semi-circular end. The track measured approximately 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 150 m (387 ft) in breadth. A canal was cut between the track perimeter and its seating to protect spectators and help drain the track.", "Unlike the Cirque Olympique, Dejean’s new building was not equipped with a theater stage. Not that Dejean had shunned it: Hippodramas were extremely popular in the mid-nineteenth century in circuses as well as in theaters—and circuses had a strong advantage over theaters since they could use both ring and stage for spectacular, action-filled, three-dimensional equestrian dramas. But the neighboring playhouses, which didn’t want to see yet another circus building transformed into a competing theater, had requested that the new circus be built exclusively for equestrian presentations—with a ring and no stage, like the Cirque des Champs Elysées—and Dejean had to yield to their wish in order to obtain his permit.", "Over this first tent covering there was a second tent placed which was slightly larger in size. It was made from black goat's hair woven together. Instead of starting with ten narrow curtains, this time eleven were used, each of them was 30 cubits by 4 cubits. This meant, that because it was 2 cubits longer than the linen curtain, it reached right down to ground level and entirely covered the first one.", "Lothar Meggendorfer’s International Circus is a nice example of the quality that could be achieved in those days. This pop-up book contains six pop-up scenes of circus acts, including acrobats, clowns and daredevil riders.", "In 1889-90, the circus returned to Olympia with Phineas T.Barnum’s ‘Greatest Show on Earth’. The showman bought his show over from New York and headed straight to Olympia London. ", "Circuses do not appear to have been constructed with any special compass orientation. Those that are well identified can be found with their round ends oriented around the compass.", "The city is marked by its attachment to its famous resident, the circus-promoter and once mayor P.T. Barnum. Barnum built three houses in the city, and housed his circus in town during winters." ]

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[ "The sensory details or figuratively English used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent obstructions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory , and olfactory. On the broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing", "    Target indicators are grouped into the four areas or senses of olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual.  Olfactory is what you do, or fail to do, that allows the enemy to smell your presence.  Tactile is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to touch an object that gives away your presence.  Auditory is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to hear your presence.  Visual is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to see you or indications that you are present.", "The tactile sense is one of the five traditional senses of the body . It is recognized by the organs of touch which are found mainly in the skin . The sensitivity varies from one part of the skin to another, e.g. the highly sensitive areas are the tactile sense on the forehead , temples , and the back of the forearm (H. N. Martin). Tactile sense is focused mainly on sense of pressure , traction and touch , excluding temperature and pain .", "There are five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. There are organs connected with these sense that take in information that is sent to the brain so that the body can act on it.", "the use of words to produce mental images of specific sensory experiences (olfactory [smell], gustatory [taste], tactile [touch], visual, auditory [hearing], emotional).", "Senses   The means by which the body can detect what is happening in the outside world. There a five main senses: sight , hearing , taste , smell and touch .", "Haptic: Awakening the Senses haptic: of or relating to the sense of touch; tactile. What happens when you ask 21 international architects and designers to create objects that focus on the sense of touch, instead of colour and form? See a beautiful and intelligent collection of fascinating items driven by the senses including hair lanterns, soft doorknobs and packaging made of replica fruit skin. This exhibition features work by Shigeru Ban, Jasper Morrison and Toyo Ito, commissioned by Japanese designer Kenya Hara, Chief Executive of the Nippon Design Centre and MUJI. www.thelighthouse.co.uk Now to 12 October 2008, Gent Design Museum, Netherlands", "Unlike the quasi-ubiquity of the tactile arts, aesthetically valuable fragrances are clearly confined to a particular art: perfumery. While touch seems to adhere unobtrusively to other senses, particularly to sight, thus losing its specific character, perfumery cannot be replaced or even reconstructed with approximation by any other art. From the perspective of real experience, the visual representation of smells in the fine arts and their literary descriptions have nothing to do with an olfactory art but merely with the meaning of smells and the suggestion of atmospheres. An olfactory work of art has to be really smelled and felt, either in a closed space ,in a garden, or in a flask.", "Digital Technology. of or relating to tactile sensations and the sense of touch as a method of interacting with computers and electronic devices: smartphones that incorporate haptic feedback;", "In addition to this, in order for us to learn something, we first need to experience it at the level of sensation via our five senses (i.e. touch, taste, hearing, sight and smell). As without our senses, learning would be virtually impossible.", "* Humans have more than the commonly cited five senses. The number of senses in various categorizations ranges from 5 to more than 20. In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, which were the senses identified by Aristotle, humans can sense balance and acceleration (equilibrioception), pain (nociception), body and limb position (proprioception or kinesthetic sense), and relative temperature (thermoception). Other senses sometimes identified are the sense of time, itching, pressure, hunger, thirst, fullness of the stomach, need to urinate, need to defecate, and blood carbon dioxide levels. ", "Maybe what's needed is a different approach entirely.  A different take on the skin senses was proposed by Melzack and Wall (1962), who noted that there is not, in fact,a one-to-one correspondence between the physiological and experiential aspects of somesthesis.  They criticized the class definition of the sensory modalities (or, at least, the skin senses) in terms of specific receptor organs sensitive to specific physical stimuli, which generated neural impulses which traveled over specific afferent pathways to specific projection areas in the brain. Following Hebb (1955), and Skinner (1938), they criticized this conceptual nervous system, which envisioned a kind of direct neural channel from the skin to the brain.  (Another example of a conceptual nervous system is the reflex arc introduced in the lectures on the Biological Bases of Mind and Behavior : obviously, things are more complicated than circuits of three neurons!).  They acknowledged that there are many different types of receptors embedded in the skin, but they argued that these receptors do not correspond to any particular modality (such as the tactile or thermal sense), or any quality within a modality (such as warmth or cold). ", "\"The tactile system is the earliest sensory system to become functional (in the embryo) and may be the last to fade\" (Fosshage, 2000). It remains a potent and some would say the most powerful form of communication throughout the course of one's life, holding immense potential for use and misuse, for healing and for harm.", "The haptic sense encompassing the feeling of touch, temperature, pain, movement and force, the olfactory sense and the sense of taste have traditionally been neglected in the history of aesthetics. When they have been taken into consideration, it was only to deny the existence of art forms that address these senses. Let us begin by having a look at the objections brought against their aesthetic potential.", "I'm going to list them here because, well why not: Time, sight, taste, color, depth, solidity, relative sizes, sound, pitch, tone, volume, rhythm, smell, touch (pressure, friction, heat or cold, oiliness), personal emotion, endocrine states, awareness of awareness, personal size, organic sensation, heartbeat, blood circulation, cellular and bacterial position, gravitic, motion of self, motion (exterior), body position, joint position, internal temperature, external temperature, balance, muscular tension, saline content of cells, fields/magnetic, time track motion, physical energy, self-determinism, moisture (self), sound direction, emotional state, personal position on the tone scale, affinity, communication, reality, emotional state of groups, compass direction, level of consciousness, pain, perception of conclusions, perception of computing, perception of imagination, perception of having perceived, awareness of not-knowing, awareness of importance, awareness of others, awareness of location and placement (masses, spaces, location itself), perception of appetite, kinesthesia.", "Tactile sensory seekers often seek out tactile sensations, like playing with sand and muck. They may lather certain things on their body to achieve the stimulation they are craving on their skin. They may run their hands or fingers across walls, railings, or other objects in their environment. It is also common for them to constantly touch other people. Tactile seekers may have a hard time refraining from grabbing and handling everything, which is often viewed as bad behavior or a character flaw.", "1. the function or the power of perceiving by touch or by any physical sensation not connected with sight, hearing, taste, or smell.", "Similarly, the sensory homunculus represents the regular association between the location of a particular body part, and the cortical site that receives tactile sensations from that body part: the feet are near the legs, adjacent to the longitudinal fissure, the hands are near the arms, adjacent to the central fissure, with the trunk is in between them; the face is near the temporal lobe, near the lateral fissure; and the internal organs are tucked inside the lateral fissure. Again, there is proportional representation, with greater amounts of cortical tissue devoted to those body parts (like the hands and feet) that make fine tactile discriminations.", "The term ‘Sensory Processing’ refers to our ability to take in information through our senses (touch, movement, smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance) organize and interpret that information and make a meaningful response.The seven senses are fundamental to a child’s ability to learn & function in any environment.", "According to the dictionary, Haptics is expressed as “The branch of psychology that investigates cutaneous sense data”. In other words, the word Haptic, or Haptics is used to refer to the sense of touch and touching capabilities. Haptics can be broken down and organized into three different fields.", "The sense of touch where contact , pressure or traction exerted on the skin as well as in some internal organs are recognized.", "Somatic senses are sometimes referred to as somesthetic senses, with the understanding that somesthesis includes touch, proprioception and (depending on usage) also haptic perception. ", "Another form of Haptics is Haptic Technology, which is a technology that interfaces with the user through the sense of touch. An example of this might be all of the touch screen cell phones that have become very popular in the U.S. Another example could be the new touch screens used in the grocery stores with the self check out option.", "A dictionary of the different qualities of touch sensations, such as pain, pricking, temperature, vibration, etc. (Moholy, Vision in Motion, 69)", "1. the sense by which the texture and other qualities of objects can be experienced when they come in contact with a part of the body surface, esp the tips of the fingers.", "a word or sequence of words that refer to any sensory experience; anything that can be seen tasted smelled, heard, or felt on the skin or with fingers", "A person's experience of the world is processed and organized in terms of the five senses (Grinder & Bandler 1975b p.6; Dilts et al, 1980, p.17).", "On the contrary, I identify nine different sensory modalities, or general domains in which sensation occurs. These modalities may be arranged hierarchically (of course!), beginning with a division (initially proposed by Sherrington in 1906)into two broad categories,exteroception and proprioception. Within each of these categories, there are (of course!) further subcategories.", "A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception. The nervous system has a specific sensory system or organ, dedicated to each sense.", "Humans have such a visual orientation that we often forget to write with our other senses. Thank goodness for stereoscopic vision, but why is it so hard to think of words to describe what we smell and hear and taste? Here’s a list that you might find helpful, just to kickstart your descriptions.", "The sensory details or figuratively and we can use to describe, arouse emotions, or represent abstractions", "How many senses are there -- how many different ways of experiencing, and knowing, the world?" ]

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[ "Birthstones for the calendar month of September are sapphire, agate, moonstone, zircon, peridot (chrysolite), and sardonyx.", "Sapphire is the planetary stone of Venus, the ruling planet of Libra, and in this regard is deemed a Libra birthstone. This Libra gemstone is also the modern birthstone for the month of September in the Western calendar. Most famous for its deep blue color, the birthstone for Libra belongs to a group of minerals called corundum, and occurs in other hues except red, with which the mineral is called ruby. The Libra stone is believed to bring inner peace and spiritual enlightenment.", "Sapphire is the birthstone for those who are born in September. As for the zodiac, it is regarded as the stone for Taurus . If a Taurus wears a sapphire, it is thought to protect from and cure mental disorders.", "The sapphire, birthstone for September, is a relative of July’s birthstone, ruby. Like ruby, it is a form of the mineral corundum, a normally drab grey mineral. Red corundum is called the ruby, while all other gem quality forms of corundum are called sapphires.", "Besides being identified specifically as Libra birthstone, peridot, also known by its old name chrysolite, was the traditional birthstone for September in the old Arabic, Hebrew, Italian and Russian calendar. This Libra gemstone occurs as beautiful transparent olive green stones.", "Before zircon was the birthstone for September in the Hindu calendar, moonstone was the September birthstone in India, going as far back as the Ayurvedic or old Hindu calendar. Moonstone is composed of alternate layers of orthoclase and albite, which gives this September gemstone the look of glowing from within. The September stone is believed to relieve anxiety. See also Moonstone: Stone of Security .", "What color is September birthstone? The birthstone color for September is easily judged by the choices of modern birthstones for September. Sapphire, the modern birthstone for September both in the United States and Britain is most popular for its deep blue variety. Lapis lazuli, the alternate modern birthstone of September in Britain, is also blue. Zircon, the September gemstone in the Hindu calendar, is most popular in its blue variety. Hence, it is clear that blue, most especially deep blue, is the September stone color.", "Agate is the birthstone for September in the old Tibetan calendar. This September birthstone is banded chalcedony occurring in practically all colors, and includes another traditional birthstone of September among its many varieties, that is, sardonyx. Agate is believed to enhance intelligence and increase eloquence. See also Agate: Stone of Prudence .", "The twelve Zodiac signs an astrological version of birthstones in addition to the twelve calendar months. Sapphires are considered to be the birthstone for Virgo (The sign of the Virgin) and relate to those born between August 23 – September 22.", "Sapphire is precious corundum occurring in colors other than red, which would otherwise be called ruby. This birthstone of September is a highly valuable gemstone, and has accordingly remained among the 4 precious stones of the modern day. While the gemstone is available in a variety of colors, the color of sapphire popularly regarded as the September gemstone is the blue sapphire. This September stone is believed to bring inner peace and stave off depression.", "The modern birthstone for the month August is peridot, with sardonyx as alternate birthstone in Britain. Peridot was in fact never designated as birthstone for August traditionally, but was assigned as birthstone for the month of September in most ancient calendars. Sardonyx and carnelian were the gemstones widely accepted as the stones of the month of August. Other gems of the month include moonstone, topaz, alexandrite, diamond, ruby and sapphire. See 9 Types of August Birthstone .", "Sapphire is a blue variety of the mineral corundum. The birthstone for September is supposed to protect the wearer from envy and trouble. While sapphires occur in a number of blue color tones, the most valued are the darker shades almost touching violet. The gemstone is mostly found in river gravel.", "Note that blue sapphire is the traditional color for September. But sapphires come in every color of the rainbow (except hues of red which are given the name ruby), as do tourmalines and even diamonds. Garnet, usually thought of as a red birthstone, actually is available in a variety of colors including orange, green, and even the lovely deep purple color of grapes.", "Opal is considered the birthstone for people born in October or under the signs of Scorpio and Libra.", "Brazil, U.S., Sri Lanka ( Ceylon ), Myanmar (Burma), former USSR, Australia, Pakistan, Mexico, Tasmania, Japan, Africa. Topaz and citrine are the birthstones of the month of November. Some blue topaz are indistinguishable from aquamarine with the naked eye .", "The modern birthstone for the month of April is diamond, with clear quartz as alternate birthstone in Britain. Diamond was also the traditional birthstone for the month going back to the Polish and old Hindu calendar, though in other ancient calendars, sapphire was most consistently regarded as birthstone of April. Gems of the month of April also include opal, as recorded in the old Tibetan calendar. See 4 Types of April Birthstone .", "October's birthstones are pink tourmaline and opal.  (It is said that the opal will crack if it is worn by someone who", "The modern birthstone for the month of February is the amethyst, which is also a traditional birthstone of the month, going as far as the ancient Roman, Italian, Polish, Russian, Hebrew, Arabic and old Hindu calendar. The second month’s birthstone is the violet variety of quartz. Beside amethyst, gems of the month of February include hyacinth (red zircon), pearl, moonstone and bloodstone. See 5 Types of February Birthstone .", "The modern birthstone for the month of May is emerald, which is also the traditional birthstone for the month as far back as the ancient Polish, Russian and Arabic calendar. The other traditional birthstone for the month of May, agate, which is also the zodiac stone for Gemini, was regarded as the birthstone for May in most other ancient calendars. Birthstones of the month also include carnelian, chalcedony and sapphire. See 6 Types of May Birthstone .", "Pyrite which is gold in color is the  natural birthstone  of those born in the magical month of midsummer (July 22 - August 21). Gold crystals bring you success, enthusiasm, happiness, and power.", "Peridot is the accepted birthstone for August. It is also the accepted anniversary gemstone for the 16th year of marriage.", "Most people are familiar with the association of various gems to our birth dates. These stones vary by different cultures and times, but through the years there has been little change regarding the connection of the amethyst with the month of February, beginning on the 21st of this month, and ending on March 20th. According to ancient views of the Zodiac, gems like the amethyst not only had planetary influences, but they were even ascribed to certain days of the week, specific hours of the day and night, and special anniversaries. The amethyst was never considered a gem of the night; it was a stone of the dawn. The amethyst is ascribed to Wednesday, and to the hour of 8:00 a.m. of that day. It also signifies the seventeenth wedding anniversary. It is also believed if you wore the gem designated for the anniversary of the specific month and day or your birth, your ethereal vibrations would be heightened.", "May – Emerald – May’s traditional birthstone is the emerald and continues to be that month’s sole birthstone. The emerald is a green stone which has been mined and cherished since antiquity. It is said to symbolize rebirth and to imbue its owner with youth, vitality, and good fortune. Modern emeralds are commonly sourced in Zambia, Brazil, Colombia, and Afghanistan.", "Romantic and passionate amethyst, the traditional birthstone for those born in February, is said to represent courage and inner strength. Amethyst gemstone jewelry makes a thoughtful and personal birthday gift.", "Amethyst is the modern February birthstone and the accepted gem for the 4th, 6th and 17th wedding anniversaries. See other February birth stones : Traditional , Mystical , Ancient , Zodiac Sun Signs (Star Signs) , Talismanic and Ayurvedic birthstone charts.", "Arguably the most popular gemstone on earth, diamond is the modern birthstone for April, both in the United States and in Britain, as well as in India. The gemstone was likewise traditionally recognized as the April birthstone, and was in fact designated as the birthstone of April in the old Polish and ancient Hindu (Ayurvedic) calendar. Before the gemstone landed on these calendars as the gemstone for April, diamond was a zodiac stone for Aries, which falls partly on the month of April.", "Opal is the birthstone for April in the old Tibetan calendar. This April birthstone occurs in a variety of colors, and is popular for its multi-colored fire that shines against a certain body tone, which ranges from white, blue, to black, black being the most expensive of the precious opal. The Romans held this birthstone of April to be a symbol of hope and purity.", "Garnet: According to the American Gem Society, the birthstone for the month of January (and the Aquarius zodiac sign) is a garnet. The word garnet is said to be derived from the word granatum, which translates to seed. The pyrope garnet, which is widely recognized as the birthstone for January, was thought to resemble a pomegranate seed, and thus came the name for the gemstone. This particular stone dates back to 3100 B.C. Egypt. Today, the most common areas in the world where garnets are procured include Africa, South America and parts of Europe. ", "There are thirteen different stones listed as birthstones for the calendar month of February, or as Sun/Star, Planetary, or Talismanic stones for the Zodiac sign of Aquarius or Pisces. Because these two Zodiac signs span part of February and March, both are listed in this table.", "This amazing February Birthstone , Amethyst is also a stone of great friendship and found its way to the Catholic Church clergy centuries ago because it was believed to put its wearer in a pure frame of mind apart from symbolizing trust and piety. It was worn by bishops and cardinals and at the Pforzheim Jewellery Museum one can find it in the prelates’ crosses and the Papal Ring.", "However, the monthly Gregorian calendar was not fully adopted until 1752, at which point a birthstone was assigned to each month, often depending on the stones colour. ", "Pisces is the zodiac sign of a person born on February 29, and amethyst is the birthstone for this month." ]

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[ "Standard Oil (1870-1911) was the dominant oil company in the world until it was felled by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. In 1911, the Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil had violated the Act through its tactics of using low prices to wipe out competitors. The result was a breakup of the company into what is now Chevron, Exxon Mobil and ConocoPhillips.", "On May 15, 1911, the US Supreme Court upheld the lower court judgment and declared the Standard Oil group to be an \"unreasonable\" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act, Section II. It ordered Standard to break up into 90 independent companies with different boards of directors, the biggest two of the companies were Standard Oil of New Jersey (which became Exxon) and Standard Oil of New York (which became Mobil). ", "\"Rockefeller's cutthroat business tactics and near monopolization of the domestic industry led to an anti-trust suit brought by the Federal Government. In 1911, a decision of the Supreme Court forced the breakup of Standard Oil Company into Standard Oil of New Jersey (which later became Exxon), Standard Oil of New York (Mobil), Standard Oil of California (Chevron), Standard Oil Of Ohio (Sohio, later acquired by BP), Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco, now BP), Continental Oil (Conoco), and Atlantic (later Atlantic Richfield, then ARCO, then sun, now BP). Rockefeller eventually profited handsomely from the split, and the new companies carefully avoided directly competing with one another.\"", "Rockefeller and his son continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. By then the trust still had a 70% market share of the refined oil market but only 14% of the U.S. crude oil supply. The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies.", "The year the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of Standard Oil Company of John D. Rockefeller, ruling aviolation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. From its remains 34 new companies were formed that included Exxon, Mobil, Amoco, Chevron, Arco, Conoco.", "The break-up of Standard Oil resulted in the creation of 34 new companies. A sense of Standard's size at its peak can be gotten from a mention of four of these new firms (listed here under their current names): Amoco, Chevron, Exxon, and Mobil. Exxon and Mobil merged in 1999, forming what was then the world’s largest company by revenue.", "Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of Standard Oil, established by John D. Rockefeller and partners in 1870 as the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. In 1882, it together with its affiliated companies was incorporated as the Standard Oil Trust with Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and Standard Oil Company of New York as its largest companies. The Anglo-American Oil Company was established in the United Kingdom in 1888. In 1890, Standard Oil, together with local ship merchants in Bremen established Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft (later: Esso A.G.). In 1891, a sale branch for the Netherlands and Belgium, American Petroleum Company, was established in Rotterdam. At the same year, a sale branch for Italy, Società Italo Americana pel Petrolio, was established in Venice. ", "In 1911, the US Supreme Court declared Standard Oil a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act and ordered it to be broken up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors. By that time, Rockefeller had long since retired from the company but still held a large percentage of shares. Ironically, the busting up of Standard Oil unlocked share values and his fortunes doubled overnight.", "When the United States Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that the Standard Oil trust be dissolved, the Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) was reorganized into thirty-four new companies. As Rockefeller biographer Ron Chernow has pointed out, several of these companies enjoyed enormous success after 1911, \"controlling a significant fraction of both the American and world oil industry. Rockefeller's stepchildren would be everywhere: Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon), Standard Oil of New York (Mobil), Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), Standard Oil of California (Chevron), Atlantic Refining (ARCO and eventually Sun). Continental Oil (Conoco), today a unit of DuPont, and Chesebrough-Ponds, which had begun by processing petroleum jelly. Three offspring-Exxon, Mobil, and Chevron - would belong to the Seven Sisters group that would dominate the world oil industry in the twentieth century; a fourth sister, British Petroleum, later took over Standard Oil of Ohio, then known as Sohio.\" (Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (1998), pp. 558-559)", "Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. The company was an innovator in the development of the business trust. The Standard Oil trust streamlined production and logistics, lowered costs, and undercut competitors. \"Trust-busting\" critics accused Standard Oil of using aggressive pricing to destroy competitors and form a monopoly that threatened consumers. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard was an illegal monopoly. The Standard Oil trust was dissolved into 33 smaller companies; two of its surviving \"child\" companies are ExxonMobil and the Chevron Corporation.", "John D. Rockefeller Sr. founded Standard Oil, which, through the second half of the nineteenth century, achieved infamy for its ruthless practices towards its competitors. Growing public hostility toward monopolies, of which Standard Oil Trust was the most egregious example, caused a number of states to enact anti-monopoly laws, leading to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act by Congress in 1890. In 1892, the Ohio Supreme Court decided that Standard Oil was in violation of it monopoly laws. Rockefeller evaded the decision by dissolving the trust, and transferring its properties to companies in other states, with interlocking directorates, so that the same men continued to control its operations. In 1899, these companies were brought back together in a holding company, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, which existed until 1911, when the U.S. Supreme Court declared it in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, and therefore illegal. The splintered company, though under various names, continued to be run by Rockefeller.", "The name seven sisters was coined in a 1961 Time magazine article to refer to the dominant firms in the world oil industry: Royal Dutch Shell, Anglo Persian Oil (Anglo-Iranian Oil/British Petroleum/BP), Gulf Oil, Texaco, and three of the Standard Oil companies from the 1911 trust dissolution—Standard Oil of New Jersey (Humble Oil [Esso]/Exxon), Standard Oil of New York (Socony/Socony-Vacuum/Socony-Mobil/Mobil), and Standard Oil of California (Socal/Chevron). With the exception of Royal Dutch Shell, which is British and Dutch, these are all U.S. or British companies. Only the U.S. companies had their own significant domestic supply sources in the founding period of the industry from 1850 to 1950. The British and Dutch thus undertook a worldwide search for sources, beginning with their colonies and extending after World War I (1914–1918) to the League of Nations territories mandated to their administration. The seven sisters and Atlantic Richfield (ARCO), called majors, were vertically integrated, and all had similar structures. They had separate subsidiaries for exploration, production, refining, and distribution and geographic subsidiaries for operations in different areas.", "Piece No. 1 came when Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio in 1870. It was the original Rockefeller company, and over the next eight years it would go on to control 85% of the country's oil industry. Standard Oil of Ohio was eventually taken over by BP (NYSE: BP ) in 1987 when BP acquired an additional 45% stake in the company on top of the 55% already owned. The second piece of our Standard Oil portfolio was created in 1882 when Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey to own all 67 companies he'd built. One of the 34 separate entities created in the breakup was Standard Oil (New Jersey) itself, also known as ESSO. It was eventually renamed Exxon in 1972, which then became the familiar Exxon Mobil (NYSE: XOM ) in 1999 after a merger with Mobil.", "Exxon is a chain of gas stations and a brand of motor fuel and related products by ExxonMobil. From 1973 to 1999, Exxon was the corporate name of the company previously known as Humble Oil or Standard Oil of New Jersey. It was one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s.", "1911 - John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil is broken up under antitrust laws. After the breakup of Standard Oil, Rockefeller's wealth rises until he becomes the world's first billionaire.", " Formally, Mobil was bought by Exxon. Mobil's shareholders received 1.32 Exxon's share for each Mobil's share. As a result, the former Mobil's shareholders receives about 30% in the merged company while the stake of former Exxon's shareholders was about 70%. The head of Exxon Lee Raymond remained the chairman and chief executive of the new company and Mobil chief executive Lucio Noto became vice-chairman. The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it reunited the two largest companies of Standard Oil trust.", "The fourth piece is the Ohio Oil Company, bought by Rockefeller in 1889 and owned until 1911. In 1962, it changed its name to the Marathon Oil Company, which was its main brand at the time. In 1982, it was bought by U.S. Steel (NYSE: X ) to fend off an unwanted Mobil buyout . In 2002, it spun off the steel business and the oil business became Marathon Oil (NYSE: MRO ).", "Exxon replaced the Esso, Enco, and Humble brands in the United States on January 1, 1973. The Esso name was a trademark of Jersey Standard Oil, and attracted protests from other Standard Oil spinoffs because of its phonetic similarity to the acronym of the name of the parent company, Standard Oil. As a result, Jersey Standard was restricted from using Esso in the U.S., except in those states awarded to it in the 1911 Standard Oil antitrust settlement.", "\"The Four Horsemen of Oil [British Petroleum, Royal Dutch Shell, ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil] are the top four retailers of gas in the US and own every major pipeline in the world and the vast majority of oil tankers... Today they control over half the world's uranium reserves, key to fueling nuclear power plants... Exxon Mobil is the leading coal producer in the US and has the second largest coal reserves.\"", "Chevron Corporation () is an American multinational energy corporation. One of the successor companies of Standard Oil, it is headquartered in San Ramon, California, and active in more than 180 countries. Chevron is engaged in every aspect of the oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy industries, including hydrocarbon exploration and production; refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; and power generation. Chevron is one of the world's largest oil companies; , it ranked third in the Fortune 500 list of the top US closely held and public corporations and sixteenth on the Fortune Global 500 list of the top 500 corporations worldwide. It was also one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s.", "On November 18, 1906, the U.S. attorney general under Roosevelt sued Standard Oil of New Jersey and its affiliated companies making up the trust. The suit was filed under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 . Under this federal law, \"Every contract, or combination, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.\"", "Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refiner in the world of its time. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly.", "In 1928, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Mobil had joined British and French oil interests in signing the \"Red Line Agreement,\" under which each pledged not to develop Middle Eastern oil without the participation of the others. Nevertheless, after World War II these two U.S. firms (together with Texaco and Standard Oil of California) grabbed the Saudi concessions for themselves, freezing out the British and French. When the latter sued on the grounds that the Red Line Agreement had been violated, Mobil and Jersey told the court that the agreement was null and void because it was monopolistic.[7]", "When the Civil War interrupted the regular flow of kerosene and other petroleum products to western states, pressure increased to find a better method of utilizing oil found in such states as California. But Standard exhibited little interest in the oil industry on the West Coast before 1900. In that year it purchased the Pacific Coast Oil Company and in 1906 incorporated all its western operations into Pacific Oil, now Chevron.", "In 1911, Standard Oil was broken up into 34 companies, some of which were named \"Standard Oil\" and had the rights to that brand in certain states (the other companies had no territorial rights). Standard Oil of New Jersey (\"Jersey Standard\") had the rights in that state, plus in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia. By 1941, it had also acquired the rights in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana. In those states, it marketed its products under the brand \"Esso\", the phonetic pronunciation of the letters \"S\" and \"O\".", "On October 15, 2000, Chevron announced acquisition of Texaco in a deal valued at $45 billion, creating the second-largest oil company in the United States and the world's fourth-largest publicly traded oil company with a combined market value of approximately $95 billion. The merged company was named ChevronTexaco. On May 9, 2005, ChevronTexaco announced it would drop the Texaco moniker and return to the Chevron name. Texaco remained as a brand under the Chevron Corporation. ", "1890 - The Sherman Antitrust Act passes, with the aim of encouraging competition against large and powerful corporations.", "Small-scale producers denounced these innovators as “robber barons,” accused them of monopolistic practices, and appealed to Congress for relief from relentless competition. Beginning with the Sherman Act (1890), Congress enacted antitrust laws that were often used to suppress cost cutting and price slashing, based on acceptance of the idea that an economy of numerous small-scale firms was superior to one dominated by a few large, highly efficient companies operating in national markets (see antitrust ).", "Even if monopoly were indeed the motive for takeover, future industrialists would have to pretend otherwise. Economies of scale through assembly line production justified the merger wave of the 1920s. The flapper era framed the modern corporate economy and shaped General Motors and Unilever. Consumer preferences, as well as capital market forces, led to increased industrial concentration.", "Although the Sherman Act 1890 initially dealt, in general, with cartels (where businesses combined their activities to the detriment of others) and monopolies (where one business was so large it could use its power to the detriment of others alone) it was recognised that this left a gap. Instead of forming a cartel, businesses could simply merge into one entity. The period between 1895 and 1904 saw a \"great merger movement\" as business competitors combined into ever more giant corporations. However upon a literal reading of Sherman Act, no remedy could be granted until a monopoly had already formed. The Clayton Act 1914 attempted to fill this gap by giving jurisdiction to prevent mergers in the first place if they would \"substantially lessen competition\".", "On 10 January, 1870, Rockefeller abolished the partnership of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, forming Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Ohio. Standard Oil grew to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. The railroads competed fiercely for traffic and, in an attempt to create a cartel to control freight rates, formed the South Improvement Company in collusion with Standard and other oil companies outside the main oil centers. The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being.", "The most important “independent” or nonintegrated companies, which did not operate in at least one of the areas defining the integrated companies, in this period included Getty, Phillips, Signal, Union, Continental, Sun , Amerada Hess, Cities Service, Marathon, Compagnie Française des Pétroles, Occidental, ENI, Tenneco, and Skelly Oil. In 1983 Occidental acquired Cities Service. Texaco acquired Getty in 1984." ]

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[ "The Mushroom Kingdom is the main setting in the Mario series of games. It's home to Mario , Luigi , Wario , Bowser and all the other Mario characters. Princess Peach acts as the ruling monarch of the kingdom.", "The Mushroom Kingdom is the largest kingdom in the Mushroom World and the setting of numerous games in the Mario series. It is ruled by the peace loving Princess Peach , who is the \"girlfriend\" of Cranky Kong's former nemesis and the hero of the Mushroom Kingdom, Mario . The Mushroom Kingdom and Donkey Kong Island seem to be on good terms as races from both lands have participated together in numerous festivals and sports events. Donkey Kong Island may also be located in the seas of the Mushroom World.", "Super Mario Bros. (Japanese: スーパーマリオブラザーズ Hepburn: Sūpā Mario Burazāzu?) is a 1985 platform video game internally developed by Nintendo R&D4 and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer on September 13, 1985, and later that year for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America and Europe on May 15, 1987, and Australia later in 1987. It is the first of the Super Mario series of games. In Super Mario Bros., the player controls Mario and in a two-player game, a second player controls Mario's brother Luigi as he travels through the Mushroom Kingdom in order to rescue Princess Toadstool from the antagonist Bowser.", "The lovable Nintendo gaming character Mario has existed since he appeared as the hero of \"Donkey Kong\" in 1981, but he reached video game immortality with 1985's \"Super Mario Bros.,\" a game that would have countless sequels and spinoffs over 30 years. Players thrilled at guiding Mario through the strange Mushroom Kingdom, in hopes of defeating King Koopa and rescuing the princess. Click through for more big Mario moments.", "The Mushroom Kingdom reappeared in Super Mario RPG, where it was depicted as a single city. Paper Mario reversed this trend by considering the entire game world as different parts of the Kingdom and naming the city \"Toad Town\". It should also be noted that Princess Peach's castle has changed appearances both internally and externally with almost every new game it appears in, with its newest location in Super Mario Galaxy being in a large countryside area, surrounded by hills, with a small town populated by Toads in front of it. Mario Kart Double Dash!! and Mario Kart DS have implied that there are metropolitan cities in it, and the Mario Golf series has implied that there are humans as well, though they appear to be a minority.", "The Mushroom Kingdom is often tormented by the Dark Land. Bowser, King of the Koopas, has kidnapped Princess Peach countless times. Initially, it was because she had the power to undo Bowser's handiwork, but in recent games he has developed romantic feelings for the princess. This can be best seen in the original Paper Mario. Games in the Mario series often suggest that the Mushroom Kingdom is a rival of Bowser's domain, the Koopa Kingdom. The Koopa Kingdom has been glimpsed at least five times as the last worlds in Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island, and New Super Mario Bros., though several maps and tracks from the Mario Kart and Mario Party series take place here as well. It is also seen in the credits reel of Mario and Luigi: Superstar Saga when they drop off Bowser. It is unknown if the Koopa Kingdom is a completely separate area, or merely a captured portion of the Mushroom Kingdom.", "Meanwhile back in Japan, Shigeru Miyamoto, Takashi Tezuka and a group of programmers were hard at work on a new NES game starring the star from Donkey Kong. Titled Super Mario Bros. , the game would send the series in a new direction and setting. Instead of being placed in Brooklyn, New York, Miyamoto would create his own universe and title it the Mushroom Kingdom . The single player experience had the player chose between Mario or his brother Luigi, though their abilities were virtually identical. In the game, the antagonistic Bowser would kidnap Princess Peach due to her ability to revert his magical attacks. Mario and Luigi heard of the news and immediately departed to save her. They traveled through over thirty stages and eventually defeated the beast, thus saving the princess. The game had expansive, scrollable levels, various enemies, different environments and an amazing physics engine. The game far surpassed anything ever released by then, and helped propel sales of the Famicom in Japan when it was released on September 13. The game, however, would make an even bigger impact across the sea.", "The Mushroom Kingdom has inspired several stages in the Super Smash Bros. series . Two of these, both called Mushroom Kingdom , are based off of the kingdom as it appeared in the original Super Mario Bros., with usable Warp Pipes and POW Blocks in Super Smash Bros., and ? Blocks and Brick Blocks in Melee. Despite its name, Mushroom Kingdom II from Melee is based off of Subcon as it appeared in Super Mario Bros. 2 . All three of these stages feature 3-D versions of stage elements, such as blocks and platforms, while any characters are portrayed as flat 2-D images.", "The main series in the franchise is the Super Mario series, consisting of platform games that typically involve Mario and his brother Luigi working to save the Mushroom Kingdom and its ruler, Princess Peach , from the villainous Bowser and his Koopa Troop . The two brothers use their trademark jumping ability to help them progress through levels, while also making use of power-ups of various kinds. Mario games of other genres include the Mario Kart racing series, sports games such as Mario Tennis and Mario Golf , role-playing games such as the Paper Mario and Mario & Luigi series, and several educational games. In total, over 200 video games are included in the franchise, which combined have sold over 500 million copies. The franchise has also been licensed into other media, such as television series, comics, children's books, and a critically lampooned feature film . Mario has gained massive critical acclaim and recognition throughout the world, and is the best-selling video game franchise of all time.", "Everyone who got an NES received “Super Mario Bros.,” creating a legion of fans. It didn’t hurt that it was a lot of fun to play, as Mario and his brother jumped, squished and warped their way through a strange world of “koopas” and “goombas” called Mushroom Kingdom, on the lookout for Princess Peach, held captive by the evil Bowser (or King Koopa).", "Super Smash Bros. Melee included a re-vamped Mushroom Kingdom which omitted piranha plants and warp pipes from the original stage. A Subcon, the setting of Super Mario Bros. 2, stage was also featured which included Birdo among other two-dimensional enemies. Also, the Mushroom Kingdom Stage of the game's Adventure Mode featured many aspects of the series, including a golf course in the background of the stage.", "The Super Smash Bros. series has included three different stages in the two released games of the series. The original game included the unlockable stage Mushroom Kingdom which was graphically based on the original Super Mario Bros.", "Super Smash Bros. Melee included a re-vamped Mushroom Kingdom which omitted Piranha Plants and warp pipes from the original stage. A Subcon , the setting of Super Mario Bros. 2 , stage was also featured which included Birdo among other two-dimensional enemies. Also, the Mushroom Kingdom Stage of the game's Adventure Mode featured many aspects of the series, including a golf course in the background of the stage.", "Super Mario Bros.: This is the game that started it all. It features now-iconic Mushroom Kingdom characters like Mario, Bowser™, Princess Peach™, Toad™ Goombas and Koopas. This game set the standard for all future platforming games.", "Mushroom Kingdom Warriors is a video-game for the  Wii U . Similar to Hyrule Warriors it combines the action of Tecmo Koei's Dynasty Warriors series with the world of Mario, and is being developed by Nintendo and Tecmo Koei.", "Super Mario Bros. is a video game released for the Family Computer and Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985 . It shifted the gameplay away from its single-screen arcade predecessor, Mario Bros. , and instead featured side-scrolling platformer levels. While not the first game of the Mario franchise , Super Mario Bros. is the most iconic, and introduced various series staples, from power-ups, to classic enemies like Goombas , to the basic premise of rescuing Princess Toadstool from King Koopa . As well as kicking off an entire series of Super Mario platformer games, the wild success of Super Mario Bros. popularized the genre as a whole, helped revive the gaming industry after the 1983 video game crash , and was largely responsible for the initial success of the NES, with which it was bundled a launch title. Until it was eventually surpassed by Wii Sports , Super Mario Bros. was the best selling video game of all time for nearly three decades, with over 40 million copies sold worldwide.", "Mario then became the star of his own side scrolling platform game in 1985, titled Super Mario Bros., which was the pack-in game included with the Nintendo Entertainment System console. In Japan, a game titled Super Mario Bros. 2 was released in 1986, but a different game with the same name was released internationally in 1988, followed by Super Mario Bros. 3 later that same year. The Japanese version would subsequently be released in the United States in 1993 under the title Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels as part of the Super Mario All-Stars title for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a console that also features iterations of the game known as Super Mario World. While Super Mario Land and two sequels were the Game Boy installments in the series, the Game Boy Advance did not receive any original entries, only remakes. Super Mario 64 debuted as the launch title for the Nintendo 64 console in 1996. Super Mario Sunshine was the series' entry for the GameCube, and Super Mario Galaxy and its sequel continued the franchise for the Wii.", "Many years later, Rosalina created the Koopa Troop—a race of weird turtles that can eat, fight and poop in you when they want to. Then, Bowser was born, and unlike other races in Mushroom Kingdom, Bowser just wanted to kidnap Princess Peach to touch her ass and conquer the Mushroom Kingdom in the process. However, his plans are always foiled by Mario and Luigi.", " (stylized as D℞. Mario) is a series of arcade-style action puzzle video game originally developed by Nintendo Research & Development 1, and later developed by Arika and produced by Nintendo Software Planning & Development. The first in the series, Dr. Mario, was launched in 1990 on the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy to critical and commercial success. In the Dr. Mario series, the player character Mario, who assumes the role of a doctor, is tasked with eradicating deadly viruses. The player's objective is to destroy the viruses populating the on-screen playing field by using falling colored capsules that are dropped into the field, similarly to Tetris. The player manipulates the capsules as they fall so that they are aligned with viruses of matching colors, which removes them from playing field. The player progresses through the game by eliminating all the viruses on the screen in each level.", "The Mushroom Kingdom's population is very vast, consisting of hundreds of species. Most prevalent are Toads, Koopa Troopas , Goombas , Yoshis , and Boos . Even though Princess Peach, Mario , and Luigi are human , there are very few humans living in the Mushroom Kingdom.", "Super Mario Bros. Mushroom World is an Action game, published by Gottlieb/Premier, which was released in 1992.", "In 1989, Nintendo (which had seen a large amount of success from the Game & Watch) released the Game Boy (both created by Gunpei Yokoi), along with the accompanying game Tetris. Due to the price, the game and its durability (unlike the prior Microvision from Milton Bradley Company, which was prone to static and screen rot), the Game Boy line sold extremely well, eventually amassing sales of 118 million. Later, Super Mario Land was also released for the Game Boy, which sold 14 million copies worldwide. 1989 was also the year that Nintendo announced a sequel to the Famicom, to be called the Super Famicom. ", "The main Mario Golf series , developed by Camelot, was launched with its first installment on the Nintendo 64 in 1999 and followed up with a Game Boy Color version later in the year. Later follow-up games include Toadstool Tour for the Nintendo GameCube, Advance Tour for the Game Boy Advance, and World Tour for the Nintendo 3DS. Camelot's Mario Golf games feature a home-console-to-handheld linking capability and add a number of recognizable Mario elements as obstacles to give the gameplay some originality. As was the case with Mario Tennis, Camelot's first two Mario Golf titles and their handheld counterparts featured original human characters that were never reused in any future games.", "20. Released in 1989, the Game Boy title Super Mario Land was the first major Mario game to be developed without Miyamoto. Producer Gunpei Yokoi didn't do too badly however: the game shifted over 18 million copies. The game also introduces a new female character, Princess Daisy, replacing Mario's usual love interest, Princess Peach.", "Originally released in Japan as Super Mario Bros. 2, this game has previously made only brief cameo appearances in the Western hemisphere. Now available on the Virtual Console in all of its original splendor, Mario fans will appreciate the familiar look and feel of the game, while finding that...", "Super Mario Brothers is an Action game, developed and published by Nintendo, which was released in Japan in 1986.", "The Mario franchise includes many alternate-media adaptations of the games, including five TV series produced by the animation studio DIC Entertainment , and numerous comics and manga. Most of these productions were released in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and have since become obscure. The games also spawned two film adaptations: an anime OVA released in 1986, and a largely unsuccessful live action film released in 1993.", "Super Mario Bros was brought to Game & Watch in 1986. This time the character looked more like Mario from its console namesake.", "Super Mario Bros. is an Action game, developed and published by Gottlieb, which was released in 1992.", "* The name of a The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 cartoon episode, \"7 Continents for 7 Koopas\".", "When the Minus World is played on the Famicom Disk System, it instead consist of three levels, levels that actually end. Completing these returns the player to the title screen, as if the game had been beaten. Goombas are subsequently replaced with Buzzy Beetles in the following game. The three levels are more or less identical versions of other levels in the game, though world -1 functions as if it was an underwater level and includes weird elements such as floating Princess Peaches.", "Super Mario Bros & Friends: When I Grow Up is a Miscellaneous game, developed by Brian A. Rice, Inc. and published by Merit Studios, which was released in 1992." ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, Daedalus was a great inventor who built wings out of wax and feathers with which he intended to escape from the labyrinth in which the king Minos of Crete had imprisoned him, together with his son, Icarus. While they were flying, Daedalus noticed that Icarus flew too close to the sun. The wax melted and Icarus fell to his death in the sea.", "Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before taking off from the island, warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared into the sky, but in the process he came too close to the sun, which due to the heat melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea in the area which today bears his name, the Icarian Sea near Icaria, an island southwest of Samos.", "Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before trying to escape the island, he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared into the sky, but in the process he came too close to the sun, which due to the heat melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea in the area which today bears his name, the Icarian Sea near Icaria, an island southwest of Samos. ", "Daedalus was an engineer who was imprisoned by King Minos. With his son, Icarus, he made wings of wax and feathers. Daedalus flew successfully from Crete to Naples, but Icarus, tired to fly too high and flew too near to the sun. The wings of wax melted and Icarus fell to his death in the ocean.", "In Greek mythology, Icarus (the Latin spelling, conventionally adopted in English; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος, Íkaros, Etruscan: Vikare) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus. Often depicted in art, Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, because the sea's dampness would clog or the sun's heat would melt his wings. Icarus ignored instructions not to fly too close to the sun, and the melting wax caused him to fall into the sea where he drowned. This tragic theme of failed ambition contains similarities to that of Phaëthon.", "Icarus: Son of Daedalus; flew too near sun with wax-attached wings and fell into sea and was drowned.", "In Greek mythology, Icarus (the Latin spelling, conventionally adopted in English; , Íkaros, Etruscan: Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Often depicted in art, Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun, whereupon the wax in his wings melted and he fell into the sea. This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon.", "Minos was angry with Daedalus for interfering in his family affairs and imprisoned him and his son Icarus in the labyrinth, but Daedalus made wings for them to escape. Unfortunately, Icarus was carried away with the thrill of flying and climbed too high and too close to the sun. The wax which held his wing feathers in place melted and he fell into the sea and drowned. Poor Icarus remains a warning for mortals not to aspire to things beyond their reach.", "Icarus ((Greek mythology) son of Daedalus; while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned)", "Icarus - (Greek mythology) son of Daedalus; while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned", "Son of Daedalus; flew too near sun with wax-attached wings and fell into sea and was drowned.", "Minos  shut up the guilty Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in the Labyrinth or inside a tower. But Daedalus constructed wings from wax and feathers, and escaped. Icarus was killed when he flew to close to the sun. Daedalus safely made his way to Sicily. ", "To escape, Daedalus built wings for himself and Icarus. They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus' wings melted when he flew too close to the sun, and he drowned in the sea. Daedalus buried his son and continued to Sicily, where he came to stay at the court of Cocalus .", "Daedalus, a character from Greek mythology, designs a labyrinth for the king. Daedalus and the king\"s son, Icarus, are imprisoned, so Daedalus makes plans to escape by making wings for himself. He successfully escapes and survives, but Icarus meets his death because he does not heed to warnings concerning the height at which he flies; consequently, when he soars too close to the sun, the wax holding his wings together melts, and he plummets into the sea. This anecdote regarding Daedalus parallels with Stephen\"s life since the novel\"s protagonist also faces problems he must determine how to o...", "He gave Icarus instructions how to fly and told him not to fly too low, because the water would soak the feathers, and not to fly too high, because the sun would melt the wax. They then escaped and were on a course to Sicily. But Icarus, as clumsy as he was, did not follow the advice of his father and flew higher and higher. The sun melted the wax and destroyed his wings and made him fell into the sea where he drowned. Daedalus soon realised that he was flying alone and therefore started searching for Icarus. Desperate and tired from journey, he had no choice but to leave his son behind and continue towards Sicily. Icarus fell into the sea near Samos and his body was washed ashore on a nearby island. This island was named Icaria in his honour and the sea around the island was called the Icarian Sea. His body was later recognised by bypassing Heracles who delivered it to Daedalus.", "Daedallus made wings and they escaped, but Icarus died because he flew to close to the sun and his wings melted. ... Daedallus decided that he and his son Icarus had to leave Crete and get away from Minos, before he brought them harm. ... King Minos then went in pursuit of Daedalus, hoping to trick the great inventor into revealing himself. ... Cocalus knew of Daedalus' talents, and gave the shell to him. ... When Minos saw that someone had solved the puzzle, he demanded that Cocalus surrender Daedalus. ...", "For a large period of time, he was gathering all the feathers he could find lying around and joining them together with wax he fashioned two pairs of wings, one for himself and the other for his son. The day arrived when they were to execute their escape plan but Daedalus had a grave warning for his son. He forbade Icarus to fly too close to the sun for that would melt the wax, or to fly to close to the sea for that would dampen the feathers. Father and son both then perched on the edge of the tower parapet and leapt off. Flapping their wings furiously, they were able to emulate the birds and in no time, while flying over the sea, put great distance between themselves and Crete.", "Daedalus, a skillful craftsman of the palace and builder of the labyrinth, incurred the wrath of Minos because he had helped the queen in her unlawful affair with the bull. Wishing to escape from the island together with his son, Icarus, and knowing that king Minos controlled all the sea routes, the idea came to him that only if they could fly like birds would they be able to escape. So, he made two pairs of wings glued them together with wax and attached them to his son's back and to his own. During their flight, however, his son was so elated by the height and speed, that he flew ever higher, nearer to the sun. His wings melted in the heat and he fell and drowned in the sea, which thereafter bore the name of Icarian sea. Daedalus, flying carefully, was able to reach Sicily. Minos, however, had an inglorious end. He was murdered by the daughters of king Kokalos, while he was in Sicily searching for Daedalus in order to punish him. These, and many other myths and tales related to them, speak of Crete and lend the island the other-worldly and mysterious aura, which has surrounded it through the millenia of its long history, and which is still felt today.", "When they were about to take off, Daedalus told his son neither to fly high, lest the glue should melt in the sun and the wings should drop off, nor to fly near the sea, lest the pinions should be detached by the damp. But Icarus 1, disregarding his father's instructions, soared ever higher, till, the glue melting, he fell into the sea and perished. The Icarian Sea (near Samos), where he fell, was named after him, and it is said that Heracles 1 , who passed by, gave him burial. Others affirm that they traveled by sea, and that Icarus 1 drowned when his vessel was overturned; or that he, having disembarked in a reckless manner, fell into the sea and perished. It is told that on this occasion Daedalus devised sails for the shipsan invention as yet unknownso as to take advantage of the wind, and thus outsail the oared fleet of Minos 2 . Daedalus himself escaped, as all reports say, but his son's ship is said to have overturned, Icarus 1 being an unexperienced steersman. Icarus 1 drowned and his body was carried ashore by the current to the islandthen without a namethat lies off Samos (the Aegean island off the western coast of Asia Minor); and Heracles 1 , coming across the body, recognized it, and buried it. Since then, both the island and the sea around it are named after Icarus 1.", "Daedallus made wings and they escaped, but Icarus died because he flew to close to the sun and his wings melted. ... Minos, enraged at the loss of his daughter, not to mention the killing of the Minotaur, shut Daedallus and his son Icarus into the Labyrinth.Daedallus managed to get out of the Labyrinth - after all, he had built it and knew his way around. Daedallus decided that he and his son Icarus had to leave Crete and get away from Minos, before he brought them harm. ... Daedallus realized that the only way out was by air.To escape, Daedallus built wings for himself and Icarus, fashioned w...", "Icarus was the son of Daedalus, a most skilled artificer who built the labyrinth for King Minos of Crete where he kept the Minotaur. ... Daedalus and his son Icarus were locked in the labyrinth, but since Daedalus had built the labyrinth he knew how to escape. ... Daedalus and Icarus were still trapped on the island and could not get away by walking, and the king's ships guarded the sea. ... Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too close to the water, or the dampness would make his wings heavy, and not to fly too close to the sun, or the heat would melt his wings. ... Icarus was too high to ...", "1. Greek Mythology The son of Daedalus who, in escaping from Crete on artificial wings made for him by his father, flew so close to the sun that the wax with which his wings were fastened melted, and he fell into the Aegean Sea.", "son of Daedalus, who tried to escape from Crete wearing wings made by his father; ignoring a warning, he flew too near the Sun; the wax holding the wings melted, and he fell into the Aegean Sea", "(Greek mythology) son of Daedalus; while escaping from Crete with his father (using the wings Daedalus had made) he flew too close to the sun and the wax melted and he fell into the Aegean and drowned", "Daedalus was a skillful craftsman and artisan, creator of labyrinth on crete where Minotaur part man part bull was kept. Lofty means of escape Daedalus & son Icarus used to flee King Minos using wings", "The Boy who Flew to High is one Greek myth from which we Lear that is important moral although by King Daedalus, not to fly too high into the Sun, to prevent his wings made of Wax should melt, does and he should melt, and he should fall into the sea, does not follow his fathers advice and as a consequence he flies to close the sun, which melts the wax on his wings and he falls into the Sea. We learn from the take that it isn’t over stretch our limits.", "Ceyx had unsuccessfully tried to comfort his brother. Daedalion seeing his daughter's pyre burning, the distraught father had tried to throw himself into the flame several times, but he was driven back by Ceyx's warriors. Daedalion ran off into the forest. Driven mad by his despair and grief, Daedalion threw himself off the cliff. The god taking pity on Daedalion, Apollo transformed the falling father into a fierce hawk.", "Daedalus tries to save his son, but it's too late—he has drowned. The only thing Daedalus can find are feathers floating in the water.", "Knowing well that his disguise had been seen through, Daedalus decided to leave Camicus, much to the disappointment of the King and his daughters. He was last seen in Sardinia in the company of Iolaus, who was nephew to Hercules. Since then, no one knows what happened to this great engineer, what places he saw, what inventions he created, what miracles bore his mind. Today Daedalus represents for us a brilliant person who had been cursed to suffer because of his special talent. The peak of his misfortune was living with the guilt that he caused the death of his son.", "The attentions of not one but two gods led Chione to boast that her beauty exceeded even that of Artemis. To avenge this personal slight, not to mention blasphemy, Artemis struck Chione down by shooting an arrow straight through her tongue. Her father, Daedalion, was overcome with grief despite his brother's best efforts to console him. At his daughter's funeral Daedalion tried to throw himself onto the pyre three times but was restrained. After a fourth unsuccessful attempt he ran, at an impossible speed, through the fields and the forests, climbed to the summit of Mount Parnassus and jumped. Apollo though took pity on the grieving father, transforming him into a hawk before he could hit the ground. It is said that the hawk's great strength, as well as its propensity for hunting other birds, is a result of Daedalion’s former courage and the rage caused by the death of his daughter.", "- Comes from Daedalus, the architect and sculptor who created wings for he and his son to escape.", "Daedalus, Icarus's father, who was a remarkable Athenian craftsman who was exiled in the palace of Knossos by King Minos . He was exiled because of his involvement in helping Theseus , who survived the Labyrinth and defeated the Minotaur . He had given Minos's daughter, Ariadne , a ball of string (clew), which she used to help Theseus, Minos's enemy." ]

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[ "In September of nineteen hundred and one, President William McKinley was assassinated. His vice president, Theodore Roosevelt, was sworn in to replace him.", "For several days, President McKinley seemed to be getting better. After the shock of the shooting, the nation was excited to hear some good news. However, what the doctors did not realize was that without drainage, an infection had built up inside the President. By September 13 it was obvious the President was dying. At 2:15 a.m. on September 14, 1901, President William McKinley died of gangrene. That afternoon, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States.", "McKinley won his reelection easily, with 292 electoral votes to Bryan's 155 votes. The country was again divided between the North and South. William McKinley resumed his presidency, but was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. He died a few days later on September 14, 1901, and was succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt, who became the twenty-sixth President of the United States.", "* September 14 – Vice President Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States, upon McKinley's death.", "McKinley initially appeared to be recovering from his wounds, but took a turn for the worse six days after the shooting and died on September 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as President. McKinley was the third of four U.S. presidents to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881 and preceding John F. Kennedy in 1963 . After McKinley's murder, Congress officially charged the Secret Service with the physical protection of U.S. presidents.", "Assassination. Reelected in 1900 with the popular Theodore Roosevelt of New York as his vice president, McKinley was shot by an assassin while visiting the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, New York, on 6 September 1901, almost exactly six months after his second inauguration. He died on 14 September and was succeeded by Vice President Roosevelt.", "Czolgosz moved over the president with the intent of firing a third shot, but was wrestled to the ground by McKinley’s bodyguards. McKinley, still conscious, told the guards not to hurt his assailant. Other presidential attendants rushed McKinley to the hospital where they found two bullet wounds: one bullet had superficially punctured his sternum and the other had dangerously entered his abdomen. He was rushed into surgery and seemed to be on the mend by September 12. Later that day, however, the president’s condition worsened rapidly and, on September 14, McKinley died from gangrene that had gone undetected in the internal wound. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was immediately sworn in as president.", "After the war, he became governor of New York, and later, vice president of the United States under President William McKinley. After McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist, Roosevelt was sworn in as president in 1901. He won re-election in a landslide in 1904, but declared he wouldn’t seek another term before his inauguration.", "1901 – William McKinley was inaugurated president for the second time. Theodore Roosevelt was inaugurated as vice president.", "6 September 1901 - President William McKinley, serving in his second term, is shot by an anarchist (Leon F. Czolgosz) while shaking hands in a reception line at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, and dies on 14 September. Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt, Republican of New York, inaugurated as 26th President (at age 42, the youngest President).", "On September 6, 1901, a deranged anarchist named Leon Czolgosz shot McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley died eight days later, and Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th president. Only 42 years old when he took office, he was the youngest president in the nation’s history, and his youth and vigor immediately transformed the public image of the presidency. From the time of his First Annual Message to Congress in December 1901, Roosevelt expressed the progressive belief that government should mediate between conflicting forces (including capital and labor, isolationism and expansionism and conservation and development) in order to stabilize American society.", "After being elected vice president in November of 1900, Roosevelt ascended to the presidency on September 14, 1901. President McKinley had been shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6 and died eight days later. In November of 1904 Roosevelt was reelected president, and continued his work in conservation and preservation.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "Roosevelt knew that malaria was an even bigger enemy than the Spanish. He quickly got his men sent back to the United States. Roosevelt came back and was elected governor of New York later in the year. Two years later, Roosevelt was elected Vice-President alongside McKinley. And on September 13, 1901, McKinley died from his gunshot wound seven days earlier. At age 42, Roosevelt was now the youngest President in American history. In the words of Ohio Senator Mark Hanna, a conservative Republican, “that damned cowboy is in the White House.”", "President McKinley, whose popularity was heightened by the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American war, was easily returned to a second term in the election of 1900. His running mate was Theodore Roosevelt, Governor of New York. In less than a year McKinley’s presidency was cut short by an assassin's bullet delivered in Buffalo, New York. \"Now that damned cowboy is in the White House!\" declared political boss and Senator from Ohio, Mark Hanna on hearing the news.", "The 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. McKinley became the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881.", "William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896. Shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, 6 Sept 1901 and died 14 Sept. From The Sphere, London, 14 September 1901", "The 25th President William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz on 6 Sep 1901 and died from his wounds on 14 Sept 1901.", "On this date, September 6, 1901, the 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.", "*An earlier version of this article referred to William McKinley as America's heaviest president. That was a mistake, as William Taft held that honor. We sincerely regret the error.", "It's the birthday of the 25th president of the United States, William McKinley, born in Niles, Ohio (1843). McKinley began the trust-busting era and led the U.S into the Spanish-American War, which brought the Spanish colonies of the Philippines and Puerto Rico under American control. He served two terms, being reelected in 1900, but he was shot on September 6, 1901 by anarchist Leon F. Czolgosz while at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died from the wounds eight days later.", "On 6th September 1901, Leon Czolgsz, an anarchist from New York State, shot William McKinley the 25th President of the United States.  Czolgsz (see image two) used a .32 calibre Iver Johnson ‘Safety Automatic’ revolver.", "September 6, 1901 - President William McKinley was shot twice in Buffalo, New York by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition. McKinley’s death led to the Secret Service permanently protecting the president. McKinley died of his wounds on September 14, 1901 after appearing to be recovering for several days.", "Portrait photo circa 1900 of William McKinley Jr (1843 - 1901) - the 25th US President (1897 - 1901) + the third to be assassinated. McKinley, the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected President, was shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz on...", "William McKinley became the 25th president. He expanded America's territories by acquiring overseas colonies. He was assassinated.", "25. William McKinley: Attended Allegheny College. On February 15 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was blown up in Havana harbor. On April 25, the U.S. declared war on Spain. May 1, Admiral George Dewey led a major U.S. victory over Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay. February 6, 1899, the Treaty of Paris, ending the war was approved by the U.S. Senate. Spain ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam and agreed to the independence of Cuba. September 6, 1901 McKinley was shot twice in the chest at point blank range by Leon Czolgosz while visiting the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died on September 14 whispering his favorite hymn \"Nearer my God to Thee.\" McKinley's wife, Ida, was an epileptic and suffered a seizure during the second inaugural ball. He was the first president to use the telephone while campaigning He is thought to hold the record for presidential handshaking - 2,500 per hour. McKinley exercised very little. Had he been in better shape, his doctors said he might have survived his assassin's bullets.", "Once again Major McKinley would leave the safety of his lines, this time to identify cavalry that was too close to the Union position. He galloped forward directly into a company of Confederate riders. The chase was on but the amazing escapades of the daring young officer would not be ended here. To the astonishment of his fellow officers he outran the pursuing Confederates, arriving safely at the Union position. In four years of service McKinley had risen from a volunteer private to a major while still in his early twenties. He mustered out of the army, studied law, and soon became a prosecuting attorney. Similar to his military career, he took the field of politics by storm. In short order he was a Republican Congressman, Governor of Ohio, and in 1896 elected the 25th President of the United States. McKinley won a second term but was shot by a suspected anarchist and died on September 14, 1901.", "; President ; William ; McKinley ; United ; States ; Spanish-American ; War ; Protective ; Tariffs ; Industry ; Politics ; Political ; America ; Portrait", "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the nation's highest office. He succeeded from the Vice Presidency on the death of President Zachary Taylor, becoming the second U.S. President to gain the office in this manner.", "William McKinley delivers his inaugural address in 1897. His inauguration was the first to be recorded on a movie camera. He died in office shortly after being re-elected in 1900.", "McKinley was sworn in as president on March 4, 1897, as his wife and mother looked on. The new President gave a lengthy inaugural address; he urged tariff reform, and stated that the currency issue would have to await tariff legislation. He warned against foreign interventions, \"We want no wars of conquest. We must avoid the temptation of territorial aggression.\"", "1830: Birth of Chester (Alan) Arthur, 21st US President (1881-5) who took over after the assassination of President Garfield." ]

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[ "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian -born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer , actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena. [1]", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "Harry Houdini (1874 - 1926), considered one of the greatest illusionists in history, was a Hungarian-born American magician and escapologist, stunt performer, actor, and film producer noted for his sensational escape acts. He was also a skeptic who set out to expose frauds purporting to be supernatural phenomena.", "1926 - Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.", "In 1926 Houdini died as a result of a ruptured appendix, after suffering a blow to the abdomen by university student J. Gordon Whitehead. Houdini refused to seek medical help and continued to travel, eventually succumbing to periotonitis on October 24, 1926 at the age of 52.", "It’s likely Houdini’s appendix would have burst on its own without striking. Houdini still continued to travel while in severe pain, and arrived in Detroit on October 24, 1926 for what would be his final performance. He took the stage at Garrick Theater even with a fever of 104 and a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. When Houdini had surgery to remove his appendix later that afternoon, doctors discovered it had ruptured and that he was suffering from peritonitis. Houdini died of peritonitis seven days later October 31 at age 52.", "Though there are mixed reports as to the cause of Harry Houdini's death, it is certain that he suffered from acute appendicitis. Whether his demise was caused by a McGill University student who was testing his will by punching him in the stomach (with permission) or by poison from a band of angry Spiritualists is unknown. What is known is that he died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix on October 31, 1926, at the age of 52, in Detroit, Michigan.", "Harry Houdini, the world famous escape artist and magician, died in 1926 at the age of 52 after suffering from complications of appendicitis nine days after four very severe blows to the stomach. He claimed he could take punches from anyone, yet this time, he was caught off guard and was not able to firm up his muscles.", "The sad truth is that Houdini was in the middle of a U.S. tour in the fall of 1926 when he and Bess began to experience severe stomach discomfort. A performer to the core, Houdini refused medical treatment, because that would have meant missing some shows. Quite possibly Houdini was suffering from the onset of appendicitis, and his own stubborn refusal to see a doctor might have spelled his doom. Houdini was tired, and unusually accident-prone. In Albany, NY, his ankle broke as he was being lifted into the Water Torture Cell. In pain, he continued to perform. A few days later, in Canada, he allegedly was punched in the stomach by J. Gordon Whitehead, a McGill university student who was testing Houdini's well-known ability to withstand blows to the body. That punch may or may not have been the cause of Houdini's ruptured appendix; regardless, Houdini collapsed onstage in Detroit, and was admitted to Grace Hospital, suffering from peritonitis.", "Houdini died of peritonitis from a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. in Room 401 on October 31, aged 52. In his final weeks, he optimistically held to a strong belief that he would recover. [13]", "It is commonly felt that Harry had peritonitis prior. And the punch in his abdomen just aggravated the situation.Regardless, Harry “Erhich Weiss” Houdini went to the great beyond at 1:26 p.m.on October 31 1926. He was 52 years old.", "Harry Houdini died on Halloween day, 1926, purportedly of an attack of appendicitis precipitated by a blow to the stomach. The problem with that story, however, is that medical science now recognizes it to be an impossibility.", "A common misconception is that his death was caused by a student who tried to test his famously strong stomach muscles by punching him. Although it is true that Houdini was not given sufficient time to prepare himself for the blows, landing him in a hospital, this is not what he died of. He died of diffuse peritonitis, nine days later, despite his appendix being ruptured by the unprovoked assault.", "Since Houdini died in Detroit, the Detroit newspaper had easy access to the attending physicians. They quote Dr. Charles S. Kennedy, \"His appendix had ruptured and his system was filled with staphylococcus germs. The rupture apparently occurred the day before. ... It is the only case of traumatic appendicitis I had ever seen in my lifetime but the logic of the thing seemed to indicate that Mr. Houdini died of appendicitis, the direct result of the injury.\"", "Death was due to peritonitis, which followed the first operation, that for appendicitis. The second operation was performed last Friday. Like a newly discovered serum, used for the first time in Houdini's case, it was of no avail.", "While many people claim that trauma to the abdomen has never been known to cause appendicitis, here is what his attending physician, Dr. Kennedy, said: \"It is the only case of traumatic appendicitis I had ever seen in my lifetime, but the logic of the thing seems to indicate that Mr. Houdini died of appendicitis, the direct result of the injury.\"", "Ehrich Weiss, better known to most as world-famous illusionist Harry Houdini, died on October 31, 1926. On October 22, Houdini was in his dressing room at a theater in Montreal when a few college kids dropped in. One of them mentioned that he had heard that one of the great mysteries of Houdini was his iron stomach—that no punch could harm him. Though he had broken his ankle a few days earlier and was really in no condition to withstand a beating, Houdini, perhaps eager to perpetuate the aura of intrigue surrounding his persona, agreed to let one of the students deliver a few blows to his gut.", "Throughout 1926, Valentino complained of stomach pain. On August 15, he collapsed and had surgery for a perforated ulcer. Unfortunately this surgery caused a deadly infection, which resulted in his death on August 23, 1926. Valentino was one of the first film stars to die in the middle of their careers, and his was the first to cause mass hysteria. Thousands of people went to see his body, and his funeral was largely publicized. Strangely, his death sparked a significant cult following. [5] One piece of this was the “Lady in Black,” a mysterious visitor who visits his grave every year on the anniversary of his death to leave flowers. Fortunately, Valentino’s large following has contributed to over 60% of his films surviving, a high percentage compared to most silent films. [6]", "They did not intend to kill him yet the punches resulted in appendicitis. The appendicitis became acute and his appendix later burst, flooding Houdini's abdominal cavity with lethal streptococcus germs. The next day the ruptured appendix was removed but the poison was too much to overcome and Harry died six days later.", "Few performers in the history of show business enjoyed the popularity and cult-like following of Harry Houdini, a magician whose escape tricks brought him closer to death than he would ever admit. “American Experience: Houdini” documents his rise from circus performer, sideshow attraction and vaudeville, to the grand theater circuit and public challenges before thousands of people. A master contortionist, he invented tricks, escapes and machinery still being performed today. He also dabbled in aviation and film production, and performed a public service by debunking spiritualists. The hourlong program includes commentary with David Copperfield, the Amazing Randi and E.L. Doctorow, who made Houdini a key character in “Ragtime.” It also is informed by much archival film footage and photographs.", "Conan Doyle was friends for a time with the American magician Harry Houdini , who himself became a prominent opponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s following the death of his beloved mother. Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently attempted to expose them as frauds), Conan Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers, a view expressed in Conan Doyle's The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Conan Doyle that his feats were simply illusions, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two. [19]", "Whatever happened, Houdini was definitely suffering from severe stomach pains later by mid-afternoon, although he carried on with that evening's show and struggled through another performance the next day (Saturday). On the train to Detroit (where Houdini was scheduled to appear on Sunday) Houdini was suffering mightily from the pain in his stomach, so a worried Bess telegraphed ahead and arranged for a doctor to be standing by at their hotel when they arrived. Unfortunately, their train was late; the Houdinis had no time to check into their hotel and headed straight for the theatre. The doctor finally caught up with Houdini, examined him in the dressing room, found him to be running a fever of 104, diagnosed acute appendicitis, and proclaimed that Houdini should be taken straight to a hospital by ambulance. Bess allegedly did not hear the doctor's diagnosis, and Houdini supposedly told the worried theater owner, prophetically, \"I'll do this show if it's my last.\"", "United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets or padlocked containers (1874-1926)", "William Ellsworth Robinson, the American magician who performed under the stage-name Chung Ling Soo, died after being shot in the chest while performing the bullet catch trick. The inquest judged the case “accidental death” after his wife explained the perilous nature of the trick.", "Known as the fez-wearing magician whose tricks always seemed to go wrong, this British comedian suffered a heart attack during a televised performance. Given the usual nature of his act, the audience took some time to realize that this really wasn't part of it. He died later in hospital.", "Thomas Frederick Cooper (19 March 1921 – 15 April 1984) was a British prop comedian and magician. Cooper was a member of the Magic Circle, and respected by traditional magicians. He was famed for his red fez, and his appearance was large and lumbering, at 6 ft and more than 15 st in weight. On 15 April 1984, Cooper collapsed, and died soon afterwards, from a heart attack on live national television.", "in 2000 - Victor Borge B�rge Rosenbaum dies at age 91. Danish entertainer, a humorist, and world-class pianist affectionately known as the Clown Prince of Denmark and the Great Dane. Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, he played his first major concert in 1926 at the Danish concert hall Odd Fellow Pal�et (The Odd Fellow's Lodge building). After a few years as a classical concert pianist, he started his now famous \"stand up\" act, with the signature blend of piano music and jokes. Victor played with some of the world's most renowned orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic and London Philharmonic. Always modest, he felt very honored when he was invited to conduct the Danish Royal Symphony Orchestra at the Royal Danish Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1992. He toured until his last days, performing up to 60 times a year when he was 90 years old (died peacefully in his sleep).", "4604. Tod Browning, 07 Mar 2016 - My name is Mina and I am a screenwriter doing research about Tod Browning, director of 'Freaks.' I found that when he was young he joined the circus, and he used to perform an act called The Living Corpse, where he would be buried underground for up to 48 hours. The things I read stated that he had a breathing apparatus, but made no mention of how he got water, food, or how he was able to use use the bathroom while buried. Any insight you have into the technical aspects of how this act might have been performed would be very much appreciated! Best, Mina Elwell Reply to this message , replies go to this board, not to the message sender.", "Former burlesque and vaudeville entertainer who played Hollywood character roles from the late 30's until his death.", "Al Jolson born Asa Yoelson (May 26, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was an American singer, film actor, and comedian. At the peak of his career, he was dubbed \"The World's Greatest Entertainer\".", "“Lord” George Sanger (c. 1825–1911) was a Victorian showman and impresario. Sanger, who began calling himself “Lord” in 1888, for publicity purposes, owned a large amphitheatre and menagerie south of the Thames, on Westminster Bridge Road, where, for nearly 30 years he ran a highly successful circus and menagerie and, each Christmas, put on an extravaganza that usually combined a traditional pantomime with circus acts and lavish displays of animals. Sanger’s Circus toured widely throughout Britain and the rest of Europe and on at least two occasions he was invited to give special performances at Windsor Castle for Queen Victoria and her family. Sanger, who claimed to have first gone “on the road” with his father at the age of 5 years, retired from the circus business in 1905; in 1911, one of his employees killed him with a hatchet and later threw himself in front of a train, leaving no explanation for his crime.", "Harry Crocker (July 2, 1893 – May 23, 1958) was an American actor of the 1920s. He appeared in Charlie Chaplin's The Circus in 1928. He was a Los Angeles Examiner newsman." ]

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[ "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written on September 14, 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. To celebrate a victory over British forces during the War of 1812, U.S. soldiers raised a large American flag at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland on September 14, 1814. Inspired by those events, Francis Scott Key wrote a poem called \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", which eventually became the Star Spangled Banner and the United States national anthem. ", "During the War of 1812 a storm flag () was flown over Fort McHenry during the bombardment. It was replaced early on the morning of September 14, 1814 with a larger garrison flag (). The larger flag signaled American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore. The sight of the ensign inspired Francis Scott Key to write the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" that was later set to the tune To Anacreon in Heaven and become known as the Star Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States.", "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from пїЅDefense of Fort M'HenryпїЅ, a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "1814 - Francis Scott Key wrote the \"Star-Spangled Banner,\" a poem originally known as \"Defense of Fort McHenry,\" after witnessing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, MD, during the War of 1812. The song became the official U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931.", "Francis Scott Key, a Washington lawyer who had come to Baltimore to negotiate the release of Dr. William Beanes, a civilian prisoner of war, witnessed the bombardment from a nearby truce ship. An oversized American flag had been sewn by Mary Pickersgill for $405.90 in anticipation of the British attack on the fort. When Key saw the flag emerge intact in the dawn of September 14, he was so moved that he began that morning to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\" which would later be renamed \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and become the United States' national anthem.", "On the 14th September 1814, the poem that was to provide the lyrics for the United States’ national anthem was written by 35 year-old Francis Scott Key. Called “Defence of Fort M’Henry”, the poem provides.... . .", "The history of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" centers around the Battle of Baltimore, a British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor. Francis Scott Key, an American lawyer, penned the words on September 14, 1814, after the 25-hour battle ended and he saw the American flag, not the flag of Britain, flying in victory.", "During the War of 1812, Fort McHenry, sentinel of Baltimore's harbor, was bombarded with advanced weapons, including rockets, and on September 13, 1814. Francis Scott Key was so inspired as he watched the attack, that he wrote the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" in praise of the successful defense of the fort.", "7 Tell the story of the idea put into the poem by Francis Scott Key titled “Defense of Fort McHenry”?", "Surprised and inspired by the sight of the American flag still flying above the fort, Key began writing a poem called “Defence of Fort McHenry\" on the morning of September 14. He scribbled the first verses on the back of an envelope. After returning to Baltimore, he finished the poem in his room at the Indian Queen Hotel on September 16.", "Inspired with joy, Francis Scott Key took out an envelope (from a letter he had started and never finished) and put down his feelings in a poem. He worked on it during his boat ride back to shore, and in his hotel room that night. The next day he brought a copy of the poem (all 4 verses) to his brother-in-law, Judge Joseph H. Nicholson, who immediately sent it to a printer and asked that copies be distributed throughout the city. The poem was titled \"Defense of Fort McHenry\" with a hint that if you wanted to sing it, it would go to the tune of \"To Anacreon in Heaven\" a popular song of the time. On September 20, 1814 the poem was in the Baltimore newspaper. The song caught on and everyone was singing it...probably badly but it's the spirit that counts.", "Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), American lawyer and poet, who wrote the lyrics for \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" the United States national anthem. He was born in Frederick County (now Carroll County), Maryland, and practiced law in Maryland and in the District of Columbia. During the War of 1812 (1812-1815) Key witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor. The sight of the American flag still flying over the fort at daybreak inspired him to write the poem \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" which he set to the tune of an English drinking song, \"To Anacreon in Heaven.\" \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" became the official United States national anthem in 1931. Key also wrote The Power of Literature and Its Connection with Religion (1834) and Poems (posthumously published, 1857).", "The city was the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. After burning Washington, D.C., the British attacked Baltimore outside the eastern outskirts of town on the \"Patapsco Neck\" on September 12, at the Battle of North Point, then on the night of September 13–14, 1814. United States forces from Fort McHenry successfully defended the city's harbor from the British. Francis Scott Key, (1779–1843), a Maryland lawyer from Georgetown and Frederick, was aboard a British ship where he had been negotiating for the release of an American prisoner, Dr. William Beanes.", "By the “dawn’s early light” of September 14, 1814, Francis Scott Key, who was aboard a ship several miles distant, could just make out an American flag waving above Fort McHenry. British ships were withdrawing from Baltimore, and Key realized that the United States had survived the battle and stopped the enemy advance. Moved by the sight, he wrote a song celebrating “that star-spangled banner” as a symbol of America’s triumph and endurance.", "The star-shaped Fort McHenry was built to defend the port of Baltimore against enemy attack. That moment came in September 1814 when the British continuously bombarded the fort for 25 hours. American forces successfully defended Baltimore Harbor -- a move that inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”", "In 1814, with the downfall of Napoleon, the British were able to allocate more military resources to the American war, and Washington, D.C., fell to the British in August. In Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol, and other buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. soldiers. The British soon retreated, however, and Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor withstood a massive British bombardment and inspired Francis Scott Key to pen the “Star-Spangled Banner.”", "In 1814, with the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), the British were able to allocate more military resources to the American war, and Washington , D.C., fell to the British in August. In Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol and other buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. soldiers. However, the British soon retreated, and Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor withstood a massive British bombardment and inspired Francis Scott Key (1779-1843) to pen the “Star-Spangled Banner.”", "35. This city was founded in 1729, and named for the Irish barony its proprietors held. The Continental Congress met there for six months in 1776 and 1777, when it appeared that the British would capture Philadelphia. What city was defended by Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the poem that became our national anthem?", "• In 1814, Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” while watching the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor.", "The British went on the offensive in 1814. The Royal Navy had blockaded the Atlantic Coast throughout the war and now began raiding American cities. In the summer, the British raided Washington, D.C., and burned down the Capitol and the White House. In September the British attacked Baltimore, but were held off by Americans at Fort McHenry who defended the harbor. (It was this engagement that inspired a witness, American poet Francis Scott Key, to write �The Star-Spangled Banner,� which later became the national anthem.) The British then moved their attention to the Gulf Coast. At New Orleans, Andrew Jackson�s army soundly defeated the British on January 8, 1815. Neither side in the Battle of New Orleans knew that the war had ended the previous month with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.", "Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it Defence of Fort MHenry.", "While at Fort McHenry, the entrance of the harbor of Baltimore, Key witnessed the bombardment from the British vessel in which he was detained as a prisoner. When it was unsuccessfully bombarded by the British today, the American lawyer, author, and amateur poet from Georgetown was inspired.", "The battle at Baltimore's Fort McHenry in September inspired Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner", "The incidents referred to in this poem occurred during the War of 1812. In August, 1814, a strong force of British entered Washington and burned the Capitol, the White House, and many other public buildings. On September 13, the British admiral moved his fleet into position to attack Fort McHenry, near Baltimore. The bombardment of the fort lasted all night, but the fort was so bravely defended that the flag was still floating over it when morning came.", "The British then sailed up the Chesapeake to Baltimore. There a land invasion was halted on September 12, 1814 at the Battle of North Point, east of Baltimore City in Dundalk. By sea, the harbor mouth was protected by Fort McHenry, which sustained a heavy bombardment from the British Navy September 13 through the morning of the 14th. ", "Take some time today to discuss why Francis Scott Key wrote these words. What did they mean to him in the context of witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812? What do they mean to you today?", "United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote \"The Star Spangled Banner\"", "Francis Scott Keys original manuscript copy of his Star-Spangled Banner poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.", "Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".", "Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, Washington, D.C. who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\"." ]

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[ "For the most part, hypotension is a medical concern only if it causes signs or symptoms or is linked to a serious condition, such as heart disease. Signs and symptoms of hypotension may include dizziness, fainting, cold and sweaty skin, fatigue (tiredness), blurred vision, or nausea (feeling sick to your stomach).", "At the most basic level, hypotension can cause dizziness or blurry vision, which may increase the risk of falling or contribute to accidents. In more serious cases, it reduces the blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. This decreases the amount of oxygen and nutrients being delivered to these organs and impairs their ability to carry out normal functions. Hypotension may also indicate a more serious underlying health condition.", "Hypotension can be dangerous. It can make you fall because of dizziness or fainting. Shock, a severe form of hypotension, is a condition that's often fatal if not treated right away. With prompt and proper treatment, shock can be successfully treated.", "Another life-threatening series of events is related to vascular collapse resulting from a shift in body fluid. The symptoms are hypotension, decreasing levels of consciousness, tachycardia, and diminished production of urine. Without effective treatment these symptoms progress to profound shock and death.", "Hypotension is the opposite of hypertension, which is high blood pressure. It is best understood as a physiological state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.", "Chronic low blood pressure with no symptoms is almost never serious. But health problems can occur when blood pressure drops suddenly and the brain is deprived of an adequate blood supply. This can lead to dizziness or lightheadedness. Sudden drops in blood pressure most commonly occur in someone who's rising from a lying down or sitting position to standing. This kind of low blood pressure is known as postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure can occur when someone stands for a long period of time. This is called neurally mediated hypotension.", "*Hypothyroidism (Can be considered a form of Cardiogenic shock) in critically ill patients, reduces cardiac output and can lead to hypotension and respiratory insufficiency.", "In some cases, symptoms of more severe sepsis or septic shock (when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level) develop soon after.", "Fluid would begin to accumulate in the lungs. Fever and excessive sweating would be likely. Low blood pressure and respiratory failure could lead to death.", "Cardiovascular manifestations include hypotension, reduction in cardiac output, tachycardia, irregular heart beat, or cardiac arrest. Laboratory tests may reveal abnormal myocardial enzymes. Phosphine affects the small peripheral vessels, causing a profound decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Vascular changes may lead to marked low blood pressure that does not respond well to pressor agents.", "The diagnosis of hypotension is made by first obtaining a blood pressure, either non-invasively with a sphygmomanometer or invasively with an arterial catheter (mostly in an intensive care setting). If the MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) is 70 with use of blood or dobutamine)", "As the body continues the downward path of impaired function, it gathers steam. The body becomes severely compromised in trying to maintain the fine controls of homeostasis. Normal equilibrium is therefore lost. The body will try its hardest to maintain equilibrium by activating various autonomic and reactive compensatory responses which are the neurological and endocrine systems, but unfortunately, the body’s crude response together with the damaged receptor sites and the impaired metabolic and detoxification pathways give rise to paradoxical and exaggerated responses. The body’s internal thermostat is “broken”. Sufferers are usually frustrated and feel abandoned by their physicians. Hallmark symptoms during this phase of Adrenal Fatigue include heart palpitations, fragile blood pressure, dizziness, lightheadedness, postural hypotension, anxiety attacks and adrenaline rushes. The body is literally “falling apart” internally. Sufferers in this stage are often incapacitated and frequently called the “living dead”. It is imperative people in this phase be taken care of by a qualified specialist physician as this level of dysfunction is well beyond the expertise of even the most astute naturally oriented health care provider.", "Another, but rarer form, is postprandial hypotension, a drastic decline in blood pressure that occurs 30 to 75 minutes after eating substantial meals. When a great deal of blood is diverted to the intestines (a kind of \"splanchnic blood pooling\") to facilitate digestion and absorption, the body must increase cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain enough blood pressure to perfuse vital organs, such as the brain. Postprandial hypotension is believed to be caused by the autonomic nervous system not compensating appropriately, because of aging or a specific disorder.", "In other people, certain conditions or factors cause abnormally low blood pressure. As a result, less blood and oxygen flow to the body's organs.", "The most serious problem with low blood pressure occurs when there is a sudden drop, which can be life-threatening due to widespread ischemia (insufficient supply of blood to an organ due to blockage in an artery). This type of low blood pressure may be due to a wide variety of causes, including:", "Current concepts point to the likelihood of pump failure, receptor site dysfunction, transport system dysregulation, low clearance due to incomplete detoxification, metabolite buildup, Autonomic Nervous System reactive responses, and electron driven retoxifications as possible etiology for the wide variety of paradoxical and exaggerated reactions commonly seen in this phase. A key mechanism of this breakdown is by development of positive feedback loops. The internal self-regulatory loop system of the body is generally based primarily on negative feedback and not on positive feedback circuits. Positive feedback loops are inherently unstable and are usually the cause for the final breakdown in many chronic diseases. For example, failure of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) mentioned earlier causes lightheadedness. There may be a need for prolonged bed rest, which in turn worsens the orthostatic hypotension as the patient tries to get up. Over stimulation of the SNS may lead to rapid heart rate, cardiac arrhythmia, reduced cardiac output, and heart failure. Heart failure will in turn trigger more SNS stimulation, and thus propel the viscous cycle downward.", "** Dehydration can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This would rarely result in shock (apart from the very severe cases) but may result in orthostatic hypotension and fainting.", "Death, if it occurs, follows typically six to sixteen days after symptoms appear and is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss. Early supportive care to prevent dehydration may reduce the risk of death. ", "Response to a drop in blood pressure. Tissue isn't getting enough blood flow. Metabolites are building up, oxygen is being deplted. ", "Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.", "*Septic shock is severe sepsis plus persistently low blood pressure despite the administration of intravenous fluids.", "Fainting - also called Syncope, is a sudden, and generally momentary, loss of consciousness, or blacking out caused by the Central Ischaemic Response, because of a lack of sufficient blood and oxygen in the brain. Factors that influence fainting are taking in too little food and fluids, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, growth spurts, physical exercise in excess of the energy reserve of the body, emotional distress, and lack of sleep. Fainting can also occur if pressure on the carotid artery in the neck triggers a vagal signal to the Vaso-Motor Center, reflexly causing a vagal response to slow the heart.", "Hypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrintestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhea), and increased renal loss (diuresis). Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, and cardiac arrhythmia. ", "One complication of septicemia is a serious drop in blood pressure. This is called septic shock. Toxins released by the bacteria in the bloodstream can cause extremely low blood flow, which may result in organ or tissue damage. Septic shock is a medical emergency. People with septic shock are usually cared for in a hospital’s intensive care unit (ICU). You may need to be put on a ventilator, or breathing machine, if you’re in septic shock.", "A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to enable every body part to perform its function; also called hypoperfusion.", "; Pericardial tamponade : Tamponade is a medical emergency resulting from accumulation of fluid in the pericardium that inhibits heart function. Tamponade is a consequence of the fibrous pericardium being too inelastic to permit adequate heart expansion during diastole. The classic finding is pulsus paradoxus as well as Beck's triad (low arterial blood pressure, distended neck veins, & soft heart sounds). Treatment is supportive until in a hospital where pericardiocentesis or a pericardial window can be performed to drain the fluid.", "In some patients the Korotkoff sounds disappear as the systolic pressure is bled down. After an interval, the Korotkoff sounds reappear. This interval is referred to as the \"auscultatory gap.\" This pathophysiologic occurrence can lead to a marked under-estimation of systolic pressure if the cuff pressure is not elevated enough. It is for this reason that the rapid inflation of the blood pressure cuff to 180mmHg was recommended above. The \"auscultatory gap\" is felt to be associated with carotid atherosclerosis and a decrease in arterial compliance in patients with increased blood pressure.", "Imbalance in the humors was seen as the source of disease, by Hippocrates and his followers. Symptoms of humor imbalance were seen as depending upon the amount of particular humor present in the system. Excess blood may cause a seizure, an apoplectic fit, mania, nose bleeds or dysentery. Poor blood quality or blood loss resulting from poor diet or injuries could lead to fainting, coma and even death. An excess of yellow bile could cause fever, vomiting, and yellow skin; an excess of black bile could cause dry skin and vomiting; and an excess of phlegm could cause sneezing or colds.", "In Stage II of shock, these methods of compensation begin to fail. The systems of the body are unable to improve perfusion any longer, and the patient's symptoms reflect that fact. Oxygen deprivation in the brain causes the patient to become confused and disoriented, while oxygen deprivation in the heart may cause chest pain . With quick and appropriate treatment, this stage of shock can be reversed.", "Should the cause of the crisis not be successfully treated, the shock will proceed to the progressive stage and the compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out. As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary sphincters relax such that blood remains in the capillaries.Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 102-103 ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1 Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues. As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion. If the bowel becomes sufficiently ischemic, bacteria may enter the blood stream, resulting in the increased complication of endotoxic shock.", "Defecation syncope:  The temporary loss of consciousness (syncope) upon defecating (having a bowel movement). Syncope is the temporary loss of consciousness or, in plain English, fainting. The situations that trigger this reaction are diverse and include having blood drawn, straining while urinating (micturition syncope) or defecating, coughing or swallowing. The reaction also can be due to the emotional stress of fear or pain. Under these conditions, people often become pale and feel nauseated, sweaty, and weak just before they lose consciousness.", "Edema can also come from other conditions or from when the balance of substances in your blood is off. For example:" ]

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[ "MCPON John-117, or \"Master Chief\", is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Halo fictional universe created by Bungie. Master Chief is a playable character in the series of science fiction first-person shooter video games Halo: Combat Evolved, Halo 2, Halo 3, Halo 4, and Halo 5: Guardians. Outside video games, the character appears in books and graphic novels—Halo: The Fall of Reach, Halo: The Flood, Halo: First Strike, and Halo: Uprising—and has cameos in other Halo media, including Halo: Reach, Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, The Halo Graphic Novel, Halo Legends and Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn.", "IGN saw in the Master Chief elements of Jon 6725416, a character in Christopher Rowley's novel Starhammer. Other reviewers have suggested that the name John-117 could be a Biblical reference. Michael Nitsche of the Georgia Institute of Technology found similarity to Gordon Freeman, the protagonist of Valve Corporation's Half-Life series of FPS video games: \"[Both characters] are the independent, individualistic, and often lonely heroes that gain admiration by constantly proving their superiority ... in technology-driven, hostile, often closed spaces\". ", "Halo is a video game franchise related to science fiction published by Microsoft Game Studios and created by Bungie. Main trilogy of the game centers experiences the Master Chief, an enhanced human super-soldier, and AI companion.", "Halo is a military science fiction first-person shooter video game franchise created by Bungie and now managed and developed by 343 Industries, a subsidiary of Microsoft Studios. The series centers on an interstellar war between humanity and an alliance of aliens known as the Covenant. The Covenant, led by their religious leaders called the Prophets, worship an ancient civilization known as the Forerunners, who perished in combat with the parasitic Flood.", "Call of Duty 3 is a World War II first-person shooter and the third installment in the Call of Duty video game series. Released on November 7, 2006, the game was developed by Treyarch, and was the first major installment in the Call of Duty series not to be developed by Infinity Ward, it was also the first not to be released on the PC platform. It was released on the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and Xbox 360. Call of Duty 3 follows the American, Canadian, British, and Polish armies as well as the French Resistance after D-Day in the Falaise Gap.", "The biggest first-person action series of all time and the follow-up to last year's blockbuster Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 returns with Call of Duty: Black Ops. Call of Duty: Black Ops will take you behind enemy lines as a member of an elite special forces unit engaging in covert warfare, classified operations, and explosive conflicts across the globe. With access to exclusive weaponry and equipment, your actions will tip the balance during the most dangerous time period mankind has ever known.", "Call of Duty: World at War, developed by Treyarch, is the fifth installment of the main series and a prologue to Black Ops. It returns to the World War II setting of earlier titles. It is set in the Pacific theater and Eastern front of World War II. The game uses the same proprietary game engine as Call of Duty 4. Call of Duty: World at War was released for the PC, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 consoles and the Nintendo DS handheld in North America on November 11, 2008, and November 14, 2008 in Europe. As of June 2009, Call of Duty: World at War has sold over 11 million copies. ", "Of Duty: Black Ops II, which made £310m ($500m). The company’s chief executive, Strauss Zelnick, said: “Once again, the team at Rockstar Games have outdone themselves, setting the entertainment industries new standard for creativity, innovation and excellence.” The game has not yet been launched in some major markets, including Japan and Brazil. Mr Zelnick added: “Beginning at midnight on Monday, consumers around the world gathered in anticipation to be among the first to experience the evolution of this remarkable series. “In North America alone, more than 8,300 stores opened their doors at midnight to welcome fans.” The game has received widespread critical acclaim. Games website IGN called it a “masterpiece”, and one of the greatest video games ever made, and Edge magazine called it a “remarkable achievement” that sent a message to the rest of the industry - “Beat that”.", "Call of Duty 2 is a first-person shooter video game, the sequel to Call of Duty. It was developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. The game is set during World War II and is experienced through the perspectives of soldiers in the Red Army, British Army and United States Army. It was released on October 25, 2005 for Microsoft Windows, November 15, 2005 for the Xbox 360, and June 13, 2006 for Mac OS X. Other versions were made for mobile phones, Pocket PCs, and smartphones.", "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 is a first-person shooter video game. It is the eighth installment of the Call of Duty series and the third installment of the Modern Warfare arc. Due to a legal dispute between the game's publisher Activision and the former co-executives of Infinity Ward – which caused several lay-offs and departures within the company  – Sledgehammer Games assisted in the development of the game, while Raven Software was brought in to make cosmetic changes to the menus of the game. The game was said to have been in development since only two weeks after the release of their previous game, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Sledgehammer was aiming for a \"bug free\" first outing in the Call of Duty franchise, and had also set a goal for Metacritic review scores above 95 percent. On May 12, 2011 on the official YouTube page for the Call of Duty franchise, four teasers were released entitled: America, England, France and Germany, indicating possible location for the game.", "The Siegfried Line is the last chapter of the computer game Call of Duty 2: Big Red One.", "Call of Duty: Black Ops III is the twelfth main installment in the series, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. The game was released on November 6, 2015.", "November 8, 2011: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 videogame is released. The story of the video game tells about the Third World War between Russia and the United States, but this time - in Europe. The war ended in the game a peace treaty between Russia and the United States. The game received a controversial assessment by reason of the missions called \"Turbulence\", \"Blood Brothers\" and \"Down The Rabbit Hole\" (criticized in Russia), \"Mind the Gap\" (in the UK) and \"Goalpost\" (in the US)...", "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is the eleventh main installment in the series, developed by Sledgehammer Games with assistance from Raven Software and High Moon Studios. It was released in November 2014. ", "The wide commercial success of the first-person shooter genre has led it to become a community favorite and several of these games have enjoyed time in the MLG Pro Circuit . These games include Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 , Halo 3 , and Call of Duty: Ghosts - which have been featured as some of the marquee events internationally.", "Crysis is a first-person shooter video game developed by Crytek and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and released in November 2007. It is the first game in the Crysis series. A separate game entitled Crysis Warhead was released on September 16, 2008, and follows similar events as Crysis but from a different narrative perspective. At the time Crysis was released, and years thereafter, it has been praised for its milestones in graphical design. The game is based in a future where a massive ancient alien-constructed structure has been discovered buried inside a mountain in the fictional Lingshan Islands, near the coast of the East Philippines. The single-player campaign has the player assume the role of U.S. Army Delta Force soldier Jake Dunn, referred to in-game by his callsign, Nomad. Nomad is armed with various futuristic weapons and equipment, most notably a \"Nanosuit\" which was inspired... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "November 5, 2007: Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare is released. The videogame takes place in 2010. In the story of the game, a team of British SAS soldiers sent to the Baltic States that are under Russian military control.", "* Most games in the Medal of Honor video game franchise feature a fictional OSS agent as the main character.", "details Platform: PC, PS3, Xbox 360 Genre: 3rd Person Shooter Publisher: THQ Developer: Volition Players: 1+ Website: http://www.redfaction.com/ Rating: R16 RRP: $129.99 Release date: Writer: Adrian Hatwell", "Though not the first of its kind, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six started a popular trend of tactical first-person shooters in 1998. It featured a team-based, realistic design and themes based around counter-terrorism, requiring missions to be planned before execution and in it, a single hit was sometimes enough to kill a character. Medal of Honor, released in 1999, started a long running proliferation of first-person shooters set during World War II.", "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare: Mobilized is the Nintendo DS companion game for Modern Warfare 2. Developed by n-Space, the game takes place in the same setting as the main console game, but follows a different storyline and cast of characters. Playing as the S.A.S. and the Marines in campaign mode, both forces are trying to find a nuclear bomb.", "Continuity Nod : The videogame sequel went out of its way to have more in common with the movie than the WOPR acronym; the human forces are commanded by General Berringer, and David, grown up, is CEO of Joshua Information Systems. There is an actual narrative that references the events of the movie directly at many points.", "In 1994, Raven Software released Heretic, which used a modified version of the Doom engine that allowed for vertical aiming, an inventory system to store and select items, and gibs. On the Macintosh, Bungie's release, in the same year, of Marathon, and its subsequent sequels, set the standard for first-person shooters on that platform. Marathon pioneered or was an early adopter of several new features such as freelook, dual-wielded and dual-function weapons, versatile multiplayer modes (such as King of the Hill, Kill the Man with the Ball, and cooperative play), friendly NPCs, and a strong emphasis on storytelling in addition to the action. Star Wars: Dark Forces was released in 1995 after LucasArts decided Star Wars would make appropriate material for a game in the style of Doom. However, Star Wars: Dark Forces added several technical features that Doom lacked, such as the ability to crouch or look up and down, Apogee's Duke Nukem 3D, released in 1996, was \"the last of the great, sprite-based shooters\" winning acclaim for its humor based around stylised machismo as well as its gameplay. However, some found the game's (and later the whole series') treatment of women to be derogatory and tasteless. ", "A video game expert finds himself transported to another planet after conquering the last starfighter video game only to find out it was a test", "Spear of Destiny, often also called Spear, Wolfenstein 3D: Spear of Destiny or just SoD, is a 1992 first-person shooter computer game developed by id Software and published by FormGen Corporation, and is the prequel to id Software's Wolfenstein 3D. As in Wolfenstein 3D, the player assumes the role of allied spy William \"B.J.\" Blazkowicz, on a mission trying to recapture the Spear of Destiny from the Nazis after it was stolen from Versailles.", "On April 20th, 2012, Battleship was released as a video game alongside the 2012 Battleship film .", "Once you jump into the action, you realize this death-drenched disco has it all: some of the best weapons ever to grace your monitor (Bio Rifles and Flak Cannons for the win), a jump-happy physics engine that rewards verticality as much as as it does speed, AI that's still as deadly and reactive as real players, and a soundtrack that'll have your blood pumping quicker than a handy shot of epinephrine. Godlike.", "The player assumes the role of JC Denton, a nanotech-augmented operative of the United Nations Anti-Terrorist Coalition (UNATCO). This nanotechnology is a central gameplay mechanism, and allows players to perform superhuman feats.", "We couldn't exclude Marcus Fenix from our list of best heroes in games--after all, this dude's a legend both within the scope of his own universe as well as our own, starring in some of the best games on the Xbox 360 . He fought the locust for ten years before being branded a coward, saving untold numbers of lives in the process. And why did he receive this unfair, demeaning label? Because he abandoned his post to save his dad. What a champ!", "Team 17's very British turn-based battler is a true curio, something that could've only come from the mad minds of late '90s games developers. Here you play a squad of fighty worms as they attempt to eradicate the opposing team by blasting them or knocking them into water. \"But they haven't got any arms!\" you shriek into our faces. True, but that doesn't mean these invertebrates can't use artillery.", "Domark created an action game split into three separate sections, inspired by scenes from the film. The game starts with the famous movie intro sequence of the moving gunsight and Bond shooting towards the camera.", "In 1999, a third-person shooter, also entitled Jeff Wayne's The War of the Worlds, was developed by Pixelogic and released for the Sony PlayStation. It used much of the 1998 game's music and graphical elements, but featured an entirely different campaign with a focus on vehicular combat." ]

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[ "Toronto area-authors Robert J. Sawyer and Robert Charles Wilson are facing off once again for science-fiction's top international honour, the Hugo Award for Best Novel of the Year.", "The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and were officially named the Science Fiction Achievement Awards until 1992. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the central focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955. Over the years that the award has been given, the categories presented have changed; currently Hugo Awards are given in more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works of various types.", "Sawyer's Wake (published by Viking Canada / Ace USA / Gollancz UK) and Wilson's Julian Comstock: A Novel of 22nd Century America (Tor Books) are two of the six finalists for the Hugo, which will be awarded Sunday, September 5, 2010, at a gala ceremony as the highlight of the 68th annual World Science Fiction Convention , which is being held this year in Melbourne, Australia.", "\"For many years now, Robert J. Sawyer has been turning out imaginative, thought-provoking science fiction novels set in the present day and dealing with the impact of science and technology upon relatively ordinary people. A typical Sawyer tale brings together multiple diverse elements from popular culture, psychology, physics, and philosophy; stirs together plausible advances in science with appealing characters; adds some realistic depictions of actual scientists at work and a generous helping of old-fashioned sense-of-wonder; and filters the whole mix through a distinctly Canadian filter. Wake is no exception.", "The Hugo Awards are the premier awards in the Science Fiction field, given annually since the early 1950s years in over a dozen categories, for best books, stories, dramatic works, and professional and fan activities. The rocketship-shaped trophies represent the committed fan and professional SF community, voters with paid memberships to the annual World Science Fiction Conventions.", "Sawyer's Wake is also currently one of five finalists for the Aurora Award , Canada's top honour in science-fiction, for Best English Novel of the Year. Wilson's Julian Comstock is expanded from his earlier novella \"Julian: A Christmas Story,\" which was a previous Hugo finalist.", "\"Wake by Robert J. Sawyer is another delight from the pen of an author who knows how to romp through the kind of speculation which makes science fiction most fun. Definitely give this one a try.\" Fort Morgan Times (Colorado)", "\"When I am asked what my favourite science fiction novel is, invariably the answer is: `The last one by Robert Sawyer.' With the publication of Wake,", "Works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be considered mainstream fiction. Much of the thriller genre would be included, such as the novels of Tom Clancy or Michael Crichton, or the James Bond films. Modernist works from writers like Kurt Vonnegut, Philip K. Dick, and Stanisław Lem have focused on speculative or existential perspectives on contemporary reality and are on the borderline between SF and the mainstream. According to Robert J. Sawyer, \"Science fiction and mystery have a great deal in common. Both prize the intellectual process of puzzle solving, and both require stories to be plausible and hinge on the way things really do work.\" Isaac Asimov, Walter Mosley, and other writers incorporate mystery elements in their science fiction, and vice versa.", "Among the most respected awards for science fiction are the Hugo Award, presented by the World Science Fiction Society at Worldcon; the Nebula Award, presented by SFWA and voted on by the community of authors; and the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel and Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for short fiction. One notable award for science fiction films is the Saturn Award. It is presented annually by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films.", "• Which of these authors have won the Hugo Award for best science fiction or fantasy novel? Arthur C. Clarke, Daniel Keyes, George R. R. Martin, Isaac Asimov, John Varley, Kurt Vonnegut, Orson Scott Card, Philip K. Dick", "\"Sawyer's fascination with the birth of consciousness and the relationship of consciousness to humanity makes this more than your typical `the machine is alive' story. Likewise, his compassionate writing lets us avoid the trap of assuming monstrosity in difference. As Caitlin and the consciousness of the Web learn to communicate, readers can easily begin to question what it is that makes us human and whether or not that is enough to make us special, or just one variation among all consciousness, artificial or natural. Like all great science fiction, Sawyer's work ultimately stirs up philosophical questions, and Wake is no exception.\" Sacramento News & Review", "\"Robert J. Sawyer's books are for me among a select group. When there's a new Robert J. Sawyer book available, all other leisure activities go on hold until it's read. Robert J. Sawyer writes science fiction that makes you think. His books often tackle the philosophical questions of our time, and the philosophical questions we may need to confront at a future time.", "\"Wake provides a refreshing intersect of science and real life, of consciousness and perception, of imagination and potential. Sawyer puts the science back in science fiction and does it with panache.\" Bitten by Books", "Brian Aldiss, in his book Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction, claimed that the Hugo Award was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected Nebula Award, which provided \"more literary judgment\", though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped. Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of Salon.com terming it \"science fiction's most prestigious award\".", "\"Wake is about as good as it gets when it comes to science fiction. In Caitlin, Sawyer has created a likable and sympathetic hero. She's smart, sure, but also full of sass, which lends itself to some wildly entertaining reading. Sawyer's combination of writing skill and computing background come together marvelously in this book. The characters are rich and realistic, while the ideas are fresh and fascinating.\" The Maine Edge, Bangor, Maine", "The winners of the 2007 World Fantasy Awards have been announced , and Shaun Tan won the award for Best Artist. In related matters, there are very lively discussions underway in sf circles at present regarding whether Tan's The Arrival can be considered a work of fiction - and if so which category - or non-fiction for next year's Hugo Awards. I'd suggest it is very likely he will appear on the ballot somewhere.", "Since we're in the thick of Hugo, Nebula, and Aurora Award-nominating season, forgive me for this roundup of reviews of my 2009 novel Wake (published in the US by Ace as WWW: Wake).", "The Nebula Awards are given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) for the best science fiction or fantasy fiction published in the United States during the previous year. The winner receives a trophy but no cash prize; the trophy is a transparent block with an embedded glitter spiral nebula and gemstones cut to resemble planets. The trophy itself was designed for the first awards by J. A. Lawrence, based on a sketch by Kate Wilhelm, and has remained the same ever since. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the prior calendar year. There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left up to the nominators and voters, rather than to SFWA.", "The Nebula Awards annually recognize the best works of science fiction or fantasy published in the United States during the previous year. The awards are organized and awarded by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), a nonprofit association of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. They were first given in 1966 at a ceremony created for the awards, and are given in four categories for different lengths of literary works. A fifth category for film and television episode scripts was given 1974–78 and 2000–09. The rules governing the Nebula Awards have changed several times during the awards' history, most recently in 2010.", "Nebula Awards Showcase 2010 By Edited by Bill Fawcett Roc Trade, $16.00, 417 pages The Nebula Awards have become one of the great exhibitions in science fiction and fantasy, and every year, the Nebula Awards Showcase collection is released, honoring the best, brightest, most influential, and most deserving writers, editors, and names of the past and present. The 2010 edition opted to look back, and featured several articles by various sci-fi luminaries detailing the rise of science fiction over the last century. From the early days of pulp to the days of hard sci-fi to the psychedelia-inf luenced stories of the ‘70s and beyond, it’s been a long strange trip to respectability for science fiction, and the Nebula Awards epitomize the prominence of the genre. Appearances by classic authors like Harry Harrison and M.J. Engh were nicely counterpointed by brief pieces highlighting great editors and featuring snippets of their work. Martin H. Greenberg’s story of getting to know Isaac Asimov was a treat, as was Kate Wilhelm’s dark divorce-centric ghost story. And while", "Mary Anne Mohanraj's edited anthology, \"WisCon Chronicles 9: Intersections and Alliances\", has been long listed in the nonfiction category for the British Science Fiction Awards.  The BSFA awards are presented annually by the British Science Fiction Association, based on a vote of BSFA members and – in recent years – members of the British national science fiction convention Eastercon. They are awards that not only seek to honour the most worthy examples in each category, but to promote the genre of science fiction, and get people reading, talking about and enjoying all that contemporary science fiction has to offer.", "How do I submit my book (or story or movie) for nomination for a Hugo Award?", "*Roger Zelazny - fantasy and science fiction author; winner of three Nebula Awards and six Hugo Awards", "Cordwainer Smith's science fiction resembles Isaac Asimov's Foundation Trilogy, in that it takes place in a far future universe that is completely different from both today's society, and the work of other science fiction writers. Both writers are also more interested in showing a future humanity, than they are in exploring alien worlds or beings. Both writers' works have aspects of the thriller, and both writers' thrillers involve melodrama, in which two sides of a moral dispute compete for their teams' success.", "These Hugo and/or Nebula Award winning classics come through on all counts. In his opening to “R&R,” Lucius Shepard maintains his exquisite control over the English language while letting us know that the story takes place during a future wartime in Central America. The beginning of Connie Willis’s “Fire Watch,” informs the reader that we are back in time, but that it’s complicated. Only yesterday, the character saw a stone that isn’t there now. This is another war story, though any historically knowledgeable reader knows that this narrator is probably on safer ground than Shepard’s Mingolla. Yet we learn that someday, a “crime” from which the character has not recovered will occur on the fire watch stone. James Patrick Kelly’s opening to “Think Like a Dinosaur” introduces us to an apparently hard and possibly dangerous individual. We won’t know the true extent of what it means to “think like an alien” until we reach the stories end. Until we get there, we won’t really know who the hardened and dangerous individual is, either.", "Spurred on by the Quest to read every joint Hugo-Nebula winner, I wondered what the differences were between the 2 major awards. In particular, which books won one award, but weren't even nominated for the other. The lists are below (with the usual caveats about errors and omissions).", "He won a Nebula Award in 1973 for Best Novel for The Gods Themselves . He also won 6 Hugo Awards for several novels.", "In this sequel to The Talisman (both co-written with Peter Straub), Jack Sawyer is now in his late thirties and has taken early retirement from the LAPD, retreating to a small town in Wisconsin. He has no memory of his adventures as a twelve-year-old boy, when he traveled into a parallel universe in search of the talisman that would save his mother's life. A series of murders involving young children force him out of retirement. There is more to these cases than murder, though, and Jack must retrieve his childhood memories to rescue the latest victim, who is coveted by the killer's evil overlord, a powerful force from End-World, in Roland the gunslinger's universe.", "*T. Coraghessan Boyle - novelist and short story writer; awarded the 1988 PEN/Faulkner Award for novel World's End", "Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania by Erik Larson — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists", "From Leviathan Wakes by \"James S.A. Corey\" (Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck) 2011. First novel of The Expanse" ]

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[ "On September 17, 1976, NASA publicly unveiled its first space shuttle, the Enterprise, during a ceremony in Palmdale, California. Development of the aircraft-like spacecraft cost almost $10 billion and took nearly a decade. In 1977, the Enterprise became the first space shuttle to fly freely when it was lifted to a height of 25,000 feet by a Boeing 747 airplane and then released, gliding back to Edwards Air Force Base on its own accord.", "On Sept. 17, 1976, NASA's prototype space shuttle Enterprise was rolled out of its assembly facility in Southern California and displayed before a crowd several thousand strong. Though Enterprise was a test vehicle that never reached space, its completion in some ways marked the true beginning of the space shuttle era.", "Amid great fanfare, the Enterprise was rolled out on September 17, 1976, and later conducted a successful series of glide-approach and landing tests that were the first real validation of the design. The first fully functional Shuttle Orbiter was the Columbia, built in Palmdale, California.", "Roddenberry and the Star Trek cast on hand for the space shuttle Enterprise Template:'s maiden voyage on September 17, 1976. [20]", "The first orbiter spacecraft, Enterprise ( OV-101 ), was rolled out on Sept. 17, 1976 . On Jan. 31, 1977 , it was transported 38 miles overland from Rockwell's assembly facility at Palmdale, Calif., to NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility at Edwards Air Force Base for the Approach and Landing Test (ALT) program.", "In 1977, a trial space shuttle orbiter named Enterprise was carried on a 747 jet to high altitudes and then released to determine that the shuttle could maneuver through the atmosphere before landing. On 12 April 1981, the shuttle Columbia, with Robert L. Crippen and John W. Young aboard, was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. After completing thirty-six orbits in two days, the Columbia landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California. NASA built four additional shuttles: Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour.", "The craft, completed in 1976, was NASA's first shuttle orbiter. It was not intended to fly into space. Instead, it performed test flights within Earth's atmosphere and paved the way for the five operational shuttles that followed.", "The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable human spaceflight vehicle capable of reaching low Earth orbit, commissioned and operated by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1981 to 2011. It resulted from shuttle design studies conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in the 1960s and was first proposed for development as part of an ambitious second-generation Space Transportation System (STS) of space vehicles to follow the Apollo program in a September 1969 report of a Space Task Group headed by Vice President Spiro Agnew to President Richard Nixon. Nixon's post-Apollo NASA budgeting withdrew support of all system components except the Shuttle, to which NASA applied the STS name.", "Although it flew its maiden voyage only in 1981, NASA's shuttle program began many years earlier and predated Apollo. In the late 1950s, as human space flight began to be seriously considered and planned, most scientists and engineers projected that if space flight became a reality it would build upon logical building blocks. First, a human would be lofted into space as a passenger in a capsule (project Mercury). Second, the passengers would acquire some control over the space vehicle (project Gemini). Third, a reusable space vehicle would be developed that would take humans into Earth orbit and return them. Next, a permanent Space Station would be constructed in a near-Earth orbit through the utilization of the reusable space vehicle. Finally, planetary and lunar flights would be launched from the Space Station using relatively low-thrust and reusable (and thus lower cost) space vehicles. The perception of what became the shuttle as that reusable space vehicle associated with an orbiting space station held fast well into the vehicle's developmental stages.", "Apollo 8 was the first Apollo flight carrying \"human cargo\" powered by the Saturn rocket. Its original flight plan was to go into Earth orbit, but again MSFC and MSC combined to convince leaders at NASA Headquarters that Apollo 8 should be a circumlunar flight. Although perceived to be a \"high risk\" effort, Apollo 8, launched on December 28, 1968, put astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr. and William A. Anders into ten orbits about the Moon, and returned them safely to Earth. That flight provided greater assurance of the probability of completing a lunar landing within the decade, and accelerated the need to commit to a post-Apollo program. On January 23, 1969, George Mueller approved contract negotiations for design work on what would become the Space Shuttle. 16 Touchdown by Apollo 11 on the Moon's surface in July 1969 brought work on the shuttle into sharper focus. The question, \"After Apollo, What Next?\" needed to be answered soon.", "The first experimental orbiter Enterprise was a high-altitude glider, launched from the back of a specially modified Boeing 747, only for initial atmospheric landing tests (ALT). Enterprises first test flight was on February 18, 1977, only five years after the Shuttle program was formally initiated; leading to the launch of the first space-worthy shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981 on STS-1. The Space Shuttle program finished with its last mission, STS-135 flown by Atlantis, in July 2011, retiring the final Shuttle in the fleet. The Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31, 2011. ", "After completing his backup assignment on Apollo 16, Haise moved over to the Space Shuttle program. In 1977, he participated in the program's Approach and Landing Tests at Edwards Air Force Base. Along with C. Gordon Fullerton as Pilot, Haise as Commander piloted the Space Shuttle Enterprise in free flight to three successful landings after being released from the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft. These tests successfully verified the shuttle's flight characteristics, an important step toward the overall success of the program.", "The Space Shuttle Atlantis (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV‑104) is a Space Shuttle orbiter belonging to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the spaceflight and space exploration agency of the United States. Constructed by the Rockwell International company in Southern California and delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in Eastern Florida in April 1985, Atlantis is the fourth operational and the second-to-last Space Shuttle built. Its maiden flight was STS-51-J from 3 to 7 October 1985.", "The first Space Shuttle (Orbital Vehicle 101, OV-101) was not built for space missions: it was used for unpowered test flights at NASA's Dryden Test Flight Center at the Edwards Air Force Base in California.", "NASA tested the shuttle several times on the ground before setting it loose. First, in February 1977, the agency did some taxi tests with Enterprise perched above a modified 747 passenger aircraft. The aircraft type (known as the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft) would later be used to carry the shuttles between California and Florida if the shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base.", "1983: The second space shuttle, Challenger, makes a successful maiden voyage, which includes the first U.S. space walk in nine years.", "The name finally chosen for the space laboratory was that used by the European developers. It followed several earlier names used as NASA's program developed toward its 1980s operational goal. In 1971 NASA awarded a contract for preliminary design of \"Research and Applications Modules\" (RAMs) to fly on the Space Shuttle. A family of manned or \"man-tended\" payload carriers, the RAMs were to provide versatile laboratory facilities for research and applications work in earth orbit. Later modules were expected to be attached to space stations, in addition to the earlier versions operating attached to the Shuttle. The simplest RAM mode was called a \"Sortie Can\" at Marshall Space Flight Center. It was a low-cost simplified. pressurized laboratory to be carried on the Shuttle orbiter for short \"sortie\" missions into space. 1 In June 1971 the NASA Project Designation Committee redesignated the Sortie Can the \"Sortie Lab,\" as a more fitting name. 2", "1979 -The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch.", "Taking off on April 12, 1981, Columbia made the first orbital flight of NASA's space shuttle program. Here, crew members John Watts Young, left, and Robert Laurel Crippen hold a model of the orbiter in 1979.", "In real life, the prototype space shuttle was named Enterprise (OV-101) following a write-in campaign by Star Trek fans. The orbiter conducts a 1977 test flight in this photo.", "The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable launch system and orbital spacecraft operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for human spaceflight missions. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981 leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. It was used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011 all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida.", "** The Defense/Space Business Daily newsletter was persistent in referring to USAF and NASA reentry and lifting-body tests as \"Space Shuttle\" tests. Editor-in-Chief Norman L. Baker said the newsletter had first tried to reduce the name \"Aerospaceplane\" to \"Spaceplane\" for that project and had moved from that to \"Space Shuttle\" for reusable, back-and-forth space transport concepts as early as 1963. The name was suggested to him by the Washington, D.C., to New York airline shuttle flights. (Telephone interview, 22 April 1975.)", "The space shuttle Columbia was the first to liftoff on April 12, 1981, successfully putting the spacecraft through its paces. From there, missions rapidly grew in scope, and crews expanded to include people from all walks of life.", "5 Jan. 1972 NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher met with President Richard M. Nixon at the \"Western White House\" in San Clemente, California, to discuss the future of the space program and then issued a statement to the media announcing the decision to \"proceed at once with the develop¬ment of an entirely new type of space transportation system designed to help transform the space frontier of the 1970s into familiar territory, easily accessible for human endeavor in the 1980s and '90s.\" This became the Space Shuttle, first flown in space on 12-14 Apr. 1981.", "File:Nasa Shuttle Test Using Electron Beam full.jpg|A Space Shuttle model undergoes a wind tunnel test in 1975. This test is simulating the ionized gasses that surround a Shuttle as it reenters the atmosphere.", "The shuttle program was formally launched on January 5, 1972, when President Nixon announced that NASA would proceed with the development of a reusable space shuttle system. The stated goals of \"transforming the space frontier...into familiar territory, easily accessible for human endeavor\" was to be achieved by launching as many as 50 missions per year, with hopes of driving down per-mission costs. ", "The boxy black and white craft is the queen of technological marvels from the late 20th century. From its first launch in 1981 the Space Shuttle has been the way to fly to space for many of humankind.", "Three manned captive flights that followed the five unmanned captive flights included an astronaut crew aboard the orbiter operating its flight control systems while the orbiter remained perched atop the SCA. These flights were designed to exercise and evaluate all systems in the flight environment in preparation for the orbiter release (free) flights. They included flutter tests of the mated craft at low and high speed, a separation trajectory test and a dress rehearsal for the first orbiter free flight.", "During the mid-1970s, he was the project manager on the YF-17 fighter and oversaw the center’s fleet of F-104 Starfighter research and chase aircraft. He spent nearly 30 years as the project manager of NASA’s B-52B mother ship, an iconic aircraft that launched many of the most significant aerospace vehicles in history.", "The Boeing 367-80 went on to test many advanced experimental systems for jet transports until its retirement in 1972. It took its final flight on August 27, 2003 when it flew to Virginia to take its place at the Steven F Udvar-Hazy Center , part of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.", "Roger E. Bilstein, Testing Aircraft, Exploring Space: An Illustrated History of NACA and NASA. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins New Series in NASA History, 2003).", "The crew for the Shuttle's first flight dedicated to the Department of Defense included payload specialist Gary Payton of the U.S. Air Force. The cargo, as well as details of the mission, was classified." ]

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[ "October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.", "October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.", "As the summer of 1973 gave way to fall, another event occurred that would have far-reaching effects on the nation's presidential history. Vice President Spiro Agnew was under investigation by the U.S. Attorney's office in Baltimore, Maryland, on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. In October, he was formally charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000 while serving as Maryland's governor. To end the criminal proceedings quickly, a deal was reached. Agnew would plead no contest to a lesser charge of failing to report income to the IRS, on the condition that he resign the Vice Presidency. President Nixon sought advice from Congress on a replacement, resulting in the affable 13-term congressman from Michigan getting the nod, Gerald R. Ford. The U.S. Senate approved the nomination 92-3. The House confirmed by a vote of 397-35. On December 6, 1973, Ford took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States. The press, however, paid little notice. Watergate was all-consuming.", "Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Prior to this he was the 40th Vice President of the United States, serving from 1973 until President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, following the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew on October 10, 1973. Becoming president upon Richard Nixon's departure on August 9, 1974, he claimed the distinction as the first and to date the only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected to either office. As he was appointed to fill a vacancy and then succeeded to the presidency, Ford also earned the distinction of being the only person in American history to neither begin nor finish either a presidential or vice presidential term on the date of a regularly-scheduled inauguration. Before ascending to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, the final 9 of them as the House Minority Leader.", "In late July 1974 the House Judiciary Committee passed the first of three articles of impeachment against Nixon, charging obstruction of justice. Upon the threat of a likely post-impeachment conviction, Richard Nixon resigned from the office of the presidency on August 9, 1974. He was succeeded by Gerald Ford, whom Nixon had appointed vice president in 1973 after Spiro Agnew resigned his office amid charges of bribery, extortion and tax evasion during his tenure as governor of Maryland. Nixon was pardoned by President Ford on September 8, 1974.", "On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned, amid charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering from his tenure as Maryland's governor. Nixon chose Representative Gerald Ford , Republican Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew. [152]", "Scandal: President Richard M. Nixon (1913-1994) resigns the Presidency in the wake of the Watergate scandal; he is the only President to resign the office; Vice President Gerald R. Ford (1913- )is inaugurated as the nation's 38th President. Nelson A. Rockefeller (1908-1979) becomes the nation's 41st Vice President.", "Vice President Spiro Agnew (1918-1996) is forced to resign his office on Justice Department charges of corruption in ofice. Under the newly ratified 25th Amendment, Gerald Ford (1913- ) is appointed Vice President.", "While Maryland is a Democratic Party stronghold, perhaps its best known political figure is a Republican – former Governor Spiro Agnew, who served as United States Vice President under Richard Nixon. He was Vice President from 1969 to 1973, when he resigned in the aftermath of revelations that he had taken bribes while he was Governor of Maryland. In late 1973 a court found Agnew guilty of violating tax laws.", "Spiro T. Agnew, who was the Governor of Maryland from 1967–1969, later served as the Vice-President of the United States for a time under President Richard M. Nixon, and Agnew is, thus far, the highest-ranking Marylander in the history of the United States. (Marylander Roger B. Taney served as Chief Justice of the United States in the 19th century.) Following his resignation due to charges of corruption, Agnew's official gubernatorial portrait was removed Damnatio memoriae from the Maryland State House Governor's Reception Room from 1979 until 1995. Then-Governor Parris Glendening stated that in re-including Agnew's portrait that it was not up to anyone to alter history, whether for good or bad, citing Nineteen Eighty-Four. ", "The County replaced its older traditional system of an elected Board of County Commissioners, with members elected at large, in 1956 with a more modern and useful \"executive-council\" system of government to better serve a large, increasingly urban, jurisdiction. Since then it has had eleven county executives and one \"acting\" executive, of which ten were Democrats and two Republicans. The former Vice President of the United States, Spiro T. Agnew, served as the third executive from 1962 to 1966 and subsequently was elected Governor of Maryland, serving 1967 to 1969, when he was elected on a national ticket with 37th President Richard M. Nixon in 1968, inaugurated 1969. He was later accused of corruption and bribery while serving earlier as the County executive and pleaded \"no contest\" to unprecedented Federal criminal charges and was forced to resign in 1973, prior to the separate \"Watergate\" political scandal which enveloped President Nixon and forced him to step down a year later.", "Gerald Ford, in full Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr., original name Leslie Lynch King, Jr. (born July 14, 1913, Omaha , Nebraska , U.S.—died December 26, 2006, Rancho Mirage, California ), 38th president of the United States (1974–77), who, as 40th vice president, succeeded to the presidency on the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon under the process decreed by the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution and thereby became the country’s only chief executive who was not elected as either president or vice president. His first act upon assuming office was to grant his predecessor “a full, free, and absolute pardon.” (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America .)", "Gerald Ford became President with the resignation of Richard Nixon. He was one of 9 vice presidents to become president . He was the only vice president who didn't become president due to a president's death.", "In 1973, Agnew was investigated by the United States Attorney for the District of Maryland on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. He was charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000 while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, and Vice President. On October 10 that same year, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President. Nixon later replaced Agnew by appointing House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as Vice President. The following year, when Nixon resigned from the White House due to the Watergate scandal, Ford ascended to the presidency.", "38. Gerald Ford (August 9, 1974—January 20, 1977). Republican. Ford was assigned vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned during Richard Nixon’s administration. When Nixon resigned, Ford became president. While in office Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, easing relations during the Cold War. Involvement in Vietnam essentially ended not long after he became president. The economy was the worst since the Great Depression while he was in office. He also granted a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for the Watergate scandal, which drew controversy towards his name.", "The Vice president of the US under Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford took office in 1974 after Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal. His Presidency came at an uncertain time in American history, as the Vietnam War was coming to a close and the economy was in shambles. A former Congressional leader, Ford faced an uphill battle as President and lost his reelection bid in 1976. My memories of the Ford Presidency are linked to the spirited Bicentennial celebrations in July of 1976, as I was too young to remember any of the bad stuff. In later years, I came to know him through parodies on “Saturday Night Live” and “the Simpsons.” He is now in his 90’s, and has been in bad health lately.", "The specter of the Watergate scandal, the break-in at Democratic headquarters during the 1972 campaign and the ensuing cover-up by Nixon administration officials, hung over Ford's nine-month tenure as vice president. When it became apparent that evidence, public opinion, and the mood in Congress were all pointing toward impeachment, Nixon became the first president in U.S. history to resign from that office.", "In 1976 the Democratic party nominated former governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. The Republicans chose President Gerald Ford and Senator Robert Dole of Kansas. Richard M. Nixon had appointed Ford, a congressman from Michigan, as vice president to replace Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid charges of corruption. Ford became president when Nixon resigned after the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment because of his involvement in an attempted cover-up of the politically inspired Watergate break-in.", "1974 - Resignation  / Richard Nixon - August 9th, 1974: \"The Watergate scandal reached its dramatic crescendo in August 1974, with the resignation of President Richard Nixon, the first American President to be brought low by the threat of impeachment. One of the first acts of his successor, the unelected Vice-president Gerald Ford, was to grant Nixon a full pardon [11/08/1974] for his role in Watergate.\"", "Gerald Ford was vice president under President Richard Nixon. He became 38th President of the United States when Nixon resigned.", "One of the most difficult decisions of Ford's presidency was made just a month after he took office. Believing that protracted legal proceedings would keep the country mired in Watergate and unable to address the other problems facing it, Ford decided to grant a pardon to Richard Nixon prior to the filing of any formal criminal charges. Public reaction was mostly negative; Ford was even suspected of having made a \"deal\" with the former president to pardon him if he would resign. The decision may have cost him the election in 1976, but President Ford always maintained that it was the right thing to do for the good of the country.", "Ford and his golden retriever, Liberty, in the Oval Office, 1974When Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency, making him the only person to assume the vice-presidency and the presidency without having been voted into either office. Immediately after taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech broadcast live to the nation. Ford noted the peculiarity of his position: \"I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers.\"[39] He went on to state:", "Gerald Ford assumed office on August 9, 1974, following Richard Nixon’s resignation—thus becoming the 38th president in history.", "Decades later, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation presented its 2001 Profile in Courage Award to Gerald Ford for his 1974 pardon of Nixon. In pardoning Nixon, said the foundation, Ford placed his love of country ahead of his own political future and brought needed closure to the divisive Watergate affair. Ford left politics after losing the 1976 presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter. Ford died on December 26, 2006, at the age of 93.", "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward detente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over what was then the worst economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but ultimately lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.", "As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. Compared with his predecessors, Ford's policies were less directed towards intervention in Vietnamese affairs. Domestically, the economy suffered from inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial decisions was granting a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but ultimately lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter by a small margin.", "Ford was confirmed and sworn in on Dec. 6, 1973. But he would serve only nine months as vice president, his entire term overshadowed by the unraveling of the Nixon administration.", "was the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which Ford evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. He closed the war.", "In 1977, Gerald Ford began what was a very long career as a former president. He and his wife Betty settled in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Like many former presidents, he wrote books, traveled, lectured, worked on his presidential library at the University of Michigan and played golf. But in retirement, something happened that changed the Fords' lives. In 1978 their children confronted Mrs. Ford about her alcoholism.", "When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974 as our 38th President, he declared, \"I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances...This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.\"", "When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974 as our 38th President, he declared, \"I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances...This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.\" ", "When Gerald R. Ford took the oath of office on August 9, 1974, he declared, \"I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.\"" ]

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[ "Bakimliyiz.Com - According to Arthurian legend what did the lady of the lake give to Arthur", "The Lady of The Lake was a mysterious female credited with giving King Arthur the legendary sword Excalibur and the mystic scabbard which protected the wearer from dying. She was also credited with abducting Lancelot to her underwater dwelling to be her ward, training him to be the greatest of all knights.", "The Lady of the Lake was the keeper of the sword Excalibur in Arthurian legend. According to Sir Thomas Malory , after King Arthur broke his original sword in battle against King Pellinor, Merlin brought him to the Lake of Avalon, where the Lady of the Lake appeared. She agreed to give Arthur Excalibur for his new sword, and he bore it from then on. Presumably she received it back after Sir Bedivere returned it to the lake. In the Vulgate Cycle, she also served as the foster-mother to Sir Lancelot, raising him in her home after Benwick, the kingdom of his father Ban, was conquered by King Claudas, and sending him to Arthur's court when he was of age. (According to Mr. Weisman, however, this last did not happen in the Gargoyles Universe .) [2]", "The Lady of the Lake exhibited the closest characteristics to the korrigan, but the Lady was more benevolent than the korrigans. The Lady of the Lake was responsible for giving the sword Exicalibur to King Arthur (see Legend of Excalibur, New Sword ). She abducted the infant from Queen Elaine (or Helen) of Banoic and raised the infant Lancelot to manhood. She was Lancelot's tutor. (See Lancelot .)", "    For years Merlin served Arthur as his chief advisor and magical protector. After Arthur broke the magic sword from the stone in battle, Merlin took him to the Lady of the Lake, who gave Arthur the enchanted sword Excalibur.", "According to Arthurian legend what did the lady of the lake give to Arthur - Bakimliyiz.Com", "The Tradition: The Lady of the Lake was the foster-mother of Sir Lancelot and raised him beneath the murky waters of her Lake. She is, however, best known for her presentation to King Arthur of his magical sword Excalibur, through the intervention of the King's druidic advisor, Merlin (Myrddin) who was constantly worried that his monarch would fall in battle.", "It was famously referred to in the Idylls of the King cycle of poems by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. There the Lady of the Lake, described in the cycle only by the same line, repeated in four different places: \"Clothed in white samite, mystic, wonderful\", gives Arthur his sword Excalibur and then in the The Passing of Arthur catches it when it is flung into the lake as he lies dying. This appearance was referenced, too, in the film Excalibur and even burlesqued in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. (Wikipedia)", "When the Lady of the Lake who had given Excalibur, came to King Arthur, she asked for Balin's head and Lady Lile's as a gift in return for the sword. Arthur refused. Balin beheaded the Lady of the Lake, because she had caused the death of Balin's mother.", "However, in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign. She calls the sword \"Excalibur, that is as to say as Cut-steel.\" In the Vulgate Mort Artu, Arthur orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake. After two failed attempts (as he felt such a great sword should not be thrown away), he finally complies with the wounded king's request and a hand emerges from the lake to catch it, a tale which becomes attached to Bedivere instead in Malory and the English tradition. Malory records both versions of the legend in his Le Morte d'Arthur, naming both swords as Excalibur. ", "Arthur learns that the sword belongs to the Lady of the Lake. She says she will give it to him in exchange for a gift when she asks for one. Arthur promises that she shall have whatever she asks. He and Merlin then row to the center of the lake and Arthur takes the sword and its scabbard from the mysterious arm.", "In the disastrous last battle, Arthur kills Mordred, and, in turn, receives a mortal wound. The entire Round Table has been killed with the exception of Sir Bedivere, who carries the King to a church (Avalon), where Arthur first received Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake. Arthur orders Bedivere to throw the sword into the lake to fulfill a prophecy written on the blade. Sir Bedivere resists twice, but on the third time obeys and is rewarded by the sight of an arm \"clothed in white samite, mystic, wonderful\" rising from the water to catch the sword. This was the Lady of the Lake. Sir Bedivere returns to Arthur in the church and tells him what he saw. Arthur believes him and passes with Sir Bedivere watching, as the new sun rises on a new year.", "In the disastrous last battle, Arthur kills Modred and in turn receives a mortal wound. The entire Round Table has been killed with the exception of Sir Bedivere , who carries the King to a lake on the borders of Avalon where Arthur first received Excalibur from the Lady of the Lake . Arthur orders Bedivere to throw the sword into the lake in order to fulfill a prophecy written on the blade. Sir Bedivere resists twice, but on the third time obeys and is rewarded by the sight of an arm \"Clothed in white samite , mystic, wonderful\" rising from the water to catch the sword. The wounded Arthur is finally carried away on a magical ship with three queens and sails away to Avalon, with Sir Bedivere watching, as the new sun rises on a new year.", "They all accompanied the Lady and Lancelot to King Arthur's court, where she asked the king for a boon. Arthur granted her anything she desire. She asked Arthur to knight her protégé, whenever he so desired. Arthur granted her this boon. Arthur was saddened that he could not make the Lady of the Lake stay in Camelot to enjoy his hospitality. She immediately departed their company, leaving four squires in Lancelot's services.", "Excalibur, the sword of King Arthur is first mentioned in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's The History of the Kings of Britain. According to this account, King Arthur gets a sword called \"Caliburn,\" which was made on the Isle of Avalon. Later legends have the sword being returned to the Lady of the Lake on the mortal wounding of King Arthur at Camlann . Legend is vague as to the location of the Lake that features in the Excalibur story, but possible candidates for the Excalibur Lake are here.", "This version of the story is spoofed in Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) when the peasant Dennis, working on a Marxist commune, meets King Arthur. His companion, a warty old woman, asks Arthur how he came to be king, and Arthur, looking skyward, says he received kingship through the supernatural sanction of \"the Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in shining samite\" who lifted Excalibur \"aloft from the bosom of the lake\" to bestow it upon him, this description setting up Dennis's rejoinder: \"Strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. You can't expect to wield supreme power just because some watery tart threw a sword at you!\"", "Malory’s description of Arthur’s acquisition of Excalibur does not mention its name, but later, when the Lady of the Lake comes to claim her gift, Arthur asks her to remind him of the sword’s name:", "Ask the students if they remember Arthur's promise to the Lady of the Lake (described in the passage in Activity 3). (In exchange for the use of Excalibur, Arthur swore to do whatever she asked of him in the future.) What she later asked was that he return the sword to her before he died.", "As he is dying, Arthur commands Bedivere to cast Excalibur into the lake. Bedivere initially does not throw the sword in the lake, but instead hides it behind a tree. He confesses his reluctance to Arthur, then returns to the lake and throws in his own sword instead of Excalibur. Bedivere once again relays his disobedience to Arthur, who requests the sword be returned to the lake for a third time. When Bedivere finally throws Excalibur back in the lake, it is retrieved by the hand of the Lady of the Lake. The hand shakes the sword three times and then vanishes back into the water. A barge appears, carrying ladies in black hoods (one being Morgan le Fay), who take Arthur to the Isle of Avalon.", "Merlin is being beguiled by Nimue, a lady of the lake in the tradition of Arthurian romances. She's just cast a spell upon Merlin, who's tangled in a hawthorn bush and is powerless to resist her. While it's a bit hard to make out in this scan, Nimue has Merlin's book of spells in her hand, from which she presumably intends to read and summon forth something she oughtn't.", "The Lady in the Lake (Arthurian legend): Strange woman best known for lying in ponds, distributing swords. Also, author Raymond Chandler’s drag name.", "On Candlemas Eve, Niniane, the Lady of the Lake, found Lancelot in Cornwall. She took him home and restored his sanity. By Easter, Lancelot had regained his health and strength. Niniane sent Lancelot back to Logres. She advised for her protégée to be at the forest of Camelot at a certain date.", "    In some versions of the Arthurian legends, particularly the Vulgate, there were two separate women/goddesses: Niamh and Vivienne, both of whom also received the name Nimue, who is the Lady of the Lake. In several tales, the identity of Niamh merges with that of Nimue/Vivienne, the love of Merlin. In the stories where Niamh/Nimue was murdered by Sir Balin, Nimue/Vivienne replaced her as the Lady of the Lake. Alternatively, in other versions, there was only a single character, or even two aspects of the same being--the goddess Morgan.", "With Merlin gone, the Lady of the Lake took on the role of Arthur's advisor. Though she had despised Merlin, she liked Arthur, and she held him in great regard for the work he had done to unite Britain.", "The Lancelot-Grail Cycle provides a backstory for the Lady of the Lake, Viviane, in the prose Merlin section, which takes place before the Lancelot Proper, though it was written later. There, Viviane learns her magic from Merlin, who becomes enamored of her. She refuses to give him her love until he has taught her all his secrets, after which she uses her power to trap him either in the trunk of a tree or beneath a stone, depending on the story and author. Though Merlin, through his power of foresight knows beforehand that this will happen, he is unable to counteract Viviane because of the \"truth\" this ability of foresight holds. He decides to do nothing for his situation other than to continue to teach her his secrets until she takes the opportunity to entrap and entomb him in a tree, a stone or a cave.", "Sir Lancelot du Lac (meaning Lancelot of the Lake, baptised as Galahad) was one of the Knights of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. He typically features as King Arthur's greatest companion, the lord of Joyous Gard and the greatest swordsman and jouster of the age — until his adultery with Queen Guinevere is discovered, causing a civil war exploited by Mordred which brings about the end of Arthur's kingdom.", "*Marion Zimmer Bradley's 1983 novel The Mists of Avalon takes the tradition of multiple Ladies one step further. In Bradley's works, both the Lady of the Lake and the Merlin are offices. The Lady of the Lake is the title of the ruling priestess of Avalon, and the Merlin is a druid who has pledged his life to the protection of Britain. Various characters assume the title of the Lady, including Viviane, Niniane, Morgan le Fay (called \"Morgaine\" in this version), and Nimue, a sympathetic and tragic young priestess who falls in love with the Merlin but is duty bound to seduce and lure him to his death – following which she drowns herself. Even more Ladies of the Lake appear in Bradley's extended Avalon prequels.", "In the BBC's Merlin, Avalon refers to a number of things, most noticeably the lake to which Merlin consigns the body of both his love Freya and his King after the Battle of Camlann. It is also the final resting place of both Sir Lancelot and Guinevere's brother Sir Elyan.", "The 'lake is said to be home to a unique fish called the Gwyniad , considered to be a form of Herring and apparently a relic of the ice-age. The lake's name comes from 'Tegid Foel' a character in the \"Mabinogi\" - a series of Welsh stories and legends from around the 6th Century in King Arthur's time.", "A number of locations in Great Britain are traditionally associated with the Lady of the Lake's abode. They include Martin Mere, Dozmary Pool, Llyn Llydaw, Llyn Ogwen, Llyn y Fan Fach, The Loe, Pomparles Bridge, Loch Arthur, and Aleines. Pergusa Lake in Sicily, in France, she is associated with the forest of Brocéliande.", "\"The Stolen Lake\" by Joan Aiken.  After Arthur's last battle, survivors of his reign immigrated to South America.  They meet a 1300-year-old Guinevere who is ruler and still awaits Arthur.  The status quo of this corrupt regime is upset with the arrival of quick-witted young heroine.", "[paragraph continues] Arthur, they include Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawayne, Ogier, Guingemor and Lanval (see pp. 325 -6). The story of Lanval is told by Marie de France in one of her Lais, and is so famous a one that we shall briefly outline it:--" ]

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[ "* Sahara Desert – Africa's largest desert and the world's largest hot desert which covers much of North Africa comprising:", "The world’s largest hot desert, the Sahara, is a subtropical desert in northern Africa. The Sahara Desert is almost the size of the entire continental United States. Other subtropical deserts include the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa and the Tanami Desert in northern Australia.", "6 Sahara Desert The worlds hottest desert, located in North Africa. The Sahara the largest desert in Africa and is almost as large as the United States or China.", "The Sahara Desert, by far the largest desert in the world, has an overall area as large as the continental United States and is also one of the hottest deserts on earth. The Sahara desert stretches over areas of Northern Africa, from the Red Sea to the areas close to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. This desert shares it boundaries with the Atlas Mountains, the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, Sudan and valley of the Niger River and extends into 10 countries. Dust from the Sahara has occasionally been carried as far afield as the UK and Germany. The Sahara Desert accounts for around 8 per cent of the world's land area. There are an estimated 1,200 species of plant to be found in the Sahara. In the last 50 years the Sahara has spread south to cover an extra 65 million hectares.", "The Sahara Desert, which covers an area of 9,065,000 square kilometers (3,500,000 square miles), is the largest desert in the world. It blankets the entire region of North Africa, from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Sahara borders the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains in the north, extending south into the Sudan and a region known as the Sahel. Scientists believe that during the Ice Age (about fifty thousand to one hundred thousand years ago), the Sahara was covered with shallow lakes that provided water for large areas of lush vegetation.", "The Sahara is the world’s largest deserts. At over 9,000,000 square kilometers (3,500,000 sq mi), it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as the United States or the continent of Europe. The desert stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel: a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that comprises the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa.", "The Sahara Desert, which covers an area of 9,065,000 square kilometers (3,500,000 square miles), is the largest desert in the world. It covers the entire region of North Africa, from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Red Sea in the east. It borders the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains in the north and extends through the Sudan region. Scientists believe that during the Ice Age (fifty thousand to one hundred thousand years ago), the Sahara was covered with shallow lakes that provided water for large areas of lush vegetation.", "Since the Sahara Desert makes up nearly 10% of the African continent, the Sahara is often cited as the world's largest desert . This is not entirely true, however, as it is only the world's largest hot desert. Based on the definition of a desert as an area receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation per year, the world's largest desert is actually the continent of Antarctica at 5,339,573 sq mi (13,829,430 sq km).", "This is the third largest desert overall, and the largest “hot desert” in the world. It occupies a surface area of about 3.5 million square miles. This desert comprises most of the land in North Africa, excluding the fertile regions of Maghreb, the Atlas Mountains and the coastal region adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the desert is comprised of rocky Hamada, large land areas covered with sand dunes. The land surface is constantly being reshaped by winds and, far less frequently, the extremely low and rare rainfall. The central part of the desert is termed as “hyper-arid”, and there is no vegetation growing there as a result of the virtually nonexistent precipitation. Most of the rivers are intermittent and seasonal. The major exception is the Nile, which is the chief river across the desert.", "Sahara Desert: It's the world's hottest desert, the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic, and almost as large as China. Covering almost one-third of the continent, the Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world at approximately 3,500,000 sq. miles (9,065,000 sq. km) in total size. Topography includes areas of rock-strewn plains, rolling sand dunes and numerous sand seas. It ranges in elevation from 100 ft. below sea level, to peaks in the Ahaggar and Tibesti Mountains, that exceed 11,000 ft. (3,350m). Regional deserts include the Libyan, Nubian and the Western desert of Egypt, just to the west of the Nile. Almost completely without rainfall, a few underground rivers flow from the Atlas Mountains, helping to irrigate isolated oases. In the east, the waters of the Nile help fertilize smaller parts of the landscape.", "Desert – here there is little rainfall and wide differences between day and night temperatures. The Sahara in the north is the world’s largest desert (only three countries have a greater area – Russia, Canada and China). The Kalahari in southern Africa covers an area larger than France.", "A very dry land that has little rainfall and cannot sustain much life. There are few trees. The Sahara Desert in North Africa is very hot.", "The barren planes of the Sahara Desert stretch across all of North Africa, from the Atlantic to the Nile, covering 3.5 million square miles. Within this vast desert region there are two mountain groups, the Ahaggar (the westernmost group) and the Tibesti (the easternmost group). Six hundred miles of desert separate the two groups. The higher of the two groups is the rugged Tibesti Mountains, an extinct volcanic range, located mainly in Northwest Chad. The range is characterized by huge walls of black volcanic rock that have been dramatically carved by erosion. Numerous volcanic spires surround the main peaks. The highest peak in the range is Emi Koussi (11,204 ft./ 3415 m). Hiking and climbing here is not uncommon, but the extremely dry climate and variable temperatures can sometimes be serious challenges. The temperatures vary tremendously, and in a single day at 8,000 feet, it can be 20 degrees Fahrenheit before dawn, yet reach 120 degrees Fahrenheit at midday. Besides the hiking and climbing possibilities, a three-mile-wide, 2400-foot deep crater filled with blinding white salt is a popular tourist attraction in the area.", "The area between the east and west coast highlands, which north of 17° N. is mainly desert, is divided into separate basins by other bands of high ground, one of which runs nearly centrally through North Africa in a line corresponding roughly with the curved axis of the continent as a whole. The best marked of the basins so formed (the Congo basin) occupies a circular area bisected by the equator, once probably the site of an inland sea. The arid region, the Sahara—the largest desert in the world, covering 3,500,000 sq. m.—extends from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. Though generally of slight elevation it contains mountain ranges with peaks rising to 8000 ft. Bordered N.W. by the Atlas range, to the N.E. a rocky plateau separates it from the Mediterranean; this plateau gives place at the extreme east to the delta of the Nile. That river (see below) pierces the desert without modifying its character. The Atlas range, the north-westerly part of the continent, between its seaward and landward heights encloses elevated steppes in places 100 m. broad. From the inner slopes of the plateau numerous wadis take a direction towards the Sahara. The greater part of that now desert region is, indeed, furrowed by old water-channels.", "The following deserts are found in Africa: Kalahari, Namib, Chalbi, Danakil, Sahara, Tanzerouft, White Desert, Eastern Desert, Sinai Desert, Blue Desert, Atlantic Coastal Desert and Libyan Desert, which is also called the Western Desert. The deserts in Africa vary widely in size and location. Some, such as the Kalahari and Sahara, are vast stretches of hot and barren lands that cover significant portions of the African continent, while others, such as the Atlantic Coastal Desert, are considerably smaller.", "The rest of Earth's deserts are outside of the polar areas. The largest is the Sahara Desert, a subtropical desert in northern Africa. It covers a surface area of about 3.5 million square miles. A list of more than twenty of the largest non-polar deserts can be found below.", "The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes to a coastal plain. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa.", "The Sahara of Africa is the world's largest desert. It contains complex linear dunes that are separated by almost 6 kilometers. (Skylab photograph).", "South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and largely barren expanse of the Sahara. In places the desert is cut by irregular watercourses called wadis—streams that flow only after rainfalls but are usually dry. The Sahara's major landforms include ergs, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge dunes; the hammada, a level rocky plateau without soil or sand; and the reg, a level plain of gravel or small stones. The Sahara covers the southern part of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, and most of Libya. Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert: Tripolitania in the northwest and Cyrenaica in the northeast.", "Africa - the second largest continent in the world is also home to the largest desert in the world - the Sahara. In fact there are three deserts on the continent - The Sahara, the Namib and the Kalahari. Together these three amazingly vast and diverse land masses cover a large portion of Africa. Beautiful, yet treacherous, these areas of the continent provide a rich geological and cultural history that dates back millions of years.", "Sahara Desert: Covering almost one-third of the continent, the Sahara is the largest desert in the world at approximately 3,500,000 sq. miles (9,065,000 sq. km) in total size. Topography includes areas of rock-strew plains, rolling sand dunes and numerous sand seas.", "The desert landscape is highly diversified. Some 70 percent of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts (hammadas), by gravel deserts, called regs in the Algerian Sahara and serirs in the Libyan Desert, by sandy deserts (ergs), and by flat saline plains known as sebkhas. The remainder of the area consists of mountain landscapes with rock and gravel deserts. Thick accumulations of sand covering some 2.2 million sq km are found in the depressions and major wadis. The largest are the Erg Iguidi, Erg Chech, the Great Western Erg, and the Great Eastern Erg. The sands of the ergs, rising in ridges, are stabilized to some extent by xerophytic vegetation. There are ridges with elevations of up to 200–300 m, as well as circular and star-shaped dunes. Shifting sands are found in the southern parts of the northern and northeastern Sahara, in the Idehan Ubari, Idehan Marzuq, Ténéré, and Libyan Desert.", "The largest desert in the world, stretching 3,000 miles across the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, and measuring 1,200 miles from north to south.", "Sahara desert; sinai desert; rub-al khali desert; nafud desert; negev desert; dasht-i-kavir desert; atlas mountains; elburz mountains; taurus mountains; tigris river; euphrates river; nile river; jordan river; black.", "The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers the hyper-arid central portion of the Sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. Vegetation is rare, and this ecoregion consists mostly of sand dunes (erg, chech, raoui), stone plateaus (hamadas), gravel plains (reg), dry valleys (wadis), and salt flats. It covers 4,639,900 square km (1,791,500 square miles) of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan.", "The Tanezrouft is one of the harshest regions on Earth as well as one of the hottest and driest parts of the Sahara, with no vegetation and very little life. It is along the borders of Algeria, Niger and Mali, west of the Hoggar mountains.", "The region is almost empty of human beings due to the extreme heat, and scarce rain, vegetation, and water. Hence, in Arabic it is called 'Ar Rub al Khali' which means the Empty Quarter.  Moreover, its natural features of high sand dunes made it difficult for human life to survive and move around.  It is also known as the Great Sandy Desert.", "The Rub' al Khali ( ar-Rubʿ al-Ḫālī,Other standardized transliterations include: / . The ' is the assimilated Arabic definite article, ', which can also be transliterated as '. \"Empty Quarter\") is the largest contiguous sand desert (erg) in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650000 km2 (the area between long. 44°30′−56°30′E, and lat. 16°30′−23°00′N) including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert.", "The Namib desert, East Algeria: At its highest point, the desert reaches 200km. It is so arid that, at most, just 200 millimetres of rain falls", "A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or \"cold deserts\". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.", "22.5. What large desert in Africa is almost as big as the 48 contiguous states in the United States?", "2/ Covering an area of over two million square miles, which geographical area takes its name from the Arabic for ‘desert’?" ]

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[ "Fremont, the self-proclaimed “Center of the Universe,” is Seattle’s most artistically eccentric community. A mecca for local artists, it features some of the city’s most famous public art, including Waiting for the Interurban, the Fremont Troll, The Guidepost to the Center of the Universe and the Statue of Lenin. Fremont’s hip and whimsical personality draws residents, visitors, and businesses. Brooks Sports’ world headquarters is located in Fremont, and Adobe and Google both have offices here, as well. You’ll find funky shops, antique and vintage dealers, Theo Chocolate (which offers factory tours), brew pubs and restaurants (including Revel, owned by Iron Chef contestant, Rachel Yang). Fremont’s History House showcases the unique histories of Seattle neighborhoods and offers a free summer musical series. Events like the Fremont Sunday Market, summer Outdoor Movies, the first Friday ArtWalk, the country’s 10th largest Oktoberfest in September, the Hopscotch Beer, Wine and Scotch Festival, and the famous Solstice Parade and Fremont Fair are also part of the Fremont experience. Median Prices: Homes $599,950; Condos $332,700.", "Fremont (self-proclaimed \"Center of the Universe\") is one of Seattle's most creative neighborhoods. In 1857, John Ross moved to Fremont and built sawmill. It was platted in 1888, the same year the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern railroad came from Seattle and headed to the northeast to Lake Washington and beyond. By the next year the hills were clear cut and with the winter rains they had an ecological disaster. Guy Phinney built the first street car line from downtown through Fremont to carry visitors up the hill to his private Woodland", "Main article: Neighborhoods in Seattle [24] [25] Downtown Seattle includes a tightly packed financial district along with residential areas and a panoramic waterfront.Seattle has grown through a series of annexations of smaller neighboring communities. On May 3, 1891, Magnolia , Wallingford , Green Lake , and the University District (then known as Brooklyn) were annexed. [99 ] The town of South Seattle was annexed on October 20, 1905. [100 ] Between January 7 and September 12, 1907, Seattle nearly doubled its land area by annexing six incorporated towns and areas of unincorporated King County, including Southeast Seattle, Ravenna , South Park , Columbia City , Ballard , and West Seattle . [101 ] Three years later, after having difficulties paying a $10,000 bill from the county, the city of Georgetown merged with Seattle. [102 ] Finally, on January 4, 1954, the area between N. 85th Street and N. 145th Street was annexed, including the neighborhoods of Pinehurst , Greenwood , Blue Ridge , Crown Hill , Broadview , Bitter Lake , Haller Lake , Maple Leaf , Lake City , View Ridge and Northgate . [103 ]", "No official neighborhood boundaries have existed in Seattle since 1910. [21] [32] Districts and neighborhoods are thus informal; [33] their boundaries may overlap and multiple names may exist for a single district. Boundaries and names can be disputed or change over time. In 2002 a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman said, \"I've seen my area go from the 'CD' to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park.' \" [3] Some neighborhoods, such as northwest Seattle, do not have widely recognized names for their greater districts.[ citation needed ]", "Still further from downtown, and just north of the Seattle Center, is the prestigious Queen Anne neighborhood. Yet further north, beyond the Lake Washington Ship Canal, lie Fremont, an interesting district known for its artists' studios, ethnic restaurants, and offbeat shops, and Ballard, a former Scandinavian enclave that today is a popular entertainment venue. East of Fremont, the University District surrounding the University of Washington (or the U District, as it is known to locals) has the typical features of a college neighborhood. Nearby is Wallingford, an increasingly fashionable area known for its shops and restaurants.", "No official neighborhood boundaries have existed in Seattle since 1910. Districts and neighborhoods are thus informal; their boundaries may overlap and multiple names may exist for a single district. Boundaries and names can be disputed or change over time. In 2002 a Department of Neighborhoods spokeswoman said, \"I've seen my area go from the 'CD' to 'Madrona' to 'Greater Madison Valley' and now 'Madrona Park.' \" Some neighborhoods, such as northwest Seattle, do not have widely-recognized names for their greater districts.", "Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock style grunge. . . . . . . . . . . . Wikipedia", "North Highline, which adjoins SeaTac, Burien, and Tukwila in addition to Seattle, consists of the Boulevard Park neighborhood and part of White Center. West Hill, which abuts Tukwila and Renton as well as Seattle, consists of Bryn Mawr-Skyway, Lakeridge, and Earlington. Its 2010 population is 15,645 according to the US Census.", "North Highline, which adjoins SeaTac , Burien, and Tukwila in addition to Seattle, consists of the Boulevard Park neighborhood and part of White Center . West Hill, which abuts Tukwila and Renton as well as Seattle, consists of Bryn Mawr-Skyway , Lakeridge , and Earlington . Its 2010 population is 15,645 according to the US Census.", "Exploration of the Seattle region began in 1792, with the British captain George Vancouver (whose name today graces cities in both Washington state and British Columbia). However, the first permanent European settlers didn't arrive until 1851, when a party of farmers from Illinois formed a community at the present-day site of Alki Point, west of the city. By the following year, they moved to the current site of downtown Seattle, east of Elliott Bay and gave it its present name in honor of Chief Sealth of the Suquamish Indians who were indigenous to the region.", "It took time, but all the lines eventually converged. Seattle became the site of the proposed fair, the federal government agreed to fund a pavilion committed to science, and property was acquired and cleared on the downtown side of Queen Anne Hill, where a cluster of already existing urban amenities, including the old armory, Memorial Stadium and Civic Auditorium, made it easy to conceive of a permanent civic cluster located there. Unfortunately, most of a working-class, turn-of-the-century neighborhood had to be bulldozed, but there was little opposition to the “slum clearance.”", "Early in the 20th century (and during the years before and after the 1904 World's Fair), several churches moved to the Central West End neighborhood, near Forest Park and the fairgrounds. The neighborhood features the Holy Corners Historic District, which is a concentration of several historic religious structures, such as the First Church of Christ, Scientist (1904).", "The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and named \"Seattle\" in 1853, after Chief Si'ahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.", "Little more than a century ago, Seattle—nicknamed \"The Emerald City\"—was a pioneer outpost and a quiet lumbering town. Transformed by the Yukon gold rush into a thriving metropolis, Seattle has become the transportation, manufacturing, commercial, and services hub for the Pacific Northwest as well as the largest urban area north of San Francisco , California . The city's arts community has gained an international reputation, annually drawing audiences from throughout the United States and abroad. Nestled between two magnificent mountain ranges, with a breathtaking view of a lake and bay, Seattle enjoys a climate one observer has likened to \"an airborne ocean bath.\"", "Olympia has served as the capital of both Washington Territory and State since 1853. Seattle is the state’s most populous city (population 563,000 in 2000), followed in rank by Spokane, Tacoma, Vancouver, Bellevue, and Everett.", "Seattle achieved sufficient economic success that when the Great Seattle Fire of 1889 destroyed the central business district, a far grander city-center rapidly emerged in its place.", "From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". [133] Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City\", the result of a contest held in 1981; [134] [135] the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, \"Rain City\" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and \"Jet City\" [135] from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: \"The City of Flowers\", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and \"The City of Goodwill\", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games . [136] Seattle residents are known as Seattleites .", "From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the \"Queen City\". Seattle's current official nickname is the \"Emerald City\", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the \"Gateway to Alaska\" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, \"Rain City\" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and \"Jet City\" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: \"The City of Flowers\", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and \"The City of Goodwill\", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.", "is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area. The term was popularized in the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown. Other terms for the areas include suburban activity centers, megacenters, and suburban business districts", "Seattle is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the Top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3.7 million inhabitants. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 mi south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling . ", "Despite complications in Seattle's system of neighborhoods and districts, the names and boundaries in the following list are generally accepted and widely used. [37] They are based on the Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas , [38] which in turn is based on a variety of sources, including a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the now-defunct Department of Community Development, [39] Seattle Public Library indexes, a 1984-1986 \"Neighborhood Profiles\" feature series in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , [40] numerous park, land use and transportation planning studies, as well as records in the Seattle Municipal Archives.", "Seattle, Washington contains many districts and neighborhoods. Former Seattle mayor Greg Nickels has called Seattle \"a city of neighborhoods\". Early European settlers established widely scattered settlements on the surrounding hills, which grew into neighborhoods and autonomous towns. Conurbations tended to grow from such towns or from unincorporated areas around trolley stops from the 19th century and early 20th century. Consequently, Seattle has suffered from transportation and street-naming problems. ", "VICTOR STEINBRUECK: A professor in the University of Washington School of Architecture, he was a key figure in recognizing the regional heritage in Seattle, particularly in Pioneer Square and the Pike Place Market. He was the leader of many preservation efforts in Seattle and a leader in the creation of \"viewpoint\" parks in Seattle. His sketch of the Seattle Space Needle became a reality and symbol of Seattle. His books include \"Market Sketchbook\" and \"Seattle Cityscape.\"", "Bagley, Clarence. History of Seattle From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Volume 2. Chicago, IL: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916. Pages 704-707, 758-761, 799-800, 824-826, 828-829, 852-853, 875-876.", "Seattle Center/Space Needle/EMP The 74-acre Seattle Center features year-round activity. Originally the site for the 1962 World’s Fair, the Center’s landscaped grounds are free to visit and include the dramatic International Fountain. Over 12 million visit each year to ride the Monorail or enjoy one of the 30-plus campus organizations offering outstanding arts and entertainment. A “must see” is the 605-foot Space Needle, easily one of Seattle’s most recognizable landmarks. The Experience Music Project (or EMP) is a unique, interactive rock music Museum that also includes the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame. The Pacific Science Center and the Children’s Museum offer hours of family fun. The Chihuly Garden & Glass Exhibition Hall has eight galleries housing Dale Chihuly’s work. (206) 753-4940, www.chihulygardenandglass.com. A state-ofthe-art skatepark has features for all skill levels. Concerts and sporting events are held at Key Arena and Marion Oliver McCaw Hall. Seattle Center also hosts many of the region’s major festivals and cultural events. (206) 684-7200, www.seattlecenter.com.", "The center�which runs a free after school program, support groups and language classes�rents their site from the Seattle Parks Department. “This was a vacant building�10 years ago,” Becker says. “There are 6500 people that come through the center every year [and] we�re the only community gathering place in this neighborhood.”", "Seattle has always exhibited a spirit of optimism, enterprise, and self-promotion. At one time this was institutionalized as \"the Seattle Spirit,\" a movement that enabled the city literally to move mountains by washing down high hills to improve building sites, to connect Lake Washington and Puget Sound with locks and a canal, and to build the world's largest man-made island at the mouth of the Duwamish River. More recently, this spirit can be credited with accomplishments like the Forward Thrust program of the 1970s, which built the Kingdome arena and numerous parks throughout the city, including Freeway Park that spans the I-5 freeway with waterfalls and hanging gardens.", "44. This city was settled in 1851n and was named for the chief of several local tribes. It is home to the winners of the 2014 Super Bowl of the National Football League. Name this city of the Pacific Northwest that is home of the Supersonics and the Space Needle.", "Joe Guppy: It has helped Seattle hold on to its identity, even as it grew and grew and grew. I don’t know where Seattle’s identity is today.", "What happens to the relative location of a neighborhood as a city grows larger and grows outward?", "The World’s Fair, Century 21 Exposition, opens in Seattle. The 600-ft Space Needle with a revolving restaurant on top is a popular attraction.", "Also known as the Century 21 Exposition, the Seattle World’s Fair gave visitors a glimpse into the future and gave Seattle world-wide recognition." ]

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[ "As shown in the adjacent diagram, Earth's atmosphere has five primary layers, referred to as spheres. From the lowest to the highest layer, they are the Troposphere , Stratosphere , Mesosphere , Thermosphere and the Exosphere . The four boundaries between the primary layers, referred to as pauses, are the Tropopause, Stratopause, Mesopause and the Thermopause. In more detail: [2]", "Earth’s atmosphere, which is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and other trace gases, also consists of five layers. These consists of the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, the Thermosphere, and the Exosphere. As a rule, air pressure and density decrease the higher one goes into the atmosphere and the farther one is from the surface.", "Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space.", "Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind. Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.", "The atmosphere is divided into five layers. It is thickest near the surface and thins out with height until it eventually merges with space. 1) The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains half of the Earth's atmosphere. Weather occurs in this layer. 2) Many jet aircrafts fly in the stratosphere because it is very stable. 3) Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere. 4) The thermosphere is a layer with auroras. 5) The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere. For more information visit our page a href=\"/earth/Atmosphere/layers.html\">Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere", "The thermosphere (literally \"heat sphere\") is the outer layer of the atmosphere, separated from the mesosphere by the mesopause. Within the thermosphere temperatures rise continually to well beyond 1000�C. The few molecules that are present in the thermosphere receive extraordinary amounts of energy from the Sun, causing the layer to warm to such high temperatures. Air temperature, however, is a measure of the kinetic energy of air molecules, not of the total energy stored by the air. Therefore, since the air is so thin within the thermosphere, such temperature values are not comparable to those of the troposphere or stratosphere. Although the measured temperature is very hot, the thermosphere would actually feel very cold to us because the total energy of only a few air molecules residing there would not be enough to transfer any appreciable heat to our skin.", "Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided into four layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.", "The atmosphere has 4 layers: the troposphere that we live in near the surface of the earth; the stratosphere that houses the ozone layer; the mesosphere, a colder and lower density layer with about 0.1% of the atmosphere; and the thermosphere, the top layer, where the air is hot but very thin.", "The mesosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. The mesosphere is located from about 50 km to 80-90 km altitude above Earth's surface.", "The thermosphere corresponds to the heterosphere , a zone where there is no uniform distribution of gases. In other words, the gases are not well-mixed; instead they are stratified that is layered, in accordance to their molecular masses. In contrast, the gases in the homosphere (consisting of the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere) are uniformly distributed.", "The Exosphere, which is outermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, extends from the exobase – located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level – to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi). The exosphere merges with the emptiness of outer space, and is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide", "Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.", "Above the stratosphere , temperature begins to drop again in the next layer of the atmosphere called the mesosphere, as seen in the previous figure. This temperature decrease results from the rapidly decreasing density of the air at this altitude. Finally, at the outer reaches of Earth's atmosphere, the intense, unfiltered radiation from the sun causes molecules like O2 and N2 to break apart into ions . The release of energy from these reactions actually causes the temperature to rise again in the thermosphere, the outermost layer. The thermosphere extends to about 500 km above Earth's surface , still a few hundred kilometers below the altitude of most orbiting satellites.", "* The homosphere and heterosphere: The homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.", "Uranus’ atmosphere can be divided into three sections – the innermost stratosphere, the troposphere, and the outer thermosphere. The troposphere is the densest layer, and also happens to be the coldest in the solar system . Within the troposphere are layers of clouds, with methane clouds on top, ammonium hydrosulfide clouds, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide clouds, and water clouds at the lowest pressures.", "Atmosphere: Atmosphere is a very popular geography term. It is defined as an envelope of air, gases, and suspended particles which surrounds the earth. It has 78.09% of nitrogen, 20.95% of oxygen, and remainder 0.96% consists of 19 gases. The layers of the earth's atmosphere are divided into troposphere, stratosphere, and tropopause. The atmosphere stretches 1000 km above the sea level, but 99% of gases are trapped within the limit of 40 km.", "Noctilucent clouds are located in the mesosphere. The upper mesosphere is also the region of the ionosphere known as the D layer. The D layer is only present during the day, when some ionization occurs with nitric oxide being ionized by Lyman series-alpha hydrogen radiation. The ionization is so weak that when night falls, and the source of ionization is removed, the free electron and ion form back into a neutral molecule. The mesosphere is also known as the \"Ignorosphere\" because it is poorly studied compared to the stratosphere (which can be accessed with high-altitude balloons) and the thermosphere (in which satellites can orbit). ", "– well, having said it was a famous \"layer\", come on – is a gas. There we are. There's the ionosphere, there's the mesosphere, the stratosphere, and there's the ozone layer, just wedged in-between the stratosphere and the mesosphere.", "The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to.", "As a transition region between the lower atmosphere and space the mesosphere is extremely senisitive to changes of external influences (solar activity) and changes in the lower parts of atmosphere. Because it is located between the maximum altitude for balloons and the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft, the mesosphere is the most poorly investigated part of the atmosphere. Our present understanding of the mesosphere and the coupling processes with other parts of the atmosphere ís far from being complete. Open questions are:", "The mesosphere extends from the stratopause (the upper boundary of the stratosphere) to about 85 kilometers (53 miles) above the surface of the Earth. Here, temperatures again begin to fall.", "For reasons that remain obscure, the planet’s thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K. The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation. The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water, which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust.", "Mesosphere – The layer of a planet’s atmosphere above the stratosphere. The mesosphere is heated by absorbing solar radiation", "Earth's atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.08 percent), oxygen (20.95 percent), and argon (0.93 percent). A fourth major component, carbon dioxide, which is essential to all plant life, is present only to the extent of about 0.032 percent. The gases are most dense near sea level and thin rapidly at higher altitudes. At a distance of 5000 km there is still a trace of an atmosphere, but it is extremely tenuous. The very outer realm of the atmosphere is represented by the magnetosphere, a zone of magnetically trapped particles. This part of the atmosphere is a powerful shield from damaging radiation that comes from outer space.", "2. The atmospheric shell between the top of the ionosphere (the top of this region has never been clearly defined) and the bottom of the exosphere . (This definition has not gained general acceptance.)", "The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth. Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a phenomenon known as limb darkening. The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black-body radiating at about 6,000 K, interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere. The photosphere has a particle density of ~1023 m−3 (about 0.37% of the particle number per volume of Earth's atmosphere at sea level). The photosphere is not fully ionized—the extent of ionization is about 3%, leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form. ", "These objects are grouped in a number of distinct regions. Moving outwards from the Sun, the major components are four terrestrial inner planets, an asteroid belt, four gas giant outer planets, the Kuiper belt, the scattered disc , and ultimately the hypothetical Oort cloud. A stream of charged particles from the Sun, called the solar wind, defines the heliosphere which permeates the Solar System out to around the scattered disc.", "The explanation behind the lack of substantial atmosphere is twofold. Firstly, with a gravity only about 38% that of the Earth’s , Mercury is simply unable to retain much of an atmosphere. Secondly, Mercury’s close proximity to the Sun causes it to be constantly bombarded by solar winds, which carries off most of what little atmosphere does accumulate.", "Suppose we represent Earth with a basketball. On this scale, most of the air in Earth's atmosphere would fit in a layer that is _________.", "The Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also produce the Van Allen radiation belts, a pair of doughnut shaped rings of ionized gas (or plasma) trapped in orbit around the Earth. The outer belt stretches from 19,000 km in altitude to 41,000 km; the inner belt lies between 13,000 km and 7,600 km in altitude.", "The heat released by the radioactivities or by core formation could have readily cooked out volatile materials within the body of the planet. We are not really sure how the Earth got its volatiles, the air and water so necessary for life. The Earth's crustal abundances (see also Figure 20-2 below) show a marked depletion of the noble gases, and the heavier of these could not have simply ``boiled away.'' It is most probable these and other volatiles were never present as a part of an early atmosphere.", "In analyzing the atmosphere's evolution, two popular hypotheses exist, both assuming that considerable free hydrogen and helium have drifted into space over time because of their small atomic masses. The great mystery that both of these hypotheses attempt to explain is the emergence of free oxygen, something that has not occurred on either Jupiter or the meteorites." ]

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[ "A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning \"to look at, to wonder at\". This is the same root as for \"mirror\" and \"to admire\".", "A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French mirage, from the Latin mirare, meaning \"to look at, to wonder at\". This is the same root as for \"mirror\" and \"to admire\". Also, it has its roots in the Arabic mirage.", "Wiki says: “A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. In contrast to a hallucination, a mirage is a real optical phenomenon which can be captured on camera, since light rays actually are refracted to form the false image at the observer's location”", "Light rays coming from a particular distant object all travel through nearly the same air layers and all are bent over about the same amount. Therefore, rays coming from the top of the object will arrive lower than those from the bottom. The image usually is upside down, enhancing the illusion that the sky image seen in the distance is really a water or oil puddle acting as a mirror.", "Mirages form when light rays emitted from a source or reflected off an object are bent as the path of the light ray crosses air layers of different densities. The technical term for this bending is refraction. You can perform a simple experiment to illustrate refraction. Place a long pencil or straw in a clear glass filled with water, then look at the pencil in the glass from the side. It will appear to have a bend or kink where it enters the water. The degree of bend defines the medium's index of refractivity and depends on the medium's density. (Refraction also differs for the various colours (wavelengths) of the visible spectrum and is part of the process causing many atmospheric optical phenomena including rainbows.)", "\"Mirage: A refraction phenomenon wherein an image of some distant object is made to appear displaced from its true position because of large vertical density variations near the surface; the image may appear distorted, inverted, or wavering.", ", atmospheric optical illusion in which an observer sees in the distance a nonexistent body of water or an image, sometimes distorted, of some object or of a complete scene.", "An optical illusion (also called a montasir) is an illusion caused by the eye and characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source. There are three main types: literal optical illusions that create images that are different from the objects that make them, physiological illusions that are the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific type (brightness, colour, size, position, tilt, movement), and cognitive illusions, the result of unconscious inferences. Pathological visual illusions arise from a pathological exaggeration in physiological visual perception mechanisms causing the aforementioned types of illusions.", "The most tantalizing phenomenon in the desert is called ‘Mirage’. There is no water, in fact, in the photo though it seems to a traveler that the water is nearby. The shades, shadows and reflections of objects make it so natural. As we approach closer, it moves further and further! So, don’t be cheated by a mirage in the desert!!", "Due to the refraction of light, a common optical illusion occurs when objects are visualized in water. A simple drinking straw in a glass filled with water, as illustrated in Figure 3, is a prime example of this occurrence. In this example, waves of light must first pass through the water, then through the glass/water boundary, and finally through the air. The light waves reflected from the ends of the straw are refracted to a greater degree than those coming from the center of the straw, making the straw appear magnified and slightly distorted.", "Q. How is a ray of light bent, as it passes from one medium to another?", "A. The bending of a ray of light, as it passes from one medium to another.", "The directional shift or \"bending\" of light rays as they leave one density medium and enter a different one. Or why your legs are short in water when viewed from the air.", "In the same district I subsequently observed some extraordinary optical illusions of a like nature—once, in the direction of the sea where no hills or other obstacles intervened, I saw a beautiful inverted landscape of mountains, woods, and other objects like castles. The picture or reflection seemed suspended in the air, and extended a long way on the horizon. It must have been a reflection of some scene far from the place where the phenomenon presented itself.", "Waves traveling through the body of the Earth are bent outward, as shown in the figure because of refraction. This is the same phenomena that causes light to be brought to a focus by a lens. The difference is that when light enters glass from the air, it moves into a medium where its velocity is lower. The ray is therefore bent toward the normal the the surface.", "Refracted light can be deceptive. When light enters a less-dense medium, an object within this medium appears to be further away that it really is, and vice versa is true when light enters a more-dense medium.", "can make an object seem farther away. Things that are colored blue, green, and purple seem to recede. This is true in nature, too. Moisture in the atmosphere makes distant objects seem bluer or grayer.", "An optical transition effect in which one image is replaced by another with a boundry edge that moves in a selected pattern across the frame. (Laboratory)", "Convection causes the temperature and hence the refractive index of the air to vary, and so a blurred shimmering effect is produced which affects the ability to resolve objects, the effect being increased when the image is magnified through a telescope or telephoto lens . [7]", "A ray of light will bend towards the normal when crossing the boundary from a medium in which it travels fast into a medium in which it travels slowly.", "Rather than clearly seeing a double image, you may instead notice only a partial or \"ghost image\" around or to the side of what you are looking at, especially a light source.", "Once the rays reach the viewer’s eye, the visual cortex interprets it as if it traces back along a perfectly straight \"line of sight\". This line is however at a tangent to the path the ray takes at the point it reaches the eye. The result is that an \"inferior image\" of the sky above appears on the ground. The viewer may incorrectly interpret this sight as water which is reflecting the sky, which is, to the brain, a more reasonable and common occurrence.", "Another remarkable aspect of dust particles floating in sunlight is the way that they cause a column of sunlight to become visible. This phenomenon, called the Tyndall effect after English physicist John Tyndall (1820-1893), makes it seem as though we are actually seeing a beam of light. In fact, what we are seeing is the reflection of light off the colloidal dispersion. Another example of a colloidal dispersion occurs when a puff of smoke hangs in the air; furthermore, as we shall see, milk is a substance made up of colloids—in this case, particles of fat and protein suspended in water.", "technique in painting to suggest a recession in space by increasingly blurring the appearance of objects in the distance", "point of light coming from an object becomes an extended or blurred spot of light in the image. Insect", "An extremely massive object that can bend light back to the object is known as a(n)", "When the source and observer are in relative motion toward one another, the wavefronts emanating from the source scrunch up in the direction of motion, shortening the wavelength and so producing a blueward shift, or \"blueshift.\" When the source and observer are in relative motion away from one another, the emanating wavefronts are stretched out in the receding direction, producing a redward shift in wavelength, or \"redshift.\"", "An artificial horizon is useful when the horizon is invisible, as occurs in fog, on moonless nights, in a calm, when sighting through a window or on land surrounded by trees or buildings. Professional sextants can mount an artificial horizon in place of the horizon-mirror assembly. An artificial horizon is usually a mirror that views a fluid-filled tube with a bubble.", "One class of illusions appears at first look to be ordinary 'perspective' renderings of solid, three dimensional objects or scenes. But on closer examination, they reveal internal contradictions such that the three dimensional scene they depict could not exist in reality. These pictures have a special fascination for those of us used to the convention of depicting nature on a flat surface of paper, canvas, or in a photograph.", "The important concept of The Oasis is the intentional distortion of the perspective of the table creating an illusion with the table legs. The other obvious distortion is putting the clouds which should be behind the plant in front of it.", "The speaker says that the light \"shakes.\" Weird, right? What would make light appear to \"shake\"? Maybe the water on the surface of the lakes is moving, causing the light to shimmer and \"shake\"? Or maybe the light is coming through tree branches that are moving in the wind? What do you think?", "A mysterious entity is then shown in the left of the portrait. It can be interpreted in different ways depending on who is viewing it. It creates a visual similarity from its pattern with the night sky. This similarity creates a sensation of depth in the artwork." ]

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[ "Encore: an extra piece played at the end of a recital in response to an audience's enthusiastic reaction to the performance.", "Encore is a piece that is performed after the last scheduled piece of a concert. An encore is usually performed because the audience wants to hear more music even though the concert is over.", "encore: “again”; when performers perform another piece at audience request after the end of a performance.", "   A simple adverb in French, \"encore\" in English refers to an additional performance, usually requested with audience applause.", "The evening seemed to have elapsed too rapidly and it was time to conclude proceedings – on this occasion with a brief version of the Last Night of the Proms, incorporating Jerusalem,Rule Britannia,Sailor’s Hornpipe and Land of Hope and Glory.  Nevertheless, an encore was demanded and Chris responded with the Radetzky March.  The audience had been well entertained and duly showed their appreciation: this top class artiste will obviously be welcomed back in the not too distant future.", "Originally the outro after the encore was a 5-minute instrumental medley (in the style of the Ouverture and Entr'Acte) featuring Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight), SOS, Voulez-Vous, Does Your Mother Know, Money, Money, Money and Dancing Queen. It was later replaced with the short Dancing Queen instrumental, still being used today.", "Berlioz presents us with four tableaux, of which the first, with its progression from the darkness of the initial fugato to the brightness of the conclusion, and for which the composer recycled ideas from his Rob Roy Overture, is the most elaborate and varied. The picturesque Pilgrims’ March early led an independent life of its own, though Berlioz noted that it never made as striking an effect as a detached concert number as it did when heard within the framework of the entire Harold symphony. In the Serenade, Berlioz invents charming play with combinations of tempi, musical characters, and themes. The orgy Berlioz described as a movement \"where wine, blood, joy, and rage mingle in mutual intoxication and make music together, and the rhythm seems now to stumble, now to rush furiously forward, and the mouths of the brass to spew forth curses, answering prayers with blasphemy, and [the brigands] laugh and swill and strike, smash, kill, rape, and generally enjoy themselves.\" Earlier themes are recollected in the manner of the finale of the Beethoven Ninth, this being probably the earliest of countless imitations of that device. Harold-viola withdraws early, to make just one brief and quiet reappearance near the end before being drowned in the orchestra’s orgiastic racket.", "Orchestras play a wide range of repertoire ranging from 17th-century dance suites to 21st-century symphonies. Orchestras have become synonymous with the symphony, an extended musical composition in Western classical music that typically contains multiple movements. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. The conductor uses the score to study the symphony before rehearsals and decide on their interpretation (e.g., tempos, articulation, phrasing, etc.), and to follow the music during rehearsals and concerts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their instrument. A small number of symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony).", "frame��-� Sometimes a work will have small amount of music at the beginning which is repeated at the end. Usually this is done as an attention grabbing device, to startle the audience and get them to listen right away. When it is repeated at the end, it has a way of rounding out and completing the entire work.", "According to the Revue et Gazette Musicale of August 6, 1840, there were a total of 207 participants at the first performance. The symphony was again performed at the Opera on November 1, 1840 with 450 musicians. Optional string parts were added for a February 1842 performance, with choral parts added to the last movement soon afterwards. The final version was heard in Brussels on September 26 of the same year with a choral text written by Antony Deschamps and the melody to the Apotheosis adapted for voices. Throughout Berlioz' lifetime the number of performers used varied widely, from 130 instrumentalists in the Conservatoire on November 19, 1843 to a chorus and orchestra of 1800 in the Hippodrome in Paris on July 24, 1846. Despite the diversity of performance areas and personnel, he held very decided opinions of the optimum performance atmosphere. Concerning open-air performances, he was not overly enthusiastic: Berlioz said, \"Open-air music is a chimera; 150 musicians in a closed building produce more effect than 1800 in the Hippodrome scattering their harmonies to the winds.\" 5", "Concluding section; the section at the end of an art song that sums up its mood, played by the piano or orchestra, without the voice.", "Full ensemble: the finale opens on the same tremolo notes in the pianos as in the introduction, which are soon reinforced by the wind instruments, the glass harmonica and the xylophone. The strings build the tension with a few low notes, leading to glissandi by the piano, then a pause before the lively main melody is introduced. The Finale is somewhat reminiscent of an American carnival of the 19th century, with one piano always maintaining a bouncy eighth-note rhythm. Although the melody is relatively simple, the supporting harmonies are ornamented in the style that is typical of Saint-Saëns' compositions for piano; dazzling scales, glissandi and trills. Many of the previous movements are quoted here from the introduction, the lion, the asses, hens, and kangaroos. The work ends with a series of six \"Hee Haws\" from the Jackasses, as if to say that the Jackass has the last laugh, before the final strong group of C major chords.", "    The unusual visual and acoustic effect of the violist's placement represents a step beyond the offstage oboe in the Fantastique in Berlioz's continuing investigation of performance space as compositional opportunity.  A high spot of spatial control in Harold is the center section of the Pilgrim's March, the canto religioso exchanged in long note values between winds and strings�from back to front of the orchestra�as the viola figuration in sixteenths moves in two-octave arpeggiations sul ponticello across a wide pitch ambitus, while the march rhythms, quarters and eighths, continue in contrabass pizzicati. Here Berlioz has engaged musical space in virtually all its defining paramenters. Yet another spatial component is in play near the very end, with an offstage reminiscence of the Pilgrim's march from three solo strings with the viola soloist, still onstage, completing the quartet. From these passages it is but a step to the apocalyptic, in-the-round style of the Requiem on the one hand, and, on the other, such delicacies as the offstage angel chorus-with-closing-door of L'Enfance du Christ. ", "The concluding passage of a piece of music, typically forming an extension to the music structure.", "The concert replicated sounds ranging from flute and piano to saxophone, clarinet and Big Band – and the styles consisted of ballads, musicals, orchestral, marches, pop music, film music and instrumental.  ", "The rest of the concert, though not at that singular level, was well done. The orchestra opened with Valse Triste, and the combination of quiet playing, an almost funereal opening tempo, and carefully placed pizzicato phrases made the music more dolorous than triste, and so the cadential phrase that rises from the orchestral texture was unusually powerful.", "He retained passages of recitative accompanied by the orchestra, and these usually function as introductions or transitions within a number. ", " However, as it comes to a close, Mahler alludes again to the Ländler by interjecting brief rising material from the first section. Finally, the Ländler makes a formal return, shortened and orchestrated more heavily to close the movement.", "The tenor soloist then rises above the murmur of the chorus and starts to sing the last two lines of the text, emphasizing the power of salvation through the eternal feminine. The symphony ends in a glorious blaze of the choir and orchestra, backed up by sustained chords on the organ. With this direct association to the final scene of Goethe's drama we escape Faust's imaginings and hear another voice commenting on his striving and redemption. ", "1844 � Berlioz conducts a concert featuring an arrangement of his choral work Chant Sacre, which includes saxophone.", "varied). The return to the final A section can be recopied in the music, denoted by a phrase above the", "† Though concertante in nature, these are just orchestral works featuring extensive solos, with the player seated within the orchestra", "round: similar to a canon; a musical piece in which each part joins in turn with the same melody, all following each other until all end.", "As is the rest of the symphony. One thought to guide you through the next three movements from the funeral march to the explosion of joy in the final bars: this music is simultaneously rigorously symphonic yet novel in its cavalcade of dramatic and expressive characters. The achievement of the Eroica is not that Beethoven “unifies” all of this diversity, but rather that he creates and unleashes a symphonic energy in this piece that both frames and releases this elemental human drama. It’s that mysterious momentum that is the true “heroism” of this symphony, so that the victory at the very end of the piece doesn’t just stand for Napoleon, or Beethoven, but for the possibilities of the symphony itself, which is revealed as a carrier of new weight and meaning as never before in its history. What started out as a (pre-) memorial to a great man and his humanist ideals turns into an essential embodiment of symphonic life-force.", "art music\" thatattempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative. Sometimes thenarrative will be offered to the audience in program notes", "This is also an extrarordinarily sophisticated musical work. Notice the complex layering in the reprise of \"Tonight\" with each individual or group voicing its own anticipations for the evening.", "Classical instrumental genre that combines elements of chamber music and symphony, often performed in the evening or at social functions", "In the example page of music above, there are five \"systems\" of music on the page. After all performers have finished playing one system, they automatically move on to the next.", "Bouquet de mélodies aux fragrances panachées pour ce concert d’une douzaine de chansons oscillant entre art lyrique et variété légère. Pour ce fringant « boys band » fonçant droit dans les envolées opératiques aux vibratos et trémolos remuants, ni Charles Aznavour, ni Leonard Cohen, ni les Abba, ni Barbara Streisand (leur grande amie et égérie), ni Vivaldi ne sont plus les mêmes quand leur intervention et leur souffle sont passés par là.", "Elegantly performed, this DVD offers 90+ minutes of enjoyable music. And as with so many galas, the whole event vanishes from one’s musical memory fairly quickly. So this DVD allows one to refresh that memory with ease. Treat oneself if so inclined.", "What is the term for musical figures that consistently appear with a person, event, or idea? Do they usually appear in the orchestra, chorus, or solo voices? ", "If there are words at the top that have description of music and a full orchestra, what genre is this?" ]

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[ "Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 Białystok – March 3, 1993) was a Polish American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease.", "Dr. Albert Sabin (1906-1993) in 1950 developed a polio vaccine that could be taken by mouth, rather than injection. Polio was a much-feared viral disease that could cause death and frequently left victims paralyzed in various parts of the body.", "1993 Albert Bruce Sabin, Jewish Polish-born (26 Aug 1906) US researcher on viruses and viral diseases who developed an oral live-virus vaccine against poliomyelitis which has largely superseded the killed-virus injected vaccine developed by Jonas Salk [28 Oct 1914 – 23 Jun 1995].", "Albert Sabin developed the live poliovirus vaccine that made eradication of the disease a possibility. Sabin discovered that children living in impoverished urban areas with poor sanitation seemed to contract polio much less often than those living in wealthier areas. This led Sabin to develop a theory that these children either contracted the viral infection as infants (when they received partial immunity transferred from their mothers) or were infected by a weakened strain of the virus due to the poor sanitary conditions. Sabin believed the infection produced a lasting immunity in the children without the devastating symptoms. It was this critical insight that led Sabin to pursue a vaccine created from weak, but \"live\" strains of the poliovirus. In 1957, Sabin successfully developed such a vaccine. To ensure its safety, Sabin and his colleagues took the vaccine themselves prior to testing it on others. While Jonas Salk had already developed a killed virus vaccine, Sabin's was in many ways better. It killed the virus in the gut, where the virus multiplied and attacked, whereas Salk's vaccine did not. And, as was most remembered by those receiving it, it was administered at first on a lump of sugar or in a teaspoonful of syrup, as opposed to a shot.", "In 1954, clinical trials using the Salk vaccine and a placebo began on nearly two million American schoolchildren. In April 1955, it was announced that the vaccine was effective and safe, and a nationwide inoculation campaign began. New polio cases dropped to under 6,000 in 1957, the first year after the vaccine was widely available. In 1962, an oral vaccine developed by Polish-American researcher Albert Sabin became available, greatly facilitating distribution of the polio vaccine. Today, there are just a handful of polio cases in the United States every year, and most of these are “imported” by Americans from developing nations where polio is still a problem. Among other honors, Jonas Salk was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977. He died in La Jolla, California, in 1995.", "Subsequently, Albert Sabin developed another live, oral polio vaccine (OPV). It was produced by the repeated passage of the virus through nonhuman cells at subphysiological temperatures. The attenuated poliovirus in the Sabin vaccine replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site of wild poliovirus infection and replication, but the vaccine strain is unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system tissue. A single dose of Sabin's oral polio vaccine produces immunity to all three poliovirus serotypes in about 50% of recipients. Three doses of live-attenuated OPV produce protective antibody to all three poliovirus types in more than 95% of recipients. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957, and in 1958 it was selected, in competition with the live vaccines of Koprowski and other researchers, by the US National Institutes of Health. Licensed in 1962, it rapidly became the only polio vaccine used worldwide.", "A global effort to eradicate polio, led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF, and The Rotary Foundation, began in 1988 and has relied largely on the oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and Mikhail Chumakov (Sabin-Chumakov vaccine).", "Oral polio vaccine (OPV) is an attenuated vaccine, produced by the passage of the virus through non-human cells at a sub-physiological temperature, which produces spontaneous mutations in the viral genome. Oral polio vaccines were developed by several groups, one of which was led by Albert Sabin. Other groups, led by Hilary Koprowski and H.R. Cox, developed their own attenuated vaccine strains. In 1958, the National Institutes of Health created a special committee on live polio vaccines. The various vaccines were carefully evaluated for their ability to induce immunity to polio, while retaining a low incidence of neuropathogenicity in monkeys. Large-scale clinical trials performed in the Soviet Union in late 1950s to early 1960s by Mikhail Chumakov and his colleagues demonstrated safety and high efficacy of the vaccine. Based on these results, the Sabin strains were chosen for worldwide distribution.", "Dr. Albert Sabin was also a researcher concerned with the development of a polio vaccine and he developed a live virus option. It was administered orally and Sabin claimed it was more effective than Salk’s vaccine. This created some confusion in the general population since both were available until 1998. At that point, the Sabin vaccine was declared ineffective and Salk’s vaccine, 40 years later, was still the exclusive method for polio elimination.", "The oral vaccine (known as the Sabin vaccine) is made from weakened polio viruses. It was introduced in 1963.", "The March of Dimes accomplished its mission within 20 years. Research led by Dr. Jonas Salk and supported by funds (those marching little dimes) raised annually by thousands of volunteers, resulted in the announcement in April 1955 that the Salk polio vaccine was �safe, potent and effective.� The foundation also supported the research that led to the Sabin oral vaccine, another safe, effective polio preventative discovered by Dr. Albert B. Sabin.", "Dr. Sabin joined the staff of the Rockefeller Institute in New York City in 1935. Four years later, he moved to the Children's Hospital Research Foundation in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his groundbreaking research demonstrated polio viruses not only grow in the nervous tissues, but also live in the small intestines. Introducing this new idea of enteroviruses - viruses that live \"in the gut\" - to the medical establishment, Dr. Sabin was able to prove poliomyelitis is essentially an infection of the alimentary tract and indicated polio might be prevented by an oral vaccine.", "Sabin’s live-virus, oral polio vaccine (administered in drops or on a sugar cube) soon replaced Salk’s killed-virus, injectable vaccine in many parts of the world. In 1994 the WHO declared that naturally occurring poliovirus had been eradicated from the Western Hemisphere owing to repeated mass immunization campaigns with the Sabin vaccine in Central and South America. The only occurrences of paralytic poliomyelitis in the West after this time were the few cases caused by the live-virus vaccine itself.", "Jonas Salk created a vaccine against polio that has been used since 1955; Albert Sabin created another version that has been on the market since 1961. Together, these two vaccines have nearly eliminated polio from the face of the earth.", "Between 1955 and 1961, the oral vaccine was tested on at least 100 million people in the USSR, parts of Eastern Europe, Singapore, Mexico, and the Netherlands. The first industrial production and mass use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains was organized by Soviet scientist Mikhail Chumakov. This provided the critical impetus for allowing large-scale clinical trials of OPV in the United States in April 1960 on 180,000 Cincinnati school children. The mass immunization techniques that Sabin pioneered with his associates effectively eradicated polio in Cincinnati. Against considerable opposition from the March of Dimes Foundation, which supported the relatively effective killed vaccine, Sabin prevailed on the Public Health Service to license his three strains of vaccine. While the PHS stalled, the USSR sent millions of doses of the oral vaccine to places with polio epidemics, such as Japan, and reaped the humanitarian benefit. Indeed, it was not clear to many that the vaccine was an American one, financed by U.S. dollars, but not available to ordinary Americans.", "Prevention. The first safe, effective vaccine against polio used killed polioviruses to stimulate production and release of antibodies. It was developed under the direction of Dr. Jonas E. Salk, and was nicknamed the Salk vaccine ; its proper name is poliovirus vaccine inactivated (IPV). It was later replaced by an oral preparation of attenuated viruses called poliovirus vaccine live oral , nicknamed the Sabin vaccine after its discoverer, Dr. Albert Sabin. In recent years in the United States, the Salk vaccine has come back into use. It does not induce intestinal immunity and so is not effective for poliovirus eradication in areas where wild-type polioviruses still exist in large numbers. However, it does not cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and so is preferred for routine immunization in areas where the risk of infection by a wild-type polivirus is very low.", "They were two young Jewish men who grew up just a few years apart in the New York area during the Great Depression, and though they were both drawn to the study of medicine and did not know each other at the time, their names would, years later, be linked in a heroic struggle that played out on the front pages of newspapers around the world. In the end, both Albert Sabin and Jonas Salk could rightfully claim credit for one of humanity’s greatest accomplishments—the near-eradication of polio in the 20th century. And yet debate still echoes  over whose method is best suited for the mass vaccination needed to finish the job: Salk’s injected, dead-virus vaccine or Sabin’s oral, live-virus version.", "But the successful development of a polio vaccine also led to a long scientific debate over the relative merits of Dr. Salk's version, which used killed virus, and one developed later by Dr. Albert Sabin that used live virus. The Sabin vaccine, which is taken orally, eventually entirely supplanted the Salk vaccine in the United States, and a sharp rivalry persisted between the two scientists throughout their lives.", "Although not as well-known as fellow researchers Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin, Koprowski in 1950 became the first to show it was possible to vaccinate against polio, the crippling and sometimes fatal disease that's now all but eradicated.", "However, a year and a half after the Salk vaccine was introduced, a Sabin vaccine had still not yet been tested on humans. Sabin himself said, in October 1956, that \"the Salk vaccine is still the only protection against polio available to the public.\" He was hoping to be able to start tests on humans by the end of the year or by 1957. ", "Years before the Salk vaccine was officially announced as safe, Dr. Albert Sabin had joined in the search for a vaccine, using a 'live'-virus, as opposed to Salk's 'killed'-virus. Sabin, however, had been \"openly hostile to Salk.\" Debbie Bookchin writes that he had been \"perhaps accurately guessing that Salk was about to challenge him for ascendancy in the polio world.\" After one presentation that Salk made to a medical conference, \"Sabin mounted a full-scale offensive, engaging in a piecemeal demolition of his presentation.\" However, the National Foundation \"swiftly put its full weight behind Salk. Here, finally, was a polio researcher, they said, who had accomplished something.\"", "Sabin Vaccine Institute awarded its 2011 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Award to Drs. Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller on May 18, 2011 for their breakthrough research which led to the development of the first vaccines intended to prevent cancer. Drs. Lowy and Schiller made several watershed discoveries that advanced the development of vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of virtually all cases of cervical cancer.", "New research appears to have resolved a polio vaccine debate raging for more than 50 years: Is it more appropriate to use the oral, attenuated vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, MD, or the inactivated, injectable vaccine that Jonas Salk, MD, introduced?", "* A vaccine was developed for polio, ending a worldwide epidemic. Effective vaccines were also developed for a number of other serious infectious diseases, including influenza, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), chickenpox, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B.", "The twentieth century saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s. Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century. As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted. However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including herpes simplex, malaria, gonorrhea and HIV. ", "..... Click the link for more information. . The Sabin vaccine may be taken orally and provides longer immunity than the killed-virus vaccine. Also, the killed-virus vaccine protects only against paralysis, whereas the live vaccine guards against both paralysis and infection.", "In the method favored by Dr. Sabin, the vaccine is prepared from a live, but mutated strain of the virus that is no longer capable of causing severe forms of the disease (such a virus is said to be", "Around the same time that Salk began his work on a killed-virus vaccine, Sabin began work on an attenuated live-virus vaccine. Sabin felt that an oral vaccine would be superior to an injection, as it would be easier to administer. He began to grow and test many virus strains in animals and tissue cultures and eventually found three mutant strains of the virus that appeared to stimulate antibody production without causing paralysis. Sabin then tested these strains on humans: his subjects included himself and his family, research associates, and prisoners from the nearby Chillicothe Penitentiary. ", "In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. That burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research.", "In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. This burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research.", "As we continue to discuss \"Science and Democracy\" and look at the scientific aspects of this plague, it is interesting to note the comments of Dr. David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States. He sees America as a mirror of what has happened globally, that is, that the disease has settled in the most vulnerable communities. He also sees the discovery that AZT can practically eliminate mother-to-infant transmission of the virus as the \"most dramatic progress and significant progress\" so far. Looking forward, he is pinning his hopes on a vaccine, although he said it is unlikely that scientists will develop one within the next five years -- and, even if developed, it will take decades to erdicate H.I.V.", "The Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Award has been awarded annually since 1994 and is given to a distinguished member of the public health community who has made extraordinary contributions in the field of vaccinology or a complementary field. Each recipient is a role model for young researchers, someone whose career has saved lives through the development and use of vaccines. The Medal is the highest scientific honor given by the Sabin Vaccine Institute and commemorates the legacy of the late Dr. Albert B. Sabin. This prestigious award is presented by the Sabin Vaccine Institute (Sabin)." ]

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[ "Melvin Howard Tormé, nicknamed The Velvet Fog, was an American musician, best known as a singer of jazz standards. He was also a jazz composer and arranger, drummer, an actor in radio, film, and te...", "**Harry Anderson as Judge Harold \"Harry\" T. Stone, a young, baby-faced, good-humored jurist and an amateur magician whose parents were former mental patients. He was very young for a new judge, being only 34 when he took the bench at Criminal Court Part 2, but he later explained cheerfully that he got his assignment because the outgoing Mayor of NYC made a huge number of appointments on his last day and Harry was the only person on the judges' list who was home and was able to receive the call and accept his nomination. His zany antics and goofball sense of humor were tempered by infinite compassion and sincere belief that everyone has good in them. Harry could be a little self-righteous at times, but more often than not was the moral compass of the show. Harry loved movies and fashions from the 1940s, was vocal in his disdain for modern music (especially Barry Manilow), and idolized crooner Mel Tormé.", "• 1925 ~ Mel Torme ,‘The Velvet Fog’, Grammy Award-winning singer and songwriter of The Christmas Song", "We are startled, on the amazing \"Blue Moon,\"(1954), by his trick of shifting, in a heartbeat, from saloon baritone to pants-too-tight wailing and by his near Hawaiian avoiding of consonants (\"Ya-hoo A-know Ah can be fou'/ Sittin' home all alo'\"), from \"Don't Be Cruel\" (1956), a song that comes close to redefining the art of the pop vocal; So, what's left? A terrific crooner who was closer, in intonation, vocal virtuosity and care for a song's mood, to Bing Crosby, than to any top singer of the rock era. Toward the end, he still had it as a Gospel balladeer, the choir-soloist power of the hymn \"He Touched Me\" (1971) — his voice breaking poignantly at the end of the hymn, as if he had just seen Jesus — still thrills and haunts. So does his desire to please an audience of kids and grandmas, instead of comfortably occupying a niche, as almost every pop star has done since.", "The skinny blue-eyed crooner, quickly nicknamed The Voice, made hordes of bobby-soxers swoon in the 1940's with an extraordinarily smooth and flexible baritone that he wielded with matchless skill. His mastery of long-lined phrasing inspired imitations by many other male crooners, notably Dick Haymes, Vic Damone and Tony Bennett in the 1940's and 50's and most recently the pop jazz star Harry Connick Jr.", "Night Court: “Halloween, Too” (US television episode, October 31, 1985), with Harry Anderson, Denice Kumagai, Mary-Margaret Humes.  Directed by Alan Bergman.  Judge Harry Stone meets a beautiful woman who tells him she is a witch.", "Nina Simone (; born Eunice Kathleen Waymon; February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003) was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and civil rights activist who worked in a broad range of musical styles including classical, jazz, blues, folk, R&B, gospel, and pop.", "Liza May Minnelli (; born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award.", "Francis Albert \"Frank\" Sinatra (; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. Sinatra's music has been considered timeless by many. He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, he began his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey. He found success as a solo artist after being signed by Columbia Records in 1943, becoming the idol of the \"bobby soxers\". He released his first album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatra's professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas, where he became one of its best known performers as part of the Rat Pack. His career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity and his subsequent Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He signed with Capitol Records and released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours (1955), Songs for Swingin' Lovers! (1956), Come Fly with Me (1958), Only the Lonely (1958) and Nice 'n' Easy (1960).", "Leslie Townes \"Bob\" Hope, KBE, KC*SG, KSS (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003), was an American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer, athlete, and author. With a career spanning nearly 80 years, Hope appeared in over 70 films and shorts, including a series of \"Road\" movies also starring Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour. In addition to hosting the Academy Awards 19 times (more than any other host), he appeared in many stage productions and television roles and was the author of fourteen books. The song \"Thanks for the Memory\" is widely regarded as Hope's signature tune.", "Bobby Darin (May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973), born Walden Robert Perciville Cassotto, was a two-time Grammy award winning American singer, Oscar nominated actor and accomplished musician. In 1990, Bobby Darin was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "63 - Ellen Foley (born June 5, 1951 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American singer and actress, who has appeared on Broadway and television, where she co-starred in the sitcom Night Court. In music, she has released three solo albums but is best known for her collaborations with the singer Meat Loaf .", "Billie Holiday - (born Eleanora Fagan; April 7, 1915 – July 17, 1959) was an American jazz singer and songwriter. Billie Holiday was a true artist of her day and rose as a social phenomenon in the 1950s. Her soulful, unique singing voice and her ability to boldly turn any material that she confronted into her own music made her a superstar of her time. Today, Holiday is remembered for her masterpieces, creativity and vivacity, as many of Holiday's songs are as well known today as they were decades ago. Holiday's poignant voice is still considered to be one of the greatest jazz voices of all time. As a young teenager, Holiday served the beginning part of her so-called \"apprenticeship\" by singing along with records by Bessie Smith or Louis Armstrong in after-hours jazz clubs. When Holiday's mother, Sadie Fagan, moved to New York in search of a better job, Billie eventually went with her. She made her true singing debut in obscure Harlem nightclubs and borrowed her professional name - Billie Holiday - from screen star Billie Dove. Although she never underwent any technical training and never even so much as learned how to read music, Holiday quickly became an active participant in what was then one of the most vibrant jazz scenes in the country. ' Artist Discography'", "Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto; August 3, 1926) is an American singer of popular music, standards and jazz. After having achieved artistic and commercial success in the 1950s and early 1960s, his career suffered an extended downturn during the height of the rock music era. Bennett staged a comeback, however, in the late 1980s and 1990s, expanding his audience to a younger generation while keeping his musical style intact. He remains a popular and critically praised recording artist and concert performer in the 2000s.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist. Although known for her soul recordings and referred to as the The Queen of Soul, Franklin is adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time.", "John Denver reprises his role as host. The “Saturday Night Fever” soundtrack — which heavily features the Bee Gees — brings disco to the Grammys and wins album of the year. Jim Henson wins best recording for children for his work on the album “The Muppet Show.” Frank Sinatra wins the Trustees Award. Other notable winners include Dolly Parton, Willie Nelson, Tito Puente; Earth, Wind & Fire; and Barry Manilow.", "Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto, May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973) was an American singer, actor and musician.", "1893 – Jimmy Durante, American actor/comedían (d. 1980) was an American singer, pianist, comedian and actor, whose distinctive gravel delivery, comic language butchery, jazz-influenced songs, and large nose.", "Paul Albert Anka, OC is a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \"Diana\", \"Lonely Boy\", \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", and \" Having My Baby\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \"She's a Lady\", as well as the English lyrics for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \"My Way\", which has been covered by many including Elvis Presley. He was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.", "Rosemary Clooney singer, Maysville (May 23, 1928 � June 29, 2002) was an American singer and actress. She came to prominence in the early 1950s with the novelty hit \"Come On-a My House\", which was followed by other pop numbers \"Botch-a-Me (Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina)\" (a cover version of the Italian song Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina by Alberto Rabagliati), \"Mambo Italiano\", and \"This Ole House\", songs which tended to obscure her talents as a jazz vocalist.", "The last episode of \"The Nat King Cole Show\" aired December 17, 1957. Cole had survived for over a year, and it was he, not NBC, who ultimately decided to pull the plug on the show. NBC, as well as Cole himself, had been operating at an extreme financial loss. Commenting on the lack of sponsorship his show received, Cole quipped shortly after its demise, \"Madison Avenue is afraid of the dark.\"This statement, with the passing of time, has fueled the urban legend that Cole's show had to close down despite enormous popularity. In fact, the Cole program was routinely beaten by the competition at ABC, which was then riding high with its travel and western shows. In addition, musical variety series have always been risky enterprises with a fickle public; among the one-season casualties are Frank Sinatra in 1957, Judy Garland in 1963, and Julie Andrews in 1972.", "In 1941, while still with Tommy, Weston arranged a song for Frank Sinatra, who also was a vocalist at the time with Tommy. It was one of Frank’s big hits called, “Everything Happens to Me”. During 1941-42, Paul worked as an arranger for Bob Crosby. He arranged for Dinah Shore in 1943. Later the same year, Paul joined Capitol Records, directing music on the Johnnie Mercer radio show known as the Chesterfield Supper Club Show. Johnny Mercer was a half owner of Capitol Records. In 1952, he married Jo Stafford, the great vocalist.", "Was their nothing James Darren couldn't do? An actor of many films such as the Oscar-winning The Guns Of Navarone and the Gidget films. The star of TV's The Time Tunnel in 1966-67 as well as a regular panelist on the 70's game show, Match Game. The voice of Jimmy Darrock on The Flintstones and singing voice of Yogi Bear in the 1964's Hey There, It's Yogi Bear. Godfather of Frank Sinatra's first grandchild, Angela, and director of TV shows such as A-Team, Beverly Hills 90210 and Melrose Place. And, of course, successful singer!", "In 1966 Claremont housewife, Elva Miller became the biggest off-key singing sensation since Florence Foster Jenkins. Capitol Records heard her demo of Downtown and encouraged her to record an album. Two of the album tracks, Downtown and A Lover's Concerto were issued as a single. Within a month she appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, she met Nancy Sinatra and received a congratulatory telegram from Elvis Presley.", "She can also be found on the albums The Best of the Telephone Hour, Cole Porter: A Remembrance (1965), An Evening With Alan Jay Lerner (1987), and the three Christmas songs she recorded, Toyland, It Came Upon A Midnight Clear, and O Little Town of Bethlehem can be found reissued each year on various compilation Christmas albums. The last known recording she made was a gift album for a party for a friend, called Mary Lea, Songs My Sister Loved & Sang (1998) for which she holds the production rights and copyright.", "Sinatra returned to radio in September with a new show bearing an old name, Songs by Sinatra. It ran weekly for the next two seasons, concluding in June 1947. Among his eight Top Ten hits in 1946 were two that hit number one (\"Oh! What It Seemed to Be\" and Styne and Cahn's \"Five Minutes More\"), as well as \"They Say It's Wonderful\" and \"The Girl That I Marry\" from Irving Berlin's musical Annie Get Your Gun, Jerome Kern's \"All Through the Day,\" and Kurt Weill's \"September Song.\" He also topped the album charts with the collection The Voice of Frank Sinatra. His only film appearance for the year came in Till the Clouds Roll By, a biography of the recently deceased Kern, in which he sang \"Ol' Man River.\"", "Still Unforgettable is a 2008 studio album by American singer-songwriter and performer Natalie Cole. Cole won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for Still Unforgettable at the 51st Grammy Awards.", "In 1950, the song was a highlight of the Kalmer-Ruby biopic Three Little Words, performed by Debbie Reynolds and Carleton Carpenter as Helen Kane and vaudeville performer Dan Healy. Helen Kane dubbed the vocal for Reynolds’ voice. ", "Frank Sinatra's 1955 hit, \"Love And Marriage,\" was used as the TV theme song for \"Married... with Children,\" a farcical sitcom about a thoroughly dysfunctional family which co-starred Ed O'Neill and Katey Sagal and Al and Peggy Bundy and ran from 1987-1997. \"Love And Marriage\" also charted in 1955 for Dinah Shore.", "Written for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music, this ballad depicts the character Desiree’s reflection on the disappointments in her life. Since then, the tune has been covered by Frank Sinatra, Judy Collins, Barbra Streisand, and other singing greats, making it a jazz standard.", "Sometimes called \"My Kind of Town (Chicago Is),\" this song by Jimmy Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn is an homage to the Windy City. It was written for the 1964 musical Robin and the 7 Hoods, starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis Jr. (with Bing Crosby and Peter Falk filling in for the rest of the Rat Pack).", " 1957 The Edsel Show (TV Special) (lyrics: \"There Is Nothing Like a Dame\", \"It's a Grand Night for Singing\", \"No Other Love\" - uncredited)" ]

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[ "“ The buck stops here ” is a phrase that was popularized - although not originated -  by United States President Harry S. Truman who had a sign placed on his desk to tell visitors that he alone accepted personal responsibility for how the country was governed and that he would not pass the back to anyone else.", "\"The buck stops here\" is a phrase that was popularized by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who kept a sign with that phrase on his desk in the Oval Office. The phrase refers to the fact that the President has to make the decisions and accept the ultimate responsibility for those decisions. Truman received the sign as a gift from a prison warden who was also an avid poker player. It is also the motto of the U.S. Naval Aircraft Carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75). ", "“The buck stops here” is a phrase that was popularized by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who kept a sign with that phrase on his desk in the Oval Office. The phrase refers to the fact that the President has to make the decisions and accept the ultimate responsibility for those decisions.", "American president Harry S. Truman (1945-53) is credited for having popularised the use of the phrase, \"the buck stops here\", which he put on a sign on his desk to reiterate his promise to the American people.", "Although he did not use the Resolute in the Oval Office, Harry Truman's desk was famous—he was well-known for having a plaque with a motto that read: \"The buck stops here.\" On more than one occasion, President Truman referred to the desk sign in public statements. In his farewell address to the American people given in January 1953, President Truman referred to this concept in asserting that, \"The President—whoever he is—has to decide. He can't pass the buck to anybody. No one else can do the deciding for him. That's his job.\" The other side of the sign read \"I'm From Missouri,\" a reference to the skeptical nature of people from Truman's home state, often expressed as \"I'm from Missouri—show me.\" (Missouri's nickname is \"The Show-Me State\").", "In more than one speech President Truman referred to his desk sign \"The buck stops here.\" In an address at the National War College on December 19, 1952 Mr. Truman said, \"You know, it's easy for the Monday morning quarterback to say what the coach should have done after the game is over. But when the decision is up before you - and on my desk I have a motto which says 'the buck stops here' - the decision has to be made.\"", "Buck is slang for the American and Canadian dollars, and possibly derives from deer hunting, the bucks (males) being more valuable than the does (females). As well as being a male deer, hare or rat (among other animals), a high-spirited young man, a young dandy or, in a more derogatory sense, a male Native American or African-American, a buck is also an article placed as a reminder before a player whose turn it is to deal at poker, and it is very likely that the slogan actually originated at the poker table (see also pass the buck ), and has nothing to do with dollars. The phrase was made famous by US President Harry S Truman (1884-1972; President 1945-53), who had it hand-written on a sign on his desk at the White House to remind himself and those around him that he alone had the ultimate responsibility for every decision of his administration. The phrase is now generally applied to the boss of any organisation.", "But Truman responded quickly to new challenges. Impulsive, he proved willing to make quick decisions about the problems he faced. A sign on his White House desk, since famous in American politics, read \"The Buck Stops Here,\" and reflected his willingness to take responsibility for his actions. His judgments about how to respond to the Soviet Union had an important impact on the early Cold War.", "But Truman responded quickly to new challenges. Impulsive, he proved willing to make quick decisions about the problems he faced. A sign on his White House desk, since famous in American politics, read \"The Buck Stops Here,\" and reflected his willingness to take responsibility for his actions. His judgments about how to respond to the Soviet Union had an important impact on the early Cold War.", "On more than one occasion President Truman referred to the desk sign in public statements. For example, in an address at the National War College on December 19, 1952 Mr. Truman said, \"You know, it's easy for the Monday morning quarterback to say what the coach should have done, after the game is over. But when the decision is up before you -- and on my desk I have a motto which says The Buck Stops Here' -- the decision has to be made.\" In his farewell address to the American people given in January 1953, President Truman referred to this concept very specifically in asserting that, \"The President--whoever he is--has to decide. He can't pass the buck to anybody. No one else can do the deciding for him. That's his job.", "Americans began to remember the former president as that feisty man from Missouri who worked hard and wasn't afraid to speak his mind. They remembered the Truman who said, \"The buck stops here.\"", "Popularized by US president Harry Truman . The phrase is based on the metaphorical expression passing the buck , derived from poker gameplay, that came to mean \"passing blame\", or absolving oneself of responsibility or concern by denying authority or jurisdiction over a given matter.", "Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 — June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989 . He was the sixteenth from the Republican Party, serving between Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush . Reagan is well-known for moving the country to the right politically, socially, and economically, accidentally causing the biggest World War III scare since 1962 (in the 1983 Able Archer Crisis), and his successful diplomatic initiative to negotiate a peaceful end to the Cold War by working together with Mikhail Gorbachev . He also was the last President to be in office during a war in which the United States officially declared itself to be neutral: namely the Falklands Conflict between the United Kingdom and Argentina.", "Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of \"honeycombing\", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand. In total, about of rock were blasted off the mountainside. The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left.", "We saw an adjutant in the army once who had a sign above his desk, “The buck stops here.” It probably was correct, and all the unwanted tasks from higher up that could be passed on eventually reached him.", "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 – April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) and is the only president to resign the office. He was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961).", "In October 1942 the “Reno Evening Gazette” of Reno, Nevada printed a picture of a sign displaying the motto “The Buck Stops Here” that was sitting atop a desk. The photo caption identified the man in the chair behind the desk as follows: 3", "\"The buck stops here\" He took responsibility for his action. He used the atomic bomb and implemented the Marshall Plan to save Europe from communism. He won an election where he was a huge underdog because he was such a fighter. The Korean War was the big crack during his years as President. He was such a force.", "** President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents.", "At Lori Ferber Collectibles we are proud to offer a professional produced replica of the iconic Buck Stops Here design plaque, available for $59.95. It makes a great addition to your collection, office or den and an incredible gift for a boss or corporate executive who wants to make a statement to eveyrone who enters their office. ", "The saying \"the buck stops here\" derives from the slang expression \"pass the buck\" which means passing the responsibility on to someone else. The latter expression is said to have originated with the game of poker, in which a marker or counter, frequently in frontier days a knife with a buckhorn handle, was used to indicate the person whose turn it was to deal. If the player did not wish to deal he could pass the responsibility by passing the \"buck,\" as the counter came to be called, to the next player. *", "Herbert Hoover was the last President to have his term of office end on March 3", "This was the headline of the Washington Post on November 15, 1902 when President Theodore Roosevelt refused to shoot a 235-pound black bear that had been tied to a tree. When encouraged to shoot it, the President is rumored to have said, \"I've hunted game all over America and I'm proud to be a hunter. But I couldn't be proud of myself if I shot an old, tired, worn-out bear that was tied to a tree.\"", "NARRATOR: Deep in the Louisiana canebrakes, the President seemed unconcerned. Instead of talking to reporters about the panic, he talked about hunting. ''We got three bears, six deer, one wild turkey, 12 squirrels, one duck, one opossum, and one wildcat. We ate them all, except the wildcat.'' But Wall Street was blaming the panic on Roosevelt, and the President quickly returned to Washington.", "Lyndon Johnson had escalated a brutal war and failed to win it. His popularity was at an all-time low; he could not appear publicly without a demonstration against him and the war. The chant \"LBJ, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?\" was heard in demonstrations throughout the country. In the spring of 1968 Johnson announced he would not run again for President, and that negotiations for peace would begin with the Vietnamese in Paris.", "President Josiah Bartlet : [cutting him off] Look at the size of that Charlie you've got mounted on your wall.", "On September 23, 1952, then-vice presidential candidate Richard Nixon defended his personal finances in a television address that became famously known as the “Checkers speech” (because Nixon said the only contribution he kept was the dog of that name). Nixon still had the cocker spaniel in 1964, when this photo was taken.", "slang for the memorandum or message slip, yellow in color, with appropriate fill-in blocks and action boxes, sized about 4\" square, that was attached to any forwarded paperwork or used for recording TELEPHONE notes passed to superiors. Typically, the BUCK SLIP was used to direct an item to its proper recipient or to the responsible authority; often expressed as \"buck it along\" or \"buck it up the line\", as derived from the BUCK marker or designator indicating authority. It is a MILICRAT axiom that \"any problem shuffled off to another desk is a problem solved\"! The onus of command is that when the BUCK or BUCK SLIP is passed, like passing a hot potato, the BUCK always stops with the COMMANDER. See RED TAPE, PAPER BULLET, SNOWFLAKE, POCKET BRAINS, WHEEL BOOK, WHITE PAPER, FINDING, REPORT, TELECON. [cf: bout de papier, aide-memoire]", "Malcolm Baldrige (1922 – 1987), American politician and United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987, from internal injuries sustained in a rodeo accident, when the horse he was riding fell on him during a calf-roping competition.", "\"Okay\" said the president, \"Give them the go ahead to strike that area after they do a final scouting!\" and he walked off back toward the screen at the front of the room. \"Gentlemen this is headquarters!\" the clerk said, \"Orders from the president. You must scout around once more and make sure all of the animals are detected. Contact us back, and if we are happy we will give the orders to fire, over.\" He said." ]

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[ "Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator is a children's book by British author Roald Dahl. It is the sequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, continuing the story of young Charlie Bucket and eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka as they travel in the Great Glass Elevator.", "James and the Giant Peach is a popular children's novel written in 1961 by British author Roald Dahl. The original first edition published by Alfred Knopf featured illustrations by Nancy Ekholm Burkert. There have been reillustrated versions of it over the years, done by Michael Simeon for the first British edition, Emma Chichester Clark, Lane Smith and Quentin Blake. It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1996.", "Roald Dahl was a children’s author who wrote the kids’ classics Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach and The BFG, among other famous works. He lived a long and fulfilling life and was once a fighter pilot in World War 2. See below for more interesting information and facts about Roald Dahl or download the worksheet study pack right now.", "Few children’s authors have been as influential and prolific as Roald Dahl. Some of his works include Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilida, The BFG, and James and the Giant Peach.-Pagepulp.com", "Roald Dahl was born on September 13, 1916, in Llandaff, South Wales. In 1953, he published the best-selling story collection Someone Like You and married actress Patricia Neal. He published the popular book James and the Giant Peach in 1961. In 1964, he released another highly successful work, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, which was later adapted for two films. Over his decades-long writing career, Dahl wrote 19 children's books. He died on November 23, 1990, in Oxford, England.", "ROALD DAHL, born in 1916 in Wales, spent his childhood in England and later worked in Africa. When World War II broke out, he joined the Royal Air Force and became a fighter pilot. After a war injury, he moved to Washington, D.C., and there he began to write. His first short story was published by The Saturday Evening Post, and so began a long and distinguished career. ROALD DAHL became, quite simply, one of the best-loved children's book authors of all time. Although he passed away in 1990, his popularity and that of his books-Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, James and the Giant Peach, and Danny the Champion of the World, to name just a few-continues to grow.", "Roald Dahl is the visionary writer who brought such classics like Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The BFG to little kids everywhere. He's known for whimsical stories and goofy drawings, but not many people are aware of his foray into adult literature. Simply put: his more mature stuff is not for prudes . ", "Considered one of the fifty greatest British writers post World War 2, Roald Dahl is known for writing children’s books. Among his memorable titles include Jack and the Giant Peach, Matilda, The Gremlins, and of course Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Dahl also wrote adult fiction, with two titles Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen and My Uncle Oswald.", "Some reviewers compared Philosopher's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl, who died in 1990. Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor, but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and, in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher's Stone, seven of the ten most popular children's books were by Dahl, including the one in top place. The only other really popular children's author of the late 1990s was an American, R. L. Stine. Some of the story elements in Philosopher's Stone resembled parts of Dahl's stories; for example, the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant auntsone fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, who treated Harry as a servant. However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation, able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964) is a children's book by Welsh author Roald Dahl. This story of the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the chocolate factory of eccentric candymaker Willy Wonka is often considered one of the most beloved children's stories of the 20th century.", "Other globally well-known British novelists include George Orwell, C. S. Lewis, H. G. Wells, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, D. H. Lawrence, Mary Shelley, Lewis Carroll, J. R. R. Tolkien, Virginia Woolf, Ian Fleming, Walter Scott, Agatha Christie, J. M. Barrie, Joseph Conrad, Graham Greene, E. M. Forster, Aldous Huxley, Roald Dahl, Helen Fielding, Arthur C. Clarke, Alan Moore, Ian McEwan, Anthony Burgess, Evelyn Waugh, William Golding, Salman Rushdie, Douglas Adams, P. G. Wodehouse, Martin Amis, J. G. Ballard, Beatrix Potter, A. A. Milne, Philip Pullman, Terry Pratchett, H. Rider Haggard, Neil Gaiman, Enid Blyton and J. K. Rowling. Important British poets of the 20th century include Rudyard Kipling, W. H. Auden, Ted Hughes, Philip Larkin, T. S. Eliot, John Betjeman and Dylan Thomas. In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the \"nation's best-loved novel\" of all time, with works by English novelists J. R. R. Tolkien, Jane Austen, Philip Pullman, Douglas Adams and J. K. Rowling making up the top five on the list. Known for his macabre, darkly comic, fantasy children's books, Roald Dahl is frequently ranked the best children's author in UK polls. ", "Significant writers of works for children include, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, Rev W Awdry, The Railway Series and A. A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh. Prolific children's author Enid Blyton chronicled the adventures of a group of young children and their dog in The Famous Five. T. H. White wrote the Arthurian fantasy The Once and Future King, the first part being The Sword in the Stone 1938. Mary Norton wrote The Borrowers, featuring tiny people who borrow from humans. Inspiration for Frances Hodgson Burnett's novel The Secret Garden. In Kent. Hugh Lofting created the character Doctor Dolittle who appears in a series of twelve books, while Dodie Smith's The Hundred and One Dalmatians featured the villainous Cruella de Vil.", "Ruth Manning-Sanders collected and retold fairy tales, and her first work A Book of Giants contains a number of famous giants, notably Jack and the Beanstalk. Susan Cooper's The Dark Is Rising is a five-volume fantasy saga set in England and Wales. Raymond Briggs' children's picture book The Snowman 1978 has been adapted as an animation, shown every Christmas on British television, and for the stage as a musical. The Reverend. W. Awdry and son Christopher's The Railway Series features Thomas the Tank Engine. Margery Sharp's series The Rescuers is based on a heroic mouse organisation. The third Children's Laureate Michael Morpurgo published War Horse in 1982. The prolific children's author Dick King-Smith's novels include The Sheep-Pig 1984, and The Water Horse. Diana Wynne Jones wrote the young adult fantasy novel Howl's Moving Castle in 1986. Anthony Horowitz's Alex Rider series begins with Stormbreaker 2000.", "The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with World War I in Great Britain and Europe, and the period before World War II was much slower in children's publishing. The main exceptions in England were the publications of Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne in 1926 and The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1937. ", "Alan Alexander Milne (/ˈmɪln/; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.", "Regarded as \"one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century\", Dahl was named by The Times one of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945. He ranks amongst the world's best-selling fiction authors with sales estimated at over 200 million, and his books have been published in almost 60 languages. In 2003 four books by Dahl, led by Charlie and the Chocolate Factory at number 35, ranked among the Top 100 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by the BBC to determine the \"nation's best-loved novel\" of all time. First of two pages. Archived 2 September 2014 by the publisher.  ", "Children's Books: A.A. Milne (1882-1956) publishes \"Winnie the Pooh,\" one of the most popular children’s books ever written.", "He published 46 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of trisyllabic meter . His most celebrated books include the bestselling Green Eggs and Ham , The Cat in the Hat , One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish , Horton Hatches the Egg , Horton Hears a Who! , and How the Grinch Stole Christmas! . Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a Broadway musical and four television series. He won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for Horton Hatches the Egg and again in 1961 for And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street.", "This Sunday is the birthday of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll, the English mathematician and writer whose most famous works include Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking-Glass, and The Hunting of the Snark.", "Kenneth Grahame was a Scottish writer, most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908), one of the classics of children's literature. He also wrote The Reluctant Dragon; both books were later adapted into Disney films.", "Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 - 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot.", "Charles Lutwidge Dodgson is better known by the pseudonym \"Lewis Carroll\". Although he was a mathematician, he is best known as the author of Alice's adventures in wonderland (1865) and Through the looking glass (1872), children's books that are among the most popular of all time. They are distinguished as satire and as examples of verbal wit. Dodgson wrote mathematical works under his own name but for his children's books he invented the pen name \"Lewis Carroll\" by translating his first two names \"Charles Lutwidge\" into Latin as \"Carolus Lodovicus\", then anglicising and reversing their order.", "Although Blyton died in 1968, she remains one of the most popular children's authors. Hodder sells more than half a million copies of the Famous Five books a year, while Blyton has sold more than 500m books and still features in the top 10 of most borrowed children's authors from public libraries.", "85 Which well-known children's author, born in 1859 and died in 1932, was also Secretary of the Bank of England?", "Philip Pullman CBE (born October 19, 1946) is an English writer. He is the best-selling author of His Dark Materials, a trilogy of fantasy novels, and a number of other books", "He also published several volumes of poetry, including Poems (1971), with Ted Hughes and Ruth Fainlight, Storm and Other Poems (1974) and Barbarians and Other Poems (1973). As well as adapting his own novels for film he also wrote the screenplay to Che Guevara (1968), and wrote stage and television plays. The City Adventures of Marmalade Jim (1967) was the first of several books for children, and he also wrote a collection of autobiographical and critical essays, Mountains and Caverns: Selected Essays (1975), several travel books, including The Saxon Shore Way (1983), and a volume of autobiography, Life without Armour (1995).", "Since then she has published more than twenty books for children, achieving particular recognition with The Ghost of Thomas Kempe and A Stitch in Time. For the former she won the 1973 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject. For the latter she won the 1976 Whitbread Children's Book Award. The three novels feature local history, roughly 600, 300, and 100 years past, in ways that approach time slip but do not posit travel to the past. ", "Sept. 21, 1866 Bromley, Kent, Eng. Aug. 13, 1946 London English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds and such comic novels as Tono-Bungay and The History of Mr. Polly.", "Maurice Bernard Sendak (June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American illustrator and writer of children’s books. He became widely known for his book Where the Wild Things Are, first published in 1963. Born to Jewish-Polish parents, his childhood was affected by the death of many of his family members during the Holocaust. Besides Where the Wild Things Are,Sendak also wrote works such as In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There, and illustrated Little Bear.", "English poet and thirty-year U.K. Poet Laureate whose best-known works include Rosas and Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. He also wrote several children's books, including The Box of Delights and The Midnight Folk.", "The author, who lives in Oxford, has written 18 books for children and is also a screenwriter.", "Robert McCloskey (1914-2003) wrote eight picture books including the Caldecott medal winners Make Way for Ducklings and Time for Wonder. Blueberries for Sal, One Morning in Maine, and JourneyCake, Ho! were honor books." ]

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[ "1916 - World War I: Manfred von Richthofen (\"The Red Baron\"), a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkr�fte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.", "1916 – World War I: Manfred von Richthofen (\"The Red Baron\"), a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkräfte, won his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.", "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (2 May 1892 � 21 April 1918), also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkr�fte) during World War I. He is considered the top ace of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen, also widely known as the Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot with the Imperial German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkräfte) during World War I. He is considered the top ace of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "1916 - World War I: Manfred von Richthofen [The Red Baron], a flying ace of the German Luftstreitkr�fte, wins his first aerial combat near Cambrai, France.", "Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen was a German fighter pilot known as \"The Red Baron\". He was the most successful flying ace of World War I, and was credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories.", "Aviators were styled as modern-day knights, doing individual combat with their enemies. Several pilots became famous for their air-to-air combat; the most well known is Manfred von Richthofen , better known as the Red Baron, who shot down 80 planes in air-to-air combat with several different planes, the most celebrated of which was the Fokker Dr.I . On the Allied side, René Paul Fonck is credited with the most all-time victories at 75, even when later wars are considered.", "1918 Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the legendary German ace pilot who had destroyed 80 Allied aircraft, was shot down by an RAF fighter and died from the crash behind British lines. He was known as the �Red Baron� because of his distinctive red Fokker tri-plane. As Iron Maiden once sang \"Get that Fokker, shoot him down\".", "\"The Red Baron\" German Fighter Ace Killed, Baron Manfred von Richthofen, the German ace known as the \"Red Baron,\" credited with 80 confirmed air combat victories was killed in action during World War I.", "The Red Baron was born Manfred von Richthofen. He earned the nickname, the Red Baron, during World War I because he flew a red plane and was the top rated fighter pilot during the war. The Red Baron was actually the nickname the British called him. He had other nicknames as well including \"Le Petit Rouge\" in France (which means \"Little Red\") and \"Der Rote Kampfflieger\" in Germany (which means \"the Red Battle Flyer\").", "Manfred von Richthofen (1892-1918) earned widespread fame as a World War I ace fighter pilot. After starting the war as a German cavalry officer on the Eastern Front, Richthofen served in the infantry before seeking his pilot’s license. He transferred to the Imperial Air Service in 1915, and the following year began to distinguish himself in battle. The leader of a squadron known as the Flying Circus, Richthofen developed a formidable reputation in his bright red Fokker triplane. He was credited with 80 kills before being shot down, his legend as the fearsome Red Baron enduring well after his death.", "With 80 confirmed kills, Baron Manfred von Richthofen was World War One's highest scoring combat pilot and its most famous flyer. He began his military career as a cavalryman but switched to the air corps in 1915 first as an observer and then as a fighter pilot. He scored his first combat kill in September of 1916.", "By January 1917, Richthofen had shot down fifteen aircraft had been appointed commander of his own unit. He painted the fuselage of his Albatros D-III a bright red and was nicknamed the Red Baron. After the death of Oswald Boelcke and Max Immelmann, Richthofen became the most famous war ace in Germany. Richthofen was also well-known in Britain and became a hate-figure after Allied propaganda portrayed him as a man who enjoyed killing.", "On 23 November 1916, Richthofen downed British ace Major Lanoe Hawker VC , described by Richthofen himself as \"the British Boelcke\". [18] The victory came while Richthofen was flying an Albatros D.II and Hawker was flying a DH.2 . After a long dogfight, Hawker was killed by a bullet in the head as he attempted to escape back to his own lines. [19] After this combat, Richthofen was convinced he needed a fighter aircraft with more agility, even at a loss of speed. He switched to the Albatros D.III in January 1917, scoring two victories before suffering an inflight crack in the spar of the aircraft's lower wing on 24 January. Richthofen reverted to the Albatros D.II or Halberstadt D.II for the next five weeks. He was flying his Halberstadt when, on 6 March, in combat with F.E.8s of 40 Squadron RFC , his aircraft was shot through the petrol tank, probably by Edwin Benbow , who was credited with the victory. Richthofen was able on this occasion to force land without his aircraft catching fire. [20] Richthofen then scored a victory in the Albatros D.II on 9 March, but since his Albatros D.III was grounded for the rest of the month, Richthofen switched again to a Halberstadt D.II. [21]", "Once a pilot, he joined Kampfgeschwader 2, flying a two-seater Albatros C.III. Later, as he piloted a Fokker Eindecker single-seat fighter over Verdun, on April 26, 1916, he shot down a French Nieuport over Fort Douaumont, although once again he gained no official credit. In August 1916 he met fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke. Boelcke, touring the East looking for candidates for his newly formed fighter unit, selected Richthofen to join a fighter squadron, Jasta 2. Richthofen won his first official aerial combat over Cambrai, France, on September 17, 1916.", "Manfred von Richthofen was a fighter pilot of the German Army Air Service (Luftstreitkrafte) during World War one. He became a prominent commander of fighter units leading several future successful aces. At the conclusion of World War One he was the “Ace of Aces” of all pilots with more confirmed aerial victories than any other.", "Like any great hunter, Manfred von Richthofen reveled in bagging the largest game. On November 23, 1916, he encountered Major Lanoe George Hawker, V.C., \"the British Boelcke,\" in Richthofen's words, big game indeed. Hawker was one of the first fliers to take a pistol with him in the air and was also the first to arm an early Bristol scout with a Lewis gun. He downed a German two-seater over Ypres in July, 1915. Flying constantly, he downed one German plane after another. (In those early days, British records of aerial victories were not kept as carefully as later.) Hawker was decorated with the Victoria Cross and given command of Number 24 squadron.", "In January 1917, after his 16th confirmed kill, Richthofen received the Pour le Mérite (informally known as \"The Blue Max\" ), the highest military honour in Germany at the time. That same month, he assumed command of the fighter squadron Jasta 11, which ultimately included some of the elite German pilots, many of whom he trained himself. Several later became leaders of their own squadrons. Ernst Udet (later Colonel-General Udet) belonged to Richthofen's group.", "1918 Baron von Richthofen died, Red Baron, was a German fighter pilot considered the top ace of that war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories.", "After another spell flying two-seaters on the Eastern Front, he met Oswald Boelcke again in August 1916. Boelcke, visiting the east in search of candidates for his newly formed fighter unit, selected Richthofen to join one of the first German fighter squadrons, Jagdstaffel 2. Richthofen won his first aerial combat with Jasta 2 over Cambrai, France on 17 September 1916. Boelcke was killed during a midair collision with a friendly aircraft on 28 October 1916; Richthofen witnessed the event.", "After a chance meeting of the German ace fighter pilot Oswald Boelcke , [14] Richthofen entered training as a pilot in October 1915. [14] In March 1916, he joined Kampfgeschwader 2 (\"No. 2 Bomber Squadron ( Geschwader )\") flying a two-seater Albatros C.III . Initially he appeared to be a below average pilot, struggling to control his aircraft, and crashing during his first flight at the controls. [14] Despite this poor start, he rapidly became attuned to his aircraft and, as if in confirmation, over Verdun on 26 April 1916, he fired on a French Nieuport , downing it over Fort Douaumont , [14] although once again, he received no official credit. A week later, he decided to ignore more experienced pilots' advice against flying through a thunderstorm, and later noted that he had been \"lucky to get through the weather\", and vowed never again to fly in such conditions unless ordered to do so. [15]", "Richthofen led his new unit to unparalleled success, peaking during \"\" 1917. In that month alone, he downed 22 British aircraft, raising his official tally to 52. By June, he was the commander of the first of the new larger Jagdgeschwader (wing) formations, leading Jagdgeschwader 1 composed of Jastas 4, 6, 10 and 11. These were highly mobile combined tactical units that could be sent at short notice to different parts of the front as required. In this way, JG1 became \"The \", its name coming both from the unit's highly mobile nature (including the use of tents), and from its brightly coloured aircraft. By the end of April, the \"Flying Circus\" also became known as the \"Richthofen Circus.\" [8] Richthofen was a brilliant tactician, building on Boelcke's tactics. But unlike Boelcke, he led by example and force of will rather than by inspiration. He was often described as distant, unemotional, and rather humourless, though some colleagues contend otherwise. [9]", "Richthofen, 25, had a fearsome reputation. He was the highest-scoring ace of the First World War, credited with destroying 80 enemy aircraft. In Germany, he was a larger-than-life celebrity and a national hero, especially given the way aerial combat was portrayed as a glamorous, knightly endeavour by both sides.", "It is now been over 90 years since Baron Manfred von Richthofen Germany’s greatest WW1 fighter pilot was shot down and killed over the Australian lines in the Western Front in France on 21 April 1918.", "The greatest fighter ace of the First World War, Manfred von Richthofen was born on 2 May 1892.", "The greatest fighter ace of the First World War, Manfred von Richthofen, was born on the 2nd of May 1892.", "46 The Top Ace Up until his sixtieth kill, Von Richthofen had his jeweler friend in Berlin make him a silver cup with the date of each fight and type of enemy aircraft he had brought down. He tallied 80 victories before he died but only had 60 cups made. This was due to the war as silver became restricted from the war. –Von Richthofen was the highest scoring pilot in WWI.", "The Dr.I Dreidecker (triplane) was a German fighter aircraft built by Fokker Flugzeugwerke and used by the Luftstreitkr�fte (German Air Force) during World War I. First flown in July 1917; the Dr.I saw widespread service by the spring of 1918. It became renowned as the aircraft in which Manfred von Richthofen gained his last 20 victories.", "The Messerschmitt 109 fighter was flown by many of the top scoring Luftwaffe fighter pilots during WW II. The top fighter pilot of all time, Erich Hartmann (352 victories), and the second highest scoring fighter pilot of all time, Gerhard Barkhorn (301 victories), both flew the Bf 109. So did the first \"General of Fighters,\" Werner Molders (115 victories), and his famous successor in that job, Adolf Galland (104 victories). The top scoring German ace of the Western front, Hans-Joachim Marseille (158 victories), also flew the Bf 109.", "The famous all-white Fokker D.VII of the WW1 German ace Herman Goring who achieved an official tally of 22 confirmed aerial victories during the Great War although historians debate the true total which may have been between 17 and 20. Goring survived the war and became a leading figure in the rise of the Nazi movement, ending his life by suicide in 1945.", "In January of 1917, Manfred began to paint his plane red. Soon his squadron was painting part of their planes red as well. He became the commander of the Flying Circus, a group of the top fighter pilots in Germany. They moved about the western front and fought in key battles. Manfred became the top fighter pilot in World War I with 80 confirmed kills. He was shot down once in July of 1917, but survived and returned to battle later that year.", "The Fokker F.1 of the German Ace Werner Voss, the fourth-highest scoring German ace of the Great War with 48 victories. This depicts his final action on Sept 23, 1917 when he became embroiled in a melee with SE5as of No 56 and No 60 Squadrons RFC. Voss' two wingmen were unable to successfully intervene and, although he managed to badly damage several of his opponents, Voss was eventually fatally shot down." ]

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[ "In case you needed further confirmation that Kanye West is a total asshat, feast your eyes on Exhibit A: The outspoken rapper interrupted Taylor Swift’s acceptance speech for Best Female Video at MTV’s 2009 Video Music Awards to declare that Beyonce’s popular “Single Ladies” music video should have received the award instead.", "The first winner of the night, Taylor Swift for best female video, was victim to this when she was rudely and quickly interrupted by Kanye West , who cut off her acceptance speech. He stole the microphone to announce that fellow nominee Beyoncé had “one of the greatest videos of all time,” in “Single Ladies.”", "The show is infamous for an incident involving Kanye West interrupting Taylor Swift's speech for winning the award for Best Female Video (\"You Belong with Me\"), which spawned the \"I'mma let you finish\" internet meme. ", "On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for \"You Belong with Me\", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions. When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech. West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst, and by President Barack Obama, who called West a \"jackass\". In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and \"tweets\" with the \"Let you finish\" photo-jokes. He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated, \"Everybody wanna booooo me but I'm a fan of real pop culture... I'm not crazy y'all, I'm just real.\" He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident, and the other the following day, when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show. After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology. ", "2009: At the 2009 Video Music Awards, country singer Taylor Swift won Best Female video for \"You Belong with Me.\" During her acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West unexpectedly showed up on stage. Taking the microphone from Swift, he announced \"Yo Tay, I'm really happy for you, and Imma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time. One of the best videos of all time!\" MTV cut away from the stage (showing Beyoncé with an embarrassed look) after West gave the microphone back to Swift and giving the middle finger to the audience as they started booing him off stage, and so Swift did not finish her speech. West was removed for the rest of the show. However, when Beyoncé won Video of the Year for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It),\" she called Swift back on stage to \"have her moment\" (finishing her speech from winning Best Female Video). In an off-the-record portion of an interview the following day, President Barack Obama called West a \"jackass\" for his antics. During a post-interview, Jay-Z admitted West was wrong to go on stage, but he thought people were overreacting to the incident. ", "Avril Lavigne won her first award ever as Best New Artist in a Video, getting the record for the youngest artist so far to win this award at the age of 17. She kicked off the 2002 VMAs with a \"Complicated\" / \"Sk8er Boi\" pre-show performance and together Lisa Marie Presley they gave the award for Best Female Video to P!nk who was under the effects of alcohol during her acceptance speech.", "Rudely interrupted: Kanye West grabs the microphone from Taylor Swift at the MTV Video Music Awards last night", "West's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy, and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry. [79] During the ceremony, West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that, instead, Beyoncé 's video for \" Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) \", nominated for the same award, was \"one of the best videos of all time\". He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions. West's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy, and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards . [80]", "Shocking: Kanye's reputation was left tarnished in 2009 when the rapper stormed on stage to unleash an astonishing rant during an acceptance speech by Taylor Swift", "The rapper stormed the stage just after the first award, for Best Female Video, was presented to Taylor Swift. He cut the teen singer off, grabbing the mic and protesting in support of Beyoncé.", "According to sources at the VMAs, Swift was seen hysterically crying backstage after Kanye's outburst, making it convenient that the first part of her performance of \"You Belong to Me,\" which immediately followed the acceptance speech, was prerecorded. (Swift emerged from the subway exit and performed atop a cab outside the venue live.) Wale, who is serving as MC for the house band, told the crowd, \"You can't fault a man for speaking his mind,\" which was promptly met by boos from the Radio City Music Hall crowd. According to our sources inside Radio City, Kanye was promptly tossed from the VMAs after interrupting Swift's speech and headed to West Village haunt the Spotted Pig. \"I'm assuming based on the amount of Hennessey I saw [West] drink that he was not all there,\" Fall Out Boy's Patrick Stump told Rolling Stone backstage at the show.", "BET Awards 2012: Jay-Z interrupts Kanye's acceptance speech after West ruined Taylor Swift's back in 2009 | Daily Mail Online", "On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears ; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin's not right.\" [21] West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all five awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. [21]", "Before she could continue, West broke in. \"Yo Taylor, I'm really happy for you, I'll let you finish, but Beyoncé has one of the best videos of all time. One of the best videos of all time!\" Kanye shouted to a mortified Swift and the speechless audience. And as quickly as he ran onstage — MTV cut away to show Pink applauding Taylor, and when they flashed back to Swift, West already had the mic in his hand — he was off, leaving a shocked Swift in his wake.", "On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears ; he claimed, \"Maybe my skin’s not right.\" [140] West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all 5 awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song \"Stronger\" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings. [141]", "Minaj won the American Music Awards for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist and Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album in three different years for her first three albums. She has won twice MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video for \"Super Bass\" and \"Anaconda\", and one Best Female Video for \"Starships\"", "Kanye Omari West (pronounced /ˈkɑnjɛj/; born June 8, 1977) is a 9 time Grammy Award-winning American rapper and record producer. He released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004, his second album Late Registration in 2005, and his third album Graduation in 2007. His first three albums have received numerous awards, critical acclaim, and commercial success. West also runs his own record label GOOD Music. West's mascot and trademark is \"Dropout Bear,\" a teddy bear which has appeared on the covers of his three albums as well as the singles \"Stronger\" and \"Homecoming.\"", "BEST MALE VIDEO Cee Lo Green, \"F--k You\" Eminem feat. Rihanna, \"Love the Way You Lie\" Bruno Mars, \"Grenade\" Kanye West feat. Rihanna & Kid Cudi, \"All of the Lights\" WINNER: Justin Bieber, \"U Smile\"", "On August 30, 2015, West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards. In his acceptance speech, he stated, \"Y'all might be thinking right now, 'I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here?' And the answer is: 'Yes, I rolled up a little something. I knocked the edge off.'\" At the end of his speech, he announced, \"I have decided in 2020 to run for president.\" ", "  / ˈ k ɑː n j eɪ / ; born June 8, 1977) [1] is an American musician, film director and fashion designer. West first rose to fame as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records , where he eventually achieved recognition for his work on Jay-Z 's album The Blueprint , as well as hit singles for musical artists including Alicia Keys , Ludacris , and Janet Jackson . His style of production originally used pitched-up vocal samples from soul songs incorporated with his own drums and instruments. However, subsequent productions saw him broadening his musical palette and expressing influences encompassing '70s R&B , baroque pop , trip hop , arena rock , folk , alternative , electronica , synthpop , and classical music. [2]", "BEST HIP HOP VIDEO Lil Wayne feat. Cory Gunz, \"6'7'\" Kanye West feat. Rihanna & Kid Cudi, \"All of the Lights\" WINNER: Nicki Minaj, \"Super Bass\" Chris Brown feat. Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes, \"Look at Me Now\" Lupe Fiasco, \"The Show Goes On\"", "BEST VIDEO WITH A MESSAGE WINNER: Lady Gaga, \"Born This Way\" Eminem (featuring Rihanna), \"Love the Way You Lie\" Katy Perry,\"Firework\" Pink, \"Fuckin' Perfect\" Rise Against, \"Make It Stop (September's Children)\" Taylor Swift, \"Mean\".", "On February 8, 2015, at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage, leaving the audience to think he was joking . After the awards show, West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that \"Beck needs to respect artistry, he should have given his award to Beyoncé\". [24] On February 26, 2015, he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter. [24]", "And the beef rages on. ... Details about the source and the exact context are still sketchy, but two days after Swift's Grammy win, Page Six posted audio of an enraged West apparently venting backstage at SNL on February 13th. The clip is essentially an extended \"Do you know who I am?\" tirade — in which the rapper likens himself to Stanley Kubrick, Pablo Picasso and other icons — but West can be heard throwing in a quick Swift diss as well, labeling the singer-songwriter \"fake ass.\"", "*September 7 – Rage Against the Machine's Tim Commerford is arrested for climbing on the set at MTV's Video Music Awards after his band lost the award for Best Rock Video to Limp Bizkit. The director of Rage's \"Sleep Now in the Fire\" video, Michael Moore, suggests Commerford was probably \"just bored\" by the show. Britney Spears performed her hit single \"Oops!...I Did It Again\", becoming one of the VMA's most iconic and controversial performances due to her skin-coloured outfit. ★NSYNC performed their hit single \"Bye Bye Bye\", also becoming one of the VMA's most iconic performances ever. ", "The music video for 'Gangsta's Paradise', featuring Michelle Pfeiffer, won the MTV Music Video Award for Best Rap Video and the MTV Music Video Award for Best Video from a Film.", "Christina Aguilera shocked the audience by wearing a revealing outfit and heavy make-up, with a sexual image contrasting her previous good-girl persona. She was part of an awkward moment at the awards when presenting the Best Male Video Award to Eminem, who had insulted her in 2000. ", "A rough cut of the video first premiered at the Tribeca Studios in New York City on June 19, 2007, with West editing the clip until the last minute. Upon its worldwide release, the video was nominated two 2007 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video. It won Best Hip-Hop Video at the BET Hip-Hop Awards as well as Best Video at the MOBO Awards. ", "\"Good Life\" with Kanye West later won the BET Award for Best Collaboration and was nominated in several other categories. In 2008, the single won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Song. ", "She assumed creative control for her third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad (2007) and adopted a public image as a sex symbol while reinventing her music and image. Its successful lead single \"Umbrella\" became an international breakthrough in her career, as she won her first Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration with Jay Z in 2008. After releasing four Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) platinum-certified albums, including the Grammy Award winner Unapologetic (2012), she was recognized as a pop icon. Her eighth studio album Anti (2016) and its lead single \"Work\" reached number-one on the Billboard 200 and Hot 100. Many of her songs rank among the world's best-selling singles of all time, including the singles \"Umbrella\", \"Take a Bow\", \"Disturbia\", \"Only Girl (In the World)\", \"S&M\", \"We Found Love\", \"Diamonds\", and \"Stay\" in which she is the lead artist, and her collaborations \"Live Your Life\" (with T.I.), \"Love the Way You Lie\" and \"The Monster\" (both with Eminem).", "After the video reveal, Swift quickly fired back, taking issue with being called a \"bitch\" in the song and indicating that West never played her the full track prior to release as he promised: \"Being falsely painted as a liar when I was never given the full story or played any part of the song is character assassination,\" she wrote on Instagram . Almost seven years after \"I'mma let you finish,\" this epic beef has seemingly reached a new apex – or nadir.", "On November 3 Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year, and a week later he received the Global Icon Award at the 2013 MTV EMA Music Awards. … Read More" ]

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[ "\"It's not easy being green,\" a paraphrased lyric from the song, has become one of Kermit's catchphrases. In a twist on the line, when Kermit filmed a commercial for the Ford Escape Hybrid he remarked upon seeing the environmentally friendly vehicle, \"I guess sometimes it is easy being green.\" Media outlets have also used this phrase to associate with the environmental movement. [2]", "According to his celebrity doppelgänger, Kermit, it’s not easy being green. Still, this frog is all smiles.", "youtu.be advertisement] during the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards promoted Audi's latest advances in low emissions technology with Kermit the Frog stating, \"It's not that easy being green.\" ", "One of the most famous frogs in the entertainment world is the Muppet character Kermit the Frog (not easy being green indeed).", "5.50 The Muppet Movie MEL BROOKS JAMES COBURN BOB HOPE TELLY SAVALAS n Kermit the Frog comes across a lost Hollywood agent who shows him an advertisement for talented frogs. So off Kermit sets on the road to Hollywood and stardom . . . but it's a perilous and adventurous journey.", "Kermit and his friends go to New York to get their musical on Broadway only to find it's a more difficult task than they anticipated.", "“In Disney's The Muppets, Kermit the Frog lives a quiet, solitary life. It's been a few years since the Muppets last performed together and Kermit doesn't realize how much he misses his friends until he's tracked down by Walter , Gary and Mary from Smalltown, USA, and convinced to reunite with the rest of the Muppets to save Muppet Studios.", "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson's most well-known creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the straight man protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably on Sesame Street, and The Muppet Show, as well as in movies, specials, and public service announcements throughout the years. Henson originally performed Kermit until his death on May 16, 1990; Steve Whitmire has performed Kermit since that time. He was voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects.", "Kermit the Frog, Jim Henson's most famous Muppet creation, was the star and host of The Muppet Show, played a significant role on Sesame Street, and served as the logo of The Jim Henson Company. He continues to star in the Muppet movies and makes numerous TV appearances and the main protagonist of the muppets.", "Kermit the Frog (performed by Jim Henson ) - A frog who is the theatre director and host of the Muppet Show. He served as the main protagonist of the series, specials, and films.", "Kermit the Frog performed this song several times during the 1950s and '60s, though at that time he was not yet a frog. In this case, the character wore a wig while lipsyncing to Rosemary Clooney's recording of the song, singing to a small creature that is covered entirely by a piece of cloth with a face drawn on it. As \"she\" sings, the creature eats the mask off its own head, revealing itself to be the Muppet character Yorick (from Sam and Friends). Kermit keeps singing though, even as Yorick tries to munch on his hand. Later on, Brian Henson (son of Jim Henson, the original performer of Kermit) and Leslie Carrara-Rudolph recreated the famous sketch for the Henson Alternative Show Stuffed and Unstrung and at the D23 Expo, once again using the Rosemary Clooney soundtrack.", "The Muppet Movie , presented to the viewer as a movie made by the Muppets to explain how they met, revolved around Kermit's journey to Hollywood and the new friends he encountered along the way, friends who shared his dream to make it big in show business. However, Kermit's motive for becoming famous was the chance to \"make millions of people happy,\" rather than financial gain. When offered to appear as the spokesfrog for the Doc Hopper's French Fried Frog Legs restaurant chain, Kermit denied all of Doc Hopper's requests, regardless of the threat of death by the over-zealous Doc. Two of the most well-known moments from the movie involve Kermit. One is the opening sequence, in which he sings one of his best-known songs, \" The Rainbow Connection \", while playing his banjo in the swamp; the other, his bicycle ride shortly after.", "* In the 2005 ABC television movie The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Kermit the Frog plays the role of the Scarecrow. Kermit's other role was himself. Prior to Dorothy's journey, he organizes a talent scout for a star for a new show. After Dorothy's return, he hires her.", "Refusing to run from a bully for the rest of his life, Kermit resolves to face Doc Hopper in a showdown. He gives an impassioned plea to allow him and his friends to continue on their way and make their dreams come true. Although the speech falls on deaf ears, Kermit and friends are saved at the last moment by Animal , who has gotten into Dr. Bunsen Honeydew 's growth pills and successfully scares away Hopper and his henchmen.", "Related:  Kermit the Frog Explains His Attraction to Pigs in First Interview After Miss Piggy Split: It's the Curly Tail", "Aside from Disney, I am also a huge fan of the Muppet Show and its various movies and spin-offs. One of my favourite songs in the world in the opening number for the Muppet Movie from 1979. It was written by Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher and performed by Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog. If you don't know this song I urge you to listen to it now.", "Kermit the Frog was named after Kermit Scott, a childhood friend of creator Jim Henson, who became a professor of philosophy at Purdue University.", "A pragmatic frog who is the straight man protagonist and de facto leader of the Muppet ensemble. Created by Jim Henson and introduced in 1955 on Sam and Friends, Kermit quickly became the de facto face of the early franchise, including regularly appearing on Sesame Street, sometimes as a reporter. He starred on The Muppet Show, as the showrunner, responsible for managing the show's production, and has appeared in every Muppet branded production since. Henson was Kermit's performer from his debut until Henson's death in 1990. Steve Whitmire assumed the role and has continued to perform Kermit since then. ", "Kermit the Frog: Now, I'm not saying that I solved everything because Josh took Piggy to the Peoples' Choice Awards... But if they ever build an Executive Producers' Hall of Fame, I think you'll be entering through the Kermit the Frog Pavilion. I mean, since they've been going out, I've been waking out to the sound of my alarm instead of my own screams! Do you know what that means? For the first time ever, we're at a Code Green! YAAAAAAY!", "Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. The latter song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable worldwide since, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, which is an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "In later years, Henson said that Kermit didn't become a frog until the 1971 special The Frog Prince, a claim that made its way into the 1993 book Jim Henson: The Works.", "On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. ", "The \"early\" version of Kermit first debuted in 1955 on Jim Henson's Sam and Friends puppet show. In this iteration, he was a lizard-like, abstract creature. He had no collar or tongue and his feet were round. In later years, his identity as a frog was asserted in 1968 followed by a redesign that made his appearance closer to one.", "* Henson is honored both as himself and as Kermit the Frog on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Only three other people have received this honor: Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse; Mel Blanc as both himself and Bugs Bunny; and Mike Myers as both himself and Shrek. Henson was posthumously inducted into the Walk of Fame in 1991. ", "Backstage, Mr. McKenzie modestly allowed that his song, for the film “The Muppets,” couldn’t hold a candle to Paul Williams and Kenneth Ascher’s “Rainbow Connection,” which has been Kermit the Frog’s theme song through the years.", "Plank Gag : In the Roy Clark episode, Kermit narrowly avoids being hit in the head with a plank by Fozzie as he attempts to fix a hole in the stage. He then falls down the hole.", "\"Bein' Green,\" originally titled \"Green,\" is one of Kermit the Frog 's best-known songs. It was written in 1970 by Joe Raposo for the first season of Sesame Street , and has since become an American standard.", "Jim Henson's The Muppett Movie (1979) featured some of the trickiest and most advanced puppetry to date, such as Kermit riding a bicycle without any visible means of control, and Kermit playing a banjo in a swamp while singing The Rainbow Connection, etc. (In the latter scene, Jim Henson spent an entire day in a 50-gallon steel drum submerged in a pond).", "Mork : Yeah, it's pretty tough being a kid too, but you made it easy. Know something?", "I could have sworn the quote was “life IS”, since it makes more sense, but living in germany I saw the dubbed version more often and there was no past tense in it. Still, I remember the original as “life IS”, but maybe because Weird Al sang it that way in his parody song, which I remember the most: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xstwg_gump-weird-al-yankovic_fun", "One of his most memorable works was the song \" Bein' Green .\" Some of his other famous Sesame Street songs include \" This Frog ,\" \" On My Pond ,\" and \" Caribbean Amphibian .\"", "Notable Quotable: “If a frog had wings, he wouldn't bump his ass so much, follow me?”" ]

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[ "The 23rd amendment gives residents of Washington DC the right to vote for representatives in the Electoral College. Remember that the Electoral College chooses our next president, based on the voting within their state. Since DC is not a state, its residents were not allowed to vote for President as well as elected voting representative to Congress. Today, DC sends a delegate to Congress who may speak on behalf of those that live in DC, but that delegate may not vote.", "The 23rd amendment gives residents of Washington DC the right to vote for representatives in the Electoral College.  Remember that the Electoral College chooses our next president, based on the voting within their state.  Since DC is not a state, its residents were not allowed to vote for President as well as elected voting representative to Congress.  Today, DC sends a delegate to Congress who may speak on behalf of those that live in DC, but that delegate may not vote.", "10. The 23rd Amendment to the Constitution is Ratified which permits electors in the District of Columbia to choose Electors for President and Vice President. Select the 23 rd book off of one of your friends shelves (doesn't matter which friend or which shelf).", "In recent years people in Washington DC have pushed the government for more rights and representation in Congress.  Remember that the “delegate” from DC may speak but may not vote.  Proposed amendments to the constitution would end the 23rd amendment in favor of complete voting rights.  This amendment was proposed in the 1970s but was never successful and expired seven years after it was proposed by Congress.  The 23rd amendment may end in the event that DC residents get their voting rights, but that may be some time from now.", "* 23rd Amendment (1961): provides that residents of the District of Columbia can vote for the President and Vice President.", "(the 12th amendment provides for the creation of the Electoral College and those electors selected for DC under the 23rd amendment will be expected to carry out that same responsibilities)", "The US Constitution gives jurisdiction over the capital city (District of Columbia or Washington, D.C.) to the United States Congress in \"all cases whatsoever\". This arrangement is due to the fact that the District is neither a state, nor part of a state. At certain times, and presently since 1973, Congress has provided for D.C. government to be carried out primarily by locally elected officials. However, congressional oversight of this local government still exists, and locally elected officials' powers could theoretically be revoked at any time.", "Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined. With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors, equal to the number of those held by the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College.", "Congress officially incorporates Washington as a city, empowering Jefferson to appoint the mayor. May 03, 1802", "Wasington DC and City of Baltimore History: The Washington DC city along the Potomac River was chosen for the capital city by the then US President George Washington. The city was under the attack during the War of 1812. Upon the government's return to the capital, it had to manage reconstruction of numerous public buildings, including the White House and Unites States Capitol. On April 16th 1862 slavery was abolished throughout the District. Article One, section 8, of the United States Constitution places the District below the executive legislation of Congress. Thus the District residents lack voting representation in Congress. It was ratified in 1961 in the Twenty �third Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave the District representation in the Electoral College.", "As provided by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress exercises \"exclusive jurisdiction\" over the federal district, which is not part of any state. Prior to passage of the 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act, which devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and council, the district did not have an elected local government. Even so, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs. As it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate. However, since 1971, its residents have been represented in the House of Representatives by a non-voting delegate. Additionally, since 1961, following ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the district has been entitled to select three electors to vote in the Electoral College.", "He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.", "2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.", "* The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment (proposed 1978) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state, repealed the 23rd Amendment, granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights, and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. A seven-year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment. Sixteen states ratified the amendment (twenty-two short of the number required for it to be implemented) prior to the deadline, thus it failed to be adopted.", "Amendment Twenty Three (Proposed June 16, 1960; Adopted March 29, 1961) address the voting rights of a different group of people, namely the residents of the nation's capitol: the District of Columbia. Before the enactment of this amendment, people living in Washington D.C. were forbidden to vote for the President or Vice President, as they had no representation in the electorate. Now, like the state with the smallest population, Wyoming, each election D.C. residents have three electoral representatives.", "The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:", "Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:", "By way of contrast, the District of Columbia and the overseas territories have limited federal representation, as they can only elect \"delegates\" to the federal House of Representatives who cannot participate in votes by the Committee of the Whole on the House floor. (D.C. does, however, get three electoral votes with respect to the election of the federal President.) Because they lack state sovereignty, the governments of D.C. and the territories exist at the mercy of the federal government, which theoretically could dissolve them at any time.", "June 20, 1874: The territorial government of the District of Columbia, including the non-voting delegate to Congress, is abolished. Three temporary commissioners and a subordinate military engineer are appointed by the president.", "May 17, 1848: Congress adopts a new charter for the City of Washington and expands the number of elected offices to include a board of assessors, a surveyor, a collector and a registrar.", "The Fifteenth Amendment-adopted March 30, 1870, prohibiting any state from denying its citizens the right to vote on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude-presented the District of Columbia with the very real possibility that the nation's capital would be run by Negroes. As a response, in 1871 the Federal Congress repealed the charters of Washington and Georgetown, and established a new government for the entire district, altered in 1874 to a government by commissioners. In 1878, Home Rule was permanently ended. From that time until 1967, Congress ran the capital through a three-man board of commissioners-a unique government in that it provided at once the equivalent of local, county, and state services. Residents had no voice in local government and no elected representative in Congress. The Twenty-Third Amendment, ratified March 29, 1961, established the right to vote for president to the predominantly Black population. On August 9, 1967, the House of Representatives passed legislation providing for a city government, the majority of which was Black.", "The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations.", "This clause enables Congress to govern the District of Columbia.  Congress has now delegated that power to a locally elected government, subject to federal oversight.  Congress also governs forts, arsenals, and other places obtained from the states for the federal government’s purposes.", "In authorizing the creation of a federal district as seat of government, the Framers made no provision for the suffrage rights of persons who resided there. This amendment for the first time, effective with the 1964 election, gave District of Columbia residents the opportunity to vote for three presidential electors. Source:  U.S. Senate", "Until Nov. 3, 1967, the District of Columbia was administered by three commissioners appointed by the president. On that day, a government consisting of a mayor-commissioner and a 9-member council, all appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate, took office. On May 7, 1974, the citizens of the District of Columbia approved a Home Rule Charter, giving them an elected mayor and 13-member council—their first elected municipal government in more than a century. The district also has one nonvoting member in the House of Representatives and an elected Board of Education.", "In authorizing the creation of a federal district as seat of government, the Framers made no provision for the suffrage rights of persons who resided there. This amendment for the first time, effective with the 1964 election, gave District of Columbia residents the opportunity to vote for three presidential electors.", "25th Amendment: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.", "extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral College, as if it were a state.", "December 24, 1973: Congress approves the District of Columbia Self-Government and Governmental Reorganization Act, P.L. 93-198, which establishes an elected mayor and a 13-member council.", "It is clear that Congress, as a legislative body, exercises two species of legislative power: the one, limited as to its objects but extending all over the Union; the other, an absolute, exclusive legislative power over the District of Columbia.\" Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wheat. 264, 5 L.Ed. 257. (U.S. Supreme Court, 1821. Emphasis added.)", "The Act specified that the laws of the state from which the area was ceded would apply in the federal district, meaning that Maryland laws applied on the eastern side of the Potomac while Virginia laws applied on the western side in the District of Columbia until the government officially took residence. Upon assuming control of the federal district in 1800, Congress would have full authority over local matters within the District of Columbia.", "An ORDINANCE to provide for the election of representatives in the Congress of the United States.  Passed August  20, 1861. " ]

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[ "15 Feb – The battleship USS Maine exploded and sank mysteriously in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, triggering the Spanish American War (1898).", "The Spanish–American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.", "Early 1900s photo showing remains of battleship USS Maine sunk in Havana Harbor | a catalyst to the start of the Spanish American War of 1898.", "The explosion in Havana Harbor of the battleship USS Maine—sent by the U.S. to protect American commercial interests in Cuba—led to the Spanish–American War in 1898. It resulted in Spain's losing many of its remaining colonies, Cuba became independent while the United States took possession of Puerto Rico and Spain's Pacific colonies of the Philippines and Guam. This left Spain with the remainder of the Spanish East Indies in the Pacific, about 6000 islands that were tiny, sparsely populated. After the loss of the administrative center of Manila, the minor islands became ungovernable and, after the entire loss of two Spanish fleets in 1898, indefensible. The year is still known in Spain as the \"Year of the national disaster\" or \"the loss of the 400 years Empire\".", "1898 – Spanish-American War: The USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor in Cuba, killing more than 260. This event leads the United States to declare war on Spain. It's a good thing we don't let false statements lead our nation to war anymore.", "1898 Spanish-American War: The USS Maine explodes and sinks in Havana harbor in Cuba, killing more than 260; this event leads the US to declare war on Spain", "On February 15, 1898, a mysterious explosion sank the battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor, triggering a war between the United States and Spain.", "When the USS Maine exploded in Havana, Cuba, on February 15th, 1898, it served as the spark that ignited the Spanish-American War.  As the American population was stirred into a frenzy by the popular press, Span knew that it had to protect its possessions in the Caribbean from American aggression.  For while Spain was an empire in decline � now merely a shadow of her former glory � the United States was a nation on the rise.  The battleship Maine was an early step in the building of a powerful American Navy that would establish the United States as a world power.  American shipbuilders, inexperienced at building modern naval vessels, had many problems in completing the Maine , and her construction took ten years to complete.  When the Maine was launched, she was already obsolete and was designated a �Second-Class Battleship.�  Of limited military value, she was the perfect ship to make a �courtesy call� to Cuba, and assert American power.", "War that began in 1898 and stemmed from furor in America over treatment of Cubans by Spanish troops that controlled the island. During the war the American navy led by Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific, the American ship the \"Maine\" was sunk in Havana harbor, and Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill. A major result of the war was the acquisition by the United States of the Philippines, which made America a major power in the Pacific.", "A tragic event ultimately motivated the country to take action: On February 15, 1898, the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in the Havana Harbor, where it apparently had been making a courtesy visit. Although the cause of the sinking, which claimed 266 lives, remains unexplained to this day, a naval investigation at the time surmised that the explosion was external in origin. The Spanish government approached the issue in a conciliatory manner, wishing to avoid conflict with the United States. But Madrid would not negotiate on the one issue that would have prevented war: the granting of independence to Cuba. Responding to an angered public, President William McKinley (1897–1901) and Congress took action, ordering the withdrawal of Spanish forces from Cuba on April 19 and officially declared war on April 25.", "February 15, 1898 - In Havana, the U.S. Battleship Maine was blown up while at anchor and quickly sank with 260 crew members lost. The incident inflamed public opinion in the U.S., resulting in a declaration of war against Spain on April 25, 1898, amid cries of \"Remember the Maine!\"", "By the 1890s Spain had lost most of its empire, but in the Caribbean it still had Cuba and Puerto Rico.  In the Pacific it retained the Philippines and Guam.  The war was sparked by Cuba’s efforts to win its freedom and by the growing nationalism and imperialism sweeping the United States.  Spain did not want war with the United States and offered an armistice but after the unexplained sinking on 15 February 1898 of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, war feelings were running high and this was not acceptable.  From the very beginning Spain was doomed to defeat in this most uneven contest.", "This Pearl Harbor scenario was a repeat of the American battleship 'Maine', which was 'sunk' by a Spanish mine in the port of Havana in 1898. The rallying cry of \"Remember the Maine\", was used to stir up anti-Spanish hysteria in America to justify us declaring war on Spain. Years later, when the ship was examined, it was established that the hull had been blown out by an explosion from inside the ship.", "1898: The US sent their battleship Maine to Havana on a goodwill mission, but in the harbour she struck a mine and sank; it was enough to spark off the Spanish-American War.", "1898--the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor, killing more than 260 crew members and bringing the US closer to war with Spain.", "On Tuesday February 15, 1898 shortly after 9:40 p.m. the Maine sunk to the bottom of the harbor in the capital of Cuba. Out of a company of 355, 260 including only two officers lost their lives. Great effort and manpower were spent by both Spain and the US trying to determine whether the explosion came from the inside or from the outside. Nevertheless, the action lent a great service to some greedy politicians seeking expansionism, war with Spain, and the annexation of Cuba.", "February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine was lying at anchor in Havana harbor, Cuba, when it was blown apart by a sudden explosion. Over 250 of the battleship's crew died. The cause of the explosion has never been fully explained, but U.S. investiga-", "Beginning in 1868, the people of Cuba began attempting to overthrow their Spanish rulers. Having defeated two insurrections, the Spanish took a heavy hand when a third began in 1895. Using harsh policies that included concentration camps, Gen. Valeriano Weyler sought to crush the rebels. These horrified the American public which had deep commercial concerns in Cuba.  As the situation on the island worsened, President William McKinley dispatched the cruiser  USS Maine to Havana to protect American interests. On February 15, 1898, the ship exploded in the harbor.  Initial reports indicated it was caused by a Spanish mine.  Incensed by the incident and encouraged by the press, the public demanded war which was declared on April 25.", "On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The causes of the conflict were many, but the immediate ones were America's support of Cuba's ongoing struggle against Spanish rule and the mysterious explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. It would be the first overseas war fought by the United States, involving campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine Islands.", "Feb. 15, Maine: U.S. battleship destroyed in Havana harbor by an explosion that killed 260 men. The incident led to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in April 1898.", "The  MAINE  had been commissioned on September 17, 1895.  With her four 10-inch guns and rated speed of 17 knots, she was considered a second-class battleship, but, definitely, heavier than any cruiser.  Sigsbee and the  MAINE  kept their rendezvous with destiny when they sailed into Havana Harbor on January 25, 1898.  Although the visit was “Friendly”, the purpose was to pressure Spain to moderate its suppression in  Cuba .  All new that the presence of the  MAINE  could lead to an incident, but from whom, no one knew.", "During the Spanish–American War, the U.S. fleet attacking Santiago secured Guantánamo's harbor for protection during the hurricane season of 1898. The Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay with naval support, and American and Cuban forces routed the defending Spanish troops. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, in which Spain formally relinquished control of Cuba. Although the war was over, the US maintained a strong military presence on the island. In 1901 the US government passed the Platt Amendment as part of an Army Appropriations Bill.[http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash", "Theodore Roosevelt, who became President of the United States in 1901, believed that a U.S.-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the United States. This idea gained wide impetus following the destruction of the battleship , in Cuba, on February 15, 1898. The , a battleship stationed in San Francisco, was dispatched to take her place, but the voyage—around Cape Horn—took 67 days. Although she was in time to join in the Battle of Santiago Bay, the voyage would have taken just three weeks via Panama.", "In April, the U.S. Congress prepared for war, adopting joint congressional resolutions demanding a Spanish withdrawal from Cuba and authorizing President William McKinley to use force. On April 23, President McKinley asked for 125,000 volunteers to fight against Spain. The next day, Spain issued a declaration of war. The United States declared war on April 25. On May 1, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet at Manila Bay in the first battle of the Spanish-American War. Dewey's decisive victory cleared the way for the U.S. occupation of Manila in August and the eventual transfer of the Philippines from Spanish to American control.", "American ship sent to Havana harbor in early 1898 to protect American interests in period of increased tension between Spanish troops and native Cubans; on February 15 an explosion took place on the ship, killing nearly 275 sailors. Later investigations pointed to an internal explosion on board, but all of the muckraking journals of the time in the United States blamed the explosion on the Spanish, which helped to develop intense anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States.", "conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence", "Blew up in Havana Harbor, and 260 men were killed. It was probably an accident, but the Americans, thanks in no small part to yellow journalism, blamed the Spanish. One of the causes of the Spanish-American War.", "On July 21, the U.S. Navy was to rendezvous off the Nipe Bay on the northern coast of  Cuba. The ships were to be the starting point of the second leg of the Caribbean war, the invasion of Puerto Rico. A  U. S. cruiser engaged and destroyed a Spanish sloop of war and forced the scuttling of a  gunboat.(The region is the birthplace of Cuban leader, Fidel Castro.)", "Next, the United States sent an expeditionary force to Cuba. The U.S. Navy blockaded the Spanish fleet, and the Americans landed unopposed. After a bloody battle, in which a regiment of soldiers called Rough Riders were led by Theodore Roosevelt, the Americans captured San Juan Hill outside the strategic city of Santiago de Cuba, and Spanish land forces surrendered. American troops also occupied Puerto Rico and Manila Harbor. In August 1898 the United States signed an armistice, and later that year, a peace settlement.", "1898 US Navy defeated a Spanish fleet in the harbor at Santiago, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War", "During the Cuban revolt against the Spanish ruler, the battleship was sent to Havana to protect the US interests.", "What was the name of Commodore Dewey's flagship during the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898?   " ]

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[ "Gertrude Baines (April 6, 1894 – September 11, 2009) was an American supercentenarian, who became the oldest recognized living person according to Guinness World Records (upon the death of Portuguese woman Maria de Jesus) on January 2, 2009, until her own death on September 11, 2009, at the age of 115 years 158 days.", "Gertrude Baines passed away at 7:25 a.m. at Western Convalescent Hospital, director of admissions Juan Valencia confirmed. Gertrude Baines, a former maid who was born before the discovery of penicillin and was the world's oldest person, died today in Los Angeles. She was 115. She died at Western Convalescent Hospital, according to the hospital's administrator, Emma Camanag. The Shellman, Georgia, native, whose father was believed to have been a slave, was born April 6, 1894, when the U.S. flag had 44 stars and Grover Cleveland was president. She married at a young age and later divorced. Her only child, a daughter, died of typhoid at 18. Baines had outlived every one of her relatives.", "LOS ANGELES, AP, 9/11/09 � Although she liked her bacon crispy and her chicken fried, she never drank, smoked or fooled around, Gertrude Baines once said, describing a life that lasted an astonishing 115 years and earned her the title of oldest person on the planet. It was a title Baines quietly relinquished Friday when she died in her sleep at Western Convalescent Hospital, her home since she gave up living alone at age 107 after breaking a hip. She likely suffered a heart attack, said her longtime physician, Dr. Charles Witt, although an autopsy was scheduled to determine the exact cause of death. \"I saw her two days ago, and she was just doing fine,\" Witt told The Associated Press on Friday. \"She was in excellent shape. She was mentally alert. She smiled frequently.\" Baines was born in Shellman, Ga., on April 6, 1894, when Grover Cleveland was in the White House, radio communication was just being developed and television was still more than a half-century from becoming a ubiquitous household presence. She was 4 years old when the Spanish-American War broke out and 9 when the first World Series was played. She had already reached middle age by the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941. Throughout it all, Baines said last year, it was a life she thoroughly enjoyed.", "She became the world's oldest person in January when Maria de Jesus died in Portugal at 115. The title brought with it a spotlight of attention, and Baines was asked frequently about the secret to a long life. She shrugged off such questions, telling people to ask God instead. \"She told me that she owes her longevity to the Lord, that she never did drink, she never did smoke and she never did fool around,\" Witt said at a party marking her 115th birthday. At the party, Baines sat quietly, paying little attention as nursing home staffers and residents sang \"Happy Birthday\" and presented congratulatory notices from Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sen. Dianne Feinstein and others. But she laughed when told the Los Angeles Dodgers had given her a cooler filled with hot dogs. With Baines' death, 114-year-old Kama Chinen of Japan becomes the world's oldest person, said Dr. L. Stephen Coles of the Gerontology Research Group, which tracks claims of extreme old age. Chinen was born May 10, 1895. The oldest person who ever lived, Coles said, was Jeanne-Louise Calment, who was 122 when she died Aug. 4, 1997, in Arles, France.", "[ʒan lwiz kalmɑ̃] ; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) [1] was a French supercentenarian who had the longest confirmed human life span in history, living to the age of &10000000000000122000000122 years, &10000000000000164000000164 days. [2] She lived in Arles , France , for her entire life, and outlived both her daughter and grandson. She became especially well known from the age of 113, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit brought reporters to Arles. She entered the Guinness Book of Records in 1988, and on 17 October 1995 she became the oldest person ever, having surpassed the (now discounted) case of Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan . She became the last living documented person born in the 1870s when the Japanese supercentenarian Tane Ikai (born 1879) died on 12 July 1995, and was thence, from that date, more than five years older than any other living human being until her death over two years later; in total she outlived 329 undisputedly verified supercentenarians.", "Jeanne Louise Calment ( Template:IPA-fr ; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) [1] was a French supercentenarian who had the longest confirmed human lifespan in history, living to the age of 122 years, 164 days. [2] She lived in Arles , France , for her entire life, outliving both her daughter and grandson by several decades. Calment became especially well known from the age of 113, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh 's visit brought reporters to Arles. She entered the Guinness Book of Records in 1988, and on 17 October 1995 became the oldest person ever, having surpassed the (now discounted) case of Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan .", "; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) [1] was a French supercentenarian who has the longest confirmed human lifespan on record, living to the age of 122 years, 164 days. [2] She was born and lived in Arles , France, for her entire life, outliving both her daughter and grandson by several decades. Calment became especially well known from the age of 113, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh ‘s visit brought reporters to Arles. Her lifespan has been extensively researched and verified by census documents and numerous scholars and agencies that specialize in longevity research.", "After her 1988 interview, at age 113, Calment was given the Guinness title \"world's oldest living person\". However, in 1989, the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida, who was claimed to have been born in 1874, although this has been disputed by subsequent census research. [12] On White's death on 14 February 1991, Calment, then a week shy of 116, became the oldest recognized living person. [13] On 17 October 1995 Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the \"oldest person ever\" according to Guinness, surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan, whose own claim (120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986, Calment's 111th birthday) has been discounted. [10] If the case of Carrie White is also discounted, Calment is the first person documented to reach 115 years of age.", "After her 1988 interview, at age 113, Calment was given the Guinness title \"world's oldest living person\". However, in 1989, the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida, who was claimed to have been born in 1874, although this has been discounted by subsequent census research. [12] On White's death on 14 February 1991, Calment, then a week shy of 116, became the oldest recognized living person. [13]", "The GRG's list of validated living supercentenarians (people who have reached their 110th birthday) currently includes 89 people (7 men and 82 women), ranging from Gertrude Baines of California (born 6 Apr 1894) to Romanie Pollet of Belgium (born 21 Dec 1898). According to the GRG, the second-oldest person in the US is now Mary Josephine Ray of New Hampshire (born 17 May 1895), the world's third-oldest person. Besse Cooper (born 26 Aug 1896), the world's 19th-oldest person, is now the oldest resident of Georgia.", "  TOKYO (AP, 8/13/07) - Yone Minagawa, who became the world's oldest person earlier this year, has died at a nursing home in southwestern Japan, an official said Tuesday. She was 114.", "AMSTERDAM, Netherlands (8/30/05, AP) - A woman listed as the world's oldest person died Tuesday at age 115. Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper died peacefully in her sleep. She was very clear mentally right up to the end, but the physical ailments were increasing, She advised others who wanted a long life to \"keep breathing\" and eat pickled herring, a favorite Dutch snack. The oldest authenticated person now is Elizabeth Bolden, 115, of Memphis, TN., born Aug. 15, 1890. The oldest man is Emiliano Mercado del Toro, 114, of Puerto Rico.", "After her 1988 interview, at age 113, Calment was given the Guinness title \"world's oldest living person\". However, in 1989, the title was withdrawn and given to Carrie C. White of Florida, who claimed to have been born in 1874, although this has been discounted by subsequent census research. On White's death on 14 February 1991, Calment, then a week shy of 116, became the oldest recognized living person.", "* October 17 – French woman Jeanne Calment reaches the confirmed age of 120 years and 238 days, making her the oldest person ever recorded.", "Jeanne Louise Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French woman who reached the longest confirmed lifespan in history at 122 years, 164 days (44,724 days in total). Her lifespan has been thoroughly documented by scientific study; more records have been produced to verify her age than for any other case. She was the second verified and undisputed person to reach their 115th birthday (after Augusta Holtz ), and the first verified and undisputed person to reach 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, and 122. She remains the only person verified to have reached the ages of 120, 121, and 122.", "On 17 October 1995, Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the \"oldest person ever\" according to Guinness, surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan, whose claim (120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986, Calment's 111th birthday) has since been discounted. Calment was believed to have been the first person verified to have reached 115 years of age, although Augusta Holtz has since been verified to have reached this age before her.", "Misao Okawa was born in Osaka on March 5, 1898 and was recognized as the world�s oldest person by Guinness World Records in 2013. She has slowed down in recent months but still eats well and is healthy, according to her Osaka nursing home. Now 117. [3/4/15]", "Jeanne Louise Calment (French pronunciation: [ʒan lwiz kalmɑ̃]; 21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French supercentenarian who had the longest confirmed human lifespan in history, living to the age of 122 years, 164 days. She lived inArles, France, for her entire life, outliving both her daughter and grandson by several decades. Calment became especially well known from the age of 113, when the centenary of Vincent van Gogh's visit brought reporters to Arles.", "Luise Rainer, 103. Yes, 103. Although these days, Rainer is mostly just an answer to trivia questions - who was the first actress to win back-to-back Oscars? Who's the oldest Oscar winner still alive? - being a double Oscar winner is still a pretty big deal. (She accomplished this feat for 1936's The Great Ziegfeld and 1937's The Good Earth.) The German-born, London-based Rainer's career peaked early, and she only performed sporadically after her second Academy Award, her final role being in the 1997 British film The Gambler. (A little-known film, but an impressive cast that included Michael Gambon, Polly Walker, and Dominic West.) She is, after Hong Kong film producer Run Run Shaw (105) and Portuguese director Manoel de Oliveira (104), Earth's oldest living celebrity. (Postscript: Rainer died on December 30, 2014 at age 104. Shaw died on January 7, 2014 at age 106. De Oliveira died on April 2, 2015 at age 106.)", "Recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest person (with proof of age) in the history of the world.", "Mary Josephine was recognized as the second oldest person in the world in November when a woman in upstate New York died at the age of 114. The oldest person in the world is believed to be a woman in Japan, Kama Chinen, who was born one week before Mary Josephine.", "The oldest person to live was Jeanne Louise Calment, she lived for a whopping 122 years until she died of smoking related complications. Don't ", "* Jeanne Calment (1875–1997), the oldest human being whose age is documented, was born, lived and died, at the age of 122 years and 164 days, in Arles", "Baines is the first supercentenarian listed by the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) to die since the death of Gertrude Noone on 10 September.", "(13 October 1925 – 8 April 2013) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is the only woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist called her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.", "Mary Josephine, born on May 17, 1895, passed away just after midnight yesterday at the age of 114. She was recognized by the Gerontology Research Group, which certifies claims of extreme old age, as the second oldest living person in the world at the time.", "ENG: Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG OM PC FRS (née Roberts, 13 October 1925– 8 April 2013) was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British Prime Minister of the 20th century and is the only woman to have held the office. A Soviet journalist called her the \"Iron Lady\", a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As Prime Minister, she implemented policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism. Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for ...", "Margaret Hilda Thatcher, (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime ministerof the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the “Iron Lady”, which later became associated with her uncompromising policies. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.", "The oldest woman at first entry to the Commons was Dr Ethel Bentham (born 5 January 1861) who was elected MP for Islington East at the 1929 General Election aged 68 years and 145 days. She died in office, the first woman so to do, in 1931.", "Jeanne Calment (nice lady) -- Dead. Extreme old age. Died August 4, 1997. Born February 21, 1875. For many years, the oldest well-documented person. She even outlived a lawyer who'd arranged to inherit her house after her death by betting on outliving her.", "* Violet Wood (1899-2012), formerly the oldest documented living person in the United Kingdom, lived in the town. ", "Elizabeth \"Lizzie\" Bolden (World's oldest woman 2005-2006) -- Dead. Died December 4, 2006. Born August 15, 1890." ]

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[ "Doctor Who debuted on the BBC on November 23, 1963, and ran continuously until 1989. When Star Trek was first shown on BBC TV in the summer of 1969, it took Doctor Who's Saturday evening time slot. In 1996, a TV movie was co-produced by the BBC and Universal Pictures and aired on FOX.", "In the year 1963 – The first episode of the BBC television series \"Doctor Who\" was broadcast in the United Kingdom on November 23, 1963.", "One of the biggest fiftieth anniversary celebrations in 2013 will be for an event that was barely noticed at the time. The first episode of Doctor Who was broadcast in Britain by the BBC on November 23, 1963—and was upstaged by the Kennedy assassination the day before. The most famous Doctor Who monsters, the Daleks, would make their debut the next month.", "Doctor Who first appeared on BBC television at 5:15 p.m. ( GMT) on November 23, 1963. The programme was born out of discussions and plans that had been going on for a year. The Head of Drama , Sydney Newman , was mainly responsible for developing it, with contributions by the Head of the Script Department (later Head of Serials), Donald Wilson, staff writer C. E. 'Bunny' Webber, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer, Verity Lambert. The series' distinctive, haunting title theme was composed by Ron Grainer and realised by Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.", "The series began on 23 November, 1963, and was revived in 2005 after 16 years off the screen.", "Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor , a Time Lord —a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . He explores the universe in his TARDIS , a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box , which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by companions , the Doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need.", "A number of series were initiated which continue to this day. ITN created the first half-hour evening news bulletin, News at Ten, in 1967; Granada TV's pathbreaking current affairs series World in Action was first transmitted in 1963; the BBC's science series Horizon began in 1964 and the BBC's science futures programme Tomorrow's World started in 1965; and the BBC's seasonal weekly football magazine Match of the Day was first broadcast in 1964.", "BBC - Archive - The Genesis of Doctor Who - 'Radio Times' TV listing, 23 November, 1963", "On 2 December 1967 colour TV was officially introduced on BBC2. It is generally considered that the 1960s saw some of the most innovative and imaginative programming in the history of broadcasting in Britain. In the field of drama the BBC introduced The Wednesday Play (BBC, 1964-70) which, like Armchair Theatre was similarly innovative and commissioned a number of controversial and subsequently famous plays. These included Jeremy Sandford's Cathy Come Home (1966), Nell Dunn's Up the Junction (1965) and Dennis Potter's Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton (1965). Peter Watkins' made Culloden (1964) about an important battle in Scottish history and The War Game (1966) about the devastating results of nuclear war was made but not transmitted for 25 years because it was considered too distressing. On the popular TV drama series front one of the most enduringly popular shows was the espionage series The Avengers (ABC, 1961-69). Popular too was the BBC's production of the French novelist George Simenon's Maigret (BBC, 1960-63) and the medical series set in rural Scotland Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC, 1962-71) which STV began as a new series in 1993.", "Also in 1967 the government devalued the pound by 14.3% to try and help the trade situation, the first human heart transplant operation took place in South Africa and BBC2 began broadcasting colour TV pictures. To go with the new colour service BBC 2 introduced a new test card, designed by one George Hersee and featuring his daughter Carole Hersee as a young girl playing 'noughts and crosses' on a blackboard (the 'x' marking in her game showed the approximate centre of the screen). This 'Test Card F', the sixth card designed by the BBC to help engineers setting up television sets, is still in use today by the BBC and also in 30 other countries.", "1963 ITV transmitted the first edition of the pop music programme Ready Steady Go to rival the BBC's Top of the Pops. The presenter was Cathy McGowan.", "In the first 60s BBC had already produced good SF series. The first was �The time machine� in 1949 (which surely inspired the Doctor�), and the top was reached with � Quatermass �.", "In 1962 satire burst out on television, with the late night show That Was The Week That Was, or TW3 to its aficionados. It thrived by debunking religion, politics, royalty and sex, attracting a colossal audience of some 12m viewers - almost as many as the other TV sensation of the age, Coronation Street - making presenter David Frost a national celebrity, and giving the BBC governors some sleepless nights.", "this series is still the most popular comedy series in English television history. it takes place at a holiday camp in england in the 60's. which was only twenty years past when this series was on TV. The late talented simon cadell (1950-96) was particularly good in the lead role and his replacement did pretty well considering who he was replacing. the show is well worth watching and is not only funny, it is nostalgic as well. actually the eighties themselves are now nostalgia! which only adds to the whole feeling of comedic affection that the show was aiming at in portraying a bygone era that of the old holiday camps of the fifties through mid -sixties. so watch it and enjoy a classic comedy from those wonderful brits. I asked my library system in coloardo springs to order episodes of this and they did and they are checked out a lot. so hi de hi , hi de ho! lets go watch a great TV show!.", "Having seen every episode of The Young Ones and most of Bottom which was almost like a spin off from this I have to say that this was my favourite and is something of a cult classic nowadays. It was first broadcast in 1982 on BBC2 and ran for a couple of years over 2 series and just twelve episodes but was very popular when it was on at the time.", "Granada's 'The Army Game' was the first British sitcom with a militaristic theme, and ran from 1957-61. Surprisingly, it would be fourteen years before I.T.V. attempted another. By then, the B.B.C.'s 'Dad's Army' was firmly established as one of the most popular shows on television, but you did not need a crystal ball to work out it could not last much longer. The mostly elderly cast was finding it harder and harder to continue working, and Jimmy Perry and David Croft did not want the show to fizzle out like a damp firework. Besides, they already had a replacement of sorts underway in the shape of 'It Ain't 'Alf Hot Mum' starring Michael Bates.", "Not only did it start the careers of some of Britain’s best-loved television personalities but it also took its place in BBC history for a quite unexpected reason. It was the first ever programme to be broadcast on BBC2, although it wasn’t planned that way. The launch night of the channel, 19 April 1964, was scuppered by a power cut due to a fire at Battersea Power Station and apart from a few short announcements from a newsreader (which came via the BBC’s news facility at Alexandra Palace, which wasn’t affected by the outage) no programmes went out that evening. At 11am the following morning things were back up and running, and the programme originally scheduled to go out at that time was Play School.", "BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service, and was the world's first regular television service with a high level of image resolution. It was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997.", "The first British broadcasts were shown just before the 5.55 pm news every weekday on BBC 1, This was the first time an entertainment programme had been transmitted in this way in the UK. The original series, which was a serial, was made in black-and-white. From the second series onwards it was made in colour, although the series was still broadcast in black-and-white by the BBC; the first colour episode of the show was transmitted on 5 October 1970.", "First TV game show: Spelling Bee , shown by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) on 31st May 1938, transmitted live from Alexandra Palace.", "The British show started life on 1st June 1959 and ran until the end of 1967. Originally scheduled on Mondays, its instant popularity soon earned it a Saturday evening slot after the 'Grandstand' sports programme.", "This classic British TV series is presented here in the complete box set. It is an interesting set with some excellent episodes.", "The programme originally ran on BBC in black and white from 1960 to 1965 and was revived in colour from 1972 to 1979. Most of the colour episodes were remakes of classic episodes from the 1960s.", "The original television series was first broadcast, starting on 11 September 1959, by the BBC in the United Kingdom, and continued to 1965. Twenty-one programmes were made in black and white, and six in colour, each with a running time of ten minutes, by a company called Smallfilms. ", "Below you will find a number of TV shows that were popular back in the Sixties, many are available as DVD Sets or you can find them being repeated on specialist TV stations ( Terrestrial and Cable ) that feature popular old 1960s TV Classics. Great fun , while doing the research it bought back many fond memories of my childhood. I wonder how many others found themselves humming along with the theme music.", "One of the greatest ever programs returns to British TV. Well done BBC. Now just get it piped down here please.", "A British version aired on BBC Television Service from July 16, 1951 to May 13, 1963. ", "* 19 January 1963 – Katie Boyle, Susan Maughan, Rolf Harris and a 'surprise guest' Jack Jackson", "As the ITV network grew over the next few years, the programme was transmitted by these new stations on these dates onward: Westward Television from episode 40 on 29 April 1961, Border Television from episode 76 on 1 September 1961, Grampian Television from episode 84 on 30 September 1961, Channel Television from episode 180 on 1 September 1962 and Teledu Cymru (north and west Wales) from episode 184 on 14 September 1962. At this point, the ITV network became complete and the programme was broadcast almost continuously across the country at 19:30 on Monday and Wednesday for the next twenty-seven years.", "    The \"new\" series first aired in the UK on 18 October 1965. The rest is history.", "1962 – The influential British satirical television programme  That Was The Week That Was  was 1st broadcast on the 24th November 1962.", "The series has great production and looks very stylish. The clothes and costumes are smart and have that colour and sharpness characteristic of the sixties. It is the slick, smart, colourful and stylish production that I love about this series. ITC made some wonderful British shows and this is an entertaining slice of nostalgia" ]

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[ "South Carolina is located in the Southeastern U.S., bordered by North Carolina to the north and Georgia to the south and west. It became the 8th U.S. state on May 23rd, 1788. South Carolina has a population of 4.7 million people and an area of 32,007 sq. miles. The state capital and largest city is Columbia.", "South Carolina has a population of 4.89 million people (2015); capital and largest city is Columbia .", "Columbia is the capital of and largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 129,272 as of the 2010 United States Census. As of July 1, 2015, the city's population was estimated to be 133,803 (U.S. Census Bureau, July 2015 release). The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County. It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area, which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census, growing to 810,068 by July 1, 2015, according to 2015 U.S. Census estimates. The name Columbia was a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus.", "1788 - South Carolina, the colony originally named in honor of Charles I of England, became one of the United States on this day. The eighth state also has the dubious honor of being the first state to secede at the start of the Civil War in 1861. Its capital city is Columbia. The state bird is, appropriately, the Carolina wren. When a state has so many palmetto palms and beautiful jasmine flowers, what do you do? You choose the yellow jessamine (jasmine) as the state flower and call South Carolina the Palmetto State. Equal opportunity for the plants.", "Charleston was the home of South Carolina’s first State House.  In 1753 construction of the two-story building began at the northwest corner of Broad and Meeting Streets.  The building was built with brick and covered with stucco.  At this time James Glen (1738-1756) was Governor of South Carolina.  The first meeting of the South Carolina Assembly in the Charleston State House occurred in 1756.  In 1786 the South Carolina Assembly voted to move the state capital to Columbia, a more geographically, centralized location.  Construction of the new State House in Columbia was in progress when a fire, on February 5, 1788, destroyed the first State House.  Charleston public officials decided to reconstruct the building; and, in the 1790’s the first State House took on a new role as the Charleston County Courthouse.  Through many renovations, additions and restorations, the building remains today as a historical landmark in Charleston.", "This is a map of South Carolina. It was the 8th state to enter the union on May 23rd, 1788. The capital is Columbia.", "Founded in 1670 as Charles Town in honor of King Charles II of England, Charleston adopted its present name in 1783. It moved to its present location on Oyster Point in 1680 from a location on the west bank of the Ashley River known as Albemarle Point. By 1690, Charles Town was the fifth-largest city in North America, and it remained among the 10 largest cities in the United States through the 1840 census. With a 2010 census population of 120,083 (and a 2014 estimate of 130,113), current trends put Charleston as the fastest-growing municipality in South Carolina. The population of the Charleston metropolitan area, comprising Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, was counted by the 2015 estimate at 727,689 – the third-largest in the state – and the 78th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.", "In addition to Maryland and Virginia, South Carolina is considered by many to be part of the Upper South thanks to the social and military primacy of the city of Charleston, its manners and mayhem. Charleston really is a classy burg; in the words of Margaret Mitchell: 'she had a deeply rooted belief that. . . most of the gentle blood of the whole continent could be found in that small seaport city, a belief shared largely by Charlestonians.' More over, both state and city are the teacher's pets of the Civil War. South Carolina was the first state to secede, and Charlestonians fired the first shot at Fort Sumter, the Union garrison in Charleston harbour.", "In 2014, the US Census Bureau released 2013 population estimates for South Carolina's most populous cities. It is worth noting that South Carolina's laws makes annexation difficult, so central city populations represent a smaller percentage of metropolitan area population than in most states. Thus, Greenville, ranking sixth in city size, is the largest urban area. ", "Charleston grew into a bustling seaport trade center and became the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia and by 1770 it was the fourth largest port in the colonies behind Boston, New York and Philadelphia. Its population was about 11,000 with more than half being slaves. Rice and indigo became the primary cultivation by wealthy plantation owners and exporting made Charleston the cultural and economic center of the south.", "State in the southeastern United States bordered by Pennsylvania and Maryland to the north, Virginia to the east and south, and Kentucky and Ohio to the west. Its capital and largest city is Charleston .", "(FUN FACTS: \"South Carolina known as the Palmetto State became the 8th state added to the Union on May 23, 1788. The 60 miles from Little River to Georgetown in known as South Carolina's Grand Strand, it is one of the most popular places to", "Columbia is situated near the geographic center of South Carolina, midway between New York City and Miami. Set near the \"fall line\" dividing the South Carolina Piedmont and Coast Plains, the rolling hills surrounding the city slope from approximately 350 feet above sea level in the city's northernmost part to 200 feet above sea level in the southeast.", "It's one of the archetypal Deep South states, along with Mississippi, Alabama and the non-Atlanta parts of Georgia. The Civil War started here; South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union (and the last to be readmitted), and the first battle of the war took place at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. It was also the site of the first successful submarine attack on an enemy ship. Stephen Colbert is from there (but was born in Washington, D.C. ). Also the home state of Frank Underwood .", "The Founders Park opened in February 2009. Seating 8,400 permanently for college baseball and an additional 1,000 for standing room only, it is the largest baseball stadium in the state of South Carolina and serves as the home of the University of South Carolina Gamecocks' baseball team. Located near Granby Park in close proximity to downtown Columbia, this facility features four entertainment suites, a picnic terrace down the left field line, and a dining deck that will hold approximately 120 fans. The state-of-the-art facility also features a technologically advanced sound system and a 47 ft high × 44 ft wide scoreboard. The video portion is 16 ft high × 28 ft wide.", "South Carolina - Columbia, population of 129,272. Columbia is home to the state’s largest university and the largest army base for combat training, Fort Jackson. ", "By the mid-18th century, Charles Town had become a bustling trade center, the hub of the Atlantic trade for the southern colonies. Charles Towne was also the wealthiest and largest city south of Philadelphia, in part because of the lucrative slave trade. By 1770, it was the fourth-largest port in the colonies, after Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, with a population of 11,000—slightly more than half of them slaves. By 1708, the majority of the colony's population was slaves, and the future state would continue to be a majority of African descent until after the Great Migration of the early 20th century.", "Charles Town provided three signers of the Constitution, and Charles Pinckney proposed the Bill of Rights in the Constitution. When South Carolina became a state, �Charles Town� became �Charleston.�", "Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the \"Swamp Fox\"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783. ", "Two cities in the South: one a port city in southeastern South Carolina , the other the capital of West Virginia .", "Visit the largest city on the island, Charleston, that was founded in the early 1600s.  It has a number of amazing historical buildings and structures for travelers to learn more about as well as  a number of shops and a public market.", "Natives of Scotland, organized the St. Andrew's Society, in 1729, the first such Scottish organization in the world. Named for the patron Saint of Scotland, it lends assistance to widows, orphans, and others in need of help. Henry Middleton began work on his gardens at Middleton Place in 1741. Located about 10 miles from the city on Highway 61, they are today the oldest landscaped gardens in America. The Charleston District was formed in 1769, but portions were later split off to form Colleton (1800) and Berkeley (1882) counties. Present day Charleston County includes the old parishes of St. Philip, St. Michael, Christ Church, St. Andrew, St. John Colleton, and part of St. James Santee.", "Charleston ranked as the 22nd largest city in the United States according to the 1860 Census, with a population of 40,522. As the 1814 burning of Washington had shown, America's coastal cities were vulnerable to a hostile fleet. Along the Atlantic seaboard the young Republic began building a series of substantial forts. Ft. Sumter is the most famous of these sited on a shoal in Charleston harbor. There were also a series of smaller and older forts and bastions to protect it from any enemy ships.", "A plan for the “new settlement” which is the present-day site of “Historic Charleston” was created in 1680 at the congruence of where the Ashley and Cooper Rivers flowed into the Atlantic Ocean. Land surrounding the intersection of “Meeting and Broad Streets” was set aside for a Civic Square. Over time it became known as “Four Corners of Law” referring to the various arms of governmental and religious law which presided over the growing city.", "Nestled on the Atlantic coast, GREENVILLE is a port city approximately 150 miles south of Monrovia. It was established by freed American slaves in 1838 and was once known as Sino (also spelled Sinoe). Its main exports include lumber, rubber, and agricultural products. Linked to the capital and to Tchien in the north, Greenville has a population of about 9,000.", "a port in SE South Carolina, on the Atlantic: scene of the first action in the Civil War. Pop: 101 024 (2003 est)", "Monrovia is the capital city of Liberia. It is named in honor of James Monroe, president of the United States. With an estimated population of 1,010,970, Monrovia is the most-populated city in the country. Monrovia serves as the cultural, political and economic center of Liberia.", "Charleston is the capital and largest city of the State of West Virginia. It is located at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha Rivers in Kanawha County. As of the 2013 Census Estimate, it had a population of 50,821, while its metropolitan area had 224,743. It is a center of government, commerce, and industry. ", "Charleston, city , capital of West Virginia , U.S. , seat of Kanawha county, and the largest city in the state. It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains , at the confluence of the Elk and Kanawha rivers (there bridged to South Charleston ), in the south-central part of the state.", "West Virginia's capital and seat of government is the city of Charleston, located in the southwest area of the state.", "The federal, and Federalist-leaning, Constitution was ratified by the state in 1787. The new state constitution was ratified in 1790 without the support of the Upcountry. The Lowcountry elite, who had only a quarter of the state's white inhabitants, still ruled the state as they controlled three-quarters of South Carolina's wealth, much of it in enslaved African Americans.", "Charleston, the capital of West Virginia and seat of Kanawha County, is a regional hub for transportation, finance, retail trade, commerce, government, and health care, and acts as a lively center for the arts and recreation while also serving as West Virginia's state capital. A vital urban area, the city also projects a comfortable charm that invites visitors and residents alike; its downtown is active and filled with people in the evening." ]

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[ "One Quart is 2 Pints or 8 Gills or 40 Fl. oz or 1/4 of a Gallon", "The quart is a unit of volume (for either the imperial or United States customary units) equal to a quarter of a gallon (hence the name quart), two pints, or four cups. Since gallons of various sizes have historically been in use, quarts of various sizes have also existed; see gallon for further discussion. Three of these kinds of quarts remain in current use, all approximately equal to one litre. Its usual abbreviation is qt. ", "How many pints U.K. of volume and capacity system are in 1 quart liquid US? The answer is: The change of 1 qt ( quart liquid US ) unit for a volume and capacity measure equals = into 1.67 pt Imperial ( pint U.K. ) as per its equivalent volume and capacity unit type measure often used.", "The basic unit of liquid volume or capacity in the metric system, equal to 1.06 quart or 2.12 pints.", "The quart (qt) is a unit of volume.�It equals exactly 1/4 of a gallon. In the U. S., one liquid quart is 57.75 cubic inches, 32 fluid ounces or 0.946 liters.�In the U. S., one dry quart is 67.2 cubic inches or 1.1 liters. In the British imperial system, one quart (liquid or dry) is 69.4 cubic inches, 40 fluid ounces or 1.14 liters. In all cases, the quart equals 2 pints. A calculator for various volume-related units can be found here .", "Pint is half size of a quart, so the conversion factor from pints to quarts is 0.5 (It's the same for fluid and dry measurement). To find out how many quarts in pints, multiply by 0.5 or instead, use the converter below.", "Unit of volume, equal to 2 pints. 4 quarts = 1 gallon. The use of this unit has declined sharply over the last 20 years.", "One quart liquid US in volume and capacity sense converted to pints U.K. equals precisely to 1.67 pt Imperial", "All this is very interesting. I came here look for answers not to give an answer but in the sense of fair play I thought illuminating (or rather \"making less dark\") the madness of the American systems of measure would be interesting. In America we simply go about our business using difficult measures all the time. 1 fluid oz, you say? Well it's 1/16th of a pint because \"a pint's a pound the world around\". Oh you've got 20 ounces in your pint? No matter \"the world around\" actually just means America, it's difficult for most Americans to think of a world beyond the Atlantic and the Pacific. And in America we like to think of fluid in weight; that is, the weight of water. So 8 of those ounces is a cup. Two cups is a pint. Two pints is a quart and 4 quarts in a gallon. (quart=a quarter of a gallon get it?) and because we love to measure our fluid in weight, we all know that 128 oz, is a gallon, 64 oz is a half gallon, and 32 oz. is a quart. If you aren't sufficiently confused yet, just wait till you realize that a ton is .9090.... of a metric ton, so we have short tons (2000 lbs) and metric tons (1000 kg or 2200 lbs). And we haven't even gotten to the cockery of the 5280 foot mile!", "Gallons are always divided into 4 quarts , which are further divided into 2 pints each. For larger volumes of dry commodities, there are 2 gallons in a peck and 4 pecks in a bushel . Larger volumes of liquids were carried in barrels , hogsheads , or other containers whose size in gallons tended to vary with the commodity, with wine units being different from beer and ale units or units for other liquids.", "Page  65 LES. III.] INTELLECTUAL ARITHMETIC. 65 TABLE OF CLOTH MEASURE. 4- inches, in. make 1 nail,.... a. 4 nails... 1 quarter of a ya rd. qr. 4 quarters... 1 yard,. yd. 3 quarters... I Ell Flemish, E. Fi. 5 quarters. 1 Ell English,. E. E. 6 quarters... 1 Ell French,. E. Fr. 1. IHow many inches make 2 nails? 3 nails? 4 nails? L How many nails malke a quarter of a yard?:u:ow many make 2 quarters? How many mlake 3 cquarters? 3. How many quarters make 2 yards? 3 yard'? 4 yards 5 yards? 4. How many quarters make an Ell Flcelish? I-How many malke 2 Ells? 3 Ells?. 4? 5?2 6? 7 5. How mainy Ells Flemish in 3 qualrters of a yard? In 6 quar ters? In 9? In 12? Iil 15? TABLE OF WINE MEASURE. 4 gills, gi. Imake 1 piltt,.. pt. 2 pints..... 1 quart,... qto 4 quarts. 1; gallon,.. gal. 831- gallons..... 1 balrrel,.. bar. 63 gallo:)ns 1 hogshead.. A, d. 2 hogsheads s. 1 pipe,.. pi. 2 pipes, or 4hogsheads 1 tuin,.. et n.u 1. How many gills make a pint? How many take 2 pints? 3? 4? 5? 62 2. HIow Imany pints in a quart In 2 qua rts? In 83? T14? lIn 6? I1n72 3. tow imany qluarts in 2 pints? 11'4? In 6? f, 8? In 10? In 12? 4, How malny qularts in 1 gallon? In 2? Ii 3? [i;? In 5 1in7? ~'?~(,. 6*'", "an informal British unit of volume used for certain chemicals shipped in cylindrical, narrow-necked bottles. A Winchester quart originally held 2 British Imperial quarts (about 2.273 liters); now it generally holds exactly 2.5 liters. This unit is not related to the Winchester bushel, and the origin of its name is not known.", "An Imperial quart is a unit of volume in the Imperial System. The symbol for Imperial quart is Imperial qt. There are 0.83267384 Imperial quarts in a Us quart.", "The pint is a unit of volume equal to 1/2 quart. The U. S. liquid pint equals 28.9 cubic inches, 16 fluid ounces, or 473.2 milliliters. The U. S. dry pint equals 33.6 cubic inches, or 550.6 milliliters.�The British Imperial pint equals 20 British fluid ounces, 34.7 cubic inches or 568 milliliters. A calculator for various volume-related units can be found here .", "Quart - A measure of volume in the U.S. system; 32 fluid ounces equal 1 quart and 4 quarts equal one gallon.", "An Imperial pint is a unit of volume in the Imperial System. The symbol for Imperial pint is Imperial pt. There are 0.052042115 Imperial pints in a US fluid ounce.", "Quart and pint are imperial and US customary fluid and dry volume measurement units. In imperial system, there is only one size for both fluid and dry measurements. The abbreviation for quart is \"qt\" and for pint is \"pt\".", "In the British and Irish metrication processes, the pint was replaced by metric units as the legally defined primary unit of measure for trading by volume or capacity, except for the sale of draught beer and cider, and milk in returnable containers. The pint can still be used in those countries as a supplementary unit in all circumstances. Local legislation in the UK mandates the use of the pint as a measure for draught beer and cider (in pubs for instance). For milk, if returnable containers are used, the pint can still be the principal unit used, otherwise metric units (usually the non-SI litre) must be used. There is no requirement for the litre quantity to be round numbers: thus the quantity of milk sold in a non-returnable container may be 1 pint, but will have \"568 ml 1 pint\", or just \"568 ml\" on the label. Many recipes published in the UK and Ireland still give ingredient quantities in imperial, where the pint is often used as a unit for larger liquid quantities. The Guild of Food Writers recommends that new recipes be published in metric units. ", "pint - a British imperial capacity measure (liquid or dry) equal to 4 gills or 568.26 cubic centimeters", "How Many Cups In A Pint? A Quart? A Gallon? Hang This Up In Your Kitchen And Never Wonder Again! - One Good Thing by Jillee", "Convert volume and capacity culinary measuring units between quart liquid US (qt) and pints U.K. (pt Imperial) but in the other direction from pints U.K. into quarts liquid US also as per volume and capacity units.", "The Reputed quart was a measure equal to two thirds of an Imperial quart, or one sixth of a gallon, about 0.7577 litres. It was previously recognised as a standard size of wine bottle in the United Kingdom, and is only slightly larger than the current standard wine bottle of 0.75 litres. ", "Pint is an imperial and U.S. customary volume unit. There is one type of pint in imperial system and 2 types (liquid and dry) in united states customary system. It is widely used in daily life, such as measuring beer, milk. The abbreviation is \"pt\".", "Task: Convert 75 Imperial quarts to US quarts (show work) Formula: Imperial qt ÷ 0.83267384 = US qt Calculations: 75 Imperial qt ÷ 0.83267384 = 90.07128169 US qt Result: 75 Imperial qt is equal to 90.07128169 US qt", "As for pints, we have the same picture. There are three main definitions of the pint: the imperial pint (about 0.57 liters), the US liquid pint (about 0.47 liters), and the less common US dry pint (about 0.55 liters).", "How many fluid ounces U.K. of volume and capacity system are in 1 pint U.K.? The answer is: The change of 1 pt Imperial ( pint U.K. ) unit for a volume and capacity measure equals = into 20.00 fl oz Imperial ( fluid ounce U.K. ) as per its equivalent volume and capacity unit type measure often used.", "In America we use gallons, quarts and pints for liquid measures. Here are some of the measures that were used in Bible times:", "You can do the reverse unit conversion from pints to fluid ounces , or enter any two units below:", "Online calculators to convert US quarts to Imperial quarts (US qt to Imperial qt) and Imperial quarts to US quarts (Imperial qt to US qt). Our conversions provide a quick and easy way to convert between Volume units.", "The following is a list of definitions relating to conversions between US pints and US gallons.", "There are different names for different sizes of barrel, such as Firkin, Keg, Tun etc. Each type has different capacities either as gallons or pints.", "The following is a list of definitions relating to conversions between US quarts and Imperial quarts." ]

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[ "Andy Warhol was an eccentric artist and filmmaker who frequently collaborated with other artists and writers, often employing them for his films. He became one of the most influential personalities of his generation, entertaining the young and hip in his New York City “Factory.” Holding an unabashed fascination with celebrity, Warhol famously remarked, “In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes.”", "American artist Andy Warhol once said, \"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" In an era of reality TV and YouTube, it appears that his prediction has come true.", "\"In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" This celebrated quote has become Andy Warhol  most well-known statement . It led to the concept of \"15 minutes of fame\"—the idea that celebrity, from media scandals to memes, will almost always be fleeting.", "An iconic quote attributed to Andy Warhol - 'In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes' - may not have actually been said by the influential pop artist.", "Iconic Pop artist Andy Warhol is often quoted for his statement, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for 15 minutes.\" Twenty-five years after his death, his influence on contemporary art has well surpassed the 15-minute mark.", "Nostradamus looked into the future and saw plagues, earthquakes, wars, floods and droughts. In the prediction game, this is known as covering your ass. In 1968 Andy Warhol was more precise. He squinted ahead and declared that \"in the future, everyone will be world famous for 15 minutes.\" Warhol nailed it. Not only has his prophecy eclipsed his fame, but as a cultural observation, 15 minutes has had its 15 minutes.", "Andy Warhol (right) may not have actually said: 'In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes', according to an art critic", "“In five years,” as Andy Warhol has cogently observed, “everybody in the world will be famous for fifteen minutes.”", "Warhol closed the 1960s with an unusual exhibition, Raid the Icebox I, which he was invited to choose from the collection of the Rhode Island School of Design’s museum. Rather than the usual masterpieces, Warhol chose damaged paintings in the process of being repaired, the entire collection of historical footwear and parasols, and other unexpected items. At the time, he was developing a very keen eye for antiques; among his discoveries were French Art Deco designs, Native American blankets and pottery, and American Folk Art and cookie jars. Also in that year he co-founded Interview, a magazine devoted to film, fashion, and popular culture that continues to this day. Warhol’s quote, “In the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes,” is known throughout the world, and originated in about 1967 or 1968. Interview testified to Warhol’s lifelong obsession with film stars and other contemporary celebrities.", "By any standard, Andy was a strange person. Famous since the early 1960's for his Pop art impressions of modern American life - the famous Campbell soup cans prints - and enigmatic quotes - \"In the future everyone will be famous for 15 minutes\" - Warhol pioneered a style of art and artist, America in the post Eisenhower age had never seen. Born in Pittsburgh on August 6, 1928, Andy was the youngest son of Ondrej and Julia Warhola. Immigrants from an obscure corner of then Transylvania, they were uneducated, uncultured and a most unlikely gene pool for an artist.", "(1928–87) painter, filmmaker; born in Pittsburgh, Pa. A founder of the pop art movement of the 1960s, he studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh (1945–49) and by 1950 had settled in New York City working as a commercial artist. By 1957 he began his series of silkscreen paintings based on comic strips, advertisements, and newspaper photos of public personalities; by 1961 his painted replicas of Campbell's Soup cans made him into a celebrity, and from then on his works and words (\"In the future everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.\") kept him constantly in the headlines although he cultivated an image that was both elusive and evasive. Much of his work was collaborative and produced in a loft called \"the Factory.\" He also turned to making underground films such as Chelsea Girls (1966), deliberately coarse amalgams of sexuality and banality; these were coproduced and primarily directed by Paul Morrissey. In 1968 Warhol was shot and wounded by Valerie Solanis, who had appeared in his films. In 1969 he began to publish Interview, a magazine of fashion news and gossip. He then embarked on his serial portraits of international personalities, becoming extremely rich from selling silkscreen multiples of such as Mao Zedong (1974). He amassed a fabulous collection of antiques and collectibles (such as cookie jars), auctioned after his death for a small fortune. Said to have been a devout Catholic, he remained personally enigmatic despite his years in the public spotlight.", "And Andy Warhol, who ought to know, purrs to the media that today’s turnover in art is only the beginning. “There’s going to be a day when no one will be famous for more than a week. Then everyone will have a chance to be famous.”", "When looking back on Warhol’s art, many critics see new meaning in what was highly misunderstood and controversial art. 100 Soup Cans which received mixed reviews upon its release is now cherished as one of his best works, depicting “an affluent consumerist society”—instead of just hundreds of soup cans. Modern filmmakers attribute many of Warhol’s films as the beginning of minimalist expressionism in film. Warhol predicted, “Everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This is easily scene with the creation of reality TV, giving ordinary people their shot at “fifteen minutes of fame.” Andy Warhol lived for 58 years and created a legacy so expansive that his “fifteen minutes of fame” will continue for years to come.", "German art historian Benjamin H. D. Buchloh suggests that the core tenet of Warhol's aesthetic, being \"the systematic invalidation of the hierarchies of representational functions and techniques\" of art, corresponds directly to the belief that the \"hierarchy of subjects worthy to be represented will someday be abolished,\" hence anybody, and therefore \"everybody,\" can be famous once that hierarchy dissipates, \"in the future,\" and by logical extension of that, \"in the future, everybody will be famous,\" and not merely those individuals worthy of fame. ", "andy warhol (the father of \"pop art\" back in the '60's, producer and manager of \"the velvet underground\", coined the phrase \"15 minutes of fame\", world famous celebrity and hanger-on) (1987)", "Andy Warhol (1927-1987) is arguably the face of the Pop Art movement of the 1960s, a genre that would alter the American art market indefinitely. Warhol received his Bachelors of Fine Arts from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1949, and subsequently moved to New York City to pursue a career in the arts. It was not long before he was creating ground-breaking works, including paintings, prints, photographs, and films, that brought attention to American pop culture and the lifestyle of Hollywood celebrities. Warhol embraced market culture and helped to lead a change in the New York art scene that would in turn influence others to also look to consumer culture and goods for artistic inspiration. Today, he is regarded as one of the most prominent artists of the twentieth century, contributing not only thousands of works of art that are housed in museums and collections worldwide but also an iconic style that would impact the art market and artists alike for decades. His works have been exhibited in over two thousand exhibitions, including retrospectives at The Gagosian Gallery, New York, NY (2008); Musée National d´Art Moderne, Paris, France (1990); and The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL (1989).", "Once upon a time, not so many years ago, an outrageous band of artists, stars, and celebrities made Montauk their home away from home. At the center was the most famous artist of his time - Andy Warhol. Together they put Montauk on the international map. It was a strange and wondrous time, one that is now drawing to a close. Andy's been dead now 14 years, and his house on the cliffs is up for sale. Soon the Warhol magic will be nothing more than a faint trace in the wind. It was a wild ride, and it all began in 1972.", "In context Andrew Warhola, Jr. (August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987), known as Andy Warhol, was an American painter, printmaker, and filmmaker who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became famous worldwide for his work as a painter, avant-garde filmmaker, record producer, author, and member of highly diverse social circles that included Bohemian street people, distinguished intellectuals, Hollywood celebrities and wealthy patrons.", "The son of Ruthenian immigrants, Andy Warhol studied art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. He worked as an advertising designer before becoming, in effect, the Father of Pop Art with his silk-screened pictures of Campbell's Soup cans and distorted images of Marilyn Monroe. He started directing films in 1963, if \"directing\" is the right word - most of his early work simply consisted of pointing the camera at something (a man asleep, the Empire State Building) and leaving it running, often for hours. His films gradually grew more sophisticated, with scripts and soundtracks, although they were generally performed by members of the Warhol \"factory\" - assorted groupies with little acting talent. After a near-fatal shooting by an unstable fan on June 3, 1968, Warhol retired from direct involvement in filmmaking, and under former assistant Paul Morrissey, the Warhol films became increasingly commercial. Warhol spent the 1970s and 1980s as a major pop culture figure, constantly attending parties and providing patronage to younger artists. He died in 1987 after a routine gallbladder operation at age 58.", "Andy Warhol was one of the most important artists of pop art, which became extremely popular in the second half of the twentieth century. Though he is best remembered for his paintings of Campbell's soup cans, he also created hundreds of other works including commercial advertisements and films.", "Andy Warhol knew Larry Rivers in the 1960s. So they may have discussed this concept of the ubiquity of fame in the near future. Admittedly, it is not certain whether the idea was communicated from Rivers to Warhol or vice versa.", "Quote Investigator: As the questioner suggests, this saying is a twist on a famous pronouncement attributed to the Pop artist Andy Warhol concerning the velocity of modern fame:", "neurological disorder, the young Andy Warhol found solace and escape in the form of popular celebrity magazines and DC comic... books, imagery he would return to years later. (http://www.warholfoundation.org/legacy/biography.html) After graduation Andy Warhola attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University), graduating in June 1949 with a degree in Pictorial Design and dropping the “a“ from his last name. On February 22, 1987 Andy Warhol, a millionaire at the age of 58...", "Andy Warhol being one of the biggest influences in my work made him the obvious choice for this assignment. I see Warhol's... influence on the world we live in everyday and strongly believe he helped in creating the pop culture obsession in America. Andy went from rags to riches and defines the American dream. His work has inspired many and continues to be recognized by people throughout the world. Born August 6, 1928 to Andrej and Julia Warhola, Andy was the youngest of three brothers. Andy's...", "Warhol was now established as an internationally famous artist and throughout the 1970s and 1980s exhibited his work around the world.", "This stylish and definitive documentary about painter Andy Warhol traces his life from Pittsburgh schoolboy to pop art legend, from advertising illustrator to chronicler of the haut monde of New York City. The film includes behind-the-scenes looks at \"Factory\" life and several enigmatic interviews given by Warhol over the years, a dazzling array of images from his art and films and commentary by contemporaries and friends. 2000. 87 min. Video/C 7633", "Pop artists like Andy Warhol became both noteworthy and influential through work including and possibly critiquing popular culture, as well as the art world. Artists of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s expanded this technique of self-criticism beyond high art to all cultural image-making, including fashion images, comics, billboards and pornography.", "No other artist is as much identified with Pop Art as Andy Warhol. The media called him the Prince of Pop. Warhol made his way from a Pittsburgh working class family to an American legend.", "Although himself shy and quiet, Mr. Warhol attracted dozens of followers who were anything but quiet, and the combination of his genius and their energy produced dozens of notorious events throughout his career. In the mid-1960's, he sometimes sent a Warhol look alike to speak for him at lecture engagements, and his Manhattan studio, ''the Factory,'' was a legendary hangout for other artists and hangers-on.", "The Factory was more than just the place where Warhol worked; it was also his breeding ground of ideas, where he surrounded himself with a menagerie of people who served as his inspirations, collaborators, and movie stars: fellow artists, musicians, actresses, socialites, drug addicts, drag queens, free thinkers, and many others. All of them later came to be known as Warhol’s Superstars.", "Between 1962 and 1984, Andy Warhol had three different locations for his studio: the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan, the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West, and 22 East 33rd Street. It was where his workers would make lithographs and assemble silkscreens, making its moniker as “The Factory” very apt.", "It was in this early-60s period, Lawrence Alloway once argued , that art became self-conscious of itself as a “world,” partly through the new press fascination with cool, media-smart neo-Dada figures like Johns and Rauschenberg and the market frenzy around Pop art. There was a corresponding shift in the ideal image of the artist, from loner in the studio to scenester—a condition that was as new for art as the media-driven youth-culture frenzy for the Beatles was for music." ]

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[ "Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other seismic sources. Records of seismic waves allow seismologists to map the interior of the Earth, and locate and measure the size of these different sources.", "A seismometer measures movements in the ground during an earthquake and creates electric signals that can be read to determine an earthquake's magnitude. Seismometers are contained within a device called a seismograph that is attached to the ground.", "A seismometer or seismic monitoring devices measure the small earthquakes in the vicinity of an active volcano. If there is a sudden spike in the frequency or power of these earthquakes, the volcano might be about to erupt. The seismometer is an established tool for predicting volcanic eruptions, and volcanologists sometimes set up dozens of them in areas of frequent volcanic activity such as Hawaii. If there is an eruption, scientists can use the seismometer data to calculate its center.", "A seismograph is the device that scientists use to measure earthquakes. The goal of a seismograph is to accurately record the motion of the ground during a quake. If you live in a city, you may have noticed that buildings sometimes shake when a big truck or a subway train rolls by. Good seismographs are therefore isolated and connected to bedrock to prevent this sort of \"data pollution.\"", "The seismograph and the seismoscope are the two main instruments used to measure the strength of earthquakes. The seismoscope is a simple instrument that measures the time that an earthquake takes place. The seismograph records the motion of the ground during an earthquake.", "A Wood-Anderson torsion short-period seismometer. This is the type of seismometer used by Richter to measure earthquake amplitude and develop his magnitude scale.", "A simple seismometer that is sensitive to up-down motions of the earth can be understood by visualizing a weight hanging on a spring. The spring and weight are suspended from a frame that moves along with the earthʼs surface. As the earth moves, the relative motion between the weight and the earth provides a measure of the vertical ground motion. If a recording system is installed, such as a rotating drum attached to the frame, and a pen attached to the mass, this relative motion between the weight and earth can be recorded to produce a history of ground motion, called a seismogram.", "Modern instruments use electronic sensors, amplifiers, and recording devices. Most are broadband covering a wide range of frequencies. Some seismometers can measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz (1/500 0.002 seconds per cycle, to 1/0.00118 ", "Seismographs are the instruments which record earthquakes. Scientists use these instruments as their principal tool to study seismic waves. They are very sensitive instruments that can detect, measure and record ground vibrations and their intensities during an earthquake.", "Seismologists measure earthquakes to learn more about them and to use them for geological discovery. They measure the pattern of an earthquake with a machine called a seismograph. Using multiple seismographs around the world, they can accurately locate the epicenter of the earthquake, as well as determine its magnitude, or size, and fault slip properties.", "The shaking and moving of the ground from earthquakes is not predictable, but it can be measured. Seismic activity, which is the shaking of the ground, is measured by seismographs. The data that scientists collect from these devices can be used to describe the magnitude of an earthquake and the amount of energy it releases from the stress built up underground.", "�  Seismograph � A seismometer with a recording device that produces a permanent record of Earth motion.", "A world-wide array of seismometers can actually image the interior of the Earth in wave-speed and transmissivity. This type of system uses events such as earthquakes, impact events or nuclear explosions as wave sources. The first efforts at this method used manual data reduction from paper seismograph charts. Modern digital seismograph records are better adapted to direct computer use. With inexpensive seismometer designs and internet access, amateurs and small institutions have even formed a \"public seismograph network.\" ", "Seismometers are usually designed to record signals over a specified range of frequencies (or periods) so it is convenient to discuss instruments based on the range of vibration frequencies that they can detect. Thus one way to characterize seismometers is to describe the range of vibration frequencies that they can detect. A plot of the amplification as a versus frequency is called an instrument response. An instrument is sensitive to vibrations at frequencies for which the \"response\" curve is relatively large. Five sample instrument response curves are shown below. The frequency of is shown along the horizontal axis, the equivalent period (period = 1/frequency) is shown along the top horizontal axis. The vertical axis shows the ground-motion amplification factor.", "There are more than 1000 seismograph stations in the world. One way that seismologists measure the size of an earthquake is by measuring the earthquake's seismic magnitude, or the amplitude of ground shaking that occurs. Seismologists compare the measurements taken at various stations to identify the earthquake's epicenter and determine the magnitude of the earthquake. This information is important in order to determine whether the earthquake occurred on land or in the ocean. It also helps people prepare for resulting damage or hazards such as tsunamis. When readings from a number of observatories around the world are available, the integrated system allows for rapid location of the epicenter. At least three stations are required in order to triangulate, or calculate, the epicenter. Seismologists find the epicenter by comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at the stations, thus determining the distance the waves have traveled. Seismologists then apply travel-time charts to determine the epicenter. With the present number of worldwide seismographic stations, many now providing digital signals by satellite, distant earthquakes can be located within about 10 km (6 mi) of the epicenter and about 10 to 20 km (6 to 12 mi) in focal depth. Special regional networks of seismographs can locate the local epicenters within a few kilometers.", "The Richter Scale measures the energy released by an earthquake using a seismograph. A base-10 logarithmic scale is obtained by calculating the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by the seismograph.", "Seismic waves travel at hundreds to thousands of miles per hour and quickly reach the surface where they are felt or measured. Sensitive seismographs located throughout the state, and all over the world, measure this seismic energy. Even if the earthquake is too small to be felt by people, seismographs can detect it. The study of seismic waves is called seismology and has allowed scientists to learn much about the internal structure of the Earth.", "What doesn't move, however, is a suspended mass inside the seismograph, called the seismometer. During an earthquake, the seismometer remains still while the case around it moves with the ground shaking.", "A seismograph's main component is a hanging mass — as heavy as 1,000 pounds — that is connected to a pen, and this large pendulum is situated just above a paper surface. When the ground moves, so does the paper, which rubs against the pen and marks the movement. Seismographs are isolated and connected to bedrock to ensure that the data they receive is not affected by the movement of surrounding objects. Advanced technology improves the accuracy of the seismograph and makes it sensitive to minute ground movements.", "Seismograph – an instrument that records the seismic waves of an earthquake. Seismic waves P waves – are compressional waves.  They travel through solids, liquids, and gases.  They are push-pull waves.", "a unit used in earth science to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Geologists actually use several scales to measure earthquake intensity, but the one best known to the public is the Richter magnitude scale, developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter (1900-1985) of the California Institute of Technology. The Richter magnitude is computed from the measured amplitude and frequency of the earthquake's shock waves received by a seismograph, adjusted to account for the distance between the observing station and the epicenter of the earthquake. An increase of 1.0 in the Richter magnitude corresponds to an increase of 10 times in the amplitude of the waves and to an increase of about 31 times more energy released by the quake. The most powerful earthquakes recorded so far had magnitudes of about 8.5. The Richter magnitude measures the intensity of the earthquake itself, not the intensity of the earthquake's effects: the effects also depend on the depth of the earthquake, the geology of the area around the epicenter, and many other factors. Earthquake effects are rated using the Mercalli scale (see below).", "A numerical expression of the amount of energy released by an earthquake, determined by measuring earthquake waves on standardized recording instruments (seismographs.) The number scale for magnitudes is logarithmic rather than arithmetic. Therefore, deflections on a seismograph for a magnitude 5 earthquake, for example, are 10 times greater than those for a magnitude 4 earthquake, 100 times greater than for a magnitude 3 earthquake, and so on.", "An instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake, first developed in classical period , specifically the Han Dynasty.", "Seismographs record in a zigzag trace that shoes the varying amplitude of ground oscillations beneath the instrument.� Depending on the sensitivity of the seismograph, earthquakes can be detected anywhere in the world.� Using data collected by the seismographs, the time, location, and the magnitude can be determined (Bellis).� The magnitude of an earthquake can be determined by a mathematical formula called the Richter Magnitude Scale.���", "How can a seismograph measure ground shaking if all parts of it must be attached to the ground?", "An analog seismograph consists of a base that is anchored into the ground so that it moves with the ground during an earthquake, and a spring or wire that suspends a weight, which remains stationary during an earthquake. In older models, the base includes a rotating roll of paper, and the stationary weight is attached to a stylus, or writing utensil, that rests on the roll of paper. During the passage of a seismic wave, the stationary weight and stylus record the motion of the jostling base and attached roll of paper. The stylus records the information of the shaking seismograph onto the paper as a seismogram. Scientists also use digital seismographs, computerized seismic monitoring systems that record seismic events. Digital seismographs use rewriteable, or multiple-use, disks to record data. They usually incorporate a clock to accurately record seismic arrival times, a printer to print out digital seismograms of the information recorded, and a power supply. Some digital seismographs are portable; seismologists can transport these devices with them to study aftershocks of a catastrophic earthquake when the networks upon which seismic monitoring stations depend have been damaged.", "Although seismographs had been around for decades, during the 1950s and especially in the early 1960s, scientists set up seismograph networks to see if enemy nations were testing atomic bombs. Seismographs record seismic waves. Modern seismographs are sensitive enough to detect nuclear explosions.", "The classic paper seismogram is read like a book, from left-to-right and top to bottom. A continuous record is constructed by drawing the line as a sheet of paper fastened to a rotating drum constantly moves horizontally on a threaded attachment. When the ground vibrates the pen moves up or down creating th seismic record of the vibrations. Seismograph station and component, date and start time are recorded on the upper left of this paper.", "a scale for estimating the size of an earthquake using the logarithm of the largest ground motion registered by a seismograph (Richter magnitude) or the logarithm of the area of the fault rupture (moment magnitude)", "Moment Magnitude Scale  Find out why the moment magnitude scale is used to measure great earthquakes", "Seismology : Study of seismic waves to determine the internal structure of the earth and the origin and location of earthquakes.", "There are several scales which have historically been described as the \"Richter scale\", especially the local magnitude <math>M_\\text{L}</math> and the surface wave <math>M_\\text{s}</math> scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude, <math>m_\\text{b}</math>, and the moment magnitude, <math>M_\\text{w}</math>, abbreviated MMS, have been widely used for decades, and a couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage." ]

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[ "Waterloo (, , ) is a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 and an area of . It is north of Braine-l'Alleud, which is the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where resurgent Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815. Waterloo is a multilingual town; the commune offers services in French, Dutch, and English.", "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: an Anglo-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle resulted in the end of Bonaparte's reign and of the First French Empire, and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace.", "At Waterloo in Belgium, Napoleon Bonaparte suffers defeat at the hands of the Duke of Wellington, bringing an end to the Napoleonic era of European history.", "The Battle of Waterloo, which took place in Belgium on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of French military leader and emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who conquered much of continental Europe in the early 19th century. Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French army during the French Revolution (1789-1799), seized control of the French government in 1799 and became emperor in 1804. Through a series of wars, he expanded his empire across western and central Europe. However, a disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, coupled with other defeats, led to his abdication and exile in 1814. He returned to France in 1815 and briefly resumed power. The Battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by the British and Prussians, signaled the end of his reign and the end of France’s domination in Europe. After Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated and later died in exile.", "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . An Imperial French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon was defeated by the armies of the Seventh Coalition , comprising an Anglo-allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington combined with a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher . It was the culminating battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. The defeat at Waterloo ended his rule as Emperor of the French, marking the end of his Hundred Days return from exile.", "Napoleon's final defeat came at the hands of the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Bl�cher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on 18 June 1815.", "Napoleon's final defeat came at the hands of the Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on June 18, 1815.", "On June 18, 1815 the course of European history was changed when French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte found himself outmatched on the fields near Waterloo, Belgium. Britain's Duke of Wellington would become a celebrated hero and eventually Prime Minister, while Napoleon would retreat to Paris and soon after head into exile on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. It all came down to a cool day in June that began with heavy rains. By nightfall some 10 hours after it began, the battle was over, as was the French leader's 100-day comeback.", "Upon Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the allies amalgamated Belgium and Holland into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands under Prince William of Orange.", "On 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France. He regained control of the country by May and faced a renewed alliance against him. [73] Wellington left Vienna for what became known as the Waterloo Campaign . He arrived in Belgium to take command of the British-German army and their allied Dutch-Belgians, all stationed alongside the Prussian forces of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The French invaded Belgium, defeated the Prussians at Ligny , and fought an indecisive battle with Wellington at the Battle of Quatre Bras . These events compelled the Anglo-Allied army to retreat to a ridge on the Brussels road, just south of the small town of Waterloo . Two days later, on 18 June, the Battle of Waterloo was fought.", "After his defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Napoleon retreated to Paris where (due to a lack of support from his military marshals) he was forced to renounce his throne in April 1814. The European powers exiled him to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean. Within eleven months, however, Napoleon was back on the European continent at the head of a hastily-raised army intent on restoring Napoleon to the throne of France. Napoleon's defeat came in June 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo.", "In June 1815, his forces invaded Belgium, where British and Prussian troops were stationed. On June 16, Napoleon’s troops defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Ligny. However, two days later, on June 18, at the Battle of Waterloo near Brussels, the French were crushed by the British, with assistance from the Prussians.", "(June 18, 1815), Napoleon’s final defeat, ending 23 years of recurrent warfare between France and the other powers of Europe. It was fought during the Hundred Days of Napoleon’s restoration, 3 miles (5 km) south of Waterloo village (which is 9 miles [14.5 km] south of Brussels), between Napoleon’s 72,000 troops and the combined forces of the duke of Wellington’s allied army of 68,000 (with...", "Napoleon returned to France and regained control of the government in the ________ prior to his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815.", "Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815, many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and began to mobilize armies. Wellington and Blücher's armies were cantoned close to the north-eastern border of France. Napoleon chose to attack them in the hope of destroying them before they could join in a coordinated invasion of France with other members of the coalition. Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. According to Wellington, the battle was \"the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life\". The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. Napoleon abdicated 4 days later, and on 7 July coalition forces entered Paris.", "This battle ended not only Napoleon's Hundred Days' War but also 23 years of almost constant war between France and the rest of Europe. France and England had been enemies for hundreds of years. The battle of Waterloo was fought by the English forces and their allies, some 68,000 men under Arthur Wellesley (later the duke of Wellington), with 45,000 Prussians under Gebhard von Blücher against the French emperor Napoleon, with almost 72,000 men. Casualties of 25,000 men destroyed the French army. Soon after this crushing defeat, Napoleon was exiled on the island of Saint Helena, where he died six years later. Waterloo has since come to mean a disastrous defeat of any nature.", "What: Fought in present day Belgium between Napoleon and a force consisting of English and Prussian Troops. Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of Wellington, and General Blucher. End of Napoleon's rule", "18 Jun – Combined British, Prussian, and Coalition armies crushed Napoleon’s forces at the Battle of Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic era in Europe (1815).", "After returning home, Wellington accepted a position as British ambassador to France, then served as British plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna. Upon news that the ex-Emperor Napoleon had escaped from exile and was amassing forces, Wellington took up command of the Anglo-Allied army in Brussels. In June 1815, Napoleon marched north toward Brussels, and on June 16 he simultaneously attacked Wellington’s Anglo-Allied army and the Prussian army. Wellington was forced to retreat three miles south of his Waterloo headquarters. Two days later, the French attacked the ensconced Anglo-Allied army, but failed to break Wellington’s line after several attempts. By the afternoon, Prussian troops began arriving to reinforce Wellington's left flank, and Napoleon was forced to draw off many of the troops he had hoped to employ against Wellington in order to deal with the Prussian reinforcements. By the end of the day, Napoleon was defeated. A month later he had abdicated for the second time and surrendered to the British, who exiled him to the remote island of St. Helena.", "The Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 stopped the advance of Napoleon across Europe and sent the great French emperor into exile for a second and final time.", "Victory at Austerlitz allowed Napoleon to dominate Europe, opposed only by Britain. 10 years after Austerlitz, at the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon suffered his own crushing defeat, finally ending his incredible military career.", "The Allied armies ( 67.187.127 ) of Britain, Russia, and Austria enter Paris. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba, and Louis XVIII (r. 1814–24) ascends the throne, establishing a constitutional monarchy. The Congress of Vienna meets between September 1814 and June 1815 with the aim of restructuring the European continent, nearly all of which has been taken as the spoils of Napoleon’s military campaigns. In the following year, Napoleon escapes from exile and returns to power for a brief period known as the “Hundred Days.” He is finally defeated by Allied forces under the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo (1815), and exiled to Saint Helena, where he dies in 1821.", "Waterloo  -  June 18, 1815 battle in which Napoleon was finally defeated by the British (under Wellington) and the Prussians (under Blucher). Napoleon had a chance to attack the British forces before the Prussians were there to join in the battle, but he made the crucial mistake of waiting for the muddy ground to dry before attacking.", "Memories of La Grande Armee: A man dressed as a soldier in Napoleon's army during commemorations marking the 200th anniversary of The Battle of Waterloo. The 1815 battle saw the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte and the restoration of Louis XVIII to the French throne.  (EMMANUEL DUNAND / AFP/GETTY IMAGES)  ", "On 22 June, the French Emperor abdicated again, and was transported by the British to Saint Helena , an island in the Atlantic. Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and was canonised within a generation as one of \" The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World \".", "Napoleon's forces fought the Coalition armies, commanded by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French and drove them from the field while the Prussians arrived in force and broke through Napoleon's right flank.", "The Waterloo Campaign (15 June - 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North and two Seventh Coalition armies: an Anglo-allied army and a Prussian army. Initially the French army was commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte, but he left for Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, who took command at the request of the French Provisional Government. The Anglo-Allied army was commanded by the Duke of Wellington and the Prussian army by Prince Blücher.", "But ahead of the anniversary this year, The Wall Street Journal reported on a quirk of history: Napoleon wasn’t actually in Waterloo when he met his Waterloo. Most of the battle had occurred in Braine-l’Alleud and Plancenoit, just a few miles south of the town (the Lion’s Mound , the most iconic symbol of the battle, is located in Braine-l’Alleud).", "18 June 1815                       The Duke of Wellington and the Prussian commander, Marshal Blucher, decisively defeat Napoleon at", ". However, he escaped the island within a year and became regained his power. Nevertheless, in June of 1815, Napoleon and his forces lost to the British under Duke of Wellington and Prussians during the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was recaptured and exiled again on the", "At 9:15 pm Blücher and Wellington met in front of La Belle Alliance, greeting each other as victors. It was decided that the Prussians should continue the pursuit. Blücher halted with Bülow’s corps at Genappe, some 5.6 miles (9 km) to the southeast, from which dense crowds of fugitives had been driven. With 4,000 men, Gneisenau conducted the chase as far as Frasnes (11 miles [18 km] south of the Waterloo battlefield), driving hordes of panic-stricken French before him. The overwhelming victory had been won at heavy cost. Wellington’s casualties were 15,000, and Blücher’s were about 8,000. Napoleon lost 25,000 men killed and wounded and 9,000 captured.", "Description: A map showing the Battle of Waterloo, which took place on 18th of June, 1815. Map shows the crisis of the battle." ]

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[ "Somewhat later, in 1984 Teresa Lorraine Aphrodite de Chair, a 5xgreat-granddaughter of Diana Blackett married Sir Charles Mansfield Tobias Clarke, 6th Bt., a first cousin 3xremoved of Theodore Roosevelt , 26th President of the United States. Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt became President in 1901, following the assassination of his predecessor William McKinley, and at 42 was the youngest US President in history. He held office until 1909.", "On September 14, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office as the 26th and youngest president of the United States in the library of Ansley Wilcox’s fine house in Buffalo.  Only 42 years old, he succeeded President William McKinley, who had succumbed to an assassin’s bullet earlier that day.  For Roosevelt, who had hoped to rise to the presidency some day, it was \"a dreadful thing to come into the Presidency in this way.”  In typical Roosevelt fashion, however, he continued, “Here is the task, and I have got to do it to the best of my ability.\" Three years later, he was elected to a full term in his own right.  Roosevelt had a lasting impact on the nation, expanding the powers of the presidency, advocating consumer protection laws and regulation of big business, supporting conservation, and asserting America's authority abroad.", "Although there was an X-ray machine available at the site, the device was in its infancy and no one knew if using it to find the bullet would cause more harm than good. McKinley lingered for eight days, passing away on September 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as the 26th President, the youngest man (42 years old) to ever hold the office.", "The youngest president was Teddy Roosevelt who became president at age 42 when McKinley (1843-1901) was assassinated. JFK was the youngest president elected at the age of 43.[10]", "With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nation's history. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.", "While many mistakenly say that John F. Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States, this is in error. He was the youngest president ever elected to the presidency at the age of 43. However, Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest man to serve as president when he took over after William McKinley's assassination . He was 42. ", "1901 - U.S. President William McKinley died of gunshot wounds inflicted by an assassin. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, at age 42, succeeded him.", "THE PRESIDENT DIED AT TWO-FIFTEEN THIS MORNING. Roosevelt boarded the train, headed to the Milburn house in Buffalo to pay his respects to the President and meet with cabinet members. Roosevelt left the Milburn home to go to the home of personal friend Ansley Wilcox, where the emergency inauguration was being set up. A little more than 24 hours since McKinley's death, Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office and became the youngest President in United States history at the age of 42.", "Through 2006, at age 43, Kennedy was the youngest person ever elected President of the United States, but he was not the youngest ever to serve as President. ( Theodore Roosevelt , while Vice-President and at age 42, was elevated to the Presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. Roosevelt was subsequently elected to a full term as President in his own right when he was 46).", "McKinley initially appeared to be recovering from his wounds, but took a turn for the worse six days after the shooting and died on September 14, 1901. Theodore Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as President. McKinley was the third of four U.S. presidents to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881 and preceding John F. Kennedy in 1963 . After McKinley's murder, Congress officially charged the Secret Service with the physical protection of U.S. presidents.", "Theodore Roosevelt  The 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became President. Roosevelt was also the first of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt coined the phrase ‘Square Deal’ to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick’. Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to demonstrate American power; and negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Meanwhile, in September 1901, an anarchist shot President McKinley, and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency. The United States now entered the 20th century and an era of reform.", "NARRATOR: Less then seven months after his inauguration, President William McKinley was dead from an assassin's bullet. Five days of mourning were led by the new President, Theodore Roosevelt. The worst fears of the Republican establishment had come to pass. ''The whole country was in mourning,'' a reporter remembered, ''and no doubt the President felt that he should hold himself down, but his joy showed in every word and movement.''", "Roosevelt knew that malaria was an even bigger enemy than the Spanish. He quickly got his men sent back to the United States. Roosevelt came back and was elected governor of New York later in the year. Two years later, Roosevelt was elected Vice-President alongside McKinley. And on September 13, 1901, McKinley died from his gunshot wound seven days earlier. At age 42, Roosevelt was now the youngest President in American history. In the words of Ohio Senator Mark Hanna, a conservative Republican, “that damned cowboy is in the White House.”", "In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated, and Roosevelt became president at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair shake under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power, and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.", "Roosevelt became president on September 14, 1901 when President McKinley died after being shot on September 6, 1901. He was the youngest man to ever become president at the age of 42. In 1904, he was the obvious choice for the Republican nomination. Charles W. Fairbanks was his vice presidential nominee. He was opposed by Democrat Alton B. Parker. Both candidates agreed about the major issues and the campaign became one of personality. Roosevelt easily won with 336 out of 476 electoral votes.", "   At 3:03 PM on September 14 1901, Roosevelt was sworn in as President at the home Ansley Wilcox.", "1901 – William McKinley was inaugurated president for the second time. Theodore Roosevelt was inaugurated as vice president.", "Historians regard McKinley's 1896 victory as a realigning election, in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era. McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. However, his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings; McKinley died eight days later, and was succeeded by Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment, McKinley's presidency is generally considered above average, though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt.", "America's conflict with Spain was later described as a \"splendid little war\" and for Theodore Roosevelt it certainly was. His combat experience consisted of one week's campaign with one day of hard fighting. \"The charge itself was great fun\" he declared, and \"Oh, but we had a bully fight.\" His actions during the battle earned a recommendation for the Congressional Medal of Honor but politics intervened and the request was denied. The rejection crushed Roosevelt. As though in consolation, the notoriety from the charge up San Juan Hill was instrumental in propelling him to the governorship of New York in 1899. The following year Roosevelt was selected to fill the Vice Presidential spot in President McKinley's successful run for a second term. With McKinley's assassination in September 1901, Roosevelt became President.", "Theodore Roosevelt may have been the youngest president to ever take office, but he quickly made a name for himself by transforming the office of the presidency and the foreign policy of the country. \"Walk softly and carry a big stick,\" became Roosevelt's legacy that continues today.", "At 42, Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) was the youngest man to take the oath of office. A progressive reformer and environmental advocate, Roosevelt brought lawsuits against corporate trusts, taking on business giants to level the playing field for the working class.", "September 6, 1901, assassinated Republican William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States (1897–1901), was shot this day in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, and died eight days later.", "William McKinley (1843-1901) 25th president of USA from 1896. Shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, 6 Sept 1901 and died 14 Sept.", "On this date, September 6, 1901, the 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.", "William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States. In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo, New York, in September 1901.", "Became the second youngest U.S. President to leave office, after Theodore Roosevelt . (January 20th 2001).", "Who was the first President to be sworn in on the west steps of the Capitol?", "McKinley was sworn in as president on March 4, 1897, as his wife and mother looked on.", "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857.", "Here are the ages of the ten youngest presidents to have served in the United States since its founding:", "1773: Birth of William (Henry) Harrison, ninth US president. He was elected in 1840 and at the inaugural ceremony on 4 March 1841 he addressed the assembly in a cold drizzle, without a hat or coat. He contracted pneumonia and died a month later." ]

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[ "MISSISSIPPI is also known as the Magnolia State, because of the many Magnolia trees. The name Mississippi comes from an Algonquin word for \"great river\", and this river has played a dominant role in the development of the state. In 1817 Mississippi became the 20th state to join the US. The capital and largest city is Jackson. The population is around 2.8 million inhabitants, with a density of 24 per km2.", "The State of Mississippi is known as the \"Magnolia\" or \"Hospitality\" State. It shares its name with the longest river in the U.S., and the Mississippi Delta region is well known for its influence on Blues music. Over half of the state is forested, and Mississippi also has the dubious honor of having the highest rates of obesity and illiteracy in the country, contributing to a large number of Deep South stereotypes. Interestingly, Mississippi also has the highest percentage of LGBT people with children, giving the state a special focus in queer politics.", "The U.S. Mint's bicentennial commemorative quarter for Mississippi features magnolia blossoms (the state flower) and Mississippi's nickname: The Magnolia State. Mississippi became the 20th state in 1817. Public domain image on Wikipedia .", "Mississippi takes its name from the Mississippi River, which runs along the state's western border. The Indians called the river the \"Father of Waters.\" The word \"Mississippi\" probably comes from \"mici zibi,\" a Chippewa Indian word meaning \"great river\" or \"gathering-in of all the waters.\" Mississippi is nicknamed the \"Magnolia State\" because of its beautiful magnolia trees. Jackson, the state's capital and largest city, is known as the \"Crossroads of the South.\" Mississippi residents are sometimes called \"Mudcats,\" after the catfish found in the state's streams. The abbreviation for Mississippi is MS.", "The Louisiana state flower grows on the Magnolia tree, a perennial that can tower between 60-80 feet high and span 30-50 feet across. The hardwoods grow abundantly throughout the state and also flourish across the southeastern United States. Magnolias are both the state flower and state tree of Mississippi.", "Magnolias trees have a history that far precedes their selection as the Louisiana state flower. Fossilized specimens of flowers from the Magnolia family date back 95 million years. The bark from one species of Magnolia has been used in traditional Chinese medicine since 1083 to fight dementia, heart disease and cancer.", "According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, Azalea indica (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation Magnolia-on-the-Ashley in Charleston, South Carolina. Magnolia's owner John Grimke Drayton imported the plants for use in his estate garden from Philadelphia, where they were grown only in greenhouses. With encouragement from Charles Sprague Sargent from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Gardens was opened to the public in 1871, following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America. Since the late nineteenth century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory.", "Magnolia tripetala, commonly called umbrella magnolia or simply umbrella-tree, is a deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States in the Appalachian Mountains region. The name \"umbrella tree\" derives from the fact that the large leafs are clustered at the tips of the branches forming an umbrella-shaped structure. It is a small tree to 40 feet, often with several trunks, narrow crown.", "The popular definition of the \"South\" is more informal and generally associated with the 11 states that seceded before or during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America. In order of their secession, these were: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. These states share commonalities of history and culture that carry on to the present day. Oklahoma was not a state during the Civil War, but all its major Native American tribes signed [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v031/v031p189.pdf formal treaties] of alliance with the Confederacy.", ", one of the Deep South states of the United States. It is bordered by Alabama (E), the Gulf of Mexico (S), Arkansas and Louisiana, with most of that border formed by the Mississippi River (W), and Tennessee (N).", "Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana are parts of the Eastern United States which make up the area often known as the Southern United States.", "is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 609,644. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 652,050.", "The Inland South is a transition zone between the Southeastern Coast and the Heartland. It occupies much of the coastal plain surrounding the southern sections of the Appalachians and Ozarks. Portions of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia are included.", "* The Deep South: various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina. Occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included (sections of East Texas, the Mississippi embayment areas of Arkansas and Tennessee, and northern and central Florida). ", "The landlocked US state of Tennessee is situated in the central southeastern United States . Tennessee borders eight other US states, Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Mississippi , Alabama , and Georgia in south, Arkansas and Missouri along the Mississippi River in west. The states nickname is \"The Volunteer State\". Tennessee consists of 95 counties.", "Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the Cotton State. The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, and largest city by total land area is Huntsville. The oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. ", "The border then takes a sharp turn around the tip of Rabun County, at latitude 35°N, though from this point it diverges slightly south (due to inaccuracies in the original survey). This was originally the Georgia and North Carolina border all the way back to the Mississippi River, until Tennessee was divided from North Carolina, and the Yazoo companies induced the legislature of Georgia to pass an act, approved by the governor in 1795, to sell the greater part of Georgia's territory presently comprising Alabama and Mississippi. ", "Georgia, the largest state in land area east of the Mississippi River, is a South Atlantic state bordered by Florida to the south, the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina to the east, North Carolina and Tennessee to the north, and Alabama to the west. The state has a varied landscape. There are mountains and ridges along its northern border and flat coastal plains in the south. The climate is generally mild and sunny.", "Georgia is the 24th largest state (land area) in the United States, the 9th most populous state (as of 2010) and the largest state east of the Mississippi River.", "Louisiana ( or ; , ; Louisiana Creole : Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States . Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans . Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes , which are local governments equivalent to counties . The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish , and the largest by land area is Plaquemines .", "The southeastern U.S. state of South Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State after the sabal palmetto (cabbage palmetto), logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War, they were invaluable to those defending the fort, because their spongy wood absorbed or deflected the British cannonballs. The sabal palmetto is also the state tree of Florida.", "In the State of Mississippi: Adams County, Amite County, Clairborne County, Clarke County, Copiah County, Covington County, Forrest County, Franklin County, George County, Greene County, Hancock County, Harrison County, Hinds County, Jackson County, Jasper County, Jefferson County, Jefferson Davis County, Jones County, Lamar County, Lauderdale County, Lawrence County, Lincoln County, Madison County, Marion County, Newton County, Pearl River County, Perry County, Pike County, Rankin County, Scott County, Simpson County, Smith County, Stone County, Walthall County, Warren County, Wayne County, Wilkinson County.", "The state of Georgia has the largest land area among the states located in the east of Mississippi River. It can be geographically divided into six major categories.", "a state in southeastern United States between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War", "South Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.", "Capital city: Nashville Year of induction: 1796 Order of induction: 16th Nickname: The Volunteer State State bird: Mockingbird State flower: Iris Main industries: Mining, electrical power, music, car manufacturing, farming and tourism Did you know? Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most visited national park in the USA.", "Arkansas is one of the Southern U.S. states, accepted into the union in June of 1836 as the 25th state. Arkansas has a land area of 53,180 square miles and a population of 2.9 million. Located near the geographical center of the state, Little Rock is both the state's capital and largest city.", "The southeastern part of the state is known as the Bootheel region, which is part of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain or Mississippi embayment. This region is the lowest, flattest, warmest, and wettest part of the state. It is also among the poorest, as the economy there is mostly agricultural. It is also the most fertile, with cotton and rice crops predominant. The Bootheel was the epicenter of the four New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812.", "The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15, 1836. Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union, the state would continue to suffer due to its earlier reliance on slavery and the plantation economy, causing the state to fall behind economically and socially. White rural interests continued to dominate the state's politics until the Civil Rights movement in the mid-20th century. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and now relies on its service industry as well as aircraft, poultry, steel and tourism in addition to cotton and rice.", "The State of Franklin was an autonomous, secessionist United States territory created, not long after the end of the American Revolution, from territory that later was ceded by North Carolina to the federal government. Franklin's territory later became part of the state of Tennessee. Franklin was never officially admitted into the Union of the United States and existed for only four years.", "The smallest state (but the one with the longest full name of \"Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\") is often just called Little Rhody, dating back perhaps as early as 1851 (and more recently, the Smallest State). In 1847, it was being referred to as the Plantation State (a reference to the state's full name). Because of its position, its other common nickname (mainly for the benefit of tourists) is the Ocean State, and this is what appears on its licence plates.", "Because the Missouri Compromise mandated that a new slave state had to be paired with a free state, Arkansas rushed to join the Union at the same time as Michigan. After a complicated legislative struggle, Congress created the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836, and state government began on September 13. The state constitution was much like those of other recently formed Southern states, implementing suffrage for free, white men and providing ironclad support for slavery." ]

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[ "Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630-700 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared, or below red and cannot be seen by human eyes.", "Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625-740 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared, or below red and cannot be seen by the naked human eye. Red is used as one of the additive primary colors of light, complementary to cyan, in RGB color systems. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors of RYB color space but not CMYK color space.", "The visible colours from shortest to longest wavelength are: violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.", "The visual perception of light that enables human eyes to differentiate between wavelengths of the visible spectrum, with the longest wavelengths appearing red and the shortest appearing blue or violet.", "Visible light waves are the only electromagnetic waves we can see. We see these waves as the colors of the rainbow. Each color has a different wavelength. Red has the longest wavelength and violet has the shortest wavelength. When all the waves are seen together, they make white light.", "As mentioned in the first section of Lesson 2 , our eyes are sensitive to a very narrow band of frequencies within the enormous range of frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. This narrow band of frequencies is referred to as the visible light spectrum. Visible light - that which is detectable by the human eye - consists of wavelengths ranging from approximately 780 nanometer (7.80 x 10-7 m) down to 390 nanometer (3.90 x 10-7 m). Specific wavelengths within the spectrum correspond to a specific color based upon how humans typically perceive light of that wavelength. The long wavelength end of the spectrum corresponds to light that is perceived by humans to be red and the short wavelength end of the spectrum corresponds to light that is perceived to be violet. Other colors within the spectrum include orange, yellow, green and blue. The graphic below depicts the approximate range of wavelengths that are associated with the various perceived colors within the spectrum.", "The figure above shows this part of the spectrum, together with the colors associated with particular pure wavelengths. Red light has the lowest frequencies and longest wavelengths, while violet has the highest frequencies and shortest wavelengths. Blackbody radiation from the Sun peaks in the visible part of the spectrum but is more intense in the red than in the violet, making the Sun yellowish in appearance.", "Violet and blue have the shortest wavelengths and the most energy , whereas red has the longest wavelengths and carries the least amount of energy.", "And in fact there are other colors that we can not refer directly to the eye. The red color has the largest wavelength, while violet has the smallest wavelength. How do rainbows form? Let us observe when the sunlight on the mirror or the edge of right-angled glass prism, or a soap bubble surface, we see different colors in the light.", "We see the natural and artificial light that illuminates our world as white, although it is actually a mixture of colors that, perceived on their own, would span the visual spectrum from deep blue to deep red. You can see this when rain separates sunlight into a rainbow or a glass prism separates white light into a multi-color band. The color of light is determined by its wavelength. Longer wavelength corresponds to red light and shorter wavelength corresponds to blue light.", "The eye contains cone cell photoreceptors (see Figure 1) embedded in the small central fovea of the retina that are tuned to respond to wavelengths distributed within these three regions (red, green, and blue) with specialized pigment proteins. All the colors of the visible light spectrum, ranging from violet to red, can be produced by adding or subtracting various combinations of the three primary colors. Light is perceived as white by humans when all three cone cell types are simultaneously stimulated by equal amounts of red, green, and blue light. Because the addition of these three colors yields white light, the colors red, green, and blue are termed the primary additive colors.", "The complete range of colors in the rainbow, from short wavelengths (blue) to long wavelengths (red).", "The word \"color\" actually refers to the light of a particular color, such as red light, yellow light, or blue light. The color of a light beam depends on just one factor: the wavelength of the light. Wavelength is defined as the distance between two exactly identical parts of a given wave. Red light consists of light waves with a wavelength of about 700 nanometers (billionths of a meter), yellow light has wavelengths of about 550 nanometers, and blue light has wavelengths of about 450 nanometers. But the wavelengths of colored light are not limited to specific ranges. For example, waves that have wavelengths of 600, 625, 650, and 675 nanometers would have orange, orangish-red, reddish-orange, and, finally, red colors.", "A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source, is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100. Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. However, the human brain tends to divide them into a small number of primary colours. The apparent discreteness of primary colours is an artefact of the human brain. Newton originally (1672) divided the spectrum in five primary colours: red, yellow, green, blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven primary colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale. The Munsell colour system removed orange and indigo again, and returned to five primary colours. The exact number of primary colours for humans is a somewhat arbitrary choice.", "). Using nanometers, violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red light have wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers. (This range is just a tiny part of the entire EM spectrum, so the light our eyes can see is just a little fraction of all the EM radiation around us.)", "Visible light is made up of the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. This rainbow of colors is called the spectrum.", "Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colors of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.", "The colour yellow, for example, is perceived when the L cones are stimulated slightly more than the M cones, and the colour red is perceived when the L cones are stimulated significantly more than the M cones. Similarly, blue and violet hues are perceived when the S receptor is stimulated more. Cones are most sensitive to light at wavelengths around 420 nm. However, the lens and cornea of the human eye are increasingly absorptive to shorter wavelengths, and this sets the short wavelength limit of human-visible light to approximately 380 nm, which is therefore called 'ultraviolet' light. People with aphakia, a condition where the eye lacks a lens, sometimes report the ability to see into the ultraviolet range. At moderate to bright light levels where the cones function, the eye is more sensitive to yellowish-green light than other colors because this stimulates the two most common (M and L) of the three kinds of cones almost equally. At lower light levels, where only the rod cells function, the sensitivity is greatest at a blueish-green wavelength.", "The electromagnetic spectrum doesn't stop with the colours you can see. It is perfectly possible to have wavelengths shorter than violet light or longer than red light.", "Violet is at one end of the spectrum of visible light, between blue and the invisible ultraviolet. It has the shortest wavelength of all the visible colors. It is the color the eye sees looking at light with a wavelength of between 380 and 450 nanometers.", "Table 1 contains a listing of the apparent color distribution perceived by humans for a number of narrow wavelength bands in the visible light spectrum. Relating specific colors to a region of wavelengths enables the differentiation between different tones, hues, and shades. It is possible for many different spectral distributions to produce identical color sensations (a phenomenon known as metamers). For example, a yellow color sensation may be caused by a single wavelength of light, for instance 590 nanometers, or it may be the result of viewing two equal amounts of light having individual wavelengths, such as 580 and 600 nanometers. It is also possible to view the color yellow as a narrow distribution encompassing all wavelengths between 580 and 600 nanometers. With regards to the human visual system, the same argument holds for all colors in the visible spectrum. However, recent studies indicate that some species (most notably, birds) can discriminate between colors perceived as metamers by humans.", "Rainbow is the only electromagnetic waves we can see. It consists of a spectrum of colors. My friends could say what are the colors we can see in the rainbow? Among the colors are: red, yellow, green, blue, orange, purple", "Color itself is determined by absorption and reflection of light. If something is red, it reflects light from the red portion of the spectrum and absorbs the rest. White is the absence of all color, reflecting the entire spectrum, while black absorbs all colors and reflects nothing (which is why black clothing is hot and white clothing cool on a sunny day). The factors that affect color visibility underwater are: (1) particulates in the water (the amount and type of organic matter suspended actually determines the color of the water itself); (2) depth; (3) distance; (4) weather; and (5) amplitude of light.", "In 1672, Sir Isaac Newton studied the interaction of visible light with a glass prism and first recognized that white light is actually a mixture of different colors representing the entire visible light spectrum. White light originates from a variety of natural and artificial incandescent sources, including the sun, chemical reactions (such as fire), and incandescent tungsten filaments. The broad emission spectrum from sources of this type is referred to as thermal radiation. Other sources of visible light, such as gas discharge tubes, are capable of emitting light in narrow, well-defined frequency ranges (representing a single color) that depend upon specific energy level transitions in the source material atoms. Strong perception of individual colors also results from specific absorption, reflection, or transmission characteristics of materials and objects that are illuminated with white light. The visible-ultraviolet light absorption spectrum of a common synthetic dye, Iris Blue B, is illustrated in Figure 6. Solutions of this brilliantly colored organic molecule absorb light in both the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, and appear to most humans as a rich, medium blue color.", "Wavelength of visible is defined as the distance between the two consecutive crests or between two consecutive troughs. Wavelength of the Visible Light Ranges from 380nm to 750 nm. In the electromagnetic spectrum, Infrared rays has higher wavelength than the visible rays and the ultraviolet rays has smaller wavelength as compared to the visible light. Also we have seen that the visible light contains different types of colors when the light is made to pass through the prism. Colors are produced based on their wavelength.", "The light with the highest energy will be the one with the highest frequency - that will be the one with the smallest wavelength. In other words, violet light at the 380 nm end of its range.", "A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100. Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.", "that the longer the wavelength, the redder the light and the shorter the wavelength, the bluer the light.", "The associated wavelengths are subject to individual variations in color perception. The electromagnetic spectrum covers an enormous range of wavelengths.", "certain colours or wavelengths of light. How many such pigments do humans need to see the vast", "A class of pigments which, when exposed to visible light, emit light of a different wave length producing a bright appearance.", "There's no universal distinction as to where colors begin and end. From a physics standpoint, it's all just a continuum of pure frequencies of light. (Well, not \"pure\", but dominated by a single frequency at each point.)" ]

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[ "The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas stretching from Trophy Club to Tyler and into parts of Louisiana during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.", "The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas and Louisiana during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107.", "On 1 February 2003 the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas and Louisiana as it re-entered Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members.", "The U.S. space shuttle Columbia broke up 203,000 feet over north central Texas about 9 a.m. EST on Feb. 1, 2003, as it descended from orbit into the atmosphere toward a landing at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Seven astronauts aboard the shuttle were lost in the disaster.", "The Columbia Regional Geospatial Service Center on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University is named for the space shuttle that disintegrated over Texas on Feb. 1, 2003, resulting in the death of all seven astronauts aboard.", "February 1, 2003 - A tragedy at NASA occurs when the Space Shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry over Texas. All seven astronauts inside are killed.", "Columbia was cleared to return to Earth on the morning of Feb. 1. When searing gases generated by reentry entered the orbiter through the hole in the wing, Columbia disintegrated over Texas, killing the seven crew members.", "Columbia, U.S. space shuttle. On its 28th flight, on Feb. 1, 2003, after completing a 16-day scientific mission, the spacecraft disintegrated during reentry, killing its seven-person crew. About 16 minutes before its expected landing at the Kennedy Space Center, when Columbia was about 203,000 ft (61,900 m) above Texas, communication with the spacecraft was lost; shortly thereafter reports of falling debris began coming in from E Texas and Louisiana. The disaster, the second in the space shuttle program (see also Challenger ), led to the suspension of shuttle flights.", "Sadly, Challenger was not the space shuttle program's only tragedy. On Feb. 1, 2003, the orbiter Columbia broke apart upon re-entering Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board.", "The space shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it tried to reenter the Earth's atmosphere after a sixteen-day mission in space. All seven members of the crew were lost.", "The Columbia Space Shuttle disintegrated during its return to earth on February 1, 2003. The crew of seven astronauts died that... day. As a result, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) was created to investigate the cause of the tragic accident. The exact cause of the of the accident was that the a piece of the foam insulating material from the external tank broke free and struck the leading edge of the shuttle’s wing which damaged the heat shielding panels. The impact allowed super-heated...", "2003/02/01 45 - Space shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry into Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board.", "2003/02/01 28 - Space shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry into Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts on board.", "members. Three astronauts had died on what But 73 seconds after takeoff, America watched would have been the Apollo One in horror as McAuliffe’s dream ended mission. But that was in the early in a massive explosion. As the days, and by the time of the smoke from the destroyed Challenger disaster, NASA shuttle craft billowed had hoped that such across the sky, throwing tragedies – and public debris down into the relations disasters – Atlantic Ocean, a When seven astronauts died after the space were things of the stunned shock fell shuttle Columbia disintegrated on re-entering past. The optimism across the nation. the earth’s atmosphere on 1 February 2003, it was that had surrounded Something had gone the worst space disaster since Challenger was lost. Officially blamed on a compromised heat shield, the space program, terribly, terribly many of the questions and theories first raised enveloping it almost wrong. Seven crew about Challenger could spookily be applied like a protective shield, members had met to Columbia. However, some saw a grim significance in the fact that the debris from was rent asunder by horrible deaths in the a shuttle carrying an Israeli astronaut the Challenger explosion. destruction of Challenger. rained down over an area of NASA’s dreams of further This was not the first Texas called Palestine. space exploration ground to a time NASA had lost crew virtual halt for almost two years.", "After the accident, NASA refrained from sending astronauts into space for more than two years as it redesigned a number of the shuttle’s features. Flights began again in September 1988 with the successful launching of Discovery. Since then, the space shuttle has carried out numerous important missions, including the repair and maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the construction of the International Space Station. On February 1, 2003, a second space shuttle disaster rocked the United States when Columbia disintegrated upon reentry, killing all aboard. While missions resumed in July 2005, the space shuttle is slated for retirement in 2011.", "The Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" lifts off from Kennedy Space Center on April 12, 1981. STS-1 was the inaugural flight of the Space Transportation System. Columbia's 28th flight would end tragically when, on February 1, 2003, she would break apart during reentry resulting in the death of her crew.", "Nasa's two other shuttles, Challenger and Columbia, were destroyed in flight during missions in 1986 and 2003 respectively, each disaster costing seven astronauts their lives. In all, the five shuttles flew 542m miles, including missions to release satellites and launch and repair the Hubble space telescope.", "As the shuttle went through the final minutes of its re-entry on Feb. 1, 2003, NASA lost contact with the shuttle over Texas. Controllers spent several minutes trying to hail the shuttle as the families of the astronauts waited at the expected landing site at the Kennedy Space Center.", "U.S. space shuttle Challenger lifts off from Kennedy Space Center, 72 seconds before explosion kills its crew of seven. [NASA, AP/Wide World Photos]", "Columbia was destroyed at about 0900 EST on February 1, 2003 while re-entering the atmosphere.  When the shuttle took off, unknown to the crew, a large piece of insulation on the main fuel tank came loose, striking the leading edge of one of the spacecraft’s wings, punching a hole in it. During the heat of reentry, the wing disintegrated. The", "The accident on Feb. 1, 2003, killed six Americans and Israel's first astronaut. They were returning home from a 16-day science mission when the shuttle disintegrated over Texas, just minutes from landing in Florida.", "1986: Space shuttle Challenger explodes moments after lift-off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, killing all seven crew members.", "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster INTRODUCTION: The Space... Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States, at 11:39 a.m. EST (16:39 UTC). Disintegration of the entire vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The...", "Spectators in the VIP area at the Kennedy Space Center, Fla., watch as the Space Shuttle Challenger lifts from Pad 39-B, January 28, 1986. The shuttle, carrying a crew of seven, including the first teacher in space, exploded about 73 seconds after launch. All were killed. (AP Photo/Bruce Weaver)", "The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when the NASA Space Shuttle orbiter Challenger (OV-099) (mission STS-51-L) broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members, which included five NASA astronauts and two Payload Specialists. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 11:39 EST (16:39 UTC). Disintegration of the vehicle began after an O-ring seal in its right solid rocket booster (SRB) failed at liftoff. The O-ring was not designed to fly under unusually cold conditions as in this launch. Its failure caused a breach in the SRB joint it sealed, allowing pressurized burning gas from within the solid rocket motor to reach the outside and impinge upon the adjacent SRB aft field joint attachment hardware and external fuel tank. This led to the separation of the right-hand SRB's aft field joint attachment and the structural failure of the external tank. Aerodynamic forces broke up the orbiter.", "24            Which Space Shuttle broke up just after take-off in 1986 & which one broke up on re-entry in 2003?", "On 28 January 1986 American space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after launch, killing all seven on board.", "On Jan. 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after lift-off from Cape Canaveral, killing all seven astronauts aboard.", "On January 28, 1986 the Challenger was prepared for launch from Pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center. The temperature that day hovered at 27 degrees Fahrenheit. McAuliffe and Jarvis, payload specialists, were in the mid-deck of the tri-level crew-module along with mission specialist Onizuka. The pilot and navigators were assigned to the upper flight deck, while the bottom deck served as an equipment bay. The shuttle's external fuel tank, 153 feet long by 27 feet wide, carried over one million pounds of fuel. The tank would separate when empty, as would the tanks of the twin solid rocket boosters, each nearly as large as the fuel tank and designed to burn out within three minutes after launch. The tiles on the outside of the Challenger could withstand heat of 2,300 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit. Mission 51-L would have been the tenth voyage into space for the 122-foot Challenger, but the catastrophic flight lasted a mere 74 seconds. At 11:39 a.m. the fuel tanks exploded, much of the spacecraft disintegrated, and all aboard perished. Helpless, horrified onlookers watched as the shuttle carrying seven astronauts fizzled like a flare and fell into the sea.", "7. What was the name of the Space Shuttle that broke up during re-entry in February 2004?", "1986: The Shuttle program comes to an abrupt end on January 28, 1986 when Challenger, one of the Shuttle fleet, explodes one minute after launch of mission STS-51-L , killing all seven people onboard.", "In 1986, Which US space shuttle went up in flames immediately after its launch, killing all seven astronauts?" ]

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[ "        According to an act of Congress, the Oregon trail begins in Independence, Missouri, and ends in Oregon City, Oregon. Unofficially, the starting point could be Council Bluffs, St. Joseph, Saint Louis, or possibly other places. The first major migration via the Oregon Trail to &#0147Oregon Country occurred in 1843. In the 1840&#0146s the vast majority of emigrants who used the Oregon trail were farmers bound for Oregon. The gold strike in California in 1848 brought many Argonauts over the eastern part of the trail, then they turned southwest after passing Fort Hall. That part of the Oregon Trail that starts in Missouri and just passes Fort Hall is sometimes called the Oregon ~ California Trail.", "While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove, the Oregon Trail's primary starting point was Independence, Missouri, or Westport, (which was annexed into modern day Kansas City), on the Missouri River. Later, several feeder trails led across Kansas, and some towns became starting points, including Weston, Fort Leavenworth, Atchison, St. Joseph, and Omaha.", "The Oregon Trail ran approximately 2,000 miles from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains and then to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The trip took four to six months. Independence, Missouri, is considered the beginning of the Oregon Trail and Oregon City, Oregon , is considered the end. The trail was busy, lasting from the early 1840s and ending with the coming of the railroad at the end of the 1860s. Large scale migration began in 1843, when a wagon train of over 800 people with 120 wagons and 5,000 cattle made the five month journey.", "The Oregon Trail is the longest of the overland routes used in the westward expansion of the United States. The Trail used from 1840 to 1860 began in Missouri and ended in Oregon. It was about 2,000 miles long.", "For hundreds of thousands of settlers in the 19th century, the Oregon Trail was the only practical path to the western areas of the United States. Beginning in Missouri, the trail snaked through Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and Oregon, while also touching parts of Washington and Iowa. About 10 percent of those who took the 2,000-mile trek west died along the route, but those who successfully navigated the trail were rewarded with wide open expanses on which to begin a new settlement.", "The route of the Oregon Trail began to be scouted by fur traders and explorers as early as 1823, and by the 1830's it was being regularly used by mountain men, traders, missionaries, and military expeditions. At the same time, small groups of individuals and the occasional family attempted to follow the trail, with some making it all the way to Fort Vancouver in Washington. Benjamin Bonneville is credited with taking the first wagons through South Pass in the 1830's. Nathaniel J. Wyeth also led companies over the trail, and John C. Fr�mont surveyed a portion of the route for the United States Army in 1841.", "Oregon Trail below Signal Hill, east of The Dalles, Oregon. Information via volunteer guide, Horsethief Lake Park (Columbia Hills State Park), Washington. Image taken October 15, 2011.", "\"The Oregon Trail officially ended at Abernethey Green in Oregon City. The town was not much to boast of in the 1840s. Maria Belshaw called it the \"worst looking place for a City I ever saw.\" The town was started in 1842 by Dr. John McLoughlin, who chose the site because of its location next to the falls of the Willamette River. The falls prohibited water navigation farther south and provided power for McLoughlin's sawmill. From here, emigrants fanned out across the fertile Willamette Valley to the south in search of the new homes they had come so far to find. Today, the End of the Oregon Trial Interpretive Center is lcoated at Abernethy Green.\"", "The Oregon Trail covered approximately 2,000 miles from Missouri, Iowa, or Nebraska, ending in the Oregon Territory .", "The first Europeans and Euro-Americans to see the far west were mountain men, trappers, overland explorers, and maritime explorers of the fur trade era. Maps and reports published information about landscapes and resources. Fur trading posts began to spring up throughout the interior. John Jacob Astor of the American Fur Company established Astoria on the west coast in 1811, and the next year sent Robert Stuart eastward with dispatches. Weaving together a series of Indian trails, Stuart found South Pass through the Rockies, a route with an elevation of 7000 feet and easy grades which allowed passage through this barrier. Stuart's route would ultimately become the Oregon Trail.", "The mountain men were chiefly responsible for making the route known, and Thomas Fitzpatrick and James Bridger were renowned as guides. Capt. Benjamin de Bonneville first took wagons over South Pass in 1832. The first genuine emigrant train was that led by John Bidwell in 1841, half of which went to California, the rest proceeding from Fort Hall to Oregon. The first train of emigrants to reach Oregon was that led by Elijah White in 1842. In 1843 occurred the \"great emigration\" of more than 900 persons and more than 1,000 head of stock. Four trains made the journey in 1844, and by 1845 the emigrants reached a total of over 3,000. Although it took the average train six months to traverse the c.2,000-mi (3,200-km) route, the trail was used for many years. Travel gradually declined with the coming of the railroads, and the trail was abandoned in the 1870s. Many trail sites are now preserved in the Oregon National Historic Trail (see National Parks and Monuments , table). An interpretive center is in Baker City, Oreg.", "The route started on the banks of the Missouri River, originally at Independence, then Westport, then Weston across from Fort Leavenworth. The first route followed the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas Territory. The Westport Road bypassed the Santa Fe Trail, went through Shawnee Mission in Kansas, and caught up with the Oregon Trail at Lawrence. The Weston route caught up with the main trunk of the Trail at the Big Blue River.", "In 1841 and 1842, the first two years of the Trail's use by emigrant parties, the overland route ended at Fort Walla Walla, at the mouth of the Walla Walla River. From there, emigrants rafted their wagons down the Columbia River to the Willamette River Valley. For the next three years, the overland segment ended at The Dalles. Here, the pioneers had a choice of building rafts to carry their wagons down the Columbia or abandoning their wagons for British bateaux to Fort Vancouver and Oregon City. Beginning in 1846, the Barlow Road around Mount Hood became the preferred route for more than two-thirds of all emigrants -- except in the years 1847 and 1852, when early snowfalls slowed the route. Even the Barlow Road had some alternates as travelers found better routes or chanced fines by going around the toll gates.", "The third phase of the early American expansion strategy was in essence an extension of the National Road via a series of settlement trails, by far the most important and famous of which was the Oregon Trail. While less of a formal construction than the National Road, the Oregon Trail opened up far larger territories. The trail was directly responsible for the initial settling of Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and Oregon. A wealth of secondary trails branched off from the main artery — the Mormon, Bozeman, California and Denver trails — and extended the settlement efforts to Montana, Colorado, Utah, Nevada and California. The trails were all active from the early 1840s until the completion of the country's first transcontinental railway in 1869. That project's completion reduced East Coast-West Coast travel time from six months to eight days and slashed the cost by 90 percent (to about $1,100 in 2011 dollars). The river of settlers overnight turned into a flood, finally cementing American hegemony over its vast territories.", "There are two other similar signs, as well. One in Oregon City at Abernethy Green points to the \"End of the Oregon Trail,\" and another (a gift from Oregon City) in Independence, Missouri, reads \"Beginning of the Oregon Trail.\"", "Located near the Overland/Oregon Trail south of town, east of the South Pass, near the \"Burnt Ranch\" site. Exact location has been lost to history. Col. Frederick Lander camped near the abandoned post in 1857 and established \"Mile Post Zero\" to begin the \"Lander Cutoff\" of the Oregon Trail, which opened to travelers in 1859.", "Starting in 1842–1843, the Oregon Trail brought many new American settlers to Oregon Country. For some time, it seemed that Britain and the United States would go to war for a third time in 75 years (see Oregon boundary dispute), but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty. The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel. The Oregon Territory was officially organized in 1848.", "Independence saw great prosperity from the late 1830s through the mid-1840s, while the business of outfitting pioneers boomed. Between 1848 and 1868, it was a hub of the California Trail. On March 8, 1849, the Missouri General Assembly granted a home-rule charter to the town and on July 18, 1849, William McCoy was elected as its first mayor. In the mid-19th century an Act of the United States Congress defined Independence as the start of the Oregon Trail.", "1843 1st major wagon train heading for the Northwest sets out with 1000 pioneers from Elm Grove, MO on the Oregon Trail", "During the heyday of the Oregon Trail, both Umatilla and Irrigon had portions of the Oregon Trail turning north and reaching the Columbia River.", "The Oregon Trail, an over 2000-mile trail across America, was a common route to Oregon during the early 1840s.", "Explorers and fur traders are credited with first forging the route. The western portion of the trail was covered by explorers Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838) in their 1804–1806 expedition to the Pacific. But it did not become heavily used by wagons until about 1842, the same year that military officer and future politician John C. Fremont (1813–1890) surveyed a portion of the route for the U.S. Army. After the Territory of Oregon was set up by the U.S. government in 1848, an increasing number of settlers made their way westward across the winding Oregon Trail. The route was heavily used through the 1860s. However, at the completion of transcontinental railroads its importance diminished by the end of the century.", "The Lewis and Clark Expedition did not directly lead to settlement in the West. In some ways, efforts like the settlement of the trading post at Astoria (in present day Oregon) were more important. And it wasn't until the Oregon Trail became popular, decades later, that large numbers of settlers began moving into the Pacific Northwest.", "In Central Oregon, there was the Santiam Wagon Road (established 1861), which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley. The Applegate Trail (established 1846), cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada, crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley. U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail.", "\"River crossings were difficult for Oregon Trail emigrants and the Deschutes River was no exception. John McAllister, emigrant of 1852, warned \"danger attends the crossage here ... many large rocks and at the same time a very rapid current.\"   Emigrants, wagons and livestock all had to cross the river and casualties were common. Amelia Hadley, emigrant of 1851, noted a canoes \"bottom side up, with a pair of boots tied in the captern.\"   Early emigrants often hired local Indians to assist at this river crossing. During the 1850s pioneer entrepreneurs seized control of the ford and offered expensive ferry service. A toll bridge was established by 1864.\"", "The Pacific coast area in dispute , called the Oregon country, stretched from the crest of the Rockies in the east to the ocean in the west, and from the 42nd parallel in the south (today's California-Oregon border) to the parallel of 54 degrees, 40 minutes in the north (today's Alaska-British Columbia border). This territory was claimed by the various explorers who arrived first by sea and then by land. At different times, then, Spain and Russia were among those contesting the region, but between 1818 and 1824 the Spanish and Russians relinquished their claims to the territory south of Alaska and north of California. Thereafter, only Great Britain and the United States, among the developed nations, competed for the Oregon Country.", "Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats (fitted out for ferry duty) to cross into towns in Nebraska. Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855. Fort Kearny (est. 1848) is about 200 mi from the Missouri River, and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west. The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies, do repairs, get medical aid, or mail a letter. Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort.", "Those who planned to travel the trail congregated in St. Louis in early spring to begin the four- to six-month trek. This would be the last big city most would visit. Settlers loaded wagons and supplies onto steamships to travel 200 miles upstream on the Missouri River, departing when the river began heading north. The easy part of the journey ended there.", "Without question, the Northeast quadrant is dominated by the mountains of the northern Appalachians. The famed Appalachian Trail (A.T.) passes over or comes within two miles of five of these highpoints, including the northern terminus of the A.T. and the gem of the Northeast - Katahdin , Maine. At 5,267 feet, Katahdin sharply rises some 4,000 feet above the surrounding landscape and its impressive profile have led some to call it the only western peak east of the Mississippi. Though it is a state highpoint, Katahdin is probably best known as the finish line to the A.T. for approximately 300 folks who annually complete the nearly 2,200 mile trek from Springer Mountain, Georgia. ", "Establishing contact with this group for the first time, Lewis and Clark communicated via sign language with one of the Nez Perce leaders, Chief Twisted Hair. Over the following two and a half weeks, the Corps stayed with the Nez Perce, specifically within their two villages located at the southern end of Weippe Prairie. There, the Americans rested, recuperated, and learned much from the Nez Perce, namely the existence of a navigable water route to the West Coast. Furthermore, they learned why the Nez Perce chose to reside in the shadow of the Bitterroots. Unbeknownst to the pioneers, Weippe Prairie, also known as the \"Quawmash flats,\" was an area rich in the camas plant/root, providing the Nez Perce with a consistent and healthy food source. Aside from giving the expedition their fill of camas, the Nez Perce provided for the pioneers in other ways. Twisted Hair accompanied the Corps to a canoe camp, where the expedition members immediately set to constructing canoes in preparation for their journey down Clearwater River and beyond. The explorers were finally ready to set out for the Pacific by mid-October 1805, by way of the Columbia River.", "The explorers traveled approximately eight miles northeastward to the southern portion of the Weippe Prairie, near the spot where they first met the Nez Perce a year earlier. Finally, on June 15, the Corps set out over the Lolo Trail on their journey home.", "which is most true of the first big group of pioneers that traveled the Oregon Trail? - they followed a well-known route" ]

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[ "Grand Marnier (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ maʁnje]) Cordon Rouge is an orange-flavored cognac liqueur created in 1880 by Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle. It is made from a blend of Cognac brandy, distilled essence of bitter orange, and sugar. Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge is 40% alcohol (70 Proof in UK, 80 Proof in US). Aside from Cordon Rouge, the Grand Marnier line includes other liqueurs, most of which can be consumed \"neat\" as a cordial or a digestif, and can be used in mixed drinks and desserts. In France this kind of use is the most popular, especially with Crêpes Suzette and \"crêpes au Grand Marnier\". César Ritz reportedly came up with the name \"Grand Marnier\" for Marnier-Lapostolle, who in return helped him purchase and establish the Hotel Ritz Paris.", "Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge is an orange-flavored liqueur created in 1880 by Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle. It is made from a blend of Cognac brandy, distilled essence of bitter orange, and sugar. Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge is 40% alcohol (70 Proof in UK, 80 Proof in US). Aside from Cordon Rouge, the Grand Marnier line includes other liqueurs, most of which can be consumed \"neat\" as a cordial or a digestif, and can be used in mixed drinks and desserts. In France this kind of use is the most popular, especially with Crêpes Suzette and \"crêpes au Grand Marnier\". César Ritz (1850–1918) reportedly came up with the name \"Grand Marnier\" for Marnier-Lapostolle, who in return helped him purchase and establish the Hotel Ritz Paris. ", "Grand Marnier can be used in mixed drinks. Some examples of these include the Cosmopolitan, Margarita, Sidecar, Dirty Harry, Grand Mimosa, B-52, the Grand Marnier Smash, The Grand Smash, The Smash Marnier, The Bloody Smash, The Maced Marnier, The Ace Marnier Smash, Frosty Smash, The Smace, The Grand Hound, The Blood Pug, The Clarke, The Nogley and the Grand Marnier Fireball. The common versions of the Cosmopolitan and the Margarita call for triple-sec Curaçao liqueur, such as Cointreau, instead of Grand Marnier Cordon Rouge, an orange-flavored cognac liqueur.", "First created in 1880 by Alexandre Marnier-Lampostolle, Grand Marnier is an alcoholic beverage made from a combination of various cognacs, distilled essence of orange, and other flavorings and ingredients. About 40 percent alcohol by content (about 80 proof), Grand Marnier is often consumed “neat” or “straight” (by itself ); it is also mixed with other spirits and beverages for a variety of mixed drinks.", "American bartender Payman Bahmani who is pouring at Ounce in Taipei, Taiwan uses it frequently “in Daisies and drinks that I want to keep on the drier side. He makes a rye-based Sidecar called Ryedin’ Shotgun with a split of Cointreau and Grand Marnier, half an ounce of each.” For tiki drinks and other drinks that use a lot of crushed ice, he prefers Grand Marnier because he feels its orange flavors hold up better.", "We call it the Flaming B-52. In a shot glass pour 1/3 oz. Kahlua, then use a maraschino cherry to layer on 1/3 oz. Bailey's and then 1/3 oz. Ameretto. Put a splash of Bacardi 151 on top and serve flaming. I've got a mustache so I put the damn thing out before I drink it. Best way to do that is to put your palm flat out on top of the glass; you get extra points if the resulting vacuum attaches the glass to your palm and you can pick it up off the bar without touching it with your fingers.", "The B-52 shot was first created in Calgary, Canada back in 1977. It soon became a booming success that spread throughout the world. The B-52 today is a well-established drink; it’s been loved by a shedload of partygoers and fired up by numberless lighters. Want to layer one yourself? Get groovy with the 70s and 80s classic, the B-52 shot .", "An Italian liqueur made from elderberries and flavored with licorice. Rome's drink of choice, this usually colorless alcohol can be served with 3 or 4 coffee beans to enhance its already unbelievable taste. At 42% alcohol (84 proof) it's amazing the consumer can hardly taste the alcohol! Once the shot has been downed, a warming sensation travels through the drinker's throat, providing a joyous, comforting feeling. The aftertaste is that of black licorice. No chaser is needed, for no chase could drown out the flavor of King Sammy B. Sambuca is and forever will be the king of all drinks. All you Fleischmann's and Admiral Nelson's shall bow down and rejoice in his presence. Long live sambuca !", "They use bailey's and tia maria or kalhua, and then usually pour some stroh 80 on top to light it (cointreau is also used in some bars) then drink it with a straw from the shot glass...", "Pour 1½ ounces Grand Marnier, 1 ounce lemon juice and 1 ounce simple syrup in a cocktail shaker filled with ice. Shake and strain into an ice-filled pilsner glass. Add a splash of chilled soda water and top off with chilled Revolver Sidewinder Pale Ale, or Revolver Blood and Honey. There’s no need to stir – the beer will settle into the drink. Makes 1 serving.", "Grand Marnier 150, technically called Cuvée Spéciale Cent Cinquantenaire (\"Special Sesquicentennial Edition\"), was awarded a Gold Medal at the Salon des Arts Ménagers in 1983 – Brussels, and is the finest type of Grand Marnier. Also Double Gold Medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition in 2007. It is made with up to 50-year-old cognacs sealed within hand-finished frosted glass bottles featuring hand-painted Art Nouveau decorations. At approximately $220 USD per bottle, it was previously marketed under the slogan \"Hard to find, impossible to pronounce, and prohibitively expensive.\" ", "Grand Marnier 150, technically called Cuvée Spéciale Cent Cinquantenaire (\"Special Sesquicentennial Edition\"), was awarded a Gold Medal at the Salon des Arts Ménagers in 1983 – Brussels, and is the finest type of Grand Marnier. Also Double Gold Medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition in 2007. It is made with up to 50-year-old cognacs sealed within hand-finished frosted glass bottles featuring hand-painted Art Nouveau decorations. At approximately $220 USD per bottle, it was previously marketed under the slogan \"Hard to find, impossible to pronounce, and prohibitively expensive.\"", "40-50 mL lemon juice, 90 mL gin, 1 white of egg, 15 mL cream, 1.5 tsp (7.5 mL) sugar, 3-4 ice cubes, 90 mL cold champagne. Shake the first 6 ingredients in a shaker. Strain. Add champagne. The French 75 was first made by American army officers and got his name from a French First World War rapid fire gun. Older version: 1 tsp (5 mL) absinthe, 1 part gin, 2 parts calvados. If bourbon whiskey is substituted for the gin, it becomes a French 95, and if cognac is substituted for gin, it becomes a French 125. [23]", "Cointreau is a brand of triple sec (an orange-flavoured liqueur) produced in Saint-Barthélemy-d'Anjou, France. It is drunk as an apéritif and digestif, and is a component of several well-known cocktails. It was originally called \"Curaçao Blanco Triple Sec\". ", "\"Dug Out\" sides include collard greens with Tabasco butter, whipped potato mash with truffle salsa and almond buttered broccoli. Banoffee pie, with banana and toffee whipped cream, sweet potato doughnuts with chocolate filling and warm pineapple upside down cake are some of the club's \"Home Run\" desserts. Speciality cocktail service covers their signature \"40/40\" drink of Stoli vanilla vodka and Godiva white chocolate with a chocolate syrup swirl to the \"A-Rod Steal\" with Grey Goose L'Orange vodka, triple sec, orange juice and Sprite.", "Cut 1 qt. raw alcohol to 84 proof. Add 4 to 6 drops of Cognac flavoring or more to taste. Use caramel recipe (see Bourbon) to color.", "There’s a lot going on in this drink, but that describes a good number of Lee Heffter’s drinks on the rotating menu at Five Sixty, the Wolfgang Puck Asian-themed restaurant atop Reunion Tower downtown. With Bulleit rye, Cointreau, simple syrup, lemon, Pernod, Peychaud’s bitters and a barspoon of cherry juice, it’s a one-two punch of tart cherry/orange and sweet licorice. If you ever wondered what would happen if a Sidecar crashed into a Sazerac, here’s your answer. You’re welcome.", "Ingredients 2 ¼ ounces bourbon ¾ ounce Grand Marnier 1½ teaspoons orange juice 1 teaspoon lemon juice 1 or 2 dashes Angostura bitters", "Strong, blonde anniversary ale with a light fluffy gassiness. There is a hint of champagne in the dry tropical fruit flavours (guava?) and a hint of lavender. Lightly hopped with a well judged sweetness from the two types of sugar used.", " A liqueur made from a mix of butter and brown sugar that tastes like butterscotch candy. Sometimes referred to as Buttershots (brand name produced by DeKuyper). ", "50 ml Bourbon, 10 ml Sweet Vermouth, 10 ml Dry Vermouth, 2 dashes Angostura Bitters, Orange peel", "A \"B and B\" is made from equal parts of cognac (brandy) and Bénédictine. It is typically served on the rocks, but may also be served straight. The producers of Bénédictine market this cocktail ready-mixed under the label \"B & B.\"", "1oz (30 mL) Vodka. Celery salt the rim of the glass. Dash Worcestershire sauce, dash Tabasco, Clamato Juice Serve in a highball, garnish Lemon/Lime, Salt/Pepper and a celery stick. (Only Available in Canada)", "Camo 5X Malt Liquor (it comes in a camouflage bottle, so don't put it down on the ground -- it's hard enough to find your beer after you've had a few) contains 8% alcohol by weight. St. Ides Malt Liquor (as promoted by Ice Cube, the rap star: this is from his rap tune on a St. Ides commercial -- I am not making this up -- \"It'll make your jimmy thicker and get your woman in the mood quicker\") is 7.3% alcohol. Some of the others, like Colt 45 and Mickeys (my house brand) have less than 5.6% alcohol.", "Here is some history on the interesting choice of beverage for the winner of “The Greatest Spectacle in Racing” year after year. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway writes this:", "The 2006 entry for the Bacardi Cocktail Competition. The mixologists from the Cuban are sure to be leading contenders again this year. A magic blend of Grandfater Bacardi 8 years old, Creme de Mure, maple syrup, fresh blackberries, fresh lemon juice and pomegranate juice.", "Full flavoured bottle conditioned lager that would hold it's own against the likes of Duvel despite only being 5% in strength. Slightly soapy taste at first but develops a very rounded mouthfeel.", "I bought a bottle of Jager the next day and seeing that I like the taste of FT better than RB, I now use it with 1/3 glass of Full Throttle and 1.5 oz Jager. Tastes way better that way to me. I now also put a little sugar on the rim of the glass.", "Both MacElhone and Vermiere state the recipe as equal parts cognac, Cointreau, and lemon juice, now known as \"the French school\". Later, an \"English school\" of sidecars emerged, as found in the Savoy Cocktail Book (1930), which call for two parts cognac and one part each of Cointreau and lemon juice.", "The French 75 is a Cocktail which consists of either Gin, Fresh Lemon Juice, Sugar, and Champagne.", "What a crazy drink!! Me and a buddy shotted the bottle!! Half can of Red bull each glass was good..", "Lounge 5280  is a traveling cocktail fan’s dream come true, one of the country’s few authentic craft-cocktail bars actually based in an airport. Naturally, the menu features the classic Aviation, while behind the bar spirits like Averna and Nolet’s gin offer promise. There’s even a rotating barrel-aged cocktail. Did I mention this is at an airport?" ]

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[ "The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics of the song come from a poem titled “Defence of Fort McHenry”, written by Francis Scott Key in September, 1814 after witnessing the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812 . Over 200 years later, the song is now the most popular song of American patriotism and the official national song of the U.S.", "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", a poem written on September 14, 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory.", "During the war of 1812 (on September 14, 1814), poet Francis Scott Key wrote a poem entitled “Defense of Fort McHenry”, being inspired by seeing the American flag still flying amidst the battle. Key never meant for it to become a song, or a national anthem, yet after showing the poem to his brother in law Judge Joseph H Nicholson, Nicholson noticed the poem could fit the tune “The Anacreontic Song” (also known as “To Anacraeon in Heaven”), a song originally written for a gentlemen’s social club in London, but gained popularity outside Great Britain, including in the United States, where by this time the tune was familiar to American ears. Key may have had this tune in mind when he wrote the poem; an earlier poem of his called “When the Warrior Returns” was also in the same rhythym, could be set to the same tune, and is of similar subject matter – the last two lines of each stanza of that poem also end with “wave” and “brave”.", "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "The Battle of Baltimore was a sea/land battle fought between British invaders and American defenders in the War of 1812. American forces repulsed sea and land invasions off the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British forces. The British and Americans first met at North Point. Though the Americans retreated, the battle was a successful delaying action that inflicted heavy casualties on the British, halted their advance and allowed the defenders at Baltimore to properly prepare for an attack. The resistance of Baltimore’s Fort McHenry during bombardment by the Royal Navy inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", which later became the lyrics for \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" the national anthem of the United States of America.", "September 14, 1814 — Francis Scott Key was today inspired to write the poem, “Defence of Fort M’Henry.” Those words  later become lyrics of “Star-Spangled Banner.”", "1814 - Francis Scott Key wrote the \"Star-Spangled Banner,\" a poem originally known as \"Defense of Fort McHenry,\" after witnessing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, MD, during the War of 1812. The song became the official U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931.", "Figure 2: Francis Scott Key– lawyer, author, and amateur poet who wrote the lyrics to what eventually became the US national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner” which was based on his experience witnessing the 1814 bombardment of Fort McHenry in the Battle of Baltimore while he was a prisoner on a British ship during the War of 1812. It would be published in the American and Commercial Daily Advertiser that same year as “Defence of Fort M’Henry.” He later took it to Thomas Carr who adapted it to a melody of a popular drinking love song “To Anacreon in Heaven” and it became “The Star-Spangled Banner” ever since. Though somehow difficult to sing, the song became increasingly popular, competing with “Hail Columbia,” as the de facto national anthem during both the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War. More than a century after its publication, it was adopted as the US national anthem first by an Executive Order by Woodrow Wilson in 1916 and then by Congressional resolution in 1931. Also wrote some religious poems that were used in Christian hymns.", "These few words—the opening line of the United States’ national anthem, “The Star Spangled Banner”—are some of the most recognizable in American history and move the heart all that hear them. Nearly every school child in America knows that Francis Scott Key wrote the anthem as a poem after observing the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor throughout the night of 13 September and into the morning of 14 September 1814. From his vantage point on a British ship he watched through the rainy night as British guns pummeled the fort. As dawn broke, Key saw a massive American flag defiantly flying over the fort signaling that the British attack had failed. Had the British captured and burned Baltimore, as they had Washington the month before, Philadelphia and New York City would have been the next likely targets.", "During the War of 1812, Fort McHenry, sentinel of Baltimore's harbor, was bombarded with advanced weapons, including rockets, and on September 13, 1814. Francis Scott Key was so inspired as he watched the attack, that he wrote the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" in praise of the successful defense of the fort.", "Sep 14 Francis Scott Key inspired to write the poem \"Defence of Fort M'Henry\", later becomes lyrics of the \"Star-Spangled Banner\"", "In 1814, during the British attempt to capture Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner.” During the Civil War , Maryland was a slave state but remained in the Union. Consequently, Marylanders fought on both sides and many families were divided.", "In 1814, during the British attempt to capture Baltimore, the bombardment of Fort McHenry inspired Francis Scott Key to write the words to “The Star-Spangled Banner.” During the Civil War, Maryland was a slave state but remained in the Union. Consequently, Marylanders fought on both sides and many families were divided.", "In the harbor, Commander George Armistead's forces stood against the the British Naval bombardment that hurled over 1500 canon balls at Fort McHenry. They naval action inspired Francis Scott Key to compose the poem \"Defence of Fort McHenry,\" which later became the United States National Anthem.", "On the evening of this day in 1814, Francis Scott Key, a young lawyer who had come to negotiate the release of an American friend, was detained in Baltimore harbor on board a British vessel.   Throughout the night and into the early hours of the next morning, Key watched as the British bombarded nearby Fort McHenry with rockets, a new military technology.   As dawn broke, he was amazed to see the Stars and Stripes, though somewhat tattered, still flying above Fort McHenry.   This experience inspired him to write the lyrics of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", which he set to the tune of a popular drinking song, \"To Anacreon in Heaven\".   The song soon became the de facto national anthem of the United States of America and, in 1931, the official anthem.", "It was written on the morning of 14th September 1814 by Francis Scott Key, a government lawyer, on a board an American sloop anchored with the British fleet about eight miles off Fort McHenry in Baltimore. He wrote a song of four verses to a well-known tune describing his, and his companions, joy at seeing the flag still flying defiantly over Fort McHenry after 25-hours of bombardment by five Royal Navy bomb ships and a rocket ship.", "At Fort McHenry, some 1000 soldiers under the command of Major George Armistead awaited the British naval bombardment. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to thwart passage of British ships. The attack began on the morning of September 13, as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort with rockets and mortar shells. After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew just beyond the 1.5 miles (2.4 km) range of Fort McHenry's cannons. For the next 25 hours, they bombarded the outmanned Americans. On the morning of September 14, an oversized American flag, which had been raised before daybreak, flew over Fort McHenry. The British knew that victory had eluded them. The bombardment of the fort inspired Francis Scott Key, a native of Frederick, Maryland, to write \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" as witness to the assault. It later became the country's national anthem.", "In 1814, with the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), the British were able to allocate more military resources to the American war, and Washington , D.C., fell to the British in August. In Washington, British troops burned the White House, the Capitol and other buildings in retaliation for the earlier burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. soldiers. However, the British soon retreated, and Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor withstood a massive British bombardment and inspired Francis Scott Key (1779-1843) to pen the “Star-Spangled Banner.”", "Three weeks later, the British bombardment of Fort McHenry inspired an eyewitness, attorney Francis Scott Key , to write a poem he called \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\"", "31.Fort McHenry, site of the battle that inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star-Spangled Banner, is in the harbor of Maryland’s largest port city. Name this city.Fredrick, Baltimore, Easton", "August 1st, 1779- Francis Scott Key-the composer of the Star Spangled Banner, which became the national anthem of the United States was born in what will become the future State of Maryland.   Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner, while being held captive on a British Warship, watching the British bombardment of Ft. McHenry during the War of 1812.", "Defence Of Fort Mchenry (Stars And Stripes Forever) Poem by Francis Scott Key - Poem Hunter", "note: adopted 1931; during the War of 1812, after witnessing the successful American defense of Fort McHenry in Baltimore following British naval bombardment, Francis Scott KEY wrote the lyrics to what would become the national anthem; the lyrics were set to the tune of \"The Anacreontic Song\"; only the first verse is sung", "35. This city was founded in 1729, and named for the Irish barony its proprietors held. The Continental Congress met there for six months in 1776 and 1777, when it appeared that the British would capture Philadelphia. What city was defended by Fort McHenry, where Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the poem that became our national anthem?", "This painting depicts Francis Scott Key seeing the American flag flying over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor the day after he witnessed the British bombardment of the fort in the War of 1812. This sighting inspired the poet to write \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" which became the official United States national anthem in 1931. (AP Photo)", "Poet that wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in 1814 during the War of 1812 in response to the American victory at Fort McHenry.", "Rockets whistled through the air and burst into flames, mortars fired bombshells that exploded in showers of fiery shrapnel. 7  While the battle commenced, Francis Scott Key, a successful lawyer was aboard a British ship trying to secure the release of a civilian prisoners. 7  Afraid Key would reveal plans of the attack, the British detained him aboard the ship until the battle was over. 7  Key witnessed the attack on Fort McHenry. At dawn on September 14, 1814 the skies became quiet. The British were retreating and the battle was over. In the distance, Key saw the huge flag still flying over Fort McHenry and knew that the American soldiers had not surrendered. Francis Scott key was so moved by the sight of that flag still waving he began to compose a poem. He worked all night revising and creating four verses about the American victory.7 First titled \"The Defense of Fort McHenry\", the poem was published and set to the music of an 18th century British tune \"Anacreon in Heaven\". The poem and music made its first public performance on October 19, 1814. 7  A music store published the words and music under the title \"The Star Spangled Banner\". 7 ", "When he saw by the dawns early light of September 14, 1814, that the American flag soared above the fort, Key knew that Fort McHenry had not surrendered.  Moved by the sight, he began to compose a poem on the back of a letter he was carrying. On September 16, Key and his companions were taken back to Baltimore and released.  Key took a room in the Indian Queen Hotel and spent the night revising and copying out the four verses he had written about Americas victory. The next day he showed the poem to his wifes brother-in-law, Judge Joseph Nicholson, who had commanded a volunteer company at Fort McHenry. Nicholson responded enthusiastically and urged Key to have the poem printed. First titled The Defence of Fort McHenry, the published broadside included instructions that it be sung to the 18th-century British melody Anacreon in Heaven a tune Key had in mind when he penned his poem.  Copies of the song were distributed to every man at the fort and around Baltimore. The first documented public performance of the words and music together took place at the Holliday Street Theatre in Baltimore on October 19, 1814.  A music store subsequently published the words and music under the title The Star-Spangled Banner.", "At dawn, Key was able to see an American flag still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. On the way back to Baltimore, he was inspired to write a poem describing his experience, \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", which he published in the Patriot on September 20, 1814. He intended to fit it to the rhythms of composer John Stafford Smith's \"To Anacreon in Heaven\", a popular tune Key had already used as a setting for his 1805 song \"When the Warrior Returns,\" celebrating U.S. heroes of the First Barbary War. (Key used the \"star spangled\" flag imagery in the earlier song.) It has become better known as \"The Star Spangled Banner\". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an Executive Order from President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military bands to play it) and then by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover.", "United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote \"The Star Spangled Banner\"", "Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, by reason of its contribution to American history, occupies a pre-eminent position among the shrines and monuments of our country. It was the successful defense of this Fort against a 25-hour British naval bombardment in September 1814 that inspired a young American patriot to write the words which were eventually adopted as our nations anthem.", "The incidents referred to in this poem occurred during the War of 1812. In August, 1814, a strong force of British entered Washington and burned the Capitol, the White House, and many other public buildings. On September 13, the British admiral moved his fleet into position to attack Fort McHenry, near Baltimore. The bombardment of the fort lasted all night, but the fort was so bravely defended that the flag was still floating over it when morning came." ]

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[ "Seattle’s tallest building is the tall, dark Columbia Center. As of 2013, the Columbia Center is the 20th tallest building in the U.S. and the tallest building in all of Washington state. Even better, the public is allowed into this skyscraper and can enjoy the view from the Sky View Observatory on the 73rd floor. There’s a moderate admission fee that’s under $10 (cheaper for kids, students, military and seniors), but cheaper and higher up than the Space Needle!", "Seattle’s skyline is marked by several distinctive buildings that rise above the downtown core. Of these, the Space Needle and Smith Tower are some of the most recognizable and historic, but while these are among the tallest buildings in Seattle, they are not the tallest. The highest skyscrapers in the city are newer, dating to the 1980s and 1990s with a few built in the 2000s. Some are event among the tallest buildings in the world.", "The tallest building in the U.S. city of Seattle, Washington is the 76-story Columbia Center, which rises 943 ft and was completed in 1985. It is currently the 20th-tallest building in the United States, and the tallest building in the state of Washington. The second-tallest skyscraper in the city and the state is 1201 Third Avenue, which rises 772 ft. The twenty tallest buildings in Washington are located in Seattle. ", "Downtown Seattle's Columbia Center has a greater number of floors than any other building west of the Mississippi River, at 76, though there are taller buildings in Texas and California by height. (Smith Tower, in the older section of downtown called Pioneer Square, once held the title of tallest American building west of the Mississippi.) Other notable buildings are the Washington Mutual Tower, Two Union Square, Nordstrom’s flagship store, Benaroya Hall, the Seattle Central Library designed by Rem Koolhaas, and the main building of the Seattle Art Museum (built 1991, expanded 2007), the main facade of which was designed by Robert Venturi. Downtown parks include Westlake Park, Freeway Park, and Victor Steinbrueck Park. The Olympic Sculpture Park was completed on the Belltown waterfront in January 2007.", "The history of skyscrapers in Seattle began with the 1904 completion of the Alaska Building, which is often regarded as the first steel-framed skyscraper in the city; it rises 14 floors and 203 ft in height. In 1914, the Smith Tower was completed; at the time of its construction, the Smith Tower was the tallest building in the United States outside New York. ", "Originally built for the 1962 World's Fair, the 74 acre Seattle Center is a park, arts, and entertainment center in Seattle. Its landmark feature is the 605 ft tall Space Needle, a now-iconic building that was, at its completion, the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. Seattle Center is located just north of Belltown in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood.", "Spires also occur commonly and notably as solo structures, in the way that obelisks are used. The Modernist movements of the 20th century began to build office towers in the form of free-standing spires. Some famous buildings, such as the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, use the spire as a testimony of civic power and hope; this example also references Seattle's participation in aerospace. The 1,776-foot (541-m) One World Trade Center building at Ground Zero in New York City is built with a spire, the height of which (being a permanent structure and not just an antenna) puts the building over the mark for the tallest building in the United States. Without the spire, the Willis Tower would still hold the title for tallest building in the US.", "After the abandoning of 'New York Alki', the Denny Party moved across the then named Duwamish Bay in April 1852 to a low level marsh situated with a safe deep water harbor roughly located in the City's Pioneer Square district where they named their new frontier 'Duwamps'. In the late 1850s, present day Downtown Seattle became the main residential outskirts of the city. But after the Great Seattle Fire, the business district was moved here. Because of the fire the city had to be build at a much higher elevation to avoid past drainage problems and regraded some of the City's Hills starting somewhere around 1876. Since that time the area had been filled with newly established jobs. Seattle became an industrial hub in 1897 when the Klondike Gold Rush made the city a gateway for discovering gold. Starting in the late 1960s, Downtown has been being filled with dozens of skyscrapers and most famously for changing the Seattle skyline, the Columbia Center in 1985. ", "In Seattle, there is also the South Lake Union Streetcar [36] , which runs between Downtown and South Lake Union , the First Hill Streetcar which operates between the International District and Broadway in Capitol Hill, the Seattle Center Monorail [37] , which makes a quick connection between Downtown and the Seattle Center, home to the Space Needle, and a passenger ferry, the King County Water Taxi [38] , which offers a quick connection between Downtown at Pier 55 and West Seattle, at Seacrest Park near Alki. The water taxi also offers beautiful views of Downtown, the Olympic Mountains, and much of the city.", "On the other hand, we’ve seen South Lake Union transformed into a technology and research center, we’re planning a radically new waterfront, and we’re building a regional rail system. Seattle aspires to be on the cutting edge of green technology and values, exemplified by the new Bullitt Foundation headquarters, which promises to be the greenest building ever built in the city. Seattle Center has proven resilient. Despite the symphony and SAM, along with the convention center, going downtown and the professional sports stadiums to SoDo, Seattle Center still draws millions of locals and tourists, and is beloved for its parts, from the Needle to the fountain. Its future never seems settled, nor should it. There are always new plans (Chihuly Garden and Glass), new challenges (funding) and competing viewpoints (central park or civic center?); it’s been that way since day one. The center of Seattle is a white board on which we never tire of sketching out new futures for the city, a town of idealists, improvers and second-guessers.", "Space Needle, 400 Broad St, [48] . 8AM to Midnight - Open 365 days a year. A short monorail ride away from downtown is Seattle's most iconic landmark. While expensive to ride to the top, the Space Needle is a \"must see\" for visitors on a nice day. Adults $22, age 4-12 $13, under 4 free, over 65 $19,.   edit", "WSU West moves into the Westin Building in downtown Seattle.  In 2000, WSU West moved from the Westin Building to a building on Pike Street, both in downtown Seattle.", "The United States Postal Service operates the Seattle Main Post Office (also known as the Midtown Post Office ) at 301 Union Street at Third Avenue. Seattle City Hall is located at 600 4th Ave, adjacent from the King County Courthouse. Downtown is serviced by the Transit Tunnel, in which the Link Light Rail runs through. The terminus for both the Light Rail and the Seattle Center Monorail is located at Westlake Center. A large number of bus lines also run through, with the ones operated by Metro previously being free of charge while in the now defunct Ride Free Area; other buses from the suburbs operated by Sound Transit Express and Community Transit also terminate in downtown.", "The Washington State Convention and Trade Center is the city's major meeting and conference facility. The facility currently offers 54 meeting rooms and ballrooms totaling approximately 105,000 square feet of space, and exhibit space totaling 205,700 square feet. The Convention Center expansion, which was completed in July 2001, includes a magnificent new arch spanning Pike Street, along with an office tower at the northeast corner of 7th and Pike. The center sits on top of Interstate 5, within walking distance of more than 9,000 hotel rooms. Just north of downtown, the 831,000-square-foot Seattle Center also hosts conventions and meetings. Lynnwood Convention Center, Meydenbaur Center, and Bell Harbor International Conference Center are among other locations used for trade shows and meetings. Hotels and motels throughout the metropolitan area provide a total of nearly 25,000 rooms as well as additional convention and meeting accommodations.", "By convention, a skyscraper is a building that is used primarily for human habitation with the greatest majority of its height divided into occupiable floors. Freestanding structures used primarily for broadcasting or sightseeing are classified as towers. The height of a building is measured from the sidewalk level of the main entrance to the structural top of the building. This includes spires but does not include television antennas, radio antennas, or flagpoles. By this definition the tallest building is the Burj Khalifa , Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which was topped off in 2009 at 2,717 ft (828 m) and 160 stories; it is also tallest structure in the world. Taipei 101 , Taipei, Taiwan, is the second tallest at 1,671 ft (509 m) and 101 stories in 2003. The twin Petronas Towers (opened 1997) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are the third tallest; 88 stories high and topped by twin spires, they stand 1,483 ft (456 m) tall. The Willis Tower (opened 1974, formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago is the tallest building in the United States; its 110 stories rise 1,454 ft (443 m) with an additional 253 ft (77 m) for the television antenna on top.", "*The Space Needle, an official city landmark, with its observation deck and revolving restaurant[http://www.cityofseattle.gov/neighborhoods/preservation/s.htm Landmarks Alphabetical Listing for S], Individual Landmarks, City of Seattle. Accessed 28 December 2007.", "This list ranks Seattle skyscrapers that stand at least 400 ft tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. The \"Year\" column indicates the year in which a building was completed. Freestanding observation towers, while not habitable buildings, are included for comparison purposes; however, they are not ranked.", "Kerry Park [64] on Highland Drive on Queen Anne Hill is the single most photographed view of Seattle, with a spectacular cityscape with the Space Needle, Safeco Field, CenturyLink Field, and Elliott Bay in front and Mt. Rainier visible behind the skyline. The best view is to go on a clear summer day around 9PM, the sun will have just dropped behind the Olympic range, the city lights will just be coming on, but there will be enough sunlight left that Rainier glows purple behind the city. The Sculpture \"Changing Form\" by Doris Chase is standing in the center of Kerry Park since 1977 and this park attracts many tourists and locals to enjoy their afternoon or night chillaxing.", "is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest, and a symbol of Seattle. Built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors, nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators.", "In 2006, the Seattle Art Museum began expanding its 1991 location in a joint effort with Washington Mutual (WaMu); the enlarged building was originally known as the WaMu Center. The expansion actually began in July 2004. Several pieces had to be temporarily moved to prevent them from being damaged due to vibrations during construction. This would have been the initial foundation phase of the WaMu Center. In addition to reworking the Venturi building, SAM now takes up the first four floors of a 16-floor building designed by Portland, Oregon architect Brad Cloepfil. SAM also owns the next eight floors, which WaMu originally rented; Washington Mutual owned the top four floors. As SAM expands in the future, it can take over one or more of the rented floors. ", "JOHN GRAHAM, JR. (1908-1991): Seattle architect, he won international acclaim for his design of Seattle's Space Needle and for his large-scale shopping complexes.", "* Downtown Honolulu is the financial, commercial, and governmental center of Hawaii. On the waterfront is Aloha Tower, which for many years was the tallest building in Hawaii. Currently the tallest building is the 438 ft tall First Hawaiian Center, located on King and Bishop Streets. The downtown campus of Hawaii Pacific University is also located there.", "Burj Khalifa (, Arabic for \"Khalifa Tower\"; pronounced ), known as Burj Dubai before its inauguration, is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the tallest structure in the world, standing at .", "Highest building: 111 Westminster Street (formerly the Bank of America Building), commonly referred to as the Superman Building.", "The Market is located roughly in the northwest corner of Seattle's central business district . To its north is Belltown . To its southwest are the central waterfront and Elliott Bay . Boundaries are diagonal to the compass since the street grid is roughly parallel to the Elliott Bay shoreline. [3] [4] [5]", "At 937 ft., it is the second-tallest U.S. building on the west coast, after the U.S. Bank building in Los Angeles. Current tenants include music-streaming service Rhapsody International Inc., NBC News Digital Group and UW Physicians. Online retail giant Amazon also occupied about 500,000 square feet until they vacated the space in 2011. ", "Completed in 2004, the Seattle Central Library by OMA is one of the most iconic buildings in an American urban environment demonstrating unique articulation and thorough understanding of spatial relationships of the program with the site. Located in the central business district of the Seattle, Washington, the site of the building covers an entire city block of the gridded city with unprecedented conditions on each side. Although the building was designed many years after the CIAM period, OMA reflects some of its traditional concepts on functionalism into the planning of the library. Evidence of CIAM III's principle The Functional City, of dwelling, work, leisure and circulation can be identified through the spatial compartments of the library, consisting of five plates with individual functions, forming a mixed use building. One of CIAM IV's main principles is the importance of height in urbanism, which the library illustrates this dimension through the continuous curtain wall structure which connects the five plates together. Coincidently, the library is also a result of great political, economic and social involvement. The Seattle Central Library is a prime example of a successful contemporary design that expresses many CIAMs concepts while maintaining the title of innovative and visually intriguing.", "Seattle is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the Top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3.7 million inhabitants. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 mi south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling . ", "Mount Rainier (pronounced:), Mount Tacoma, or Mount Tahoma is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a large active stratovolcano located 54 mi south-southeast of Seattle. It is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States and the Cascade Volcanic Arc, with a summit elevation of 14411 ft. ", "With about 65,000 now living in Seattle's core neighborhoods (in 2015), Downtown Seattle's population is growing. Downtown saw a 10 percent increase in the number of occupied housing units and an 8 percent increase in population between 2010 and 2014, outpacing growth in the city as a whole. As of the end of 2014, there were 32 apartment and 2 condominium projects under construction, representing over 5,000 units. ", "The name of the landmark super-tall skyscraper, Jin Mao, literally means “Golden Prosperity Building.” Currently ranked the 6th tallest building in the world, it was designed by the Chicago-based Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and was constructed in 1999. It is located in the Lujiazui area of the Pudong district of Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. The architecture ingeniously combines elements of traditional Chinese culture with the modern architectural styles of the time, which makes it one of the most well-constructed buildings in China. The proportions of this structure revolve around the number 8, which according to Chinese belief signifies prosperity.", "When completed, Smith said the tower should put Seattle on the map in terms of architecture and design. He said Seattle has an \"amazing\" talent pool of architects, engineers and designers, and the tower will showcase that." ]

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[ "Emmy-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres was named Wednesday night as the replacement for Paula Abdul on \" American Idol .\"", "Ellen DeGeneres has signed on to be the new fourth judge on 'American Idol,' replacing Paula Abdul.", "In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.", "Cowell also launched The X Factor USA in September 2011 on American broadcaster Fox. It was originally announced that he would be a judge both on the UK and U.S. editions of the show, which air at similar times of the year, but MTV officially reported on 17 April 2011 that this was not true; Cowell is no longer a judge in the UK version, but instead will be an enormous presence backstage. He was joined by Paula Abdul, L.A. Reid, Nicole Scherzinger and formerly Cheryl Cole. Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge. Cowell and Reid returned for season 2, while Demi Lovato and Britney Spears joined the judging panel as replacements for Abdul and Scherzinger.", "In January 2012, Abdul announced that she would not be returning as a judge for the show's second season. Fellow season one judge Nicole Scherzinger and host Steve Jones were also axed from the show that month. Abdul was replaced by Demi Lovato. On October 15, 2012, Abdul served as a guest judge during week four of the All-Stars version of Dancing with the Stars. In week seven, she performed the \"Dream Medley\", a compilation of four of her No. 1 singles: \"Straight Up\", \"Cold Hearted\", \"Forever Your Girl\" and \"Opposites Attract\". The medley was a re-recording with live instruments. On April 18, 2013, Abdul appeared on the Top 5 results show of season 12 of American Idol to compliment contestant Candice Glover on her performance of Straight Up. ", "The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing \"image concerns\". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.", "Since Abdul backed out of the show, producers have been using a series of guest judges - Katy Perry , Shania Twain and Victoria Beckham - to fill the fourth seat during the preliminary audition tapings going on now around the country.", "The back story: The show brought in a fourth judge, singer/songwriter, producer and publisher DioGuardi, who had worked with Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears. According to DioGuardi, she was left to tell Paula Abdul that the show was adding another female judge, which didn't go over well. Things didn't get much better for the new kid, who felt like an intruder among the original panelists. When Abdul's contract ended that year, she and the producers could not agree on new terms and she announced her exit.", "“I hear that Mary Murphy, who has been a staple on the show from the very beginning, may be leaving, and Fox is looking for a new judge addition to join co-creator/executive producer Nigel Lythgoe,” Andreeva writes. “I hear the network and series producers 19 Entertainment and Dick Clark Prods. are eyeing Paula Abdul, though sources caution that no formal discussions have been held.”", "Throughout 2006, Morgan appeared as a judge on the American television show America's Got Talent alongside Brandy Norwood and David Hasselhoff on NBC . Morgan was chosen by Simon Cowell as a replacement for himself because of the conditions of his American Idol contract. Morgan appeared as a celebrity contestant on Comic Relief Does The Apprentice in 2007, to raise money for Comic Relief . During filming, he and Alastair Campbell reduced fellow contestant Trinny Woodall to tears when they tried to sabotage her team's event, and were involved in a brawl with her. [29] Upon his team losing, Morgan was selected by Sir Alan Sugar as the contestant to be fired. [30]", "The former contestants who have been announced as performing on the \"American Idol\" series finale are Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Ace Young, Allison Iraheta, Amber Holcomb, Blake Lewis, Bo Bice, Brandon Rogers, Bucky Covington, Carly Smithson, Casey James, Chris Daughtry, Clark Beckham, Clay Aiken, Colton Dixon, Constantine Maroulis, Danny Gokey, Diana DeGarmo, Elliott Yamin, George Huff, James Durbin, Jessica Sanchez, Josh Gracin, Joshua Ledet, Justin Guarini, Katharine McPhee, Kellie Pickler, Kimberley Locke, Kree Harrison, LaToya London, Lauren Alaina, Melinda Doolittle, Pia Toscano, Sanjaya, Skylar Laine and Tamyra Gray.", "Also a fashion designer and a part-owner of the Miami Dolphins, Jennifer Lopez also added American Idol judge to her credits when she replaced Ellen DeGeneres for seasons 10 and 11, but announced in July 2012 that she will be leaving the show to pursue acting again.", "As Ellen DeGeneres makes her \"American Idol\" debut tonight (Feb. 9), Abdul, after eight years in the judge's chair, is due to join former co-star Simon Cowell's American version of the talent competition \"The X Factor,\" set to premiere on Fox next year.", "On 24 May 2013, it was reported that BBC One was close to recommissioning the show for a third series in 2014. The next day, it was confirmed that it will return for a third series. In July 2013, Jessie J and Danny O'Donoghue confirmed they would not be able to return as coaches for series 3 due to their music careers and touring. In September, Holly Willoughby and Reggie Yates announced they would not be returning as co-presenters for series 3. It was confirmed the same month that Kylie Minogue and Ricky Wilson would replace Jessie J and O'Donoghue. It was announced that Emma Willis and Marvin Humes would replace Willoughby and Yates as co-presenters for the third series. On 29 March 2014, the BBC confirmed the series would be returning for another two series. In April, Minogue confirmed that she would not return for the fourth series, due to clashes with her Kiss Me Once Tour. On 22 September, it was confirmed that Rita Ora would replace Minogue.", "in 1962 - Paula Julie Abdul, Van Nuys Calif, singer/choreographer (Straight Up) is born. (1990 US No.1 & UK No.2 single 'Opposites Attract' plus five other US No.1 singles. 1989 album 'Forever Your Girl' spent ten weeks as US No.1.). Judge on American Idol TV show.", "Ariana Grande-Butera (born June 26, 1993), known professionally as Ariana Grande, is an American singer and actress. She began her career in the Broadway musical 13, before landing the role of Cat Valentine on the Nickelodeon television series Victorious in 2009. The show ended after four seasons, and Grande starred on the spinoff, Sam & Cat, which ended in 2014. She has also appeared in other theatre, television and film roles, and has lent her voice to animated television and films.", "Kylie Minogue and Ricky Wilson joined will.i.am and Jones as coaches for the third series following the departures of Jessie J and O'Donoghue. Rumours were passed that Nicole Scherzinger would join the team but later on Rita Ora replaced Minogue for the fourth series. After only one series, Ora left the show, due to touring commitments and joined rival show, The X Factor UK. On 14 August, it was announced that Paloma Faith and Boy George would join Wilson and Will.i.am for the fifth series, meaning that Jones would not return. Jones' axe had a widespread negative response from viewers and by himself, with Jones claiming that he had no idea he had been axed. ", "Katharine Hope McPhee (born March 25, 1984) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. She gained fame in May 2006 as the runner-up on the fifth season of American Idol.", "Hennessy chose not to renew her three-year contract at the end of Season 6 to pursue other projects, and Claire Kincaid was written off as being killed in a drunk driving accident. She was replaced by Carey Lowell as Assistant District Attorney Jamie Ross. Lowell remained with the show until the end of Season 8, when she left to spend more time with her daughter. (Jamie Ross was written off as leaving the D.A.'s office for similar reasons.) Lowell (who later returned for a couple guest appearances) was replaced by Angie Harmon as Assistant District Attorney Abigail \"Abbie\" Carmichael, who was conceived as being much louder and outspoken than any of her predecessors. Harmon auditioned with 85 other women, including Vanessa Williams, for the role, and was picked after Wolf heard her Texas accent. ", "After her initial period of success, Abdul suffered a series of setbacks in her professional and personal life. She saw renewed fame and success as an original judge on American Idol in the 2000s, which she left after the eighth season. She went on to star on CBS's short-lived television series Live to Dance, which lasted one season in 2011, and was subsequently a judge on the first season of the American version of The X Factor along with her former American Idol co-judge Simon Cowell, the creator and producer of the show. She was also a guest judge on the All-Stars edition of Dancing with the Stars in 2012 and the tenth season of So You Think You Can Dance in 2013, and more recently became a permanent judge for that series along with the Australian version of the show for its 2014 revival.", "Nicole Scherzinger is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress and television personality. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, she performed in various singing competitions and musicals before joining American rock band Days of the New as a backing vocalist and later becoming one of the members of the ill-fated girl group Eden's Crush in 2001. She rose to fame as the lead singer of the burlesque troupe turned-recording act, the Pussycat Dolls becoming one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. During their hiatus, Scherzinger planned to embark on her solo career with Her Name is Nicole, but it was later shelved after four singles failed to impact the charts significantly. Following the disbandment of the Pussycat Dolls, Scherzinger became a judge for two seasons of The Sing-Off and in 2010 won the tenth season of Dancing with the Stars.", "Oliver performs and Hannah is a guest judge on America's Top Talent. note Despite the name , it's more a parody of American Idol , complete with thinly-disguised imitations of that show's judges and a cameo appearance by actual Idol judge Kara DioGuardi.", "Following the release of her fifth studio album, Cyrus resumed working on her upcoming sixth studio album. She was a key advisor during the tenth season of the reality singing competition The Voice. In March 2016, it was confirmed after months of speculation that Cyrus had rekindled her relationship with Liam Hemsworth. That same month, it was confirmed that Cyrus had signed on as a judge for the eleventh season of The Voice as a replacement for Gwen Stefani; Cyrus is the youngest judge to appear on any incarnation of the series. Cyrus has been cast in the currently untitled television series that Woody Allen is developing for Amazon Studios. ", "Selena Marie Gomez is an American actress and singer. She is best known for songs like \"Come & Get It\", \"Good For You\", \"Same Old Love\", and \"Naturally\". Selena Gomez's voice is mezzo-soprano but she usually sing in alto .", "Ashley Nicolle Næss (née Simpson; born October 3, 1984), known by the stage name Ashlee Simpson, is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and media personality. The younger sister of pop singer and actress Jessica Simpson, Ashlee began appearing in television commercials at the age of 15. She later pursued a career as an actress, and had a recurring role on the family drama 7th Heaven. Her breakout came following her appearance on the reality show Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica (2003–05), which focused on her sister Jessica and her then-husband Nick Lachey. While working on her debut studio album, Simpson became the star of her own spin-off reality series, The Ashlee Simpson Show (2004–05). The show became a ratings hit, and earned Simpson widespread recognition. Like her sister before her, Simpson became the center of considerable media attention, much of which focused on her relationship with musician Ryan Cabrera.", "  American Idol (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes, 2009 - 2014) (performer - 1 episode, 2010)", "Which music executive and TV producer shot to global fame as a judge on \"American Idol\"?", "Haylie Duff was born in Houston, Texas on February 19, 1985. She is an actress and singer, known for her supporting role on 7th Heaven. She is the sister of Hilary Duff.", "She has also sold over 10 million copies of her first album, and 4 million of her follow-up, worldwide. Though music has taken a backseat to her career as a choreographer and pop idol search judge, she intends to keep recording. In the meantime, she caught the acting bug, making appearances on Spin City, Sabrina The Teenage Witch, and The Wayans Bros..", "In January 2010, Abdul presented a Lifetime Achievement Award to choreographer Julie McDonald at the 11th Anniversary show of The Carnival: Choreographer's Ball. In November, Abdul launched and co-founded AuditionBooth.com, a website that allows aspiring talents to connect with casting directors, producers, and managers. ", "Dianna Agron (Quinn Fabray) was the last primary actor to be cast, having won the role only days before the pilot began filming. Agron auditioned for Glee coming from a background in dancing and acting. Agron said in a 2009 interview pertaining to her casting session: \"I nearly bailed on my audition for the show. I was so nervous\". With her wholesome good looks, Agron certainly looked the part, but the producers wondered if she appeared too innocent. Agron said in an interview: \"They told me to come back with straight hair and to dress sexier. Later that week, I started work.\" Agron auditioned with Frank Sinatra's \"Fly Me to the Moon\". The Glee producers said \"we really lucked out in finding Agron to play Quinn\".", "Television credits include Nip Tuck, An American Family, Chicago Hope, NYPD Blue, The Practice, The Division, Saturday Night Live, Cold Case, Joan of Arcadia, LA LAW, Wings, The Bold & The Beautiful, Days of our Lives and the new ABC Family show Switched at Birth where she recurs in the role of Adriana. She has also joined the cast of the hit TV show Glee on Fox." ]

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