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[ "The origins of golf are unclear and much debated. However, it is generally accepted that modern golf developed in The Netherlands during the Middle Ages. The game did not find international popularity until the late 19th century, when it spread into the rest of the United Kingdom and then to the British Empire and the United States.", "The exact origins of the sport of golf are unclear. The most widely accepted theory is that the modern game of golf originated in Scotland in the High Middle Ages.[http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp Golf History @ ABC-of-Golf] The first golf courses and clubs were established in the country. The first written rules originated in Scotland, as did the establishment of the 18 hole course. The first tournament structures developed and competitions were held between various burghs. The modern game was spread by Scots to the rest of the world.", "Golf is a very old game of which the exact origins are unclear. The origin of golf is open to debate as to being Chinese , Dutch or Scottish . However, the most accepted golf history theory is that this sport originated from Scotland in the 1100s.<ref> http://www.abc-of-golf.com/golf-basics/golf-history.asp </ref>", "Golf originated from a game played on the eastern coast of Scotland, in an area close to the royal capital of Edinburgh . In those early days players would attempt to hit a pebble over sand dunes and around tracks using a bent stick or club. During the 15th century, Scotland prepared to defend itself, yet again, against an invasion by the ‘Auld Enemy’. The nation's enthusiastic pursuit of golf however, led many to neglect their military training, so much so that the Scottish parliament of King James II banned the sport in 1457.", "e all know that the game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland, but its ancient origins are far mistier. Some historians trace them back to the Roman game of paganica, in which participants used a bent stick to hit the stuffing out of a leather ball. The first written record of golf has King James II misguidedly banning the game in 1457, as ‘an unwelcome distraction to archery’. It is not certain whether this career-limiting move alone cost him his throne but having fled to France he died, never experiencing the joys of taking long walks and hitting things with a stick. Fast-forward to November 2012 and you will find twelve of the world’s topranked professionals contending fo r a $ 5 m i l l i o n p u r se , t he coveted Nedbank Golf Challenge trophy and the honour of beating the other guy, on a course that favours a natural touch. Natural touch is something you develop by hitting millions of golf balls. It is the investment into yourself that eventually pays off.", "Golf, a cross-country game in which a player strikes a small ball with various clubs from a series of starting points (teeing grounds) into a series of holes on a course. The player who holes his ball in the fewest strokes wins. The origins of the game are difficult to ascertain , although evidence now suggests that early forms of golf were played in the Netherlands first and then in Scotland.", "Origins of the modern game Golf, in its modern form, originated in Scotland, with the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, established in 1744. England’s first golf club was in Blackheath, London, in 1766. There were no more than a dozen courses in England by the 1870s, but a boom produced close to 1,200 clubs by 1914. Golf was established in the USA by the Saint Andrew’s club in Yonkers, New York in 1888, and by the end of the 20th century the country provided more than half the world’s courses.", "The modern game of golf can be traced back to 15th century Scotland. It is a popular sport played socially as well as professionally. There are public and private golf courses all over the UK. St Andrews in Scotland is known as the home of golf.", "The sport of golf was apparently invented in the 1100s by shepherds in Scotland who knocked rocks into rabbit holes. The place where they invented the game is now known as the Old Course of St. Andrews (more on that later).", "Some historians believe that Kolven from Holland and Chole from Belgium influenced the game. The latter was introduced into Scotland in 1421. However while these games and countless others are stick and ball games, they are missing that vital ingredient that is unique to golf – the hole. Whatever the argument, there can be no dispute that Scotland gave birth to the game we know as golf today.", "Game Becoming a Sport: The origin of the game golf was in the fifteenth century Scotland. The game was banned by the parliament of King James II in 1457. In spite of being banned till 1502, the popularity of the game kept on growing among the Scottish people. In the sixteenth century, St. Andrews Links emerged as the oldest golf course of the world. The old golf courses did not always have eighteen holes like the modern ones. The St. Andrews Links was situated at a narrow strip of land along the sea coast. The players also followed a fixed path through the territory driving the balls into the holes. The number of holes was not fixed during the initial days of the game.", "The first reference of golf in 1353 was in fact in Flanders, Belgium. I read somewhere else that it was first invented in the Netherlands (Flanders was part of the Netherlands at that time) and exported to Scotland in the 15th century where it became popular.", "It's definitely true that golf as we know it emerged in Scotland. The Scots were playing golf in its very basic form - take a club, swing it at a ball, move ball from starting point to finishing point in as few strokes as possible - by at least the mid-15th Century.", "Golf is a gentleman’s game. The game is one of the most popular around the world . Historically the game originated during Roman Empire but in the modern time its first recorded mention was made in 1457 during the reign of King James II of Scotland. The game is generally a precision club and ball sport. It is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area. Instead, Golf is played on a course, consisting of an arranged progression of either 9 or 18 holes. The game has earned very much popularity in Europe and America .", "The origin of golf has long been debated. Some historians trace the sport back to the Roman game of paganica, which involved using a bent stick to hit a wool- or feather-stuffed leather ball. According to one view, paganica spread throughout several countries as the Romans conquered much of Europe during the 1st century bc and eventually evolved into the modern game. Others cite chuiwan (ch’ui-wan) as the progenitor, a game played in China during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and earlier and described as “a game in which you hit a ball with a stick while walking.” Chuiwan is thought to have been introduced into Europe by traders during the Middle Ages. However, upon close examination, neither theory is convincing.", "Scotland is the birthplace of golf – with the first written record in 1457, when James II banned it as an unwelcome distraction from learning archery. Since then, it's given us plus fours, Pringle jumpers and Tiger Woods's colourful private life. The Old Course at St Andrews dates to the 16th century. Fore!", "But the game continued to develop in Scotland over the decades and centuries, until 1744 when the first-known rules of golf were put down in writing in Edinburgh. Golf as it was then played would be easily recognized by any modern golfer.", "Golf was likely invented by 15th-century Scottish shepherds, who entertained themselves by hitting anything they could find into holes and at targets. Their “game” evolved over the next few centuries, and in 1860 the first Open Championship—known in the U.S. as the British Open—was played at the Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland, marking the beginning of modern golf.", "      From a somewhat obscure antiquity, the game attained worldwide popularity, especially in the 20th century. Nothing is known about the early game's favourite venues on the European continent, but in Scotland golf was first played on seaside links with their crisp turf and natural hazards. Only later in the game's evolution did play on downs, moorland, and parkland courses begin. Golfers participate at every level, from a recreational game to popular televised professional tournaments. Despite its attractions, golf is not a game for everyone; it requires a high degree of skill that is honed only with great patience and dedication.", "The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the \"home of golf\" because the sport was first played on the Links at St Andrews in the early 15th century. Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until in 1457, when James II of Scotland banned golf because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery. The ban was upheld by the following kings of Scotland until 1502, when King James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban. ", "Golf became a pastime in Great Britain in the seventeenth century, and that was a familiar theme throughout the world. In 1860, the first British Open, a tournament that is still played today, had taken place. The popularity of the sport then began to spread throughout the entire world. The first permanent golf club in North America was founded in Montreal, Canada, in 1873 and was named “Canada’s Royal Montreal Club.” The US caught wind of this and decided to embrace the golf craze as well. The first 18-hole course in the United States was in The Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Illinois, in 1893.", "Others cite chuiwan (\"chui\" means striking and \"wan\" means small ball) as the progenitor, a Chinese game played between the eighth and 14th centuries. A Ming Dynasty scroll dating back to 1368 entitled \"The Autumn Banquet\", shows a member of the Chinese Imperial court swinging what appears to be a golf club at a small ball with the aim of sinking it into a hole. The game is thought to have been introduced into Europe during the Middle Ages. Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as cambuca in England and chambot in France.", "Golf is still predominantly played in English-speaking countries. The ten countries with the most golf courses per capita are Scotland (still #1), New Zealand, Australia, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Canada, Wales, the U.S., Sweden and England. Notice that with the exception of Sweden, all are English-speaking countries. I remember NFL quarterback Jim McMahon complaining after a trip to Europe about the lack of golf on the old continent.", "The professional sport was initially dominated by British golfers, but since World War I , America has produced the greatest quantity of leading professionals. Other Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa are also traditional powers in the sport. Since around the 1970s, Japan , Scandinavian and other Western European countries have produced leading players on a regular basis. The number of countries with high-class professionals continues to increase steadily, especially in East Asia . South Korea is notably strong in women's golf.", "Great Britain The earliest traces of golf history has golf being played are said to date back to 1340, where in a sketch from a stained glass window, the Great East Window, in the east wing of the Gloucester Cathedral, England, scenes of the Battle of Crecy in France showed a man apparently preparing to strike a ball in a golf-like manner.", " The US open golf is the one run by the United States Golf Association, one of golf's two governing bodies. The game is held every June with the final round always falling on Father's Day. The tournament began in 1895 at Newport country club in Newport, Rhode Island. It is considered one of golf's major championships, along with the Masters , the British Open and the PGA championship tournament. Players from England and Scotland dominated the first few US Opens. It was not until 1911 that an American, John McDermott, won the title, and after that it was almost always won by a US citizen.", "      A continental origin of golf is also suggested by a linguistic analysis of golfing terms and a recently discovered Dutch description of golf from the first half of the 16th century. Golf historians have long surmised that the terms tee and stymie are based on the Dutch word tuitje (a diminutive of tuit, meaning “snout”) and the phrase stuit me ( meaning “hinders me”), but these derivations have been questioned on phonological grounds and therefore have never been accepted by historical dictionaries. However, a Dutch origin of tee is still plausible, as a variation of the Flemish tese, meaning “target” (as in curling ); the word originally referred to the hole but eventually came to mean a “pile of sand taken from the hole.” There are also good reasons to posit a Dutch origin for the words putt (from putten, “put into a hole”) and bunker (a possible back-formation of bancaert kolve).", "      Based on the evidence, it may well be that golf came into being only a little before the 15th century. It may be conceived as a domesticated form of such medieval games as football, in which the size of the goals and the ball was radically reduced and in which, as a consequence, the element of violence had to give way to the element of skill. Seen from this perspective, golf would be the result of the process of civilization as described in the work of German-born sociologist Norbert Elias.", "The Old Links at Musselburgh Racecourse is claimed to be the oldest playing golf course in the world. Evidence has shown that golf was played on Musselburgh Links in 1672, although Mary, Queen of Scots reputedly played there even earlier in 1567.", "Arnold Daniel Palmer is an American professional golfer, who is generally regarded as one of the greatest players in men's professional golf history. He has won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour, dating back to 1955. Nicknamed \"The King\", he is one of golf's most popular stars and its most important trailblazer, because he was the first superstar of the sport's television age, which began in the 1950s. Palmer's social impact on behalf of golf was perhaps unrivaled among fellow professionals; Palmer's humble background and plain-spoken popularity helped change the perception of golf as an elite, upper-class pastime to a more democratic sport accessible to middle and working classes. Palmer is part of \"The Big Three\" in golf, along with Jack Nicklaus and Gary Player, who are widely credited with popularizing and commercializing the sport around the world. Palmer won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998, and in 1974 was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. ", "the oldest extant golf course in the world, at least as far back at 1552. (Early Scottish versions of the game were called \"golf\" even though the game itself was not at that time all it would finally become.) However, golf wasn't always as regulated as it is now: Prior to standardization, early courses typically had any number of holes from five to twenty-four, and only over a long period of time did the game evolve to the point that eighteen became the standard number of holes for courses all over the world.", "Based on the evidence, it may well be that golf came into being only a little before the 15th century. It may be conceived as a domesticated form of such medieval games as football , in which the size of the goals and the ball was radically reduced and in which, as a consequence, the element of violence had to give way to the element of skill. Seen from this perspective, golf would be the result of the process of civilization as described in the work of German-born sociologist Norbert Elias ." ]

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[ "Joshua Abraham Norton (1818  – January 8, 1880), known as Emperor Norton, was a citizen of San Francisco, California, who in 1859 proclaimed himself \"Norton I, Emperor of the United States\" and subsequently \"Protector of Mexico\". ", "On Sept. 17, 1859, the San Francisco Bulletin published a notice on an inside page announcing that Joshua Norton, formerly a prominent San Francisco businessman, had proclaimed himself Norton I, \"Emperor of these United States.\" He had acted, he said, \"at the peremptory request of a large majority of the citizens.\"", "Emperor Joshua Abraham Norton I (c. 1819 - January 8, 1880) also known as Emperor Norton I and Emperor Joshua I, was self declared Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. Emperor Norton was born in England in about 1815, and later moved to San Francisco in 1849 from South Africa.", "Pictured here is Joshua Abraham Norton, first Imperator of the Imperial States of America and founder of the Norton dynasty. ", "1859 – Self-described \"Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico\" Emperor Norton \"ordered\" the United States Congress to dissolve.", "But unwritten in textbooks is the history of the United States’ one-time imperial ruler: on a September evening 150 years ago, a man named Joshua Abraham Norton proclaimed himself Emperor of the United States. For nearly 30 years, the delusional ex-merchant ruled his home-city of San Francisco (and the nation) with benevolence and became one of the most revered figures of the century. Upon his passing, 30,000 attended his funeral, and he was commemorated by the likes of Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson , and Neil Gaiman.", "**Joshua Abraham \"Emperor\" Norton, a late 1800s San Francisco celebrity known as \"Emperor of these United States and Protector of Mexico\" ", "At the pre-emptory request of a large majority of the citizens of these United States , I, Joshua Norton, formerly of Algoa Bay, Cape of Good Hope, and now for the past nine years and ten months of San Francisco , California, declare and proclaim myself Emperor of these U.S., and in virtue of the authority thereby in me vested, do hereby order and direct the representatives of the different States of the Union to assemble in the Musical Hall of this city on the 1st day of February next, then and there to make such alterations in the existing laws of the Union as may ameliorate the evils under which the country is laboring, and thereby cause confidence to exist, both at home and abroad, in our stability and integrity .", "As Norton the I, Emperor of the United States of America and Protector of Mexico, he found, if not a fortune, at least some of the previlegies of his office. He lived at a boarding house on Commercial Street, and was registered as \"Emperor, living at 624 Commercial St.\" in a census done August 1, 1870. He lived there for seventeen years, but refused to pay the rent by week and instead payed by day. He was fed for free by some of San Fransiscos finest resturants, which he graciosly allowed to put up signs which said; \"By Appointment to His Emperor, Joshua Norton I.\" He had a standing ticket, together with his two dogs, Bummer and Lazarus, at any play or concert in the city�s theatres. He was given a bicycle by the city as his means of royal transport,", "The announcement was first reprinted for humorous effect by the editor of the San Francisco Bulletin. Norton would later add \"Protector of Mexico\" to this title. Thus commenced his unprecedented and whimsical 21-year \"reign\" over America.", "Norton’s coronation initiated the Golden Age of the American Empire, with whose glory Columbia still blesses us today. Long Live The Dynasty Of Right, Long Live, Long Live, Emperor Norton XXI!", "Emperor Norton took the title \"Protector of Mexico\" because Mexico had, as he said, \"beseeched him to rule over her.\" But this didn�t last long, he soon dropped his new title with the explanation that it was \"impossible to protect such an unsettled nation.\" Norton also published many proclamations, some of them sensible, others rather eccentric, like the following;", "Norton's orders were ignored by the Army, and Congress likewise continued without any formal acknowledgement of the decree. Further decrees in 1860 dissolved the republic and forbade the assembly of any members of the former Congress. Norton's battle against the elected leaders of America persisted throughout his reign, though it appears he eventually, if grudgingly, allowed Congress to exist without his permission. Hoping to resolve the many disputes that had resulted in the Civil War, in 1862 Norton issued a mandate ordering both the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches to publicly ordain him as \"Emperor\".", "The notion that one could leave a state and create his own country, without interfering with the government or having bloodshed, had no doubt been influenced by Emperor Norton. Today, there are many micronations who have Emperor Norton I Day (Emperor Joshua I Day in Delo-Cavers Empire ) commemorating the Emperor on January 8, the day of his death. These include the Republic of Molossia , the Kingdom of TorHavn , Corvina , and the Empire of Deloraine-Cavers , among others. The countries of Molossia ,Delo-Cavers, and the  Kingdom of Bolcar also have Emperor Norton on their bills and coins. There is also the Norton Park in Molossia named after the Emperor.", "Gradually, the city that had ruined Joshua Norton, businessman, embraced Joshua Norton, Emperor. Businesses honored his self-released scrip; theaters reserved seats for him and his canine companions. His living was supported by voluntary taxes and the charity of local businesses; he was assiduous about remaining within his means. There were, inevitably, those who painted him as the object of pity or fun, but, for the most part, evidence points to the Emperor commanding a good deal of genuine respect from all classes of San Francisco society.", "Norton I began in the former United States as one of the most successful businessmen ever to grace its shores. Arriving in 1859 from South Africa with only a $40 000 bequest, he quickly tripled and then quadrupled it by a series of sound investments into Peruvian rice markets. A perennial political theorist, he self-published his first book Imperialism and Democracy: A Sound Examination in 1862. The book proved wildly popular, selling over 300 000 copies and further increasing Norton’s fortune. By this time, he was the third-richest man in the former United States. ", "In no time at all, Bay Area newspapers were competing for the honor of posting his proclamations, and more than once they published fakes to generate sales - a practice the Emperor condemed. Norton's self styled \"Imperial Government\" even went so far as to manufacture its own currency in fifty-cent, five and ten dollar denominations. His money was accepted without question, at a time when U.S. paper currency was still considered unreliable.", "“Whether it was a salute or a bow as they passed him on the street, they universally gave their Emperor the tribute he expected. They even listed him in the city directory as ‘Norton, Joshua (Emperor), dwl. Metropolitan Hotel.’ They gave him a place of honor at plays, concerts, public lectures, and other civic affairs. The police department - Norton's ‘Imperial Constabulary’ - reserved a special chair for him at the precinct station and even prevailed upon him to march at the head of their annual parade.”", "Young emperor of Japan who took control of the nation's government from the shogun in 1867. He led a reform and modernization movement in Japan that resulted in it being a world power.The Meiji Era began under this Empero", "Pinning down Norton's exact date of birth has proved difficult. His obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle, \"following the best information obtainable,\" cited the silver plate on his coffin which said he was \"aged about 65,\" suggesting that 1814 could be the year of his birth. But Norton's biographer, William Drury, points out that \"about 65\" was based on nothing more than the guess that Norton's landlady offered to the coroner at the inquest following his death. In a 1923 essay published by the California Historical Society, Robert Ernest Cowan claimed that Norton was born on February 4, 1819. However, the passenger lists for the Belle Alliance, the ship that carried Norton and his family from England to South Africa, indicate he was two years old when the ship set sail in February 1820. The February 4, 1865, edition of the Daily Alta California newspaper included an item in which the Alta wished Emperor Norton a happy 47th birthday, indicating that his birth date was February 4, 1818 (not 1819, as Cowan claimed) — a date that would line up with the Belle Alliance passenger listing from two years later. Moreover, it has been shown that Robert Ernest Cowan appears to have falsified the 1865 Alta item to advance his claim of an 1819 birth date and that persistent online claims for an 1819 birth date, which can be traced to the early years of the Internet, are of doubtful provenance. ", "On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (the KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed provisional president. However, the presidency was later given to Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Emperor of China. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and reestablish the republic. ", "1916  – The last  Emperor of China ,  Yuan Shikai , abdicates the throne and the  Republic of China  is restored.", "Manchukuo was a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , the northeast region of China. It was nominally ruled by Puyi , the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty , but in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the Kwantung Army . While Manchukuo ostensibly meant a state for ethnic Manchus , the region had a Han Chinese majority.", "1911: Pu Yi, the boy emperor of China, aged five, on the advice of the regent Prince Chun granted a new constitution to combat the growing support for the Republican army and officially ended three centuries of Manchu domination over China.", "During the 1850s the very foundations of the empire were shaken by the Taiping Rebellion, a popular revolution of religious, social, and economic origin. Its leader, Hung Hsiu-ch'�an, an unsuccessful candidate for the civil service, had studied briefly and unsuccessfully with an American Protestant missionary. He came to fancy himself the younger brother of Jesus, divinely ordained to rid China of Manchu rule and to establish a Christian dynasty. Rebellion broke out in Guangxi Province in 1851. By 1853 the Taipings had moved north and established their capital at Nanjing. Although they were stopped short of taking Beijing, by 1860 they were firmly entrenched in the Yangtze Valley and were threatening Shanghai.", "Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's weakness, young officials, military officers, and students—inspired by the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat-sen (孫中山) —began to advocate the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and creation of a republic. A revolutionary military uprising, the Wuchang Uprising, began on October 10, 1911 in Wuhan (武漢). The provisional government of the Republic of China (中華民國) was formed in Nanjing on March 12, 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai (袁世凱) who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate (a decision he would later regret). Yuan Shikai proceeded in the next few years to abolish the national and provincial assemblies and declared himself emperor in 1915. Yuan's imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates, and faced with the prospect of rebellion, Yuan abdicated and died shortly after in 1916, leaving a power vacuum in China. His death left the republican government all but shattered, ushering in the era of the \"warlords\" when China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders.", "Lord Holland, speaking in the British House of Peers, spoke about the deceased Emperor in August 1833. He stated: \"The very people who detested this great man have acknowledged that for 10 centuries there has not appeared upon earth a more extraordinary character.\"", "Pu Yi was enthroned as emperor in 1908 after his uncle, the Kuang-hsu emperor, died. He reigned under a regency and underwent training to prepare him for his coming rule. However, in October 1911, his dynasty fell to Sun Yat-sen’s revolution, and four months later he abdicated. The new Chinese government granted him a large government pension and permitted him to live in the imperial palace until 1924, when he was forced into exile.", "When Puyi ruled the puppet state of Manchukuo and assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state, his era name was \"Datong\" (Ta-tung). And he became the emperor from 1934 to 1945, his era name was \"Kangde\" (Kang-te), so he was known as the \"Kangde Emperor\" (, ) during that period of time.", "It was in Japan where Chiang met Sun Yat-sen , the revolutionary leader who had overthrown the Manchu Dynasty. Chiang and Sun co-founded the Kuomintang, or KMT. On at least one occasion, Chiang saved Sun from assassination. Sun sent him to Russia in 1923 to study the Soviet model, though Chiang did not think this model was right for China. Russian communists had pledged to support the Nationalist Party and sent arms, money, and advisers, though they insisted that Sun accept the help of the Chinese Communists. When Chiang returned to China, Sun made him president of the Whampoa Military Academy. Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and Chiang took command of the Nationalist Army the following year.", "On this day in 1887, in Chekiang province, China, Chiang Kai-Shek, leader of the Nationalist government of China from 1928 to 1949, is born. As a young man training in the Japanese military, Chiang was converted to the ideals of republicanism. Upon returning to China, Chiang fought against the dying Manchu imperial dynasty. He eventually joined forces with Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang. Both Sun and Chiang became enamored of Soviet communism and even reorganized the Nationalist Party based on a Soviet model. Upon Sun’s death, Chinese communists, who had been admitted into the party, came into conflict with strict republicans. It was at this point that Chiang’s political shrewdness came to the fore, as he stemmed the influence of the communists in his party while keeping Moscow as an ally—that is, until Chiang led a coup that expelled the communists, feeling that they were too strong a challenge to his own control of the party. Chiang then lead the Nationalists in a march on Peking, eventually forming a new government under his control.", "The Barbarian and the Geisha (1958)  in 1850s US President Pierce sends to Japan the first U.S. Consul-General" ]

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[ "As of 2014, there are 50 five-pointed stars on the flag of the United States of America, one for each state. The stars represent the stars in the heavens, symbolic of the aspirations of the United States.", "Stars are nearly ubiquitous in United States heraldry and vexillology and nearly always appear unpierced with five straight-sided points. In the flag of the United States , each star represents one state . [9] The flag adopted in 1777 is the attributed origin of the thirteen stars, representing the thirteen United States , appearing on the Great Seal since 1780. [10]", "A flag of thirteen stripes, red and white, and a blue canton with stars forming the dates 1776 and 1876 was made for the first United States centennial. Each of the stars on this flag has five broad points and five narrow rays set between them.", "The national flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars.  The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.  Nicknames for the flag include the \"Stars and Stripes\", \"Old Glory\", and \"The Star-Spangled Banner\".   The design of the flag has been modified 26 times officially, since 1777.  The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959.  The 50-star flag was ordered by President Eisenhower on August 21, 1959.", "The flag of the United States of America contains thirteen alternating horizontal stripes of equal width, of which seven are red in color and six are white. In the upper-left corner is a blue rectangle, on which are drawn fifty white five-pointed stars. Since 1777 when it was first adopted officially, the US flag has undergone several revisions to reach its current design.", "In 1781 and 1782, in honor of the end of the American Revolutionary War and the help of France in that conflict, a special U.S. Flag appeared. It consisted of 13 red and white stripes with a very long (11 stripes long) canton bearing either 12 or 13 white stars and a gold fleur-di-lis. The stars are shown in contemporary illustrations either as 5 pointed or as 6 pointed in rows of three (with a single star below if there are 13) and the fleur at the top.", "The stars, whose position in the flag reflect the sky above Rio de Janeiro on November 15, 1889, represent the union's member-states - each star representing a specific state (which is not the case of the stars in the flag of the United States). The number of stars changes with the creation of new states and, since the early days of the republic, has risen from an original 21 stars to the current 27, standing for the 26 states and the Federal District.", "Surviving examples of the Confederate First National flag are known with the following numbers of stars: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17 stars. Most of the stars have 5 points but other examples have 4 (especially the lance penons), 6 and even 8 points.", "Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to the King of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\" John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars. ", "It is widely known that the 50 stars on the flag of the United States represent the states themselves. When the Stars and Stripes was adopted in 1777 there were 13 states (then colonies), thus a 13-star flag, and as each new state was admitted to the union a star was added to the flag. The current 50-star flag, acknowledging Hawaii’s admission, was unveiled on 4th July 1960.", "The location of the star's five points is determined by an imaginary disk centered on the star's center, its diameter equal to roughly 15% the length of the flag. The points of the star are equidistant from each other, and one of the points is located on the horizontal median of the flag to the left of the center of the imaginary disk. The star is surrounded on its left by a red crescent made by the intersection of two arcs, an outer arc whose diameter is equal to one-fourth of the length of the flag, and an internal arc with a diameter equal to one-fifth of the flag's length. In addition, at the top of the flag used by the President of the Republic, the words \"for the nation\" () are written in gold. The three outer edges of the flag are lined with golden yellow fringe and a red ribbon, with golden fringe on the right vertical side and a white disk with a star and crescent near the fringe, is attached to the flag pole above the flag.", "Looking at the number of points on the stars, we note that Hopkinson, at that time, designed with 6-pointed stars. Hopkinson's family coat of arms contained 6-pointed stars. Washington's Commander-In-Chief flag had 6-pointed white stars in a blue field. Hopkinson's work, before and after 1776, favored the 6-pointed star. 5-pointed stars don't appear in Hopkinson's designs until years later. It's unlikely that he would use 6-pointed stars, suddenly switch to a 5-pointed star for exactly one flag, then continue designing with 6-pointed stars for years before finally switching to the 5-pointed star for his later designs.", "The United States' flag has thirteen stripes, for the thirteen original colonies, and one star for every state.", "The 48 Star Flag : On July 4,1912, the U.S. flag grew to 48 stars with the addition of New Mexico (January 6th, 1912) and Arizona (February 14, 1912). This flag was official for 47 years, longer than any other flag before it, through two World Wars and the emergence of the United States of America as the leading nation of the world.", "In 1851, a star was added, representing California, bringing the total number of stars on the U.S. flag to 31 . There were thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original colonies.", "national flag consisting of white stars (50 since July 4, 1960) on a blue canton with a field of 13 alternating stripes, 7 red and 6 white. The 50 stars stand for the 50 states of the union, and the 13 stripes stand for the original 13 states. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 10 to 19.", "In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the United States Navy. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934. ", "There were 15 stars and 15 stripes on the flag at the time of the War of 1812. When the Mexican War began, the flag had 28 stars and when Fort Sumter was fired on in April 1861, the flag had 33 stars, but in July of that year the Kansas star was added, making 34, and before the Civil War ended the admission of West Virginia added another star, making 35. When war was declared against Spain on April 4, 1898, there were 45 stars but the number was increased to 46 on July 4, 1908, by the admission of Oklahoma.", "The first official flag of the Confederate States of America, called the \"Stars and Bars\", originally had seven stars, representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy, and as more states seceded, more stars were added. It sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the Union flag under battle conditions, so the flag was changed to the \"Stainless Banner\". The Stainless Banner, known as the \"Southern Cross\", became the symbol more commonly used in military operations. The Southern Cross had 13 stars, adding the four states that joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter , and the two divided states of Kentucky and Missouri . Due to similarities between the \"Stainless Banner\" and a white flag , a red stripe was appended vertically to the end of the flag, creating the third of the national flags.", "There are 50 stars representing the 50 states and there are 13 stripes representing the 13 original states.", "There are 50 stars representing the 50 states and there are 13 stripes representing the 13 original states.", "The flag’s stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of Kentucky and Missouri joined in late 1861.[21]", "The flag's stars represented the number of states in the Confederacy. The distance between the stars decreased as the number of states increased, reaching thirteen when the secessionist factions of Kentucky and Missouri joined in late 1861. [12]", "The 32 Star Flag : This Flag became the Official United States Flag on July 4th, 1858. A star was added for the admission of Minnesota (May 11, 1858) and was to last for just one year.", "You can use the widget above to design hypothetical flags of up to 100 stars. The 29-, 69- and 87-star flags are the only ones that cannot be shoehorned into one of these patterns.", "I put the question to mathematician Skip Garibaldi , who did what anyone would do in this situation: He wrote a computer program to figure out all possible combinations for flags of any number of stars. To do this, he looked at all the flags we've flown throughout American history , found the most common patterns, and figured out which of those patterns worked for a given number of stars. Garibaldi kindly sent me his code, which I used to make this interactive flag calculator based on the six most common star configurations:", "22            How many stars are there in the top 2 rows of stars on the flag of the USA?", "     Although the star pattern used in the canton of the Stars and Striped flag of the United States of American normally has been arranged in horizontal lines, sometimes staggered and sometimes not, there have been a variety of un-official designs also used over the years as new stars were added to Old Glory. Enjoy a walk through the many constellations of Old Glory below.", "The basic design of the current flag is specified by ; outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states. The specification gives the following values:", "Throughout the pages linked from this page are displayed a selection of depictions of US flags with varying numbers of stars and stripes. The stars in particular are highly variable in their arrangement, and flags with different star arrangements commonly come on the market in online trading sites like e-Bay. We have attempted to collect many of these - far more than can be shown here. If you have a scholastic interest in such flags, contact the FOTW director for access to these images - many are accompanied by descriptions (often of uncertain reliability!)", "The flag, as illustrated in the Constitution, bears a star considerably smaller than that used previously.  However, no official specifications as to the size of the star are provided.", "According to a PDF by a Joint Congressional Committee on the American flag , U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid suggested to Congress to add stars every time a new state entered the union. The last time a star was added to the American flag was in 1960 when Hawaii joined the union." ]

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[ "Greeley supported liberal policies towards settlers; in a July 13, 1865 editorial, he famously advised \"Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.\" Some have claimed that the phrase was originally written by John Soule in the Terre Haute Express in 1851,[3] but it is most often attributed to Greeley. Historian Walter A. McDougall quotes Josiah Grinnell, the founder of Iowa's Grinnell College, as saying, \"I was the young man to whom Greeley first said it, and I went.\" Researcher Fred R. Shapiro questions whether Greeley ever used the term at all and cites, instead, an occurrence of Greeley writing \"If any young man is about to commence the world, we say to him, publicly and privately, Go to the West\" in the Aug. 25, 1838 issue of the newspaper New Yorker.[4]", "On the newspaper's pages Greeley fought slavery, championed the working man, attacked monopolies and giveaways of land to the railroads. His liberal views on homesteading prompted his most famous editorial on July 13, 1865, in which he wrote, 'Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.'", "Greeley supported liberal policies towards settlers; in a July 13, 1865 editorial, he famously advised \"Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country.\" Some have claimed that the phrase was originally written by John Soule in the Terre Haute Express in 1851, but it is most often attributed to Greeley. Historian Walter A. McDougall quotes Josiah Grinnell, the founder of Iowa's Grinnell College, as saying, \"I was the young man to whom Greeley first said it, and I went.\" Researcher Fred R. Shapiro questions whether Greeley ever used the term at all and cites, instead, an occurrence of Greeley writing \"If any young man is about to commence the world, we say to him, publicly and privately, Go to the West\" in the Aug. 25, 1838, issue of the newspaper New Yorker.", "Greeley was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire . He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrison ‘s successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase “ Go West, young man , and grow up with the country,” although it is uncertain whether it originated with him. [a]", "One of the positions taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployed of the cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s, the West encompassed today’s Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837 and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In his journal, Greeley urged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to make public lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers. He told his readers, “Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anything rather than remain here … the West is the true destination.” [13] In 1838, he advised “any young man” about to start in the world, “Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated and your energy and industry rewarded.” [a] [14]", "One of the positions taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployed of the cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s, the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837 and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In his journal, Greeley urged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to make public lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers. He told his readers, \"Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anything rather than remain here ... the West is the true destination.\" [13] In 1838, he advised \"any young man\" about to start in the world, \"Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated and your energy and industry rewarded.\" [a] [14]", "Greeley was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire . He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications and involved himself in Whig Party politics, taking a significant part in William Henry Harrison 's successful 1840 presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the American West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the phrase \" Go West, young man , and grow up with the country,\" although it is uncertain whether it originated with him. [a]", "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was founder and editor of the New-York Tribune , among the great newspapers of its time. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new Liberal Republican party in the 1872 presidential election against incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant .", "“He did try, writing a column editorial on the subject of discussion—the opportunities offered to young men by the west. He started in by saying that Horace Greeley could never have given a young man better advice than that contained in the words, ‘Go West, young man.’", "is famous for saying \"Go West, young man, and grow up with the country.\"….which he didn’t really say.  The famous quote was actually made by John B. L. Soule. The quote first appeared as the title to the 1851, Terre Haute Express editorial written by Soule.", "\"He did try, writing a column editorial on the subject of discussion—the opportunities offered to young men by the west. He started in by saying that Horace Greeley could never have given a young man better advice than that contained in the words, 'Go West, young man.'", "Greeley gathered an impressive array of editors and feature writers, among them Henry J. Raymond, Charles A. Dana, Bayard Taylor, George Ripley, Margaret Fuller, and, for a while, Karl Marx served as his London correspondent. Reflecting his puritanical upbringing, Greeley opposed liquor, tobacco, gambling, prostitution, and capital punishment, while actively promoting the anti-slavery cause. His editorial columns urged a variety of educational reforms and favored producer's cooperatives, but opposed women's suffrage. He popularized the phrase \"Go west, young man; go west!\" The", "      New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley publishes \"The Prayer of Twenty Millions,\" a passionate editorial calling on President Lincoln to declare emancipation for all slaves in Union-held territory. Greeley's blistering letter voiced the impatience of many Northern abolitionists; but unbeknownst to Greeley and the public, Lincoln was already moving in the direction of emancipation.", "The exact phrase probably never got written down at all, but entered popular memory as short-hand for Greeley’s exhortations to migrate.  Iowa Congressman Josiah B. Grinnell , a Vermont expatriate, used to be identified as the “young man” whom Greeley urged to get out of New York City and go west in 1853.  But Grinnell himself debunked claims that he got that advice from Greeley in a letter.  Even the oral advice Greeley gave Grinnell wasn’t the precise phrase we remember him for.  Instead, he said “Go West; this is not the place for a young man.”", "Horace Greeley , Hints toward Reform, in an editorial in the Tribune; reported as a proverb in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 640.", "Birth of Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician, founded ‘The New York Tribune’, co-founded the Republican Party and the Liberal Republican Party", "By the end of the 1840s, Greeley’s Tribune was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influential nationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas and small towns. Journalist Bayard Taylor deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According to Williams, the Tribune could mold public opinion through Greeley’s editorials more effectively than could the president. Greeley sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay , who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the “Gospel according to St. Horace”. [37]", "Greeley's alliance with William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found and may have named the Republican Party . Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the Civil War , he mostly supported Lincoln, though urging him to commit to the end of slavery before the President was willing to do so. After Lincoln's assassination , he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President Andrew Johnson . He broke with Republican president Ulysses Grant because of corruption and Greeley's sense that Reconstruction policies were no longer needed.", "Similar editorials appeared through January 1861, after which Tribune editorials took a hard line on the South, opposing concessions. [62] Williams concludes that “for a brief moment, Horace Greeley had believed that peaceful secession might be a form of freedom preferable to civil war”. [63] This brief flirtation with disunion would have consequences for Greeley—it was used by his opponents against him when he ran for president in 1872. [63]", "Greeley prided himself in taking radical positions on all sorts of social issues; few readers followed his suggestions. Utopia fascinated him; influenced by Albert Brisbane he promoted Fourierism. His journal had Karl Marx (as well as Friedrich Engels ) as European correspondent in the early 1850s (although most of his views sharply contrasted with the ones promoted by marxism).[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm] He promoted all sorts of agrarian reforms, including homestead laws . He was elected as a Whig to the Thirtieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the unseating of David S. Jackson and served from December 4, 1848, to March 3, 1849.", "    * Cross, Coy F., II. Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley's Vision for America. U. of Mexico Press, 1995. 165 pp. online edition", "By the end of the 1840s, Greeley's Tribune was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influential nationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas and small towns. Journalist Bayard Taylor deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According to Williams, the Tribune could mold public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively than could the president. Greeley sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay, who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the \"Gospel according to St. Horace\".", "Cross, Coy F., II. Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley's Vision for America. U. of Mexico Press, 1995.", "Greeley’s view of freedom was based in the desire that all should have the opportunity to better themselves. [116] According to his biographer, Erik S. Lunde, “a dedicated social reformer deeply sympathetic to the treatment of poor white males, slaves, free blacks, and white women, he still espoused the virtues of self-help and free enterprise”. [117] Van Deusen stated: “His genuine human sympathies, his moral fervor, even the exhibitionism that was a part of his makeup, made it inevitable that he should crusade for a better world. He did so with apostolic zeal.” [118]", "Horace Greeley Writes 'Go West, Young Man,' and Lots of Other Things - New England Historical Society", "In 1853, with the party increasingly divided over the slavery issue, Greeley printed an editorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Whig and declaring it to be nonpartisan. He was confident that the paper would not suffer financially, trusting in reader loyalty. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the Republic, a Whig organ, mocked Greeley and his beliefs: \"If a party is to be built up and maintained on Fourierism, Mesmerism, Maine Liquor laws, Spiritual Rappings, Kossuthism, Socialism, Abolitionism, and forty other isms, we have no disposition to mix with any such companions.\" When in 1854, Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas introduced his Kansas-Nebraska Bill, allowing residents of each territory to decide whether it would be slave or free, Greeley strongly fought the legislation in his newspaper. After it passed, and the Border War broke out in Kansas Territory, Greeley was part of efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them. In return, proponents of slavery recognized Greeley and the Tribune as adversaries, stopping shipments of the paper to the South and harassing local agents. Nevertheless, by 1858, the Tribune reached 300,000 subscribers through the weekly edition, and it would continue as the foremost American newspaper through the years of the Civil War.", "      In 1841, Greeley launched The Tribune, a newspaper to promote his reform ideas. He advocated temperance, westward expansion, and the labor movement, and opposed capital punishment and land monopoly. Greeley served a brief stint in the US House of Representatives, and he introduced legislation that eventually became the Homestead Act of 1862.", "    * Weisberger, Bernard A. \"Horace Greeley: Reformer as Republican\" . Civil War History 1977 23(1): 5-25. ISSN 0009-8078", "As had been the case for much of the 19th century, political parties continued to be formed and to vanish after the Civil War. In September 1871, Missouri Senator Carl Schurz formed the Liberal Republican Party , founded on opposition to President Grant, opposition to corruption, and support of civil service reform, lower taxes, and land reform. He gathered around him an eclectic group of supporters whose only real link was their opposition to Grant, whose administration had proved increasingly corrupt. The party needed a candidate, with a presidential election upcoming. Greeley was one of the best-known Americans, as well as being a perennial candidate for office. [96] He was more minded to consider a run for the Republican nomination, fearing the effect on the Tribune should he bolt the party. Nevertheless, he wanted to be president, as a Republican if possible, if not, as a Liberal Republican. [97] [98]", "In 1838, Greeley met Albany editor Thurlow Weed. Weed spoke for a liberal faction of the Whigs in his newspaper the Albany Evening Journal. He hired Greeley as editor of the state Whig newspaper for the upcoming campaign. The newspaper, the Jeffersonian, premiered in February 1838 and helped elect the Whig candidate for governor, William H. Seward. In 1839, Greeley worked for several journals, and took a month-long break to go as far west as Detroit.", "Consulting volume nine of �The New Pelican Guide to English Literature�, the one dedicated to �American Literature�, I find that \"it was partly a yearning for self-improvement and partly a simple need for entertainment in the long quiet farming and small-town life that produced such phenomena as the Chautauqua Movement, which may be summed up briefly (no easy matter) as a programme of summer schools for the farming masses\" (p.45)", "When the Civil War broke out, river traffic declined, and so did the demand for pilots. So at age 26, Twain headed west with his older brother. He tried his hand as a miner, and wrote stories and travel pieces for various newspapers. His Western adventures inspired the book Roughing It. His first big success was the short story “The Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” (1865)." ]

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[ "Explain the difference in the following types of stars: main sequence stars, red giants, and white dwarfs.", "White dwarfs are the shrunken remains of normal stars, whose nuclear energy supplies have been used up. White dwarf consist of degenerate matter with a very high density due to gravitational effects, i.e. one spoonful has a mass of several tonnes. White dwarfs cool and fade over several billion years.", "The H-R diagram classifies stars into five types: white dwarfs, main sequence stars, subgiants, giants and supergiants. All stars eventually leave the main sequence, with the exact process depending on their mass. For example, larger stars explode into a supernova, leaving a dense core that collapses into a neutron star or black hole. Smaller stars go red giant, then collapse into a white dwarf, which gradually burns out. White dwarf stars lack luminosity because of their small size, but they generate a lot of heat from previously being the core of a star that went supernova.", "Globular clusters, or GC, are roughly spherical groupings of from 10,000 to several million stars packed into regions of from 10 to 30 light years across. They commonly consist of very old Population II stars—just a few hundred million years younger than the universe itself—which are mostly yellow and red, with mass just less than two solar masses. Such stars predominate within clusters because hotter and more massive stars have exploded as supernovae, or evolved through planetary nebula phases to end as white dwarfs. Yet a few rare blue stars exist in globulars, thought to be formed by stellar mergers in their dense inner regions; these stars are known as blue stragglers.", "Red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution. turns into white dwarf, A red giant star has exhausted all of this element used as fuel in its core, hydrogen", "Dwarfs - Smaller stars are called dwarf stars. Red and yellow stars are generally called dwarfs. A brown dwarf is one that never quite got large enough for nuclear fusion to occur. A white dwarf is the remnants of the collapse of a red giant star.", "White dwarfs are dead stars that pack a Sun's-worth of matter into an Earth-sized ball. Astronomers have just discovered an amazing pair of white dwarfs whirling around each other once every 39 minutes. This is the shortest-period pair of white dwarfs now known. Moreover, in a few million years they will collide and merge to create a single star.", "White dwarf. A very small, dense star that has used up its nuclear energy. Stars of this kind are at the end of their evolution. Typically, a white dwarf contains roughly the same mass as that of our Sun in a volume one hundredth the size. This gives a white dwarf a density about one million times that of water!", "Left by themselves, the planetary nebula will fizzle out after a few million years and the white-dwarf star will continue to smolder for billions of years, before eventually cooling off and being nothing more than a cold hunk of dead star material. However, there is something more exciting that can happen. Many stars in the universe are in binary systems, which is a system of two stars that mutually orbit each other. If one of these stars turns into a white dwarf, it can actually suck material off of the other star, provided that it is close enough. If a white dwarf gets too massive, it becomes unstable, and can explode if pushed over a certain limit. The resulting explosion is known as a type Ia supernova. The details of the explosion are quite complicated, and are still being worked out by smart people with fancy computers! To the right is an artist's conception of what a binary system containing a white dwarf and a red giant would look like. The white dwarf on the right is pulling material off of the big star on the left, and the material is spiraling in to accrete onto the white dwarf. When the white dwarf pulls off enough matter and reaches a critical mass, it will explode!", "White dwarfs are thought to be the final evolutionary state of all stars, whose mass is not high enough to become a neutron star—over 97% of the stars in our galaxy. If a red giant has insufficient mass to generate the core temperatures required to fuse carbon, around 1 billion K, an inert mass of carbon and oxygen will build up at its center. After shedding its outer layers to form a planetary nebula, it will leave behind this core, which forms the remnant white dwarf. Usually, therefore, white dwarfs are composed of carbon and oxygen", "dwarf star any star of average or low luminosity, mass, and size. Important subclasses of dwarf stars are white dwarfs (see white dwarf star) and red dwarfs. Dwarf stars include so-called main-sequence stars, among which is the Sun. The colour of dwarf stars can...", "In a binary star system, the white dwarf's companion star is often a red giant. The stars may be close enough to each other and the red giant large enough, that material may flow from the red giant onto the white dwarf.", "A white dwarf, also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. They are very dense; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the Sun, and its volume is comparable to that of the Earth. Its faint luminosity comes from the emission of stored thermal energy. The nearest known white dwarf is Sirius B, 8.6 light years away, the smaller component of the Sirius binary star. There are currently thought to be eight white dwarfs among the hundred star systems nearest the Sun. The unusual faintness of white dwarfs was first recognized in 1910 by Henry Norris Russell, Edward Charles Pickering, and Williamina Fleming;, p. 1 the name white dwarf was coined by Willem Luyten in 1922.", "When an aging star exhausts most of its fuel, it balloons outward into a huge red giant . But in a cluster of stars that formed at the same time, some will look eerily young: While the stars' contemporaries are bulky and cooler, they remain trim with a hotter, bluer light as if they're getting infusions of new fuel. So blue straggler stars get their name because they \"straggle\" behind the typical star life cycle.", "The stars in the sky may seem ageless and unchanging, but eventually most of them will turn into white dwarfs, the last observable stage of evolution for low- and medium-mass stars. These dim stellar corpses dot the galaxy, leftovers from brightly burning stars.", "A group of astronomers surveyed 21 blue straggler stars in a cluster about 5,000 light-years away to determine their youthful secrets. The Hubble Space Telescope was able to spot evidence of orbiting white dwarf stars that contributed mass to many of the stragglers.  [ Amazing Hubble Space Telescope Photos: Latest Views ]", "It is known in astronomy that a white dwarf arises from a red giant as this loses its mass. This process is usually accompanied by a slow ejection of a planetary nebula which eventually dissipates into space. But sometimes the remaining core of the red giant can retain a mass exceeding the so-called Chandrasekhar limit (about 1.3 Sun masses). This leads inevitably to disastrous self-compression of the core and its explosion as a Supernova. As a result, powerful streams of matter and radiation are ejected into the surrounding space.", "Now we see that there is a new region in the lower left, which correspond to faint-blue stars.  If blue stars are so luminous, why are these so faint?  These are faint because they are very small!  They are a class of stars called White Dwarf stars.  We can also look at the H-R diagram for other clusters.  Here is one for an old cluster of stars, M3, which is a globular cluster:", "Theorists tend to notice that stars greater than 8 solar masses tend to explode, if they do, as Type II and Type Ibc supernovae. These stars are relatively young and massive, which manifest in irregular or spiral galaxies. They also notice that Type Ia supernovae can be depicted by the explosion of low-mass stars called white dwarves.", "Although the lists of the brightest and the nearest stars pertain to only a very small number of stars, they nonetheless serve to illustrate some important points. The stars listed fall roughly into three categories: (1) giant star s and supergiant star s having sizes of tens or even hundreds of solar radii and extremely low average densities—in fact, several orders of magnitude less than that of water (one gram per cubic centimetre); (2) dwarf star s having sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5 solar radii and masses from 0.1 to about 10 solar masses; and (3) white dwarf star s having masses comparable to that of the Sun but dimensions appropriate to planets, meaning that their average densities are hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of water.", "in astronomy, a type of star that is abnormally faint for its white-hot temperature (see mass-luminosity relation). Typically, a white dwarf star has the mass of the sun and the radius of the earth but does not emit enough light or other radiation to be easily", "New research indicates that many white dwarfs—at least in certain types of galaxies—may not approach that limit by way of accretion. It has been postulated that at least some of the white dwarfs that become supernovae attain the necessary mass by colliding with one another. It may be that in elliptical galaxies such collisions are the major source of supernovae. This hypothesis is based on the fact that the X-rays produced by those galaxies are 30 to 50 times less than what is expected to be produced by type Ia supernovas of that galaxy as matter accretes on the white dwarf from its encircling companion. It has been concluded that no more than 5 percent of the supernovae in such galaxies could be created by the process of accretion onto white dwarfs. The significance of this finding is that there could be two types of supernovae, which could mean that the Chandrasekhar limit might not always apply in determining when a white dwarf goes supernova, given that two colliding white dwarfs could have a range of masses. This in turn would confuse efforts to use exploding white dwarfs as standard candles in determining distances. ", "Dwarf novae are double stars involving a white dwarf star in which matter transfer between the component gives rise to regular outbursts. There are three types of dwarf nova:", "The other explanation relies on mass transfer between two stars born in a binary star system. The more massive of the two stars in the system will evolve first and as it expands, will overflow its Roche lobe. Mass will quickly transfer from the initially more massive companion on to the less massive and like the collision hypothesis, would explain why there would be main-sequence stars more massive than other stars in the cluster which have already evolved off of the main sequence. Observations of blue stragglers have found that some have significantly less carbon and oxygen in their photospheres than is typical, which is evidence of their outer material having been dredged up from the interior of a companion. ", "Due to low surface gravity in giant stars, TiO- and VO-bearing condensates never form. Thus, L-type stars larger than dwarfs can never form in an isolated environment. It may be possible for these L-type supergiants to form through stellar collisions, however. An example of which is V838 Monocerotis while in the height of its luminous red nova eruption.", "A classification scheme which groups stars according to the width of their spectral lines. For a group of stars with the same temperature, luminosity class differentiates between supergiants, giants, main sequence stars and subdwarfs.", "Three distinct classes of pulsars are currently known to astronomers, according to the source of the power of the electromagnetic radiation:", "The very hottest supergiants with early O spectral types, occur in an extremely narrow range of luminosities above the highly luminous early O main sequence and giant stars. They are not classified separately into normal (Ib) and luminous (Ia) supergiants, although they commonly have other spectral type modifiers such as \"f\" for nitrogen and helium emission (e.g. O2 If for HD 93129A).", "DATA: Most of these are ordinary G-type stars. This would appear to be a neutron star, possibly a pulsar.", "Another luminosity class is the bright giants (class II), differentiated from normal giants (class III) simply by being a little larger and more luminous. These have luminosities between the normal giants and the supergiants, around absolute magnitude −3.", "^ Faint types may be a distinct sub-class. Bright types may be a continuum from slightly over-luminous to hypernovae.", "These helium burning stars are known as horizontal branch star s as they have left the main sequence in their extreme old age. A subset of this group called blue horizontal branch star s comprise many of the blue star s we see in globular cluster s." ]

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[ "Plymouth Colony, America's first permanent Puritan settlement, was established by English Separatist Puritans in December 1620. The Pilgrims left England to seek religious freedom, or simply to find a better life. After a period in Holland, they set sail from Plymouth, England, on Sept. 16, 1620, aboard the Mayflower, its 102 passengers spending 65 days at sea. Passengers, now known as the Pilgrim Fathers, included leader William Brewster; John Carver, Edward Winslow, and William Bradford, early governors of Plymouth Colony; John Alden, assistant governor; and Myles Standish, a professional soldier and military advisor. The Mayflower dropped anchor near present-day Provincetown on Nov. 21, 1620, and 41 male passengers signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement to enact \"just and equal laws for the general good of the colony.\" The Pilgrims finally landed at the site of present-day Plymouth, Mass., on Dec. 26, 1620.", "On September 16th (that’s today!), 1620, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England bound for North America. The 102 passengers aboard were English and Dutch Separatists seeking freedom in the new land from religious persecution. The 66-day journey faced savage seas and the captain, Christopher Jones, considered returning to England. Storms pushed them far north of their intended Virginia destination, and they finally landed in Massachusetts in late November well into the harsh New England winter.", "The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown. This voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a rudimentary form of democracy, with each member contributing to the welfare of the community. ", "The Mayflower embarked about sixty-five passengers in London about the middle of July 1620, proceeded to Southampton on the English south coast and met the Speedwell bringing the Leyden contingent from Holland . The two ships planned to begin their trans-Atlantic journey on 5 August, but problems with the Speedwell, which could not be corrected, caused the loss of a month of critical voyage time with the fall Atlantic gale season coming on. After two false starts and repairs to the Speedwell, some of the passengers chose not to continue and returned to Holland on the Speedwell. The remaining passengers boarded the Mayflower, which with 102 passengers and a crew of possibly 30-40, finally departed Plymouth, Devon on 6 September (16 new calendar). After 66 days of fighting gales and with the ship’s timbers rupturing, and with a detriment to the health of all on board, the Mayflower finally anchored with the hook of Cape Cod harbor on 11 November. [14] Recent research has revealed that the ship called in at the tiny fishing village of Renews in Newfoundland for fresh water and food, before finally anchoring off, what is now Provincetown.", "The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and the crew is estimated to be approximately 30 but the exact number is unknown. They lived in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter. ", "Finally, on September 6, 1620, the Mayflower set sail across the North Atlantic with its famous 102 passengers. You can learn more about the Mayflower and its passengers on our Mayflower page.", "On November 21, 1620, the Mayflower arrived in America (specifically in what is today Provincetown, Massachusetts ), bringing the Pilgrims . [24] There were 102 people aboard – 18 married women traveling with their husbands, seven unmarried women traveling with their parents, three young unmarried women, one girl, and 73 men. [25] Three fourths of the women died in the first few months; while the men were building housing and drinking fresh water the women were confined to the damp and crowded quarters of the ship. [26] By the time of the first Thanksgiving in autumn 1621, there were only four women from the Mayflower left alive. [26] [27]", "Even though the Mayflower is best known for its voyage across the Atlantic Ocean carrying the pilgrims to America, it wasn't always a passenger ship. It was originally intended for use as a cargo ship. It carried wine, supplies and goods from France to England. History shows that the Mayflower ship was at least 12 years old before it brought the passengers to Plymouth. Even though the cargo ship weighed 180 tons, it was narrow enough to fit through coves and dock in small harbors. When built, it had a length of 90-110 feet and a width of 25 feet. As you can imagine, since the vessel had 3 large masts, it was the wind that made it possible to move across the waters delivering the goods and supplies. The design of this cargo ship was actually a Fluyt, its style being created and crafted by the Dutch in the 1600's. So in reality, the Mayflower was a Dutch Cargo Fluyt.", "To start on the trip to America,both the Speedwell and the Mayflower, carrying a total of about 120 passengers, sailed from Southampton on August 15,. But they were twice forced back by dangerous leaks on the Speedwell. So it was decided, at the English port of Plymouth, some of the Speedwell's passengers would regroup on the Mayflower, leaving some things behind because there was no room enough for everything. On September 16, 1620, the historic voyage began with only one ship, the Mayflower.", "In the meantime the Leiden Separatists, who had initiated the venture, sailed for Southampton on July 22, 1620, with 35 members of the congregation and their leaders William Bradford and William Brewster aboard the 60-ton Speedwell. Both the Speedwell and the Mayflower, carrying a total of about 120 passengers, sailed from Southampton on August 15, but they were twice forced back by dangerous leaks on the Speedwell. At the English port of Plymouth some of the Speedwell's passengers were regrouped on the Mayflower, and on September 16, the historic voyage began.", "During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy , pneumonia and tuberculosis . [16] When it ended, there were only 53 passengers, just over half, still alive. Likewise, half of the crew died as well. [16] In the spring, they built huts ashore, and on March 21/31, 1621, the surviving passengers disembarked from the Mayflower. [16] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620-1. On April 5/15, 1621, the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth to return to England, [16] where she arrived on May 6/16, 1621. [25]", "On November 19th (that’s today!), 1620, the Mayflower, a ship filled with English and Dutch Separatists, finally spotted the land that would mark the end of their 65-day journey from Plymouth, England. Over the course of their voyage, the passengers and crew aboard the 100-foot ship survived the strong North Atlantic gales that battered their ship. Relief swept across the passengers as they dropped anchor near present day Plymouth, Massachusetts, and prepared to settle into their new land and become a symbol of the beginning of European settlement in America.", "The Mayflower was the famous ship that transported the English Separatists, better known as the Pilgrims, from Southampton, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts , in 1620.", "Among the 102 passengers were six Essex residents from the Great Burstead area, south-west of Harwich. These included Christopher Martin, the Mayflowers Treasurer who was responsible for provisioning the ship, his wife, step-son and servant, together with two single men from Great Burstead – Peter Browne and Richard Britteridge. All died that first winter in Plymouth except Peter Browne. ", "The vessel left England on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, which claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11/November 21. The Mayflower was originally destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England’s Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay. On March 21/28, 1621, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on April 5/15, the Mayflower, a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England. In 1623, a year after the death of captain Christopher Jones, the Mayflower was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe, London.", "The vessel left England on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), and after a grueling 66-day journey marked by disease, which claimed two lives, the ship dropped anchor inside the hook tip of Cape Cod (Provincetown Harbor) on November 11/November 21. The Mayflower was originally destined for the mouth of the Hudson River, near present-day New York City, at the northern edge of England's Virginia colony, which itself was established with the 1607 Jamestown Settlement. However, the Mayflower went off course as the winter approached, and remained in Cape Cod Bay. On March 21/28, 1621, all surviving passengers, who had inhabited the ship during the winter, moved ashore at Plymouth, and on April 5/15, the Mayflower, a privately commissioned vessel, returned to England. In 1623, a year after the death of captain Christopher Jones, the Mayflower was most likely dismantled for scrap lumber in Rotherhithe, London.", "The Mayflower was a now famous ship that carried the Pilgrims, English separatists looking for freedom from religious prosecution, from Southampton, England to Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.", "A second ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying thirty-five passengers, many from Leiden. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630, 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year, John Cole, master, with 140 passengers for Virginia, but it never arrived. On October 18, 1642 a deposition was made in England regarding the accident.", "The Mayflower embarked about 65 passengers in London at its homeport in the Rotherhithe district on the Thames about the middle of July in 1620. She then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast to anchor at Southampton Water. There the Mayflower waited for seven days for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell, coming with Leiden church members from Delfshaven in Holland.", "Fluyt, a type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel. Originating from the Netherlands in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. The inexpensive ship could be built in large numbers. This ship class was credited with enhancing Dutch competitiveness in international trade and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries. The fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire. ", "35 new colonists led by Robert Cushman, who returned to England on the Fortune when it left Plymouth on 13 Dec. 1621, a total now of 85. In 1623 Bradford told John Pory, a visitor to Plymouth, that \"for the space of one whole year of the two wherein they had been there, died not one man, woman or child.\"", "The ship departed Plymouth, England on Sept. 6, about six weeks later than the originally planned departure date. The passengers’ quarters were on the gun deck, also known as the “tween deck.” This area had four gun ports on each side for cannons in case of attack. The ceiling height was about 5 feet 6 inches. The widest part of the deck was 24 feet and length was 80 feet. Within that space, 12 feet of the length was off-limits to passengers because it was the gun room, used to store supplies, powder and shot for cannons and guns. Additional space was taken up by the windlass and capstan, used for moving cargo from one deck to another, the masts and hatches that allowed access to the cargo hold. There was also a 30-foot shallop, or small boat with a single sail, stored on this deck. The total living space for 102 passengers was 58 feet by 24 feet.", "WoS page 53.  'Damaged' in 1617 somewhere amongst the Western Rocks. An English East India Company 'Pinnace', homeward bound from the Far East, 50 crew, carrying passengers and spices. There is some doubt as to whether or not she was a total loss, since EIC records in the British Library collection mention a Supply of 1621. ALL.  However the National Research Archive below puts her in Scilly about the correct time.", "The known sources do not concur on all aspects of the events, and none can be assumed to be entirely reliable. Cabot was described as having one \"little ship\", of 50 tons burden, called the Matthew of Bristol (according to the 1565 chronicle). It was said to be laden with sufficient supplies for \"seven or eight months\". The ship departed in May with a crew of 18 to 20 men. They included an unnamed Burgundian and a Genoese barber, who presumably accompanied the expedition as the ship's surgeon.", "1606-12: ENGLAND: Admiral Christopher Newport takes the Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery out of London, bound for Virgiinia with 140 Colonists. During the voyage, Newport places John Smith under arrest for mutiny.", "In August 1609 records first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Drontheim (Trondheim) in Norway, and back to London. Due to bad weather, on her return the ship lost an anchor and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation was involved and was proceeding in 1612. ", "Initially the trip went smoothly, but under way they were met with strong winds and storms. One of these caused a main beam to crack, and the possibility was considered of turning back, even though they were more than halfway to their destination. However, they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue using a \"great iron screw\" brought along by the colonists (probably either a jack to be used for house construction or a cider press). Passenger John Howland was washed overboard in the storm but caught a top-sail halyard trailing in the water and was pulled back on board.", "The Matthew was the ship in which John Cabot sailed from Bristol to North America in 1497. Little is known about it. A few documents corroborate that it was named the Matthew (also spelled Mathew or Mathewe), and some historians have speculated that it may have been named after Cabot's wife, Mattea. John Day, a Bristol merchant, wrote in 1497-98 that Cabot “had only one ship of fifty toneless [tons] and twenty men and food for seven or eight months.” This makes it a relatively small vessel – Bristol customs accounts refer to it as a “navicula”, similar to a caravel. These were maneuverable vessels with three masts.", "In 1664, the passengers of the Defense under John Webber (sailed from London 10 May, arrived New England 30 June 1664) were listed as Benjamin Hewling, John Newell, Humphrey Hodges, Thomas Parris, James Fassett, John Fullerton, Sir William Peake, Robert Davies, Robert Knight, John Winder, Henry Culpepper, and John Culpepper.", "Unknown, but carried c. 135 people during the historical voyage to what they would call Plymouth Colony", "1652-08-26 Battle of Plymouth: General-at-Sea George Ayscue of the Commonwealth of England attacked a convoy of the Dutch Republic commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter. Dutch victory", "There were about 20 people on board. Cabot, a Genoese barber(surgeon), a Burgundian, two Bristol merchants, and Bristol sailors. Whether any of Cabot's sons were members of the crew cannot be verified." ]

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[ "Each player is dealt a hand of 10 cards and the remaining 12 cards are stacked face down on the table. A player who does not have the requested card draws one card from the stock before asking the opponent for a card. The remaining rules are the same as in the three-player game.", "A variant Backstab Fish is played in Adelaide with 108 cards including four jokers. There are 4-10 players, 7 cards each are dealt and the aim is to make sets of four equal cards, suits being ignored. At your turn you ask a specific player for a specific number of cards of a rank of which you hold at least one: for example you could ask a player for three sixes if you hold a six. The player gives you the exact number of cards you asked for, if she has them: if not - for example if she only has two sixes - you have to draw a card from the stock and the turn passes to the player you asked. In this game you are not required to lay down four of a kind. You can keep them as a basis for asking for more cards of that rank, but if you do not put them down you may lose some or all of them if another player asks for them.", "The object of a trick-taking game is based on the play of multiple rounds, or tricks, in each of which each player plays a single card from their hand, and based on the values of played cards one player wins or \"takes\" the trick. The specific object varies with each game and can include taking as many tricks as possible, taking as many scoring cards within the tricks won as possible, taking as few tricks (or as few penalty cards) as possible, taking a particular trick in the hand, or taking an exact number of tricks. Bridge, Whist, Euchre, Spades, and the various Tarot card games are popular examples.", "The goal of each player is to empty his hand of cards by matching those of equal rank. Play proceeds clockwise, with one player taking a randomly chosen card from another player’s hand and adding it to his own. If he forms any matches, he may discard them. The game ends when only one player remains holding the Old Maid. This player loses.", "The player to dealer's left starts. A turn consists of asking a specific player for a specific rank. For example, if it is my turn I might say: 'Mary, please give me your jacks'. The player who asks must already hold at least one card of the requested rank, so I must hold at least one jack to say this. If the player who was asked (Mary) has cards of the named rank (jacks in this case), she must give all her cards of this rank to the player who asked for them. That player then gets another turn and may again ask any player for any rank already held by the asker.", "This game is similar to Eights or Uno , but more lively and with even less scope for thought or tactics. It is only necessary to match the colour of the previous play - the cards have no ranks. Some cards have special effects: there are cards that allow players to change the colour that must be played, cards that require players to swap hands, and cards that require the other players to slap the discard pile, the slowest player having to take a card from the person who played the slap card.", "Uno – This is a popular card game that uses its own specialized deck of 108 cards. Cards come in four colors, including red, green, blue and yellow, and are ranked from 0 to 9. At the beginning of play, each player is dealt seven cards, with the rest placed into a draw pile. The top card is used to start off the discard pile. In order to win the game, a player must completely empty his hand. He can only discard a card if it either matches the topmost one on the discard pile in terms of rank, label or color. If no card can be played, then he must draw another card for that turn.", "This consists of one card of every rank: A-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-J-Q-K-joker. Exceptionally, for the purpose of making this combination, you are allowed to keep a three in your hand; however, if the game ends while you have a three in your hand, the three is scored in the same way as if you had laid it on the table.", "Pontoon is similar to the classic game of blackjack , where each player gets two cards that have to be bet on. If the sum of the two cards comes up to 21, which can be with an ace and a 10 value card (ten, king, queen or jack), it is called Pontoon, like blackjack, and is the highest hand.", "For 2-6 players, age 10 to adult. Takes 1-3 hours. Similar to Canasta or Rummy. The object is to play 22 cards in 2 stacks of 11 cards each: one called a \"Hand\", the other called a \"Foot\". To make at least 3 groups or more of 7 cards each, playing the Hand first, then the Foot, before going out. Players with the highest score after 4 rounds, wins. Each card set includes 262 cards or 5 decks. Each card set also includes a set of rules, 6 hint cards and several promotional cards.", "In a large and popular category of trick-taking games, traditionally called whist-style games although the best-known example may now be bridge, one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards, and automatically prevail over them, losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick. Non-trump suits are called plain suits.", "If you don't have any, the enquiry passes to the next player and so on, until one of the cards has been shown to the player making the suggestion.", "Each player must take 2 cards when his/her turn starts. If a player has no cards when his/her turn starts, he/she draws 5 cards instead of 2 cards.", "If the player's inquiry from any of the remaining players for a particular card is successful, then the player can continue inquiring for the next. This goes on until the player's inquiry fails and the player sitting to his left will start his or her turn of inquiring. This will continue until one of the players successfully gets rid of all his cards in his possession and he will be declared the winner of the game.", "The dealer then asks each player in turn whether they wish to be dealt additional cards. A player who is satisfied with their hand will \"stand\" (or \"stick'). Otherwise, they may ask for another card ('hit'), and may keep doing so until they either stand or bust. If you bust, you throw his hand in and lose your stake.", "In draw poker, the sometimes visible card at the bottom of a player's hand. Players will sometimes deliberately expose this card.", "In the game the 13 cards of the spade suit, representing the ranks of all suits, are enameled on a layout on which the bets are placed against the house. A bet may be placed on any rank to win or (by coppering the bet--i.e., placing a copper counter on the chips) to lose; or, by the manner in which the chips are placed on the layout, a bet may cover several ranks. A shuffled pack of playing cards is placed face up in a dealing box. The top card is removed and not used. The next card taken from the box loses (the house pays the coppered bets placed and takes in bets placed on the card to win). The card left showing in the box wins, and the house pays the amount of any bet placed on that rank to win. The two cards constitute a turn. The dealer then removes the exposed card from the box, puts aside another card (which loses), and leaves exposed another card (which wins). The game continues in this fashion through the pack. The last card in the box does not count. When cards of the same rank appear in the same turn and so both win and lose, the house takes half of each bet on that rank, whether to win or to lose. This is called a split.", "In “draw” games, the players may decide to trade in some of their cards (generally up to 3) in an effort to improve their hand.", "Some games, especially five card draw , are often played with a bug. This is a joker added to the pack which acts as a limited wild card. It can either be used as an ace, or to complete a straight or a flush. Thus the highest hand is five aces (", "Designed by James Ernest. Published by Cheapass Games. For 3-6 players. Nominated for Origins award 1998. A two-minute thrill ride. It's a freeform card game in which players are falling, fighting, and struggling to hit the ground last. There are no turns in this game. Everyone is playing at once. One player deals from a mostly-shuffled deck, while the other players play their cards in real time. The Dealer isn't falling, he just distributes the cards and moderates the game. The other players receive stacks of cards, like Skip, Stop, Hit, and Push, and try to cope with them as quickly and accurately as they can. Sitting on the bottom of the deck are five Ground cards: when you get a Ground card, you are out, and the last player to hit the Ground wins. To win a game of Falling, you have to be lucky, fast, and clever. Or at least two out of three.", "In trick-taking games, following suit is the action of playing a card of the same suit as that of the leading suit.", "Players are responsible not only for making sure that they have the right number of cards, but also for ensuring that their concealed cards cannot be seen by any other player, and that their cards are kept separate from any common table cards and especially from the discard pile or \"muck\". The strict rule is that any hand that touches the muck is dead and the owner can no longer win the pot. In fact \"mucking\" a hand by placing it in contact with the discard pile is commonly used as a method of folding.", "Three of a kind where the player holds one of the 3 same-ranked or Cards with two on the Board.", "The most significant change to game play is that once the suspect cards have been taken, the remaining cards are dealt so that all players have an even number of cards (rather than dealt out so that \"one player may have a slight advantage\"). This means that depending on the number of players a number of cards are left over. These cards are placed face down in the middle and are not seen unless a player takes a turn in the pool room to look at them.", "Palabra published by Kondrick. Seven-card hands. Two or three stars on some cards serve as multipliers so you can score 2*2*3*3*3 times the base score if lucky and careful. Player interaction is minor. [TU]", "A game published by Cheapass Games 1999. Designed by James Ernest. Takes less than 5 minutes to play. A fighting game, where the object is to play the most \"hits\" on your side of the table before someone freezes the action. That usually happens in less than a minute. Decks come packaged in 35-card decks, and each deck represents a different character with a different mix of cards.", "Someone picks, at their will, two cards from a deck of cards. The cards have different numbers, so one is higher than the other. (In other words, the person picks two distinct numbers in the inclusive range 1 through 13.)  The cards are placed face down on a table in front of you.  You get to choose one of the cards and turn it face up.  Now, you will select one of the two cards (one of whose face you can see, the other one you can't).  If you select the highest card, you win.  Design a card-selection strategy for which your chance of winning is strictly greater than 50%.", "In Cornwall, England, this is played between two teams of three, sitting alternately. Either adds the sevens and eights to the pack, making 33 cards (the 8 and 7 are then the lowest cards of each suit, below the 9), or play with a double 25 card pack - 50 cards in all.", "Five cards of the same suit make a flush. If two players have a flush, then the one with the highest cards wins.", "There is a table with a row of 2014 cards.  Each card has a red side and a blue side.  We'll say that a card is red if the color on its visible face is red, and analogously for blue.  Two players take turns to do the following move:  select any 50 consecutive cards where the left-most card is red, then flip each of those 50 cards (thus, for those 50 cards, turning red cards into blue cards and blue cards into red cards).  Both players look at the cards from the same side of the table, so \"left-most\" means the same to both of the players (that is, you can think of one of the ends of the table as being designated as the left end).  When it is a player's turn, if that player cannot make a move (that is, if there is no way to select 50 consecutive cards the left-most one of which is red), then that player loses and the other player wins.  If you are one of the players and all cards are initially red, can you be sure to win, and if so, do you want to be the player who goes first or second?", "The object of the game is to score points by winning tricks with valuable cards in them.", "If nobody claims the discard, play resumes with the player to the right. Note that some players might get their turns skipped." ]

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[ "Pacific Ocean covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area.", "The Pacific Ocean covers 46% of the total water surface of the Earth, and covers more than a third of the total surface area. It is actually larger than all the land area combined. The water in the ocean represents around 50.1% of the total oceanic water on earth. The ocean can be demarcated as the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean with the equator passing through the middle. The deepest point on the earth, the Mariana Trench, is in the North Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is known to be the most peaceful one.", "According to geographical data, about 46% of the earth's water surface is contributed by Pacific ocean. In other words, it accounts to 30 percent of the earth's surface. An interesting pacific ocean fact is its volume, which is believed to be 622 million cubic kilometers. The Pacific ocean is divided into two parts (the north Pacific and south pacific) by the equator that passes through it.", "The five oceans of the world viz the Atlantic ocean, Arctic ocean, Indian ocean, Pacific ocean, and Southern ocean are characterized by a specific location, depth, and size. Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean in the world. It covers a surface area of 65.3 million square miles or 169.2 million in square kilometers spreading from the Arctic ocean to the Southern ocean.", "If the volume of an ocean is divided by its surface area, the mean depth is obtained. With or without marginal seas, the Pacific is the largest ocean in both surface area and volume, the Atlantic is next, and the Arctic is the smallest. The Atlantic exhibits the largest change in surface area and volume when its marginal seas are subtracted. This indicates that the Atlantic has the greatest area of bordering seas, many of which are shallow.", "Up to now we were discussing only about the land masses on earth which covers only 30 percent of the earth’s surface. The larger portion of the earth’s surface is covered by water. 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, out of which over 96 percent is salt water in our oceans. These large water bodies which surround the continents are called oceans. Though they are all interconnected, they are generally divided into 5 Oceans, namely, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean. Know what are the 5 Oceans of the Planet earth and get more deeper into them.", "The Pacific Ocean is the largest body of water on Earth. Located between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the landmasses of the Western Hemisphere, the Pacific Ocean contains almost twice as much water as the world's second largest body of water, the Atlantic Ocean.", "Oceans are the largest bodies of water on Earth, and they all contain salt water. There are only five oceans: the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Indian and Southern Oceans. The Atlantic Ocean is divided into the North and South Atlantic Oceans by the equator, and the Pacific Ocean is divided into the North and South Pacific Oceans by the same line. Seas are similar to oceans in that they contain salt water, but they are smaller in size. There are many more seas than oceans, and prominent examples include the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea. Generally, seas are surrounded by land, and oceans surround land.", "The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons ( long tons or short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1101 km. Its average depth is about 3688 m, and its maximum depth is 10994 m at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3000 m deep. The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 m) cover about 66% of Earth's surface. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.", "Pacific Ocean is the largest, the deepest as well as the oldest ocean in the world.", "The Indian Ocean happens to be the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. This ocean is bounded on the north by Asia, including the Indian subcontinent, after which it is named. On the west it is surrounded by Africa, on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica.", "Forty six percent of the world's water is in the Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic has 23.9 percent; the Indian, 20.3; the Arctic, 3.7 percent.", "The West Coast and Alaska are next to the Pacific Ocean, the largest body of water in the world. The Pacific consists of 64 million square miles and its surface area is greater than all of Earth's continents combined. The states in the continental United States by the Pacific Ocean include Washington, Oregon and California, while major seafront cities are San Francisco, San Diego and Los Angeles.", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres (41.1 million square miles), it covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth 's surface and about one-quarter of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek mythology , making the Atlantic the \"Sea of Atlas\". The oldest known mention of this name is contained in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BCE (I 202); see also: Atlas Mountains . Another name historically used was the ancient term Ethiopic Ocean", "The largest part of the ocean bed proper (which comprises about 40 percent of the earth’s surface) is covered with abyssal plains (average depth 3,000-4,000 m) that correspond to ocean platforms (thalassocratons). There are flat (subhorizontal), sloping, and hilly plains with variations in elevation (for the last-named) of up to 1,000 m. Plains form the floor of particular basins that are separated in sublatitudinal and submeridional directions by underwater rises, swells, and ridges. Among the plains expanses of the ocean bed numerous isolated underwater mountains (volcanoes) rise, and some of them have flattened peaks (guyots).", "“The oceans and their marginal seas cover nearly 71 percent of the Earth’s surface, with an average depth of 3,795 metres (12,450 feet).”", "The Indian Ocean covers about 28 million square miles and holds 20% of the worldâs water. Most of the Indian Ocean lies in the tropical zone making it the warmest of the four oceans.", "Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of Earth's surface and 90% of the earth's biosphere. The ocean contains 97% of Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that less than 5% of the World Ocean has been explored. The total volume is approximately 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (320 million cu mi) with an average depth of nearly 3700 m. ", "As has been mentioned above, the sea occupies about 70% of the surface area of the earth. The mean elevation of the land above sea level is 840m, while the mean depth of the sea is 3800m. If the area of the sea is represented by the area of a sheet of typing paper, the thickness of the paper (0.003\" or 0.08 mm) is about twice the proportional depth of the sea. The sea is a thin, two-dimensional region between the atmosphere and the crust of the earth. It is the home of most of the life on earth, and controls its climate. The volume of the sea is about 2 x 109 km3, and so its mass is 2 x 1021 kg. Note that this is only 1 part in 3000 of the total mass of the earth. Most of the hydrogen that remains on the earth is in the water of the sea; the rest has escaped to space. Sea levels at present are lower than average, and much of the continental shelf is exposed.", "The ocean , divided into four major bodies of water, covers almost three-fourths of the Earth. The area of the ocean is more than double the area of all the continents combined. All continents border at least two oceans. Asia, the largest continent, has the longest series of coastline s.<", "Earth’s hydrosphere is a discontinuous layer of water at or near the planet’s surface; it includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock , and atmospheric water vapour. Unique within the solar system, the hydrosphere is essential to all life as it is presently understood. Earth has a surface area of roughly 510,066,000 square km (196,938,000 square miles); almost 71 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by saltwater ocean s, with a volume of about 1.4 billion cubic km (336 million cubic miles) and an average temperature of about 4 °C (39.2 °F), not far above the freezing point of water. The oceans contain about 97 percent of the planet’s water volume. The remainder occurs as fresh water, three-quarters of which is locked up in the form of ice at polar latitudes. Most of the remaining fresh water is groundwater held in soils and rocks; less than 1 percent of it occurs in lakes and rivers . In terms of percentage, atmospheric water vapour is negligible, but the transport of water evaporated from the oceans onto land surfaces is an integral part of the hydrologic cycle that renews and sustains life.", "The Caspian Sea Persian: دریای خزر or دریای مازندران, Russian: Каспийское море, Kazakh: Каспий теңізі, Turkmen: Hazar deňzi,Azerbaijani: Xəzər dənizi) is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 (143,200 sq mi) (Not including Garabogazköl Aylagy) and a volume of 78,200 km3 (18,800 cu mi).It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) and is bounded by northern Iran, southern Russia, western Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, and eastern Azerbaijan.", "While there is only one global ocean, the vast body of water that covers 71 percent of the Earth is geographically divided into distinct named regions. The boundaries between these regions have evolved over time for a variety of historical, cultural, geographical, and scientific reasons.", "ocean continuous body of salt water that is contained in enormous basins on Earth’s surface. When viewed from space, the predominance of Earth’s oceans is readily apparent. The oceans and their marginal seas cover nearly 71 percent of Earth’s surface, with...", "70% of the Earthâs surface is covered by water but of all that water, 97% is salty ocean water. Of the remaining 3%, more than 2/3 is frozen in glaciers and polar ice sheets. That leaves less than 1% that is available for human consumption.", "THE WORLD 70% of the Earthâs Surface is Water 30% is Land consists of 7 continents: Asia Africa North America South America Antarctica Europe Australia", "In the Cycles overview, we learned that water is an essential part of the earth's system. The oceans cover nearly three-quarters of the earth's surface and play an important role in exchanging and transporting heat and moisture in the atmosphere.", "List Notes: Data is the top 5 oceans and seas on planet Earth ranked according to area. Figures are approximate.", "The ocean covers most of our planet and accounts for 97% of the water found on earth. It provides the fish we catch for food and many of the plants we use in cosmetics and even toothpaste. The ocean also works to regulate the temperature of our air and provides the moisture needed to create rainfall. While the ocean may look smooth on the surface, the ocean floor is actually covered in mountains, valleys, and even volcanoes, just like on dry land. ", "Earth is unique in the solar system because of its distance from the Sun and its period of rotation. These combine to subject Earth to a solar radiation level that maintains the planet at a mean surface temperature of 17 °C (62.6 °F), which varies little over annual and night-day cycles. This mean temperature allows water to exist on Earth in all three of its phases—solid, liquid, and gaseous. No other planet in the solar system has this feature. The liquid phase predominates on Earth. By volume, 97.957 percent of the water on the planet exists as oceanic water and associated sea ice . The gaseous phase and droplet water in the atmosphere constitute 0.001 percent. Fresh water in lakes and streams makes up 0.036 percent, while groundwater is 10 times more abundant at 0.365 percent. Glaciers and ice caps constitute 1.641 percent of Earth’s total water volume.", "If the earth were to become totally flat and the oceans distributed themselves evenly over the planet's surface, the water would be approximately ", "This drawing shows blue spheres representing relative amounts of Earth's water in comparison to the size of the Earth. Are you surprised that these water spheres look so small? They are only small in relation to the size of the Earth. This image attempts to show three dimensions, so each sphere represents \"volume.\" The volume of the largest sphere, representing all water on, in, and above the Earth, would be about 332,500,000 cubic miles (mi3) (1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers (km3)), and be about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) in diameter." ]

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[ "As explained by Fangraphs: \"Technically called the 'Competitive Balance Tax', the Luxury Tax is the punishment that large market teams get for spending too much money. While MLB does not have a set salary cap, the luxury tax charges teams with high payrolls a considerable amount of money, giving teams ample reason to want to keep their payrolls below that level.\" ", "A luxury tax system does not have a limit to how much money can be spent on player salaries. However, there is a tax levied on money spent above a threshold set by the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the players union and the owners. For every dollar a team spends above the tax threshold, they must also pay some fraction to the league. This system is used to discourage teams from greatly exceeding the tax threshold, with the goal of ensuring parity between large and small market teams.", "In addition to the soft cap, the NBA utilizes a luxury tax system that is applied if the team payroll exceeds a separate threshold higher than the salary cap. These teams pay a penalty for each dollar their team salary exceeds the tax level. From 2002 to 2013, if a team exceeded the luxury tax threshold, they must pay one dollar to the league for every dollar that they are over the limit. For the 2013-14 season and onward, teams paid an incremental rate based on their team salary. They also have to pay a repeat offender rate, which is an additional dollar for every dollar over. For 2014-15 teams pay the repeater rate if they also were taxpayers in all of the previous three seasons. For 2015-16 and all subsequent seasons, teams pay the repeater rate if they were taxpayers in at least three of the four previous seasons. The table of rates is shown below.", "The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing, which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts. The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league, as is the case with the NBA, but rather is used for other purposes. The first $5 million is withheld to cover potential refunds, and is contributed to the Industry Growth Fund (IGF) if no refunds are forthcoming. The remaining money is divided as follows: 50% funds player benefits, 25% funds developing baseball in countries without high school baseball, and 25% goes to the IGF. ", "A full quarter of the league’s veteran players crossed picket lines in 1974, and in 1982 and 1987 those who refused to strike or who criticized the union included some of the game’s top players. What the players lost on the picket line, they won in court, however, as a series of lawsuits finally forced the owners in 1993 to agree to free agency, with a salary cap (a limit on each club’s expenditures on salaries). With players now able to change teams, salaries increased dramatically—from an average of $490,000 in 1992 to $663,000 in 1993 and reaching $1,896,000 by 2009—yet the clubs’ financial stability and the competitive balance among teams were preserved by the salary cap and the college draft, which the Players Association made no attempt to challenge.", "1998 Owners Lockout Players Following the 1997-98 season, tensions had grown between the owners and the players. NBA players were the highest paid athletes in the U.S. with an average salary of $1.8 million, compared to $1.2 million for baseball players, $650,000 for football players and $600,000 for hockey players. Without a hard salary cap in place, a divide was growing in the league between big-market teams who could spend freely and small-market teams who were handcuffed by financial restrictions. Unable to come to an agreement, on July 1, 1998, the owners imposed a lockout on the players (essentially, an owners' version of a strike). Though the two sides met throughout the summer, no deal was reached on a new collective bargaining agreement, and slowly, the following season began to be cancelled. The league cancelled the season incrementally, hoping to play at least some of the games if a deal could be reached. David Stern imposed a January 7th deadline, called a \"drop dead\" day, saying that if no agreement was reached before that day, the league would cancel the entire season. On January 6th, Stern and Billy Hunter, head of the players' union, agreed to a deal. After the deal was officially signed on January 20th, the season began on February 5th with a 50-game season (instead of the normal 82), and the San Antonio Spurs won the NBA title in June.", "In the United States, the jock tax is the colloquially named income tax levied against visitors to a city or state, who earn money in that jurisdiction. Since a state cannot afford to track the many individuals who do business on an itinerant basis, the ones targeted are usually very wealthy and high profile, namely professional athletes. Not only are the working schedules of famous sports players public, so are their salaries. The state can compute and collect the amount with very little investment of time and effort. And as we all well know, the government doesn’t like to put an effort into anything.", "The next round became the single-team cable networks. YES Network , the New York Yankees cable television network, took in millions to broadcast games to the Yankee faithful not only in New York but around the country. These networks generated as much revenue or more annually for large market teams like the Yankees and Boston Red Sox as their entire baseball operations did. By making these separate companies, these owners were able to exclude the money from consideration of deals to try and keep the level of play equal at all clubs in the major leagues. The rule of the day became he who has the most money can spend it at will on players.", "virtually ensures that the high-payroll Sox—if managed effectively—will field a competitive ball club) stays in the hunt for most of the season before the inevitable fold—or \"third act\" of the season—undoes their efforts. Ultimately, if the season ends without a championship, regardless of how many wins the team achieved or how much goodwill it generated, the Curse prevails.", "Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in professional baseball in the world. More specifically, Major League Baseball (\"MLB\") refers to the entity that operates North America's two major leagues, the National League and the American League , by means of a joint organizational structure which has existed between them since 1903 . On an organizational level, MLB effectively operates as a single \"league\", and as such it constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of North America .", "Post-2008 editions of \"classic\" US game upped the luxury tax from $75 to a whopping $100. They also changed Income Tax to a flat $200, as opposed to a choice between that and 10% of your assetsnote your on-hand cash, the face value of all your properties, and what you spent building houses and/or hotels. The 10% only made sense early in the game (if a player lands there on his/her first turn for instance, $150 is the payment since each player starts with $1500; on average, a player gains about $170 in assets every circuit of the board), or if a player was nearing elimination anyway.", "      Competing with baseball and football as the American sport of choice of the contemporary era, professional basketball has emerged during the Jordan era as the game that best symbolizes the contemporary sports/entertainment colossus. To some extent, the three major U.S. sports encapsulate three periods of socioeconomic development. Baseball represents the challenge of a highly individualist country to merge together individual aspirations and talents with teamwork and spirit. Emerging in the 19th century, baseball disciplined individuals to fit into teams but still rewarded individual accomplishments during a highly entrepreneurial era of capitalist development.", "Salaries are now Telephone Numbers Though the current game closely resembles its ancestor of the early 1900s on the field, off the field, it has changed dramatically. Currently, the highest paid ballplayer in the league is Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees, who earns $33 million a year, a sum it would take Ty Cobb 412 seasons to equal at his highest yearly salary. (Even if converting Cobb's salary to today's dollars, it would still take the Georgia Peach over 38 seasons to earn as much as A-Rod.) Baseball's owners spend well over a billion dollars on player salaries alone, and make far, far more than that in revenue. Baseball's most valuable franchise, the Yankees, is estimated to be worth over $1.3 billion dollars. Many argue over whether these gaudy numbers are good or bad for the game; regardless of whose side is right, the trends show no sign of stopping.", "The NBA utilizes a soft salary cap, meaning there is a salary cap but there are a variety of exceptions that allow teams to exceed that cap. For example, teams can re-sign players already on the team to an amount up to the maximum salary allowed by the league for up to five years regardless of where their payroll is relative to the cap. This provision is known as the \"\"Larry Bird\" exception, named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule. The result is that the majority of teams are over the cap at any given time.", "A player who lands or passes the Go space collects $200 (unless they automatically go to jail). Players who land on either Income Tax or Luxury Tax pay the indicated amount to the bank. In older editions of the game, two options were given for Income Tax: either pay a flat fee of $200 or 10% of the player's total worth (including the current values of all the properties and buildings owned). Players must choose which option before calculating their total worth, and cannot change their mind if it turns out that the $200 was actually less; in 2008, the 10% option was removed. Luxury Tax was originally $75; in 2008, it was increased to $100. Free Parking is just a \"free\" space; players who land here neither gain nor lose anything.", "[5] Money, the corruption of an innocent and unpunishable sport, had then suddenly begun its unforgiving journey into the lives and hands of many baseball players. It became a big problem in the wide world of this particular professional sport. Gambling and betting on the games became more prominent, and the players were themselves involved because of the money that they could possibly make from winning or losing a baseball game.", "The players on the Charles Comiskey's 1919 Chicago White Sox team were a fractious lot.  The club was divided into two \"gangs\" of players, each with practically nothing to say to the other. Together they formed the best team in baseball--perhaps one of the best teams that ever played the game, yet they--like all ball players of the time--were paid a fraction of what they were worth.  Because of baseball's reserve clause, any player who refused to accept a contract was prohibited from playing baseball on any other professional team.  The White Sox owner paid two of his greatest stars, outfielder \"Shoeless\" Joe Jackson and third baseman Buck Weaver , only $6000 a year.  Comiskey's decision to save expenses by reducing the number of times uniforms were laundered gave rise to the original meaning of \"The Black Sox.\"  Comiskey has been labeled the tyrant and tightwad whose penurious practices made his players especially willing to sell their baseball souls for money, but in fact he was probably no worse than most owners--in fact, Chicago had the highest team payroll in 1919.  In the era of the reserve clause, gamblers could find players on lots of teams looking for extra cash--and they did.", "Michael Bloomberg , who succeeded Giuliani as mayor in 2002, called the former mayor’s agreements “ corporate welfare ” and exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals, saying that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Yankees and Mets. Bloomberg said that Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal which loosened the teams’ leases with the city and would allow the Yankees and Mets to leave the city on 60 days’ notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement. At the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Bloomberg’s blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004, at the same time as the plan for the Mets’ new stadium, Citi Field . The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion; taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion. [11]", "As an example of this changing climate for young athletes one might contrast the financial compensation of Mickey Mantle with Brien Taylor. In 1949 Mickey Mantle agreed to play Class D ball for Independence, Kansas in the New York Yankees Organization for a salary of $400 plus a signing bonus of $1100 (Mantle and Gluck, 1985). Eight years later, in 1957, after winning the Triple Crown the previous season, Mantle signed a contract for $65,000, and won his second MVP. It was not until 1963, fourteen years into a professional baseball career, that Mickey earned a salary of $100,000. He continued to earn $100,000 until he retired in 1968. While Mantle was a legitimate superstar for most of his career, and among the most highly compensated athletes of his time, his salary alone was not enough to provide financial security for the rest of his life.", "Michael Bloomberg, who succeeded Giuliani as mayor in 2002, called the former mayor's agreements \"corporate welfare\" and exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals, saying that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Yankees and Mets. Bloomberg said that Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal which loosened the teams' leases with the city and would allow the Yankees and Mets to leave the city on 60 days' notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement. At the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Bloomberg's blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004, at the same time as the plan for the Mets' new stadium, Citi Field. The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion; taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion.", "There's Jacoby Ellsbury . He used to play in Boston. We all won free tacos when he stole second base in the 2007 World Series. Ellsbury jumped ship to the Yankees in 2014 after they were foolish enough to drop $153 million over seven years into his checking account.", "Money collected from team members for misses, low games, and other set fines. Used to defray expenses in tournaments or divided equally at end of season.", "Now we know there are an increasing number of charges which originated from a period much anterior to three weeks, and included in those charges, as a matter of fact, are most of the charges made in, respect of purchases from one organization to another, but all such charges as capital charges (for instance, on a railway which was constructed a year, two years, three years, five or ten years ago, where charges are still extant), cannot be liquidated by a stream of purchasing power which does not increase in volume and which has a period of three weeks. The consequence is, you have a piling up of debt, you have in many cases a diminution of purchasing power being equivalent to the price of the goods for sale.", "Benefit -- The traditional reward given each season by an English county club to one of its long-serving players, usually in his tenth full season with the club. It consists of a season-long programme of fund-raising events, usually special matches and dinners. The proceeds are given favourable tax treatment by the Inland Revenue, since the benefit is intended to provide the player's retirement fund. The England captain, Mike Atherton, recently declared a profit of 307,000 pounds (500,000 USD) from his benefit with Lancashire during the 1997 season. This is an exceptional sum - indeed a club record. 100,000 pounds is more typical for less high-profile players. The benefit system originated at a time when professional cricketers were very poorly paid (although even today, only a few players make pots of money from the game). Many observers now regard it as outdated and counter-productive, since county committees , understandably reluctant to deny a loyal but underachieving player security in his retirement, will keep him on until his benefit season, often at the expense of a young player in need of experience. Those same observers would like to see benefits replaced by a more equitable, centrally-funded pension scheme for professional players.", "Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums by Roger G. Noll and Andrew Zimbalist.", "Some leagues also have nightly fees, or player fees. These are usually in the $2 to $10 per night range, and is normally paid back at the end of the season as prize money, or as perks such as a major party, pre-paid trip to an out-of-town tournament, or as jackets. (One soft-tip league in Texas gives every member a 4-day trip to Las Vegas at the end of the season. They fill an entire chartered plane once each year!)", "The new agreement tied independent contracts to the reserve-clause national league contracts. Baseball players were a commodity, like cars. $5,000 bought a player's skill set. It set up a rough classification system for independent leagues that regulated the dollar value of contracts, the forerunner of the system refined by Rickey and used today.", "The Major League Players Association rejected an owner's salary cap proposal, asking players to split all revenues 50-50. In addition, the citation stated that salary arbitration would be eliminated and free agency for players could be reached after four years in the majors instead of six.", "In any given scoring situation East always pays and receives double. This is why East is sometimes referred to as the Banker.", "When playing keno , one should be aware of the amount of his winnings. Winnings should be below the amount that a player would have to start paying taxes on.", "When the opponents do not think that a contract is going to make, they double the final contract.  This affects the scoring in the following way:  ", "The first thing the banker needs to do is give each player their starting money. The starting money totals $1500 but needs to consist of the following bills:" ]

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[ "The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, also known as the 520 Bridge and officially the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge, carries Washington State Route 520 across Lake Washington from Seattle to its eastern suburbs. The floating span is the longest floating bridge in the world, as well as the world's widest measuring 116 ft at its midpoint. ", "In addition to the monorail, Seattle is the hub of the largest passenger and automobile ferry fleet in the worldnote measured by number of vehicles carried. Its unique car ferries are almost always featured in media from Seattle. It's also home to the two longest floating bridges in the world: the 520 bridge, officially known as the SR 520 Albert D. Rosellini Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (which replaced the original Evergreen Point Floating Bridgenote itself officially known as the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge from 1988 until its replacement in 2016) being the absolute longest at 7,710 ft (2,350 m), and the eastbound I-90 bridge, officially known as the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge, being the second-longest at 6,620 ft (2,020 m). The I-90 bridge is actually two bridges colloquially grouped together; the westbound bridge is the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge, 5,811 ft (1,771 m) long, spanning Lake Washington to Mercer Island east of the city. One carries Interstate 90, the other carries State Route 520. The third-longest floating bridge, the Hood Canal bridgenote officially William A. Bugge Bridge, and the longest floating bridge located in a saltwater tidal basin at (floating portion) 6,521 feet (1,988 m) (full length 7,869 feet (2,398 m)), is around thirty miles northwest of the first two.", "The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, officially the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge, and commonly called the SR 520 Bridge or 520 Bridge, was a floating bridge in the U.S. state of Washington that carried State Route 520 across Lake Washington from the Montlake/Union Bay district of Seattle to Medina. MORE", "The Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, also known as the 520 Bridge and officially the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge, carries Washington State Route 520 across Lake Washington from Seattle to its eastern suburbs . The 7,710-foot-long (2,350 m) floating span is the longest floating bridge in the world , [3] as well as the world's widest measuring 116 feet (35 m) at its midpoint. [4]", "The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) first considered a priced managed roadway system in 2006 when the Washington State Legislature asked WSDOT to conduct a study on the feasibility of adding up to two express toll lanes to I-405 that would connect with existing high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes on SR 167. This would form a seamless 50-mile Eastside Corridor. 5 The first phase is scheduled to open in late 2015. It will include a dual express toll lane system from downtown Bellevue to Bothell/ Woodinville, and an existing carpool lane from SR 522 to I-5 will be converted to a single express toll lane. The remaining sections south of Bellevue will be added as funding becomes available to increase capacity along I-405.", "A strong public process has helped to build support for roadway pricing. A tolling implementation committee was established in 2010 to gauge and build public support and to provide guidance to the legislature. WSDOT also identified pricing champions in both the public and private sectors. The Secretaries of the WSDOT, past and present, have been stalwart supporters of the implementation of pricing to achieve the many PSRC regional policy goals. The following projects fit within those policy goals: the SR 520 Bridge (i.e., a fully tolled facility), priced managed lanes on SR 167, and forthcoming express toll lanes on I-405. Also important is the leadership provided by major businesses such as Boeing and Microsoft, whose employees commute along these roadways. The private sector leadership has helped bolster legislative support to continue the pricing program.", "The first stage of the SR 520 floating bridge replacement project was the construction of 77 concrete pontoons in 2011 and 2012 by Kiewit-General at two purpose-built facilities in Aberdeen and Tacoma. The pontoons were floated to the bridge on Lake Washington via the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Pontoon assembly and fastening, to form the floating bridge's deck, began in 2014 and concluded in July 2015. ", "E-ZPass is the electronic transponder for tolls in the Northeast of the US. It is the most established and widest-used system. Currently it is accepted in sixteen states stretching from Illinois up to Maine and down to North Carolina.", "To fund the new bridge, in May 2009, Gov. Christine Gregoire signed ESHB 2211, which authorized tolling on the SR 520 bridge beginning in 2010. Tolling actually began on December 29, 2011 and has assisted WSDOT in funding the project. The State Transportation Commission has proposed a toll of US$3.59 each way during peak periods. The proposed rates during other hours are to range from $0 to $2.87. ", "The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built in Washington during the 1930s and opened to traffic on July 1, 1940. It spanned the Puget Sound from Gig Harbor to Tacoma, which is 40 miles south of Seattle. The channel is about a mile wide where the bridge crossed the sound. Sleek and slender, it was the third longest suspension bridge in the world at the time, covering 5,959 feet.", "(2) $4,448,000 of the state route number 520 corridor account—state appropriation is provided solely to maintain the state route number 520 floating bridge. These funds must be used in accordance with RCW 47.56.830 (3).", "(3) (($1,768,000)) $1,235,000 of the Tacoma Narrows toll bridge account—state appropriation is provided solely to maintain the new Tacoma Narrows bridge. These funds must be used in accordance with RCW 47.56.830 (3).", "In July 2013, work began on introducing a new electronic tolling system. The existing Humber Bridge toll system is largely the same as it was when the bridge opened in 1981, and uses a computer system that is over 15 years old. This obsolete technology requires an increasing amount of maintenance and needs replacing.", "The only user-identifiable information stored in the Australian e-tag's electronic memory is its unique identity number. They do not contain the vehicle's licence plate number, the driver's name and address or other personal details. Unlike public transport smartcards the e-tags do not hold currency values - instead the charging system works by vehicles passing under scanners fitted to gantries above the roadway which read the e-tag's unique ID and then pass it to the central computer. This information is then linked to the driver's toll account and the computer deducts the toll for that toll zone. This process represents a single 'transaction'. Each transaction is similar to a withdrawal from a bank account and is entered into the records of the driver's toll account. Toll statements are sent out quarterly with accounts having to be topped up when the balance falls below a certain level. This can be done by cash, cheque, credit card, Bpay or direct debit.", "Toll facilities designated as Interstate highways (such as the Massachusetts Turnpike) were typically allowed to continue collecting tolls, but are generally ineligible to receive federal funds for maintenance and improvements. Some toll roads that did receive federal funds to finance emergency repairs (notably the Connecticut Turnpike (I-95) following the Mianus River Bridge collapse) were required to remove tolls as soon as the highway's construction bonds were paid off. In addition, these toll facilities were grandfathered from Interstate Highway standards. A notable example is the western approach to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Philadelphia, where I-676 has a surface street section through a historic area.", "Public transportation and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) use were incorporated in the bridge design. The bridge includes HOV lanes with priority for transit. A 2008 WSDOT report included five core bus rapid transit routes proposed by Sound Transit connecting the Eastside (Kirkland, Redmond, and Bellevue) to Downtown Seattle and the University District, with a base frequency of 15 minutes, increasing up to 7 minutes at peak times. ", "The bridge was opened for commuter traffic on August 28, 1963, after three years of construction. It was built as a four-lane toll bridge to provide easy access from Seattle to Eastside communities such as Bellevue, Kirkland, and Redmond. The total cost of the bridge, in 1961 dollars, was $21 million (at least $127 million in 2011 dollars ). To make up for this cost, commuters paid a 35-cent toll in each direction until 1979. The toll booths were then converted into bus stops.", "Opening day of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Tacoma, Washington. Via Flickr/ University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections", "Following the collapse, the United States' involvement in World War II delayed plans to replace the bridge. The portions of the bridge still standing after the collapse, including the towers and cables, were dismantled and sold as scrap metal. Nearly 10 years after the bridge collapsed, a new Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened in the same location, using the original bridge's tower pedestals and cable anchorages. The portion of the bridge that fell into the water now serves as an artificial reef.", "June 23, 2006: The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District received a Certificate of Merit, Toll Excellence Award for “contributing to the advancement of the worldwide toll industry from the International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association.", "1940 - In Washington, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened to traffic. The bridge collapsed during a wind storm on November 7, 1940.", "In planning for a prolonged closure of the bridge for the east-half replacement, the Washington State Department of Transportation conducted a five-day survey of bridge use in early June 1998 in order to assess closure impact and plan effective mitigation strategies. The survey was in three stages: A video camera count of traffic on weekdays (Tuesday and Wednesday) and a weekend (Friday through Sunday) to estimate average volume; the use of that video to record license plate numbers for vehicle registration addresses to assess which communities would be most affected; and the mailing of a questionnaire to the registered owners of those vehicles seeking information on trip origin, destination, and purpose, and choice of travel alternatives during a bridge closure.", "The Puget Sound region in Washington State has had one of the Nation's largest regional high- occupancy vehicle (HOV) systems for many years. It features 235 miles of managed facilities.", "The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) is tasked with improving local highways to keep up with the region's growth and to try to prevent congestion problems that plague many larger cities. The WSDOT is constructing the North Spokane Corridor. When completed, the corridor will be a limited-access highway that will run from I-90, in the vicinity of the Thor/Freya interchange, northward through Spokane, meeting the existing US 395 just south of the Wandermere Golf Course. ", "Oklahoma has more turnpikes (parkways, tollroads) than any other state. They have 10, (H.E. Bailey, Turner, Will Rogers, Cimarron, Creek, Kilpatrick, Chickasaw, Muskogee, and Indian Nation) all of which still require toll. An interesting fact is that if one of them isn't paid for, all of them require toll, even if it is paid for.", "Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99. Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.", "Hood Canal Floating Bridge (William A. Bugge Bridge)    Olympic, Washington    United States    01979-02-13 13 February 1979    Floating bridge    Blown pontoon hatches combined with extreme windstorm    No casualties    Western drawspan and western pontoons sunk; other sections survived.    Lost portions rebuilt 1979-1982; the remainder of the bridge hs since been replaced.", "During construction of the bridge, the road deck sections were floated up on barges then hoisted into place by cables. During one of these lifting operations some of the cables on one of the road deck sections failed, leaving the section hanging at an angle. The section was, however, subsequently rescued and used. ", "The Harris County Toll Road Authority (HCTRA) made a proposal to finance the construction of the four special-use lanes in the median of the Katy Freeway between I-610 and SH 6 with the stipulation that the agency could operate them as a priced managed lane facility. The proposal by HCTRA to build, operate, and maintain the managed lane portion of the highway allowed the construction of the facility to be completed sooner. In turn, this action allowed TxDOT to prioritize funding for other managed lane corridors in the region.", "(22) Of the amounts allocated to the Puget Sound Gateway project (M00600R) in OFM Transportation Document 16GOV001 as developed December 17, 2015, $4,000,000 must be used to complete the bridge connection at 28th/24th Street over state route number 509 in the city of SeaTac. The bridge connection must be completed prior to other construction on the state route number 509 segment of the project.", "The Klickitat River Bridge replaced an old timber truss bridge that had crossed the river at the same location. The new bridge, a pre-stressed concrete structure, was 141 feet and 8 inches long and used the concrete supports of the old bridge. Pre-stressed concrete bridges were developed in France and had been in use in Europe since the mid 1940s. They came into use in the United States in 1950 due to the steel shortages after World War II. The Klickitat River Bridge became the first of its kind in the State of Washington.", "With on-ramp closures starting at 10 p.m. Thursday, April 28, the Alaskan Way Viaduct will close for about two weeks while tunnel boring machine Bertha passes underneath Highway 99.  Start planning>" ]

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[ "The 16th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1913. This amendment allows Congress to levy an income tax.", "The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913.", "The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results.", "Stack’s writings suggest he was part of a loosely organized movement that dates to at least the 1950s. Some believe the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to levy income taxes, was not legally ratified; it was ratified in 1913.", "Some believe that the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to levy income taxes, was not legally ratified; it was ratified in 1913. Others believe that paying taxes is purely voluntary. Still others believe in fictional loopholes that would exempt large groups of Americans from paying taxes if they were only in on the secret.", "February 25, 1913 - The Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing federal income tax, was ratified.", "Section 8 begins the enumerated powers of the federal government delegated to Congress.  The first is the power to tax and to spend the money raised by taxes, to provide for the nation’s defense and general welfare.  This section was supplemented by the 16th amendment, which permitted Congress to levy an income tax.", "Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended. Article One, Section 9, Clauses 1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808, plus the fourth clause from that same section, which reiterates the Constitutional rule that direct taxes must be apportioned according state populations. These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808. On January 1, 1808, the first day it was permitted to do so, Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the country. On February 3, 1913, with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Congress gained the authority to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. The third textually entrenched provision is Article One, Section 3, Clauses 1, which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate. The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process is less absolute – \"no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate\" – but permanent.", "Congress repealed Lincoln’s tax law in 1871, but in 1909 passed the 16th Amendment, which set in place the federal income-tax system used today. Congress ratified the 16th Amendment in 1913.", "unconstitutional by the Supreme Court the following year. In 1913, the 16th Amendment to the Constitution made the income tax a permanent ", "The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. Generally, both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills.", "1913 The Sixteenth Amendment, creating the legal authority for federal income tax, is enacted. Between 1870 and 1915, the tax on liquor provides from one-half to two-thirds of the whole of the internal revenue of the United States, amounting, after the turn of the century, to about $200 million annually. The Sixteenth Amendment thus makes possible, just seven years later, the Eighteenth Amendment.", "The Sixteenth Amendment, originally passed in Congress on July 2, 1909, is finally ratified. Previous federal income tax laws had been struck down by the Supreme Courtóone in 1862 and another in 1894óon the grounds that they were “direct” taxes and could not be levied without breaching state apportionment. Prior to this amendment, tariff revenue had been the largest single source of government income. The debacle was finally resolved by the Thirteenth Amendment, which called for very low graduated rates on income (1-6 percent). February 25, 1913", "The 16th Amendment contains nothing repudiating or challenging the ruling of the Pollock case The contention that the Amendment treats a tax on income as a direct tax is wholly without foundation The 16th Amendment, as correctly interpreted, was limited to indirect [excise] taxes, and for that reason is Constitutional. (Brushaber v. Union Pacific RR Co, 240 US 1. Emphasis added.)", "Although the Sixteenth Amendment is often cited as the \"source\" of the congressional power to tax incomes, at least one court has reiterated the point made in Brushaber and other cases that the Sixteenth Amendment itself did not grant the Congress the power to tax incomes, a power the Congress had since 1789, but only removed the possible requirement that any income tax be apportioned among the states according to their respective populations. In Penn Mutual Indemnity, the United States Tax Court stated: ", "By contrast, other courts have interpreted the Constitution as providing even broader taxation powers for Congress. In Murphy v. IRS, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the federal income tax imposed on a monetary settlement recovery that the same court had previously indicated was not income, stating: \"[a]lthough the 'Congress cannot make a thing income which is not so in fact,'... it can label a thing income and tax it, so long as it acts within its constitutional authority, which includes not only the Sixteenth Amendment but also Article I, Sections 8 and 9.\" ", "The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February, 1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota, February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913.", "At first, few thought the income tax amendment had much of a chance surviving a vote in Congress. But the unpopularity of high tariffs eased the amendment through both the Senate and the House. In just a few days during the summer of 1909, the proposed 16th Amendment was approved by the Senate (77-0) and the House (318-14).", "In response to the Supreme Court decision in the Pollock case, Congress proposed the Sixteenth Amendment , which was ratified in 1913, [15] and which states:", "The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.", "Established Congressional authority over states. The Supreme court decided that the Maryland tax was unconstitutional. in other words the state cannot tax the federal government.", "But the Thirteenth Amendment is distinctive and its constitutional potential remains untapped. Most significantly, Section Two of the Amendment empowers Congress to enforce Section One “by appropriate legislation.” This language had never before appeared in a constitutional amendment, but it echoed the famous words of  McCulloch v. Maryland , an 1819 decision in which the Supreme Court referred to “appropriate” federal laws in order to signal a broad scope for congressional power. In an unbroken series of cases beginning in 1883, the Supreme Court has understood Section Two to permit Congress “to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States.”", "The Corwin Amendment, proposed by the 36th Congress on March 2, 1861, would have forbidden any attempt to subsequently amend the Constitution to empower the Federal government to \"abolish or interfere\" with the \"domestic institutions\" of the states (an implicit reference to slavery). It was ratified by only Ohio and Maryland lawmakers before the outbreak of the Civil War. Illinois lawmakers—sitting as a state constitutional convention at the time—likewise approved it, but that action is of questionable validity. However, adoption of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments after the Civil War likely means that the amendment would be ineffective if adopted.", "16 Congress has been advised that the Fourteenth Amendment was not lawfully ratified, see Congressional Record-House, June13,1967, pp", "Before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the individual state legislatures. Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators, intrastate political struggles, and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators. ", "THE CONGRESSIONAL TERM LIMITS ACT OF 1996. THIS AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF NEVADA INFORMS CITIZENS ON THE VOTING RECORD OF INCUMBENT STATE AND FEDERAL LEGISLATORS AND ON A FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT LIMITING THE MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO THREE TERMS AND MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE TO TWO TERMS. THIS AMENDMENT ALSO INFORMS THE VOTERS ABOUT THE POSITION OF NON-INCUMBENT CANDIDATES TOWARD THE SAME CONGRESSIONAL TERM LIMITS. THIS AMENDMENT INSTRUCTS STATE LEGISLATORS TO APPLY TO THE CONGRESS TO CONVENE AN ARTICLE 5 CONVENTION UPON THE APPLICATIONS OF TWO-THIRDS OF THE STATES (34) FOR THE PURPOSE OF PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION TO LIMIT CONGRESSIONAL TERMS TO THREE TERMS IN THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND TWO TERMS IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE. THIS AMENDMENT INSTRUCTS MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FROM NEVADA TO WORK TO PROPOSE A CONGRESSIONAL TERM LIMITS AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. A TERM LIMITS AMENDMENT PROPOSED EITHER BY CONGRESS OR BY AN ARTICLE 5 CONVENTION WOULD BECOME PART OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION UPON RATIFICATION BY THREE-FOURTHS OF THE STATES (38).", "The Apportionment Act of 1911 (, ) was an apportionment bill passed by the United States Congress on August 8, 1911. The law set the number of members of the United States House of Representatives at 435, effective with the 63rd Congress on March 4, 1913. This number included a provision for the addition of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states.", "The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution is the part of the United States Bill of Rights (ratified December 15, 1791) prohibiting the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture.", "The Issue:  What is the history behind the 13th Amendment?  Is it \"self-enacting\"?  What sorts of private activities might Congress regulate under its enforcement provision?", "On August 1, 1917, the Senate passed a resolution containing the language of the amendment to be presented to the states for ratification. The vote was 65 to 20, with the Democrats voting 36 in favor and 12 in opposition; and the Republicans voting 29 in favor and 8 in opposition. The House of Representatives passed a revised resolution on December 17, 1917.", "April 8, 1864 - The Senate passed the 13th Amendment (S.J. Res. 16) by a vote of 38 to 6.", "An ORDINANCE to provide for the election of representatives in the Congress of the United States.  Passed August  20, 1861. " ]

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[ "Countries in the Baltic Sea Region are Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden.", "The Baltic Sea is the largest brackish water sea in the world. Nine different countries border the Baltic Sea: Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Sweden , Germany, Finland, Russia and Poland. The Baltic region is rich with islands, archipelagoes and strings of islands, e.g. Bornholm , Gotland and the Aland Islands. Numerous ferry lines connect the most important ports in the Baltic Sea with each other.", "Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, three countries located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, are often politically referred to as the Baltic States. These three nations became independent countries in 1918, after World War I, but were involuntarily incorporated into Russia as provinces in 1940. They became fully independent again in 1991. Although Sweden, Finland, and Poland also border on the Baltic Sea, Sweden and Finland are culturally and socially grouped as Scandinavian countries, while Poland is more closely associated with eastern Europe.", "Lithuania shares borders with Latvia, Belarus, Poland, and Russia's exclave, the Kaliningrad Oblast. Just across the Baltic Sea from Lithuania are Sweden and Denmark.", "The Baltic Sea is the area of water between the East Coast of Denmark and Russia, framed by the coasts of Finland and Sweden. The most popular ports of call on a Baltic cruise are Oslo, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Helsinki, St Petersburg and Tallinn – all capital cities of these European nations.", "Estonia:Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia 343 km, and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia 338.6 km. Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 17,000 sq mi, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish, and distantly to Hungarian.", "Poland shares borders to the east and northeast with Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, to the south with the Czech Republic and Slovakia and to the west with Germany. To the north lies the Baltic Sea. The Baltic coast provides almost 525km (325 miles) of sandy beaches, bays and steep cliffs; between Gdańsk, and the port city of Szczecin to the west there are many seaside towns offering unpolluted water and some fine beaches, with sunbeds and umbrellas available for hire. These sand and gravel deposits also form the shifting dunes of Słowiński National Park, the sand bars of Hel and the Vistula Lagoon.", "Estonia is a Baltic state in northeastern Europe . Estonia borders Russia and Latvia . Estonia has a coastline on the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland.", "Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarusand by a maritime border to the west with Sweden. Latvia has 1,997,500 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.", "The east and south coasts of Sweden lie on the Baltic Sea, which is linked to the North Sea by the narrow and shallow straits of the Kattegat and the Skagerrak. The Gulf of Bothnia, between Sweden and Finland, is the northern-most extension of the Baltic Sea. All of these bodies of water are considered to be extensions of the Atlantic Ocean.", "Finland (5.2 million inhabitants in 2009) located in northeastern Europe, bordering Norway, Sweden and Russia .The country has maritime border with Estonia in the south, and the coastline of the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Bothnia and Bothnian Sea.", "Finland (; ; ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.", "The Baltic Sea stretches about 1350 km from east to west between the cities of St. Petersburg, Russia and Kiel, Germany; and about 1260 km from north to south between Lulea, Sweden and Gdansk, Poland.", "a sea in northern Europe, bounded by Sweden, Finland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Germany, and Denmark. About 420~000 km2", "forms the northern part of the border between Poland and Germany before flowing into the Baltic Sea", "Russia, a sovereign state in northern Eurasia, has an extensive coastline that is 23,396 miles long. The coastline of Russia is shared with the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Sea of Azov to the southwest. A large proportion of the population of the country is settled along the coastline, with a number of major Russian cities, including St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yalta, Magadan, Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and others, located along the shores of the country.", "The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea of about 415 000 km2 (Figure 2- 1). Proceeding from the northern end, it includes the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea. At the southern end of the Bothnian Sea, the island of Aland divides the Aland Sea from the Archipelago Sea. The Gulf of Finland is the eastern arm of the Baltic Sea. The central portion of the Sea, known as the Baltic Proper, includes the Eastern and Western Gotland Seas. To the east and south are the Gulf of Riga, and the Gulf of Gdansk. Moving to the west are the Bornholm and Arkona basins, followed by the Sound, the Belt Sea and the Kattegat.", "Lithuania is located in Northern Europe. It covers an area of 65200 km2. The country lies between latitudes 53° and 57° N, and mostly between longitudes 21° and 27° E (part of the Curonian Spit lies west of 21°). It has around 99 km of sandy coastline, of which only about 38 km face the open Baltic Sea and which is the shortest among the Baltic Sea countries; the rest of the coast is sheltered by the Curonian sand peninsula. Lithuania's major warm-water port, Klaipėda, lies at the narrow mouth of the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršių marios), a shallow lagoon extending south to Kaliningrad. The main and largest river, the Nemunas River, and some of its tributaries carry international shipping.", "In Europe, there's the Rhine, which flows north from Switzerland between France and Germany past the part of the world the Fundis family originally came from, though it veers northwest toward the Netherlands shortly past there.  On the other side of Germany is the Elbe, which flows into the Baltic Sea, and with its tributary the Neisse has formed Germany's border with Poland since the end of World War II.  Other north-flowing rivers in Germany include the Ems, Uecker, Spree, Necker, Weser, and Warnow; there are many more. Other north-flowing rivers in Poland include the Vistula and the Warta.", "Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway.", "Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway", "  BALTIC SEA- It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Danish islands. The Baltic Sea is connected by man-made waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal, and to the North Sea via the Kiel Canal.", "The two largest lakes are Lake Peipus on the eastern border with Russia and Lake Võrts (Võrtsjarv) in south-central Estonia. Lake Peipus covers 3,520 square kilometers (1,360 square miles). A long, narrow channel connects it on the south with the smaller Lake Pskov, which lies mostly within Russian territory. Lake Peipus is drained on the north by the Narva River, which flows into the Gulf of Finland. Fishing is the chief industry. Lake Peipus is navigable for about eight months of the year. Lake Võrts's area is 270 square kilometers (105 square miles).", "Finland is a large country in northern Europe, it has borders with Norway to the north, Russia to the east and Sweden to the north west. to the south west lies the Gulf of Bothnia and to the south the Gulf of Finland. Finland covers an area of 338,130 sq km and is the eighth largest country in Europe. A remarkable feature of the country is the huge number of lakes that it contains, around 188, 000 larger than 500 sq m. There are also 179,000 islands many of which are situated in the lakes. The lakes are a result of the ice age which covered the land with huge sheets of ice and left a rocky and relatively low lying landscape behind, the highest point, Halti is only 1,324m. ", "Bordered by the coasts of Germany, Denmark, Poland, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, it extends north-eastward of the following limits:", "One Lithuanian river, the Neman, drains into the Baltic Sea. A major navigable river, the Neman is Europe's 14th longest river at more than 559 miles long.", "Lake Ladoga, located in the North-Western part of Russia, is the largest lake in Europe, the 15th largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world and the 14th largest by volume.", "Extending for , the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea.", "10. Poland is bordered to the north by the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia and which sea?", "The country is dotted with more than one thousand natural and artificial lakes. Estonia is located on the Eurasian Tectonic Plate.", "With a length of 1,570 km, a volume of 908 km3 and an area of 17,680 km2, Lake Ladoga is not only the largest lake in Europe, but one of the largest in the world.  The quadrilateral lake widens in the south, and is marked by several small, skerry-like bays along its northern shoreline.  Islands dominate the northern coast, while rocky archipelagos—like the Valaam—take over in the south. The southeastern and southern coasts contain three large, open bays: Petrokrepost, Volkhovskaya Guba and Svirskaya Guba.  Despite the fact that Lake Ladoga plummets to 228 m in its deepest region, depths of roughly 100 m are more characteristic of the northern part of the lake.  The lake’s mean depth is 51 m, and it deepens with proximity to the southern shore, where the lake bottom evens out significantly.", "The chief islands are Sjaelland, Fyn, Bornholm, Falster, and Lolland (Denmark); Gotland, Öland, and Hveen (Sweden); the Åland Islands (Finland); and Rügen (Germany). The chief ports are Copenhagen (Denmark); Kiel and Rostock (Germany); Szczechin and Gdańsk (Poland); Kaliningrad and Riga (Lithuania); Tallin (Estonia); Helsinki (Finland); and Stockholm and Malmo (Sweden). The main exports from bordering countries are timber, furs, tallow, and grain. Amber is found, and has been traded for centuries in Pomerania." ]

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[ "The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17 and went into effect on March 4 of 1789", "The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention, the Federal Convention, or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia) took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the convention. The result of the Convention was the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "September 17th has been designated Constitution Day because it is the anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution in 1787. The Constitution was written by delegates from twelve states to a convention held in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787. The Constitution was sent to the states for ratification on September 28, 1787. On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution. The ninth state needed for ratification was obtained on June 21, 1788, when New Hampshire ratified. After Virginia (June 25, 1788) and New York (July 26, 1788) ratified the Constitution, the Confederation Congress passed a resolution on September 13, 1788, to put the new Constitution into effect on March 4, 1789.", "The Constitutional Convention of 1787 is a high point in the history of the United States. This remarkable assemblage of men, meeting in Philadelphia between May 23 and September 17, 1787, created the document that has given the United States one of the most stable and admired constitutional democracies in the history of the world.", "The current United States Constitution was proposed for adoption by the states on September 17, 1787, and South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify it, on May 23, 1788.", "From the Committee of Detail and the Committee of Style Gouverneur Morris produced a final draft that the delegates revised. On the Convention’s last day, September 17, 1787, now celebrated as Constitution Day, Benjamin Franklin, the 81-year-old patriarch of the group, praised the Constitution as possibly the best ever written. He observed of the sun painted on the back of George Washington’s chair: Now, “I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun.” The 39 delegates who remained through the four months, representing 12 states, signed the Constitution and sent it to the Congress of the Confederation, and the Convention officially adjourned.", "Of the 55 delegates, 39 signed the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787. One of the signers was John Dickinson of Delaware, who left the Convention but asked another delegate, George Read, to sign for him. William Jackson, the Convention secretary, witnessed the signatures. The delegates included some of the most experienced and patriotic men in the new republic. George Washington served as president of the Convention. Benjamin Franklin, at the age of 81, attended as a Representative of Pennsylvania. The brilliant Alexander Hamilton represented New York. James Madison of Virginia received the title of \"Father of the Constitution\" with his speeches, negotiations, and attempts at compromise. Madison told the delegates they were considering a plan that would \"decide forever the fate of republican government.\" He kept a record of the delegates' debates and decisions.", "On September 17, 1787, the final draft of the Constitution was signed. Of the 55 people who attended the Convention, 39 actually signed. Some, such as Oliver Ellsworth, left as the Convention progressed, others refused to sign in protest, such as Mason and Gerry. The final day was one of relief for all who remained in Philadelphia. Finally, the work was done. The work of creating the Constitution. The work for ratification still lay ahead. As Ben Franklin noted on that day, the Constitution had its faults, but it is possible that no better document could have been created. With the signing of the Constitution by the Convention's President, the eminent George Washington, and the signatures of each of the attending states, the journey began. The Letter of Transmittal directed a startling course for the Congress, to set its own demise into motion. Hopes were indeed high for the new creation: as Washington said in his own letter , as President of the Convention, to the President of the Congress, \"[we wish] that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness.\"", "The convention took place from May 14 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles, the intention of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House, and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention. The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson, who was Minister to France during the convention, characterized the delegates as an assembly of \"demi-gods.\" Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention. ", "On September 17, 1787, delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia held their final session and then made ready to return home. It had been a long convention--they had been meeting since May--but in the end the delegates had hammered out a new constitution for the young republic. The next day, Nicholas Ridgely of Dover wrote to a Philadelphia merchant that because of the work done by the Constitutional Convention \"The expectations of everybody are raised and permanency in government is once again hoped for.\" Before the high hopes of Nicholas Ridgely and thousands of other Americans could be realized, however, the proposed constitution had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states.", "After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation, a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17, 1787, featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive. George Mason, a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia's Declaration of Rights, proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties. Other delegates—including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison—disagreed, arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other, unnamed rights were unprotected. After a brief debate, Mason's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations.", "By September 1787, the convention’s five-member Committee of Style (Hamilton, Madison, William Samuel Johnson of Connecticut, Gouverneur Morris of New York, Rufus King of Massachusetts ) had drafted the final text of the Constitution, which consisted of some 4,200 words. On September 17, George Washington was the first to sign the document. Of the 55 delegates, a total of 39 signed; some had already left Philadelphia, and three–George Mason (1725-92) and Edmund Randolph (1753-1813) of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry (1744-1813) of Massachusetts–refused to approve the document. In order for the Constitution to become law, it then had to be ratified by nine of the 13 states.", "Original Manuscript Journal of the First Session of the Senate of the United States, viz; New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia  being the Eleven States that have respectively ratified the Constitution of Government for the United States proposed by the Convention held at Philadelphia on the 17th.  September 1787 - ", "Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced . On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to “be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.”", "The U.S. ConstitutionTimeline Quiz: Fill in the BlanksName_____jeremy cooper____________________________YearEvent1775Revolutionary War begins (the 13 Colonies revolt against the ___________________________ )Declaration of Independence written and approved by the Continental Congress1781Revolutionary ________________________ ends (the British lose)The Continental Congress agrees on the Articles of ConfederationMarch 1, Continental Congress is replaced by the Congress of the Confederation1783Britain recognizes the independence of the ________________________ (Treaty of Paris)1787US Constitution written at the Constitutional __________________________ in Philadelphia, PA [May 25 - Sept. 17]1788US Constitution ratified by 9 ________________________; it becomes the supreme law of the USA1789George Washington elected first ________________________ of the USAMarch 4, The first Congress met (in New York, NY, then the nation's capital)1790First Supreme ________________________ assembled; the Chief Justice was John JayDec., US capital moves to Philadelphia1791The Bill of ________________________ (first 10 amendments) added to the Constitution1800US capital moves to ___________________________, District of Columbia1802Marbury v. Madison - the first time that the court found that a law was unconstitutional (John Marshall was Chief Justice)1861Abraham Lincoln elected ________________________Civil War begins (Fort Sumter)Civil War ends (Lee surrenders to Grant)Amendment 13 - Slavery abolishedAbraham Lincoln assassinated1868Amendment 14 - Rights of citizenship to all people born in the ________________________ or naturalized1870Amendment 15 - Gives the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of color or race, but women are not mentioned1913Amendment 16 - Income tax begins1920Amendment 19 - Women's suffrage (women are given the right to ________________________)1971Amendment 26 - Voting age lowered to ________________1992Amendment 27 - Congressional pay increases go into effect only during the next Congressional session", "1787 – The text of the United States Constitution was finalised at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.", "The delegates to the Philadelphia Convention convened and deliberated from May to September 1787. Instead of pursuing their official charge they returned a draft (new) Constitution, proposed for constructing and administering a new federal—later also known as \"national\"—government. And they further proposed that the draft Constitution not be submitted to the Congress (where it would require unanimous approval of the states); instead that it be presented directly to the states for ratification in special ratification conventions, and that approval by only nine state conventions would suffice to adopt the new Constitution and initiate the new federal government; and that only those states ratifying the Constitution would be included in the new government. (For a time, eleven of the original states operated under the Constitution without two non-ratifying states, Rhode Island and North Carolina.) In effect, the delegates proposed to abandon and replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them.", "We, the deputies of the people of the Delaware state, in Convention met, having taken in our serious consideration the Federal Constitution proposed and agreed upon by the deputies of the United States in a General Convention held at the city of Philadelphia, on the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, have approved, assented to, ratified, and confirmed, and by these presents do, in virtue of the power and authority to us given, for and in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, fully, freely, and entirely approve of, assent to, ratify, and confirm, the said Constitution.", "\"We, the said delegates, in the name and behalf of the people of Virginia, do by these presents, assent to and ratify the Constitution, recommended on the seventeenth day of September, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, by the federal Convention, for the government of the United States; hereby announcing to all those whom it may concern, that the said Constitution is binding upon the said people, according to an authentic copy hereto annexed, in the words following.\"", "The commissioners called for another meeting among all the states to address larger interstate commerce issues. This led to the Annapolis Convention, which begat the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, which begat the Constitution and the current political structure for the United States of America. The Virginia/Maryland border dispute triggered the conflict resolution process that led to the Commerce Clause authorizing the new Federal Government to \"regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.\"", "In September 1786, the Annapolis Convention met to discuss revisions to the Articles of Confederation. The Convention's call for a further meeting led to the assembling of delegates at Philadelphia the following year to draft the U.S. Constitution.", "Following ratification by 11 of the 13 states, the government began operation under the new U.S. Constitution in March 1789. In less than 15 years, states of New England had already threatened to secede from the Union. The first time was a threat to leave if the Assumption Bill, which provided for the federal government to assume the debts of the various states, were not passed. The next threat was over the expense of the Louisiana Purchase. Then, in 1812, President James Madison, the man who had done more than any other individual to shape the Constitution, led the United States into a new war with Great Britain. The New England states objected, for war would cut into their trade with Britain and Europe. Resentment grew so strong that a convention was called at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1814, to discuss secession for the New England states. The Hartford Convention was the most serious secession threat up to that time, but its delegates took no action.", "August 6-10, 1787 - The Great Debate occurred during the Constitutional Convention. Outcomes included the establishment of a four-year term of office for the President, granting Congress the right to regulate foreign trade and interstate commerce, and the appointment of a committee to prepare a final draft of the Constitution.", "done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,", "On this day in 1787, delegates to the Constitutional Convention begin to assemble in Philadelphia to confront a daunting task: the peaceful overthrow of the new American government as defined by the Article of Confederation. Although the convention was originally supposed to begin on May 14, James Madison reported that a small number only had assembled. Meetings had to be pushed back until May 25, when a sufficient quorum of the participating states—Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia—had arrived.", "Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names. Note", "Virginia ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788, and New York did so on July 26. Early in January 1789, all the ratifying states except New York (which failed to appoint electors by the deadline) selected presidential electors in their legislatures or by a direct vote of the people. On February 4, the electors named George Washington as the first President of the United States. The first Congress under the Constitution met in New York City on March 4. Washington was inaugurated on April 30. But North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to approve the Constitution and take part in the new government until Congress agreed to add a bill of rights.", "The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.  (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 4, 2011.)", "On September 5, 1774, every colony but Georgia sent representatives to what is now called the First Continental Congress. They met in secret because they did not want the British to know that the colonies were uniting. At first there were 44 delegates who met in Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia. Twelve other delegates reported late. Some of those who came were George Washington, Patrick Henry, John Jay, John Adams, and Samuel Adams. Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen president.", "The Constitutional Convention convened in Philadelphia under the leadership of George Washington , in order to establish a new U.S. government.", "On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates at Philadelphia to propose a plan of government. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the \"sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation\". The convention was not limited to commerce; rather, it was intended to \"render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union.\" The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states. ", "Virginia and five other states immediately approved and appointed their delegations. New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles. George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention. Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia. The \"Federal Constitution\" was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and \"the preservation of the Union\". Congress would then approve what measures it allowed, then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect." ]

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[ "Biology 301 Due: Nov 20, 2014 Homework # 2 Fall 2014 Shanice Brewer 0007 -------------------------- --------------------- Name Lab Section All answers have to be 4 lines or less. Long answers will be penalized by point deductions. All answers must be typed. 1. Smelling salts can sometimes help restore consciousness after a patient has fainted. The active ingredient of smelling salts is ammonia, and it acts by irritating the lining of the nasal cavity. Propose a mechanism by which smelling salts would raise a person from the unconscious state to the conscious state? (6) The smell of ammonia irritates the mucous membranes of the lungs and nose as a result triggering the trigeminal nerve and inhalation reflex, increasing the flow of oxygen to the brain and body. It activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing blood pressure, heart rate and brain activity. 2. Cerebral meningitis is a condition in which the meninges of the brain become inflamed as the result of viral or bacterial infection. This condition can be life", "The active substances (the ingredients that make the smelling salts work) are 0.539g eucalyptus oil and at least 8.82g", "Ammonium carbonate is the main component of smelling salts, although the commercial scale of their production is small. Buckley's cough syrup from Canada today uses ammonium carbonate as an active ingredient intended to help relieve symptoms of bronchitis. It is also used as an emetic. It is also found in smokeless tobacco products, such as Skoal.", "Smelling salts, also known as ammonia inhalants, spirit of hartshorn or sal volatile, are chemical compounds used for arousing consciousness.", "The chemical formula of the ammonium carbonate, which is an active ingredient of these salts, is ((NH4)2CO3 H2O). It releases ammonia gas when mixed with the water or perfumes.", "Smelling salts have been used since Roman times and are mentioned in the writings of Pliny as Hammoniacus sal. Evidence exists of use in the 13th century by alchemists as sal ammoniac.", "ginger and sal volatile - ammonium carbonate scented with ginger and sold as 'smelling salts' to revive ladies who had fainted.", "Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH4)2CO3. Commercial samples labelled ammonium carbonate no longer contain this compound, but a mixture that has similar ammonia content. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is used as a leavening agent and also as smelling salt. It is also known as baker's ammonia and was a predecessor to the more modern leavening agents baking soda and baking powder. It is a component of what was formerly known as sal volatile and salt of hartshorn.", "Fragrances and colors are often added to bath salts; in fact, one purpose of salts is as a vehicle or diluent to extend fragrances which are otherwise too potent for convenient use. Other common additives to bath salts are oils (agglomerating the salts to form amorphous granules, the product being called \"bath beads\" or \"bath oil beads\"), foaming agents, and effervescent agents.", "When mixing F6, one can follow the action by its smell. The formula starts with sodium thiosulfate, which when dissolved yields a faint, nondescript odor. Next sodium sulfite is added, which seems not to change the smell much. Then F6 calls for acetic acid, which certainly livens things up. Keep your head well away from the area directly above the mixing container; the warm water will be sending a column of air up above, and once the acid gets there you will not be able to miss the effects of sulfur dioxide, which is the gas liberated from this solution when acid is included.", "Many thiols have strong odours resembling that of garlic. The odours of thiols are often strong and repulsive, particularly for those of low molecular weight. Skunk spray is composed mainly of low molecular weight thiol compounds.[3][4] These compounds are detectable by the human nose at concentrations of only 10 parts per billion.[5]", "Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris was in fragrance chemistry, although it has also been used for medicinal and flavoring purposes. Ambergris has historically been an important perfume odorant and is highly sought. However, it is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry and chemically synthesized . The most important of these are ambroxan , ambrox and its steroisomers, which has largely taken its place and is the most widely used ambergris-replacement odorant in perfume manufacturing [1] . The oldest and most commercially significant synthesis of ambrox is from sclareol (primarily extracted from clary sage ), although syntheses have been devised from a variety of other natural products, including cis-abienol and thujone . Procedures for the microbial production of ambrox have also been devised. [2]", "Place 0.5 mL (or 0.5 g) of the compound, 15 - 10 mL of 5% NaOH and 1 mL of benzenesulphonyl chloride in a test tube, stopper the tube and shake until the odour of the sulphonyl chloride has disappeared. The solution must be kept alkaline (if no reaction has occurred, the substance is probably a tertiary amine).", "Chemically, MSG is monosodium L-glutamate monohydrate, the sodium salt of the amino acid glutamate. Only the L-isomer acts as a flavor enhancer. It was chemically isolated in 1908, by Kikunae Ikeda, who identified it as the key agent in sea tangles which Japanese cooks had used for centuries for flavoring (9). MSG is manufactured commercially by the fermentation of starch, molasses, or sugar (11). The American food processing industry has used MSG widely since the late 1940s (9), and consumption in this country is estimated to be 28,000 tons per year (12). Consumed on its own, MSG has a unique taste which has been described as being separate from the basic tastes of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. However, as a food ingredient MSG enhances the flavor of meat or poultry, as well as increases the \"total taste intensity of food\" (13). Interestingly, there is a threshold for this effect. Above 60 mg/kg, MSG decreases the palatability of food (14). Free glutamate is found as a natural component in many foods in addition to sea tangles. The fact that concentrations as high as 260 mg/100 g are found in tomato juice and 1,200 mg/100 g in parmesan cheese has led some people to speculate that free glutamate can also act as a flavor enhancer, and that this natural property has historically guided our choices of food combinations (12). Incidentally, there have been no reports of adverse effects associated with naturally-occurring glutamate (7).", "Xu, H., Delling, M., Jun, J. C., and Clapham, D. E. Oregano, thyme and clove-derived flavors and skin sensitizers activate specific TRP channels. Nat.Neurosci. 2006;9(5):628-635. View abstract.", "Bath salts (a lot of substance variability, but often contains one or more synthetic chemicals related to cathinone)", "Xu, H., Delling, M., Jun, J. C., and Clapham, D. E. Oregano, thyme and clove-derived flavors and skin sensitizers activate specific TRP channels. Nat.Neurosci. 2006;9:628-635. View abstract .", "Noses know to tread v-e-r-y carefully with this most bracing, potent note – which can all-too-easily conjure up mothballs, or cough medicine, or Vick’s chest rub.  As an ingredient, camphor can be extracted from the camphor tree (an evergreen which flourishes in Asia), but it’s also present in rosemary and eucalyptus:  they have that same ‘lung-opening’, nostril-opening effect.  Camphor – which comes in the form of a white, crystal-like powder – is actually quite popular in Arabic perfumery:  it’s present in a quarter of the legendary formulations from a renowned perfumer known as ‘al-Kindi’, as well as being is in widespread therapeutic use: for embalming, as a medicine (see aforementioned chest rub etc.), and in pomanders to protect against infection.  In India, meanwhile, camphor lends its pungency to cooking.  In an expert perfumer’s hands, though, that potency works to emphasise and amplify other ingredients, like patchouli, or to cut through what can be the overwhelming sweetness of tuberose and other white flowers.", "Reisch, J., Schratz, E., and Qadry, S. M. [Trans-tridecene-(2)-al-(1), the aroma determining component of the Coriander in the vegetative phase]. Naturwissenschaften 1965;52(23):642. View abstract.", "Mercury forms different compounds such as mercuric oxide, mercuric sulfide, mercurous chloride, and mercuric chloride. Calomel or mercurous chloride is a type of antiseptic that kills bacteria. Mercuric chloride was used for wounds� disinfection in the past and is a poisonous salt. Mercuric oxide is used in the production of mercury batteries while mercuric sulfide is used to produce vermilion, which is a red paint.", "poisonous, odorless, transparent rhombic crystals or white powder with a metallic, sweetish taste. Chemically, it is potassium antimony tartrate, KSbC4H4O7· 1-2H2O. It is used as a mordant in dyeing.", "MAST CELL STABILIZERS. Cromolyn sodium prevents the release of mast cell granules, thereby preventing the release of histamine and other chemicals contained in them. It acts as a preventive treatment if it is begun several weeks before the onset of the allergy season. It can also be used for year round allergy prevention. Cromolyn sodium is available as a nasal spray for allergic rhinitis and in aerosol (a suspension of particles in gas) form for asthma.", "The dangers involved with chlorine have made it an effective substance to use against stains, plants, animals— and even human beings. Chlorine gas is highly irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and lungs, and it can be detected in air at a concentration of only 3 parts per million (ppm).", "A derivative of salt used as an antiseptic (inhibiting the growth of bacteria) and a germicide (inhibiting the growth of germs).", "Thallium sulfate, which is odorless and colorless, was used as a rat poison and as an insecticide. This use has been discontinued in some countries, including the USA.", "Animals are known to have different sensitivities to the effects of denatonium. It is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals as deer). It has been used to safeguard rat poisons from human consumption, as humans are able to detect denatonium at much lower concentrations than rodents. However, some cats have been known to be tempted by them — it may not be as effective a deterrent for cats as it is for humans, or perhaps some cats are not deterred due to a genetic factor similar to that affecting human perceptions of the taste of phenylthiocarbamide.", "Sykulska, Z., Galczynska, M., and Kwiatkowska, M. [Analysis of a medicinal complex plaster with atropine and capsaicin. I. Determination of atropine]. Acta Pol.Pharm. 1974;31(6):751-754. View abstract.", "Human beings can detect a large and diverse number of smells due to the vast number of features and combinations of odor molecules.", "Smells can also suppress tastes, such as sweetness (Stevenson and others 1999). There is evidence that certain sour smells can suppress sweetness tasted in the mouth, and vice-versa, and that ‘sweet’ smells can suppress sour flavors. This means that the enhancement or suppression of the sweetness flavor arises from a perceptual level and is not physiologically mediated. In other words, the level of sweetness is not changed physically, but our perception of its intensity can be altered by smell.", "American chemists developed this combination of eight molecules, said to emit a stench resembling that of human feces, to test the effectiveness of air fresheners and deodorizers.", "De Martino, L., De, Feo, V, Fratianni, F., and Nazzaro, F. Chemistry, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of volatile oils and their components. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2009;4(12):1741-1750. View abstract.", "Grosse-Wilde, E., Svatos, A., & Krieger, J. (2006). A Pheromone-Binding Protein Mediates the Bombykol-lnduced Activation of a Pheromone Receptor In Vitro: Chemical Senses Vol 31(6) Jul 2006, 547-555." ]

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[ "The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was established by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961 and authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961 with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The Peace Corps Act declares the purpose of the Peace Corps to be: �to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.�", "March 1st: The Peace Corps was established by President John F. Kennedy by Executive Order 10924. The Act was then authorized by Congress on September 22nd, by passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The act describes the purpose of the program: “To promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower”.", "To promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.", "It was established by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The act declares the program's purpose as follows:", "/1/For text of Section 620 (f) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, P.L. 87 - 565, approved August 1, 1962, see 76 Stat. 261.", "Until about 1967, applicants had to pass a placement test of \"general aptitude\" (knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude. After an address from Kennedy, who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church, Disciples of Christ, on August 28, 1961, the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania. The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, and within two years over 7,300 volunteers were serving in 44 countries. This number increased to 15,000 in June 1966, the largest number in the organization's history. ", "It was established by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The Peace Corps Act declares the purpose of the Peace Corps to be:", "The program was established by Executive Order 10924, issued by President John F. Kennedy on March 1, 1961, announced by televised broadcast March 2, 1961, and authorized by Congress on September 21, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Pub.L. 87–293). The act declares the program's purpose as follows:", "Public laws are passed by Congress and the President and create or modify the U.S. Code. The first public law establishing Peace Corps in the US Code was The Peace Corps Act passed by the 87th Congress and signed into law on September 22, 1961. Several public laws have modified the Peace Corps Act, including:", "Until about 1967, applicants to the Peace Corps had to pass a placement test that tested \"general aptitude\" (knowledge of various skills needed for Peace Corps assignments) and language aptitude. After an address from Kennedy, who was introduced by Rev. Russell Fuller of Memorial Christian Church, Disciples of Christ , on August 28 , 1961 , the first group of volunteers left for Ghana and Tanzania . The program was formally authorized by Congress on September 22 , 1961 , and within two years over 7,300 Peace Corps volunteers were serving in 44 countries. This number would jump to 15,000 in June of 1966, which was the largest number in the organization's history.", "John F. Kennedy outlined the idea of a \"Peace Corps\" organization during his 1960 presidential campaign. The President believed that properly funded and well organized volunteers could be placed in lieu of soldiers for a corps designed to bring peace, not war. Such a corps could bring the might of US resources and the best of American cultural values to areas in need of assistance, in turn taking back the best of other world cultures. Peace Corps volunteers are American college graduates who, after three months of training, work abroad for a period of 24 months with the aim of promoting world peace and friendship. Volunteers work with multiple institutions such as schools, governments and non-profit organizations. Serving in 139 countries and spearheading a plethora of initiatives like the eradication of malaria in Africa initiative, the Peace Corps has seen over 210,000 American citizens join its ranks since its inception. Cultural exchange is intrinsic to the Peace Corps organization and it encourages cooperation between all nations and peoples, strengthening cross-cultural relations. In the mission for peace, boundaries between nations are diminished, stereotypes are eradicated, and culture mixes freely.", "As one of his first presidential acts, Kennedy asked Congress to create the Peace Corps. His brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, was the first director. Through this program, Americans volunteer to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as education, farming, health care, and construction. The organization grew to 5,000 members by March 1963 and 10,000 the following year. Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, serving in 139 countries. ", "1961 – The U.S. Congress authorised President John F. Kennedy's executive order to establish the Peace Corps. Within two years, over 7,300 Peace Corps volunteers were serving in 44 countries.", "1961 – President of the United States John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps. The first volunteers were sent to Ghana.", "* 1963 – 11103 – Providing for the appointment of former Peace Corps volunteers to the civilian career services (Kennedy) ", "\"An Act to Promote the Foreign Policy and Provide for the Defense and General Welfare of the United States by Furnishing Military Assistance to Foreign Nations, Approved October 6, 1949.", "The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries (Poland, the other original member, which was not represented at the conference, signed it two months later). It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the original five permanent members of the Security Council—the Republic of China (later replaced by the People's Republic of China), France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United States—and a majority of the other signatories.", "In early 1961, as a new facet of US Foreign Policy, President John F. Kennedy established a Peace Corp of volunteers, both secular and religious, to serve as a source of skilled manpower in carrying out technical and education projects in developing countries. Shortly thereafter, a NCWC Peace Corps Desk was established in Washington, DC, under the episcopal chairmanship of Auxiliary Bishop Edward E. Swanstrom of New York, with Robert Melina as Executive Director. Its efforts were directed at assisting and advising applicants, dioceses, organizations, and institutions in recruiting Catholics for the Peace Corps. Under pressure from certain Jewish and Protestant groups, Peace Corps Director Sargent Shriver announced in December of 1961 a reversal of policy in that there would not be any cooperation with religious groups and that none would handle Peace Corps projects. Bishop Swanstrom expressed 'regret' and the NCWC Peace Corps Desk ceased operations on 19 January 1962.", "At his inaugural address on 20th January, 1961, Kennedy challenged the people of the United States with the statement: \"Ask not what your country can do for you, but rather what you can do for your country.\" Kennedy also wanted the young people of the country to help the undeveloped world. He announced the establishment of the Peace Corps , a scheme that intended to send 10,000 young people to serve in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Kennedy argued that this \"practical, inexpensive, person-to-person program will plant trust, good will and a capacity for self-help\" in the underdeveloped world.", "Clement, W.P. H.R. 9832: To Eliminate Discrimination Based on Sex with Respect to the Appointment and Admission of Persons to the Service Academies. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975.", "American effort during World War II (1941-1945) saw the greatest mobilization of the U.S. Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force in the nation’s history (more than 16 million people); some 5.7 million more served in the Korean War (1950 to 1953). In 1954, after lobbying efforts by veterans’ service organizations, the 83rd U.S. Congress amended the 1938 act that had made Armistice Day a holiday, striking the word “Armistice” in favor of “Veterans.” President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the legislation on June 1, 1954. From then on, November 11 became a day to honor American veterans of all wars.", "President Dwight Eisenhower announced the building of a “peace ship” in 1955. He proposed a civilian maritime ambassador as part of his Atoms for Peace project. Eisenhower wanted the ship to be a combination passenger and cargo vessel to demonstrate the application of nuclear propulsion to commerce. The Savannah was the result, completed and launched four years later.", "(forthcoming); Executive Order 9981 (1948); OCS during WWII was the first training course to be racially desegregated. see BEANER, BLACK, CHINK, RICE BALL, BASKET HEAD, BUDDHAHEAD, PURPLE HEART BATTALION, NIP, FLIP, LITTLE BROWN BROTHER, WOG, WOP, GREEN BLOOD, POSSE COMITATUS. [nb: the Enforcement Act, among other powers, allows the president to activate and assign military forces whenever state authorities are either unable or unwilling to suppress violence that's in opposition to the constitutional rights of the people; which allowed President Eisenhower to send federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, during the 1958 school desegregation crisis]", "1949 � U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment, streamlining the defense agencies of the United States government, and replacing the Department of War with the United States Department of Defense.", "Executive Order 9981 is an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.", "The Eisenhower administration declared  racial discrimination  a  national security  issue, meaning that the Communists around the world were using racial discrimination in the U.S. as a point of propaganda attack. [57]  The day after the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision in  Brown v. Board of Education  in which segregated (\" separate but equal \") schools were ruled to be unconstitutional, Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. [58] [59]  He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Acts of  1957  and  1960  and signed those acts into law. The 1957 Act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department. Although both Acts were weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , signed by President  Ulysses S. Grant .", "In the United States, the President has issued a proclamation each year for United Nations Day since 1946. The most recent such proclamation was issued by Barack Obama. ", "In 1957, she was appointed by the U.S. Department of State to serve as a Special Envoy to the Far East, and the following year, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named her to the post of delegate to the General Assembly of the United Nations. She sang at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration in 1961; in 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom upon her. On her 75th birthday in 1974, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution ordering a special gold medal minted in her honor.", "Wilson believed that U.S. military and diplomatic efforts should be devoted to making World War I the “war to end all wars” and the war “to make the world safe for democracy.” In a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918, Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for establishing a just, lasting peace in Europe . These principles and objectives included national self-determination, freedom of the seas, and the creating of a League of Nations to enforce the peace after World War I. Unfortunately for Wilson, Britain and France opposed major elements of the Fourteen Points, especially national self-determination, which threatened their empires. Nonetheless, the League of Nations was included in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which officially ended World War I. For his diplomatic efforts, Wilson received the Nobel Peace Prize of 1919.", "On December 8, 1953, President Eisenhower delivered his “Atoms for Peace” speech before the United Nations General Assembly. In his speech, Eisenhower remarked that “…if a danger exists in the world, it is a danger shared by all; and equally, that if hope exists in the mind of one nation, that hope should be shared by all.” Eisenhower recognized the paradoxical danger and promise offered by the atomic age: on one hand, the militarization of the atom for nuclear weapons and, on the other hand, the peaceful utilization of the atom to produce energy. Atoms for Peace provided technology and educational resources for states wanting civilian nuclear programs. As a participant in the program, Atoms for Peace laid the foundation for Iran’s nuclear program beginning in 1957. Today, given the concerns about Iran’s nuclear program, it is worthwhile to examine how much Atoms for Peace contributed to Iran’s nuclear program, specifically the elements that have concerned the international community most.", "In his famous inaugural address, Kennedy appealed to American youth by instructing them to “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” He later launched the Peace Corps to support this effort, encouraging young Americans to assist people in developing countries. Kennedy also responded to national fears and pressures regarding the space race with the Soviet Union by challenging Americans to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His enthusiasm spread across the country.", "An Act (52 Stat. 351; 5 U. S. Code, Sec. 87a) was approved on May 13, 1938, which made November 11 in each year a legal holiday, known as Armistice Day. This day was originally intended to honor veterans of World War I. A few years later, World War II required the largest mobilization of service men in the history of the United States and the American forces fought in Korea. In 1954, the veterans service organizations urged Congress to change the word \"Armistice\" to \"Veterans\". Congress approved this change and on June 1, 1954, November 11 became a day to honor all American veterans, where ever and whenever they had served." ]

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[ "Dead on arrival (DOA), also dead in the field and brought in dead (BID), is a term used to indicate that a patient was found to be already clinically dead upon the arrival of professional medical assistance, often in the form of first responders such as emergency medical technicians, paramedics, or police.", "DOA: Traditionally means \"dead on arrival\"; here it's used to refer to just about any dead person, murdered or otherwise", "Dead on Arrival (DOA): A term used to describe products which are not functional when delivered. Synonym: Defective.", "Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are the legal equivalents and, in most cases, are the professional equivalents of medical doctors. Although most DOs offer competent care, the percentage involved in dubious practices appears to be higher than that of medical doctors. For this reason, before deciding whether to use the services of a DO it is useful to understand osteopathy's history and the practical significance of its philosophy.", "(US) A soldier with a medical condition that would hinder the soldier's ability to perform certain tasks; alternatively, equipment that is not operationally ready.", "Dead Right There. (ODSA) Doctors and nurses shorthand acronym for a patient found dead at the scene.", "Dead Right There. (ODSA) Doctors and nurses shorthand acronym for a patient found dead at the scene.", "n. A person of a weak, infirm, or sickly constitution; one who is seeking to recover health; an invalid.", "General Body Crumble. (ODSA) Healthcare acronym to describe an elderly person with no specific diagnosis, but just generally deteriorating. (ack ET)", "A patient admitted to the hospital is usually under the care of a specific team based on their main presenting problem, e.g., the Cardiology team, who then may interact with other specialties, e.g., surgical, radiology, to help diagnose or treat the main problem or any subsequent complications/developments.", "Repairing a malfunctioning GE CT scanner's computer to get it up and running late one Sunday might ca. 1986, which permitted a life-saving CT scan of the head of an unidentified young man brought in in a delirious state. A repairman left near midnight and said it was fixed, but it was not, and service, I was told, was unavailable between midnight and 7 AM Sun-Mon. so he could not be called back. I'm not sure if this was a vendor policy or a contractual issue (either of which would reflect Titanic lifeboat-like stupidity, since people need CT scans 24x7), but due to radiology training and computer expertise I knew what the problem was and fixed it, going above and beyond the call of duty of an internal medicine resident.", "Mad As A Hatter. (ODSA) This healthcare acronym has a certain onomatopoeic quality... (Ack E Thomas)", "Shortness Of Breath. (ODSA) Commonly used medical acronym when writing patient histories. The abbreviation is occasionally doubled-up for amusing effect to describe a particularly obnoxious patient with the complaint, ie., SOB - SOB. (SOB alternatively and perhaps more conventionally means Son Of a Bitch.) (Ack DC)", "operate on , operate - perform surgery on; \"The doctors operated on the patient but failed to save his life\"", "If an individual fails to recover within the expected maximum duration period, the reader may wish to consider the following questions to better understand the specifics of an individual's medical case.", "SODDI - Some Other Doctor Did It (when one medic's botched jobs must be put right/answered for by someone else)", "Dr. John Becker: Fine. I'll take deafness, you've got renal shutdown. [Enters exam room] Mrs. Cooper, how are we doing today?", "_____________________________________________________ The chef at a family run restaurant had broken her leg and came into her insurance office to file a disability claim. As the agent scanned the claim form, heI did a double take. Under \"Reason unable to work,\" she had written: \"Can't stand to cook.\" ___________________________________________________", "how long you are likely to be off work and whether you will be able to perform your duties once you are back at work – you may be asked to provide medical or specialist advice;", "When do you die? In the past, people were pronounced dead when they stopped breathing, or their hearts stopped pumping blood, but by the standards of modern medicine, death means the death of the brain. When the patient's brain has stopped functioning, and he or she has entered what medicine calls \"irreversible coma\", the person can be pronounced dead -- even though other vital organs can be kept functioning through artificial life supports (in one case, a pregnant woman who suffered brain death was kept on life supports for nine weeks, until her fetus could be safely delivered by Caesarian section).", "hospital, three days later, my left lung collapsed again and they put in another chest tube, two days later, they decided that I needed surgery on my left lung. When they went in they discovered that emphysema had ate up my upper lobe of my left lung. They had to remove that part of my lung. I then developed pneumonia in both lungs. I still have to have surgery on my", "Once I came out of anesthetic reciting some of the bawdy lyrics from Les Miz - possibly because the previous day I had been listening to the CD on repeat play. The medical staff was both offended and horrified. So bend out of shape they forgot to remove a monitoring device from my back, which contained wires. A physician, so outraged that such words could possible come from the lips of a woman, came into my hospital room, called me a name, and physically pushed me so hard that, when my back slammed against my bed, the wires in the patch, left on my back by mistake, lodged into my skin. Another doctor had to cut them out. Demanding to know what I had said that so offended the people in the healing occupation, an embarrassed nurse told me some of the phrases. I informed the caring professionals that those were the some of the lyrics to two songs from Les Miz. None of them had seen the show or had a clue. I was told that surgical personnel are taught that they can determine the personal values of a patient by what they say while coming out of anesthetic. Point being - let's hope nobody ever regains consciousness reciting the lyrics to Hasa Diga Eebowai.", "The persistent vegetative state, which often follows if the patient does not recover consciousness,is characterized as \"wakefulness without consciousness\". The patient's eyes may be open at times, and the sleep cycle is normal. But the patient is still unresponsive to stimulation, except perhaps for some reflex functions that may give the appearance of vigilance.", "Thank God, I thought — I’m not hurt! But what about the patients? As it became brighter, little by little our situation grew clearer. Miss Murai, who had been assisting me with the pneumo-thorax, struggled to her feet beside me. She didn’t seem to have been seriously injured, though she was completely covered with white dust. “Hey, cheer up!” I said. “We’re not hurt, thank God!”", "Physicians can find evidence of sensory ataxia during physical examination by having the patient stand with his/her feet together and eyes shut. In affected patients, this will cause the instability to worsen markedly, producing wide oscillations and possibly a fall. This is called a positive Romberg's test. Worsening of the finger-pointing test with the eyes closed is another feature of sensory ataxia. Also, when the patient is standing with arms and hands extended toward the physician, if the eyes are closed, the patient's finger will tend to \"fall down\" and then be restored to the horizontal extended position by sudden muscular contractions (the \"ataxic hand\").", "At this point the doctor called back, I listened to Martyn’s side of the conversation from my bedroom. From what I gather, the doctor told him to go and see him in the morning if he was still ill. For some reason I woke up and went to the living room. The next few minutes are a blur. Martyn had collapsed and was unconscious. I put Martyn into the recovery position and called an ambulance. The paramedics spent what seemed like hours with him. We got in the ambulance and drove to the hospital. I was taken into the relative’s room, where I waited for a few minutes.", "\"Now I go for check ups. It is a continual treatment and I will need some more. It was a life-or-death thing. It was critical when I went into hospital but now it’s not. It’s good they have fixed it.”", "I was told that I had to have an operation immediately, and that if I lived through the operation I might come out of it a quadriplegic. When I asked if I had time for a second opinion, I was told that if I coughed or sneezed at that time, I might die. Naturally, I agreed to have the operation in a few hours...", "your loved ones will be next) and therefore failed to even begin to conduct a competent Death Investigation, due in", "May have their implant fail. In this situation, a person with an implant would need to have additional surgery to resolve this problem and would be exposed to the risks of surgery again.", "Could you inform of how and when clinicians perform such tests in order to ensure that a person is \"fully recovered\" from ME?", "“What happened?” she asked, feeling stupid as she stared at the screen in front of her that was telling her that the subject had been disconnected from the machines at the hospital." ]

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[ "The Battle of Antietam, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Union soil. It is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing. ", "The Battle of Antietam ( Template:Pron-en ) (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South ), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland , and Antietam Creek , as part of the Maryland Campaign , was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Southern Light soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history , with about 23,000 casualties. [4]", "The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties.", "The Battle of Antietam (Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.", "The Battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg on September 17, 1862, was the first attack on Union soil during the Civil War and the bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history with more than 23,000 soldiers killed. Although it ended in a draw, President Abraham Lincoln used General Robert E. Lee’s retreat to Virginia as an opportunity to issue his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, warning seceded states to return to the Union before the end of the year or their slaves would be declared free.", "Pope's battered Army did eventually combine with McClellan's. But the Second Battle of Bull Run had encouraged General Lee to invade Maryland. In Sharpsburg, Maryland, McClellan and Lee led their armies against each other. On September 17, 1862, the Battle of Antietam (named for a nearby creek) led to the deaths of over ten thousand soldiers from each side; no other one-day battle led to more deaths in one day. This day is called \"Bloodiest day of American History\". McClellan's scouts had found Lee's battle plans with a discarded packet of cigars, but he did not act on the intelligence immediately. The Union technically won the Pyrrhic victory; McClellan lost about one-sixth of his Army, but Lee lost around one-third of his. Even though they could march and end the war, McClellan didn't go forward because he thought he's already lost too many soldiers. This was the victory needed for Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, so that it did not appear as an act of desperation.", "This would be Lee’s second incursion into the North. The previous one ended in the bloodiest single day in America’s history, the Battle of Antietam (called the Battle of Sharpsburg in the South) in Maryland on September 17, 1862. Total casualties from that one-day battle exceeded 23,000.", "1862 – American Civil War: Almost 23,000 total casualties were suffered at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland, where Confederate and Union troops fought to a tactical stalemate.", "Update: Sunday, Sept 17, 2006, 2:24 a.m. PDT On Sept. 17, 1862, Union forces hurled back a Confederate invasion of Maryland in the Civil War battle of Antietam. With 23,100 killed, wounded or captured, it remains the bloodiest day in U.S. military history. [New York Times/AP e-headlines]", "Robert E. Lee led his army across the Potomac and invaded Maryland in September 1862, and the two armies met in the epic Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. The combined casualties of 23,000 killed and wounded made it known as America's bloodiest day. Lee was forced to withdraw back to Virginia, and the Union could claim victory.", "Beginning early on the morning of this day in 1862, Confederate and Union troops in the Civil War clash near Maryland’s Antietam Creek in the bloodiest one-day battle in American history.", "The Southern invasion of the North began on September 17, 1862, led and planned by Robert E. Lee; ended as a statistical draw and the single bloodiest day of the war (22,000 men died in one day) and it was one of the largest battles of the war.", "Watch our animated map of the Battle of Antietam, produced by Wide Awake Films. Learn more about this important Civil War battle in Maryland, the bloodiest day in American history.", "The Army of the Potomac, under the command of George McClellan, mounted a series of powerful assaults against Robert E. Lee’s forces near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862. The morning assault and vicious Confederate counterattacks swept back and forth through Miller’s Cornfield and the West Woods. Later, towards the center of the battlefield, Union assaults against the Sunken Road pierced the Confederate center after a terrible struggle. Late in the day, the third and final major assault by the Union army pushed over a bullet-strewn stone bridge at Antietam Creek. Just as the Federal forces began to collapse the Confederate right, the timely arrival of A.P. Hill’s division from Harpers Ferry helped to drive the Army of the Potomac back once more. The bloodiest single day in American military history ended in a draw, but the Confederate retreat gave Abraham Lincoln the “victory” he desired before issuing the Emancipation Proclamation.", "Sept. 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single day in American history, he told visitors. Confederate and Union armies suffered more than 23,000 casualties. That number of killed, wounded and missing is higher than total U.S. losses in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the Mexican War combined.", "General Robert E. Lee led his army into Maryland, a Union State in a gamble to win the war. This was the first time Lee had attacked a Union state. A Confederate officer accidentally left a copy of Lee’s battle plans wrapped around three cigars at a campsite. When Union troops stopped to rest at the abandoned campsite, a Union soldier stumbled on the plans. The captured plans gave Union General George McClellan a chance to stop Lee and his army. The Union army massed against Lee outside a little town in Maryland, called Sharpsburg, near the Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862. In a day long battle, 23,582 Americans died, becoming the single bloodiest day in U.S. history. Both sides lost an equal number of men. The Confederate force, which was smaller however, was forced to withdraw. In the aftermath of the battle – considered to be a Union victory, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation and also began to allow African American soldiers to fight for the Union.", "The 12-hour fight along and near Antietam Creek was the most significant battle in Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's first invasion of the North. The fighting outside Sharpsburg was preceded by a Confederate victory at Harper's Ferry on Sept. 15, 1862. Gen. Thomas J. \"Stonewall\" Jackson surrounded a Union force of more than 12,000, forcing its surrender.", "^ The Battle of Antietam , the culmination of Lee's first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000.", "Civil War: The bloodiest battle of the Civil War occurs at Antietam; over 23,000 are killed or wounded.", "Fact #7: The Battle of Chancellorsville, at its time, was the bloodiest battle in American history", "Gettysburg: The Turning Point of the War On July 1, 1863, the Union Army of the Potomac engaged... the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia which had advance into the north. This would be the battle of all battles; it would be the bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Three days of warfare resulted in a Union victory at the cost was 51,000 American casualties. The Southern reason for rebellion was to break away from the Union and become a separate country, the Confederate States of America. Up...", "In July 1864, in the third Southern invasion, Confederate troops led by Lieutenant General Jubal Early occupied Frederick and extorted $200,000 from citizens for not razing the city on their way to Washington D.C. Union troops under Major General Lew Wallace defeated what became the last significant Confederate advance at the Battle of Monocacy Junction, also known as the \"Battle that saved Washington.\" The Monocacy National Battlefield lies just southeast of the city limits, along the Monocacy River at the B. & O. Railroad junction where two bridges cross the stream - an iron-truss bridge for the railroad and a covered wooden bridge for the Frederick-Urbana-Georgetown Pike, which was the site of the main battle of July 1864. Some skirmishing occurred further northeast of town at the stone-arched \"Jug Bridge\" where the National Road crossed the Monocacy; and an artillery bombardment occurred along the National Road west of town near Red Man's Hill and Prospect Hall mansion as the Union troops retreated eastward. Antietam National Battlefield and South Mountain State Battlefield Park which commemorates the 1862 battles are located 23 miles and 35 miles respectively to the west-northwest. While Gettysburg National Battlefield of 1863 lies approximately 35 mi to the north-northeast.", "The Battle of Gettysburg (, with an sound) was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p. 83; McPherson, p. 665; Eicher, p. 550. Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point. Eicher uses the arguably related expression, \"High-water mark of the Confederacy\". Union Maj. Gen. George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's attempt to invade the North.", "The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought December 11–15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside. The Union Army's futile frontal attacks on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War, with Union casualties more than twice as heavy as those suffered by the Confederates. A visitor to the battlefield described the battle to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln as a \"butchery.\" ", "(July 1–3, 1863) The battle with the largest number of casualties in the Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Army of Virginia, ending General Lee's invasion of the North", "Around 5:30 AM on September 17, Hooker attacked down the Hagerstown Turnpike with the goal of capturing the Dunker Church, a small building on a plateau to the south. Encountering Jackson's men, brutal fighting began in the Miller Cornfield and the East Woods. A bloody stalemate ensued as the outnumbered Confederates held and mounted effective counterattacks. Adding Brigadier General Abner Doubleday 's division into the fight, Hooker's troops began to push the enemy back. With Jackson's line near collapse, reinforcements arrived around 7:00 AM as Lee stripped his lines elsewhere of men.", "They include Harper's Ferry, W.Va., the site of John Brown's 1859 raid on the federal arsenal, and Monocacy Battlefield. It was there in 1864 that Gen. Lew Wallace, later to be the author of \"Ben Hur,\" led troops that delayed a Confederate army making a last-gasp effort to attack Washington, D.C., from the north.", "Lincoln, Gettysburg, and the Gettysburg Address. For three days - July 1 to July 3, 1863 - General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army clashed with the General George Meade's Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, some 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It proved to be one of the most violent battles of the war; of roughly 170,000 Union and Confederate soldiers who fought in the three-day battle, 23,000 Union soldiers (more than one-quarter of the army's effective forces) and 28,000 Confederates soldiers (more than a third of Lee’s army) were killed, wounded or missing. It was a crushing defeat for the Confederacy, and a much-needed victory for the Union.", "As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield, an artillery duel erupted. Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south. Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and four batteries of 20-pounder Parrott rifles, 2 miles (3 km) east of Antietam Creek. The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as \"artillery Hell.\"", "As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield, an artillery duel erupted. Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south. Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and four batteries of 20-pounder Parrott rifles, 2 miles (3 km) east of Antietam Creek. The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as \"artillery Hell.\"", "As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield, an artillery duel erupted. Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south. Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and twenty 20-pounder Parrott rifles, 2 miles (3 km) east of Antietam Creek. The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as \"artillery Hell.\" ", "The first inland clash between significant bodies of troops occurred on the morning of June 3, 1861, when 3,000 Union volunteers surprised 800 Confederates at Philippi in (West) Virginia. Lasting less than half an hour, the affair would barely qualify as a skirmish later in the war, but the Union victory there and subsequent ones in the region elevated the reputation of Major General George B. McClellan , commander of the Department of the Ohio." ]

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[ "Osiris was the god of the underworld and the ruler of predynastic Egypt. The son of Geb and Nut . Osiris also had a brother. Set , and a sister Isis (who he married). Unlike his evil brother, Osiris was benevolent towards humanity, teaching people the ways of agriculture and aiding the founding of Egyptian civilization.", "Osiris (, alternatively Ausir, Asiri or Ausar, among other spellings), was an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead, but more appropriately as the god of transition, resurrection, and regeneration. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich feathers at either side, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.", "Osiris was the ancient Egyptian god of the dead, the underworld, and the afterlife. He is usually depicted as a man with green skin and a beard associated with the pharaoh, wearing a crown with two large ostrich feathers, and legs partially wrapped like a mummy. In his hands he holds a flail and a symbolic crook.", "Osiris is an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead. He is classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a pharaoh’s beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich feathers at either side, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.", "Osiris, the Egyptian god of the underworld, appears to have been a strong element in Egyptian mythology from the beginning. Before he became the Egyptian god of the underworld, Osiris had quite a history.", "Osiris is an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead. He is the brother of Set , husband to and father to Horus .", "Legendary ruler of predynastic Egypt and god of the underworld. Osiris symbolized the creative forces of nature and the imperishability of life. Called the great benefactor of humanity, he brought to the people knowledge of agriculture and civilization. The worship of Osiris, one of the great cults of ancient Egypt, gradually spread throughout the Mediterranean world and, with that of Isis and Horus, was especially vital during the Roman Empire.", "Osiris - Egyptian Mythology - The husband of Isis. He was the chief god of the underworld.", "The Osiris myth is the most elaborate and influential story in ancient Egyptian mythology. It concerns the murder of the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive a son with her. The remainder of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a vulnerable child protected by his mother and then becomes Set's rival for the throne. Their often violent conflict ends with Horus's triumph, which restores order to Egypt after Set's unrighteous reign and completes the process of Osiris's resurrection. The myth, with its complex symbolism, is integral to the Egyptian conceptions of kingship and succession, conflict between order and disorder, and especially death and the afterlife. It also expresses the essential character of each of the four deities at its center, and many elements of their worship in ancient Egyptian religion were derived from the myth.", "(Egypt) Osiris , the god of the dead, is associated with fertility and the annual flooding of the Nile. He is the Egyptian counterpart of Tammuz and Adonis , a vegetation god who is dismembered by Set and magically reconstituted by Isis . He impregnates Isis, descends to rule the underworld, and is ultimately avenged by their son Horus . In the religious foundation of Egyptian kingship, Osiris is identified with the dead pharaoh and Horus with his son and successor.", "Osiris is the major god of the Afterlife, also known as God of the Dead.� He is usually depicted as a mummy with a crown on his head and his hands present holding scepters.[18,27,28]� He is depicted in this manner, because in the Egyptian mythology, he became the God of the Underworld after his brother Seth killed him to gain his throne.�� It was Isis, his sister and wife, that was able to bring him back to life through magic.� He is also considered the god of agriculture, because of his death and resurrection, is associated with seed and regrowth of the seed.� Oftentimes, the color of his face is green, black or gold. �Osiris was considered one of the most important Egyptian gods because �he symbolized the triumph of life over death.�� He was also a judge of the deceased, and would not let any criminal journey to the pleasures of the Afterlife. [18,27,28]", "In ancient Egypt several gods are known by this name, but the most important was the son of Osiris and Isis, identified as king of Egypt. To repeat what I summarized elsewhere : Osiris is the oldest son of Geb (\"earth\" personified) and Nout or Nut (\"mother of the gods\" and goddess of the sky), the husband of Isis, whose myth was one of the best known and whose cult was one of the most widespread in pharaonic Egypt. The mythology of Osiris is not preserved completely from an early date, but the essentials are related by Plutarch in On Isis and Osiris (De Iside et Osiride).", "He was the chief god of the old Egyptian mythology, the husband of Isis, and the father of Horus. Jabloniski says that Osiris represented the sun only, but Plutarch, whose opportunity of knowing was better, asserts that, while generally considered as a symbol of the solar orb, some of the Egyptian philosophers retarded him as a river god, and called him Nilus. But the truth is, that Osiris represented the male, active or generative, powers of nature; while Isis represented its female, passive or prolific, powers. Thus, when Osiris was the sun, Isis was the earth, to be vivified by his rays; when he was the Nile, Isis was the land of Egypt, fertilized by his overflow. Such is the mythological or mystical sense in which Osiris was received. Historically, he is said to have been a great and powerful king, who, leaving Egypt, traversed the world, leading a host of fauns or satyrs, and other fabulous beings in his train, actually an army of followers. He civilized the whole earth, and taught mankind to fertilize the soil and to perform the works of agriculture. We see here the idea which was subsequently expressed by the Greeks in their travels of Dionysus, and the wanderings of Ceres; and it is not improbable that the old Freemasons had some dim perception of this story, which they have incorporated, under the figure of Euclid, in their Legend of the Craft.", "When the power of Osiris became predominant in the Under World, and his fame as a just and righteous judge became well established among the natives of Lower and Upper Egypt, it was universally believed that after death all men would appear before him in his dread Hall of Judgment to receive their reward or their sentence of doom. The writers of the Pyramid Texts, more than fifty-five centuries ago, dreamed of a time when heaven and earth and men did not exist, when the gods had not yet been born, when death had not been created,", "Osiris (Ausar) (Human) Eldest child of Geb and Nut , posthumous father of Horus , Osiris is the most widely known and most deeply revered of the pantheon. He represents, first and foremost, the Path of Destiny, and the Life beyond life. He is the Judge of departed souls in the Hall of Two Truths, and He is the general guardian, guide, and ruler of the afterworld of departed spirits. The ancient Egyptians were obsessed with the problem of what occurs in the way of an afterlife and what the ultimate spiritual destiny of mankind is. Thus Osiris represents the promise of eternal life and the triumph of order and meaning over chaos. Defeated by his nemesis (and younger brother) Seth , He rises once again in an eternal cycle symbolized in the material world by the cyclical rising of the Nile and in the astral world by the passage of Amon-Ra, the holy sun and the cyclical appearances of Sothis , the star Sirius. Osiris is thus Friend, Saviour, and ultimate master of mankind. In Egyptian Royal tradition, as each Pharoah is the living incarnation of Horus in life, so in death they are transfigured into Osiris.", "After having briefly noticed and introduced Vishnu or Hermes to the notice of the reader, we will now take another of the Aryan deities—See-Va, the Wine god. This myth was the Dionysus, or Bacchus, of the Greeks, and the expedition of this \"immortal\" through the world to instruct mankind in agriculture, is likened as well as the god himself by the Egyptians to their deity Osiris—the god of the Nile. The worship of See-Va, Bacchus, or Osiris extended over Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy.", "Osiris was at times considered the oldest son of the Earth god Geb, and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son.As ruler of the dead, Osiris was also sometimes called “king of the living”, since the Ancient Egyptians considered the blessed dead “the living ones”.Osiris was considered not only a merciful judge of the dead in the afterlife, but also the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. He was described as the “Lord of love”, “He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful” and the “Lord of Silence”.", "OSIRIS At first the god of corn; later the god of the dead. Osiris brought civilization to the Egyptians, teaching them the uses of corn and wine, weaving, sculpture, religion, music and law. Set slew Osiris and dismembered the body; but Osiris' consort, Isis, reassembled the body and brought Osiris back to life. Osiris then retired to the underworld. Osiris is the god of the Nile which rises and falls every year; the god of corn and the vine, which flourish, die, and flourish once more; and the god of the rising and setting sun.", "There is an interesting parallel between Osiris, a fertility/agriculture god, and the Greek Persephone, an agriculture goddess. Both end up in the underworld through treachery and both are kept there by \"legal loopholes\" in the laws of the gods. Persephone remains in the underworld for half a year because she tasted the food of the dead. Osiris remains in the underworld because Ma'at dictates that the dead, even dead gods, may not return to the land of the living.", "Egyptians viewed Osiris as a god of peace and prosperity. His younger brother, Seth, became jealous and destroyed Osiris by trapping him, drowning him and distributing the pieces of his body all over the world.", "\"The Egyptians say that Demeter [Isis] and Dionysos [Osiris] are the rulers of the lower world. The Egyptians were the first who maintained the following doctrine, too, that the human soul is immortal, and at the death of the body enters into some other living thing then coming to birth; and after passing through all creatures of land, sea, and air, it enters once more into a human body at birth, a cycle which it completes in three thousand years. There are Greeks who have used this doctrine [the Orphics], some earlier and some later, as if it were their own; I know their names, but do not record them.\"", "The Underworld is a mythological realm of the god or goddess of the dead, where the spirits of the deceased stay. It is known in many different languages under different names, such as Naraka (India), Helheim (Scandinavia and Germany) and Uca Pucha (Incas). The Underworld was separated from the worlds of the living by five rivers, namely Acheron (river of woe), Cocytus (river of lamentation), Phlehethon (river of fire), Lethe (river of forgetfulness), and Styx (river of hate). The latter was famous because Zeus forced gods to drink the entire river Styx if they had forsaken an oath. The water was said to be so foul that the god in question would lose his or her voice for nine years. Additionally, Achilles was dipped in the River Styx by his mother to make him immortal.", "    In the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh, the underworld or 'Great Below' was a place of immense size and great terror, filled with a wide range of beings, including spirits, the undead, humanoids, and savage guardians. In his search for everlasting life, Gilgamesh first had to reach the mountain of Mashu, connected with the heavens above and the netherworld below. Having been allowed to enter the 'gate', he descended into the bowels of the earth through 12 double-hours of darkness before reaching 'an enclosure as of the gods', filled with brilliance, where there was a garden made entirely of precious stones [33]. According to Diodorus Siculus, the Chaldees, imagined the earth to have the form of a round boat turned upside down and to be hollow underneath [34].", "The place called Hades, the Underworld was the domain of the god Hades and other gods and goddesses associated with the inexplicable, such as death, sleep, witchcraft, ghosts, dreams and enchantments. According to Greek mythology the River Styx was a great black river that completely encircled the Underworld. The River Styx formed the boundary between Earth and the Underworld. The word 'stygian' came to refer to anything dark, dismal, and murky. Hades the Underworld consisted of different areas where the souls of dead mortals resided. The souls of mortals who had led good lives were sent to Elysium and the Elysian Fields (paradise) . The souls of mortals who had led both good and evil lives on earth were sent to endless toil in the Asphodel Meadows. Those evil mortals that had led sinful lives were confined in the dark depths of Tartarus , in the bowels of the earth where the souls of the wicked suffered endless torture. The River Styx was connected all of the places via four tributaries.", "    When he was twenty-eight Osiris was murdered and dismembered by his brother Seth, according to one tradition because he had had an affair with Seth's wife Nephthys, but Isis recovered the fourteen scattered parts of his body, reassembled them, restored him to life and was impregnated by him. However, Osiris did not return to rule this world, but remained in the underworld as king, the Khentamenti (First of the Westerners, i.e. the dead–originally an epithet of Anubis ), while his posthumous son Horus became king of the living.", "In the meantime, Harpocrates has grown to manhood, and he is called Horus. Osiris has been resurrected as the king of the dead in the underworld. One day, Osiris appears to Horus in the land of the living. He convinces Horus to avenge the wrongs that have been committed by Seth. So, Horus tracks down Seth and a huge battle begins. Victory is elusive and the battle turns first to one side, then to the other. It is said that this battle of good verses evil still rages, but some day, Horus will be victorious and on that day, Osiris will return to rule the world.", "In Greek mythology , Styx (\"[river of] hate\") is the name of a river which formed the boundary between earth and the underworld, Hades. It circles Hades nine times. Styx and Phlegethon , Acheron and Cocytus converge on the center of the Hades on a great marsh. Other important rivers of Hades are Lethe and Eridanos. The Buddhist version of this river is known as the river Sanzu.", "The Underworld was hidden deep in the earth and was the kingdom of the dead, ruled by god Hades . Hades was a greedy god, whose sole purpose was to increase the number of souls in his kingdom; at the same time, he was very reluctant to let any soul leave. The Erinnyes were welcomed in the Underworld.", "Beneath the disk of the earth was Tartarus, where the Titans were confined, a vast, nebulous realm of darkness. Between earth and Tartarus was the underworld kingdom of Hades, the ruler of the dead. The entrance to this realm was guarded by Cerberus, the three-headed dog. And once the departed spirits passed they had to be ferried across the River Styx by Charon, the foul-tempered boatman. The place was thought of as cavernous and dim, a joyless abode in which the dead gradually faded into nothingness.", "Osiris meanwhile had become the king of the Afterlife. He was believed to be willing to admit all people to the Duat, the gentle, fertile land in which the righteous dead lived, that had lived a good and correct life upon earth, and had been buried with appropriate ceremonies under the protection of certain amulets, and with the proper recital of certain \"divine words\" and words of power. His realm was said to lie beneath Nun , in the northern heavens or in the west.", "In Vampire: The Masquerade, Osiris was a powerful vampire, either an antedeluvian or methuselah who fought against the Antedeluvian Set. He was the founder of the vampire bloodline known as the Serpents of the Light.", "The kingdom of the dead was ruled by one of the twelve great Olympians, Hades or Pluto, and His Queen, Persephone. It is often called by his name, Hades. It lies, the Iliad says, beneath the secret places of the earth. In the Odyssey, the way to it leads over the edge of the world across Ocean. In later poets there are various entrances to it from the earth through caverns and beside deep lakes." ]

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[ "Chlorine (from the Greek χλωρóς chloros, meaning “pale green”), is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. As the chloride ion, which is part of common salt and other compounds, it is abundant in nature and necessary to most forms of life, including humans.", "Chlorine (from the Greek word '????o?' (khloros, meaning 'pale green')) is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is a halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17 (formerly VII, VIIa, or VIIb).", "Chlorine ( /?kl??ri?n/ klohr-een; from Ancient Greek: ?????? khl?ros \"pale green\") is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen after fluorine. [ [ The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine. It has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of", "Chlorine, from chloros, after its pale green colour, is a member of the halogen family and is a gas at room temperature. Its symbol is Cl and its atomic number 17. Chlorine commonly occurs as salt (NaCl) and the gas was synthesised in the mid 17th century but not properly categorised until 1774; and it was not till 1809–10 that it was actually recognised as a new element and not a compound.", "(klōr'ēn, klôr'–) [Gr.,=green], gaseous chemical element; symbol Cl; at. no. 17; interval in which at. wt. ranges 35.446–35.457; m.p. -100.98 degrees Celsius; b.p. -34.6 degrees Celsius; density 3.2 grams per liter at STP; valence -1, +1, +3, +5, +7. Chlorine is a greenish-yellow poisonous gas with a disagreeable, suffocating odor; it is about two and one-half times as dense as air. Only fluorine among the nonmetals is more chemically active. Chlorine belongs to the halogen family of elements, found in Group 17 of the periodic table. The gas is composed of diatomic molecules (Cl2) with molecular weight 70.906. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by K. W. Scheele, who thought it was a compound of oxygen; it was named and identified as an element by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810.", "Chlorine - Chlorine has the atomic number 17 and the chemical symbol Cl. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by extracting it from hydrochloric acid. In its elemental state, it forms the diatomic molecule Cl2. Chlorine exhibits multiple oxidation states, such as -1, +1, 3, 5, and 7. At room temperature it appears as a light green gas. Since the bond that forms between the two chlorine atoms is weak, the Cl2 molecule is very reactive. Chlorine reacts with metals to produce salts called chlorides. Chloride ions are the most abundant ions that dissolve in the ocean. Chlorine also has two isotopes: 35Cl and 37Cl. Sodium chloride is the most prevalent compound of the chlorides. ", "a gaseous chemical element of the halogen group that is isolated as a pungent dense greenish yellow gas: symbol Cl, atomic number 17 [chlor- + -ine 2].", "They are the elements Fluorine, ( atomic number 9 ),  Chlorine, ( atomic number 17 ), Bromine ( atomic number 35 ), Iodine ( atomic number 53 ), Astatine  ( atomic number 85 ), and a newly discovered element not yet given a name, that has an atomic number of 117, ( Discovered in 2010).", "Although all atoms of an element have the same number of protons, the atoms may differ in the number of neutrons they have (Table 1-2). These differing atoms of the same element are called isotopes. Four isotopes of helium (He) are shown in Figure 1-1. All atoms of chlorine (Cl) have 17 protons, but there are chlorine isotopes having 15 to 23 neutrons. Only two chlorine isotopes exist in significant amounts in nature, those with 18 neutrons (75.53% of all chlorine atoms found in nature), and those with 20 neutrons (24.47%). To write the symbol for an isotope, place the atomic number as a subscript and the mass number (protons plus neutrons) as a superscript to the left of the atomic symbol. The symbols for the two naturally occurring isotopes of chlorine then would be", "This is a chloride ion. According to the periodic table, there are 17 protons because the element is chlorine. There are 18 electrons due to the negative charge: 17-(-1) = 18. There are 18 neutrons because 35-17=18.", "In \\(\\mathrm{^{35}_{17}Cl}\\) there are 17 protons, and 35 − 17 = 18 neutrons in each nucleus.", "10. Complete the following table. Element Name Element symbol Li carbon Cl oxygen Cu calcium Sc 11. Write the name of the group to which each of the following belongs. a. chlorine b. xenon c. sodium d. magnesium Group number of periodic table Metal, nonmetal, or metalloid?", "Chlorophyll does not contain chlorine as the name might suggest; the chloro- portion stems from the Greek chloros, which means yellowish green. The element chlorine derives its name from the same source, being a yellowish-green gas.", "The average atomic weight of chlorine is 35.45 and the element has two stable isotopes 17Cl35 and 17Cl37. Estimate the relative abundances of these two isotopes.", "Group 7 of the periodic table of elements, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The halogens are diatomic, and tend to form salts; hence their name, which comes from two Greek terms meaning \"salt-forming.\"", "The names from Latin and Greek were not just chosen at random. There was a definite characteristic that made these names applicable. For instance, both bromine (35) and osmium (76) are derived from Greek words that mean \"stink\"; phosphorus means \"light-bearing.\" Many identify colors associated with the element [e.g. beryllium 4) (and praseodymium (59) are from Greek words which mean green; iridium (77) = the Latin rainbow; rhodium (45) = the Greek rose, and rubidium (37) = the Latin red].", "Because of the greenish color of its mineral salts, the lanthanide metal praseodymium takes its name from a Greek word meaning “green,” prasios—which in turn takes its name from the Greek word for a leek, prason. The dymium part is more complicated . In 1842, a new “element” was discovered called didymium, from the Greek for \"twin,\" so named because it was always accompanied with cerium and lanthanum (and possibly because the namer had two pairs of twins of his own). Forty years later, scientists split didymium into two different elements, praseodidymium (green twin) and neodidymium (new twin). The di- was dropped almost instantly, leaving neodymium and praseodymium.", "The iron(II) ion is represented by the symbol Fe2+. The Roman numeral II indicates the charge on the iron ion. The chloride ion is Cl-. Two chloride ions are needed to balance the 2+ charge on each iron ion, so the chemical formula is FeCl2.", "Magnesium ions have a 2+ charge and chloride ions have a 1- charge. The lowest whole number ratio that produces a neutral or balanced formula is 1 Mg2+ : 2 Cl-; therefore, the chemical formula for the compound is MgCl2.", "Chlorine has two stable isotopes chlorine-35 and chlorine-37with Chlorine-35 accounting for roughly 3 out of every 4 naturally occurring chlorine atoms. Chlorine-36 is also known naturally and is a radioactive isotope with a half life of about 30,000 years.", "Chlorine is a very active element. It combines with all elements except the noble gases. The noble gases are the elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIA) of the periodic table. The reaction between chlorine and other elements can often be vigorous. For example, chlorine reacts explosively with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride:", "Hg is the modern chemical symbol for mercury. It comes from hydrargyrum, a Latinized form of the Greek word Ύδραργυρος (hydrargyros), which is a compound word meaning \"water-silver\" (hydr- = water, argyros = silver) — since it is liquid like water and shiny like silver. The element was named after the Roman god Mercury, known for speed and mobility. It is associated with the planet Mercury; the astrological symbol for the planet is also one of the alchemical symbols for the metal. Mercury is the only metal for which the alchemical planetary name became the common name.[22]", "Thallium derives its name from thallos, meaning young shoot, because of its bright green spectral line. It is the heavist member of the boron family with atomic number 81 and symbol Tl. Independently, both William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy claimed the its discovery in 1861 by using flame spectroscopy on the residues from sulfuric acid production. Soluble thallium salts are highly toxic and were used as rat poison, although their used is now banned in most countries.", "Illinium, was the name proposed by scientists at the University of Illinois for element 61 after they claimed its discovery in 1926. The reported discovery was later shown to be erroneous and it wasn't until 1945 that element 61, all of whose isotopes are radioactive, was first definitively produced and characterised. Promethium is now the official name for this element.", "Promethium, originally prometheum, is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3; however, a few +2 compounds may exist.", "Lawrencium is named after Ernest O Lawrence, who invented the cyclotron. The element is the last in the row of the actinoids and has been synthesised by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers and, independently, by Georgi N Flerov and co-workers during the 1960s. Both teams were credited with the identification of this element in 1971. The original symbol 'Lw' was replaced by 'Lr' because the letter 'w' is not so common worldwide.", "Unniltrium, was the temporary systematic name for element 103 which was discovered in 1961 by A Ghiorso and his team at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Berkeley, California. The name Lawrencium (after Ernest O Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron) was proposed for this element and ratified by IUPAC in 1967; it's symbol is Lr.", "Element 97 in the periodic table is one of only two elements named after a university, namely the University of California at Berkeley. The other such element is number 110 called darmstadtium after the University of Darmstadt in Germany. The university and the city of Berkeley were in turn named after the Anglo-Irish philosopher, Bishop George 'Barkeley'. The pronunciation changed from Barkeley to Berkeley when the name crossed the Atlantic ocean in 1869, the year that the city and university were both founded. Incidentally this was the same year in which Dimitri Mendeleev published the first mature periodic system and began to predict the existence of new elements.", "Lutetium is a chemical element with symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.", "\"Berkelium\" : \"Berkelium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Bk and atomic number 97. It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949.\",", "Ununtrium Uut systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium. [25]", "\"Beryllium\" : \"Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals.\"," ]

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[ "Susan Stafford (born Susan Gail Carney on October 13, 1945 from Lynn, Massachusetts) was the original letter-turner on Wheel of Fortune from its August 28, 1974 pilots through October 22, 1982.", "LOS ANGELES (AP) -- There's a new venue for Vanna White's letter turning. The \"Wheel of Fortune\" game show star will be unveiling the letters V-A-N-N-A W-H-I-T-E on the Hollywood Walk of Fame next year.", "\"Wheel of Fortune\" has spent the better part of the last 25 years as America's most popular TV game show, with Pat Sajak and Vanna White becoming nightly fixtures in viewers' living rooms. While you can play along at home, enhance your enjoyment by playing the board game, complete with puzzle board and spinning wheel.", "Most people will associate the game most firmly with fellow Scot Nicky Campbell, whose easy-going gentle nature brought the show high ratings. The role of the letter-turner (which, incidentally, went to semi-automatic on the US show in 1997) has also earned some degree of celebrity (or should that be notoriety?) from their roles - in particular, former model Carol Smillie is now a mega-celeb thanks to the Wheel and the recently British appetite for DIY makeover shows.", "After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker, over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement. Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists, which consisted of Summer Bartholomew, former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty, and Vanna White. Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford's departure. In December 1982, Griffin named White as Stafford's successor, saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters (which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess) better than anyone else who had auditioned. White became highly popular among the young female demographic, and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe, in a phenomenon that has been referred to as \"Vannamania\". White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air.", "Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister would play Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a \"hook\". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always \"drawn to\" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel. ", "* During Bradley Walsh's run, if a contestant landed on a certain space and also got a letter on the board, they could win the contents of \"Brad's Box\".[http://www.bradleywalsh.co.uk/tv-wheel-of-fortune.php Bradley Walsh :: TV :: Wheel Of Fortune] This bonus carried over into the prime time John Leslie series and was renamed \"Leslie's Luxury\" but during Leslie's series there were two boxes one would be for the men and the other one would be for the women (prime time series).", "As part of an April Fools’ joke on April 1, 1997, Alex Trebek and Pat Sajak switched hosting duties. Sajak hosted Jeopardy! that day (which featured several Wheel-inspired categories) and Trebek hosted Wheel of Fortune where Sajak and Vanna White played as contestants. Jeopardy! announcer Johnny Gilbert did double duties that day while regular Wheel of Fortune announcer Charlie O’Donnell announced some parts including the opening with Gilbert as well as telling Sajak and White that they won $25,000. A puzzle during the episode also featured Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious as an answer", "Wheel of Fortune is in its 26th season (2008-2009 Season) with Pat Sajak & Vanna White. Wheel debuted in 1982.Wheel of Fortune has been renewed through the 2011-2012 season.", "CULVER CITY, Calif. (March 11, 2015) – Pat Sajak and Vanna White, hosts of America's Game, \"Wheel of Fortune,\" and Alex Trebek, host of \"JEOPARDY!,\" America's Favorite Quiz Show, have renewed their contracts with Sony Pictures Television to continue hosting their respective shows through the 2017/18 season, it was announced today by Harry Friedman, executive producer of both shows.", "Over three years after competing on Celebrity Jeopardy!, Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak took over for Alex Trebek for the April Fools Day episode in 1997 (with Alex hosting Wheel that same day.) Pat has since provided a few video clues, and he came full circle in 2010 by competing in two more celebrity games, winning the first with $55,300!", "On April Fools Day, 2016 (4 day champion Todd Giese's final win), ten easter eggs were inserted throughout the episode in post-production, including clips from archival episodes, cameos by Ken Jennings and Watson in gameplay, Wheel of Fortune sound effects, on-screen graphic errors, and even a clip from the Estonian version of Jeopardy!", "The introduction was again changed starting in December 1975, and went until sometime later (likely, 1977): \"Just look at this studio, filled with beautiful and imaginative gifts\" � with close ups of several of the bigger-ticket prizes � \"which can be purchased today on Wheel of Fortune! Total retail value of all these prizes: more than (amount)! Now, let's meet the host of Wheel of Fortune: Chuck Woolery!\"", "In 1997, Pat Sajak hosted that day's Jeopardy! while Alex hosted the day's Wheel of Fortune (which also had Pat and Vanna as contestants, and Pat's wife at the puzzle board). Jeopardy! lampshaded the switch by including Wheel-themed category names in Round 1, and \"Trinidadian Amateur Ichthyologists\" as the Final Jeopardy! category.", "The first episode of the 1988-89 season of Wheel of Fortune had host Pat Sajak pay tribute to announcer Jack Clark, who died during the summer hiatus. Sajak would pay tribute to Clark's successor, Charlie O'Donnell, in a similar way after his death in 2010.", "Wheel of Fortune : The 3,000th and 4,000th episodes were special retrospective episodes, featuring some of the key highlights of the (syndicated) series. The 3,000th program aired in 1998, and the 4,000th sometime in 2003. A rare photograph, printed in Jefferson Graham's \"The Game Show Book,\" showed Vanna and Pat at the puzzle board to promote the daytime series' 3,000th episode, aired sometime in the fall of 1986.", "Susan was far more \"physical\" in her work than Vanna and closer to a co-host: gesturing at the board, players, and Used Letter Board; cheering for contestants; and rooting for Chuck to hit top dollar in the Final Spin. She also frequently danced to Alan Thicke 's puzzle-solve and commercial-break cues. [8]", "“The enduring success of ‘Wheel of Fortune’ and ‘JEOPARDY!’ serves as a testament to the talents of these remarkable hosts,” said Friedman. “The renewal of their contracts continues the special bond that Pat, Vanna and Alex have formed with generations of TV viewers.\"", "On their turn, players had the choice to also attempt to divine the nature of the phrase, a correct guess ending the round and winning a prize, chosen from three alternatives. Repeat four times (double points in the later two rounds, the last round eliminating all that tiring spinning to save time) and the top scorer got the chance to solve a puzzle with just the appearances of six chosen letters. As with most international versions of Wheel (and the American version until 1988), rather than being given \"R, S, T, L, N, and E,\" the contestant picked five consonants and a vowel. Getting this final puzzle right won the show's jackpot.", "Sajak, Pat The Wheel of Fortune host is shocked when Randy is given the puzzle  \"N_GGERS\" in the category \"People Who Annoy You\" and fills the blank with an i instead of an a. (S11)", "One recurring category is \"Before & After\", which works the same way as its Wheel of Fortune counterpart. This category debuted on the April Fools' Day 1997 episode of Jeopardy!, when Pat Sajak hosted.", "Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN's Game Show Awards special, which aired on June 6, 2009. The show was nominated for Best Game Show, but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host, but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right. One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants, \"I'd like to buy a vowel\", was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase, but lost to \"Come on down!\", the announcer's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price. The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect; the sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated. Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point, \"Changing Keys\" was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song; however, it lost to its fellow Griffin composition, \"Think!\" from Jeopardy! ", "I've always loved wheel of fortune since I was a kid. What a nice gig for Pat and Vanna. The E version is fun to pass the time away.", "She became the hostess of the British version of the international television game show Wheel of Fortune in 1989. Smillie then appeared on the BBC television channel, firstly as a reporter on The Travel Show, and then Holiday, often as the programme's presenter. However, it was the DIY programme Changing Rooms that established her name and led to her presenting other primetime shows for the BBC, such as the National Lottery and her own morning chat show Smillie's People.", "As for Jeopardy!, two different revivals of the show would be produced: one on NBC that ran for five months in late 1978/early 1979 with Art Fleming returning as host, and the other airing in first-run syndication beginning on September 10, 1984, starring Alex Trebek. The syndicated versions of both Jeopardy! and Wheel remain on the air today.", "If time ran short (signified by a series of \"dings\"), a \"speed up\" round was played, wherein the host gave the wheel one final spin, with vowels worth nothing and all consonants worth whatever the host landed on. The top-winning contestant after so many rounds completed within each show was the day's champion. In case of a tie, one of several things happened, depending on the year:", "From 1988 to 1993, the host would emerge from the right stairs. Then as the presenter introducers to letter spinner, the letter spinner would walk down the left stairs. Between 1994 and 2000, the host and the letter spinner would emerge from the puzzle board that rotated clockwise. And in 2001, the host and the letter spinner would emerge from the prize pod.", "The daily syndicated version debuted on September 10, 1984, and was launched in response to the success of the syndicated version of Wheel and the installation of electronic trivia games in pubs and bars. This version of the program has met with greater success than the previous incarnations; it has outlived 300 other game shows and become the second most popular game show in syndication (behind Wheel), averaging 25 million viewers per week. The show's most recent renewal, in April 2015, extends it through the 2017–18 season. ", "\"Well, it says he's called Patricia on my card\" - hostess Lee Patrick introduces a contestant", "Tina Fey (born February 2 1971) is a comedian best known for being the first ever female head-writer on Saturday Night Live as well as anchoring Weekend Update.", "Were you a contestant on any version of Wheel of Fortune? Send a private message to an admin to get your alumni badge!", "* Made two appearances on The Oprah Winfrey Show, once in 1990, then in the farewell season in 2011." ]

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[ "Although the Nestlé's Toll House recipe is widely known, every brand of chocolate chips, or \"semi-sweet chocolate morsels\" in Nestlé parlance, sold in the U.S. and Canada bears a variant of the chocolate chip cookie recipe on its packaging. Almost all baking-oriented cookbooks will contain at least one type of recipe.", "In my mind, there is a minimum level of quality that a homemade chocolate chip cookie should at least meet. Because the recipe is so widely available, there really isn't an excuse (unless you are experimenting in an attempt to develop a better recipe) for anyone to make a chocolate chip cookie that is worse than the Nestlé® Toll House® Chocolate Chip Cookie. The recipe is printed on the back of virtually ever bag of the most popular chocolate chips in the world - the Nestlé Toll House Morsels. If you've never made a batch of chocolate chip cookies based on Nestlé's Toll House recipe, then you should definitely give it a try.", "According to Nestlé, the Toll House recipe originated with Ruth Wakefield who, along with her husband, operated the a lodge in New England called the Toll House Inn. Sometime in the early 1930's, Ruth was preparing cookies for her guests when she chopped up a bar of Nestlé Semi-Sweet chocolate and added it to the dough. The result became the most popular chocolate chip cookie recipe in the world. By 1939, Nestlé began producing the Toll House Morsels to make it easy for everyone to make this recipe.", "To be clear, and in case you haven't noticed, the original Toll House Cooke recipe on the back of Nestlé packages included nuts, and so did Mrs. Wakefield's published version of her original recipe. Whether this lends credence to the nut substitution version of the story is hard to say. It is possible that Wakefield used chocolate pieces instead of nuts, and liked the addition, and then later used the same recipe, including the missing nuts, the chocolate just becoming an addition. Based on the quote from Mrs. Wakefield herself, saying she had intended to use Baker's, it seems that nuts were just part of the recipe. Chocolate Chip cookie purists insist on no nuts! Little do they know, it seems.", "What do chocolate cookies have to do with toll houses? Doesn't this seem an odd thing to name a cookie? Well, believe it or not, Nestlé started making chocolate chips in 1939 for the express purpose of making it easier for people to make chocolate chip cookies and these chocolate chips are called Toll House Morsels. If you figure that they couldn't have just pulled such an improbable name out of thin air, you're right. There is a concrete historical connection to the name, and to the recipe for \"Original Toll House Cookies\" printed on every bag of chips. Original toll house cookies really do derive from the first chocolate chip cookies.", "\"Ruth Graves graduated from the Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts in 1924. After graduation, she worked as a dietitian and food lecturer. In 1930, she published a cookbook entitled Ruth Wakefield's Recipes: Tried and True. The book went through thirty-nine printings. The most famous of her original recipes was the Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie, named for the restaurant that she and her husband Ken Wakefield owned, the Toll House Inn. Better known as the chocolate chip cookie, Ruth Wakefield developed this recipe in 1933 by breaking up a Nestle semi-sweet chocolate bar and adding it to a basic brown sugar cookie dough. In the years that followed, the Wakefields enjoyed a pleasant relationship with the Nestle Company, which eventually featured the cookie recipe on the wrapper of its semi-sweet candy bar. When Nestle began the production of chocolate morsels, the recipe, too, was printed on the back of each package where it remains to this day. Ruth's interest in seeking new and innovative recipes to serve at the couple's restaurant led her to amass a collection of cookbooks. In 1969, two years after the Wakefields sold the Toll House Inn, Ruth Graves Wakefield donated her cookbooks to the Special Collections.\"", "Inspired by America’s favorite chocolate chip cookie scratch recipe, consumers can enjoy cookies from freezer to oven at any time and for any occasion. Celebrate the team win, treat unexpected guests or indulge yourself in a warm Nestlé® Toll House® cookie moment with a glass of milk.", "Nestle toll house chocolate chip cookie recipe! This famous classic American cookie is a treat no matter what the age or occasion. Enjoy it with a glass of cold milk.", "1930s - Ruth Wakefield, of Whitman MA, is credited with inventing chocolate chip cookies at her Toll House Restaurant; August 27, 1940 - Societe des Produits Nestle S.A. registered \"Toll House\" trademark first used April 10, 1940 (cookies); 1941 - Nestle began marketing her chip cookies to public; April 17, 1956 - Nestle S.A. Company, Inc. (White Plains, NY) registered \"Toll House\" trademark (cookie mix).", "The amazement over the non-melted pieces of chocolate in chocolate cookies may have been invented in early advertisements by Nestlé. Then later, even Baker's got in on the act, with early ads saying \"How can you possibly bake cakes and cookies with unmelted bits of chocolate in them. It seems like magic!\" So, clearly, the miracle had nothing to do with Nestle, who just seized on the opportunity to market the new and popular cookies into a huge business. Baker's was too late but they could have done the same thing, probably. Other chocolate makers tried to follow in Nestle's footsteps, and even some of the companies that made other ingredients used in cookies, such as McCormick (vanilla extract), Spry Shortening, and Gold Medal Flour. You can read much more about this early advertising, as well as a lot more Toll House history, in The Great American Chocolate Chip Cookie Book: Scrumptious Recipes & Fabled History From Toll House to Cookie Cake Pie , by Carolyn Wyman.", "The chocolate chip cookie was invented by Ruth Graves Wakefield. She owned the Toll House Inn, in Whitman, Massachusetts, a very popular restaurant that featured home cooking in the 1930s. Her cookbook, Toll House Tried and True Recipes, was first published in 1936 by M. Barrows & Company, New York. The 1938 edition of the cookbook was the first to include the recipe \"Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookie\" which rapidly became a favorite cookie in American homes.", "Chocolate Chip Cookie – Today the chocolate chip cookie remains a favorite choice among cookie connoisseurs.  The term “toll house” has become a part of the American language.", "Sadly, No. It was destroyed by fire in 1985. The caption under the photograph printed by the New York Times (January 2, 1985 I 12:5) describing the fire that destroyed Ruth Wakefield's kitchen the reads \"Wreckage of Toll House Restaurant in Whitman, Mass. It was where the chocolate chip cookie was invented.\" In the July, 1997 Governor Weld signed legislation that declared chocolate chip cookies to be the *official cookie of the Commonwealth* in honor or Ruth Wakefield (much to the dismay of the Fig Newton faction).", "M&M's (styled as m&m's) are \"colorful button-shaped chocolates\"[1] produced by Mars, Incorporated, and similar to and inspired by Smarties. The  shell, each of which has the letter \"m\" printed in lower case on one side, surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M's. The original  had a milk chocolate filling which, upon introducing other variations, was branded as the \"plain\" variety. \"Peanut\" M&M's, which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate, and finally a  shell, were the first variation to be introduced, and they remain a regular variety. Numerous other variations have been introduced, some of which are regular widespread varieties (such as \"peanut butter\", \"almond\", \"pretzel\", \"crispy\", and \"dark chocolate\"), while others are limited in duration or geographic availability.", "Ruth Wakefield's Toll House Tried and True Recipes [M. Barrows & Company:New York] enjoyed 27 printings December 1930--September 1952. Our earliest copy (6th printing 1937) does not offer a recipe for any cookies made with chocolate chips. Massachusetts area newspapers c. 1939 confirm \"Toll House Cookies\" were sold in bakery departments of local grocery stores.", "Chocolate Chip Cookies are cookies that feature chocolate chips as their distinguishing ingredient. The traditional recipe combines a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips. Sometimes chunks are used instead of chips.", "The original package consisted of a round, tin metal box, similar to the blue packages of a European brand of cookies, except that Famous Amos' package was white , and with a photo of what seemed to be a large chocolate chip cookie spinning on Wally Amos' finger. Amos himself was pictured on these packages, wearing his trademark straw hat and cotton shirt. [3]", "A chocolate chip cookie is a drop cookie that originated in the United States and features chocolate chips as its distinguishing ingredient. The traditional recipe combines a dough composed of butter and both brown and white sugar with semi-sweet chocolate chips. Variations include recipes with other types of chocolate as well as additional ingredients such as nuts or oatmeal.", "Ruth Wakefield stated that she deliberately invented the cookie. She said, \"We had been serving a thin butterscotch nut cookie with ice cream. Everybody seemed to love it, but I was trying to give them something different. So I came up with Toll House cookie.\"", "However chocolate chips ended up in the batter, a new cookie was born. Andrew Nestle reputedly got the recipe from her -- it remains on the package to this day -- and Wakefield got a lifetime supply of chocolate chips. Can you feel the serotonin and endorphins releasing?", "Scooter Pies were \"second generation\" so to speak. They were \"born\" in 1959. According to the records of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office , Scooter Pies were introduced December 17, 1959 (Registration #0834843) by Burry's, then a division of Quaker Oats. How much did they cost 40 years ago? Thirty-nine cents for a 14 oz package, according to a Waldbaum's [grocery store] ad that ran in the New York Times September 9, 1964 (p. 39). Like Mallomars, these marshmallow chocolate treats are promoted in the fall.", "I'm having the hardest time finding somebody else (outside of my family) who remembers Happyniks. These were round chocolate and vanilla cookies, about the diameter of an Oreo, embossed with a smiley face. They came in a thin cardboard box that was covered in glossy, red paper. I think they were made by Nabisco, but I'm not sure. Does anyone remember them??? These were almost always in our cupboard, next to the Tang, Funny Face, and Space Food Sticks. --- Lisa, Newburyport, MA, 1969", "Cookies, (from the Dutch word koekje meaning little cake), also known as \"biscuits\" in many English-speaking countries, are flattish bite-sized or larger short pastries generally intended to be eaten out of the hand. Cookies can have a texture that is crispy, chewy, or soft. Examples include layered bars, crispy meringues, and soft chocolate chip cookies.", "General Mills: Cookie Crisp, Golden Grahams Honey Graham, Lucky Charms, Cocoa Puffs, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, Trix, Reese's Puffs.", "A moon pie or MoonPie is a confection, popular in parts of the United States, which consists of two round graham cracker cookies, with marshmallow filling in the center, dipped in a flavored coating. The snack is often associated with the cuisine of the American South where they are traditionally accompanied by an RC Cola. Today, MoonPies are made by the Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, TN.", "Made with Dark Chocolate the Mint Selection is one of my favorites, in fact this is the Easter Egg I had this year absolutely delicious, The Mint Cr�mes are also available in a small bag and I have been buying these quite regularly now.", "As Leslie says, ginger has a natural warming quality that’s perfect for this time of year. With its recipe closely mirroring that of gingerbread , conventional wisdom tells us that the Ginger Molasses Cookie is a miniature version of the sweet and spicy cake.", "The Girl Scout cookies are made by two different bakery companies, which sometimes use slightly different ingredients and names.", "211. Three Pints of Gourmet Ice Cream or Sorbet. Handmade and delivered to your door. Flavors will be chefs' choice and may include: secret breakfast (bourbon and cornflakes), salted caramel, ginger white chocolate macadamia nut, honey avocado, chai spice, roasted balsamic strawberry, meyer lemon sorbet, rambutan pineapple coconut sorbet, mojito sorbet. Donated by Celia Choy and Matthew Christiansen.", "This was one of the first cookies I ever made. I saw it in an issue of \"Shere\" magazine in the mid-seventies. I've been seeking the recipe for years. When I first made them I was advised to dust the board with powdered sugar (caster sugar) rather than flour. The icing step can be tricky! Use less than you think you should and an off-set spatula is the best tool. These cookies are some of the best I've ever eaten. Though a bit of trouble the results are transformative. This cookie helped me to become a better baker at the age of eleven. I made batches of them and was so proud of my result when I presented them as gifts.", "moon pie – A cake like cookie made with two round graham crackers sandwiched together with a marshmallow cream filling, and then the cookie is dipped and covered with chocolate.", "\"For Christmas over a hundred years ago, Pennsylvania German children in Lancaster County helped cut out and decorate foot-high cookies to stand in the front of windows of their stone or brick houses. These cookie people--often gingerbread men and women iced with rows of buttons and big smiles--were a cheerful sight to snow-cold passersby. Figural cookie-making was practiced in Europe at least as far back as the sixteenth century--most of them were made using intaglio molds rather than with cutters.\"" ]

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[ "There are journals that publish research and speculations and articles, all under the assumption that Holmes and Watson really existed. Societies of Sherlockiana have sprung up, the most famous being the Baker Street Irregulars (named after the gang of street urchins that Holmes employed for reconnaissance). There are biographies of Holmes. Authors have written \"newly discovered\" adventures of Holmes and Watson, including Nicholas Meyer's The Seven-Per-Cent Solution--perhaps the most famous of all Holmesian pastiches, of which more later.", "This is a new spin on the most famous detective stories of all time, focusing on the kids who helped Sherlock Holmes solve mysteries and save England from doom. Sherlock Holmes stories captured readers' imaginations for more than a century. Now Tracy Mack and Michael Citrin will capture the hearts of a new generation with a unique new twist on these beloved mysteries. Few know: Holmes was assisted by a band of devoted boys, street urchins who loved to solve mysteries, called the Baker Street Irregulars. These boys go everywhere, see everything, overhear everyone undetected. Now, in this exciting tale, Wiggins, Ozzie, Simon, and the rest--with the aid of Pilar, a gypsy girl--help Sherlock Holmes solve the case of the deaths of the Amazing Walendas.", "Sherlock Holmes's trusted assistants, a band of loyal streeturchins called the Baker Street Irregulars, must solve theirmost puzzling case yet, in a mystery that involves murder,abduction, and the hunt for a lost treasure. As Holmes andthe BSI begin their investigations into a gruesome murder,all at once the detectives find themselves in danger. When apersonal associate of the master detective disappears, Ozzie,Wiggins, and the gang know that they must uncover thetruth--and quickly! Yet there is deception within their ranks.Who is a friend? Who is a traitor? Who speaks the truth?Who tells lies? And in the end, who will survive?Join the Baker Street Irregulars as they search to findWatson and the double-crosser before it's too late!", "Just at that moment, a very young street urchin named Wiggins arrives. He's the leader of the “Baker Street Irregulars”, a group of similar homeless children Holmes employs to help him occasionally. Wiggins states that he's summoned the cab Holmes wanted. Holmes sends him down to fetch the cabby, claiming to need help with his luggage. When the cabbie comes upstairs and bends for the trunk, Holmes handcuffs and restrains him. He then announces the captive cabby as Jefferson Hope, the murderer of Drebber and Stangerson.", "The original irregulars were a group of fictional characters featured in the Sherlock Holmes stories. They were a group of street urchins who helped Holmes out from time to time. The head of the group was called Wiggins . Holmes paid them a shilling a day (plus expenses), with a guinea prize (worth one pound and one shilling) for a vital clue. They first appeared in Conan Doyle's original Sherlock Holmes story, A Study In Scarlet (written 1886, published 1887). They also appear in the next novel, The Sign of the Four ; one of the chapters from this book is called The Baker Street Irregulars.", "There are a number of minor characters that stand out, even though they have minimal involvement and are only sketched in. I’m thinking of the Scotland Yard Inspector, Athelney Jones, who Holmes describes as ‘not a bad fellow’. He arrests the whole of Sholto’s household, even his brother. There is also Toby, the dog, described as an ‘ugly long haired, lop-eared creature, half spaniel and half lurcher, brown and white in colour, with a very clumsy waddling gait.’ Also notable are the Baker Street Irregulars, a gang of ‘dirty and little street-Arabs‘ Holmes employs to chase down the criminals. He pays them a shilling a day, with a guinea prize for the first boy to find the vital clue.", "The article reviews the book \"The Fall of the Amazing Zalindas,\" by Tracy Mack and Micheal Citrin. \"When three tightrope walkers fall to their deaths, Sherlock Holmes must investigate. He is aided by a group of street children who help him as well as one another. These ragamuffins, led by the very capable Wiggins, go to the circus to seek out clues while Holmes and Watson pursue other leads. The case involves the theft of a priceless 17th-century book commissioned by Charles I1 and only meant to be seen by the ruling king or queen. Frail Ozzie turns out to be a vital new member of the Irregulars with a razor-sharp memory, and a gypsy girl from the circus proves helpful to solving the murders. Ozzie and Wiggins are memorable characters, and Holmes and Watson are extremely well defined. Black-and-white illustrations seem quite slapdash and do little to enhance the Victorian flavor of the book. Alex Simmons and Bill McKay's The Raven League (Sleuth, 2006), another story about Holmes and a gang of waifs, gives readers a more immediate impression of the realities of Victorian London with its many abused and homeless children, child labor, filth, and class differences.\"", "On 6th january 1934, a group of enthusiasts met at Duane hotel on Madison Avenue in New York. Most of the participants came from the Three Hours for Lunch Club and the Grillparzer Morals-Police Association (Grillparzer Sittenpolizei Verein). This new group did not yet choose a name. The Baker Street Irregulars (BSI) appeared a few days later in an article by Christopher Morley published on 27th january 1934 in his column \"Bowling Green\" of The Saturday Review of Literature. The name is related, of course, to the band of street urchins who frequently helped Holmes in his investigations. By this time, it was decided that each meeting will begin with a toast dedicated to the Woman (Irene Adler, a character of A Scandal in Bohemia who defeated Sherlock Holmes). On 3rd and 17th february 1934, Christopher Morley published several texts, including the Constitution of the BSI and the Buy-Laws (not By-Laws as usual when speaking of the statutes), written by Elmer Davis.", "Holmes also occasionally employs a team of homeless street boys he calls the Baker Street Irregulars. The boys act as a team of spies for Holmes, running around London and gathering information while he's off pursuing other angles of a case. The most significant villain of the Sherlock Holmes stories is Professor James Moriarty, a brilliant foil for Holmes who turns his keen mind and deductive skill to committing crimes that are never traced back to him.", "Beginning in 1881 Holmes has lodgings at 221B Baker Street, London, an apartment at the upper end of the street, up seventeen steps. Until Watson's arrival Holmes worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from the city's underclass; these agents included a host of informants, and a group of street children he called \"the Baker Street Irregulars\". The Irregulars appear in three stories: A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of the Four and \"The Adventure of the Crooked Man\".", "Horatio Alger's book, Tattered Tom; or, The Story of a Street Arab (1871), is an early example of the appearance of street children in literature. The book follows the tale of a homeless girl who lives by her wits on the streets of New York, US. Other examples from popular fiction include Kim, from Kipling's novel of the same name, who is a street child in colonial India. Gavroche, in Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Fagin's crew of child pickpockets in Oliver Twist, a similar group of child thieves in Funke's The Thief Lord, and Sherlock Holmes' \"Baker Street Irregulars\" are other notable examples of the presence of street children in popular works of literature.", "Sherlock HolmesThe Complete Novels and StoriesVolume ISince his first appearance in Beetons Christmas Annual in 1887, Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes has been one of the most beloved fictional characters ever created. Now, in two paperback volumes, Bantam presents all fifty-six short stories and four novels featuring Conan Doyles classic hero--a truly complete collection of Sherlock Holmess adventures in crime!Volume I includes the early novel A Study in Scarlet, which introduced the eccentric genius of Sherlock Holmes to the world. This baffling murder mystery, with the cryptic word Rache written in blood, first brought Holmes together with Dr. John Watson. Next, The Sign of Four presents Holmess famous seven percent solution and the strange puzzle of Mary Morstan in the quintessential locked-room mystery. Also included are Holmess feats of extraordinary detection in such famous cases as the chilling The Adventure of the Speckled Band, the baffling riddle of The Musgrave Ritual, and the ingeniously plotted The Five Orange Pips, tales that bring to life a Victorian England of horse-drawn cabs, fogs, and the famous lodgings at 221B Baker Street, where Sherlock Holmes earned his undisputed reputation as the greatest fictional detective of all time.", "Sherlock Holmes ( ) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based \"consulting detective\", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first story, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself (\"The Blanched Soldier\" and \"The Lion's Mane\") and two others are written in the third person (\"The Mazarin Stone\" and \"His Last Bow\"). In two stories (\"The Musgrave Ritual\" and \"The Gloria Scott\"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown both to Holmes and to Watson.", "This theory is bolstered by the fact that Moriarty attacks Holmes in FINA by setting his rooms on fire. Also — we know that the VFD recruit new members at very young ages and train them in skills of observation. Who else are the Baker Street Irregulars, then, but a group of neophytes Holmes is training to become full members of the organization? Perhaps they disappeared after the first couple of stories because their training had been completed...", "The Valley of Fear  by Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle’s last Sherlock Holmes novel. Birdy Edwards is a Pinkerton detective who infiltrated a dangerous gang in Vermissa Valley (a.k.a. the Valley of Fear) and brought them to justice.", "Canonical Characters: (Sherlock Holmes; Dr Watson; Irene Adler; Percy Phelps; Lord Holdhurst; Joseph Harrison; Annie Harrison; Inspector Lestrade; hound of the Baskervilles)", "London, 1922: Two years after helping Sherlock Holmes solve the Hangman Murders, American journalist Enoch Hale becomes even more intimately involved in another puzzling mystery. Langdale Pike, veteran purveyor of gossip to the trash newspapers, is poisoned while sipping tea with Hale - and apparently just as he is about to spill a secret more important than social gossip. With the unrequested aid of advertising copywriter Dorothy Sayers, Hale pursues a number of leads based on notes in Pike's pocket diary - including an interview with the formidable G.K. Chesterton. His attempts to uncover the identity of one of Pike's fellow club members bring Hale the unwanted attention of Mycroft Holmes, head of His Majesty's Secret Service, and of his younger brother. Once again Enoch Hale and the theoretically retired but far from retiring Sherlock Holmes join forces to solve a crime that may have international complications. And this time Hale himself almost becomes a victim when he gets too close to the solution. This fast-moving tale is sure to please the many fans of the first Enoch Hale - Sherlock Holmes adventure, The Amateur Executioner.", "NOTE // ABSTRACT --- // \"'It was in the latter days of September, and the equinoctial gales had set in with exceptional violence. All day the wind had screamed and the rain had beaten against the windows, so that even here in the heart of great, hand-made London we were forced to raise our minds for the instant from the routine of life and to recognise the presence of those great elemental forces which shriek at mankind through the bars of his civilisation, like untamed beasts in a cage.' Those who have researched the events which followed this autumnal scene have concluded they took place exactly 113 years ago, on September 29th and 30th, 1887. They comprise one of the most celebrated cases of Mr Sherlock Holmes, and are meticulously described in his inimitable style by Dr Watson in The Five Orange Pips....\"", "Conan Doyle's the Adventure Of The Speckled Band and Victorian Readers - INTRODUCTION The Victorian era, a time of change in industry, education and family life brought us the famous Conan Doyle detective - Sherlock Holmes. At a point in history where wealth, media and intelligence were becoming more and more prominent in British society the mystery genre became as popular as today's soaps. Doyle's crime formula could be described as a masterpiece, his stories always involving the same fundamental factors that kept his readers hooked. These factors can be seen in The Adventures of the Speckled Band, Helen Stoner the helpless victim, Doctor Roylott the clever villain, a thorough investigation carried out by Holmes followed by a deduction, and a serving of justice...   [tags: essays research papers]", "An evil stalks London, blown in from the tropics. Stories of cursed giant rats and malign spirits haunt the garrets of Limehouse. A group of merchants are, one by one, dying: murdered, somehow. The elementary choice to investigate these mysterious deaths is, of course, Holmes and Dr Watson. Yet instead of deduction, it will be the unique gifts of their housekeeper, Mrs Hudson and her orphaned assistant Flotsam that will be needed to solve the case. Can she do it all under the nose of Sherlock himself?", "Sherlock Holmes investigates the murders commited by Jack the Ripper and discovers a conspiracy to protect the killer.", "Three new Sherlock Holmes adventures by Séamus Duffy. When three people are murdered in London in The Adventure of the Soho Picture Gallery, the murders are accompanied by unmistakable symbols of ritualism. Holmes's trail leads to a respected peer of the realm and he unearths a web of vice, deception, and intrigue beneath Victorian society's respectable veneer. The Adventure of the Edmonton Horror offers a case which causes the wildest speculation, and which seems destined to join the apocrypha in Holmes's 'uncommonplace book' - a collection of the strangest and most mysterious occurrences ever recorded in the capital. Is it a matter for a detective, a clergyman, or an occultist?In The Adventure of the Rotherhithe Ship-breakers, Holmes tracks down a would-be assassin, yet no one is certain whom the bullet was meant for. The investigation leads Holmes to one of the foulest, most dangerous corners of riverside London, a criminal plague spot which even the locals call the Four Corners of Hell.", "  Incidentally, amongst Mr Mulliners legion of nephews may be found the detective Adrian Mulliner, who proves in Wodehouses From a Detectives Notebook that Professor Moriarty never existed and was invented by Sherlock Holmes to cover up the latters own criminal works.", "Sherlock Holmes is drawn into the case of Jack the Ripper who is killing prostitutes in London's East End.", "Story: When Holmes appears at Baker Street when he should be on his way to Glasgow, Watson suspects that he may be an impostor. A newspaper advertisement calls for a man answering exactly to Holmes's description. Holmes attends the audition and finds himself in a plot to help a condemned man escape the gallows. He quickly realises that not all is as it appears annd that a plot is afoot against his own life.", "Inspector Tobias Gregson, a Scotland Yard inspector, was first introduced in A Study in Scarlet (1887), and he subsequently appears in \"The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter\" (1893), \"The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge\" (1908) and \"The Adventure of the Red Circle\" (1911). Holmes declares him to be \"the smartest of the Scotland Yarders,\" but given Holmes' opinion of the Scotland Yard detectives, this is not sweeping praise. In one of the stories Watson specifically mentions the callous and cool way in which Gregson behaved.", "In the BBC modern adaptation Sherlock , Holmes uses a wide network of homeless people as an information network.", "This article features minor characters from the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and from non-canonical derived works.", "When Arthur Conan Doyle killed off his fictional sleuth in the 1893 story \"The Final Problem,\" distraught readers resorted to producing their own versions of Sherlock Holmes's adventures―thus inventing the now-common genre of fan fiction. These tales by famous and lesser-known devotees offer the best of early Sherlockian tributes and parodies. Editor Douglas G. Greene's informative Introduction provides background on each of the stories and their authors.", "\"Das Fräulein von Scuderi\", an 1819 short story by E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Mlle de Scudery establishes the innocence of the police's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweller, is sometimes cited as the first detective story and a direct influence on Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\". Also suggested as a possible influence on Poe is ‘The Secret Cell’, a short story published in September 1837 by William Evans Burton, describing how a London policeman solves the mystery of a kidnapped girl. Burton’s fictional detective relies on practical methods - dogged legwork, knowledge of the underworld and undercover surveillance - rather than brilliance of imagination or intellect, but it has been suggested this story may have been known to Poe, who in 1839 worked for Burton. However, true detective fiction is more often considered in the English-speaking world to have begun in 1841 with the publication of \"The Murders in the Rue Morgue\" itself, featuring \"the first fictional detective, the eccentric and brilliant C. Auguste Dupin\". Poe devised a \"plot formula that's been successful ever since, give or take a few shifting variables.\" Poe followed with further Auguste Dupin tales: \"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt\" in 1843 and \"The Purloined Letter\" in 1845.", "A chemical problem in mystery format in the context of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's characters Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson is presented. Holmes demonstrates that the activities of a \"ghost\" are actually the work of a disgruntled employee playing chemical tricks.", "Presents a short story on chemical adventures of Sherlock Holmes, relative to chemistry and qualitative organic analysis." ]

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[ "Who's on First? is a legendary comedy routine made famous by the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, and for which they are arguably now best remembered. The premise of the routine is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team to Costello, but their nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions.", "Named in 1999 as Best Comedy Sketch of the 20th century by Time Magazine Who's on First? is a legendary comedy routine made famous by the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, and for which they are arguably now best remembered. The premise of the routine is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team to Costello, but their nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions.", "\"Who's on First?\" is a comedy routine made famous by Abbott and Costello. The premise of the sketch is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team for Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers to Costello's questions. For example, the first baseman is named \"Who\"; thus, the utterance \"Who's on first\" is ambiguous between the question (\"Which person is the first baseman?\") and the answer (\"The name of the first baseman is 'Who'\").", "Already a staple of their vaudeville shows, Abbott & Costello first performed their beloved baseball routine, \"Who's On First?\" on radio's \"The Kate Smith Hour\" in March 24, 1938. The bit's crescendoing wordplay and the team's expert timing immediately grabbed and entranced listeners. \"Who's On First?\" became the duo's signature routine and the pair performed encores of it often. Though the recording of its March 1938 debut is thought to be lost, this recording—believed to be their second radio rendition as also heard on \"Kate Smith\"—has survived, as an example of Americana and timeless comedy. Selected for the 2002 registry.", "The most famous of all Abbott and Costello routines was Who�s on First. The names of the players and their positions in the hilarious skit were: First base: \"Who\"; Second base: \"What\"; Third base: \"I Don�t Know\"; Shortstop: \"I Don�t Care\" (or, \"I Don�t Give a Darn\"); Pitcher: \"Tomorrow\"; Catcher: \"Today\"; Left field: \"Why\" and Center field: \"Because\". So, now you know.", "\"Who's on first?\" is probably the best known vaudeville routine of the comic duo Bud Abbott and Lou Costello . The complete routine, as done in the 1945 film THE NAUGHTY NINETIES, can be found at http://us.imdb.com/Quotes?0037939", "Baseball has inspired many works of art and entertainment. One of the first major examples, Ernest Thayer's poem \"Casey at the Bat\", appeared in 1888. A wry description of the failure of a star player in what would now be called a \"clutch situation\", the poem became the source of vaudeville and other staged performances, audio recordings, film adaptations, and an opera, as well as a host of sequels and parodies in various media. There have been many baseball movies, including the Academy Award–winning The Pride of the Yankees (1942) and the Oscar nominees The Natural (1984) and Field of Dreams (1989). The American Film Institute's selection of the ten best sports movies includes The Pride of the Yankees at number 3 and Bull Durham (1988) at number 5. Baseball has provided thematic material for hits on both stage—the Adler–Ross musical Damn Yankees—and record—George J. Gaskin's \"Slide, Kelly, Slide\", Simon and Garfunkel's \"Mrs. Robinson\", and John Fogerty's \"Centerfield\". The baseball-founded comedic sketch \"Who's on First\", popularized by Abbott and Costello in 1938, quickly became famous. Six decades later, Time named it the best comedy routine of the 20th century. Baseball is also featured in various video games including MLB: The Show, Wii Sports, Kinect Sports: Season 2 and Mario Baseball.", "\"Who's On First?\" is descended from turn-of-the-century burlesque sketches like \"The Baker Scene\" (the shop is located on Watt Street) and \"Who Dyed\" (the owner is named Who). By the early 1930s, a \"Baseball Routine\" had become a standard bit for burlesque comics across the country.", "With Abbott and Costello’s time as an act nearing its end, it was announced by a spokesman for the comedians on May 29, 1956, that a gold recording of the pair’s “Who’s on First?” routine would be placed on permanent display at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. This is many times better than getting an Oscar,” Costello said at the time of the announcement. “You can win an Oscar and a couple of years later it’s, ‘Goodbye Sam.’”", "“Any great comedy is how far can you take this silly idea,” comedian Jerry Seinfeld said in a 2012 MLB Network special on “Who’s on First?” “I mean the initial idea is just a first baseman named ‘Who.’ And then you get the ‘What,’ then the ‘I Don’t Know,’ and it keeps going. You think it’s out of gas, and it’s not. That’s what makes this great.”", "After much applause, Allen introduced what some claim to be the final performance by the duo of their comedy classic, “Who’s on First?” Newspaper reports at the time claimed Abbott and Costello were awarded “official membership in the Baseball Hall of Fame” during their appearance on “The Steve Allen Show,” adding that few non-players had been so honored, but the pair had in fact not been elected to the Cooperstown institution.", "As a former writer on \"Cheers,\" \"Frazier\" and \"M*A*S*H\" and a broadcaster for several major league teams, Ken Levine is part of both the comedy and baseball worlds. He says \"Who's on First\" is an enduring classic for several reasons.", "The “Who’s on First?” version in Thursday’s program was performed in 1953 by Abbott and Costello for their TV series. When irritated, Costello pounded a bat on the stage.", "Decades after it debut, “Who’s on First?” is still being discovered by new generations of fans. Though the exact origins of the “Who’s On First?” routine are hard to know for sure, it most likely derived from similar long ago skits on the vaudeville stage.", "The baseball-themed skit – in which Abbott, the straight man, portrays a manager and Costello serves as the excitable player – involves a confounding discussion, with rhythmic wordplay and precision timing, on the players’ names on a ballclub, with, among others, “Who” playing first base, “What” at second, and “I Don’t Know” on third.", "A 2 pg. trivia quiz, \"Was Who Really on First?,\" focuses on classic comedians and comics.  The Three Stooges are represented by a match-name-to-photo quiz with Curly, Shemp, Joe B., Joe D. and Emil Sitka.", "Comedy duo Slovin & Allen performed a parody of the routine in the late 1990s using real names of New York Yankees players - Tino Martinez, Chuck Knoblauch, and Scott Brosius. The routine was otherwise unchanged.", "The episode scheduled for October 25, 1986, hosted by Rosanna Arquette , was not aired until November 8 due to NBC broadcasting Game 6 of the 1986 World Series between the New York Mets and Boston Red Sox ; the game entered extra innings, causing that night's broadcast of SNL to be cancelled. The show was recorded for the studio audience starting at 1:30 a.m. Eastern Time, and broadcast two weeks later with an \"apology\" by Mets pitcher Ron Darling . (He explained that the Mets players had all been happy and excited to win the World Series game, widely considered one of the most memorable in the event's 109-year history, but of course they all had become upset and glum when, in the locker room afterwards, they found out that they had caused the first-ever cancellation of SNL. Footage showed the depressed players sadly staring at the locker room floor in shame.)[]", "Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American sketch comedy/variety show based in New York City that debuted on October 11, 1975. It features a regular cast of typically up-and-coming comic actors, joined by a guest host and musical act. George Carlin was first to host the show. The show � broadcast live (or on tape delay to the Mountain and Pacific Time Zones) from Studio 8H at the GE Building in New York's Rockefeller Center � has launched careers for many major American comedy stars of the last thirty years. It was created by Canadian Lorne Michaels who, excluding a hiatus from season 6 through season 10, has produced and written for the show and remains its executive producer. SNL is one of the longest-running network programs in American television history.", "After helping the Springfield Isotopes win a game, \"Dancin' Homer\" becomes the team mascot, and the family gets invited to Capital City. Featuring guest stars Tony Bennett as himself, Tom Poston as the voice of the Capital City Goofball, Daryl L. Coley as the voice of \"Bleeding Gums\" Murphy, Ken Levine as the voice of Dan Horde.", "July - NBC buys the exclusive radio and TV rights for baseball’s All-Star and World Series contests for five years. The contract is for $16,250,000 - $10 million more than the previous six years… On time out for filming “I Love Lucy,” baseball fan William Frawley heads to New York to watch the Yankees on their next road series… Out of 260 players - Stan (The Man) Musial of the St Louis Cardinals is named player of the decade in a poll conducted by the Sporting News, the national baseball weekly. He was followed by Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees and Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox. Bob Feller, pitcher for the Cleveland Indians, finished fourth. Others in order are:", "NBC television's relationship with Major League Baseball technically dates back to August 26, 1939. It was on that particular date that on W2XBS (an experimental television station in New York City which would ultimately become NBC's flagship station, WNBC), the first ever Major League Baseball game was televised. With Red Barber announcing, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Cincinnati Reds played a doubleheader at Ebbets Field. The Reds won the first game 5–2 while the Dodgers won the second, 6–1. Barber called the game without the benefit of a monitor and with only two cameras capturing the game. One camera was on Barber and the other was behind the plate. Barber had to guess from which light was on and where it pointed.", "WFAN, New York’s Boomer & Carton to Captain Celebrity Softball Game.  Morning drive sports talk duo Boomer Esiason and Craig Carton will choose their sides for the Major League Baseball’s Taco Bell Legends & Celebrities Softball Game during their show on CBS Radio’s WFAN, New York Friday morning at 8:00 am.  Boomer & Carton will be broadcasting live from the All-Star FanFest at the Jacob Javits Convention Center.  The celebrity game is now in its 9th  year as part of MLB’s All-Star Week and will be played before the All-Star Game Tuesday evening at Citi Field.  It will feature celebrities including Chris Rock, Mike Piazza, Kevin James, Darryl Strawberry, George Lopez, Dwight Gooden, Ashanti, Jennie Finch, Chord Overstreet and James Denton, among others.  Boomer Esiason is co-captaining the National League team alongside John Franco and Craig Carton and Bernie Williams will lead the American League team.", "Cheers is an American situation comedy television series that ran eleven seasons from 1982 to 1993. It was produced by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC, having been created by the team of James Burrows, Glen Charles, and Les Charles. The show is set in the Cheers bar (named for the toast \"Cheers\") in Boston, Massachusetts, where a group of locals meet to drink and have fun. The show's theme song was written by Judy Hart Angelo and Gary Portnoy and performed by Portnoy; its famous refrain, \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\" also became the show's tagline.", "* Phil Hendrie (multiple characters on The Phil Hendrie Show, multiple characters on King of the Hill and Futurama, multiple characters in Team America: World Police)", "Having aired from 1980-1984, The Baseball Bunch starred Johnny Bench (then in the twilight of his career), Tommy Lasorda and the San Diego Chicken.", "* Olympics on ABC – Howard Cosell, Curt Gowdy, Chris Schenkel, Frank Gifford, Keith Jackson, Al Michaels, Bill Flemming, Tim Brant, Jack Whitaker, Sam Posey, Don Chevrier, Tim McCarver, Lynn Swann, Gary Bender, Donna de Varona, Arthur Ashe ", "Sketches include \"\"America Not Held Hostage Anymore,\"\"\"\"Dazola,\"\"\"\"Love American Style,\"\"\"\"Disco Meltdown,\"\"\"\"Reaganco,\"\"\"\"Sports Central,\"\"\"\"Ballpark Organist at a Funeral,\"\" and \"\"Eddie Gets Promoted.\"\" Joe Carrasco performs \"\"Don't Bug Me Baby.\"\"", "Don Pardo served as the announcer for the series when it first began, [74] and has continued in the role for all but season 7 between 1981–1982, when Michaels had left and Mel Brandt and Bill Hanrahan filled the announcing role. In 2004, Pardo announced that he would step down from his position, but then continued in the role before again announcing his retirement in 2009, but then continue into the 2009-2010 season. [74] In 2010, then 92-year old Pardo was reported to be again considering his retirement, but as of the 2011-2012 season he remains as the announcer. Apart from a brief period in 2006 in which Pardo pre-recorded his announcements at his home in Arizona, he has flown to New York City to perform his announcing duties live. [74] Cast member Darrell Hammond also periodically impersonated Pardo and fulfilled his announcing duties when Pardo was unavailable. [75]", "Sketches include \"\"America Not Held Hostage Anymore,\"\" \"\"Dazola,\"\" \"\"Love American Style,\"\" \"\"Disco Meltdown,\"\" \"\"Reaganco,\"\" \"\"Sports Central,\"\" \"\"Ballpark Organist at a Funeral,\"\" and \"\"Eddie Gets Promoted.\"\" Joe Carrasco performs \"\"Don't Bug Me Baby.\"\"", "TUESDAY, AUGUST 26 On this day in 1939, the first televised major league baseball game was broadcast on station W2XBS, the station that was to become WNBC-TV. Announcer Red Barber called the game between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn. At the time, television was still in its infancy. Regular programming did not yet exist and very few people owned television sets. There were only about 400 in the New York area.", "1985 - The All-Star Game, televised this day, was the first program broadcast in stereo by a TV network. The NBC milestone soon led to sound enhancement of other network shows." ]

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[ "Parrot Head or Parrothead is a commonly used nickname for fans of Jimmy Buffett. \"Parakeets\" or \"Keets\" is the term used for younger fans of Jimmy, or children of Parrotheads.", "8. Parrotheads - fans of Jimmy Buffett. But I hardly need to tell you that. Children of Parrotheads or younger Buffett fans are referred to as Parakeets. I consider myself the former.", "James William \"Jimmy\" Buffett (born December 25, 1946) is an American musician, songwriter, author, actor, and businessman. He is best known for his music, which often portrays an \"island escapism\" lifestyle. Together with his Coral Reefer Band, Buffett has recorded hit songs including \"Margaritaville\" (ranked 234th on the Recording Industry Association of America's list of \"Songs of the Century\") and \"Come Monday\". He has a devoted base of fans known as \"Parrotheads\".", "Any music act with a sizeable following likely has a cult of devotees. Jimmy Buffet has Parrotheads. Phish has Phishheads. And then there’s the granddaddy of them all: The Deadheads.", "Singer Jimmy Buffett (Margaritaville, Come Monday, Changes in Latitudes - Changes in Attitudes; main `Parrot Head') born", "Nashville Songwriters Hall of Famer Jimmy Buffett has carved out a unique niche as a singer-songwriter thanks to hits like “Margaritaville,” the 1977 hit that is his signature. The easy-going, laidback tune exemplified a sunny Gulf Coast style that has enamored him to millions of “Parrotheads”—the collective name of his devoted fan base. They turn out ecstatically at concert performances that feature famed parrothead classics also including “Why Don’t We Get Drunk” and “A Pirate Looks at Forty.”", "Rolling Stones , Grand Funk Railroad , Jethro Tull , Moody Blues , Chicago , Elton John , Neil Young , Electric Light Orchestra , Donovan , America , John Mellencamp , David Bowie , Gordon Lightfoot , Guess Who , Rod Stewart , Fleetwood Mac , Hall & Oates , Mott The Hoople , Bob Seger", "In 1992 Jimmy’s box set was released. It contained 4 CD’s with songs categorized by Boats, Beaches, Bars and Ballads along with a number of rarities distributed throughout the four titles. The box set also contained the Parrot Head handbook, a valuable addition to the collection with several stories by Jimmy, rare photos, track by track description of each song, and much more. Sales of the box set place it in the quadruple platinum category.", "Another key reason for Jimmy’s success is his fans. It was about this time that Parrot Heads begin to form local clubs. Thousands of people across the country banning together to positively affect their communities under the Parrot Head moniker. Jimmy noted the phenomenon, but is unable to describe or explain it. “My interpretation is that they are basically pretty normal people with a slight strain of insanity in their makeup. There aren’t many causes out there, and Parrot Head-ism seems to be one that they can affectionately embrace.”", "Includes: Simon & Garfunkel, Roger McGuinn, Jorge Morel, Buddy Guy, Johnny Winter, Glen Campbell, Muddy Waters, B.B. King, Kenny Burrell, Van Eps, Johnny Smith, etc", "Tracks: Samurai, Temple Of Gold | The Running Jumping Standing Still Band, Ayeo | Sight And Sound, Alley Alley | Washington Dc's, 32nd Floor | Laurels, Sunshine Thursday | Jago Simms, In Too Deep | Oedipus Complex, Empty Highway | Wayne Fontana, In My World | The Nocturnes, Look At Me | John Bryant, Columbine | Sweet Thursday, Cobwebs | Seymour Kelly, Indian Scene | Tony Rivers And The Castaways, Pantomime | Watch Committee, Now I Think The Other Way | Merlin Q, The Secret | Roger Denison, Running Out Of Time | Ian Whitcomb, Groovy Day | Roulettes, Airport People | Sounds Bob Rogers, Dream With Me | Toyshop, Say Goodbye To Yesterday", "So, what were those Leiber & Stoller sessions? This kind of links up to something I was trying to trace. The Hawks were said to have done �some Red Bird sessions� which would have included the John Hammond single. Around the same time The Shangri-Las covered �You Cheated, You Lied� on Red Bird erroneously credited to Levon Helm (The original credits is a long story, which is elsewhere on the site). I�ve never been able to find out much about this era. They were around for a pretty long time twixt Ronnie and Dylan, and again between the end of the 1966 tour and the basement.", "Rory Gallagher � I�ve always thought of him as an Irish Stevie Ray Vaughan, except he came first, going way back to the late �60s with his power trio Taste. This hard rocking bluesman was a talented singer, songwriter, and (especially) guitar player, and though he never had any type of significant mainstream success, that�s partially because he preferred it that way. His output is remarkably consistent, he was a terrific live performer, and the respect and love he receives from his fans and peers is off the charts, plus he was extremely influential on the Irish music scene.", "In the pop music pantheon, guitar gods are a dime a dozen, ditto great sax-men, drummers, or trumpet players, but if you're looking for someone to sit in on the vibraphone in your ideal, hypothetical all-star band, there's really no other choice than jazz legend Lionel Hampton. In part, that's because he's one of the only widely known musicians to be closely associated with the instrument, that there's just not the same competition for the title as there is with others, the guitar in particular, and in part because he was the first to push the vibraphone's unique, ringing sound to the fore, but it's mostly because when he played it, he did so with the same joyful, unfettered, borderline obsessive love of music and performing that also defined every other aspect of his varied, trail-blazing career.", "According to Greenwood, he began playing bass out of necessity, teaching himself by playing along to New Order, Joy Division and Otis Redding. He said: \"We were people who picked up their respective instruments because we wanted to play music together, rather than just because we wanted to play that particular instrument. So it was more of a collective angle, and if you could contribute by having someone else play your instrument, then that was really cool. I don’t think of myself as a bass player anyway. I’m just in a band with other people.\" Among his musical influences are Booker T and the MGs, Bill Withers and Curtis Mayfield.", "Legendary Rock 'n' Roll wildman and substance abuser. Recorded a series of classic rock albums with The Stooges and later as a solo artist. Worked extensively with David Bowie . See full bio »", "It always seems a bit ironic that the statue of home grown psychedelic rocker Jimmy Hendrix was commissioned by Muzak, the corporation that brought you almost invisible \"elevator music\" or \"wallpaper music\". Hendrix, of course, was anything but audibly invisible.  Muzak has moved on, both", "Gilbert “Gil” Scott-Heron  (April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011) was an American soul and jazz poet, musician, and author, known primarily for his work as a spoken word performer in the 1970s and ’80s. His collaborative efforts with musician Brian Jackson featured a musical fusion of jazz, blues, and soul, as well as lyrical content concerning social and political issues of the time, delivered in both rapping and melismaticvocal styles by Scott-Heron. His own term for himself was “bluesologist”, which he defined as “a scientist who is concerned with the origin of the blues.” His music, most notably on  Pieces of a Man  and  Winter in America  in the early 1970s, influenced and helped engender later African-American music genres such as hip hop and neo soul.", "\"The world knows Jimi Hendrix was in a league of his own and there is no better band that captures the essential Hendrix legacy or a more exact tribute to Jimi than Kiss the Sky! This is my only endorsement of any tribute band and believe me I only give it because I can picture my friend Jimi himself smiling down with approval.\" Hendrix percussionist Geraldo Valez 2016", "It all came full circle for me watching Van on the Autumn 1995 tour. One of the standouts of his act was Ray Charles� You Don�t Know Me. Watching it, I realised what I hadn�t noticed on Van�s album version. For me the spirit of Richard Manuel hovered around Van during the performance, which can be seen as a heartfelt tribute to the Band�s dead pianist. Manuel�s star turn in Levon and The Hawks had been You Don�t Know Me, and it had featured heavily in his 1980s solo gigs. The Band only recorded the song for posterity on the JAPAN TOUR video, but anyone who had known Manuel would have associated the song with him forever - he�d performed it at Nostell Priory, too. Van and Manuel were tight (in both the British and American senses) in the glory days in Woodstock.", "The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in Palo Alto, California. Ranging from quintet to septet, the band is known for its unique and eclectic style, which fused elements of country, folk, bluegrass, blues, reggae, rock, improvisational jazz, psychedelia, and space rock, for live performances of lengthy instrumental jams, and for their devoted fan base, known as \"Deadheads\". \"Their music,\" writes Lenny Kaye, \"touches on ground that most other groups don't even know exists.\" These various influences were distilled into a diverse and psychedelic whole that made the Grateful Dead \"the pioneering Godfathers of the jam band world\". The band was ranked 57th by Rolling Stone magazine in its The Greatest Artists of all Time issue. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and their Barton Hall Concert at Cornell University (May 8, 1977) was added to the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress. The Grateful Dead have sold more than 35 million albums worldwide.", "Talking Heads were an American rock band formed in 1975 in New York City and active until 1991. The band comprised David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Tina Weymouth, and Jerry Harrison.", "Norah Jones He plays like no one else. A guitar-player friend of mine described it really funny once. He said, “It’s as if Django Reinhardt only had one finger.”", "Hendrix is everything. Mitchell is one of the great drummers! Redding didn't seem too interested in the project at all, he was the dragalong. Hendrix makes up for him, even playing bass for him a lot on Electric Ladyland", "The Jeff Beck Group is scheduled to appear at the landmark hippie music festival Woodstock in the U.S.A. in August 1969.  However, Jeff Beck decides to kick out Ron Wood.  Rod Stewart sides with the luckless bass player.  Stewart and Wood exit in July 1969.", "musician, singer, group: The Byrds: Mr. Tambourine Man, Eight Miles High, Mr. Spaceman, Turn! Turn! Turn!", "The Grammy-award winning musician whose lightning-fast style of flat-picking influenced guitarists around the world, died Tuesday May 29th (2012) in Winston-Salem, where he was hospitalized recently after falling at his home in Deep Gap, in the Blue Ridge Mountains. He had been in critical condition for several days.", "I started seeing him fairly regularly in the late seventies and early eighties. He came around quite a lot. He stuck with the same trio for quite a while. The bass player blew harp on almost every song, it seemed. He had a special harmonica rack that looked like a clear plastic tube. He blew harp while he played bass. That trio was perfect for Johnny. That band accounts for some of the best performances I ever saw Johnny give.", "This musician -related article is a stub . You can help Wikiquote by expanding it .", "After the break-up of his group, Beck took part in the Music from Free Creek \"super session\" project, billed as \"A.N. Other\" and contributed lead guitar on four songs, including one co-written by him. In September 1969, he teamed with the rhythm section of Vanilla Fudge: bassist Tim Bogert and drummer Carmine Appice (when they were in England to resolve contractual issues), but when Beck fractured his skull in a car accident near Maidstone in December the plan was postponed for two and a half years, during which time Bogert and Appice formed Cactus. Beck later remarked on the 1960s period of his life: \"Everyone thinks of the 1960s as something they really weren't. It was the frustration period of my life. The electronic equipment just wasn't up to the sounds I had in my head.\"", "He could play funky, he could tear it up, and he could play deeper than the ocean and then send you into psychedelic space. His writing was poetic and visionary, and his persona exotically mysterious.", "     The name of Jeff's new group was decided upon when the band members agreed Jeff's surname had a nice ring to it. It was also the trend at the time to name bands after the lead singer and performer." ]

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[ "The Gateway Arch is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri. It was built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States. At 630 feet, it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building and the largest architectural structure designed as a weighted or flattened catenary arch. Located on the west bank of the Mississippi River where the city of St. Louis was founded, the arch was designed by Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen and structural engineer Hannskarl Bandel in 1947. Construction began on February 12, 1963 and ended on October 28, 1965. The monument opened to the public on June 10, 1967.", "The Gateway Arch, or Gateway to the West, is an arch that is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri. It was built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States. At 630 feet (192 m), it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building, and the largest architectural structure designed as a weighted or flattened catenary arch.", "The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot monument in St. Louis, Missouri. Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a flattened catenary arch, it is the tallest man-made monument in the United States, Missouri's tallest accessible building, and the world's tallest arch. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial and has become an internationally famous symbol of St. Louis. The arch sits at the site of St. Louis' foundation on the west bank of the Mississippi River. The Gateway Arch was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen and German-American structural engineer Hannskarl Bandel in 1947. Construction began on February 12, 1963, and ended on October 28, 1965, costing US$13 million at the time. The monument opened to the public on June 10, 1967.", "The Gateway Arch, or “Gateway to the West,” is the principal component of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, an extraordinary monument built on the west bank of the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri, “the oldest European city in the Midwest.” The Gateway Arch is the tallest man-made monument in the United States (630 feet, or 192 meters) and the second tallest freestanding monument in the world after the Eiffel Tower.", "The Gateway Arch, also known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , is a 630-foot tall (192-meter tall) metal structure built in St. Louis to symbolize the city being the \"Gateway to the West.\" It commemorates the large part that the city of St. Louis played in westward expansion. The Museum of Westward Expansion is housed in the Gateway Arch. It has artifacts from the Lewis and Clark expedition and exhibits that teach of the pioneers who traveled through St. Louis to help build the American West during the 1800s.", "The Gateway Arch is located in St. Louis, Missouri, at The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. Designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, the monument stands 630 feet tall and 630 feet wide at the base.", "Gateway Arch   The tallest monument in the world, rising 192 metres (630 feet) above the Mississippi River in the USA . It was built in 1965 to mark St. Louis’s historic role as “Gateway to the West”. The steel arch is hollow, with lifts going up inside it. ", "The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is comprised of the Gateway Arch (a National Historic Landmark), the Museum of Westward Expansion, and St. Louis' Old Courthouse. Architect Eero Saarinen's design for a 630-foot stainless steel catenary arch was selected in a 1947 design competition as the ideal monument to the spirit of the western pioneers. However, construction on the Gateway Arch did not begin until the 1960s. The Arch, the tallest monument in the United States, cost less than $15 million and was built to withstand high winds and earthquakes. Below the Gateway Arch lies the Museum of Westward Expansion, which houses an extensive collection of artifacts and an overview of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The nearby Old Courthouse, built in 1839, is one of the oldest existing buildings in St.Louis.", "St. Louis, Missouri , is a sprawling Midwestern metropolis that explodes with breathtaking attractions, larger-than-life monuments and parks, and a thriving cultural and arts scene.  It is known as the “Gateway City” on behalf of the many people who migrated westward from St. Louis.  Built to commemorate this migration, the iconic Gateway Arch triumphantly stands 630 feet tall, making it the tallest monument in the United States .", "TALLEST - Man-made Monument in United States- Gateway Arch - St. Louis, Missouri - Superlatives on Waymarking.com", "The first Secretarial designation under the Historic Sites Act was the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis on December 20, 1935. The designated area, fronting on the Mississippi River and encompassing 37 city blocks, was also the Service's first extensive urban responsibility outside Washington, D.C. Ironically, the designation served to justify federal expenditures for urban renewal and a modern memorial to western expansion rather than historic preservation. Most of the area was bulldozed, and the soaring Gateway Arch designed by Eero Saarinen was constructed as its centerpiece in the 1960s.", "The city of St. Louis, Missouri, is known as the “Gateway to the West.” It has this nickname because it was the starting point for the westward movement of settlers in the United States during the 1800s. It was a traveling hub for many settlers, hunters and others migrating west. The Gateway Arch in St. Louis symbolizes the city’s nickname.", "Quick Description: At 630-foot tall the Gateway Arch is the tallest monument in the United States.", "Anohter view of the gateway arch from the basilica of st. louis, now a museum that is also part of the Jefferson National (Western) Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri. (Photo: © Mwaits | Dreamstime.com )", "Heading across Illinois, travel through endless fields of corn en route to Springfield. Continue to St Louis, the Gateway to the West. Upon arrival, glimpse the nation’s tallest monument, the Gateway Arch. Overnight: St Louis (B)", "Located on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the state was an important hub of transportation and commerce in early America, and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis is a monument to Missouri's role as the \"Gateway to the West.\" St. Louis, Missouri, is home to the Anheuser-Busch, the maker of Budweiser beer, and boasts the largest beer-producing plant in the country.", "The Gateway Arch, known as the \"Gateway to the West\", is the tallest structure in Missouri. It was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen and structural engineer Hannskarl Bandel in 1947 and built between 1963 and October 1965. It stands 630 ft tall and 630 ft wide at its base. The legs are 54 ft wide at the base, narrowing to 17 ft at the arch. There is a unique tram system to carry passengers to the observation room at the top of the arch.", "this Life-sized statue of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson stands near the entrance to the Museum of Westward Expansion, housed beneath the Saint Louis Gateway Arch. Visitors were originally encouraged to touch the statue (as an “interpretive experience”) but this is now discouraged because of possible excessive wear and tear on the statue. (Photo by Phil dotree © Richard Grigonis)", "6. Which city of the United States, 250 miles north of Memphis, is famous for its Gateway Arch, completed in 1965 as a memorial to the pioneers of the West?", "Fort Jefferson National Monument, Florida, containing the largest all-masonry fortification in the Western Hemisphere, was the first historical monument proclaimed by Franklin Roosevelt, in 1935. (Congress renamed it Dry Tortugas National Park in 1992.) Congress authorized Fort Stanwix National Monument, New York, in 1935; but the NPS did not acquire the site on which it would reconstruct the colonial and Revolutionary War fort until 1973. The second historical monument Roosevelt proclaimed was Fort Laramie, Wyoming, in 1938 the first of several western military and fur-trading posts to join the System. Fort Vancouver, Washington, followed by act of Congress in 1948. Fort Sumter, the famous Civil War landmark at Charleston, South Carolina, was also transferred to the NPS that year by the Army.", "New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance, and environmental sustainability.", "Washington, D.C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States , founded on July 16, 1790. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the Territory of Columbia until an act of Congress in 1871 effectively merged the City and the Territory into a single entity called the District of Columbia. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city is located on the north bank of the Potomac River and is bordered by the states of Virginia to the southwest and Maryland to the other sides.", "Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as \"Washington\", \"the District\", or simply \"D.C.\", is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state.", "Washington is the capital city of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, which included the preexisting settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria. Named in honor of George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia and created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District in 1871. The centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, president, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations.", "Incidentally, do you know that the USA's first capital was its \"great city,\" New York City? Immediately after his inauguration as the first President of the United States of America, George Washington went with some leaders of Congress to pray for the newly-formed nation at St. Paul's Chapel in New York City. St. Paul's Chapel, the oldest active church facility in New York City, is, ironically, across the street from the fallen and currently being rebuilt World Trade Center towers - America's greatest monument to her ungodly spirit of pride and arrogance.", "Jefferson City is the capital of the State of Missouri and the fifteenth most populous city in Missouri. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the principal city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds the title of America's \"Most Beautiful Small Town\", given by Rand McNally. ", "Jefferson City, capital of Missouri , U.S. , and seat of Cole county, on the Missouri River , near the geographic centre of the state. The site for the state capital was selected in 1821. The land had been donated under an act of the U.S. Congress that specified it be within 40 miles (64 km) of the mouth of the Osage River . Named for President Thomas Jefferson , it was laid out by Daniel M. Boone, son of the Kentucky frontiersman. Loyalties were divided during the American Civil War , but the city remained in the Union. Jefferson City is the trading centre for surrounding farmlands and has diversified manufacturing (automotive seating, specialty paper and printing supplies, electric appliances and transformers, printing, cosmetics). The capitol (1911–18), constructed of Carthage and Phoenix marble, contains celebrated murals by Thomas Hart Benton . The state prison (1833) prevented the city from becoming the site of the state university. Lincoln University , founded there in 1866 by African American Union Army veterans, is now racially integrated . Inc. town, 1825; city, 1839. Pop. (2000) 39,636; Jefferson City Metro Area, 140,052; (2010) 43,079; Jefferson City Metro Area, 149,807.", "Jefferson City, city (1990 pop. 35,481), state capital and seat of Cole co., central Mo., on the south bank of the Missouri River, near the mouth of the Osage; inc. 1825. The state government is the major employer, but the city, with rail and river facilities, is also the commercial and processing center of an agricultural area. Machinery, construction materials, dairy products, furniture, and transportation equipment are produced. It was a small river village when it was chosen (1821) for the state capital; the legislature moved there from St. Charles in 1826. Because of divided loyalties and the difficulties of holding the state in the Union, Jefferson City was occupied by Union troops during the Civil War. The Italian-Renaissance capitol of Carthage marble (completed 1917) contains murals by Thomas Hart Benton and N. C. Wyeth , and is the site of the Missouri state museum. In the city are Lincoln Univ., the state penitentiary, and a national cemetery.", "Belle Fourche is the geographical center of the United States of America, designated in 1959 and noted by an official marker and sheepherder's monument called a \"Stone Johnnie\".  ", "The Washington Square Arch, more properly called the Washington Arch, is a marble triumphal arch built in 1892 in Washington Square Park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It celebrates the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as President of the United States in 1789 and forms the grand southern terminus of Fifth Avenue.", "– Its history, and the history of the nation’s capital, began when President George Washington signed an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal government would reside in a district “not exceeding ten miles square…on the river Potomac.” President Washington, together with city planner Pierre L’Enfant, chose the site for the new residence, which is now 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue", "The Washington Monument was originally intended to be located at the point at which a line running directly south from the center of the White House crossed a line running directly west from the center of the Capitol. Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's 1791 \"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ...\" designated this point as the location of the equestrian statue of George Washington that the Continental Congress had voted for in 1783. The ground at the intended location proved to be too unstable to support a structure as heavy as the planned obelisk. At that originally intended site, which is 390 ft WNW from the current monument, there now stands a small monolith called the Jefferson Pier. " ]

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[ "A memorial and critical lesson from history: On this day, 1780, the treasonous plan of Benedict Arnold to deliver West Point into the hands of the British was discovered. The next morning, General George Washington issued the following general order to his troops: \"Treason of the blackest dye was yesterday discovered! General Arnold who commanded at West point, lost to every sentiment of honor, of public and private obligation, was about to deliver up that important post into the hands of the enemy... Happily the treason had been timely discovered to prevent the fatal misfortune. The providential train of circumstances which led to it affords the most convincing proof that the Liberties of America are the object of divine Protection. \"", "Located on the high west bank of New York’s Hudson River, West Point was the site of a Revolutionary-era fort built to protect the Hudson River Valley from British attack. In 1780, Patriot General Benedict Arnold, the commander of the fort, agreed to surrender West Point to the British in exchange for 6,000 English pounds. However, the plot was uncovered before it fell into British hands, and Arnold fled to the British for protection.", "Located on the high west bank of New York’s Hudson River, West Point was the site of a Revolutionary-era fort built to protect the Hudson River Valley from British attack. In 1780, Patriot General Benedict Arnold, the commander of the fort, agreed to surrender West Point to the British in exchange for 6,000 pounds. However, the plot was uncovered before it fell into British hands, and Arnold fled to the British for protection.", "September 23, 1780 - A British major in civilian clothing is captured near Tarrytown, New York. He is found to be carrying plans indicating Benedict Arnold intends to turn traitor and surrender West Point. Two days later, Arnold hears of the spy's capture and flees West Point to the British ship Vulture on the Hudson. He is later named a brigadier general in the British Army and will fight the Americans.", "May 12: British capture Charleston, SC May 29: British crush Americans at Waxhaw Creek, SC June 20: Patriots rout Tories at Ramseur's Mill, NC July 11: French troops arrive at Newport, RI, to aid the American cause Aug. 6: Patriots defeat Tories at Hanging Rock, SC Aug. 16: British rout Americans at Camden, SC Sept. 23: John André arrested, leading to the exposure of Benedict Arnold's plans to cede West Point to the British Oct. 7: King's Mountain, SC: battle lasts 65 minutes. American troops led by Isaac Shelby and John Sevier defeat Maj. Patrick Ferguson and one-third of General Cornwallis's army Oct. 14: Washington names Nathanael Greene commander of the Southern Army", "At age 14 he ran away from home and fought in the French and Indian War. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he joined the American army as a colonel and in 1775 shared a command with Ethan Allen in the capture of Ticonderoga. Later he led 1000 men into Canada where he fought in the battle of Quebec. His courage in battle won him a promotion to brigadier general. But something went wrong. Thoughts of compromise ate away at his patriotic zeal. Soon the unthinkable happened. He offered his services to the British, and in 1780 devised a plan to surrender West Point to British control. Today, instead of being remembered as a national hero, Benedict Arnold is synonymous with \"traitor.\"", "Benedict Arnold, whose name has become synonymous with the word “traitor” after he conspired with the British to turn over the post at West Point in exchange for money and a command in the British Army, was born in Norwich, Connecticut. In 1781, he led British troops in the Battle of Groton Heights, which devastated New London, Connecticut.", "October 2, 1780, Major John Andre, the British spy who was caught with Benedict Arnold's papers for the surrender of West Point by Arnold to the British for L25,000 and a Commission as a General in the British Army , was hanged by the Americans. This was in response to the British hanging 21 year old Nathan Hale in 1776. The British begged for mercy for Andre but George Washington had a long memory and told them it was for Hale.", "Continental officials could not confirm Arnold’s suspected betrayal until 1780 when hard evidence of his treason was uncovered. The Americans captured Major John Andre, Arnold’s British contact, who was in possession of paperwork revealing Arnold’s treason. After receiving command of West Point in 1779, Arnold willingly provided the British with vital information for taking control of West Point. Andre was executed for his crimes while Arnold managed to escape to England.", "On this day in 1780, British intelligence officer Major John Andr� was hanged as a spy in Tappan, New York, during the American War of Independence.   He had been captured and found to have papers hidden in his boot, detailing how the British could take West Point.   They had been provided by Benedict Arnold of the Continental Army, recently appointed commandant of the fort at West Point.   Arnold had agreed to surrender the fort to the British in exchange for 20,000 pounds.   Upon hearing of Andr�'s arrest, Arnold fled and eventually escaped to England.   Andr� appealed to George Washington to be executed by firing squad, but was hanged.   He met his death in a soldierly fashion, even calmly placing the noose around his own neck.", "(January 14, 1741 – June 14, 1801) American Revolutionary War Major general who defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and planned to surrender it to the British forces. In September 1780, after his plan to surrender West Point was exposed, Arnold was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.", "• After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army.", "A Brief History of West Point - West Point's role in our nation's history dates back to the Revolutionary War , when both sides realized the strategic importance of the commanding plateau on the west bank of the Hudson River . General George Washington considered West Point to be the most important strategic position in America. Washington personally selected Thaddeus Kosciuszko, one of the heroes of Saratoga, to design the fortifications for West Point in 1778, and Washington transferred his headquarters to West Point in 1779. Continental soldiers built forts, batteries and redoubts and extended a 150-ton iron chain across the Hudson to control river traffic. Fortress West Point was never captured by the British, despite Benedict Arnold's treason. West Point is the oldest continuously occupied military post in America. Several soldiers and legislators, including Washington, Knox, Hamilton and John Adams , desiring to eliminate America's wartime reliance on foreign engineers and artillerists, urged the creat ...", "Did you Know: Benedict Arnold commit act of treason when he tried to hand West Point over to the British", "At the beginning of the Revolution, Arnold was a successful American commander: he helped capture Fort Ticonderoga and was a significant part of winning the Battle of Saratoga, widely considered to be the turning point of the war. However, Arnold was given credit for neither success, and was brought down and humiliated by his adversaries. Feeling scorned by the United States, he made a nefarious offer to the British: he would sell them West Point, a possible key to winning the war. The plot was exposed when a British spy, Major John Andre, was captured. Arnold fled and joined the British army, leading raids against the Americans. According to legend, on his deathbed in London, he regretted his treason:", "He conspired with British General Henry Clinton to surrender West Point for 20,000 pounds, equivalent to one million dollars today. Find us on Roku!", "*1780 – American Revolution: British Major John André is arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold's change of sides.", "American General. Prevented British from reaching Ticonderoga and helped protect the north from Britain (1777). Tried to help British take West Point & Hudson River (1780) but he was found and declared traitor of America", "In 1777 the British attempted to wipe out the flickering revolt by a concerted plan to split the colonies with converging expeditions concentrated upon the Hudson valley. Gen. William Howe, instead of taking part in it, moved into Pennsylvania, defeated Washington in the battle of Brandywine (Sept. 11), took Philadelphia, and beat off (Oct. 4) Washington's attack on Germantown. Meanwhile the British columns under Gen. John Burgoyne and Gen. Barry St. Leger had failed (see Saratoga campaign ), and Burgoyne on Oct. 17, 1777, ended the battle of Saratoga by surrender to Gen. Horatio Gates . The victory is commonly regarded as the decisive battle of the war, but its good effects again were not immediate.", "The United States Military Academy at West Point (also known as USMA, West Point or Army) is a four-year coeducational federal service academy located in West Point, New York . Benedict Arnold V (June 14, 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army . 5.0/5", "William Howe succeeded General Thomas Gage in 1775 as Commander of the British forces in the American Revolution. After the successful Battle of Long Island in 1777, he defeated Washington at Brandywine near Chadds Ford and continued his advance on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Howe's success in Philadelphia was overshadowed by General John Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, and Howe was criticized for not cooperating with Burgoyne during the 1777 campaign. Parliament appointed General Henry Clinton to replace Howe in 1778. ", ";1781:The British Army in America under Lord Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington after its defeat in Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781.", "Description : When George Washington beat a hasty retreat from New York City in August 1776, many thought the American Revolution might soon be over. Instead, Washington rallied--thanks in large part to a little-known, top-secret group called the Culper Spy Ring. He realized that he couldn't defeat the British with military might, so he recruited a sophisticated and deeply secretive intelligence network to infiltrate New York. Drawing on extensive research, Brian Kilmeade and Don Yaeger have offered fascinating portraits of these spies: a reserved Quaker merchant, a tavern keeper, a brash young longshoreman, a curmudgeonly Long Island bachelor, a coffeehouse owner, and a mysterious woman. Long unrecognized, the secret six are finally receiving their due among the pantheon of American heroes.", "The Continental Congress again abandoned Philadelphia, and on September 26, Howe finally outmaneuvered Washington and marched into the city unopposed. A part of Howe’s army was then split off to reduce rebel forts blocking his communications up the Delaware River . Hoping to bring about another Trenton-like victory while the British were divided, on October 4 Washington mounted a surprise assault against the British at Germantown. Howe had failed to alert his troops there, despite being aware of the impending attack the previous day. The British were in danger of a rout, but faulty American decisions resulted in Washington being repulsed with heavy losses. [67]", "Conway served admirably under Sullivan at the battles of Brandywine, in September 1777, and Germantown, in October 1777, before becoming involved in an unconfirmed conspiracy to remove General Washington from command of the Continental Army. The rumored conspiracy would go down in history as the \"Conway cabal.\"", "Brrrrr!!! What a way to spend the holidays! On Christmas Night, December 25, 1776, George Washington led Continental army soldiers across the Delaware River to attack Britain’s Hessian army at Trenton, New Jersey. This successful surprise attack provided a much-needed victory for Britain’s former colonies as they struggled for freedom.", "March 10, 1783 - An anonymous letter circulates among Washington's senior officers camped at Newburgh, New York. The letter calls for an unauthorized meeting and urges the officers to defy the authority of the new U.S. national government (Congress) for its failure to honor past promises to the Continental Army. The next day, Gen. Washington forbids the unauthorized meeting and instead suggests a regular meeting to be held on March 15. A second anonymous letter then appears and is circulated. This letter falsely claims Washington himself sympathizes with the rebellious officers.", "~1781 � 1,500 soldiers of the 6th Pennsylvania Regiment under General Anthony Wayne's command rebelled against the Continental Army's winter camp in Morristown, New Jersey as part of the Continentals Mutiny of 1781.", "January 3, 1781 - Mutiny among Americans in New Jersey as troops from Pennsylvania set up camp near Princeton and choose their own representatives to negotiate with state officials back in Pennsylvania. The crisis is eventually resolved through negotiations, but over half of the mutineers abandon the army.", "Service: led band of \"Tory marauders\", recruited loyalists and spied on rebels in New Jersey, widely feared by patriots, Washington described him as \"that villain Moody\". Recognized as \"one of the most effective British raiders\"", "... that in 1779, New York State Senator John Williams was expelled from the Senate for defrauding fellow soldiers of income during the American Revolutionary War?", "One of the first known American spies of the Revolutionary War, the Yale University-educated soldier disguised himself as a Dutch schoolmaster. He then slipped behind British lines on Long Island and gathered information about British troop movements." ]

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[ "The most common Bingo cards are flat pieces of cardboard or disposable paper which contain 25 squares arranged in five vertical columns and five side to side rows. Each space in the grid contains a number.", "Determine the size of your card. Bingo cards are traditionally 5 X 5 blocks. However, you can increase/decrease these numbers based on the amount of words you have, the type of bingo game you play, etc. You can even make bingo cards with elongated rectangles rather than the normal squares if you decide to do so. [13] [14] [15]", "Many of you are probably aware of the main differences between US/Canada and UK online bingo. We favor the 75-ball variety, where you get 24 numbers on each card plus one free square to mark off, and the Brits like the 90-ball variety, which uses three rows with five numbers per card, and players can play with multiple cards for each game. However, in the same way that more and more Brits are discovering the fun of playing 75-ball games, the word is slowly spreading in America about the British version, and as a result, some bingo game sites like  BingoMania.com are thinking about introducing more 90-ball games for their members.", "A typical Bingo game utilizes the numbers 1 through 75. The five columns of the card are labeled 'B', 'I', 'N', 'G', and 'O' from left to right. The center space is usually marked \"Free\" or \"Free Space\", and is considered automatically filled. The range of printed numbers that can appear on the card is normally restricted by column, with the 'B' column only containing numbers between 1 and 15 inclusive, the 'I' column containing only 16 through 30, 'N' containing 31 through 45, 'G' containing 46 through 60, and 'O' containing 61 through 75.", "In the United States, Bingo is a game of chance in which each player matches numbers pre-printed in different arrangements on 5×5 cards with the numbers the game host draws at random, marking the selected numbers with tiles. When a player finds the selected numbers are arranged on their card in a row, they call out \"Bingo!\" to alert all participants to a winning card, which prompts the game host (or an associate assisting the host) to examine the card for verification of the win. Players compete against one another to be the first to have a winning arrangement for the prize or jackpot. After a winner is declared, the players clear their number cards of the tiles and the game host begins a new round of play.", "A typical bingo ticket is shown to the right. It contains 27 spaces, arranged in nine columns by three rows. Each row contains five numbers and four blank spaces. Each column contains up to three numbers, which are arranged as follows, with some variation depending on bingo companies and/or where the game is played (e.g. hall, club or online): ", "A singular bingo sheet which usually has a 24 numbers including the free space in the middle of the card.", "Because of the 50-point bonus for using all seven tiles in one turn, many players manage their racks specifically to score as many bingos as possible. Making seven- and eight-letter words is generally the fastest way to achieve a high score. The letters A, E, I, N, R, S, and T are the most useful letters for this purpose, and so a good player will be reluctant to play off these letters without some benefit in return. Conversely, good players will strive to play off undesirable tiles, at times even if that play is not the highest scoring one available, and will use a turn to exchange tiles if necessary.", "If a player uses all seven of the tiles in the rack in a single play, a bonus of 50 points is added to the score of that play (this is called a \" bingo \" in Canada and the United States, and a \"bonus\" elsewhere). These bonus points are not affected by premium squares.", "If a player uses all seven of the tiles in the rack in a single play, a bonus of 50 points is added to the score of that play (this is called a \" bingo\" in Canada and the United States, and a \"bonus\" elsewhere). These bonus points are not affected by premium squares.", "These are Bingo cards which are only to be used once. They are, as the name suggests flimsy. They hold 1, 2, 4, 6 or 9 card sheets and are sometimes known as throwaways.", "Bingo is a game of chance played with different randomly drawn numbers which players match against numbers that have been pre-printed on 5×5 cards.The cards may be printed on paper or card stock, or electronically represented, and are referred to as cards. Many versions conclude the game when the first person achieves a specified pattern from the drawn numbers. The winner is usually required to call out the word \"Bingo!\", which alerts the other players and caller of a possible win. All wins are checked to make sure the person has not made a mistake before the win is officially confirmed at which time the prize is secured and a new game is begun. In this version of bingo, players compete against one another for the prize or jackpot.", "The BBC1 game show Bob's Full House hosted by Bob Monkhouse was based on Bingo. Unlike a normal bingo card which uses a 3x9 grid with the numbers 1 to 90, the show only used a 3x6 grid with the numbers 1 to 60 on the contestants' cards and the Gold Card bonus round board.", "This type of Bingo is Canada and the US’s most popular Bingo game. The game uses only 75 Bingo Balls, and to win you need to be the first to call 'Bingo' on a specific game pattern. The Butler displays the winning bingo pattern you need at the start of a game, which comes in a variety of patterns like 'coverall', 'flower', 'heart' and of course the '$' sign!", "MIRRORS - Pick two numbers that reflect each other, such as 23 and 32 or 45 and 54. When your numbers come up, say \"MIRRORS + NUMBERS+ ICON\". If we are missing a letter in the pattern we will play a side game. You can pick your numbers once. Number of winners is based on the number of players in bingo game.", "U-PICK'EM BINGO- Pick any three numbers. As soon as all the numbers are out type \"I PICKED THEM+ NUMBERS+ ICON\". If we are missing a letter in the pattern, we play a side game. Remember you can only pick your numbers once! Number of winners is based on the number of players in bingo game.", "A B C - Try to guess which is going to be the last number called, here are the options: A - the last number is going to be between 1 and 25, B - between 26 and 50, C - between 51 and 75. Number of winners is based on the number of players in bingo game.", "If a player uses all seven of the tiles in the rack in a single play, a bonus of 50 points is added to the score of that play (this is called a \" bingo \" in Canada and the United States, a \"Scrabble\" in Spain and a \"bonus\" elsewhere). These bonus points are added after totaling the score for that turn.", "A player wins by completing a row, column, or diagonal. The most chips one can place on a Bingo board without having a Bingo is 19, not counting the free space. In order for this to happen, only one empty cell can reside in each row and each column, and at least one empty cell must be in each diagonal, for instance:", "Up to 15 players are randomly issued a number from 1 to 15 which corresponds with the top row of the bingo flashboard. Numbers are then drawn and the first person to have all five numbers in their column be drawn wins. This is a fast paced and exciting form of bingo typically played in fraternal organizations.", "• Postage stamps Bingo – When you have to cover the four numbers on each of the edges of your cards.", "If you are playing the game online, the cards you receive are randomly selected by a computer. You will normally be given less than four cards. Each card should cost less than $0.25 on average. Numbers drawn are displayed automatically and blocking out or marking your cards will also be courtesy of the computer. You basically also follow the same rules and concepts as a traditional Bingo by finding patterns in order to win a round of game.", "The National Bingo Game is a bingo game operated by the National Bingo Game Association since 1986 and played in some British bingo clubs. The largest National Bingo Game operator in the UK is Mecca Bingo with approximately 97 clubs participating in the game.", "Alternative methods of play try to increase participation by creating excitement. Since its invention in 1929, modern bingo has evolved into multiple variations, with each jurisdiction's gambling laws regulating how the game is played. There are also nearly unlimited patterns that may be specified for play. Some games require only one number to be matched, while cover-all games award the jackpot for covering an entire card. There are even games that award prizes to players for matching no numbers or achieving no pattern. See \"Variations\" for more details.", "These are the numbered bingo balls that are drawn at random from the overall set. In 90 Ball Bingo, the balls just have numbers on them. In 75 Ball Bingo, each ball has a number and a letter on them (B, I, N, G or O).", "Bingo is played with a card that is labelled with the letters B, I, N, G, O across it and under the letters are random numbers. The objective of a Bingo game is to successfully cover these numbers in a certain pattern on the Bingo cards before any other player does it. The most popular version of Bingo is patterned after the American or Canadian type but Australia, United Kingdom and India also have their own versions and sets of play cards which are slightly different from the North American counterparts.", "MATH MATH MATH - I will give you a simple calculation exercise. Number of winners is based on the number of players in bingo game.", "On the surface, bingo appears to be such a simple game. Everyone knows the basic premise: one person, armed with a set of numbers , calls out randomly selected numerals until a player shouts out that they have filled their ticket. And to the player, this is the case. However, for the caller it is far more complex. This entry hopes to introduce new callers to what is required, help those more experienced to refine their styles and explain some of the less logical number nicknames to players.", "In most UK bingo clubs, including most Gala Bingo clubs, mechanised cash bingo is played on a plastic board which has small windows which are used to cover up the numbers when they are called. In all Mecca Bingo clubs, bingo cards are built into the table tops and the numbers are covered up using small plastic chips.", "Every bingo game has a specific pattern that is played. Here are a few of our more popular patterns.", "You are here: Home » Land Bingo » Guides » About Bingo Numbers And The Names Associated With Them", "There are plenty of possible combinations and patterns to a Bingo game and below are just some of it:" ]

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[ "ButterFinger-Butterfinger is the name of a candy bar made by Nestlé. It has a flaky, orange-colored center somewhat similar in texture and taste to peanut brittle, that is coated in compound chocolate.", "Butter Finger:The bar consists of a flaky, orange-colored center - somewhat similar texture to crisp caramel, with a taste similar to peanut butter, which is also dipped into milk chocolate, And wrapped in a nice yellow coated wrapper.", "Butterfinger is another popular candy bar that was invented in 1923 by Otto Schnering and is currently manufactured by Nestlé. This candy bar consists of a flaky, peanut butter-flavored center covered with compound chocolate.", "Comments: This variation to the excellent Take 5 candy bar features a peanut butter coating that increases the peanut butter flavor at the expense of no chocolate. I found this bar to have a harder chew than the original and don't rate it as high.", "Nestlé also produces Butterfinger Crisp bars, which are a form of chocolate-covered wafer cookie, with a Butterfinger-flavored cream. This is part of a line of Nestlé products under the Crisp name, including Nestlé Crunch Crisp and Baby Ruth Crisp.", "Aero – the milk chocolate bar with a bubbly texture-  is another well-known Nestle bar that is represented world-wide. We carry the original Canadian milk chocolate Aero as well as the British ‘Big Bars’ in Mint   and  Orange  flavours.", "Description: First produced in 1923 by the Curtiss Candy Company, the original recipe for the flaky/crispy peanut butter core was lost when Nabisco took over the company. A new formula was developed but some old-timers claim the new bar isn't as good. One of the odd ingredients in the center is corn flakes. This candy bar also has one of the longest list of ingredients. It's a very large bar with a fine grained, peanutty crunch that lasts to the last chew. I like this bar in spite of the fact that the center sticks to teeth. Having said that I think it's a little too sweet and prefer the more refined 5th Avenue.", "I am a particular brand of candybar which contains caramel and peanuts which is smothered in chocolate.", "Comments: Developed by the Hershey Company in 1994 under the Reese's banner, I'm happy to report that this last candy bar on the page is a clear winner. It boasts a smooth peanut butter center overlayed with caramel and milk chocolate imbedded with peanuts. It has a pleasant chewiness and an entertaining crunch that lasts to the final chew. The peanut butter/chocolate balance is perfect and it has a delicious, mellow peanut butter finish. Outstanding!", "For this particular experience I was inspired by the new NESTLĖ Damak® chocolate bars . In case you haven’t heard of them yet, they are a creamy Turkish chocolate with savory pistachios. They come in fine (milk) chocolate and dark chocolate. (While they’re available at a few locations, I recommend picking them up at Walgreens.)", "Baby Ruth:Baby Ruth is an American candy bar made of peanuts, caramel and chocolate-flavored nougat covered in chocolate.", "According to the company, more than 50 million specially branded chocolate bars will be available in 19 markets, including the U.S, U.K, Canada and the Middle East. When you buy the bar, you will be able to enter to win Google prizes, including the Nexus 7 tablet . According to Nestle's press release, they will also make a limited number of robot-shaped bars. Just like a real-life Willy Wonka.", "First, there’s the classic Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup. It got its first commercial media blast with a campaign in the 70s that featured two people - one eating peanut butter from a jar and the other eating a chocolate bar. They would collide and the chocolate bar would end up in the peanut butter and the chocolate eater would complain, “You got peanut butter on my chocolate!”  The peanut butter eater would complain, “You got chocolate in my peanut butter!” Then they’d both taste it and it’d be pure love. Cue the jingle ... Two great tastes that taste great together, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups.", "Buckeye candy is so called for its resemblance to the nut of the buckeye , the state tree of Ohio and nickname for its residents. Like a cross between peanut butter fudge and peanut butter cups, Buckeye candies consist of a ball of sweet peanut butter dough dipped in melted chocolate. Congratulations to Ohio for producing a confection that actually looks like the thing it’s supposed to look like, and that’s delicious to boot.", "Peanut butter (peanuts, sugar, hydrogenated vegetable oil, salt), milk chocolate (sugar, cocoa butter, milk, chocolate, soy lecithin, vanillin), partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (canola, soybean and cottonseed), oats, flour, sugar, mono and diglycerides, baking soda, high fructose corn syrup, TBHQ.[6]", "If you don’t already, you should absolutely consider adding some white chocolate bars to your specialty candy store, convenience store or vending machine selection. Products like Reese’s White Chocolate Peanut Butter Cups  and White Chocolate Kit Kat  are proven best-sellers and are a way to offer something new and interesting to your inventory!", "The Reese’s Double Chocolate was an oddity. First, let me say that Hershey’s has chocolated a couple of candy bars lately with good results. I liked the York Peppermint Truffle Pattie and the Almond Joy Chocolate Chocolate. So I was thinking this could be similar by adding a bit of fudgyness to the center.", "Mounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut, which is enrobed in dark chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond Joy, which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut.", "I do not like any of these candy bars except for Hershey, Kit-Kat, and Crunch. But I like this one the best", "Ingredients (for 10-12 pieces): • ¾ cup sugar (brown or white depending on preference) • ½ cup peanut butter (creamy for a smooth texture, crunchy otherwise) • 3 tbsp butter, softened • 6 oz chocolate or 1 cup chocolate chips, melted • Optional: Cinnamon, honey, oats, or any ingredients that tickle your sweet tooth Directions: In a small bowl mix peanut butter, butter, sugar and optional additional ingredients. Roll out dollops of the peanut butter mixture into rounds of a size appropriate to your appetite and set aside. Watch the show at NOLS.TV to learn about Pikla’s expert technique to keep your hands out of the food on this step. Melt the chocolate carefully. Pikla notes chocolate can be a “diva,” so take care not to burn her. He suggests removing the pan from the heat before the chocolate is fully melted and letting the residual heat do the rest.  Roll the cooled peanut butter balls in the melted chocolate and set aside to cool. Don’t walk away from them, though, or a certain editor might swoop in with an appetite.", "No flavor combination is quite as decadent as juicy fruit smothered in rich dark chocolate. Its our most popular bean with a succulent twist.<br><br> 2.8 oz bag.<br><br>Also available in a <a href=\"/p/42830\">12-count case</a>.<br><br>All Jelly Belly Chocolate Dips are OU Kosher Dairy certified by the Orthodox Union, peanut and gluten free.<br><br>Watch the video: Introducing Jelly Belly Jelly Bean Chocolate Dips! <br><br> <style> .videowrapper { float: none; clear: both; width: 100%; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 25px; height: 0; } .videowrapper iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } </style> <div class=\"videowrapper\"> <iframe src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/stajfK7vxKY?rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" width=\"560\"></iframe>&gt; </div>", "Amazon.com : Cadbury Crunchie, 40-Gram Bar (Pack of 12) : Chocolate Bars : Grocery & Gourmet Food", "Another staple in white chocolate products is the Hershey Cookies ‘n’ Creme Bar  . Although this bar has pieces of chocolate cookie mixed within it, the base is made of white chocolate and it has been a popular chocolate bar for years. This product is also a great example of the use of salt in white chocolate to balance the sweetness of the white chocolate which makes for a well-rounded and delicious chocolate bar.", "Hershey also produces several \"pantry\" items under the Reese's brand, such as Reese's peanut butter chips (analogous to chocolate chips for baking), Reese's premier baking pieces (tiny cup-shaped pieces of chocolate filled with peanut-butter, also for baking), Reese's jarred peanut butter, and Reese's toppings (including peanut butter syrup, peanut butter and chocolate topping, and Reese's Magic Shell) and sprinkles for ice cream.", "Cocoa Krispies, Choco Krispis, Choco Krispies, Coco Pops, or Choco Pops is a breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's, coming both as a boxed cereal and as a snack bar with a 'dried milk' covered bottom to make the cereal-with-milk tradition portable. It is a cocoa-flavored version of Rice Krispies. Containing a substance imitating milk chocolate, the cereal can turn milk \"chocolatey.\" ", "\"If you Like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club\". Wafer = Jack of Clubs; Milk Chocolate = Dark Blue wrapper with a picture of a Golf Ball; Dark Mint = Dark Green wrapper with Mint Leaf; Milk Mint = Lighter green wrapper; Plain = red wrapper . The raisin one had a picture of a bunch of grapes, and I seem to recall that the wrapper was purple.", "a short cylinder of pink or yellow, coconut-flavored candy that surrounds a central black, liquorice-flavored cylinder", "Nestle Quality Street assortment pack is crammed full of your favourite quality street sweets.  Attractive Tin 725g", "Starburst (originally known as Opal Fruits) is the brand name of a gummy, cuboid -shaped, fruit-flavoured soft taffy candy manufactured by The Wrigley Company , a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated . Starburst also exist as jellybeans (known as Joosters), lollipops , gummies , hard candy , candy canes , and lip gloss (the latter in a partnership with Lip Smackers (Chapstick)).", "Tue Jul 23 2002 14:47 : Today in the kitchen at work (someone had brought in a box) I saw the real-life equivalent of the Chocolate Frosted Sugar Bombs from Calvin and Hobbes: Cap'n Crunch Choco Donut cereal. It looks like chocolate Froot Loops with little nonpareils on the Froot Loops. And get this: it is marketed under the 'Oops!' sub-brand of the Cap'n Crunch brand, the line which previously consisted only of the randomly-produced 'Oops! All Berries!' cereal (which is the set difference of Cap'n Crunch Crunchberries and Cap'n Crunch and which resembles gastronomic Rokenbok ).", "General Mills: Cookie Crisp, Golden Grahams Honey Graham, Lucky Charms, Cocoa Puffs, Cinnamon Toast Crunch, Trix, Reese's Puffs.", "A cereal bar of Cocoa Puffs has been made. A layer of dried, sweetened condensed milk is added to the bottom, and marketed as a substitute for a bowl of milk and cereal." ]

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[ "On September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600 ft high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 mi. It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.", "On September 24, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt declared Devils Tower in Wyoming to be the first National Monument under the Antiquities Act.", "On this day in 1906, US President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower (and the area around it) to be the nation's first National Monument.   Devils Tower is a monolith of igneous rock located in Crook County, northeastern Wyoming.   It rises dramatically 1267 feet (386 m) above the surrounding terrain, and is a sacred site for many Amerindians.   It�s that huge rock tower you saw in �Close Encounters of the Third Kind�.", "National monuments can be so designated through the power of the Antiquities Act of 1906. President Theodore Roosevelt used the act to declare Devils Tower in Wyoming as the first national monument.", "Devils Tower National Monument [1] is a United States National Monument that is located in Crook County in Northeast Wyoming . The Monument was established as the first national monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 through his use of the Antiquities Act. The Monument is the core of an ancient volcano; the surrounding softer rock has over time been eroded to reveal cooled magma hardened into igneous rock, appearing as fluted shafts and columns rising over 500 feet in the air. The monolithic tower rises above the Belle Fourche River at the edge of the Black Hills region, known in this section as the Bear Lodge Mountains.", "Devils Tower was the first US National Monument, established on 24 September 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (545 ha).", "More» This massive monolith in the Black Hills of Wyoming was the nation's first national monument, anointed by Teddy Roosevelt in 1906. In recent years, climbing the rock has become popular. The stone column is considered sacred by many Native Americans. «Less", "President Theodore Roosevelt signs a bill establishing Devils Tower in Wyoming as the first National Monument.", "President Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower National Monument on September 24, 1906. In his announcement he wrote:", "Substantial opposition did not materialize until 1943, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument in Wyoming. He did this to accept a donation of lands acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., for addition to Grand Teton National Park after Congress had declined to authorize this park expansion. Roosevelt's proclamation unleashed a storm of criticism about use of the Antiquities Act to circumvent Congress. A bill abolishing Jackson Hole National Monument passed Congress but was vetoed by Roosevelt, and Congressional and court challenges to the proclamation authority were mounted. In 1950, Congress finally incorporated most of the monument into Grand Teton National Park, but the act doing so barred further use of the proclamation authority in Wyoming except for areas of 5,000 acres or less.", "The first declared US National Monument, by Pres. Teddy Roosevelt on Sept. 24, 1906. An amazing geologic feature with rich history and shrouded in mystery. Climbers take on the tower every year!", "Roosevelt signs the National Monuments Act, establishing the first eighteen national monuments, including Devils Tower, Muir Woods, and Mount Olympus. June 08, 1906", "Theodore Roosevelt became the first American President to take seriously the concept of the preservation of nature. As President from 1901 to 1909, he designated 150 National Forests, the first 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 5 National Parks (including the Grand Canyon, Crater Lake, and Mesa Verde), the first 18 national monuments (including the Chaco Canyon, Petrified Forest, Muir Woods and Devils Tower), the first 4 National Game Preserves, and the first 21 Reclamation Projects. Altogether, in the seven-and-one-half years he was in office, he provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres, a land area equivalent to that of all the East coast states from Maine to Florida. For more information on Theodore Roosevelt visit http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org .", "Roosevelt's eighth national monument proclamation was far from routine. Its subject was Jackson Hole, Wyoming, discussed as a possible addition to Yellowstone National Park as early as 1892. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., visited the area in 1926 with Horace Albright, then superintendent of Yellowstone, and was disturbed to see commercial development on private lands despoiling the view of the Teton Range. With official encouragement and without publicly disclosing his role and purpose, Rockefeller undertook to purchase more than 33,000 acres through his Snake River Land Company for donation to the United States. When the scheme became public, cattlemen, hunters, timbermen, and other local interests bitterly opposed the land's removal from economic productivity, hunting, and taxation. Wyoming's congressional delegation came to their aid by thwarting passage of park enabling legislation. In response, Roosevelt in 1943 proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument to accept Rockefeller's donation. The monument also included 179,000 acres from Teton National Forest adjoining the limited Grand Teton National Park established in 1929.", "The hotel, which had been under design since at least 1902, was built the next year and opened in January 1905. The Grand Canyon Game Preserve was established by Roosevelt's executive order in 1906, expanding protections granted by President Benjamin Harrison in 1893. The Grand Canyon National Monument was proclaimed in 1908, and Grand Canyon National Park was finally established by Congress in 1916.", "Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory. With no state government that could assume stewardship of the land so the federal government took on direct responsibility for the park, the official first national park of the United States. The combined effort and interest of conservationists, politicians and the Northern Pacific Railroad ensured the passage of enabling legislation by the United States Congress to create Yellowstone National Park. Theodore Roosevelt, already an active campaigner and so influential, as good stump speakers were highly necessary in the pre-telecommunications era, was highly influential in convincing fellow Republicans and big business to back the bill.", "On January 11, 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt designated the Grand Canyon in northwest Arizona a national monument. Roosevelt used the American Antiquities Act of 1906 to create 18 national monuments during his presidency. The Grand Canyon became a national park in 1919.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming , although it also extends into Montana and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful Geyser , one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is dominant.", "Established in 1872 in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, Yellowstone was America's first national park, dedicated by President Ulysses S. Grant.", "Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser.", "Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a huge mountain sculpture of four US Presidents, located near Keystone, in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Presidents depicted are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. These four Presidents were chosen to represent the founding, growth and preservation of the United States. The work was designed by the sculptor John Gutzon Borglum (March 25, 1871- March 6,1941). The Construction of Mt. Rushmore: The monument was sculpted by Borglum and about 400 stone workers. Construction began on August 10, 1927 (President Coolidge attended the dedication that day). Funding was provided by private donations and the Federal Government.", "President William Howard Taft proclaimed the first War Department national monument, Big Hole Battlefield, Montana, in 1910 to protect the site of an 1877 battle between U.S. troops and Nez Perce Indians. Five later monuments resulted from a single proclamation by President Coolidge on October 15, 1924. Fort Marion National Monument, later retitled with its Spanish name Castillo de San Marcos, recognized an old Spanish fort in St. Augustine, Florida. Fort Matanzas National Monument protected an outpost built by the Spanish in 1742 to defend the southern approaches to St. Augustine. Fort Pulaski National Monument contained a brick fort built during the 1830s outside Savannah that had yielded under bombardment by Federal rifled cannon in 1862. The Statue of Liberty, based on Fort Wood in New York Harbor, became a national monument (to which Ellis Island was added in 1965). A small national monument for Castle Pinckney in Charleston Harbor was later abolished.", "Roosevelt also established Chalmette Monument and Grounds in 1907, a site of the Battle of New Orleans. It is now a part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park .", "            1929-Tuesday-  The national park ball kept rolling (see Grand Canyon National Park 1919)  as President Calvin Coolidge signed a measure establishing Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming.", "In June 1906, Congress passed, and President Roosevelt signed, the Antiquities Act, which gave the President the authority to establish national monuments from public lands to protect significant natural, cultural or scientific features.", "The National Park Service was created by an act signed by President Woodrow Wilson on August 25, 1916. Yellowstone National Park was established by an Act signed by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, as the nation's first national park. View the National Park System timeline .", "On November 10th (that’s today!), 1978, the U.S. Congress established Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota. The park encompasses a wildly variegated landscape of cliffs, gullies, mountains, plains, and wildlife. It serves as one of the last strongholds for North American bison, and that is the reason the young Roosevelt traveled into the territory in 1883-“to bag a buffalo.” His attempt at establishing a homestead ranch in the region made a lasting impression upon the President who later said, “I would not have been President had it not been for my experience in North Dakota.”", "By Presidential Proclamation of July 16, 1938, the fort became Fort Laramie National Historic Monument. It was redesignated a National Historic Site in 1960 when the monument was enlarged by Congress.", "The Yellowstone Expedition of 1819 established Fort Atkinson, named after Col. Henry Atkinson, commander of the Yellowstone Expedition, as the first U.S. military post west of the Missouri River after the recommendation of William Clark that the site was an excellent location for a fort. Between 1820 and 1827, the years of the fort's existence, Fort Atkinson was home to the first school and library in Nebraska, served as a gateway to the fur regions of the Upper Missouri and the Rocky Mountains and served as the starting point for several early expeditions to the Mexican settlements of Taos and Santa Fe. Based on more than 10 seasons of archeological fieldwork, most of the fort has been reconstructed and an interpretive center established.", "To the north of Jackson Hole, Yellowstone National Park had been established in 1872, and by the close of the 19th century, conservationists wanted to expand the boundaries of that park to include at least the Teton Range. By 1907, in an effort to regulate water flow for irrigation purposes, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had constructed a log crib dam at the Snake River outlet of Jackson Lake. This dam failed in 1910 and a new concrete Jackson Lake Dam replaced it by 1911. The dam was further enlarged in 1916, raising lake waters 39 ft as part of the Minidoka Project, designed to provide irrigation for agriculture in the state of Idaho. Further dam construction plans for other lakes in the Teton Range alarmed Yellowstone National Park superintendent Horace Albright, who sought to block such efforts. Jackson Hole residents were opposed to an expansion of Yellowstone, but were more in favor of the establishment of a separate National Park which would include the Teton Range and six lakes at the base of the mountains. After congressional approval, President Calvin Coolidge signed the executive order establishing the 96000 acre Grand Teton National Park on February 26, 1929. ", "March 1, President Ulysses S. Grant signed a bill into law that created Yellowstone National Park." ]

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[ "Sweet'n Low comes in a pretty little pink packet. Many years ago, in fact, decades ago, science warned us about saccharin causing cancer in rats, but people forgot. This synthetic stuff dissolves in just seconds with a weird little fizz, and then the horrible aftertaste is the warning sign most people try to ignore so they can \"cut calories,\" but what's really going on in their body?", "Chemist Constantin Fahlberg is credited as the accidental inventor of saccharin—the sweetener in the ubiquitous Sweet'N Low pink packets. The story goes, in 1879, Fahlberg was testing coal tar at Johns Hopkins University for his mentor Professor Ira Remsen. One night he didn't wash his hands before dinner and he noticed the substance coating them tasted sweet—saccharin is 300 to 500 times sweeter than real sugar. Photo by iStock.", "\"This is not Sweet-N-Low. This is Equal. Blue packet. Sweet-N-Low is pink. See? Equal: blue. Sweet-N-Low: pink. It's not the same thing, is it?...What Equal contains is not my concern here. I don't care if it has f--kin' fairy dust in it. What I am concerned with is detail. I asked you to go get me a packet of Sweet-N-Low. You bring me back Equal. That isn't what I asked for. That isn't what I wanted. That isn't what I needed and that s--t isn't gonna work around here...You thought. Do me a f--kin' favor. Shut up, listen, and learn. Look, I know that this is your first day and you don't really know how things work around here, so I will tell you. You - have - no - brain. No judgment calls are necessary. What you think means nothing. What you feel means nothing. You are here for me. You are here to protect my interests and to serve my needs. So, while it may look like a little thing to you, when I ask for a packet of Sweet-N-Low, that's what I want. And it is your responsibility now to see that I get what I want. Am I clear?\"", "When sweeteners are provided for restaurant customers to add to beverages such as tea and coffee themselves, they are often available in paper packets which can be torn and emptied. In North America, the colors are typically white for sucrose, blue for aspartame, pink for saccharin, yellow for sucralose (United States) or cyclamate (Canada), tan for turbinado, orange for monk fruit extract, and green for stevia. ", "According to surveys in Europe and the United States, pink is the color most associated with sweet foods and beverages. Pink is also one of the few colors to be strongly associated with a particular aroma, that of roses. Many strawberry and raspberry-flavored foods are colored pink and light red as well, sometimes to distinguish them from cherry-flavored foods that are more commonly colored dark red (although raspberry-flavored foods, particularly in the United States, are often colored blue as well). The drink Tab was packaged in pink cans, presumably to subconsciously convey a sweet taste.", "Splenda comes in a bright and sun-shiny, happy little yellow packet. This contains maltodextrin and sucralose. That means a \"daughter\" of MSG is contained with synthetics in a nifty little chemical combination that magically turns 12 to 16 ounces of anything instantly sweet. This is called \"clean labeling,\" and it's a trick that Big Food uses to con you. There is nothing clean or \"essential\" about swallowing chemicals that cause health detriment, period. What happens when you mix neurotoxins with stuff that gives rats tumors? Are you mixing MSG with aspartame? Humans are starting to be their own \"judge\" and use common sense! Use brown sugar, sugar in the raw, organic honey, organic maple syrup, xylitol or stevia. ( http://foodidentitytheft.com )", "The pink color in most packaged and processed foods, ice creams, candies and pastries is made with artificial food coloring. The most common pink food coloring is erythrosine, also known as Red No. 3, an organoiodine compound, a derivative of fluorone, which is a cherry-pink synthetic.Phyllis A. Lyday \"Iodine and Iodine Compounds\" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim It is usually listed on package labels as E-127. Another common red or pink (particularly in the United States where erythrosine is less frequently used) is Allura Red AC (E-129), also known as Red No. 40. Some products use a natural red or pink food coloring, Cochineal, also called carmine, made with crushed insects of the family Dactylopius coccus.", "Aluminum Amaranth Aspartame Azodicarbonamide Benzoic Acid Brilliant Black Calcium Benzoate Calcium Sulphite Calcium Stearate Canola Oil Carrageenan Corn Syrup Datem DHC (dihydrocoumarin) Hydrogenated Oil Guar Gum Modified Food Starch Modified Corn Starch MSG Paprika Oleoresin Paraben Potassium Nitrate Red no 2 Sucralose Caramel Yellow 6 Xanthan Gum", "More or less the same as triple sec (see below). It comes in white, orange, blue and green.", "Left: Ad for Kelloggâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Toasted Corn Flakes 1907 Right: Pantone Swatches (top to bottom) Anthracite 19-4007; Brunette 19-1235; Rugby Tan 15-1315; Warm Sand 15-1214; Pristine 11-0606; Mirage Gray 15-4703; Powder Pink 14-1511; Shale Green16-6116; American Beauty 19-1759", "The liquid will turn green, yellow, or brick red depending on the amount of sugar present. Green is the least sugar, yellow is more, and red is the most.", "*Tartrazine, also known as Yellow 5 and E102 in Europe. A dye used in soft drinks such as Mountain Dew, Kool-Aid, chewing gum, popcorn, breakfast cereals, cosmetics, shampoos, eyeshadow, blush, and lipstsick.", "Striking Red and Green striped with and interior of green with pink extending up into the middle. Has mild sweet flavor.", "One example is \"Kool-Aid\". It is a fruit flavored powder to make a cheap soft-drink for children. It has a strong fruit flavor because it is a concentrate and also has a powerful red color so it makes the chick peas red or pink..", "Juicy Fruit gum consists mostly of sugar contained in a synthetic gum base. Other ingredients include corn syrup and dextrose as bulk agents and natural sweeteners, natural and artificial flavorings, glycerol and lecithin as softening agents, aspartame (NutraSweet) and acesulfame K as artificial sweeteners, Yellow Lake 5 as a coloring and BHT as a preservative.", "Aspartame (APM; or) is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. In the European Union, it is codified as E951. Aspartame is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide. It was first sold under the brand name NutraSweet. It was first synthesized in 1965, and the patent expired in 1992.", "Sucralose is an artificial sweetener that is non-caloric as the body struggles to break it down.  Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sucrose (table sugar), and thus can be consumed in smaller quantities to get the same desired “sweet” effect as sugar.  Sucralose is available in things like protein powders, Splenda, and other products reliant upon remaining low-sugar or low-carb.   Allegedly , sucralose has a negligible effect on blood glucose levels.", "* A sugar packet is a delivery method for one 'serving' of sugar. Sugar packets are commonly supplied in restaurants and coffee bars in preference to sugar bowls or sugar dispensers for reasons of neatness, spill control, and to some extent portion control. In 1957, the sugar packet that consisted of a granulated low-calorie sugar substitute, was invented by Benjamin Eisenstadt, the founder of Cumberland Packing or better known today as the Sweet 'N Low company. ", "Sucralose is the only non-caloric artificial sweetener made from sugar. It is 400-800 times sweeter than sucrose (sugar) and tastes like sugar with a lingering sweet aftertaste. It is chemically produced by the selective chlorination of sucrose (sugar) in which three hydroxyl groups are replaced with chlorine.", "While some are made with sugar, or sold unsweetened, the products are often made with artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, cyclamates or saccharin, and often include artificial flavors and colors. Some of the product include vitamins or other nutrients. The products are variously marketed to children, athletes, bodybuilders, dieters, or as a vitamin supplement. Some brands are only sold as drink mixes, while some beverage companies produce powdered versions of their products, as does Gatorade and Ocean Spray. Another form of drink mix is represented by products mixed into milk, such as malted milk, Nesquik, Ovaltine and Carnation Instant Breakfast.", "The colours of the sweets on the label do not correspond to the colours found within the packet:", "Diet Coke was sweetened with aspartame, an artificial sweetener, after the sweetener became available in the United States in 1983; to save money, this was originally in a blend with saccharin. After Diet Rite cola advertised its 100 percent use of aspartame, and the manufacturer of NutraSweet (then G. D. Searle & Company) warned that the NutraSweet trademark would not be made available to a blend of sweeteners, Coca-Cola switched the formula to 100 percent NutraSweet. Diet Coke from fountain dispensers still contains some saccharin to extend shelf life. ", "Diet Coke was sweetened with aspartame, an artificial sweetener, after the sweetener became available in the United States in 1983; to save money, this was originally in a blend with saccharin. After Diet Rite cola advertised its 100 percent use of aspartame, and the manufacturer of NutraSweet (then G. D. Searle & Company) warned that the NutraSweet trademark would not be made available to a blend of sweeteners, Coca-Cola switched the formula to 100 percent NutraSweet. Diet Coke from fountain dispensers still contains some saccharin to extend shelf life.", "A long-term solution for Pepsi's diet cola problems may have finally come in 1998 with the Food and Drug Administration's approval of acesulfame potassium, an artificial sweetener known more commonly as Ace K. The new sweetener, which has a longer shelf life than aspartame, was rushed quickly to market in a new low-calorie cola product, Pepsi One. The new drink scored higher among consumers than any new product PepsiCo had ever launched. Industry response was swift and favorable. \"The diet segment has long needed a healthy dose of news and excitement,\" commented John D. Sicher, publisher of Beverage Digest. \"I'm sure Coke is going to take a long, hard look at this.\"", "Ingredients: carbonated water, sodium citrate, taurine, glucuronolactone,caffeine, acesulfame k, aspartame, inositol, xanthan gum, niacinamide, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine hcl, vitamin b12, artificial flavors, colors", "Diet 7 Up has also been reformulated recently where it was packaged and advertised as now made with Splenda sweetener (sucralose) but now the formula has been re-tooled and they are using the following Ingredients: Filtered carbonated water and contains 2% or less of each of the following: natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate (protects flavor), aspartame, acesulfame potassium, calcium disodium EDTA (protects flavor). Phenylketonurics: contains phenylalanine . They also do still list the ingredients for Diet 7 Up with Splenda as the following Ingredients: Filtered carbonated water and contains 2% or less of each of the following: natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate (protects flavor), calcium disodium EDTA (protects flavor), acesulfame potassium, sucralose. . The 7 Up company claims they switched back to aspartame because they conducted a nation-wide study showing that people preferred the 'aspartame taste' over the taste of Splenda-brand Sweetener. 7 Up Plus is still sweetened with Splenda, and they announce no intention of switching it to aspartame.", "Diet 7 Up : This diet soda was originally introduced in 1963 as Like (not to be confused with 7 Up's Like Cola from the 1980s), it was discontinued in 1969 due to the U.S. government ban of cyclamate sweetener. After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970. It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979. Diet 7 Up was reformulated and advertised as being sweetened with Splenda (sucralose); the formula has been re-tooled and listed the following ingredients: filtered carbonated water, natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, calcium disodium EDTA. The ingredients for Diet 7 Up with Splenda are: filtered carbonated water, natural flavors, citric acid, potassium citrate, potassium benzoate, calcium disodium EDTA, acesulfame potassium, sucralose. The 7 Up Company claims they switched back to aspartame because they conducted a nationwide study showing that people preferred the taste with aspartame instead of with Splenda.", "\"Low-calorie sweeteners are some of the most studied and reviewed ingredients in the food supply today,\" the association said in a statement. \"They are safe and an effective tool in weight loss and weight management, according to decades of scientific research and regulatory agencies around the globe.\"", "ABSTRACT: Food color additives are vital to how we taste and perceive food, yet they generally remain mysterious to the public. This article examines food color additives from historical and regulatory perspectives. First, it uses recent examples to illustrate the importance of colors to our enjoyment of food. It then recounts the early history of food colors and the emergence of regulation to prevent their unsafe and fraudulent uses. The margarine war of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is described, as well as the 1906 and 1938 Food and Drug Acts. The article then enters the modern era of color additive regulation, beginning with the Color Additive Amendments of 1960. The debate over the Delaney anti-cancer clause is assessed, as well as other recent safety and regulatory controversies. The article asserts that this string of incidents has gained public notoriety for color additives. The article concludes by discussing the future of food coloring and the move towards more natural dyes.", "A. Certified color additives are categorized as either dyes or lakes. Dyes dissolve in water and are manufactured as powders, granules, liquids or other special-purpose forms. They can be used in beverages, dry mixes, baked goods, confections, dairy products, pet foods and a variety of other products.", "If you’d like to avoid aspartame, please keep in mind that it’s not only in chewing gum. It is a common ingredient in many  packaged foods and beverages , particularly those that are marketed as being sugar-free or low in calories. Examples include sugar-free or low calorie:", "Glucose syrup is transported in drums or in bulk road or rail tanks. It should not be stored in large quantities for long periods of time because its colour may deteriorate." ]

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[ "Individual coral animals, most of which exists in colonies, are the primary building blocks of the reef. They lie just beneath the surface of the seawater along the tropical and subtropical shores or in shallow warm seas. The reefs are caused by a build up of marine organisms, both animals and plant. Their skeletal deposits of calcium carbonate (limestone) form the reefs that have occasionally become inhabitable islands.", "In the Gulf of Mexico, marine algae play an irreplaceable role in maintaining marine life and habitats. In reef environments, some species of red algae “exceed corals in importance as reef building organisms.” [1] Hence, the term “tropical reef” is sometimes used instead of \"coral reef\" to reflect this diversity.", "Tropical coral reefs are biotic reefs formed in tropical waters by live organisms such as calcareous algae (including red algae) and corals. In contrast, abiotic reefs are formed by the deposit of sand and other materials in shallow water. Organisms responsible for building tropical (biotic) coral reefs can only grow at 20- 28°C , so although coral reefs live in all oceans, most are found between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer . The best growing habitat for coral reefs is a clear-water photic zone less than 50 m deep where light shines down and microscopic algae can best provide photosynthesis for the corals.", "A fringing reef forms along the shoreline of most new tropical islands. This is because the reef building coral animal is one of the few marine organisms that can survive in the warm, nutrient-poor surface tropical waters. In fact, the reef building coral (hermatypic) can only survive in warm, clear ocean waters (such as would be common around a new oceanic island). The coral animal reproduces sexually with a microscopic planktonic larval form that is abundant in tropical waters during coral reproduction. Most of these larvae never grow to adults because there is no place for them to exist in the warm surface ocean waters on a solid surface. They need to attach to a solid surface that will stay in the warm, sunlit, clear tropical water and most places are already taken � but not on a new island. So a coral reef forms along the edge of this new island, right next to the island and is called a fringing reef - the first step in 'classical' coral reef formation.", "Reefs comprise some of the densest and most diverse habitats in the world. The best-known types of reefs are tropical coral reefs which exist in most tropical waters; however, reefs can also exist in cold water. Reefs are built up by corals and other calcium-depositing animals, usually on top of a rocky outcrop on the ocean floor. Reefs can also grow on other surfaces, which has made it possible to create artificial reefs. Coral reefs also support a huge community of life, including the corals themselves, their symbiotic zooxanthellae, tropical fish and many other organisms.", "The reef actually consists of some 2,100 individual reefs and some 800 fringing reefs (formed around islands or bordering coastlines). Many are dry or barely awash at low tide; some have islands of coral sand , or cays; others fringe high islands or the mainland coast. In spite of this variety, the reefs share a common origin: each has been formed, over millions of years, from the skeletons and skeletal waste of a mass of living marine organisms. The “bricks” in the reef framework are formed by the calcareous remains of the tiny creatures known as coral polyps and hydrocorals, while the “cement” that binds these remains together is formed in large part by coralline algae and bryozoans . The interstices of this framework have been filled in by vast quantities of skeletal waste produced by the pounding of the waves and the depredations of boring organisms.", "A barrier reef forms as the oceanic island begins to sink into Earth's crust due to the absence of volcanic island building forces, the added weight of the coral reef, and erosion at the surface of the island. As the island sinks, the coral reef continues to grow upward. The coral animals lay down tremendous amounts of calcium carbonate (in part due to their symbiotic zooxanthellae) in the form of their skeletons (called corallites). If conditions are good they can usually keep pace with the sinking island. Their living tissue remains in the upper part of the reef in the warm, clear, tropical water. The lower part of the reef is composed of the calcium carbonate skeletons left by the reef building coral. This upward growth creates a lagoon of water between the top of the reef (that started as a fringing reef) and the sinking crustal island. The lagoon fills in with eroded material from both the reef and the island and is a haven for marine forms that require protection from waves and storms. This barrier reef is generally not a complete circle as it may be broken, here and there, by storms.", "Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria, which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters. Often called \"rainforests of the sea\", shallow coral reefs form some of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. They occupy less than 0.1% of the world's ocean surface, about half the area of France, yet they provide a home for at least 25% of all marine species, including fish, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, echinode... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "Reefs are home to a large variety of animals, including fish, seabirds, sponges, cnidarians (which includes some types of corals and jellyfish), worms, crustaceans (including shrimp, cleaner shrimp, spiny lobsters and crabs), mollusks (including cephalopods), echinoderms (including starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers), sea squirts, sea turtles and sea snakes. Aside from humans, mammals are rare on coral reefs, with visiting cetaceans such as dolphins being the main exception. A few of these varied species feed directly on corals, while others graze on algae on the reef. Reef biomass is positively related to species diversity. ", "There are various types of shallow-water coral reef, including fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls; most occur in tropical and subtropical seas. They are very slow-growing, adding perhaps one centimetre (0.4 in) in height each year. The Great Barrier Reef is thought to have been laid down about two million years ago. Over time, corals fragment and die, sand and rubble accumulates between the corals, and the shells of clams and other molluscs decay to form a gradually evolving calcium carbonate structure. Coral reefs are extremely diverse marine ecosystems hosting over 4,000 species of fish, massive numbers of cnidarians, molluscs, crustaceans, and many other animals.", "On some islands, tropical forests climb from steamy lowlands to mountain slopes. Coral reefs line thousands of tranquil atolls, while relentless waves batter rocky cliffs on other shores.", "The oceans are home to millions of fish, a conglomeration of thousands of species that fall into three classes as distinct from one another as are reptiles from mammals. Within this enormous population of cold-blooded animals that breathe through gills are a group of herbivores, such as yellow tangs, blennies and angelfish that thrive on algae and other plant matter. Without them the world's tropical reefs are compromised, as already seen in the Western Atlantic, because algae competes with coral and invertebrates such as sea urchins. The parrot fish is one of the most striking species in the tropical reefs -- their green, blue, yellow, red and pink colors mimicking that of their namesake. Some of the more diminutive members of herbivorous tropical fish, such as various species of sturgeon fish and pygmy angelfish, are wild caught or bred in captivity to inhabit aquariums around the world, prized for their beauty, the tranquility they inspire and the role they fulfill by cleaning the tank of algae.", "Coral reefs begin to form when free-swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard surfaces along the edges of islands or continents. As the corals grow and expand, reefs take on one of three major characteristic structures fringing, barrier or atoll. Fringing reefs, which are the most common, project seaward directly from the shore, forming borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands. Barrier reefs also border shorelines, but at a greater distance. They are separated from their adjacent land mass by a lagoon of open, often deep water. If a fringing reef forms around a volcanic island that subsides completely below sea level while the coral continues to grow upward, an atoll forms. Atolls are usually circular or oval, with a central lagoon. Parts of the reef platform may emerge as one or more islands, and gaps in the reef provide access to the central lagoon (Lalli and Parsons, 1995; Levinton, 1995; Sumich, 1996).", ". . Coral reefs --delicate undersea structures resembling rocky gardens made by tiny animals called coral polyps-- are important nurseries and shelters for fish and other sea life. They also protect coastlines, provide a critical source of food for millions of people, attract tourists and are potential storehouse of medicines for cancer and other diseases.", "The islands emerged from the floor of the Indian Ocean as a result of volcanic activity. Coral reefs provide occasional barriers to the rolling seas of the Indian Ocean, and breakers mark some of the world’s best diving areas. Along the seashore broad expanses of open, sandy beaches are interrupted by isolated groups of coconut palms or mangrove trees. A few coastal areas are distinguished by the harsh, dark tangle of recent lava flows, while others are covered by smoothly rounded rocks, eroded reminders of ancient volcanic activity.", "The species of stone crab in Bimini helps keep the coral clean of algae. The algae that grow on the coral compete and eventually kill the coral if the grow in excess. Other organisms depend on the coral reefs so the Stone crab plays an important role in this ecosystem (9).", "Coral reefs, rainforest of the sea, are one of nature's most remarkable creations - teaming with thousands of unique and valuable plants and animals. More than one-quarter of all marine species depend on coral reefs for their survival. Humans depend on the survival of coral reefs too. Coral reefs provide a natural wave barrier which protects beaches and coastlines from storms and floods.", "Coral reefs are the epicenter for immense amounts of biodiversity, and are a key player in the survival of an entire ecosystem. They provide various marine animals with food, protection, and shelter which keep generations of species alive.", "Around coral reefs, lagoons fill in with material eroded from the reef and the island. They become havens for marine life, providing protection from waves and storms.", "The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia. ", "The region's coral reefs, which contain about 70 species of hard corals and between 500–700 species of reef-associated fishes have undergone rapid decline in ecosystem integrity in recent years, and are considered particularly vulnerable to global warming and ocean acidification. According to a UNEP report, the caribbean coral reefs might get extinct in next 20 years due to population explosion along the coast lines, overfishing, the pollution of coastal areas and global warming. ", "n a group of small crustacean animals that live in shallow salt water seas The shells of these animals build upon old shells forming a large deposit called a coral reef Coral Reefs are erosion resistant and help protect the coastal shores, but are also very fragile Because coral and coral reefs are living things, they are easily killed", "9 The Coral Reef Ecosystem of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Problems and Prospects and the World Wide Fund For Nature - India Initiatives for its Conservation by Krishna Kumar1", "The coral reefs of Maluku are regarded as the most extensive and richest in the world but unfortunately detailed descriptions are largely lacking. However, indicative of both rapid growth and species diversity and richness is the report of Tomascik et al ( 1996 ) on the rapid coral colonisation of a 1988 lava flow from the Gunung Api volcano in the Banda Islands. Within 5 years of the eruption the flow supported a diverse coral community of 124 species with a coral cover of more than 60%.", "Although not coral reefs, a closely related habitat which requires similar management and conservation approaches is the area of Halimeda bioherms found at the southern end of the Makassar Strait off southeastern Sulawesi. ( Roberts and Phipps, 1988 ; Phipps and Roberts, 1988 ). Associated with the Kalukalukuang Bank in particular, these algal reefs may also be found around the margin of the Sunda Shelf towards Kalimantan. Here algal growth is favoured over reef growth as nutrient rich deep Pacific water floods southwards through the Makassar Strait and upwells around the banks and shelf margin.", "1991. After a review of the islands' oceanographic and geologic settings, contributions utilize a taxonomic approach to explore: the genera and species of shallow-water invertebrates, biogeographic affinities, factors controlling the occurrence of species in the islands, localities and habitats, and evolutionary relationships with species in other parts of the world. The volume focuses exclusively on marine invertebrate fauna, with the exception of a chapter on land snails, which rounds out coverage of the phylum Mollusca.", "The Moskitos Cays is an offshore island group with associated coral reefs situated 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) from the north shore. The area is home to several endangered species including the Hawksbill turtle, Caribbean manatee, Tucuxi freshwater dolphin, and caiman crocodile.", "The island is a haven for several types of crustacean ; \"warrior crabs\" ( Cardisoma carnifex ) overrun the jungle at night. The extremely large 4-kilogram (8.8 lb) coconut crab or robber crab (Birgus latro) is found here in large numbers. Because of the protections provided the species on this atoll, and the isolation of the east rim of the atoll, the species is recorded in greater densities there than anywhere else in its range (339 crabs/ha). [96]", "The island is a haven for several types of crustacean ; “warrior crabs” ( Cardisoma carnifex ) overrun the jungle at night. The extremely large 4-kilogram (8.8 lb) coconut crab or robber crab (Birgus latro) is found here in large numbers. Because of the protections provided the species on this atoll, and the isolation of the east rim of the atoll, the species is recorded in greater densities there than anywhere else in its range (339 crabs/ha). [106]", "For over a quarter century, Mark Rauzon has worked in the developing field of island restoration—a branch of science that strives to control or completely remove pests and weeds from environments in which they don't belong. His job has taken him to numerous atolls in the American Insular Pacific to eradicate the pests that have been introduced, either on purpose or accidentally, by humans. These U.S. possessions and territories are the nearest neighbors to the state of Hawai'i and include various islands and atolls: Kiritimati, Jarvis, Howland, Baker, the Northern Marianas, Palmyra, Wake, Johnston, and Rose Atoll in American Samoa. Recently, the islands have anchored a vast National Marine Monument program created to protect the largest area in the world safe from human exploitation.", "Rauzon examines the studies and eradication efforts—his own among them—that have been launched in order to restore the atoll ecosystems to their original, balanced states. Isles of Amnesia links the history of the vast American Pacific together with modern conservation practices, explores the creation of the National Marine Monuments and what their protection means to a changing ocean, and presents original research about the Smithsonian's Pacific projects and germ warfare testing. Illustrated with over seventy photographs and drawings, this much-needed work tells the unknown ecological story of America's forgotten Pacific islands.", "A small island packed to its steep-cliffed shoreline with fascinating natural life: sea lions, land iguanas, swallow-tailed gulls, Opuntia cactus, and vegetation that changes color with the seasons." ]

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[ "George Hosato Takei (b. April 20, 1937) is an American actor best known for his role in the TV series Star Trek, in which he played the helmsman Hikaru Sulu on the USS Enterprise. Most recently, he played Hiro Nakamura's father Kaito Nakamura on the NBC television show Heroes.", "George Hosato Takei Altman (born April 20, 1937) is an American actor of Japanese descent, best known for his role in the television series Star Trek, in which he played Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the USS Enterprise. He is a proponent of gay rights and active in state and local politics as well as continuing his acting career. He has won several awards and accolades in his work on human rights and Japanese-American relations, including his work with the Japanese American National Museum. Description above from the Wikipedia article George Takei, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia.", "George Hosato Takei Altman (born April 20, 1937) is an American actor, best known for his role in the television series Star Trek, in which he played Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the USS Enterprise. He played the father of Hiro Nakamura, Kaito Nakamura, on the NBC television show Heroes. Takei is also known for his baritone voice, and has been the announcer for The Howard Stern Show since January 9, 2006 when the show moved to SIRIUS XM Radio. In 2008, Takei came third in the eighth series of the British reality series I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here!", "* George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, the Enterprises helmsman. In his autobiography, Takei described the film's shooting schedule as \"astonishingly luxurious\", but noted that frequent script rewrites during production \"usually favored Bill\" [Shatner]. ", "Star Trek: The Original Series or \"TOS\"Originally titled Star Trek, it has in recent years become known as Star Trek: The Original Series or as \"Classic Star Trek\"—retronyms that distinguish it from its sequels and the franchise as a whole. debuted in the United States on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission \"to boldly go where no man has gone before.\" The original 1966–1969 television series featured William Shatner as Captain James T. Kirk, Leonard Nimoy as Spock, DeForest Kelley as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, James Doohan as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, Nichelle Nichols as Uhura, George Takei as Hikaru Sulu, and Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov. During the series' original run, it earned several nominations for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and won twice: for the two-parter \"The Menagerie\" and the Harlan Ellison-written episode \"The City on the Edge of Forever\".", "William Shatner (Captain James T. Kirk), Leonard Nimoy (Captain Spock), DeForest Kelley (Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy), James Doohan (Capt. Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott), Walter Koenig (Cmdr. Pavel Chekov), Nichelle Nichols (Cmdr. Uhura), George Takei (Cmdr. Hikaru Sulu), David Warner (St. John Talbot), Laurence Luckinbill (Sybok), Charles Cooper (Gen. Korrd), Cynthia Gouw (Caithlin Dar), Todd Bryant (Capt. Klaa), Spice Williams (Vixis), Rex Holman (J`onn), George Murdock (God), ��", "Scott (Doohan) and Sulu (Takei) were also kept, the latter becoming the ship's helmsman instead of physicist. Two additions made the Enterprise main crew complete: DeForest Kelley was hired to play the new chief medical officer, Leonard McCoy , as Roddenberry had known him from previous projects, including the aforementioned Police Story. Actress Nichelle Nichols got the role of communications officer Uhura , who became a symbol of the racial and gender diversity of the show. Nichols was a last minute addition, weeks before filming began on the first regular episode.", "Proving there's life after \"Star Trek,\" this documentary profiles the career of actor George Takei, who played Lieutenant Sulu in the series and later became a well-known advocate for gay rights, backed by a legion of enduring fans.", "Star Trek: Enterprise, originally titled Enterprise, is a prequel to the original Star Trek series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005. Enterprise takes place in the 2150s, some 90 years after the events of Zefram Cochrane's first warp flight and about a decade before the founding of the Federation. The show centers on the voyages of Earth's first warp-five capable starship, the Enterprise, commanded by Captain Jonathan Archer (played by Scott Bakula), and the Vulcan Sub-Commander T'Pol (played by Jolene Blalock).", " In 1965, producer Gene Roddenberry cast him as Lt. Sulu in the second Star Trek pilot and eventually the Star Trek television series. It was intended that Sulu's role be expanded in the second season, but Takei's role as Captain Nim, a South Vietnamese Army officer, alongside John Wayne's character in The Green Berets, meant that he only appeared in half the season. Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov substituted for him in the other episodes. When Takei returned, the two men had to share a dressing room and a single episode script. Takei admitted in an interview that he initially felt threatened by Koenig's presence, but later grew to be friends with him as the image of the officers sharing the ship's helm panel side-by-side became iconic. ", "Star Trek is a science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry which aired from September 8, 1966 through June 3, 1969. 80 episodes were produced, 79 of which were aired. Although cancelled after a relatively short run, the program was placed in syndication, where it spawned a strong fan following and, later, achieved iconic status as an American - and eventually worldwide - television phenomenon. Set in the 23rd century, Star Trek follows the adventures of the starship Enterprise and her crew, led by Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his First Officer Mr. Spock (Leonard Nimoy).", "The U.S.S. Enterprise NCC-1701-D was a Galaxy-class starship and the flagship of Starfleet. The fifth starship to be named Enterprise was commanded by Captain Jean-Luc Picard. This ship provided the main setting for the Star Trek: The Next Generation television series (1987-1994). The USS Enterprise-D was destroyed in 2371 after an attack by renegade Klingons breached her warp core as depicted in \"Star Trek: Generations.\"", "It's been three years since the crew of the Enterprise started their five-year mission, and they're in need of a break. So they head to the nearest spaceport for some down-time, which is soon interrupted when Captain Kirk (Chris Pine) and his team (Zachary Quinto, Karl Urban, Zoe Saldana, Simon Pegg, John Cho and Anton Yelchin) are called to travel through a dangerous nebula to rescue a kidnapped crew from a villainous thug called Krall (Idris Elba). On arrival, the Enterprise is overwhelmed by Krall's bee-like military swarm. Stranded on a strange planet, the crew teams up with Jaylah (Sofia Boutella), a feisty survivor of one of Krall's earlier attacks. And as they realise the extent of Krall's evil plan, they're not sure that they can stop him.", "The crew of the starship USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-A) enjoys shore leave after the ship's shakedown cruise goes poorly. Captain James T. Kirk is camping with Spock and Dr. Leonard McCoy at Yosemite National Park. Their leave is interrupted when Enterprise is ordered by Starfleet Command to rescue human, Klingon and Romulan hostages on the planet Nimbus III. In space, the Klingon Captain Klaa is bored destroying space refuse and longs for a real battle; when he learns Enterprise is heading to Nimbus III he decides to fight Kirk for personal glory and sets his ship on an intercept course....", "The adventures of the USS Enterprise, representing the United Federation of Planets on a five-year mission in outer space to explore new worlds, seek new life and new civilizations, and to boldly go where no one has gone before. The Enterprise is commanded by handsome and brash Captain James T. Kirk. His First Officer and best friend is Mr. Spock from the planet Vulcan, and Kirk's Medical Officer is Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy. With a crew of approximately 430, the Enterprise battles aliens, megalomanical computers, time paradoxes, psychotic murderers, and even Khan! Written by Marty McKee <mmckee@wkio.com>", "* George Takei (Hikaru Sulu in Star Trek: The Animated Series, S.T.E.V.E. in Free Birds, and Emperor Yoshiro in Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 video game)", "Star Trek: The Motion Picture is a 1979 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the first Star Trek film and stars the cast of the original 1966–1969 Star Trek television series. The film is set in the twenty-third century when a mysterious and immensely powerful alien cloud known as V'Ger approaches Earth, destroying everything in its path. Admiral James T. Kirk (William Shatner) resumes command of his previous starship—the recently refitted USS Enterprise—to lead it on a mission to save the planet and determine VGers origins.", "In the 2009 film Star Trek, the Enterprise makes its first appearance in an altered timeline while it is still under construction in a planetside yard in Riverside, Iowa in 2255. Captain Christopher Pike (Bruce Greenwood) commands the Enterprise on its maiden voyage in 2258 to respond to a distress call from Vulcan although command later shifts to Commander Spock (Zachary Quinto) and, by film's conclusion, Kirk (Chris Pine) is promoted to captain and receives command of the Federation’s flagship as his first assignment out of the academy. This version of the ship, like the movies it appeared in, was controversial for being a radical departure from the original. The re-imagined Enterprise appears in both 2013's Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016's Star Trek Beyond, where it is destroyed.", "Captain James T. Kirk was the commander, star, and hero of the original 1960s sci-fi TV series Star Trek. As played by William Shatner , Captain Kirk was an impetuous fist-fighting alpha male, leading the multi-racial, mostly-human crew of the starship Enterprise on a series of space adventures throughout the universe. According to the futuristic mythology of the show, Kirk was promoted to captain of the Enterprise in 2264, and given a five-year mission “to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before.” He was assisted by his emotionless Vulcan science officer, Mr. Spock (played by Leonard Nimoy ), and the emotional Dr. McCoy (played by DeForest Kelley ). Capt. Kirk appeared in the original series (1966-69) and in seven feature films: Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979); Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan (1982); Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984); Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986); Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989); Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991); and Star Trek: Generations (1994). A younger version of Kirk was played by actor Chris Pine in the 2009 feature Star Trek and its 2013 sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness.", "Launched in 2245, the original and illustrious starship U.S.S. Enterprise NCC-1701 was built in the San Francisco Yards orbiting Earth . The Constitution-class starship was previously captained by Robert April and Christopher Pike , before coming under the command of Captain James T. Kirk .", "Jeffrey Hunter played the commanding officer of the USS Enterprise, Captain Christopher Pike, in the rejected Star Trek television pilot \"The Cage\". In developing a new pilot episode, called \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", series creator Gene Roddenberry changed the captain's name to \"James Kirk\" after rejecting other options like Hannibal, Timber, Flagg and Raintree. The name was inspired by Captain James Cook, whose journal entry \"ambition leads me ... farther than any other man has been before me\" inspired the episode title. The character is in part based on C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower hero, and NBC wanted the show to emphasize the captain's \"rugged individualism\". Jack Lord was Desilu Productions' original choice to play Kirk, but his demand for fifty-percent ownership of the show led to him not being hired. The second pilot episode was successful, and \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\" was broadcast as the third episode of Star Trek on September 22, 1966.", "In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Tapestry, Q shows Captain Picard what he would've become had he not gotten into the bar fight as a cadet that gave him his artificial heart. Needless to say, he wasn't the same lovable stoic badass we remember. Can you say, Lieutenant j.g. Picard? Although, oddly enough, everything else seemed to remain exactly the same , except for the unseen Captain Thomas Halloway being in command of the Enterprise. Though that was fulfilling Picard's request when he first took up Q on the offer: only Picard could be affected by the change.", "Star Trek: Enterprise is the latest entry in the Star Trek television saga and takes place during the mid-22nd century. Under the command of Captain Jonathan Archer, the crew of the first warp five starship (the Enterprise NX-01) begin to explore the galaxy. As their mission progresses, the crew encounter familiar races like the Klingons and Andorians as well as some new ones.", "Scott Bakula was already familiar to television audiences as Dr. Sam Beckett, the time-traveling do-gooder he played for five seasons on the NBC series “Quantum Leap,” when he won the role of Capt. Jonathan Archer, commander of the first Warp 5 starship, in 2001 for the new show “Star Trek: Enterprise.” It was a role he played for four seasons until the series was canceled in 2005, and it placed him in the fairly elite ranks of actors to wear a captain’s uniform on a “Star Trek” television series, though he hasn’t become as indelibly identified with Archer as, say, William Shatner has with James. T. Kirk (apologies to Chris Pine).", "The series follows the adventures of a space-faring crew on board the starship , the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry and the seventh starship by that name. (See Starship Enterprise for other ships with the name and/or registry). The series is set about 70 years after the final mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk. The Federation has undergone massive internal changes in its quest to explore and seek out new life, adding new degrees of complexity and controversy to its methods, especially those focused on the Prime Directive. The Klingon Empire and the United Federation of Planets have ceased wartime hostilities and become galactic allies, while more sinister foes such as the Romulans and the Borg take precedence on the series.", "Star Trek was a classic TV sci-fi series set aboard the Starship Enterprise. It starred William Shatner as the dashing Captain James T. Kirk. It aired from 1966-1969.", "Captain Jean-Luc Picard is a fictional character in the Star Trek: The Next Generation (a.k.a. TNG) franchise. He appears in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation and the feature films Star Trek: Generations (1994), Star Trek: First Contact (1996), Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), and Star Trek: Nemesis (2002). He also made a guest appearance in the pilot episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, which began its seven-year run during the sixth season of TNG. He is portrayed by actor Patrick Stewart.", "\"Star Trek\" followed the Enterprise's crew as they explored other worlds and encountered aliens. Spock was first officer and science officer under Captain James T. Kirk, played by William Shatner. The two helped make \"Star Trek\" a cultural phenomenon.", "Picard was ferried from Starbase 52 and assumed command of the Enterprise-D on stardate 41124.0 in 2364 , on the order of Rear Admiral Norah Satie . Also assigned to the Enterprise as chief medical officer was Jack Crusher's widow, Beverly Crusher. ( TNG novel : Reunion ; TNG novelization : All Good Things... ; TNG episode : \" The Drumhead \")", "Roddenberry developed several possible scripts, including \"Mudd's Women\", \"The Omega Glory\", and with the help of Samuel A. Peeples, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\". NBC selected the last one, leading to later rumors that Peeples created Star Trek, something he has always denied. Roddenberry was determined to make the crew racially diverse, which impressed actor George Takei when he came for his audition. The episode went into production on July 15, 1965, and was completed at around half the cost of \"The Cage\" since the sets were already built. Roddenberry worked on several projects for the rest of the year. In December, he decided to write lyrics to the Star Trek theme; this angered the theme's composer, Alexander Courage, as it meant that royalties would be split between them. In February 1966, NBC informed Desilu that they were buying Star Trek and that it would be included in the fall 1966 television schedule. ", "Enterprise first appeared in the 1968 movie Yours, Mine and Ours. Henry Fonda played the role of Frank Beardsley, a U.S. Navy officer detached from the ship.", "The legacy of Star Trek, as created by Gene Roddenberry, continues to grow as the newest series, Enterprise, joins Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager. Star Trek: The Next Generation has evolved into a feature film series, debuting in 1994 with \" Star Trek Generations .\" Roddenberry is often affectionately referred to as the \"Great Bird of the Galaxy.\"" ]

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[ "Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called “Caspian the Seafarer” and “Caspian the Navigator” — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian’s ancestors the Telmarines . Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair.", "Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called \"Caspian the Seafarer\" and \"Caspian the Navigator\" — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew and heir of King Miraz of Narnia. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian's ancestors the Telmarines. Caspian is also a central character in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair.", "Prince Caspian, later to become King Caspian X of Narnia, Lord of Cair Paravel and Emperor of The Lone Islands – also called \"Caspian the Seafarer\" and \"Caspian the Navigator\" — is the title character of the second book in the series, first introduced as the young nephew of, and heir to, King Miraz of Narnia. Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia is set 1300 years after the rule of High King Peter and his siblings, when Old Narnians have been driven into hiding by Caspian's ancestors the Telmarines. Caspian is also a central character inThe Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and appears briefly at the beginning and end of The Silver Chair.", "The time in which Narnia was ruled by the Pevensies is known as the Golden Age, because gold became quite common after High King Peter repulsed the Great Leprechaun Invasion of 1322 and took several prisoners. Same-centaur marriage was made legal, nuclear power came into widespread use, and Edmund got some poor, drunk mermaid pregnant. There was a minor problem with the giants to the north: they kept climbing over the wall into Narnia and trying to get minimum-wage jobs. High King Peter issued his First Edict, in which he told the giants \"When in Narnia please speak Narnglish.\"", "When the children are forced to make a decision, Peter, as High King, has the final word. In order to stall the war long enough for Lucy to find Aslan and awaken the Narnians, Peter claims the right to a one-on-one duel with the Telmarine king, Miraz. After the Pevensie children help defeat the Telmarines, Peter formally gives Caspian the authority to rule a free Narnia. Aslan gives Caspian the authority to \"rule under Us and under the High King\". Peter later confided to Lucy and Edmund that he was told by Aslan that he and Susan will never return to Narnia, as they are now too old, and have learned all that they can from that world.", "The four Pevensie siblings are the main human protagonists of The Chronicles of Narnia. Varying combinations of some or all of them appear in five of the seven novels. They are introduced in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and eventually become Kings and Queens of Narnia reigning as a tetrarchy: High King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just, and Queen Lucy the Valiant. Although introduced in the series as children, the siblings grow up into adults while reigning in Narnia. They go back to being children once they get back to their own world, but feature as adults in The Horse and His Boy during their Narnia reign.", "Peter was a Greater War veteran who led his family to Narnia to escape religious persecution at the hands of the Eggnogstics . He married a lapsed Eggnogstic named Amelia, was crowned High King of Narnia by Aslan, and soon ingratiated himself to his subjects by legalizing prositution, racial segregation and the hunting of centaurs when in season. High King Peter struggled with a crack-cocaine addiction all his life, an addiction that eventually forced him to abdicate the throne. He returned centuries later at Aslan's behest to save Narnia from the evil Donald Trumpkin , and later fathered King Craspian I.", "He is first mentioned by Mr. Beaver, who tells the Pevensie children (Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy) that \"Aslan is on the move\". He explains that Aslan is the true king of Narnia and that the children (as Sons of Adam and Daughters of Eve) are the chosen ones to help end the tyrannical rule of the White Witch. Even as the children explore Narnia, Aslan's presence begins to weaken Jadis' grip on the land; the ice begins to melt and Father Christmas appears at last and gives the children gifts.", " Gale- was a King of Narniaand was the first Emperor of The Lone Islands. Gale was ninth in descent from King Frank, and therefore presumably the tenth king of Narnia. It was under King Gale that the Lone Islands became part of the lands of Narnia. Gale sailed to the Lone Islands and there slew a dragon. The people of the Lone Islands gave their country to him in gratitude. All that is known about King Gale is from a single sentence in chapter eight in The Last Battle. Apparently nothing was known about King Gale’s achievements during the reigns of King Peter and his siblings nor during the reign of Caspian X. A conversation in The Voyage OF the Dawn Treader reveals that neither Caspian nor King Edmund knew how the Lone Islands came to be under the crown of Narnia. The narrator writes that he does not know either, but if he finds out and it is interesting then perhaps he will write the story. C.S. Lewis never wrote that story. Years later in The Last Battle the story has apparently been rediscovered.", "One year after the incredible events of “The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe,” the newly-annointed Kings and Queens of Narnia find themselves back in that faraway wondrous realm, only to discover that more than 1000 years have passed in Narnian time. During their absence, the Golden Age of Narnia has become extinct, and now exists as little more than folklore. The land’s magical talking animals and mythical creatures have disappeared, becoming little more than folk tales to the Telmarines, a race of humans led by the evil King Miraz, who now rules the land without mercy. Though his name is still remembered in the woods, the mighty lion Aslan has also not been seen in a thousand years.", "Peter has a minor role in the story. He was the only one to address Tirian, the king of Narnia at the time, in Tirian's vision of the Seven Friends of Narnia. After attending a dinner with the other Friends, Peter and Edmund went to London to retrieve the magic rings that Professor Digory Kirke buried in the Ketterleys' yard, hoping to use them to get Eustace and Jill to Narnia. Both were waiting for Lucy, Eustace, Jill, Digory, and Polly at the station platform when the train crashed and killed them all, temporarily transporting Jill and Eustace to Narnia until the end of the world, upon which they make their way to the real Narnia, or heaven, and meet back up with Peter, Edmund, Lucy, Digory, and Polly. Peter is described by Tirian as having the face of a king and a warrior. After Tirian passed through the stable door and saw Tash for the first time, Peter calmly ordered the demon to leave with his prey. After passing judgement on all the inhabitants of Narnia, Aslan orders Peter to shut the door, ending the world. Peter is one of many others allowed to stay in Aslan's Country including the parents of Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy.", "Though merely children, the Pevensie siblings helped motivate the Narnian morale and thus led the Narnians into an uprising against Jadis in the Winter Revolution . One of them, Edmund , nearly defected to Jadis' side, though ultimately betrayed her in order to maintain loyalty to his siblings. After the glorious victory, the Pevensies were all four coronated as kings and queens, establishing the first Narnian oligarchy. Peter Pevensie , the eldest (nearly of adult age), was deemed the High King of Narnia.", "Nephew. In the previous book, Aslan had foretold a prophecy that because humans (Digory and Polly) had brought the witch Jadis into Narnia, human would also be the ones responsible for removing her from power. Those humans come in the form of four siblings: Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy Pevensie. They are sent to live in the English countryside with Digory, who is now old and called Professor Digory, to escape the London Blitz. While at Digory's estate, Lucy comes across a magical wardrobe that leads her right into Narnia, where thousands of years have passes since Digory first journeyed there. She meets a kind faun named Mr. Tumnus, but must leave soon afterward because the White Witch, Jadis, has ascended to rule Narnia and plunged the entire land into an eternal winter. She hunts any known humans and kills them, knowing of Aslan's prophecy. ", "Peter is the oldest. He and his brother are termed “the sons of Adam.” He is noble and courageous. He protected his sister Susan from a fierce wolf at the risk of his own life. With his good character, he quickly matures into a young man in Narnia. King Aslan rewards him by crowning him “King Peter the Magnificent!” He represents the wonderful image of God that we are all born with.", "The Narnians raid Miraz's castle, but Caspian ruins the plan by freeing Cornelius instead of opening the gate. He learns that Miraz killed his father, and confronts Miraz but is wounded. Overwhelmed, Peter calls for a retreat. Peter, Susan, Edmund, Caspian and the Narnians escape with heavy losses. Upon returning to Aslan's How, Peter and Caspian argue, while back at the castle, Miraz is crowned King.", "1,300 years in Narnia after the Pevensie siblings left, Caspian, a Telmarine prince and the rightful heir to the throne, is informed by his mentor Doctor Cornelius that his uncle, Miraz, is plotting to kill him and seize the throne for himself and his newborn heir. Cornelius gives him Queen Susans ancient magical horn, instructing him to blow it only at his greatest need. Caspian flees into the woods where he encounters two Narnian dwarfs, Trumpkin and Nikabrik, and a talking badger named Trufflehunter, and blows the horn to summon help.", "Meanwhile, Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis, and Edmund is seriously wounded. Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements. The Narnians rout Jadis's supporters, and Aslan kills Jadis. Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield, and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded, starting with Edmund. The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel. Soon afterward, Aslan slips away and disappears.", "Craspian I - Originally arrived in Narnia on a tourist visa. When that expired and when King Peter disappeared, Craspian took over the country.", "The Pevensies' reign lasted fifteen years (1000 NT-1015 NT). Throughout their rule, Edmund became known as King Edmund the Just, because of his great council and judgment. He also became an accomplished diplomat and warrior, and the reign he shared with his siblings became known as the Golden Age of Narnia .", "One day the children hide in the wardrobe to avoid the housekeeper and some houseguests. Suddenly all four Pevensie children find themselves in Narnia. Lucy leads them to Tumnus's home, but a note informs them that Tumnus has been arrested on charges of treason. Lucy realized that this means the Witch knows that Tumnus spared Lucy's life, and that the Witch has captured Tumnus. Lucy implores her siblings to help her rescue Tumnus from the Witch. Guided by a friendly robin, the children wander into the woods, and meet Mr. Beaver. Mr. Beaver brings them back to his home, where he explains that the children cannot do anything to save Tumnus. The only thing the children can do is join Mr. Beaver on a journey to see Aslan a lion. Aslan appears to be a king or god figure in Narnia. The children are all pleasantly enchanted by the name Aslan, except for Edmund, who is horrified by the sound of it. Mr. Beaver, Peter, Susan, and Lucy plot to meet Aslan at the Stone Table the following day, but they soon notice that Edmund has disappeared. Meanwhile, Edmund searches for the White Witch to warn her of Aslan's arrival and of the Beavers' plan. The Witch is enraged to hear that Aslan is in Narnia and immediately begins plotting to kill the children. The Witch wants to avoid an ancient prophecy that says that four humans will someday reign over Narnia and overthrow her evil regime.", "\"Long ago in the Land of Narnia, there lived two kings and two queens. Their names were Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy. They lived long in that land and ruled well and wisely, being dearly loved by their people. But at the time of this story they were all still young, almost children in fact.", "Edmund later strays to the White Witch (having met her when he first came into Narnia and been seduced by her promises of power) and Peter later confesses to Aslan that his anger towards Edmund (for trying to make out that Lucy was a liar) probably helped him to go wrong. Peter and his siblings had been under the protection of Mr and Mrs. Beaver after arriving in Narnia, and Mr. Beaver had suspected Edmund was a traitor from the moment he set eyes on him, but did not mention anything to the others about it until his absence was noticed and Mr Beaver figured out that Edmund had gone to the White Witch. Edmund is then rescued on Aslan's orders. Meanwhile, the others all make their way to the Stone Table to meet Aslan.", "Aslan ( or) is the main character of C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. He is \"the great Lion\" of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and his role in Narnia is developed throughout the remaining books. He is also the only character to appear in all seven books of the series. Aslan is Turkish for \"lion\". Lewis often capitalises the word lion in reference to Aslan, since, at least partially, he represents Jesus Christ. ", "Aslan then blows Jill into Narnia, where she arrives a few moments after Eustace. They see a very old King Caspian setting sail to search for Aslan one last time, but fail to realise who he is until it is too late, and are unable to speak to him. However, the elderly Lord Regent, Trumpkin the Dwarf, takes them to Cair Paravel. There they are aided by Master Glimfeather the Owl and a Parliament of his fellow talking owls (a pun on Chaucer's Parlement of Foules, and a nod toward \"parliament\" as a collective noun for owls, as \"exaltation\" is for larks). The owls explain that Rilian disappeared while searching for the green serpent that killed his mother; they believe that he is now under the spell of an enchantress he had seen in the forest while searching for the serpent. As Jill and Eustace journey toward the far north of Narnia, they acquire a companion and guide, a gloomy but stalwart Marsh-wiggle, fittingly named Puddleglum (or \"the wet blanket\").", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven high fantasy novels by author C. S. Lewis. It is considered a classic of children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. Written by Lewis, illustrated by Pauline Baynes, and originally published in London between 1950 and 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, the stage, and film.", "The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C. S. Lewis . It is considered a classic of children's literature and is the author's best-known work, having sold over 100 million copies in 47 languages. Written by Lewis between 1949 and 1954, illustrated by Pauline Baynes and published in London between October 1950 and March 1956, The Chronicles of Narnia has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, stage , and cinema . In addition to numerous traditional Christian themes, the series borrows characters and ideas from Greek and Roman mythology , as well as from traditional British and Irish fairy tales .", "Chronicles is a series of seven \"high fantasy\" novels written between 1949 and 1954. In most of the stories, the main characters are human children who visit the magical world of Narnia, where they are honored as nobility. The books are largely inspired by Christian, Greek, and Roman mythologies , and also from Irish and English fairy tales. Like Stevenson's tale, Lewis's are unusual for children’s' works in that they explore, sometimes controversially, themes of gender, race, war, and religion.", "In the Narnia Chronicles, Lewis often uses relevant words from foreign languages to name important characters. For instance, \"aslan\" is the Turkish word for \"lion,\" and the French word \"jadis\" means \"of old\" (in his first Narnia book, \"The Lion, the Witch, and The Wardrobe\"). Lewis says that the White Witch, whose name is later revealed to be Jadis, uses the \"Old Magic,\" but Aslan's magic is even older.", "Thus begins the first adventure into the land of Narnia, the setting for C.S. Lewis's most famous series of books. Although the Christian subtext to the books is an open secret among adult readers, generations of children have loved the stories without noticing the parallel between Aslan the lion and Jesus Christ.", "While only some kings and queens are named in the book, the custom of Narnians to name sons after fathers, as well as a timeline that Lewis wrote outside of the series proper, helps create a fairly complete list of monarchs in the world of Narnia. This table gives the regnal years of the monarchs, as determined by the timeline and clues in the books themselves.", "Not only a lovely lady and an accomplished queen, she was also a fierce warrior and a skilled archer. In 1014, Narnia's ally, Archenland, was under attack from Rabadash , a Calormene prince. She and her brother, King Edmund, rode with the Narnian army to wage battle for their defense.", "12. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is chronologically the second book in the Narnia series. " ]

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[ "NFL challenge rules state that the only person who can issue a challenge is the head coach of the team. The head coach does this with a special red flag that he keeps with him throughout the game. The head coach signals that he wants to challenge a play by throwing the red flag onto the field of play. When the officials see the red flag, they blow the whistle and stop the clock. This must be done before the ball is snapped on the next play. If the ball is snapped, then a challenge cannot be made.", "* In American and Canadian football, referees use penalty flags to indicate that a foul has been committed in game play. The phrase used for such an indication is flag on the play. The flag itself is a small, weighted handkerchief, tossed on the field at the approximate point of the infraction; the intent is usually to sort out the details after the current play from scrimmage has concluded. In American football, the flag is usually yellow; in Canadian football, it is usually orange. In the National Football League, coaches also use red challenge flags to indicate that they wish to contest a ruling on the field.", "When the head coach wants to challenge a referee's call he must throw a red flag onto the field of play. When the referee sees the flag he will blow the his whistle and stop play in order to review the play in question.", "Game officials will automatically review controversial plays during the last two minutes of each half of play. During this time the coach is not allowed to throw the red challenge flag.", "A coach can challenge a number of plays which normally involve possession of the ball. For example, if a player is ruled to be out of bounds when receiving a ball but the coach feels differently, he may throw a red flag. Another popular time to throw the red flag would be when there is a question about whether a player has lost possession or fumbled the ball. Because challenges are limited, coached normally throw their flag only during critical times in the game.", "Penalties: The people in the stripped shirts are the officials. They carry out various tasks such as raising their arms to signal a touchdown or field goal, deciding if a pass was caught in bounds or out-of-bounds, placing the ball on the line of scrimmage for the next play, measuring to see if 10 yards have been covered, and assessing penalties for rule infractions. To call a penalty, an official takes a piece of yellow cloth, called a penalty marker or flag, from his pocket and throws it on the ground. There is then a flag on the play.", "NFL - On a tattered red flag, a skull over crossed swords with a football in the middle", "* In Gaelic football and Hurling a green flag is used to indicate a goal while a white flag is used to indicate a point", "A number of sports teams have been known to use variations of the Jolly Roger, with one of the best known in current use, an adaptation of Calico Jack's pirate flag, with a carnelian red background instead of the black, being that of the National Football League's Tampa Bay Buccaneers, with an American football over the crossing area of the two swords.", "The daft thing is that white stands out more than any other colour on the football pitch (Middlesbrough’s hoop was originally added for this reason). It makes even less sense when the same rule is applied to blue and white stripes against blue or white teams, as blue stands out less against the pitch.", "In the NFL, teams with a shade of the color red as the primary color of either the team's dark \"home\" jersey (or an alternate thereof) or its \"throwback\" jersey include the Arizona Cardinals, Atlanta Falcons, Houston Texans, Kansas City Chiefs, New England Patriots, San Francisco 49ers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Washington Redskins.", "Football is played by two teams of 11 players who face off trying to advance an elongated ellipsoid ball (often described as looking like an egg) towards the end zone and its tall yellow goalpost, where points can be scored. The offense has four opportunities (called downs) to advance the ball ten yards. Each new down begins where the preceding down ended (i.e. where the ball carrying player was \"marked down\" or - in the case of an incomplete pass - at the previous spot). If the ten yards have been achieved a new set of four downs starts. If a net distance of ten yards has not been achieved after four downs, the offense must turn the ball over to the other team.", "Since officials from the NFL and AFL wore different uniform designs, a \"neutral\" uniform was designed for this game. These uniforms had the familiar black and white stripes, but the sleeves were all black with the official's uniform number. This design was also worn in Super Bowl II, but was discontinued after that game when AFL officials began wearing uniforms identical to those of the NFL during the 1968 season, in anticipation of the AFL-NFL merger in .", "First time match officials were able to choose coloured jerseys (burgundy, yellow or white) aside from black", "In celebration of the franchise's 75th anniversary, the Redskins wore a special throwback uniform for the September 23, 2007 home game against the New York Giants. Players wore a white jersey (in keeping with Gibbs's exclusive use of the color, whereas most other NFL throwback jerseys tend to be dark) with 3 burgundy and 2 gold stripes on each sleeve and the 75th anniversary logo on the left chest. The pants were gold, with one white stripe bordered by a burgundy stripe on each side, running down each side. The helmet was gold-colored with a burgundy \"R\" logo. The helmet and uniform styles (besides the anniversary patch and the position of the upper-most, \"TV,\" numbers) were the same as the ones the franchise used during the 1970–71 seasons. While this throwback uniform was worn during a home game, it was actually the away uniform for 1970–71. (The helmet was discontinued after the 1971 season, while this basic away uniform design, minus the helmet, was used through the 1978 season, as well as during most of the 1969 season.) Vince Lombardi, who coached the Redskins in 1969 before dying during the 1970 pre-season, was the inspiration behind the helmet. Lombardi pushed for the logo, which sat inside a white circle enclosed within a burgundy circle border, with Indian feathers hanging down from the side, because of its similarity to the \"G\" on the helmets worn by his Green Bay Packers for many years.", "In England in 1890, the Football League , which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours, so as to avoid clashes. This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available. [21] Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change. [22] In 1927 the Scottish Football Association decreed a different solution, whereby home teams wore white shorts and away teams black shorts, but this rule was rescinded in 1929. [21]", "When a challenge flag is thrown, the referee goes to the sidelines and watches replays of the challenged play on a monitor. The referee can watch all the angles that the television cameras captured. He can watch the play in slow motion, backward, forward and in still frame. NFL challenge rules state that the referee has one minute to review the challenged play, but this sometimes takes longer. The referee must see \"indisputable visual evidence\" that the call on the field was incorrect. In cases where the replay is too close to tell, the call on the field stands.", "When a challenge flag is thrown, the referee will stop play and go to a monitor provided outside of the field of play. They will look at slow motion replays at different angles before making a decision. There must be indisputable evidence for a referee to overturn a call. Although rules state the referee has one minute to do this it often takes longer.", "Flag football is a version of American football, but instead of tackling players to the ground, the defensive team tackles a player by pulling their flag or flag belt. The object of the game is to score touchdowns by advancing the ball up the field by running or throwing the ball, and crossing the end zone line.", "American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada, and also known as gridiron, is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with control of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the team without control of the ball, the defense, aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team; if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.", "“Coach, you need to get your team on the field or you forfeit the game,” the official replies.", "Because this presents a significant advantage to the team winning the coin toss to decide who receives the first overtime possession, the NFL moved in 2011 to require that if both teams have not had possession of the ball prior to the first score, then the team who does have possession must score a touchdown to end the game, preventing the team winning the coin toss from making a much shorter drive down the field and kicking a \"golden goal\" without the other team having a chance to touch the ball. Making the longer drive downfield and scoring a touchdown still ends the game immediately. This applied first in the postseason and later was adopted in the 2012 season. During the postseason, multiple 15-minute overtime \"quarters\" can be played until either team scores. The record for a number of overtimes in a professional football game is three, when on June 30, 1984, the Los Angeles Express defeated the Michigan Panthers, 27–21, in the 1984 USFL playoffs. ", "QUESTION 12:     If officials forget their flags for the line judges, can the match still be played? ", "*Several changes were made to college rules in 2011, all of which differ from NFL practice: ", "A play begins when the ball is moved from the ground into the hands of the players, and ends when either the ball hits the ground, or the person holding the ball is tackled and his knee or elbow touches the ground. When a play is over, an official called a referee, places the ball on the yard marker which corresponds to his or her judgment of the place where the forward progress of the player with the ball was stopped. Each team has 4 downs and within those downs, they have to make ten yards from the line of scrimmage (the starting point). If the team fails to do so within the 4 downs, the offensive team has to hand over the ball to the opposing team. If the offense succeeds in taking the ball 10yards in the 4 downs they get another 4 downs to move the ball 10 yards. The teams have 30 seconds to get into formation and begin the next play.", "American football has been played since the mid-1800s. The first college game of football occurred between Princeton and Rutgers in 1895. The game of flag football has been around for as nearly as long as tackle football. Flag football was played as a recreational activity for American military personal in the 1940s. Recreational leagues began in the 1940s and 50s. Currently, the sport has a strong amateur following, with several national and international competitions each year. Flag football is popular among college and adult recreational leagues.", "Overtime was introduced in 1996, eliminating ties. When a game goes to overtime, each team is given one possession from its opponent's twenty-five yard line with no game clock, despite the one timeout per period and use of play clock. The team leading after both possessions is declared the winner. If the teams remain tied, overtime periods continue, with a coin flip determining the first possession. Possessions alternate with each overtime, until one team leads the other at the end of the overtime. Starting with the third overtime, a one point PAT field goal after a touchdown is no longer allowed, forcing teams to attempt a two-point conversion after a touchdown. (In the NFL overtime is decided by a 15-minute sudden-death quarter , and regular season games can still end in a tie if neither team scores. Overtime for regular season games in the NFL began with the 1974 season. In the post-season, if the teams are still tied, teams will play additional overtime periods until either team scores.)", "While now-defunct NFL Europe allowed liberal use of team uniforms by sponsors, the main National Football League (NFL) does not. For instance, the league prohibits logos of sponsors painted onto the fields, although Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, has their stadium's logomark painted onto the FieldTurf field. In 2008, the league allowed sponsors on the practice jerseys of the uniforms, but not game uniforms.", "*Whether a loose ball actually hit the sideline. This change was passed in response to a play in the NFC Championship Game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Arizona Cardinals where a Cardinals kickoff was ruled to have gone out of bounds, but replays clearly showed it was recovered in bounds by Arizona.", "The Plays: The offensive linemen all put a hand on the ground except for the center who puts both hands on the ball. The quarter back stands behind the center with his hands between the center's legs. The quarterback calls out a series of signals. Only the offensive players know which signal starts the play; the defense has to wait to see the play start before they can react. Once the secret signal is given, the play starts when the center snaps the ball to the quarterback. The offense has a maximum of 25 seconds from the end of the previous play to start the next play unless a time-out has been called.", "(1) In (a) above, the ball is awarded to the opposing team at the sideline nearest the spot of the violation.", "* Pass interference by the offense results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot, and no loss of down." ]

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[ "The Joy of Painting is an American half-hour instructional television show hosted by painter Bob Ross which ran from January 11, 1983, until May 17, 1994. In each episode, Ross taught techniques for landscape oil painting, completing a painting in each session.", "Bobb Ross was the much-loved artist who hosted the TV show the Joy of Painting on public television, which started in 1983. He was known for his soothing voice and positive outlook, as well as his \"happy little trees.\" Ross died of cancer in 1995 and is in the Woodlawn Memorial Park cemetery in Gotha, Orange County.", "Figure 1: Bob Ross– painter, art instructor, and television host. Creator and host of The Joy of Painting on PBS. Coined the phrase, “happy little tree.” Started painting while serving as a sergeant at Eiselson Air Force Base.", " Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.  Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of \"unquenchable curiosity\" and \"feverishly inventive imagination\".  He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.  Born out of wedlock to a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina (possibly Jew), his father married another woman two months later.   Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the most famous and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting.  Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon. Leonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity.  He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull, and he outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics.  He made important discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics, but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later science.  Much of the Last Supper is gentilized (with Jewish faux pas) and Judas has Jew features.", "Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and \"his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote\". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.", "More recently, he presented Rolf on Art, which highlighted the work of some of his favourite artists, including van Gogh, Degas, Monet and Gauguin. Rolf on Art which made TV history when it gained the highest TV ratings ever for an Arts programme, is now in its sixth year. On 26 September 2004 Harris fronted a project to recreate John Constable's famous The Hay Wain painting on a massive scale, with 150 people contributing to a small section. Each individual canvas was assembled into the full picture live on the BBC, in the show Rolf on Art: The Big Event. He was named as one of the Radio Times list of the top 40 most eccentric TV presenters of all time in July 2004.", "Andy Warhol (/ˈwɔrhɒl/; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s. After a successful career as a commercial illustrator, Warhol became a renowned and sometimes controversial artist. The Andy Warhol Museum in his native city, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, holds an extensive permanent collection of art and archives. It is the largest museum in the United States dedicated to a single artist.", "Andy Warhol (; born Andrew Warhola; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, celebrity culture, and advertisement that flourished by the 1960s.", "The traumatic attempt on his life did not, however, slow down his output or his cunning ability to seamlessly infiltrate the worlds of fashion, music, media, and celebrity. His artistic practice soon intersected with all aspects of popular culture, in some cases long before it would become truly popular. He co-founded Interview Magazine; appeared on television in a memorable episode of The Love Boat; painted an early computer portrait of singer Debbie Harry; designed Grammy-winning record covers for The Rolling Stones; signed with a modeling agency; contributed short films to Saturday Night Live; and produced Andy Warhol’s Fifteen Minutes and Andy Warhol’s TV, his own television programs for MTV and cable access.  He also developed a strong business in commissioned portraits, becoming highly sought after for his brilliantly-colored paintings of politicians, entertainers, sports figures, writers, debutantes and heads of state. His paintings, prints, photographs and drawings of this time include the important series, Skulls, Guns, Camouflage, Mao, and The Last Supper.", "Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956), known as Jackson Pollock, was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his uniquely defined style of drip painting.", "Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956), known professionally as Jackson Pollock, was an American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. He was well known for his unique style of drip painting .", "Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 - August 11, 1956), was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life . In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related car accident. In December 1956, he was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, and a larger more comprehensive exhibition there in 1967. More recently, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London.", "Paul Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality and struggled with alcoholism all of his life. In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. He died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related, single-car crash. In December 1956, he was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, and a larger more comprehensive exhibition there in 1967. More recently, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London. In 2000, Pollock was the subject of an Academy Award-winning film directed by and starring Ed Harris.", "Famous artists of the 20th century include Wassily Kandinsky, Emil Nolde and Paul Klee. In America, Edward Hopper’s painting, “Lighthouse and Buildings, Portland Head,” is a watercolor he painted in 1927 at Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The abstract works of John Marin are predominantly in watercolor.", "NEW YORK.- Ronald S. Lauder, cosmetics tycoon, billionaire and founder of the New York Museum Neue Galerie, has acquired Gustav Klimt�s Portrait of Adele Block-Bauer I made in 1907. The businessman reportedly paid the highest sum ever paid for a work of art $135 million. Picasso's Boy With a Pipe, which fetched $104.1m (�56.3m) in 2004, holds the record for art sold at auction. The Klimt sale was subject to a confidentiality agreement but family lawyer Steven Thomas confirmed it had exceeded the Picasso record, reported the BBC. The portrait was sold by Block-Bauer's niece, Maria Altmann, who was able to claim the painting as hers only this past January, reported Forbes magazine.", "Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. While he was most popularly known for his oil paintings, he was equally proficient as a watercolorist and printmaker in etching. Both in his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his personal vision of modern American life.", "Painter Smurf : Painter Smurf is a brilliant artist (much like our own Vic George ). Painter speaks with a French accent and refers to his paintings as \"masterpizzas\".", "Lee Krasner ( 1908-1984) was an influential American abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th century. On October 25, 1945, she married artist Jackson Pollock, who was also influential in the abstract expressionism movement. Krasner would often cut apart her own drawings and paintings to create collages as a result, her surviving body of work is relatively small. Her catalogue raisonné, published in 1995 by Abrams, lists only 599 known pieces.", "Maurice Sendak, in full Maurice Bernard Sendak (born June 10, 1928, Brooklyn , New York , U.S.—died May 8, 2012, Danbury , Connecticut ), American artist best known for his illustrated children’s books.", "Pollock’s most famous paintings were made during the “drip period” between 1947 and 1950. He became wildly popular after being featured in a four-page spread, on August 8, 1949, in Life magazine. The article asked of Pollock, “Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?” The Life article changed Pollock’s life overnight. Many other artists resented his fame, and some of his friends suddenly became competitors. As his fame grew, some critics began calling Pollock a fraud, causing even him to question his own work.", "John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era, as well as a gifted landscape painter and watercolorist. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents.", "He first earned respect in the art world with his Happenings. Pioneered with artists Claes Oldenburg and Allan Kaprow, in conjunction with musician John Cage, the \"Happenings\" were chaotic performance art that was a stark contrast with the more somber mood of the expressionists popular in the New York art world. The first of these was the 30 second The Smiling Worker performed in 1959.", "He would often use loose strokes of thickly coated brushes. He applied paint with his fingers and palm because it is quicker, while the body contact directly connected him with the painting. He believed this allowed for a greater sense of freedom and pleasure from the act of painting.[ citation needed ]", "A: The 1997 PBS documentary American Masters: Submitted for Your Approval is an excellent source that uses Serling's own work, especially his autobiographical \"The Velvet Alley,\" to tell his story.", "During Sargent's long career, he painted more than 2,000 watercolors, roving from the English countryside to Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida. Each destination offered pictorial stimulation and treasure. Even at his leisure, in escaping the pressures of the portrait studio, he painted with restless intensity, often painting from morning until night.", "At the age of 95, Hope made an appearance at the 50th anniversary of the Primetime Emmy Awards with Milton Berle and Sid Caesar . Two years later, Hope was present at the opening of the Bob Hope Gallery of American Entertainment at the Library of Congress .", "Dear Ken, The painting you are referring to is the 1952 drybrush watercolor titled \"Faraway.\" It was featured in the \"Memory and Magic\" catalog. That adorable little boy is my uncle Jamie when he was about six years old. He was OBSESSED with that hat and wore it everywhere. It is in a private collection.", "He also loved art and became a talented painter, like his sister Frankie. He spent a lot of his earnings on building a valuable art collection.", "American. He painted in Bermuda during the latter 1930s. One of his paintings is \"Gathering Seaweed, Shelly Bay.\" It depicts a wagon being loaded with seaweed.", " An American painter, famous for his falsifications which he then gave free to museums, passing them off as originals. His philanthropic cheating was discovered in early 2008. ", "He took part in the touring exhibition New Directions in American Painting group exhibition with Still Life #25. In the show in Houston, Pop Goes the Easel, he exhibited Great American Nude #42, and in Boston Collects Modem Art, Great Amentan Nude #35 was exhibited. He married Claire Selley in November of 1963.", "Cooke's U.S. fame evolved during his nine seasons of hosting the erudite \"Omnibus\" in the 1950s. He was shooting his \"America\" documentary series in 1970 when he agreed to host a new series that was to be produced by WGBH-TV in Boston and draw upon the best of British TV. It was called \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" and the rest is delicious history." ]

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[ "The Bronco permanently entered popular culture on June 17, 1994, as the vehicle in which O.J. Simpson, wanted for the murders of his ex-wife and her friend, attempted to elude Los Angeles Police Department in a low-speed chase with himself in the passenger seat and Al Cowlings driving. It was a white 1993 model owned by Al Cowlings.", "June 17 – NFL star O.J. Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco . The low-speed chase ends at Simpson's Brentwood, Los Angeles, California", "June 17 – NFL star O.J. Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco . The low-speed chase ends at Simpson's Brentwood, Los Angeles, California mansion, where he surrenders.", "FILE- A white Ford Bronco, driven by Al Cowlings and carrying O.J. Simpson, is trailed by police cars as it travels on a southern California freeway on June 17, 1994, in Los Angeles. Cowlings and Simpson led authorities on a chase after Simpson was charged with two counts of murder in the deaths of his ex-wife and her friend.", "5. Ninety-five million viewers watch O.J. Simpson and Al Cowlings flee police in his white ford bronco in history's most exciting low-speed chase. OJ Simpson is later arrested in the killings of his wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend, Ronald Goldman. Read a book with a car on the cover, a book with a character named Nicole or Ronald (Ron) OR a book with a character in law enforcement.", "A white Ford Bronco, driven by Al Cowlings and carrying O.J. Simpson, is trailed by police cars as it travels on a southern California freeway on June 17, 1994, in Los Angeles. Cowlings and Simpson led authorities on a chase after Simpson was charged with two counts of murder in the deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. (AP Photo/Joseph Villarin) ", "A white Ford Bronco, driven by Al Cowlings and carrying Simpson, is trailed by police cars as it travels on a southern California freeway on June 17, 1994, in Los Angeles.", "The police tracked calls placed on the cellular telephone from Simpson's van in Orange County. A sheriff's patrol car saw a white Ford Bronco belonging to Simpson's friend, Al Cowlings, going north on Interstate 405. When the officer approached the Bronco, Cowlings, who was driving, yelled that Simpson had a gun to his own head. The officer backed off but followed the vehicle with Simpson in a slow-speed chase at 35 miles per hour (56 km/h).", "On June 17, a warrant was put out for Simpson's arrest, but he refused to surrender. Just before 7 p.m., police located him in a white Ford Bronco being driven by his friend, former teammate Al Cowlings. Cowlings refused to pull over and told police over his cellular phone that Simpson was suicidal and had a gun to his head. Police agreed not to stop the vehicle by force, and a low-speed chase ensued. Los Angeles news helicopters learned of the event unfolding on their freeways, and live television coverage began. As millions watched, the Bronco was escorted across Los Angeles by a phalanx of police cars. Just before 8 p.m., the dramatic journey ended when Cowlings pulled into the Rockingham estate. After an hour of tense negotiation, Simpson emerged from the vehicle and surrendered. In the vehicle was found a travel bag containing, among other things, Simpson's passport, a disguise kit consisting of a fake moustache and beard, and a revolver. Three days later, Simpson appeared before a judge and pleaded not guilty.", "Police then began a frantic search for Simpson, who was spotted in the white Ford Bronco around 6:30 p.m. that night. As cops told him to pull over they saw he had a gun and dropped back and followed the car at a low speed as the vehicle headed to Simpson's home. Later, recordings were released of a phone conversation between an LAPD detective and Simpson that took place in the car in which the former football star had threatened to kill himself.", "Thousand of spectators and on-lookers packed overpasses along the procession's journey waiting for the white Bronco. Some had signs urging Simpson to flee and others were caught up in a festival-like atmosphere. Over twenty helicopters were following this chase. It was televised by local as well as national news outlets, with 95 million viewers tuning in. [16] The chase was covered live by ABC News anchors Peter Jennings and Barbara Walters on behalf of ABC's five newsmagazines, which achieved some of their highest-ever ratings that week. [16]", "On June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman were found stabbed to death outside Nicole's condominium in the Brentwood area of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of interest in their murders. On June 17, after failing to turn himself in, he became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white Ford Bronco SUV that interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. The trial, often characterized as the Trial of the Century because of its international publicity, similar to that of Sacco and Vanzetti and the Lindbergh kidnapping, culminated on October 3, 1995, in a jury verdict of \"not guilty\" for the two murders. An estimated 100 million people nationwide tuned in to watch or listen to the verdict announcement. Following Simpson's acquittal, the crime remains unsolved to this day.", "In 1989, Simpson pleaded no contest to a domestic violence charge and was separated from Nicole Brown, to whom he was paying child support. On June 12, 1994 Brown and her friend Ronald Goldman were found dead outside Brown's condominium. Simpson was charged with their murders. On June 17, after failing to turn himself in, he became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white Ford Bronco SUV that interrupted coverage of the 1994 NBA Finals. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. The trial, often characterized as \"the trial of the century,\" culminated on October 3, 1995 in a jury verdict of not guilty for the two murders. The verdict was seen live on TV by more than half of the U.S. population, making it one of the most watched events in American TV history. Immediate reaction to the verdict was notable for its division along racial lines: polls showed that most African-Americans felt that justice had been served by the \"not guilty\" verdict, while most white Americans did not. O. J. Simpson's defense counsel included Johnnie Cochran, Robert Kardashian, and F. Lee Bailey.", "Simpson fled to his infamous white Ford Bronco on June 17, 1994 and led police on a low-speed chase on Interstate 405", "1994-96 monochrome trucks are XLT Sport models offered in black, red, and white. In 1991, Ford offered a 1992 Nite edition bronco with an all black exterior and gray interior.", "A 1973 Plymouth Roadrunner [7] (yellow with a black stripe) was used by Daisy Duke in the first five episodes of the first season. For the last episodes of the first season and the second season, a similarly painted 1972 Plymouth Satellite [8] with a matching \"Road Runner\" stripe was used until Bo and Luke sent it off a cliff in \"The Runaway\" after the brakes failed. At the end of that episode, she is given her Golden Eagle Jeep \"Dixie\" (Due to the episodes being broadcast in a different order from that in which they were filmed, the Plymouth made several returns after it was supposedly destroyed).", "LEE 2, like LEE 1, was a second unit car with a full roll cage, a 383 V-8, a floor shifted automatic transmission and A/C. Originally painted B5 Blue with a black interior, the interior was repainted tan to match LEE 1 and 3 though its steering wheel remained black. It was used for the opening scene in \"One Armed Bandits\". In this scene, Bo and Luke were chasing Rosco's police cruiser with the General after Cooter stole it; during this chase, LEE 2 is shown making a jump (the first that Baxley performed). ", "In 1983 a special version was created by Simpson Ford to appease the demand for an Intercepter-like Cortina and was sold through Ford dealerships countrywide. It was called the XR6 X-ocet and featured a Holley carbureter, aggressive camshaft and tuned exhaust. They came in red with a white lower quarter and did 0–100 km/h in 8.5 seconds with a top speed of 195 km/h.", "1969 Ford Mustang Boss 302 For disguise purposes. A dark blue classic with the scanner located in the grille. When a DEA agent had an All Points Bulletin on Mike and KITT. As seen in the episode \"Fly By Knight\".", "Contrary to popular belief, the Bronco involved in the chase did not belong to Simpson, but he did own an identical model. O.J.'s own Bronco turned up incriminating evidence and this vehicle was part of Simpson's trial. Simpson's Bronco was destroyed after the trial.", "Simpson reportedly demanded that he be allowed to speak to his mother before he would surrender. The chase ended at 8:00 P.M. at his Brentwood home, 50 miles (80 km) later, where his son Jason ran out of the house to greet him. After remaining in the Bronco for about 45 minutes,:88 Simpson was allowed to go inside for about an hour; a police spokesman stated that he spoke to his mother and drank a glass of orange juice, resulting in laughter from the reporters. Shapiro arrived and a few minutes later, Simpson surrendered to authorities. In the Bronco the police found \"$8,000 in cash, a change of clothing, a loaded .357 Magnum, a passport, family pictures, and a fake goatee and mustache.\":88", "After losing that car, at the end of \"The Runaway\" she receives her trademark white 1980 Jeep CJ-7 \"Golden Eagle\", named (The) Dixie. The initial version of the Jeep seen at the end of this episode is noticeably different from what soon becomes the standard version, with a slightly different paint job, doors with \"Dixie\" painted on, and \"Golden Eagle\" printed on the hood on either side of an Eagle emblem. After this and its second appearance, in the episode \"Arrest Jesse Duke\" (produced after \"The Runaway\" but actually broadcast before, creating a continuity error), bar a couple of stock footage shots of the Jeep parked outside of the Duke farm where the initial design can be seen, the design changes to a lighter paint job, no doors, and \"Dixie\" painted alongside the emblem on the hood. However, as with other vehicles in the show, there are different versions of the Jeep used for filming of various episodes. Sometimes the Jeep has a slightly different paint scheme, and alternates between automatic and manual transmissions. The design of the roll-bars also varies slightly across the seasons.", "O.J. Simpson appeared prominently in ads for the company. The company set the trend of hiring black athletes as sponsors of various brands. In 1975, O.J. Simpson became a staple in American households with his Hertz commercials. One spot from the mid-1970s, showed Simpson, former football star as he was, running through an airport terminal (wearing a three-piece business suit and carrying a briefcase) and leaping over rows of departure lounge seats trying to get to his Hertz rental car. A woman yelled, \"Go O.J. Go!\" The tagline of the ad, as spoken by O.J., was \"Hertz, the superstar in rent-a-car\". In later years and through the 1980s, he appeared with golf legend Arnold Palmer; the pair was joined by the early 1990s by actress Jamie Lee Curtis. The relationship between Hertz and Simpson ended in 1994, following Simpson's arrest for the murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman.", "On March 3, 1991, Rodney King and two passengers were driving west on the Foothill Freeway (I-210) through the Lake View Terrace neighborhood of Los Angeles. The California Highway Patrol (CHP) attempted to initiate a traffic stop. A high-speed pursuit ensued with speeds estimated at up to 115 mph first over freeways and then through residential neighborhoods. When King came to a stop, CHP Officer Timothy Singer and his wife, CHP Officer Melanie Singer, ordered the occupants under arrest. [8]", "Snake's car's name is \"Lil' Bandit,\" which is a Pontiac Firebird. It could be a reference to James Dean's so-called possessed car the \"Li'l Bastard.\" It also could be a reference to the movie \"Smokey and The Bandit\" which featured a similar Pontiac Firebird used to escape police. It should be noted that the Lil' Bandit's horn plays the opening line of the tune Dixie, similar to The General Lee from the The Dukes of Hazzard.", "In mid-to late 1996, Ford announced the discontinuation of the Bronco.. The last Bronco was built and imported from Venezuela to Jeff Trapp's 1970 Ford Bronco during a Drive-Off Ceremony. Its replacement, the Ford Expedition, offered four-doors, as well as to compete with General Motors' Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, and larger Chevrolet Suburban, GMC Yukon XL models.", "The 1974 AMC Matador [2] was one of many different Hazzard County police cars used on the series, mostly in the first season; they had light bars and working radios. A 1970 Dodge Polara [3] and a 1975 Dodge Monaco [4] were used during the pilot episode \" One Armed Bandits \", these were also seen in the shows title sequence. From the second season the 1977 Dodge Monaco [5] was mostly used. From mid season four the similar looking 1978 Plymouth Fury [6] was used instead.", "Los Angeles Police Detective Mark Fuhrman testifies in the Simpson double-murder trial in Los Angeles Thursday, March 9, 1995. The calm, controlled voice of Mark Fuhrman sliced through the O.J. Simpson courtroom Tuesday, Aug. 29, 1995, on racially explosive tapes offered by the defense to unmask the detective as ``L.A.'s worst nightmare,'' a racist, lying policeman. It was the same voice jurors heard months ago when the investigator who found the bloody glove on Simpson's property swore under oath that he had not used the word ``nigger'' in the last 10 years. (AP Photo/Pool, Kim Kulish) ", "Colt Seaver is a combination bounty hunter and stunt man. He drives a big GMC truck with a eagle painted on its hood. He chases after \"bad guys\" and returns them to the Los Angeles area. He has two companions, Howie and Jodie. These two companions usually follow Colt in his adventures and sometimes they are on there own. Written by CJ Lagos <midnight@richmond.infi.net>", "GM's facelift of its B-platform vehicles in late 1990 (starting with the Chevrolet Caprice) resulted in the fusion of its then-9C1 police package repurposed into the short-lived 1994-96 Impala SS, using the LT1 engine from the Camaro and Corvette using cast iron heads. At the time of the revival of the Impala SS, sport utility vehicles were outselling passenger cars (from full sized body-on-frame passenger sedans to mass market vehicles) and GM phased out its B platform in late 1996. Ford Motor Company tested the waters by selling its version of the Mercury Grand Marquis (Mercury Marauder) in 2004, which was a slow seller. Like the Impala SS a decade earlier, the Marauder used the Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with a few body modifications fitted with 5-spoke alloy wheels.", "Homer offers Marge a new Canyonero SUV after embarrassingly discovering that he bought the female's model. But once in the driver's seat, Marge becomes increasingly intoxicated by the vehicle's dynamism, leading to a case of aggravated road rage. Hank Williams Jr. is the Canyonero Singer, and John Kassir is the Dancing Creature.", "The third car, a 1955 Cadillac convertible code-named \"Halfback\", contained driver Agent Sam Kinney, ATSAIC Emory Roberts, presidential aides Ken O'Donnell and Dave Powers, driver Agent George Hickey and PRS agent Glen Bennett. Secret service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. There was an AR-15 rifle in the third vehicle." ]

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[ "Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 – August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. He was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, and produced works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken socialist. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with Hugo Gernsback and Jules Verne, is sometimes referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\". [1]", "Herbert George \"H. G.\" Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) [1] was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. Together with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback , Wells has been referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\". [2] His most notable science fiction works include The War of the Worlds , The Time Machine , The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau .", "Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 - 13 August 1946), known primarily as H. G. Wells, was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. He is now best remembered for his science fiction novels, and Wells is called the father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898).", "Herbert George \"H. G.\" Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is sometimes called \"The Father of Science Fiction\", as are Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau. [123]", "The Time Machine is a science fiction novel by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. Wells is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle that allows an operator to travel purposely and selectively forwards or backwards in time. The term \"time machine\", coined by Wells, is now almost universally used to refer to such a vehicle. ", "The Invisible Man is a suspense novel by H.G. Wells, narrating the tale of \"Griffin\", a scientist who undergoes an irreversible procedure, the results of which eventually drive him insane.", "Until the outbreak of World War I, prose fiction also continued to dominated by a group of writers who had already achieved distinction during the nineteenth century, among them Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, H. G. Wells and Henry James, who became a British citizen shortly before his death. Except for Hardy, who abandoned the novel in disgust after the critical reception of Jude the Obscure, all remained extremely active in fiction. H. G. Wells's most famous science fiction novels, for example, among them The Time Machine (1895), The Invisible Man (1897) and The War of the World (1898), all appeared in the last years of the nineteenth century. Although Wells later wrote a number of serious novels in the naturalist tradition, all but forgotten now, his early science fiction continues to be enjoyed by a wide audience.", "[http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/wells_h_g \"Wells, H. G.\"]. Revised 20 May 2015. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (sf-encyclopedia.com). Retrieved 2015-08-22. Entry by 'JC/BS', John Clute and Brian Stableford.—was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels, and is called the father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.", "The Invisible Man was a book written by H.G. Wells in 1897 . It details the story of a scientist named Jack Griffin who discovers the secret to total invisibility, but when he is unable to reverse it, he becomes an outcast as well as partially insane.", "First published in 1897, The Invisible Man ranks as one of the most famous scientific fantasies ever written. Part of a series of pseudoscientific romances written by H.G. Wells (1866-1946) early in his career, the novel helped establish the British author as one of the first and best writers of science fiction. Set in the turn-of-the-century England, the story focuses on Griffin, a scientist who has discovered the means to make himself invisible. His initial, almost comedic, adventures are soon overshadowed by the bizarre streak of terror he unleases upon the inhabitants of a small village.", "H.G. Wells was on a real hot streak in the 1890s. He had just become a professional writer and had already invented (or gave modern form to) a bunch of classic science fictional concepts, like time travel (in The Time Machine [1895]) and alien invasion (in The War of the Worlds [1898]). The Invisible Man was published in 1897 and like many of Wells' other stories, it features an eccentric and possibly mad scientist-inventor. Only this time, instead of traveling through time or making animals into people, the main character of The Invisible Man – spoiler alert! – creates an invisibility formula.", "Herbert George Wells (1866–1946) was an English writer, sometimes referred to as “The Father of Science Fiction,” along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. While Wells is best-known for his classic works of science fiction, he wrote successfully in a number of genres. His politically charged writings offered unique perspectives on culture, class, government, war, and science. Wells’ works were highly influential, and he himself frequently appears as a character in the works of other writers, both in literature and in film. His other works include Kipps: The History of Mr. Polly, Tono-Bungay, Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought, When the Sleeper Wakes, The First Men in the Moon, and “The Country of the Blind.”", "Socialist, journalist, historian, and author, Herbert George Wells was nothing if not prolific before his death in 1946. He predicted the invention of tanks, aerial bombing, nuclear war, gas warfare, lasers and industrial robots. His scientific background (he studied biology under TH Huxley) led him to produce iconic tales such as The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds - almost entirely pessimistic about human nature and the future. University College London geneticist Steve Jones admires The Time Machine: \"to my mind the most significant piece of science fiction. The protagonist goes forward thousands of years to find a peaceful society populated by the Eloi, a highly evolved race who sat around chatting and reading the Guardian. Of course, their secret is that they are the crop of a terrible underclass, the Morlocks, who come out at night and eat them.\"", "First published in 1897, The Invisible Man ranks as one of the most famous scientific fantasies ever written. Part of a series of pseudoscientific romances written by H. G. Wells (1866–1946) early in his career, the novel helped establish the British author as one of the first and best writers of science fiction.", "H. G. Wells wrote The Time Machine in 1895 during the Industrial Revolution of late Victorian England. England at the time had a capitalist economy based on rich people making their money off the backs of poor factory workers. Wells was a socialist.  The Time Machine starts off as a deceptive communist utopia that is ultimately revealed to be an exaggerated future vision of capitalist dystopia.", "Herbert George Well's first novel was The Time Machine.  His parents were Sarah Neal, maid to the upper classes, and Joseph Wells, shopkeeper and professional cricket player. ", "9. The Time Machine, H.G. Wells (1895). One of the earliest books of science-fiction, it launched two trends for future fiction: (1) time travel and (2) fears of a dying Earth.", "The idea of a unified spacetime is stated by Edgar Allan Poe in his essay on cosmology titled Eureka (1848) that \"Space and duration are one\". In 1895, in his novel The Time Machine, H. G. Wells wrote, \"There is no difference between time and any of the three dimensions of space except that our consciousness moves along it\", and that \"any real body must have extension in four directions: it must have Length, Breadth, Thickness, and Duration\".", "Wells was born September 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent, and educated at the Normal School of Science in London, to which he won a scholarship. He worked as a draper's apprentice, bookkeeper, tutor, and journalist until 1895, when he became a full-time writer. His novel The Time Machine (1895) mingled science, adventure, and political comment. Later works in this genre are The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898), and The Shape of Things to Come (1933); each of these fantasies was made into a film.", "HG Wells is often catalogued as a pioneer of science fiction (which he was) with bestselling books like The Invisible Man and The First Men in the Moon. But he was also a great Edwardian writer of immense fame and influence who deserves to be remembered as a major literary figure, now somewhat eclipsed in the posterity stakes.", "H.G. Wells' Time Machine and Its Relativity with the Victorian Era - H.G. Wells' Time Machine and Its Relativity with the Victorian Era Herbert George Wells was an English writer from the nineteenth century. He was born on September the 21st 1866 in Bromley, Kent. He first wrote a book when he was eleven; although this was not published it was a great achievement. He won a scholarship to the school of science, but he failed due to his other interests such as history, journalism, sociology and writing. His dad was a pro cricketer and a domestic servant....   [tags: Papers]", "Sept. 21, 1866 Bromley, Kent, Eng. Aug. 13, 1946 London English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds and such comic novels as Tono-Bungay and The History of Mr. Polly.", "Sri Lankabhimanya Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (16 December 1917–19 March 2008) was a British science fiction author , inventor , and futurist , most famous for the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey , written in collaboration with director Stanley Kubrick , a collaboration which also produced the film of the same name ; and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World . [2] [3]", "Born on December 16, 1917, in Minehead, England, Arthur C. Clarke established himself as a preeminent science fiction and nonfiction writer during the mid-20th century. He wrote the novels Childhood’s End and 2001: A Space Odyssey, which was adapted into a film with  Stanley Kubrick . Clarke authored nearly 100 books, and many of his ideas around science had links to future technological innovations. Clarke died on March 19, 2008, in Sri Lanka.", "*Wells is one of the two George's in Paul Levinson's 2013 time-travel novelette, \"Ian, George, and George,\" published in Analog Magazine. ", "H. G. Wells (1866-1946), English author, futurist, essayist, historian, socialist, and teacher wrote The War of the Worlds (1898);", "English author and political philosopher, most famous for his science-fantasy novels with their prophetic depictions of the triumphs of technology as well as the horrors of 20th-century warfare.", "Arthur Charles Clarke (16 December 1917 - 19 March 2008) was a British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist, most famous for the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, written in collaboration with director Stanley Kubrick, a collaboration which also produced the film of the same name; and as a host and commentator in the British television series Mysterious World.", "One of the first attempts to write a comprehensive \"future history\", the trilogy - which also includes Foundation and Empire (1952) and Second Foundation (1953) - is Asimov's version of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, set on a galactic scale. Hari Seldon invents the science of psychohistory with which to combat the fall into barbarianism of the Human Empire, and sets up the Foundation to foster art, science and technology. Wish-fulfilment of the highest order, the novels are a landmark in the history of science fiction.", "Stephen Hawking (1942 – ) English theoretical physicist, cosmologist. Hawking has authored The Theory of Everything, and A Brief History of Time.", "British dystopian author who wrote the classic novels, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm. His other works include an acclaimed autobiographical account of the Spanish Civil War and multiple, politically and culturally-themed essays.", "Sixty books, 50m copies in print, and a link with some of the 20th century's most indelible ideas: not bad for a boy from Minehead in Somerset. He was born in 1917, and signalled his space odyssey intentions by joining the British Interplanetary Society before the second world war. He worked on radar in the RAF and in 1945 submitted a technical paper called Extraterrestrial Relays, laying down the principles of satellite communication in geostationary orbits. He graduated with first class honours in physics and mathematics from King's College London in 1948. About 25 years later, the world caught up with him. He worked with Stanley Kubrick on the film of 2001: A Space Odyssey. He was a CBS broadcaster on the Apollo missions with Walter Cronkite, and he is famous for three laws, known as Clarke's Laws and a clutch of unforgettable sci-fi novels and short story collections, such as Childhood's End, Rendezvous with Rama and The Nine Billion Names of God. A polio victim in childhood, and an underwater diver, he has lived in Sri Lanka since 1956." ]

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[ "Freestyle and Greco-Roman are two types of wrestling that place the spine of athletes in different positions. Theoretically, it can be argued that this can lead to adverse effects on the spine and might be an important factor associated with changes in the degree of kyphosis.", "There are two types of wrestling in the Olympics: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. Greco-Roman wrestling is believed to be one of the oldest (if not the oldest) competitive sports in the world. In this sport wrestlers use only their arms and upper bodies in attack. Freestyle wrestling allows for the use of arms or legs and opponents can be held above or below the waist. The 1900 Olympic Games were the only Olympics that did not include some form of wrestling. Greco-Roman has been included every Games since 1908, and both styles have been included since 1920.", "There are two types of wrestling in the Olympics: Greco-Roman and Freestyle. Greco-Roman wrestling is believed to be one of the oldest (if not the oldest) competitive sports in the world.", "According to the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA), freestyle wrestling is one of the four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling that are practiced internationally today. The other main forms of wrestling are Greco-Roman and grappling (also called submission wrestling). The Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) recommended dropping wrestling as a sport from the 2020 Olympic Games, but the decision was later reversed by the IOC.", "Amateur wrestling (including Freestyle, Greco-Roman, and American Folkstyle) gained tremendous respect due to its effectiveness in mixed martial arts competitions. Wrestling is widely studied by mixed martial artists. Wrestling is also credited for conferring an emphasis on conditioning for explosive movement and stamina, both of which are critical in competitive mixed martial arts. It is known for excellent takedowns, particularly against the legs. Notable fighters include Chael Sonnen, Randy Couture, Brock Lesnar and Olympians Daniel Cormier and Dan Henderson.", "In the second half of the 19th century, two wrestling styles developed that ultimately dominated international wrestling: Greco-Roman wrestling and catch-as-catch-can, or freestyle wrestling. Greco-Roman wrestling, popularized first in France, was so called because it was thought to be the kind of wrestling done by the ancients. Greco-Roman wrestling involves holds made only above the waist and...", "Today athletes usually fight one-on-one, but may still use various skill sets such as strikes in boxing that only allows punching, taekwondo where punches and kicks are the focus or muay thai and burmese boxing that also allow the use of elbows and knees. There are also grappling based sports that may concentrate on obtaining a superior position as in freestyle or Collegiate wrestling using throws such as in judo and Greco-Roman wrestling the use of submissions as in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Modern mixed martial arts competitions are similar to the historic Greek Olympic sport of pankration and allow a wide range of both striking and grappling techniques.", "Men's wrestling is contested in seven weight categories from bantamweight to super heavyweight. All seven are contested in both Greco-Roman and freestyle. For the women there is no Greco-Roman .", "The name \"Greco-Roman\" was applied to this style of wrestling as a way of purporting it to be similar to the wrestling formerly found in the ancient civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean Sea especially at ancient Greek olympics. It is speculated that many styles of European folk wrestling may have spurred the origins of Greco-Roman wrestling.\"Wrestling, Greco-Roman\" by Michael B. Poliakoff from Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present, Vol. 3, p. 1194, eds. David Levinson and Karen Christensen (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1996). According to UWW, a Napoleonic soldier named Jean Exbrayat first developed the style. Exbrayat performed in fairs and called his style of wrestling \"flat hand wrestling\" to distinguish it from other forms of hand-to-hand combat that allowed striking. In 1848, Exbrayat established the rule that no holds below the waist were to be allowed; neither were painful holds or torsions that would hurt the opponent. \"Flat hand wrestling\" or \"French wrestling\" (as the style became known) developed all throughout Europe and became a popular sport. The Italian wrestler Basilio Bartoletti first coined the term \"Greco-Roman\" for the sport to underline the interest in \"ancient values.\"", "The excitement of this style caught on quickly, mostly because of the lack of limitations in rules. Attacks below the waist were legal, providing for a different experience from the increasingly popular style of Greco-Roman. Catch wrestling would prove to be a major influence on the rules of the emerging styles of freestyle and folkstyle.", "The sport of wrestling has come a long way since it was practiced by our earliest ancestors, becoming a more formal and organized representation of the world's oldest form of competition. These days, traditional and modern forms of wrestling are practiced on every continent and in almost every country. The 2004 Olympics reinforced wrestling's popularity, yielding 344 competitors in both the freestyle and Greco-Roman divisions - a record number of competitors for the Olympic wrestling tournament.", "But on the continent, the style was highly promoted. Almost all the continental European capital cities hosted international Greco-Roman tournaments in the 19th century, with much prize money given to the place winners. For example, the Czar of Russia paid 500 francs for wrestlers to train and compete in his tournament, with 5,000 francs awarded as a prize to the tournament winner. Greco-Roman wrestling soon became prestigious in continental Europe and was the first style registered at the modern Olympic Games, beginning in Athens in 1896 with one heavyweight bout, and grew in popularity during the 20th century. It has always been featured in the Olympic Games, except during the Paris Olympic Games in 1900 and the St. Louis Olympic Games of 1904, when freestyle first emerged as an Olympic sport.", "In Olympic competition, countries of the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Turkey, South Korea, Romania, Japan, Sweden, and Finland have had great success. Carl Westergren of Sweden won three Greco-Roman gold medals in 1920, 1924, and 1932, and was the first Greco-Roman wrestler to do so. Alexander Karelin did the same in 1988, 1992, and 1996. Ivar Johansson of Sweden won gold medals in Greco-Roman in 1932 and 1936 and also a gold medal in freestyle in 1932. The United States Olympic delegation (exclusively wrestling freestyle before) first entered Greco-Roman wrestling in 1952 and has taken three gold medals, won by Steve Fraser and Jeffrey Blatnick in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, and by Rulon Gardner at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.", "Despite its name, Greco-Roman Wrestling originated in France and was recognized as an Olympic sport in 1896. Much like in Freestyle Wrestling, wrestlers are scored for their performance, but Greco-Roman wrestling forbids holds below the waist. The result is a strong emphasis on throws since they can't use trips to get their opponent to the ground. UFC fighters rely on Greco-Roman Wrestling to get their opponents against the cage and use the clinch to land.strikes to the body and to the head. The Greco-Roman clinch can also help a fighter take his opponent to the ground.", " Cadets (young men ages 16–17; or age 15 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in 10 weight classes ranging from 39 to 100 kg. Juniors (young men ages 18 to 20; or age 17 with a medical certificate and parental authorization) wrestle in eight weight classes ranging from 46 to 120 kg. Seniors (men ages 20 and up) wrestle in seven weight classes ranging from 50 to 120 kg. For men, there is also a special category for some Greco-Roman competitions, \"Veterans\", for men ages 35 and older, presumably featuring the same weight classes as seniors. Also, all of the men's age categories and weight classes can be applied to freestyle wrestling. Wrestlers after weigh-in may only wrestle in their own weight class. Wrestlers in the senior age category may wrestle up a weight class except for the heavyweight division (which starts at a weight more than 96 kg for the men). Different nations may have different weight classes and different age categories for their levels of Greco-Roman competition.", "Less than a decade after the first modern Olympic Games in Athens, a second style of wrestling was added to the 1904 games in St. Louis, Missouri. This new style would be called \"freestyle,\" an evolution of the popular catch-wrestling style that allowed wrestlers to incorporate pushing, lifting, tripping and other techniques using the lower body. Since the establishment of freestyle, both of the international styles have gained popularity and respect throughout the world - so much so that a universal governing body needed to be put in place to accommodate the growing needs of the wrestling community.", "Originating in Great Britain, this style of amateur wrestling was deemed an Olympic sport in 1904. Wrestlers are scored on their performance and are allowed to use their legs or the legs of their opponents in offense and defense. The ultimate goal is to get the opponent's shoulder to touch the mat (known as a fall) for an immediate win. MMA fighters use freestyle wrestling for its effective take downs, predominantly the single leg and double leg take downs. One of the most practical defenses in Freestyle Wrestling is the sprawl. For fighters that like to keep the fight standing, learning how to effectively sprawl is beneficial because it keeps the fight off the mat.", "Freestyle Wrestling - Wrestling has 10 weight divisions. It is the only sport with a maximum weight limit; wrestlers must be less than 286 pounds. The United States has earned more medals than any other nation.", "Sport: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Weightlifting, Wrestling, Boccia, Paralympic Table Tennis, Paralympic Judo, Paralympic Powerlifting, Volleyball (Sitting), Wheelchair Fencing", "Currently, international men's freestyle wrestling is divided into six main age categories: schoolboys, cadets, novice, juvenile, juniors, and seniors.", "The following sports are part of the Summer Olympics: Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Boxing, Canoeing, Cycling, Diving, Equestrian, Fencing, Field Hockey, Soccer, Gymnastics, Handball, Judo, Pentathlon, Rowing, Sailing, Shooting, Swimming, Synchronized Swimming, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Tennis, Triathlon, Volleyball, Water Polo, Weightlifting, Wrestling.", "Pickups involve lifting the opponent off the ground and then bringing them down again. Common pick-ups are lifting variations of the double leg takedown, judo's Te Guruma or sukui nage (both classified as hand throws) and the suplex from wrestling, in which the attacker lifts their opponents body vertically and throws the opponent over their own center of gravity while executing a back fall (usually accompanied by a back arch). Variations of the suplex are common in most forms of wrestling and sometimes used in Mixed Martial Arts competition. In Judo the ura-nage throw is a version of the suplex, but it is importantly classified as a sacrifice throw.", "Some matches do not actually involve wrestling, instead relying on other sports or physical activity to determine a winner and a loser. Common types of matches include arm wrestling, boxing, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, and sumo.", "The use of punches varies between different martial arts and combat sports. Styles such as boxing or Russian fist fighting use punches alone, while others such as kickboxing or karate may use punches along with kicks. Others such as wrestling and judo do not use punches at all. There are many types of punches and as a result, different styles encompass varying types of punching techniques.", "SPORTS included: Aquatics, Boxing, Fencing, Futsal, Gymnastics, Handball, Judo, Karate, Rugby 7s, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Triathlon, Volleyball, Weightlifting, Wrestling (TBC)", "Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) — a full contact individual combat sport which include aspects of several other combat sports and martial arts.", "Many of you may have come across the word of boxing or come across it while switching channels on your television. It is a sport that involves a special type of wrestling. What most of you might not know however is the fact that there are many different types of boxing in various parts of the world. These include normal boxing, kick boxing, Thai boxing as well as many others. Apart from these, there are other such sports that incorporate some form of wrestling. These include WWE wrestling, TNA wrestling, UFC boxing, Muay Thai etc. Just being in different parts of the world is not the reason for these various sports having different names. There are certain characteristics that make them different from each other and unique in themselves. Let us explore the difference between two such sports, Thai boxing and Muay Thai, that are commonly confused with each other.", "Judo ( 柔道 , jūdō ? , meaning \"gentle way\") is a modern Japanese martial art and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in pre-arranged forms (kata, 形) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, 乱取り). A judo practitioner is called a judoka.", "At the games, athletes will compete in sports like swimming, athletics, gymnastics, various martial arts, ball sports, weightlifting, and wrestling.", "Sumo(相撲, sumō) is a competitive contact sport where a wrestler (rikishi) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (dohyō) or to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of the feet. The sport originated in Japan , the only country where it is practiced professionally. The Japanese consider sumo a gendai budō (a modern Japanese martial art), though the sport has a history spanning many centuries. The sumo tradition is very ancient, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt for purification, from the days sumo was used in the Shinto religion. Life as a rikishi is highly regimented, with rules laid down by the Sumo Association. Professional sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal \"sumo training stables\" known in Japanese as heya where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict tradition.", "A wrestler may participate in an exercise that will require 25 - 100 repetitions, this is why calisthenics are often the exercise of choice for the in-season grappler. Advanced training techniques will produce a series of exercises that are performed at different speeds, and the offer some dynamic explosive movements, while others will produce a more static and stable format.", "Dave, you mentioning Ross’s site just made me think of a recent blog entry on that site in regards to Indian Physical Culture which featured training routines done by Indian wrestlers. While Indian wrestlers certainly focus a great deal of their training on bodyweight exercises they also incorporate club swinging and mace swinging exercises. I know some people have commented here how they feel kettlebells could benefit boxers I feel these Indian/Persian clubs, and maces given the circular motion of the exercises and their specifically targeting the arms, wrists, hands, grip, shoulders, and lower back/core would be even more sport specific to a fighter. Given that the club and mace exercises are performed in relatively large number of reps they would also increase stamina and the various twisting motions would also help with flexibility in the arms and shoulders. Where as standard weight training might cause shoulders and arms to get too bulky and limit the ability to hold one’s guard high, the club and mace exercises are designed to increase strength, flexibility, and stamina all at the same time. I recall seeing pictures of many old time gyms where bowling pin shaped versions of Indian/Persian clubs were a staple along with kettlebells, dumbbells, and barbells. I even saw a clip of old time boxing great Henry Armstrong skipping rope in some boxing gym and right off to the side was a rack of these bowling pin shaped versions of Indian clubs." ]

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[ "White is the common name for the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around either fertilized or unfertilized yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo.", "Egg white is the common name for the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms around fertilized or unfertilized egg yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo (when fertilized).", "The egg white is known as the albumen, which comes from albus, the Latin word for “white.” Four alternating layers of thick and thin albumen contain approximately 40 different proteins, the main components of the egg white in addition to water.", "Eggs consists of different components: yolk, albumen, shell membranes, and the shell. A yolk or energy-rich supply of food is 21 – 36% lipids, 16 – 22% proteins, with the rest water. The yolk is suspended in the center of the egg by twisted strands of protein fibers called chalazae. Albumen, consisting of 90% water and 10% protein, is the embryo's water supply and serves as a 'shock-absorber' to help protect the embryo. It also buffers the embryo from sudden changes in temperature. The inner and outer shell membranes are attached to the shell and protect the egg from bacterial invasion and help prevent rapid evaporation of moisture from the egg. The outer shell protects the embryo and contains thousands of pores that permit gas exchange.", "The albumen consists of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies. From the yolk outward, they are designated as the inner thick or chalaziferous white, the inner thin white, the outer thick white and the outer thin white. As an egg ages, the egg white tends to thin out because its protein changes in character. That’s why fresh eggs sit up tall and firm in the pan while older ones tend to spread out.", "The egg white is composed of water and a protein called albumin; they are used to aerate, bind and to emulsify preparations. The yolk is composed of all of the fat and less than half the protein of the egg. The yolks provide richness, a golden color and a tender texture to preparations. Yolks can also emulsify mixtures due to its lecithin and cholesterol content.", "But in the incubated egg there are, as it were, two umbilical vessels, one from the albumen passing entire through the liver, and going straight to the heart; another from the yelk, ending in the vena portae; for it appears that the chick, in the first instance, is entirely formed and nourished by the white; but by the yelk after it has come to perfection and is excluded from the shell; for this part may still be found in the abdomen of the chick many days after its exclusion, and is a substitute for the milk to other animals.", "Ovalbumen (n.) The albumin from white of eggs; egg albumin; -- in distinction from serum albumin. See Albumin.", "The embryo forms on top to the yolk and uses the yolk as a source of nutrients when it is growing. There is 11.8% protein in whole egg, 11.0% in the albumen (white), and 17.5% in the yolk.", "The egg albumin’s main purpose in the development of a chick is to supply it with nutrition and provide protection. This is why the egg albumin is so rich in protein, vitamins and minerals.", "Shell Membrane: The egg's second line of defence against bacteria. There are two membranes on the inside of the shell: one sticks to the shell and the other surrounds the albumen.", "Have you ever wondered what that white stringy bit attached to the yolk is called or what albumen is? Here is everything you ever wanted to know about the anatomy of an egg and probably a little bit more!", "A shell less consists of a yolk, albumen and membrane, but has no shell at all. The egg contents are protected by the outer membrane only. These are often seen in pullets coming into lay. Causes are:", "egg white - the white part of an egg; the nutritive and protective gelatinous substance surrounding the yolk consisting mainly of albumin dissolved in water; \"she separated the whites from the yolks of several eggs\"", "Uses.—Solution of egg albumen with boric acid is sometimes used as a dressing in surgery. A solution of egg albumen made by dissolving the white of one egg in 150 mils (5 fluid ounces) of boiled and cooled water, adding salt to taste, and a little brand if necessary, is used in the diarrhoea of infants.", "Egg white: Left over albumin obtained by discarding the yolks from eggs. It is used in fining wines.", "As food, the chicken egg yolk is a major source of vitamins and minerals. It contains all of the egg's fat and cholesterol, and nearly half of the protein.", "The larger end of the egg contains the air cell that forms when the contents of the egg cool down and contract after it is laid. Chicken eggs are graded according to the size of this air cell, measured during candling. A very fresh egg has a small air cell and receives a grade of AA. As the size of the air cell increases and the quality of the egg decreases, the grade moves from AA to A to B. This provides a way of testing the age of an egg: as the air cell increases in size due to air being drawn through pores in the shell as water is lost, the egg becomes less dense and the larger end of the egg will rise to increasingly shallower depths when the egg is placed in a bowl of water. A very old egg will actually float in the water and should not be eaten. ", "Lipovitellin, at 70 %, constitutes the chief lipoprotein of egg yolk; others include phosvitin (11 %) and what is known as the LDL or “low-density lipoprotein” fraction (12 %). Taken together the lipoproteins (66 %) lead to a yolk being the most fat-rich part of the egg as a whole.", "Shell: The egg's first line of defence against the entry of bacteria. Can be white or brown, depending on the breed of hen; the nutritional value of the egg is the same. Approximately 10,000 tiny pores allow moisture and gases in and out.", "The yolk, or yellow portion, of an egg makes up about 34% of the liquid weight of the egg. It contains all of the fat in the egg and a little less than half of the protein. The yolk of a large egg contains about 55 calories.", "the innermost of the three layers on the outside of the yolk in the hen egg.", "2. The egg itself is a small sphere of semi-liquid cytoplasm in a tough, black egg membrane. There is a nucleus, and the lower cytoplasm contains yolky granules that are the only food supply for the first weeks of development. Sufficient oxygen must be able to diffuse through the jelly and the egg to allow the vital processes to go on.", "Air Cell: At the large end of the egg, it is the empty space between the white and shell.", "Eggs may be preserved for some time by coating them with wax, gum, fat, paraffin, linseed oil (recommended by Violette), or similar substances, which render the shell impervious to water and air. Packing the eggs in salt or milk of lime, placing the pointed end downward, has been common practice. (Also see J. König, loc cit., and Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1899, pp. 7 and 24.)", "In India, fried eggs are most commonly called \"poached,\" but are sometimes also known as bullseyes, as a reference to \"bullseye\" targets, or \"half-boil\" in Southern India, indicating that they are partly cooked. These eggs are \"poached\" in name only and so not share the same preparation method as poached eggs in other countries.", "A Fabergé egg (Russian: Яйца Фаберже́; yaytsa faberzhe) is one of a limited number of jeweled eggs created by Peter Carl Fabergé and his company from 1885 to 1917.", "[2] W. J. Stadelman et al., Egg Science and Technology, 4th ed., The Haworth Press, Binghamton, USA, 1995. ISBN: 9781560228554", "What are the white things that hang off an egg yolk? A friend claims it is chicken sperm and another says they are tiny chicken embryos. Are either of them right?", "Speaking in terms of construction, the Egg is incredibly similar to an Apple.  Basically, an Egg is an elongated Apple. The sides of the Egg bowl are considerably thicker than a standard Billiard, but have a rounded oval nature. A vast majority of the time an Egg will have a bent stem, but can be found in other varieties.", "In baked goods, millions of egg protein molecules aggregate together into an insoluble three-dimensional network, or simply, they coagulate or gel. This structure is generally irreversible and is responsible for providing height, volume and stability to cakes, muffins, quick breads and other chemically leavened baked goods", "Bird eggs are a common food and one of the most versatile ingredients used in cooking. They are important in many branches of the modern food industry." ]

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[ "The Mariners, as those in the Northwest know, are owned by the Japanese founded corporation, Nintendo of America. The company name itself lends insight into recent activity in regard to the diversity of players on the team, especially Asian based talent.", "The Seattle Mariners owns and operates baseball team. The company was founded in 1977 and is based in Seattle, Washington. As of August 31, 2004, The Seattle Mariners operates as a subsidiary of Nintendo of America Inc.", "Major League Baseball has approved the sale of a majority of Nintendo of America’s interest in the Seattle Mariners to other members of the current ownership group. Nintendo of America will retain a 10% stake in the team and regional sports network, while the remainder of its holdings has been sold to other members of First Avenue Entertainment LLLP (FAE). FAE is the limited partnership that owns the Seattle Mariners and a majority interest in Root Sports NW. As part of the sale, current CEO Howard Lincoln has retired from day-to-day operations, and John Stanton has replaced him as Chairman and CEO, as well as the designated Major League Baseball Control Person for the franchise. Lincoln will continue on as a member of the FAE Board of Directors, representing Nintendo’s ownership interests.", "On May 16, 2007, Major League Baseball's owners approved the sale of the Braves from Time Warner to Liberty Media. The Braves are one of three Major League Baseball teams under corporate ownership (and the only NL team with this distinction); the other two franchises are the American League (AL)'s Seattle Mariners (which are owned by Nintendo of America) and the Toronto Blue Jays (which are owned by Rogers Communications).", "8-18 Call to the Pen: Seattle Mariners: Nintendo Sells to Local Owners : After a generation, Nintendo of America have sold their controlling interest in the Seattle Mariners to local interests. This ...", "There’s a three month trial period where can i buy metronidazole pills over the counter — The day before Katoâs resignation, another prominent Japanese âbaseball person,â Nintendo titan Hiroshi Yamauchi, owner of the Mariners, passed away at age 85. In 1992, Yamauchi had to overcome opposition from Commissioner Fay Vincent (who had questions about foreign ownership) to purchase the Mariners. At the time, the Mariners had been unable to find a buyer willing to keep the team in Seattle, which is where Nintendoâs U.S. headquarters is located. In the 22 years he owned the team, however, Yamauchi never once saw the Mariners play in person â even last year when they opened the season in Japan against the Aâs. Yamauchiâs death further clouds an uncertain winter for the Mariners in which the jobs of GM Jack Zduriencik and president Chuck Armstrong, not to mention manager Eric Wedge, are all said to be in jeopardy. Already there is speculation the team will now be put up for sale.", "The Blue Jays are one of three MLB teams under corporate ownership, with the other two being the former Seattle Mariners (Nintendo of America) and the current Atlanta Braves (Liberty Media).", "By the 1990s, the stadium's suitability as an NFL and MLB venue came into doubt. Neither the Seahawks' nor the Mariners' respective ownership groups saw the shared stadium arrangement as economically feasible. [2] After several years of threats to relocate the Mariners due to poor attendance and revenue, owner Jeff Smulyan sold the team to an ownership group led by Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi in 1992. Almost immediately, the new ownership group began campaigning with local and state governments to secure public funding for a new baseball-only stadium. In March 1994, King County Executive Gary Locke appointed a task force to study the need for a baseball-only stadium.", "What Yamauchi's death means for the future of the Mariners remains unclear. Baker reports that Chris Larson, a former Microsoft executive, is the team's largest minority shareholder at 30.6 percent and has oft been cast as a \"savior\" in the eyes of the fans who didn't appreciate Yamauchi's detached guidance. Larson, however, went through an expensive divorce that could hamper any ability or desire to move into a majority stake.", "Old Navy (stylized as OLD NAVY) is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It has corporate operations in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The largest of the Old Navy stores are its flagship stores, located in New York City, the Mall of America, Seattle, Chicago, and San Francisco.", "The Boeing Company is an American multinational aerospace and defense corporation. Founded in 1916 by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington, the company has expanded over the years, and merged with McDonnell Douglas in 1997. Boeing moved its corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago, Illinois, in 2001. Boeing is made up of multiple business units, which are Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA); Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS); Engineering, Operations & Technology; Boeing Capital; and Boeing Shared Services Group.", "In June 2012, it was revealed that Hansen's investment partners included then- Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer and brothers Erik and Peter Nordstrom of fashion retailer Nordstrom, Inc. . Peter Nordstrom had been a minority owner of the SuperSonics under Howard Schultz's ownership. Wally Walker , former Sonics executive, was also later revealed to be part of Hansen's group. On January 9, 2013, media reports surfaced regarding the imminent sale of majority ownership of the Sacramento Kings to Hansen, Ballmer, the Nordstroms, and Walker for $500 million to relocate to Seattle as early as the 2013–14 NBA season .[6][7][8]", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle, Washington. The Seahawks compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks are owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll. Since 2002, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field), located south of downtown Seattle. The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome (1976–1999) and Husky Stadium (1994, 2000–2001).", "Seattle is home to Microsoft, the world's largest personal computer software company, and the region is also home to over 2,000 other software development companies. Also headquartered in Seattle is Boeing, the world's biggest aircraft manufacturer. Other major companies located in Seattle include Costco, Weyerhaeuser, Paccar, Safeco, Nordstrom, Airborne Freight, and Starbucks. Seattle's biotechnology enterprises generate revenue of over $2 billion a year, a figure that is expected to more than double by 2005.", "The ownership group of the club is composed of four investors. The majority owner is the former owner of the now defunct USL-1 team Seattle Sounders Adrian Hanauer, with minority owners Joe Roth, a Hollywood producer; Paul Allen, Microsoft co-founder and owner of the Seattle Seahawks and Portland Trail Blazers; and Drew Carey, comedian and game show host. Allen's partnership allowed for the team to share certain resources with the Seahawks, including over half of the team's full-time staff, with merged ticket, marketing, and financial operations. This arrangement ended on April 30, 2014, with the Sounders becoming a fully independent business operation. ", "The \"Blue Jays\" name originates from the bird of the same name, and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto's other professional sports teams: the Maple Leafs (ice hockey) and the Argonauts (Canadian football). In addition, the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company, makers of the popular beer Labatt's Blue. Colloquially nicknamed the \"Jays\", the team's official colours are royal blue, navy blue, red, and white. An expansion franchise, the club was founded in Toronto in 1977. Originally based at Exhibition Stadium, the team began playing its home games at the SkyDome upon its opening in 1989. Since 2000, the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004, the SkyDome was purchased by that company, which it renamed Rogers Centre. They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States, and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise, the Montreal Expos, relocated to Washington, D.C. after the 2004 season and became the Washington Nationals.", "Established in 1922, the company reincorporated in 1928 and adopted its present name in 1959. The company has around 63,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues of approximately US$25 billion. More than 90% of Raytheon's revenues were obtained from military contracts and, as of 2012, it was the fifth-largest military contractor in the world. As of 2015, it is the third largest defense contractor in the United States by defense revenue. ", "The \"Blue Jays\" name originates from the bird of the same name, and blue is also the traditional colour of two of Toronto's other professional sports teams: the Maple Leafs (ice hockey) and the Argonauts (Canadian football). In addition, the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company, makers of the popular beer Labatt's Blue. Colloquially nicknamed the \"Jays\", the team's official colours are royal blue, navy blue, red, and white. An expansion franchise, the club was founded in Toronto in 1977. Originally based at Exhibition Stadium, the team began playing its home games at SkyDome, upon its opening in 1989. Since 2000, the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004, SkyDome was purchased by that company, which it renamed Rogers Centre. They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States, and currently the only team based outside the US after the first Canadian franchise, the Montreal Expos, relocated to Washington, D.C. after the 2004 season and became the Washington Nationals.", "The Seattle Seahawks were finally able to win their first AFC West division title against the Los Angeles Raiders in 1988. Once again, though, their hopes of making it to the Super Bowl were crushed after a 21-13 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals in the divisional playoffs. During this year, the franchise was bought from the Nordstrom family by Ken Behring.", "Seattle Sounders FC plays home matches at CenturyLink Field in Seattle, also home to the Seattle Seahawks. Sounders minority owner Paul Allen is also the owner of the Seahawks, who have a 30-year lease on CenturyLink Field. Because of this relationship, the Sounders makes use of CenturyLink Field without paying rent. For Sounders matches, the pitch is called \"The Xbox Pitch at CenturyLink Field\" as part of the sponsorship deal with Microsoft. ", "Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late-19th century, the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. By 1910, Seattle was one of the 25 largest cities in the country. However, the Great Depression severely damaged the city's economy. Growth returned during and after World War II partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. In 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.", "The larger-than-life blue letters that spell \"Seahawks Stadium\" on the roof of the stadium will be replaced, along with all other signage under the previous name. First & Goal Inc., the company that manages the stadium and exhibition center, also will add a wall inside the stadium adorned with 338 helmets from every high-school team across the state, part of several planned community-service projects between the Seahawks and Qwest.", "*Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, is also owned by the U.S. Navy. It services ships and submarines from the West Coast.", "Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by Seattle Public Utilities and Seattle City Light respectively. Other utility companies serving Seattle include Puget Sound Energy (natural gas, electricity); Seattle Steam Company (steam); Waste Management, Inc and CleanScapes, Inc. (curbside recycling and solid waste removal); and CenturyLink , Frontier Communications and Comcast (telecommunications and television).", "ROBERT O'BRIEN: Retired president and chairman of Paccar and major figure in large regional companies serving on boards of Microsoft, Puget Power, and Pacific Northwest Bell", "Until recently the company owned Fort Lauderdale Strikers, it now owns a majority holding in another franchise, the Carolina Railhawks.", "After college, Rossi began in the commercial real estate business. He became a commercial real estate salesman, managing and owning real estate. Rossi was formerly an owner of the Everett Aquasox minor league baseball team. He is co-founder of the Bellevue, Washington-based Eastside Commercial Bank.", "Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 39,520 at the 2015 State Estimate, making it the largest city on the Kitsap Peninsula. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. Bremerton is connected to Downtown Seattle by a 60-minute ferry route, which carries both vehicles and walk-on passengers along a 17-mile sailing route to Seattle.", "Bremerton is a city in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 38,790 at the 2011 State Estimate. Bremerton is home to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and the Bremerton Annex of Naval Base Kitsap. Bremerton is connected to downtown Seattle by a 55-minute ferry route, which carries both vehicles and walk-on passengers.", "Seattle was also home to a previous Major League Baseball franchise in 1969: the Seattle Pilots. The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season.", "We are proud to announce that our mobile app was selected as a 2011 Seattle Weekly web award winner, sharing the music category right alongside local legends KEXP. Seattle is where our headquarters are, and we've always loved the city and its music sc...", "Die Söldner von DynCorp wurden im Auftrag der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate (VAE) in den Jemen entsendet. Die VAE unterstützt die Regierung in Sanaa gegen die Rebellen. DynCorp soll für den Einsatz drei Milliarden Dollar erhalten." ]

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[ "The scientific name for a shoulder blade is \"scapula,\" according to ShoulderDoc. It is one of three bones that form the shoulder. The other two bones are the humerus (the upper arm bone) and the clavicle (collar bone).", "In anatomy, the scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas) or shoulder blade is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones the scapulae are paired, with the scapula on the left side of the body being roughly a mirror image of the right scapula. In early Roman times, people thought the bone resembled a trowel, a small shovel. The shoulder blade is also called omo in Latin medical terminology.", "Shoulder blade: The familiar flat triangular bone at the back of the shoulder. Known familiarly as the wingbone or, medically, as the scapula.", "Your shoulder is made up of three bones: your upper arm bone (humerus), your shoulder blade (scapula), and your collarbone (clavicle).", "THE PECTORAL GIRDLE. Forming a loose attachment with the sternum is the pectoral girdle, or shoulder. Each shoulder is formed by two bones: the scapula (SKAP-yoo-lah) or shoulder blade and the clavicle (KLAV-i-kul) or collar bone. The large triangular-shaped scapula anchors some of the muscles that move the upper arm. The S-shaped clavicle is small and light and relatively fragile. Each clavicle acts as a brace for its corresponding scapula, preventing the shoulder from coming too far forward.", "Today's crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: What is the medical name for the shoulder blade?. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for \"What is the medical name for the shoulder blade?\" clue. It was last seen in British quick crossword. We have 1 possible answer in our database.", "There are two pairs of shoulder blades on each side (known as scapulae) and are attached to the arms’ bones.", "The Latin verb for saw is \"serrare.\" In anatomy, then, serratus means saw-toothed in shape. Serratus anterior is the name of the muscle that holds your scapula (shoulder blade) to your ribs. It gets its saw-like appearance from the pattern it makes is it attaches to each individual rib.", "After the Middle Ages, the name scapula for shoulder blade became dominant. The word scapula can etymologically be explained by its relatedness to ancient Greek verb σκάπτειν, to dig. This relatedness give rise to several possible explanations. First, the noun σκάπετος, trench derived from this verb, and the to scapula related noun σκαφη, similarly derived from the aforementioned verb, might connect scapula to the notion of (con)cavity. The name scapula might be related that due to existence of the spine of the scapula a concavity exist in the scapula. Otherwise, the designation scapulae is also seen as synonym of ancient Greek συνωμία, the space between the shoulder blades, that is obviously concave. Συνωμία consists of σύν, together with, and ὦμος, shoulder. Second, scapula, due to its relatedness to σκάπτειν might originally meant shovel. Similarly to the resemblance between the Latin pala (spade) and the shoulder blade, a resemblance might be felt between the shape of a shovel and the shoulder blade. Alternatively, the shoulder blade might be used originally for digging and shoveling.", "The clavicle, also called the collarbone, is a long bone that connects the shoulder blade to the breastplate, or sternum. A broken collarbone is the most common type of shoulder fracture. ", "Your shoulder blade is a large flat bone. It's not connected to your ribcage, but is held in place by your shoulder muscles.", "1. either of two flat triangular bones each forming the back part of a shoulder; shoulder blade.", "The shoulder joint is the junction between the chest and the upper extremity . Two joints are at the shoulder. The glenohumeral joint is the ball-and-socket junction of the top of the arm bone, and the socket of the shoulder blade. A second joint in the shoulder is the junction of the collar bone with the shoulder blade, called the acromioclavicular joint. Most shoulder motion occurs at the ball-and-socket glenohumeral joint, but for full motion of the shoulder, the acromioclavicular joint must also be functioning normally.", "A second joint on the top of the shoulder is where a different part of the shoulder blade, the acromion, connects to the collarbone. This is called the acomioclavicular joint.", "7. a thin, flat part of something, as of an oar or a bone: shoulder blade.", "Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Women are primarily affected, but 1% of breast cancers occur in men. Cancers can spread to a variety of locations and pain in the shoulder blade can be a sign of advanced cancer that has spread to the shoulder blade, spine, and ribs or even to the lung. Breast cancer patients with new shoulder or back pain need prompt evaluation by a doctor. Cancer also makes people more prone to blood clots. A blood clot in the lung can also result in shoulder blade pain or discomfort when breathing. This can be life threatening.", "Rhomboid major: Attached to the shoulder blade, this muscle is one of many that aids shoulder movement.", "Broken shoulder blades should receive ongoing treatment by an orthopedic surgeon or sports medicine specialist to ensure proper healing.", "The scapula, also known as the shoulder bone, is a triangle shaped bone located in the shoulder girdle. The human body contains two scapula bones, one per shoulder. This bone's main functions include protection of the thoracic cage and providing a connection between the humerus and the clavicle.", "A doctor will be able to diagnose a broken shoulder blade after a thorough physical examination and imaging.", "Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).", "A good way of looking at the pelvis is to see it corresponding to the shoulder blade.", "4.1.2.1 Bottom Blade (Inside Blade): means the portion of the Blade located inside (medial side) of the blade bone (scapula) including the muscles teres major, subscapularis and serratus ventralis.", "shape of the shoulder blade resulted in the shoulder being moved forwards slightly as if hunched", "to rotate the shoulder blade so that the topmost part of the upper arm faces up", "Subscapularis: This is a large triangular muscle near the humerus and collarbone. It helps rotate the humerus.", "The third part of the axillary artery first gives off the subscapular artery (the largest branch of the axillary artery). The subscapular artery travels caudally, shortly after which it bifurcates to give the circumflex scapular artery and the thoracodorsal artery. The circumflex scapular artery courses around the lateral border of the scapula through the (upper) triangular space to enter the infraspinatus fossa. Here it joins the scapular anastomosis. The thoracodorsal artery continues inferiorly alongside the thoracodorsal nerve to supply the latissimus dorsi muscle . The thoracodorsal branch of the subscapular artery forms an anastomosis with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery, the internal intercostal and the internal mammary arteries.", "(Left) Preoperative x-ray shows a displaced distal humerus fracture (arrow). (Right) The fracture has been put back into alignment and held in place with metal screws and plates.", "There are several creative ways to remember the branches of the axillary artery and the branches of the thoracoacromial artery. For the branches of the axillary artery, remember SALSAP or “HoTeL SPA”:", "Computed tomography (CT) scan. This tool combines x-rays with computer technology to produce a very detailed view of the bones in the shoulder area.", "either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings", "The main artery carrying blood to the upper limb provides branches to the cervical, scapular and pectoral regions on its course. It also gives rise to the vertebral artey, that is critical for the supply of vital centers in the medulla oblongata. The vessel is named successively subclavian, axillary, and brachial (see figs. 7-3 and 8-7 ). The subclavian artery ascends into the neck to form an arch, which lies on the first rib and extends superior to the clavicle. In severe arterial bleeding from the upper limb, the main vessel can be compressed against the first rib in the angle between the clavicle and the posterior margin of the sternomastoid." ]

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[ "Jared Scot Fogle (born August 23, 1977), also known as \"the Subway Guy\", is an American former spokesman for Subway restaurants and actor. After his significant weight loss attributed to eating Subway sandwiches, Fogle was made a spokesperson for the company's advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015. ", "Subway is now the world’s largest fast food chain and their spokesperson Jared Fogle played a large part in that growth. When he began appearing in commercials in 2000 explaining how he had lost 245 pounds while eating at the chain its popularity grew greatly. The main chain has moved on from this method of advertising, but Subway’s Canada company is looking for a new health conscious spokesperson.", "2. The fast food chain Subway has featured a spokesperson named Jared Fogle in many of their commercials over the past decade. Have you seen one of these ads featuring Jared, “the Subway guy”? In commercials and appearances, Jared tells his story of losing 245 pounds eating the restaurant’s sandwiches. Since losing weight, Jared has completed the New York City marathon, earned his college degree, appeared in a film (Super Size Me, 2004), and written a book (Jared, the Subway Guy: Winning Through Losing: 13 Lessons for Turning Your Life Around). What can we learn from this famous example of keystone habit change?", "Also, Jared had the personal story of losing all that weight by eating at Subway, which added credibility to the brand’s message about being a healthier alternative to other fast food options. As a result, it’s no surprise that Subway kept him as their endorser for such a long time and that they attribute much of the brand’s growth to him .", "While attending college at Indiana University, 20-year-old Jared Fogle was beginning to develop health problems related to his 425 pound physique.  He had never worried much about his weight, and even thought of it as a way to be different from his family who were all very health conscious.  Jared was like any other college sophomore pursing a degree in business administration and looking for the easiest and cheapest way to get his next meal.  But while other students were feasting in the school’s commons, Jared happened upon a Subway fast food chain located next door to his college dormitory.  It was a discovery that took Jared in a direction he could never imagine.", "The Fast Food Conspiracy Against Health - The Fast Food Conspiracy Against Health Most everyone who eats out is familiar with Jared, the man who claims to have lost three quarters of his body weight by eating what Subway wants you to believe is a balanced diet of fast food. In fact, this healthy image that Jared advertises is every fast food restaurant’s dream in terms of reeling in customers who are scared of cellulite. It is no secret that the fast food industry’s affect on society is an unhealthy one, but just how unhealthy is it and what else goes on beyond the counter that is never seen....   [tags: Healthy Lifestyle Essay]", "Fogle's role in Subway afforded him some other opportunities, such as appearances in WWE in 2009 and 2011.[http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-15/results Raw results: California scheming] (with [http://www.wwe.com/videos/raw-the-miz-proclaims-his-passion-for-championships-and-oven-baked-sandwiches-25030467 video]) by James Wortman 15 August 2011 (retrieved [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926015519/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-15/results 26 September 2011]): The Miz might have a distaste for most things, but he evidently loves to “eat fresh.” Taking aim at Subway’s weight-loss wunderkind Jared Fogle, who was sitting in the front row, The Awesome One remarked that he could be a better spokesperson[http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-22/miz-truth-conspiracy-victims “C-O-N-spiracy” victims assemble!] 25 August 2011 by James Wortman (retrieved [http://web.archive.org/web/20140702183248/http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2011-08-22/miz-truth-conspiracy-victims 2 July 2014]): Truth’s strong belief in a so-called “C-O-N-spiracy” against him has ensnared The Cleveland Screamer, who has gone from successfully defending the WWE Championship at WrestleMania to waging fruitless wars of words with Subway spokesman Jared Fogle on Raw. By 2013, Fogle had filmed more than 300 commercials and continued to make appearances and speeches for the company. Subway attributed one third to one half of its growth in sales to Fogle, with revenue having tripled from 1998 to 2011.", "Jared Fogle, spokesperson for Subway, speaking to Dana Witmer's marketing class at the J. Everett Light Career Center and other North Central students and teachers on Friday, March 11, 2005. ", "At that time, Jared had a friend that was a writer for the Indiana University newspaper.  He wrote an article about his friend Jared’s miraculous new weight loss plan and the story was picked up by the newspaper wire service.  A men’s health magazine picked up the story from the wire service and they in turn wrote an article on Jared and his two sandwiches a day.  It was then that the advertising gurus at Subway went searching out the then unknown Jared.  Jared Fogle would soon become known as the “Subway guy.”", "Next Subway needs a new message in the marketplace. The fast food that can help you lose weight was a nice differentiator, but now it may be too tied to Jared.", "Jared spent his life trying weight loss programs.  He ate low-calorie frozen dinners and drank liquid drinks.  He always food himself craving food.  “Food controlled my whole life,” Jared said.  “Now, I don’t have to pre-plan every activity I do.  I don’t have to wonder if I will be able to fit in a chair in a restaurant or purchase two plane  tickets instead of one.”  Jared’s diet now consists of  side or salads with low carolie dressing or grilled chicken minus the mayonnaise.  “I have eliminated all fried foods from my diet.”", "For example, in 2001, investigative journalist Eric Schlosser made a sustained attack on the fast food industry with his book Fast Food Nation. In this book, Schlosser attacked McDonald's for supplying unhealthy food and for its contribution to making America the most obese nation on earth. He also decried the globalization of a homogenized culture to the entire world. He highlighted the conditions under which unskilled immigrants worked in McDonald's restaurants and the anti-union practices of McDonald's. A few years after Schlosser's Fast Food Nation, McDonald's reputation suffered another blow with Super Size Me, a documentary by Morgan Spurlock meant to highlight the dangerous health effects of eating an excess of McDonald's food. Spurlock used himself as a guinea pig as he set out on a 30-day experiment in which he ate nothing but McDonald's food. The audience watched as he gained weight and doctors observed his health decline.", "In his reply documentary Fat Head, Tom Naughton \"suggests that Spurlock's calorie and fat counts don't add up\" and noted Spurlock's refusal to publish the Super Size Me food log. The Houston Chronicle reports: \"Unlike Spurlock, Naughton has a page on his Web site that lists every item (including nutritional information) he ate during his fast-food month.\" The film addresses such objections by highlighting that a part of the reason for Spurlock's deteriorating health was not just the high calorie intake but also the high quantity of sugar relative to vitamins and minerals in the McDonald's menu, which is similar in that regard to the nutritional content of the menus of most other U.S. fast-food chains. About 1/3 of Spurlock's calories came from sugar. His nutritionist, Bridget Bennett, warned him about his excess intake of sugar from \"milkshakes and Cokes\". It is revealed toward the end of the movie that over the course of the diet, he consumed \"over 30 lb of sugar, and over 12 lb of fat from their food\". ", "Fogle first came to media attention in April 1999, via an article written by a former dorm-mate about Fogle's weight loss and published in the Indiana Daily Student. Subsequently, Fogle was featured in a Men's Health magazine article, \"Stupid Diets. . . that Work!\" According to the article, Fogle had become obese through lack of exercise and eating junk food. ", "Jared Fogle, left, shows Anna Belle Wilder, center, and Brad LeGrand, right, a pair of his old pants that he used to fit into at a Subway sandwich shop in Birmingham in this 2003 file photo. (Steve Gates/FTWP)", "In 1982, Thomas resigned from his day-to-day operations at Wendy’s. However, by 1985, several company business decisions, including an awkward new breakfast menu and loss in brand awareness due to fizzled marketing efforts, caused the company’s new president to urge Thomas back into a more active role with Wendy’s. Thomas began to visit franchises and espouse his hardworking, so-called “mop-bucket attitude.” In 1989, he took on a significant role as the TV spokesperson in a series of commercials for the brand. Thomas was not a natural actor, and initially, his performances were criticized as stiff and ineffective by advertising critics. [12]", "Well, it is not recorded that he shrunk. In fact, Spurlock, forsaking his vegan girlfriend's healthy cuisine, gained about 25 pounds and saw his cholesterol level shoot up to dangerous levels as he huffed and puffed his way three times a day through myriad Big Macs and fillet o' fish sandwiches, milk shakes, sodas, fries and other not-so-delicate items from the menu of the world's largest purveyor of fast food. He had hired three doctors and a registered dietician to check his vital signs and give him a thorough physical exam prior to this experiment in not-so-fine dining. Before the gorging was done all three doctors and the dietician advised him in the most uncertain terms for the sake of his health to stop eating the sugar-laden, fat-smeared, nearly fiber-free \"diet.\" But Spurlock, trooper that he is, amid the McTingles and the McPukes, hung in there until the very end.", "His film Super Size Me debuted in 2004 at the Sundance film festival where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize and won for Best Documentary director. The documentary followed Spurlock on a 30-day mission to show the effects McDonald's food can have on the human body. Every day for a month, Spurlock would eat food from McDonalds. He ate three full meals daily, and would supersize his fries and drink whenever asked.", "Super Size Me is a 2004 documentary film by Morgan Spurlock, which follows a 30-day time period in 2003 during which Spurlock eats only McDonald's food and increases body mass by 13%. In contrast, 2007 Johan Groundstroem on a hamburger-only diet lost 30% body mass. These culturally recognized events are not to be confused with clinical diet studies—where total caloric intake in addition to food types are monitored.", "In 1982, Thomas resigned from his day-to-day operations at Wendy's. However, by 1985, several company business decisions, including an awkward new breakfast menu and loss in brand awareness due to fizzled marketing efforts, caused the company's new president to urge Thomas back into a more active role with Wendy's. Thomas began to visit franchises and espouse his hardworking, so-called \"mop-bucket attitude.\" In 1989, he took on a significant role as the TV spokesperson in a series of commercials for the brand. Thomas was not a natural actor, and initially, his performances were criticized as stiff and ineffective by advertising critics. ", "I like Ronald McDonald.  I wish they still showed commercials with him, and the whole McDonalds gang.  When I was a kid, I used to go to McDonalds and get what was called a \"Treat of the Week\", a weekly toy that was given out free to kids", "Foghorn J. Leghorn had a rather ignominious end to his career - he fronted a series of commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken, in which he encouraged viewers (and Henery Hawk - another of the Warner Bros. characters) to go to KFC for \"chicken done right\". That's just wrong on so many levels, so I won't show the clip here.", "He had become a celebrity. He was even  parodied on \"South Park, \" which he later told Men's Health  \"was surreal.\" He even wrote  a book called \"Jared, The Subway Guy: Winning Through Losing: 13 Lessons for Turning Your Life Around.\"", "He had become a celebrity. He was even  parodied on \"South Park, \" which he later told Men's Health  \"was surreal.\" He even wrote  a book called \"Jared, The Subway Guy: Winning Through Losing: 13 Lessons for Turning Your Life Around.\"", "*On January 21, 2010 he was a guest on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (US), where he explained that before he became famous, he wrote advertising jingles, including two well-known jingles for Band-Aid and State Farm. Also, he commented on his diet of \"forgetting to eat\".", "\"Hey Mikey…He Likes It!\" Created by the Doyle Dane Bernbach agency in 1972 to promote Life cereal, this commercial featured three brothers at a breakfast table daring one another to try a bowl of the \"healthy\" cereal. Little Mikey, who usually \"hates everything,\" dives in and quickly devours it, to his brothers’ amazement. When child actor John Gilchrist Jr. outgrew the role, an urban legend claimed he’d been killed by a lethal dose of Pop Rocks and soda. Hardly. He’s still alive and working in movies—as a grip.", "Dave Thomas is a fastfood icon and his face is well-known by many. Choosing to appear in over 800 commercials showed the consumer that they are not buying from some unseen entity, but from a friendly business man. ", "# A spokesman meets with two cavemen in a restaurant to apologize for the promotion, explaining that \"we had no idea you guys were still around.\" One of the cavemen tells the waiter, \"I'll have the roast duck with the mango salsa.\" The other caveman informs the waiter that \"I don't have much of an appetite, thank you.\" (Writer Ron Rosenbaum called the roast-duck line \"the iconic moment\" of the ad series, due to \"the surreal contradictions\" of cavemen \"au courant enough to be unimpressed by now antiquated nouvelle cuisine.\") ", "It was also given homage on an episode of the popular Nicktoon Doug; the show was instead called Wheel of Snacks, but it had nothing to do with the actual format or play elements of the game. Instead, the host (Roger Klotz as Dr. Klotzenstein) was using the show as a means of making use of his hypnotic snacks (Zombie Chips, Greasy Puffs, etc.) that turn people into zombielike slaves when they eat them. Quailman (Doug in a faux superhero costume) stops Klotzenstein's plan and breaks the spell over the contestants and audience using beets, cancelling the show and bringing Klotzenstein to justice.", "Series host Adam Richman grew up in Brooklyn, New York, completed his undergraduate degree in International Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and earned a master's degree from the Yale School of Drama. A self-educated food \"fanatic\", since 1995 he has kept a travel journal including each of the restaurants he visited and what he learned from the trip. Although described as \"a bit on the husky side\", to maintain his health while indulging for the show, Richman exercises twice a day while he's on the road. When the schedule permits, he does not eat the day before a challenge and he tries to stay \"crazy hydrated\" by drinking lots of water or club soda and forgoing coffee or soft drinks. After taping for a challenge is complete, Richman spends an hour or so on a treadmill, telling the Las Vegas Review-Journal, \"Being sedentary is incredibly uncomfortable. Despite the fact that the first 10 minutes or 15 minutes on the treadmill might suck, it actually does alleviate a lot of pressure, and you feel better.\"", "In July 2015, Grande was seen on surveillance video in a doughnut shop licking doughnuts that were on display and saying \"I hate Americans. I hate America. This is disgusting.\" She responded to critics, writing that she is \"extremely proud to be an American\" and that her comments related to American obesity. She later released a video apology for \"behaving poorly\". The incident was parodied by The Muppets and featured in Miley Cyrus' Saturday Night Live cover of \"My Way\", about the regrets of the summer of 2015. Grande mocked the issue herself on Saturday Night Live in 2016. ", "The Sponsor : Fred Flintstone once joined Eaters Anonymous, and his sponsor would grab whatever food Fred got a hold on while giving the group's secret call, \"Gobble, gobble, gobble!\"" ]

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[ "Dragnet is the Great Granddaddy of pretty much every cop/detective show in television history. Jack Webb created, produced, and starred as the iconic Joe Friday in Dragnet. The show began as a radio program, but made its way to television in 1951. Webb wanted to create a cop show that portrayed police work as realistically as possible. To do that, Webb attended police academies, went on night patrols with LAPD officers, and frequently visited police headquarters to research for his episodes. During its run, the main detective, Joe Friday, went through a few partners, but his most memorable partner was Officer Bill Gannon played by Harry Morgan. Gannon played the funny man role, while Friday played the straight man in this double act. An interesting fact about Dragnet is that while Joe Friday is often quoted as saying “Just the facts, ma’am,” he never actually uses that line during the series. The closest he came was uttering, “All we want are the facts, ma’am.”", "Detective Sergeant Joseph \"Joe\" Friday is a fictional detective in the Los Angeles Police Department. The character was created (and portrayed) by Jack Webb as the lead for his Dragnet series, and first appeared on June 3, 1949 in the premiere of the NBC radio drama that launched the series. Webb played the character on radio and later television from 1949-1959 and again from 1967-1970, also appearing as Friday in a 1954 theatrical release and a 1966 made-for-TV film that aired three years later.", "The iconic television series Dragnet, with LAPD Detective Joe Friday as the primary character, was the first major media representation of the department. Real LAPD operations inspired Jack Webb to create the series and close cooperation with department officers let him make it as realistic as possible, including authentic police equipment and sound recording on-site at the police station.", "A paraphrasing of the introduction to the television series Dragnet (1951-1959, 1967-1970), spoken by Jack Webb in the role of Sergeant Joe Friday. “I don’t need no stinking badge” is a paraphrase of the famous line from the 1948 film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre: “Badges? We ain’t got no badges. We don’t need no badges. I don’t have to show you any stinking badges.”", "Get ready for all the real-life crime stories of the most influential police drama in the history of television: Dragnet 1967. Producer, creator and director Jack Webb stars as tough-as-nails Sergeant Joe Friday who, along with his partner, Officer Bill Gannon (Harry Morgan, M*A*S*H*), are on the beat tracking down clues, criminals and corporate corruption. Now all 17 episodes, plus a bonus CD featuring a recording from an original Dragnet radio show, are available in one DVD boxed set for the first time ever. Dragnet 1967: Season 1 is the Dragnet collection that crime fans have been waiting for!", "With much assistance from Sgt. Marty Wynn and legendary LAPD chief William H. Parker, Dragnet premiered on NBC Radio in 1949 and ran till 1957. It was also picked up as a television series by NBC, which aired episodes each season from 1952 to 1959. Webb played Sgt. Joe Friday, and Barton Yarborough co-starred as Sgt. Ben Romero. After Yarborough's death, Ben Alexander joined the cast as Officer Frank Smith.", " When the original show (\"Dragnet\" (1951)) ended, Joe Friday had been promoted to Lieutenant. However, Jack Webb decided to make Friday a sergeant again for the new series because \"few people remember that Friday was promoted toward the end of our run. We think it's better to have Joe a sergeant again. Few detective-lieutenants get out into the field.\"", "also starred in it. Dragnet, which featured the adventures of Sgt Friday of the Los Angeles Police - and which was based on actual cases - became a top show in both America and Britain. Almost from its first days in 1958, The Larkins, a British domestic comedy series, was seen by nearly 12 million viewers, bringing small-screen fame to Peggy Mount and David Kossoff. The series was something totally different for British television at the time: the saga of a comic but very believable family, which cut across all barriers of class. Alf works in a plastics factory and Ada is the domineering wife. Watch for a crockerysmashing scene, which relies on visual appeal rather than dialogue. Arthur Haynes provides another sample of Fifties comedy. Haynes started his first television shows in 1959 and was a comedy star for more than a decade until he died. Like Dick Emery, his speciality was a wide range of facial ex pressions and comic characterisations, and he exploited a type of humour that never dates. A rmchair Theatre presented plays of strong drama over the years. The Channel Four choice is Hot Summer Night, favourite of its author, Ted (now Lord) Willis. Starring the late John Slater and Ruth Dunning, it is about the horror of a staunch trade unionist when his continued overpage", "Dragnet from Warner Bros. was the first theatrical film based on a TV show of the same name (the then-popular B/W NBC-TV show ran from 1951-1959). Its star Jack Webb (as Sgt. Joe Friday) turned it into a feature (color) film, and served as the director. A movie of the TV show was remade as Dragnet 66 (1969), a TV movie - it was filmed in 1966 but not broadcast until 1969.", "This, the best known quote from the Jack Webb series Dragnet , was never said by Sgt. Friday in any of the Dragnet radio or television series. The quote was, however, adopted in the 1987 Dragnet pseudo-parody film starring Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks in which Aykroyd played Sgt. Joe Friday.", "Dragnet had an ep where Sgt. Friday had to prove he didn't make a mistake about a robber having a gun when he shot him.", "In the 1950s, ITV established the practice of buying in American shows to supplement its own production. The most popular purchases were traditionally American genres: westerns such as Gunsmoke/Gun Law, Wagon Train, Cheyenne, The Lone Ranger, Rawhide, or fast moving police series such as Highway Patrol and Dragnet. Gradually British TV began to imitate such police series and the first of these was No Hiding Place (A-R, 1959-67). The Alfred Hitchcock series were also popular (Alfred Hitchcock Presents and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour). In the area of light entertainment The Black and White Minstrel Show (BBC 1958-78) ran for 20 years until eventually the offensiveness of white performers \"blacking up\" was finally acknowledged. Opportunity Knocks! (A-R, 1956; ABC, 1964-67; Thames, 1968-78) was a talent show a genre which has continued in many guises since.", "Produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television , the show was initially called Occupation Unknown. [3] The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday February 2, 1950 at 8:00 p.m. ET. After airing alternate Wednesdays, then alternate Thursdays, finally on October 1, 1950 it had settled into its weekly Sunday 10:30 p.m. ET slot where it would remain until the end of its network run on September 3, 1967.", "Racket Squad 7 June 1951-28 Sep 1953 (CBS); 98 30-minute episodes; black and white; Previously syndicated, 1950; \"I'm closing this case now, but there'll be others, because that's the way the world is built. Remember, there are people who can slap your back with one hand and pick your pocket with the other; and it could happen to you.\" -- [Narration at end of each episode] Series explained standard con-games and rackets, with the star playing the head of some big city racket squad. Episodes were based on genuine police case records. Producers: Hal Roach, Jr., Carroll Chase; Director: Frank McDonald; Starring: REED HADLEY as Narrator/Captain John Braddock;", "A top American television show, the F.B.I. featured real life stories with fictitious names and places (not an original idea but a fairly popular one). The key character was Inspector Lewis (Lou) Erskine, portrayed by Efrem Zimbalist Jr., who was selected and greatly approved for the role by J. Edgar Hoover. Erskine was a handsome, middle-aged detective, a determined mantracker, and like his contemporaries a very handy gunslinger. A large number of writers, including Gerald Sanforth, supplied the stories.", "The Man Behind the Badge 11 Oct 1953-3 Oct 1954 (Buckeye); 38 30-minute episodes; black and white; Mystery/Detective anthology series of stories from the police files. Live semi-documentary series about cops, parole officers, park rangers, lawyers, and judges. Producers: Jerry Robertson, Bernard Proctor; Starring: NORMAN ROSE as Host/Narrator; JACK WARDEN as ______________; LESLIE NIELSEN as _________________; CHARLES BICKFORD as Host (syndicated film version).", "The most popular of CBS’s attempts to clone its popular “What’s My Line?”, the show featured a panel of four celebrities who tried to guess a secret held by the contestants via yes-or-no answers. Contestants earned $20 for each panelist unable to find the secret on the original version; prizes increased over the years. Host: Garry Moore (’52-’64), Steve Allen (’64-’72), The Great Bill Cullen (’76; Bill and Henry Morgan were regular panelists from ’52-’67), Stephanie Miller (’00-today).", "Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television game show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television. Its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as television began to pervade the popular culture, game shows quickly became a fixture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives. Higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One and The $64,000 Question began a rapid rise in popularity. However, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged and ratings declines led to most of the primetime games being canceled.", "And thus we have THE SWEENEY, a ground-breaking show about Britain's elite coppers The Flying Squad. (Cockney rhyming slang: Flying Squad = Sweeney Todd = The Sweeney.) Previous British police shows had been relatively genteel affairs, but THE SWEENEY exposed the raw side of street policing. Inspector Jack Regan (John Thaw of Inspector Morse fame) is a born cop and a stone predator in the crime jungle. He will bend the rules when necessary to achieve rough justice. His sidekick George Carter (Dennis Waterman) often calls his methods into question, but is always ready when the scrap is on.", "Produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS Television, the show was initially called Occupation Unknown before deciding on the name What's My Line? The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday, February 2, 1950, at 8:00 p.m. ET. After airing alternate Wednesdays, then alternate Thursdays, finally on October 1, 1950, it had settled into its weekly Sunday 10:30 p.m. ET slot where it would remain until the end of its network run on September 3, 1967.", "By 1947, Dick Tracy became a household name. In 1953 Chester Gould would hire Al Valanis, a retired Chicago policeman, to check his work for police accuracy. In the following years, Gould would rise in celebrity status, appearing on such shows as “To Tell the Truth,” “Person to Person,” and Ralph Edward’s “This is Your Life.”", "The Phil Silvers Show a comedy television series based on the fun and antics of Sergeant Bilko a master sergeant in the United States Army . Series ran from 1955 till 1959.", "Directors of the series included Mitchell Grayson, Charles Powers and Bob White. Cast members at various times included Walter Kinsella as Pat Patton, Helen Lewis as Tess Trueheart and Andy Donnelly and Jackie Kelk as Junior Tracy. Announcers were Ed Herlihy and Dan Seymour .", "Angie Dickinson did a superb job as the police woman sgt Pepper. She was one of the first female cops on tv I believe....and she was very popular!", "What '50's police drama began with \"The story you are about to see is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent\"?", "T. J. Hooker is an American police drama television program starring William Shatner in the title role as a 15-year veteran police sergeant. The series premiered as a mid-season replacement on March 13, 1982, on ABC and ran on the network until May 4, 1985. The show was then picked up for a further single season by CBS.", "After serving in the RAF during World War II, Drake turned professional and made his TV debut in the 1950s, becoming nationally-known for his \"hallo, my darlings\" catchphrase.", "The \"Crimestopper's Textbook\" was parodied in two editions of The Stan Freberg Show in 1957, both in a discussion sketch called \"Face the Funnies.\" In the first, a self-proclaimed Dick Tracy expert (voiced by Daws Butler ) advised, \"If vandals kidnap you, look for fingerprints on or about your person.\" In the second example, Butler said, \"If someone shoots you in the chest, extract the bullet and look for small tell-tale bore markings on the slug, and then call a doctor.\"", "Emceed quiz show \"Who Do You Trust?\" On ABC-TV; joined for first time by longtime sidekick Ed McMahon in 1958", "Writers: Madelyn Pugh Davis, Bob Carroll, Jr. (1951-1960), Jess Oppenheimer (1951-1956), Bob Schiller, Bobn Weiskopf (1955-1960)", "The \"Crimestopper's Textbook\" was parodied in two editions of The Stan Freberg Show in 1957, both in a discussion sketch called \"Face the Funnies.\" In the first, a self-proclaimed Dick Tracy expert (voiced by Daws Butler) advised, \"If vandals kidnap you, look for fingerprints on or about your person.\" In the second example, Butler said, \"If someone shoots you in the chest, extract the bullet and look for small tell-tale bore markings on the slug , and then call a doctor.\"", "The \"Crimestopper's Textbook\" was parodied in two editions of The Stan Freberg Show in 1957, both in a discussion sketch called \"Face the Funnies.\" In the first, a self-proclaimed Dick Tracy expert (voiced by Daws Butler) advised, \"If vandals kidnap you, look for fingerprints on or about your person.\" In the second example, Butler said, \"If someone shoots you in the chest, extract the bullet and look for small tell-tale bore markings on the slug, and then call a doctor.\"" ]

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[ "There are four gas giants in our solar system : Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Uranus and Neptune may be considered as a separate subclass of giant planets, 'ice giants', or 'Uranian planets', as they are mostly composed of ice , rock and gas, unlike the \"traditional\" gas giants Jupiter or Saturn. However, they share the same qualities of the lack of the solid surface; their differences stem from the fact that their proportion of hydrogen and helium is lower, due to their greater distance from the Sun.", "A gas giant (sometimes also known as a Jovian planet after the planet Jupiter, or giant planet) is a large planet that is not primarily composed of rock or other solid matter. There are four gas giants in our Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Many extrasolar gas giants have been identified orbiting other stars.", "A gas giant is a large planet composed mostly of gases, such as hydrogen and helium, with a relatively small rocky core. The gas giants of our solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These four large planets, also called jovian planets after Jupiter, reside in the outer part of the solar system past the orbits of Mars and the asteroid belt. Jupiter and Saturn are substantially larger than Uranus and Neptune, revealing that the pairs of planets have a somewhat different composition.", "� Four planets in our solar system have rings. The Gas Giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.", "Each of the four giant gas planets in the outer Solar System – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune – is orbited by rings of dust and small particles of matter. Saturn is most famous for its rings.", "Planets are generally divided into two main types: large, low-density gas giants, and smaller, rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites. Additionally, the Solar System also contains at least five dwarf planets and hundreds of thousands of small Solar System bodies.", "The four planets nearest the sun are called terrestrial (“earthlike”). They are relatively small worlds with dense, rocky compositions. In order of increasing distance from the sun they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The remaining four planets are called gas giants or Jovians (“like Jupiter”). They are much larger than terrestrials, but are comprised primarily of hydrogen and helium gas rather than dense materials like rock. As with the sun, these balls of gas are held together by their own gravity. As we move away from the sun, the gas giants are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The outer two planets, Uranus and Neptune, are smaller than Jupiter and Saturn and are sometimes called ice giants instead of gas giants due to their high abundance of various forms of ice.3", "The solar system is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt , and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . [51] Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt , and finally the Oort Cloud , which may extend as far as a light-year.", "The solar system is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt , and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . [53] Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt , and finally the Oort Cloud , which may extend as far as a light-year.", "The solar system has two major types of planets: terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune).", "The Solar System is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt, and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt, and finally the Oort Cloud, which may extend as far as a light-year.", "The solar system is subdivided into the inner planets, the asteroid belt, and the outer planets. The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt, and finally the Oort Cloud, which may extend as far as a light-year.", "Gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium. The Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass. Gas giant's are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.", "Our solar system (right) is one of many that are located within our galaxy, the Milky Way. Ancient astronomers who observed the points of light moving across the sky and called them planets, meaning wanderers. They further named these planets after their Roman deities. This solar system consists of nine planets (or, according to more recent debates, eight planets and one dwarf planet) which orbit the Sun. These planets, in order of distance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The first four planets are the rock and iron planets of the Solar System, whereas the other four are the gaseous giants with no solid surface until their core. Pluto is also a rocky planet but due to it being so far away from the Sun it is mostly rock and ice. Mars and Jupiter are separated by an asteroid belt, some of these asteroids being up to 1000km across. ", "The planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune all have ring systems – all of the gas giants in our Solar System. And that's not all! In fact, ring systems may be more common than previously thought…", "Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet within the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass slightly less than one-thousandth of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planets in our Solar System combined. Jupiter is classified as a gas giant along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Together, these four planets are sometimes referred to as the Jovian or outer planets.", "As our exploration of the Inner and Outer Solar System has improved and expanded, our conventions for categorizing planets has also changed. Our current model of the Solar System includes eight planets (four terrestrial, four gas giants), four dwarf planets, and a growing number of Trans-Neptunian Objects that have yet to be designated. It also contains and is surrounded by countless asteroids and planetesimals.", "5, 6, 7, 8.  These are gas giants.  They are all larger than the first four listed, and further from the sun.", "Planets are generally divided into two main types: large low-density giant planets, and smaller rocky terrestrials. Under IAU definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System. In order of increasing distance from the Sun, they are the four terrestrials, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, then the four giant planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites.", "The four solar system gas giants share a number of features. All have atmospheres that are mostly hydrogen and helium and that blend into the liquid interior at pressures greater than the critical pressure , so that there is no clear boundary between atmosphere and body. They have very hot interiors, ranging from about 5000 K for Neptune to over 20,000 K for Jupiter. This great heat means that, beneath their atmospheres, the planets are most likely entirely liquid . Thus, when discussions refer to a \"rocky core\", one should not picture a ball of solid granite , or even, at 20,000 K, liquid granite. Rather, what is meant is a region in which the concentration of heavier elements such as iron and silicon is greater than that in the rest of the planet.", "Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System (such as Neptune and Pluto) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies (this is also common in satellite systems). All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites , often called \"moons.\" Earth has one, Mars has two, and the gas giants have numerous moons in complex planetary-type systems. Many gas giant moons have similar features to the terrestrial planets and dwarf planets, and some have been studied as possible abodes of life (especially Europa ). [108] [109] [110]", "By contrast, the 4 outer planets are designated as gas giants (and/or ice giants) which are composed primarily of of hydrogen, helium, and water existing in various physical states. While these planets are greater in size and mass, their overall density is much lower. In addition, their density varies considerably between the outer and inner layers, ranging from a liquid state to materials so dense that they become rock-solid.", "Our solar system has eight planets: Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune .", "The Planets to Scale; from the sun, the \"terrestrial planets\" are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, while the \"giant planets\" are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune (Pluto was an oddity at the end*).", "Ice giants , comprising Uranus and Neptune, are a sub-class of gas giants, distinguished from gas giants by their significantly lower mass (only 14 and 17 Earth masses), and by depletion in hydrogen and helium in their atmospheres together with a significantly higher proportion of rock and ice.", "But have you ever wondered how many moons Uranus has? Like all of the giant planets, it’s got rather a lot! In fact, astronomers can now account for 27 moons that are described as “Uranian”. Just like the other gas and ice giants, these moons are motley bunch that tell us much about the history of the Solar System. And, just like Jupiter and Saturn, the process of discovering these moons has been long and involved on multiple astronomers.", "The solar system is an entity that has in its vicinity eight planets (including ours), gravitating around the Sun (which gave the solar system its name) and asteroids, moons or satellites, comets, dust, gas, dwarf planets and others.", "Neptune is the 8th and final planet in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun at a distance of 29.81 AU (4.459 x 109 km) at perihelion and 30.33 AU (4.537 x 109 km) at aphelion. With a mean radius of 24,622 ± 19 km, Neptune is the fourth largest planet in the Solar System and four times as large as Earth. But with a mass of 1.0243×1026 kg – which is roughly 17 times that of Earth – it is the third most massive, outranking Uranus.", "Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, with a radius of 43,441 miles. That is more than 10 times Earth's 3,359-mile radius, but it is also about 16 times smaller than the Sun's radius. Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system with a radius of 1,516 miles.", "The solar system consists of the Sun; the nine planets, 67 satellites of the planets and a large number of small bodies (come", "According to the IAU 's current definitions, there are eight planets in the Solar System . In increasing distance from the Sun , they are:", "There are eight planets in the Solar System, which are in increasing distance from the Sun:" ]

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[ "On September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600 ft high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 mi. It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.", "On September 24, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt declared Devils Tower in Wyoming to be the first National Monument under the Antiquities Act.", "After 10 years of futile efforts by the Wyoming Congressional delegation to have a much larger area including the formation declared a National Park on September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt, proclaimed Devils Tower as a National Monument. It was the first ever use of that designation.  Only 1,152.91 acres of the originally proposed park were protected.  ", "Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument’s boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (5.45 km2).", "Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (545 ha).", "Devils Tower was the first US National Monument, established on 24 September 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "2. Another first for the state is Devil’s Tower, the monolithic rock protrusion in the Black Hills mountain chain, which was declared the first-ever United States National Monument on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "President Theodore Roosevelt signs a bill establishing Devils Tower in Wyoming as the first National Monument.", "Most times of year, travelers will continue further west into Wyoming, to Devils Tower National Monument, 107 miles from Rapid City via I-90 and state highways. Made famous in the 1977 Steven Spielberg movie, “Close Encounters of the Third Kind,' the 1,267-foot monolith, which rises high above the prairies, was such a landmark that it was honored as the very first U.S. national monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906.", "Devils Tower is proudly the First National Monument, Yellowstone National Park is the first National Park, and Shoshone National Forest is the first National Forest. All three are right here in Wyoming! Did you get it right? Devils Tower Photo Credit: NPS Yellowstone Photo Credit: NPS Shoshone NF Photo Credit: U.S. Forest Service", "Roosevelt signs the National Monuments Act, establishing the first eighteen national monuments, including Devils Tower, Muir Woods, and Mount Olympus. June 08, 1906", "Roosevelt's eighth national monument proclamation was far from routine. Its subject was Jackson Hole, Wyoming, discussed as a possible addition to Yellowstone National Park as early as 1892. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., visited the area in 1926 with Horace Albright, then superintendent of Yellowstone, and was disturbed to see commercial development on private lands despoiling the view of the Teton Range. With official encouragement and without publicly disclosing his role and purpose, Rockefeller undertook to purchase more than 33,000 acres through his Snake River Land Company for donation to the United States. When the scheme became public, cattlemen, hunters, timbermen, and other local interests bitterly opposed the land's removal from economic productivity, hunting, and taxation. Wyoming's congressional delegation came to their aid by thwarting passage of park enabling legislation. In response, Roosevelt in 1943 proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument to accept Rockefeller's donation. The monument also included 179,000 acres from Teton National Forest adjoining the limited Grand Teton National Park established in 1929.", "Theodore Roosevelt became the first American President to take seriously the concept of the preservation of nature. As President from 1901 to 1909, he designated 150 National Forests, the first 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 5 National Parks (including the Grand Canyon, Crater Lake, and Mesa Verde), the first 18 national monuments (including the Chaco Canyon, Petrified Forest, Muir Woods and Devils Tower), the first 4 National Game Preserves, and the first 21 Reclamation Projects. Altogether, in the seven-and-one-half years he was in office, he provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres, a land area equivalent to that of all the East coast states from Maine to Florida. For more information on Theodore Roosevelt visit http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org .", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, the first National Park in the U.S. and widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.", "The original Grand Teton National Park, in Wyoming, was set aside by Congress and President Calvin Coolidge in 1929, and FDR named the adjacent Jackson Hole Monument, including a 35,000-acre swath donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr., in 1943. Neither effort came without a fight from local ranchers. The two parcels were added and consolidated as Grand Teton National Park in 1950.", "3. Wyoming did its part for conservatism when Yellowstone Park became the world's first national park , in 1872. The destination in northwestern Wyoming remains one of America's most popular attractions, bringing millions each year to visit Old Faithful and the Grand Prismatic Spring. Many more national parks came after, but Yellowstone showed the need to preserve natural lands for plants and wildlife.", "Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.", "In 1908, Roosevelt used the act to proclaim more than 800000 acre of the Grand Canyon as a national monument. May 24 1911, Pres. T. Roosevelt created the Colorado National Monument in Grand Junction. ", "When South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson  read about Stone Mountain, he invited Borglum out to the Black Hills of South Dakota to create a monument there. Borglum, perhaps realizing that Stone Mountain had only regional support, immediately suggested a national subject for Rushmore: Presidents George Washington  and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt  and Thomas Jefferson  were added to the program soon afterward. Borglum had met and campaigned for Roosevelt, and by invoking that president's acquisition of the Panama Canal  and Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase, the Rushmore monument became a story of the expansion of the United States, the embodiment of Manifest Destiny.", "The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the President to proclaim National Monuments not only on western public lands but on any lands owned or controlled by the United States. Between 1906 and 1933 successive Presidents proclaimed ten National Monuments on military reservations;", "Mt. Rushmore National Memorial is a huge mountain sculpture of four US Presidents, located near Keystone, in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Presidents depicted are: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. These four Presidents were chosen to represent the founding, growth and preservation of the United States. The work was designed by the sculptor John Gutzon Borglum (March 25, 1871- March 6,1941). The Construction of Mt. Rushmore: The monument was sculpted by Borglum and about 400 stone workers. Construction began on August 10, 1927 (President Coolidge attended the dedication that day). Funding was provided by private donations and the Federal Government.", "Fourteen of the other Department of Agriculture National Monuments were established to preserve \"scientific objects\". Moved by a report of plans to build an electric railway along its rim, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Grand Canyon National Monument on lands within the Grand Canyon National Forest, Arizona, on January 11, 1908. In 1919 the National Monument became the nucleus of Grand Canyon National Park.", "140. Ise, Our National Park Policy, 465-466; Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, 184-186. In the 1940s Park Service Director Newton Drury at first opposed the North Dakota unit, believing the eroded lands were definitely below national park standards, then accepted it once its status as a memorial to Theodore Roosevelt was agreed on. David Harmon, At the Open Margin (Medora, North Dakota: Theodore Roosevelt Nature and History Association, 1986), 13-21.", "I soon found myself in the touristy town of Gardiner, Montana . The town definitely caters to the tourists and adventurers. It is also home the entry point for the North Entrance of Yellowstone National Park and the massive Roosevelt Arch. Constructed under the supervision of the U.S. Army at Fort Yellowstone, its cornerstone was laid down by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. The top of the arch is inscribed with a quote from the Organic Act of 1872, the legislation which created Yellowstone, which reads “For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People.”", "The Roosevelt Arch, at the north entrance to Yellowstone Universal Studios Hollywood National Park. The arch's cornerstone was laid in 1903 by Freemason and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.", "Mammoth Springs Gardiner, MT, a real western town on the banks of the Yellowstone River. On our way back home, we reentered the park through the impressive Roosevelt Arch, a 50-foot basalt structure. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone for the basalt structure completed in 1909. As we retraced our path, Yellowstone gave us a final thrill. South of Mammoth Spring, a huge traffic jam could only mean there was a bear by the road. We jockeyed for position. OMG! A grizzly bear mamma and cubs were frolicking in the in the grass. We tried to get out of the car for a closer look. But the park ranger said no, “Just get your picture and move on.” What an ending to our park visit. We know we only saw a fraction of this incredible region. That would take years of time. But we did see how marvelous and alive our world could be with space for bears, coyotes, a wolves, elk and bison. Who could ask for more? Barbara and Joan at Roosevelt Arch.", "In the winter of 1871-72 Congress, energized by Hayden's report, which included photographs taken by William Henry Jackson, took up the issue of preserving Yellowstone. And on March 1, 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the act declaring the region as the nation’s first National Park.", "Artist George Catlin's 1832 proposal that the federal government establish a large \"magnificent park\" on the American plains had no influence. In contrast, an 1865 suggestion by Montana's acting territorial governor, Thomas Francis Meagher, that Yellowstone become a national park, may be seen as part of the background of the park movement. The term \"national park\" was not used in the Yellowstone Park Act itself, but was used during debates over passage of the act. Aubrey L. Haines, Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1974), xxi, 45, 113, 121, 126. Catlin's proposal is mentioned in Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 100-101.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the US states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover.", "In 1871, eleven years after his failed first effort, Ferdinand V. Hayden was finally able to explore the region. With government sponsorship, he returned to the region with a second, larger expedition, the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. He compiled a comprehensive report, including large-format photographs by William Henry Jackson and paintings by Thomas Moran. The report helped to convince the U.S. Congress to withdraw this region from public auction. On March 1, 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed The Act of Dedication law that created Yellowstone National Park. ", "To the north of Jackson Hole, Yellowstone National Park had been established in 1872, and by the close of the 19th century, conservationists wanted to expand the boundaries of that park to include at least the Teton Range. By 1907, in an effort to regulate water flow for irrigation purposes, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had constructed a log crib dam at the Snake River outlet of Jackson Lake. This dam failed in 1910 and a new concrete Jackson Lake Dam replaced it by 1911. The dam was further enlarged in 1916, raising lake waters 39 ft as part of the Minidoka Project, designed to provide irrigation for agriculture in the state of Idaho. Further dam construction plans for other lakes in the Teton Range alarmed Yellowstone National Park superintendent Horace Albright, who sought to block such efforts. Jackson Hole residents were opposed to an expansion of Yellowstone, but were more in favor of the establishment of a separate National Park which would include the Teton Range and six lakes at the base of the mountains. After congressional approval, President Calvin Coolidge signed the executive order establishing the 96000 acre Grand Teton National Park on February 26, 1929. " ]

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[ "Sara Jane Moore (born Sara Jane Kahn [1] on February 15, 1930) attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford on September 22, 1975, outside the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco , just seventeen days after Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme had pointed a gun at the president. [2]", "On this day in 1975, Sarah Jane Moore aims a gun at President Gerald Ford as he leaves the Saint Francis Hotel in San Francisco, California. The attempt on the president’s life came only 17 days after another woman had tried to assassinate Ford while he was on his way to give a speech to the California legislature in Sacramento.", "* September 22, 1975: Sarah Jane Moore tries to assassinate President Gerald Ford outside of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. The attempt fails when a bystander grabs her arm and deflects the shot. Moore has stated the motive was to create chaos to bring \"the winds of change\" because the government had declared war on the left wing. ", "Description: Photograph taken outside the St. Francis Hotel at about the exact time Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate President Gerald R. Ford.  September 22, 1975. ", "1975 - A Secret Service agent foiled an assassination attempt against U.S. U.S. President Gerald R. Ford. Lynette A. \"Squeaky\" Fromme was a follower of Charles Manson, who was incarcerated at the time. 17 days later, Sara Jane Moore attempted to assassinate Ford.", "Later, Lynette �Squeaky� Fromme would attempt to shoot Ford on September 5, 1975; and on September 22, 1975, Sara Jane Moore would also attempt to shoot Ford. Moore said she was trying to expose the nation�s �phony system of government� by elevating �Nelson Rockefeller to the Presidency.� In a June, 1976, Playboy interview, she said that there was a �part that I don�t think I can talk about. I just haven�t figured out a way to talk about it and protect everyone.", "On December 31, 2007, Sara Jane Moore was been paroled after serving 32 years of a life sentence for her attempt to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford. Moore has stated that she regrets the assassination attempt, saying she was blinded by her radical political view. Moore was 40 feet away from Ford when she fired a single shot at him. The bullet missed the President because a bystander, Oliver Sipple grabbed Moore’s arm and then pulled her to the ground and stopped her from firing again.", "This article is about the English journalist. For the attempted assassin of Gerald Ford , see Sara Jane Moore .", "1975 — Sara Jane Moore pleads guilty to attempting to assassinate President Gerald Ford in San Francisco, California.", "On Page 50 of Kessler's book, he wrote that Oliver Sipple, a disabled former U.S. Marine and Vietnam veteran pushed Sara Jane Moore's arm as she aimed her gun and shot at President Ford. He also wrote that the bullet flew several feet over the president's head and Secret Service agents Ron Pontius and Jack Merchant pushed Moore to the sidewalk and arrested her.", "Pres. Gerald Ford Assination Attempt by Sarah Jane Moore at the St. Francis Hotel, Post St. entrance. Secret Service Agents hear a shot and grab Pres. Ford to push him in the armor protected limo. Photo by Gary Fong less", "President Gerald Ford survived two attempts on his life. On September 5, 1975, while in Sacramento , California, Ford was nearly killed by Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a devoted follower of the cult leader Charles Manson. Fromme believed that killing Ford would bring attention to the plight of the California redwood trees and other causes she supported. Fromme was three to four feet from the President and about to fire a .45-caliber handgun when she was thwarted by Secret Service agents. Seventeen days later, in San Francisco , Sara Jane Moore, a civil rights activist, attempted to take the president's life. Moore was a member of a radical group and believed she could prove her allegiance by killing the president. Both women were sentenced to life imprisonment.", "As 1975 wound down, Congress and the president struggled repeatedly over presidential war powers, oversight of the CIA and covert operations, military aid appropriations, and the stationing of military personnel. Then, in September 1975, on two separate trips to California, Ford was the target of assassination attempts. Both of the assailants were women - Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, a former follower of Charles Manson, and Sara Jane Moore.", "Seventeen days later, another woman, Sara Jane Moore , fired at Ford outside the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco. An ex-Marine grabbed her arm, causing the shot to ricochet off a building and wound a bystander.", "The Secret Service had good reason to believe it best to hustle Ford out of the state. After all, Moore's failed shooting was the second attempt on Ford's life in California within about two weeks. On Sept. 5, 1975, Charles Manson groupie Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme had tried to fire at Ford on the state Capitol grounds in Sacramento as he walked from the Senator Hotel across L Street to a meeting with then-Gov. Jerry Brown .", "The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on Monday, March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency. While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley Jr. Hinckley’s motivation for the attack was to impress actress Jodie Foster, over whom he had developed an obsession after seeing her in the film Taxi Driver. There were no fatalities in the immediate aftermath of the attack. Reagan was shot in the chest, just below the left underarm. He suffered a punctured lung and heavy internal bleeding, but prompt medical attention allowed him to recover quickly. No formal invocation of presidential succession took place, although Secretary of State Alexander Haig controversially stated that he was “in control here” while Vice President George H. W. Bush returned to Washington.", "In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, pointed her .38-caliber revolver at him. Moore fired a single round but missed because the sights were off. Just before she fired a second round, retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. ", "The attempted assassination of United States President Ronald Reagan occurred on March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency . While leaving a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., President Reagan and three others were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr. The most seriously wounded victim, James Brady , died decades later of complications related to his injuries.", "One interpretation of Moore’s assassination attempt is that she had made a choice between the two sides—she had decided to throw her lot in with the leftists and wanted to demonstrate her allegiance. In the days before she shot at Ford, Moore called up the San Francisco Police Department and told the officers there she was considering a “test” of the president’s security system. They took away her gun; she bought another one, and with that gun in her car, sped through downtown in the hopes, she later said, of being apprehended. While she stood waiting to fire her shot, she was thinking about whether she’d be on time to pick up her son.", "For San Francisco police Capt. Timothy Hettrich , the first law enforcement officer to reach Moore, the attempted shooting outside the St. Francis prompted an instant reaction.", "Ferraro ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and 1998, both times starting as the front-runner for her party’s nomination before losing in the primary election. She served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996, in the presidential administration of Bill Clinton. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton. Ferraro died on March 26, 2011, from  multiple myeloma , 12 years after being diagnosed.", "Diane Wilson, left, wearing an orange jumpsuit, is checked by a Uniformed Division Secret Service officer on the north grounds of the White House in Washington, Wednesday, June 26, 2013. The US Secret Service said that Wilson jumped north fence of White House around 1 pm. President Barack Obama was not at the White House at the time. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)", "Sirhan – now 69 years old – shot Robert F Kennedy on Jun. 5, 1968 in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy won the California presidential primary. Kennedy had just finished addressing supporters in the hotel’s ballroom when he was fatally shot multiple times by Sirhan.", "September 23 - President Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua is shot three times by an assailant in the city of Leon. He was taken to a hospital where his condition was reported as not serious… The Mayflower II is launched in Tor Bay at Brixham, England.", "Oliver Sipple, a former Marine standing next to her, saw the weapon and deflected her arm just as the gun went off. The bullet sailed over the president’s head. He was uninjured.", "The Moscone–Milk assassinations were the killings of San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk, who were shot and killed in San Francisco City Hall by former Supervisor Dan White on November 27, 1978. White was angry that Moscone had refused to reappoint him to his seat on the Board of Supervisors, from which White had just resigned, and that Milk had lobbied heavily against his reappointment. These events helped bring national notice to then-Board President Dianne Feinstein, who became the first female mayor of San Francisco and eventually U.S. Senator for California.", "Dan White was a former paratrooper in Vietnam who joined the San Francisco Police Department in 1969. In 1973, he left the force and joined the fire department, winning many awards for bravery. In 1977 he was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. The following year, he resigned from the Board, frustrated by the low salary - $9,600 a year. A few days later he asked Mayor George Moscone to reappoint him. Moscone refused, and on November 27, 1978, White entered City Hall through a window in the parking area and shot and killed Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk .", "Empire State Building Sniper Attack, February 23, 1997: A Palestinian gunman opened fire on tourists at an observation deck atop the Empire State Building in New York City, killing a Danish national and wounding visitors from the United States, Argentina, Switzerland, and France before turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note carried by the gunman claimed this was a punishment attack against the \"enemies of Palestine.\"", "Lola boarded a bus from San Francisco to Hollywood on Thursday, July 14, 1949. She’d packed the essentials: nude photos of herself and the .25 automatic she’d purchased several months before in an Oakland pawnshop. On Friday morning she turned up on Hansen’s doorstep with the gun in her pocket and her nude photos tucked under her arm. She knocked on the door of the bungalow and while she waited she debated whether to shoot him as soon as he opened the door or to wait until she got inside. She opted to wait.", "*October 17 – Yoshihiro Hattori, a 16-year-old Japanese exchange student, mistakes the address of a party and is shot dead after knocking on the wrong door in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The shooter, Rodney Peairs, is later acquitted, sparking outrage in Japan.", "WASHINGTON, DC - OCTOBER 23: Members of the US Secret Service are stationed on the front lawn of White House October 23, 2014 in Washington, DC. Last evening Dominic Adesanya, 23, of Bel Air, Maryland jumped over the two layers of security fence and onto the north lawn of the White House before he was subdued as he fought two police dogs. (Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images)", "On May 19, 1992, Amy Fisher shot Mary Jo Buttafuoco in the right side of the face. Fisher had come to the Buttafuocos' house to confront Mary Jo Buttafuoco about Joey Buttafuoco, with whom she had been having an affair since July 1991 after Fisher brought her vehicle to Buttafuoco's auto body shop in Baldwin, Nassau County. When Mary Jo answered the door, Fisher—posing as her own (fictitious) sister Ann Marie—offered as proof of the affair a T-shirt that Joey had given her, with the logo of his auto body shop on it. The front porch confrontation escalated, and when Mary Jo demanded that Fisher leave and turned to go into the house and call Joey, Fisher shot her in the face with a .25 caliber semiautomatic pistol. Once Mary Jo regained consciousness, she identified Fisher as her assailant." ]

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[ "\"Kid tested, mother approved\" is a sales slogan used to indicate that a product is either tasty or exciting enough to interest children while still being nutritious or safe enough to appease their parents. It is officially the slogan of Kix cereal and appears in print and broadcast advertising for the product. Unofficially, most often on the internet , it has been used to describe other products as well.", "The slogan \"Kid Tested. Mother Approved.\" was introduced in 1978. During the 1980s, television commercials included the jingle \"Kids love Kix for what Kix has got. Moms love Kix for what Kix has not.\"", "Kix's use of the slogan has been satirized widely, including by those who mockingly praise General Mills for testing the cereal on children rather than animals. There is clearly no army of schoolchildren in a lab somewhere testing various stages of Kix cereal, nor is there a review board comprised of mothers.", "Breakfast cereals have been particularly fertile proving grounds for advertising icons, many of which have appeared in animated form in television commercials. Snap, Crackle and Pop began advertising Kellogg�s Rice Krispies in a 1933 radio advertisement (the idea is that the cereal itself makes a noise like �snap, crackle and pop� when milk is added). Quaker Oats� Cap�n Horatio Crunch has been piloting the good ship Guppy since the mid 1960s. General Mills� Lucky Charms marshmallow cereal has been featuring Lucky the Leprechaun since 1964. Cornelius the Kellogg�s Corn Flakes rooster has been a fixture since 1954; the Trix rabbit has been on its box since 1959; Toucan Sam began advertising Kellogg�s Fruit Loops in 1963, had his beak shortened in the 1970s, and introduced his three nephews to the scene in 1994; Raisin Bran�s animated sun Sunny came into prominence in 1966.", "As for the advertising, it may be a little sinister. (You are likely thinking of the Apple Jacks jingle right now.) A total of $264 million was spent advertising cereals to children in the United States in 2011, and households purchased cereals that were advertised directly to children 13 times more frequently than nonadvertised cereals. 12 Unfortunately, the least nutritious cereals tend to be those most frequently advertised to children. 13 What cereal is most advertised on television? Cinnamon Toast Crunch, which is not the worst from a nutritional standpoint, just 38th healthiest of 43 “child and family brands,” as defined and ranked by the Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity in their comprehensive report, “Cereal FACTS 2012.” 14 This report contains all you could ever care to know about breakfast cereal and children. Number 43? Cap’n Crunch. His cheery demeanor belies his sinister underbelly. To their credit, manufacturers have made efforts to improve their cereals for children, and some have pledged to self-regulate their advertising. 15", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. [3] Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. [4] Created in 1963, the cartoon character 's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992, who later died on April 9, 2016. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. [5] The oat cereal was not originally sugar coated. After initial sales failed to meet expectations, the oats were sugar coated, and the cereal's success grew. Piggy banks and plastic watches were introduced as cereal box send-away prizes as a marketing tactic to increase sales. The recipe for the cereal remained unchanged until the introduction of a new flavor: Chocolate Lucky Charms, in 2005. Later in 2012, General Mills introduced \"Lucky Charms Marshmallow Treats.\"", "Remember the days when you would roll out of bed in your jammies, run down the stairs and have your mom pour you a bowl of your favorite cereal? Wait, that was today? That’s sort of weird. Anyway, while you’re wolfing down your favorite brand of milk soup, take a stroll down Memory Lane with some simple, nostalgic cereal slogans from way back when it was okay that your mother did everything for you.", "Last summer, rival Kellogg Co. also began pitching its formerly kid-focused cereals to grown-ups. A commercial for Froot Loops showed a couple playing the Nintendo version of the Super Mario Bros. video game after their kids went to bed, and indulging in the cereal. Kellogg’s also repackaged other cereals such as Special K and Mini Wheats in limited-edition darker boxes with moons on them, to portray them as a nighttime snack.", "Appearing in 1959, Trix was seen in TV commercials trying to trick children out of their bowls of General Mills’ Trix cereal. The rabbit waxed poetic about the sugary puffed corn pieces, naming the colors as “Raspberry Red, Lemony Yellow and Orangey Orange.” His attempts were always thwarted, with one of the kids intoning, “Silly rabbit, Trix are for Kids!” Many late boomers will recall the 1976 campaign that asked kids to decide if the rabbit would get some Trix. Kids mailed in box tops and overwhelmingly voted to let the rabbit enjoy some Trix. The company sent a button to each kid who submitted an entry proclaiming the way they voted. (Do you still have yours?) After that, on occasion the rabbit joined in with the kids, but the company repeated the promotion in 1980 with the same results. Additional colors were added to the mix throughout the 1980s, as the sugar content was reduced. In our boomer days, Trix was 46% sugar!", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. Created in 1963, the cartoon character's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. ", "This famous tagline for Wheaties debuted in the early 1930's on a billboard at a minor league baseball game. Wheaties is responsible for two major milestones in breakfast cereal advertising. In 1926, it was the first cereal to ever have a jingle. In 1939, it was the first cereal to ever be advertised on television.", "Throughout the 1950s the company extended its cereals product line and started to create more powerful and enduring brands such as: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, (which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers). Sales of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes were boosted by the introduction of its ‘spokesperson’ Tony the Tiger® who made his first appearance in the 1950s. In the 1960s Kelloggs strengthened its position with the introduction of even more new consumer products: Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds®, Kellogg's Product 19®, Kellogg's Pop-Tarts®, and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons.", "The series of television commercials debuted in 1959 and depicted the cartoon rabbit using various disguises in order to obtain the Trix cereal that he loved so much. No matter what he tried, the children would discover he was a rabbit and deny him his fruit-flavored Trix cereal. The cereal has been manufactured by the General Mills company since 1955.", "\"Spotlighting a town and the voices of its everyday people is unprecedented in Quaker's advertising campaigns,\" Sally Kroha, director of oatmeal advertising for the company, told Judann Pollack of Advertising Age in 1998. As Pollack noted, however, other companies had used similar themes in recent years. Campbell Soup Company, for one, had used the tag line \"Good for the Body, Good for the Soul.\" Nor was it new for Quaker to cite the health benefits of its cereal, a strategy it had applied as early as 1899, with an advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post that stated \"How foolish to keep on eating meat to the exclusion of Quaker Oats when dietary experts agree that Quaker Oats is more nourishing and wholesome.\"", "Companies like General Mills and Kellogg's tend to have a mascot for each of their brands of breakfast cereals, some of whom spend their lives chasing a Cereal Vice Reward . A few examples:", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "Kellogg's best-known contributions to advertising in the cereal category were memorable slogans, jingles and characters from Burnett to support its family of brands. Perhaps the most memorable was the jingle:", "Cocoa Krispies, Choco Krispis, Choco Krispies, Coco Pops, or Choco Pops is a breakfast cereal produced by Kellogg's, coming both as a boxed cereal and as a snack bar with a 'dried milk' covered bottom to make the cereal-with-milk tradition portable. It is a cocoa-flavored version of Rice Krispies. Containing a substance imitating milk chocolate, the cereal can turn milk \"chocolatey.\" ", "According to the rest of the jingle, \"Honey-Comb's got... a big, big taste... a big, big crunch... for a big, big bite!\" The jingle was popular throughout the late-70's and early-80's. In TV ads, it was often sung by kids in the Honey-Comb Hideout, a plank board shack where youngsters met to appreciate the size and taste of the cereal.", "Lucky Charms is a popular brand of breakfast cereal produced by the General Mills cereal company. The cereal consists of toasted bits of oat and multicolored marshmallows in various shapes.", "The longest running catchphrase for a cereal ad belongs to Life, who introduced the slogan in 1972. The young boys in the original ad used the phrase “I’m not gonna try it – you try it. Let’s get Mikey…he hates everything.” Mikey would reprise his role for the cereal brand later a young adult.", "As you can see, early cereals were developed and consumed as health food. That all changed in 1939 when the first sweetened cereal, Ranger Joe Popped Wheat Honnies, debuted on grocery store shelves. From that point forward, sweetened cereals grew in popularity, eventually becoming the norm. Radio and television advertisements propelled breakfast cereals into popularity. Product placement in children’s television became the popular marketing choice for cereal companies. Cartoon characters didn’t just appear on the box—producers worked cereal brands into their stories, and characters frequently gorged themselves on sugary cereals in what amounted to 30-minute infomercials. This changed in 1969, when the FCC ruled that characters in children’s shows must not appear in commercial messages during the show itself. By then, it was too late… children had become the target audience of choice for cereal brands. Advertising practices changed, but the goal was the same, and kids were completely hooked on cereal. The rest is Saturday morning cartoon history.", "Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Kellogg continued to develop new cereal products, particularly in response to the rising demand for healthy eating in the western world. Various scientific reports affirmed the importance of fibre and grain in the regular diet, which was a major fillip to Kellogg's product marketing efforts.", "1958 Cocoa Puffs is a brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn, oats and rice that have been flavored with cocoa.", "For awhile there in the late 20th-century, it was impossible to sell cereal to American children except via wacky mascot. Other iconic examples included Cap'n Crunch, Frankenberry, Count Chocula, a little bird who was perpetually 'Cuckoo for Cocoa Puffs' and a harassed leprechaun who instead of gold hoarded delicious marshmallows from devious kids: \"They're always after me Lucky Charms!\"", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "This was the only cereal on this list that my mother routinely bought for us, probably because it had less sugar than the others. Here is a nice vintage commercial which is almost nothing like the more modern versions", "An early TV advertising slogan for Pepsodent toothpaste, in use in the USA and UK from the late 1940s to 1960s.", "� Did you kids enjoy shape and taste of the cereal? Yes he seemed to really like the box, recognising it instantly as it is instantly recognisable as a brand (ie bright yellow, the monkey logo etc). Did not so much comment on the shape though. He said 'I only want this cereal always!' (so there you go...)", "Kellogg is committed to providing wholesome, quality spot advertising that is truthful and not misleading to consumers and to placing its commercials with quality television programming. In keeping with this commitment, Kellogg believes it has a responsibility to produce advertising, and to place those ads in programs that communicate the standards of good taste and fair practice that guide all of their corporate actions.", "82 In the US 20,000 what are made for children each year TV ads 7000 cereals", "� Did you kids enjoy shape and taste of the cereal? Not really, my 5 year old said that they were not as chocolaty as he would have liked. My 2 year old refused to eat them. My son usually likes cereal, but he just was not keen on this." ]

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[ "Mervyn Edward \"Merv\" Griffin, Jr. (July 6, 1925 – August 12, 2007) was an American television host, musician, singer, actor, and media mogul. He began his career as a radio and big band singer who went on to appear in film and on Broadway. From 1965 to 1986 Griffin hosted his own talk show, The Merv Griffin Show. He also created the internationally popular game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune through his television production companies, Merv Griffin Enterprises and Merv Griffin Entertainment. During his lifetime, Griffin was considered an entertainment business magnate.", "Mervyn Edward \"Merv\" Griffin, Jr. (July 6, 1925 � August 12, 2007) was an American talk show host, game show host, entertainer, pianist, television personality and raconteur. He began his career as a singer and also appeared in movies and on Broadway; he later became host of his own TV show, The Merv Griffin Show, and created the long-running award-winning game shows Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune becoming an entertainment business magnate. Childhood He was born on July 6, 1925 in San Mateo, California to Mervyn, Sr. a stock-broker and the former Rita Robinson, a homemaker. Raised as a Roman Catholic, at the age of seven he was staging neighborhood carnivals and churning out his own one-page newspaper. Early career Griffin started as a singer on radio at age 19, appearing on San...", "Merv Griffin was a singer and band leader, movie actor, television personality and media mogul who in his time hosting The Merv Griffin Show was second in fame and influence as a talk show host only to Johnny Carson . Griffin was best known for creating the two most popular game shows in television syndication history, Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! that are watched by hundreds of millions of people all over the world. In the business world, he was identified as the visionary chairman of The Griffin Group.", "Wheel of Fortune (often known simply as Wheel) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel.", "Jeopardy! is an American television quiz show created by Merv Griffin, in which contestants are presented with trivia clues in the form of answers and must phrase their responses in the form of a question. The show has experienced a long life in several incarnations over the course of nearly a half-century, spending more than 11 years as a daytime network program and having currently run in syndication for 30 seasons. It has also gained a worldwide following with a multitude of international adaptations.", "*2007 – Merv Griffin, American actor, singer, and producer, created Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune (b. 1925)", "Several game shows are currently syndicated; historically, the most popular had been Wheel of Fortune and the current version of Jeopardy!, both created by television personality Merv Griffin, respectively premiering in 1983 and 1984. The shows have been #1 and #2 or #1 to #3 in the syndication ratings consistently since at least the late 1980s. In fact, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, Wheel is the most popular syndicated television program both within and outside the United States. Family Feud ended its first syndication run in 1985. Three years later, a revival of the program became a moderate hit and continued for seven seasons. A third revival hit the airwaves in 1999 and has gone through four hosts. The first three hosts (Louie Anderson, Richard Karn and John O'Hurley) struggled in their respective runs and only lasted three to four years. The current run of the program, hosted by Steve Harvey, has been a major ratings success; on the week of June 12, 2015, for the first time ever, Family Feud was the highest-rated syndicated program in terms of average household ratings.", "In 1975, NBC canceled Jeopardy! after moving it twice on its daytime schedule, despite having an additional year on its network contract left to fulfill. Griffin produced the show's successor, Wheel of Fortune, which premiered on January 6, 1975. Wheel, with Chuck Woolery as host and Susan Stafford as the hostess, had successful ratings throughout its network run. From December 1975 to January 1976, the show expanded to an hour, in response to the successful 60-minute version of The Price Is Right on CBS.", "At one time, daytime Wheel of Fortune was almost cancelled by NBC. Its near cancellation angered fans who started writing into the show asking them \"Will it really be cancelled?\" However, during the final segment of an episode that aired on June 20, 1980, Chuck cleared up those rumors and announced to the viewers that the show is not cancelled and it lives another day (or in this case, many more years). The shows that really got the axe were Hollywood Squares , The New High Rollers , and Bill Cullen's Chain Reaction , all in favor of a 90-minute talk show hosted by none other than David Letterman. As it turned out, it was Dave's show that got cancelled after a mere six months, but in 1982 Dave was given a standard 60-minute late night talk show which would be on CBS until 2015. The cancelled morning show was replaced by Las Vegas Gambit and Bill Cullen's second 1980 show, Blockbusters .", "Another Jewish entrepreneur, Moses Koenigsberg, founded the omnipresent King Features Syndicate.� Michael and Roger King founded King World Productions, \"one of the most powerful firms in television syndication ... Today the company boasts annual revenues of $584 million through hits such as 'Jeopardy,' 'Wheel of Fortune,' 'Inside Edition,' 'Hollywood Squares,' and 'The Ophrah Winfrey Show.' Although CBS bought the company for $2.5 billion in 1999, the Kings still run it. [MOTHER JONES, 5-3-01] In another large media chain, Daniel Gold became the president/CEO of the TV station group of the Knight-Ridder Broadcasting Company. He had formerly been the CEO/president of Comcast Cable Corporation and eventually became the CEO of ASCAP (the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers, which licenses musical compositions to the tune of nearly $400 million per year). [ELKINS, D., p. 10X] (1996 CEO of ASCAP? Marilyn Bergman).", "Merv Griffin, the devisor of game shows Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! , has died at the age of 82. The US entertainer, best known for his eponymous talk show which ran from 1965 to 1986, had been diagnosed with prostate cancer for a second time earlier this year.", "Wheel of Fortune started out as a replacement show for the now-cancelled original version of Jeopardy! after 11 years on the air though it was supposed to be on the air for one more year according to Merv Griffin's contract (the other show cancelled & replaced at that time was the short-lived Bob Stewart production Winning Streak ), but it quickly grew into a daytime phenomenon and it even spawned a nighttime version of the show. Because of Wheel's nighttime success, Merv decided it was time to revive Jeopardy! (for the 2nd time) this time in primetime syndication & pairing it with Wheel.", "“JEOPARDY!”, America’s Favorite Quiz Show® and its host, Alex Trebek, began their 31st season September 15, 2014. “Jeopardy!” holds the Guinness World Records® title for the most Emmy® Awards won by a TV game show (31 Emmys), including the 2014 Emmy® for Outstanding Game Show. In 2014,“JEOPARDY!” won the inaugural Writers Guild of America award for Outstanding Writing for Quiz and Audience Participation; it is also the recipient of a 2011 Peabody Award.", "Hosted by Alex Trebek, JEOPARDY! is the #2 game show in syndication. JEOPARDY!, holds the Guinness World Records® title for the most Emmy Awards won by a TV game show (31 Emmys), including the 2014 Emmy for Outstanding Game Show. In 2014,JEOPARDY! won the inaugural Writers Guild of America award for Outstanding Writing for Quiz and Audience Participation; it is also the recipient of a 2011 Peabody Award.", "Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10:30 am (9:30 Central) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy! series, which had one year remaining on its contract; Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere. The original Wheel aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. Throughout that version's run, episodes were generally 30 minutes in length, except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length. NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes. The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17, 1989, and remained there until January 14, 1991. After that, it briefly returned to NBC, replacing Let's Make a Deal, but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year.", "Two couples competed in a game very similar to “Wheel of Fortune,” substituting a giant keyboard for the Wheel. Couples who won three days in a row played the bonus round for the largest prize in TV game show history (to that point) — $40,000 a year for 25 years. In the second year, It became $900,000 in cash payments and $100,000 in prizes. Known as “All Clued Up” in Britain. Host: Jim Lange.", "The only person to ever co-host the show with Dick Clark was Donna Summer, who joined him to present a special episode dedicated to the release of the Casablanca film Thank God It's Friday on 27 May 1978. From the late 1950s and most of the 1960s, Clark's on-camera sidekick was announcer Charlie O'Donnell, who later went on to announce Wheel of Fortune and other programs hosted or produced by Clark, such as The $100,000 Pyramid. During this time, there were occasionally shows that were not hosted by Clark, in which case a substitute host (among them being Rick Azar) would be brought in to host in Clark's stead. ", "As for Jeopardy!, two different revivals of the show would be produced: one on NBC that ran for five months in late 1978/early 1979 with Art Fleming returning as host, and the other airing in first-run syndication beginning on September 10, 1984, starring Alex Trebek. The syndicated versions of both Jeopardy! and Wheel remain on the air today.", "The number ten spot goes to the game show known around the globe as Wheel of Fortune.  It is a game show that shows a phrase to the contestants, which they then have to guess the letters to until they can solve the puzzle .  It is hosted by Pat Sajak and Vanna White.", "Following the success of the nighttime syndicated version of Wheel which had premiered in 1983, Griffin sold a new syndicated version of Jeopardy!, hosted by Canadian-born TV personality Alex Trebek, to its same distributor, King World Productions (which much later folded into CBS Television Distribution). The Trebek version officially premiered on September 10, 1984, and introduced updated technology to the program, replacing the former manually operated game board featuring clues printed on pull cards with television monitors to display clues. The main difference from the 1964–75 versions was that only the winning contestant kept his or her earnings, while the runners-up were awarded higher-end consolation prizes instead (changed in later years to $2,000 for second place and $1,000 for third).", "“Wheel” and “Jeopardy!” have long been mainstays and are huge profit centers for both CBS (which acquired them when the Eye bought King World) and Sony. “Wheel” is tops in gameshow syndication, while “Jeopardy!” is No. 2.", "Alex Trebek has served as host of the daily syndicated version since it premiered in 1984, except when he switched places with Wheel of Fortune host Pat Sajak as an April Fool's joke on the episode aired April 1, 1997. His most recent contract renewal, from March 2015, takes his tenure through the 2017–18 season. In the daily syndicated version's first pilot, from 1983, Jay Stewart served as the show's announcer, but Johnny Gilbert took over the role when that version was picked up as a series and has held it since then.", "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (pronounced /ˈriːdʒɨs ˈfɪlbɨn/; born August 25, 1931) is an American media personality and occasional actor and singer, known for fronting various talk and game shows. Appearing on television since the late 1950s, Philbin is often called (somewhat tongue-in-cheek and alternately attributed to James Brown) \"the hardest working man in show business\" and holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. With each TV appearance, he adds to his record for most hours logged (15,662, as certified by Guinness World Records in 2006). His trademarks include his excited manner, his New York Bronx accent, his wit, and irreverent ad-libs. He is most widely known for Live with Regis and Kelly, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire,Million Dollar Password,and for hosting the first season of America's Got Talent.", "Two celebrity-and-contestant teams compete. In the main game, one member gives clues to their partner to convey a list of words that fit one of six categories. The team in the lead after all the categories have been played, the highest-scoring team moves to the “winner’s circle” round, where one member gives a list of clues to try to convey the category to the partner. Completing six categories in 60 seconds wins a big cash prize. Two games were played per show; starting in 1982, the two contestants stayed for the full half-hour, with the one scoring higher in the Winner’s Circle returning the next day. The $50,000 and $100,000 versions instituted tournaments for big winners to come back and play for the grand prize. The 2002 version cut the front game’s rounds to 6 words in 20 seconds, and eliminated returning champions – except that those that won the Winner’s Circle twice in their episode could return for the $100,000 tournament. Host: Dick Clark (all network versions and first $100,000 version), Bill Cullen (syn. $25,000), John Davidson (’91-’92), Donny Osmond (’02).", "The original celebrity charades game. Bounced from one network to another, practically every year. Started as a local show in Los Angeles in 1948, when it won the first-ever Emmy award as “Most Popular Program on TV.” Host: Producer Mike Stokey, exceot for Pat Harrington during its first 13 weeks under the new title.", "Robert Edward \"Ted\" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American media mogul and philanthropist. As a businessman, he is known as founder of the Cable News Network (CNN), the first 24-hour cable news channel. In addition, he founded WTBS, which pioneered the superstation concept in cable television.", "Tom Bergeron (born May 6, 1955) is an American television personality and game show host, best known to the public as the host of America's Funniest Home Videos (2001�present) and Hollywood Squares (1998�2004). He is also the host for the ABC reality series Dancing with the Stars (2005�present), and a fill-in host for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. He is a Daytime Emmy winner. He was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Career Bergeron's first job in broadcasting was as a disc jockey at local radio station WHAV, in his home town. He was an extremely popular radio DJ in the Seacoast area of New Hampshire in the early 1980s on Portsmouth's WHEB, where he played comedy records along with music and offbeat interviews. His professional voice and warm personality landed him additional TV and ra...", "John William �Johnny� Carson (October 23, 1925 � January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for 30 years (1962-92).", "Bob Barker is a former game show host who emceed CBS’s The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007. He also hosted Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1975.", "Although he was the man responsible for its technology, Farnsworth appeared only once on a television program. In 1957, he was a mystery guest on the TV quiz show I've Got A Secret. He fielded questions from the panel of celebrities as they unsuccessfully tried to guess his secret (\"I invented electronic television.\"). For stumping the panel, he received $80 and a carton of Winston cigarettes.", "After hitting the quiz bowl circuit and enjoying success, he turned his attention to game shows . His appearances as a contestant include:", "Which TV personality, who first gained celebrity on the Oprah Winfrey Show, is famous for his \"Ten Laws of Life\"?" ]

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[ "It was on this date, September 22, 1827, that the resurrected being described as the angel Moroni appeared to Joseph Smith and eventually revealed the location of golden tablets containing the Book of Mormon beneath a hill in Palmyra, New York. Moroni is supposed to have been a prophet who lived in North America in the late 4th century. The golden plates were compiled and abridged by Moroni’s father, Mormon, a Nephite warrior but also a prophet. The Book of Mormon was purported to be the story of ancient Americans known as Nephites and Lamanites, records buried in a hill called Cumorah centuries ago.", "Three years later, on Sept. 21, 1823, when he was 17 years old, an angel called Moroni, who was supposed to be the son of Mormon, the leader of the people called the Nephites who had lived in the Americas, appeared to him and told him that he had been chosen to translate the book of Mormon which was compiled by Moroni's father around the 4th century. The book was written on golden plates hidden near where Joseph was then living in Palmyra, New York. Joseph Smith said that on Sept. 22, 1827, he received the plates; and the angel Moroni instructed him to begin the translation process. The translation was finally published in 1830 as the Book of Mormon. Joseph claimed that during this translation process, John the Baptist appeared to him and ordained him to accomplish the divine work of restoring the true church by preaching the true gospel which, allegedly, had been lost from the earth.", "Moroni, according to the Book of Mormon, was the last Nephite prophet, historian, and military commander who lived in the Americas in the late fourth and early fifth centuries. He is later known as the Angel Moroni, who presented the golden plates to Joseph Smith, who said he translated the plates upon which the Book of Mormon was originally written.", "Moroni was a person who became an angel , according to Mormon doctrine. As a person, Moroni lived somewhere in the Americas during the 4th century A.D. as part of a group of people called the Nephites . He and his father (the prophet Mormon) used golden plates to record what they said were divine revelations to add to the Bible , and Moroni buried those plates before he died in battle . As an angel, Moroni appeared to Joseph Smith several times beginning in 1823, directing Smith to the location in western New York where the plates were buried and helping Smith translate them.", "Sept. 21 An angel called Moroni, a resurrected being who is supposed to be the son of Mormon who was the leader of the Nephites who had previously lived in the Americas. Moroni directed Smith to the hill Cumorah in upstate NY. He could dig and find these golden tablets (plates) which was written in reformed Egyptian hieroglyphics a sacred record of the people who lived on the American continent prior to the time of the Indians. Joseph examined the plates once a year until 1827.", "The Angel Moroni ( ) is, in Mormonism, an angel who visited Joseph Smith on numerous occasions, beginning on September 21, 1823. According to Smith, the angel was the guardian of the golden plates, which Latter Day Saints believe were the source material for the Book of Mormon, buried in a hill near Smith's home in western New York. An important figure in the theology of the Latter Day Saint movement, Moroni is featured prominently in Mormon architecture and art. Besides Smith, the Three Witnesses and several other witnesses also reported that they saw Moroni in visions in 1829.", "Book of Mormon : The sacred text of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) , along with the Bible . It is said that the angel Moroni led church founder Joseph Smith to golden plates in 1827. According to Smith, the angel gave him gold plates that were engraved in what Smith describes as a reformed Egyptian language. The angel also gave him two divining stones, the Urim and Thummim, which were used to translate the text. The Book of Mormon tells the story of two groups of people: the Jeradites and the Israelites. According to the story, both groups came to America, although at different times, and both groups were eventually destroyed, with Native Americans as the last remnants of the Israelites in America. In the book, Jesus visits the New World after his resurrection and before his ascension. These revelations were officially published in 1830. Smith also received other revelations, including the Book of Moses, the Book of Abraham, and an alternate translation of the Bible (Melton 2009: 635-636).", "The birth of Mormonism centered on one man, Joseph Smith, Jr. (1806-1844) a farmer from the region of western New York known as the \"burned-over district\" because of its unrelenting religious enthusiasm. It was launched in 1830 with the publication of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text which became the foundation for new religion. As Smith told the story, seven years earlier the angel Moroni had appeared before him and told him of a book written on gold plates and buried in a hill outside Manchester, New York. Then, on September 22, 1827, after other visitations from Moroni the plates were turned over to Smith. Over the next twenty-four months, Smith and a few trusted associates, using special, ancient, \"seer\" stones, \"translated\" the Egyptian hieroglyphics of the plates into English. When they had finished this arduous task, Smith reported, as arranged, he delivered the plates back to the angel.", "In western New York state in 1823, Smith had a vision in which an angel named Moroni told him about engraved golden plates buried in a nearby hill. According to Smith, he received subsequent instruction from Moroni and, four years later, excavated these plates and translated them into English. The resultant Book of Mormon —so called after an ancient American prophet who, according to Smith, had compiled the text recorded on the plates—recounts the history of a family of Israelites that migrated to America centuries before Jesus Christ and were taught by prophets similar to those in the Old Testament . The religion Smith founded originated amid the great fervour of competing Christian revivalist movements in early 19th-century America but departed from them in its proclamation of a new dispensation. Through Smith, God had restored the “true church”—i.e., the primitive Christian church—and had reasserted the true faith from which the various Christian churches had strayed.", "During the late 1820s Joseph Smith, Jr. revealed that an angel had given him a book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples. Smith translated the writing on the plates from an unknown language into English; and in 1830, he published the translation as the Book of Mormon and organized a restoration of the early Christian church.", "* September 22, 1823 – Joseph Smith says that he was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where the Golden plates are stored.", "Smith further reported that, three years later, he encountered an angel named Moroni who revealed to him the existence of buried golden plates that bore engravings, in an archaic tongue, of the history of early peoples of North America. Smith discovered them in 1827 on Cumorah`s Hill, near Palmyra. His English rendering of the history, titled The Book of Mormon, was issued in 1830.", "Harris then states that he first visited Lucy Smith who told him the story of the gold plates and then “a day or so” later he went and visited Joseph.[18]  Martin stated that Joseph told him that, “An angel had appeared to him, and told him it was God’s work,” and that “he found them [the plates] by looking in the stone found in the well of Mason Chase. [19] The family had likewise told me the same thing,” wrote Harris.[20] Harris then stated that,", "From this romantic legend the Mormon Bible was transposed. Joseph: Smith would repair at night to a cave in the hillside, and dictate to his amanuensis, (Oliver Cowdery) what he mysteriously translated from golden plates, which be pretended to have found while digging for money in September, 1823, five months after! Wayne county had been formed, by spirit of revelation, but was not permitted to take them from the earth until 1827, about the time the Bible was begun. The great secrecy was observed during the revelations, which only were given in the cave at night, without any light, no one besides Smith being able to read the inscription on the plates.", "Three years later, Smith claimed that he was visited by the angel \"Moroni\" who revealed to him the whereabouts of certain plates of gold which were alleged to be the scriptures and sacred writings of the inhabitants of the Americas. Smith unearthed the plates, and in 1827 began the process of translating them from a language he called \"Reformed Egyptian\" to English. Thus, from this, he produced the Book of Mormon, which was published in 1830.", "There have been two conflicting accounts as to the name of the angel. Initially, Smith merely referred to \"an angel\" without identifying its name. Thus, in an 1831 letter from Lucy Mack Smith to her brother, she discusses Moroni as the person who buried the plates, but does not identify him as the unnamed \"holy angel\" that gave Smith the means to translate the golden plates. In Smith's 1832 history, he said he was visited by \"an angel of the Lord\", who mentioned the Book of Mormon prophet \"Moroni\" as the last engraver of the golden plates; however, Smith's account did not say whether or not the angel was referring to himself as Moroni. ", "According to the story told by Mr. Driver, Rev. Fay C. Martin, pastor of the Church of God, and Melvin Lawton, evangelist singer were on Mormon Hill last Friday evening, near the spot where Joseph Smith claimed to have been shown the golden plates from which the Book of Mormon was written, when they noticed a freshly-turned spot in the hillside. Upon scraping back the dirt and lifting out a large boulder they discovered the plates.", "When Smith was 17, he reports that the angel Moroni appeared to him and told him the location of two golden plates, on which was written the history of two ancient Native American Christian tribes. Joseph went to the site and found golden plates written by Ether, Mormon, Lehi and Nephi (ancient Native American authors), and a brass plate consisting of Hebrew scripture quotations and genealogies written by Laban.", "“We are commanded by the Lord to declare his will to effect his intended purpose. — In 1827 a young man called Joseph Smith of the state of New York, of no denomination, but under conviction, inquired of the Lord what he should do to be saved — he went to bed without any reply, but in the night was awakened by an angel, whiter and shining in greater splendour than the sun at noonday, who gave information where the plates were deposited: – Smith awoke, and after due preparation and agreeably to the information given by the angel, he went into the township of Manchester, and there, on the side of a hill, found in a stone box, or a separate space enclosed by stone on every side, the plates on which the revelation was inscribed. The box in thickness was about 6 inches, and about 7 by 5 otherwise; the plates themselves were about as thick as window glass, or common tin, pure gold, and well secured by silver rings or loops in the box as an effectual defence against all weather. Smith, being entirely ignorant of any language but the English, and knowing that itself in a very imperfect manner was unable to read or decypher a single word — he therefore sent the plates to the city of New York to be translated by Professor Anthony, who could make nothing of them; — here seemed to be an insurmountable difficulty.", "Smith said the angel Moroni appeared at his bedside in one of the visions and told him of a book written on gold plates, detailing the origins of North America's early inhabitants. Smith said the plates contained the everlasting gospel that was delivered by the savior to the continent's ancient Indian tribes.", "In 1835, Smith identified the angel as Moroni: in 1835, while preparing the first edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, he made additions to an earlier revelation regarding sacramental wine, and indicated a number of angels that would come to the earth after the Second Coming and drink wine with Smith and Oliver Cowdery.. Among those angels, the revelation listed \"Moroni, whom I have sent unto you to reveal the book of Mormon, containing the fulness of my everlasting gospel; to whom I have committed the keys of the record of the stick of Ephraim\". Around this time, Cowdery was writing a history of Smith in which he identified the angel as the prophet Moroni from the Book of Mormon. In July 1838, Smith wrote an article for the church periodical Elders' Journal, in the form of questions and answers, that stated the following:", "Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, but by 1817, he had moved with his family to the burned-over district of western New York, a site of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. According to Smith, he experienced a series of visions, including one in which he saw \"two personages\" (presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ) and others in which an angel named Moroni directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the Book of Mormon. The same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called \"Latter Day Saints\", or \"Mormons\", and in 1838, Smith announced a revelation that renamed the church as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.", "Smith said he found the plates on September 22, 1823, at a hill near his home in Manchester, New York, after the angel Moroni directed him to a buried stone box. Smith said the angel at first prevented him from taking the plates, but instructed him to return to the same location in a year. In September 1827, on his fourth annual attempt to retrieve the plates, Smith returned home with a heavy object wrapped in a frock, which he then put in a box. Though he allowed others to heft the box, he said that the angel had forbidden him to show the plates to anyone until they had been translated from their original \"reformed Egyptian\" language. Smith dictated the text of the Book of Mormon over the next several years, claiming that it was a translation of the plates. He did this by using a seer stone, which he placed in the bottom of a hat and then placed the hat over his face to view the words written within the stone. Smith published the translation in 1830 as the Book of Mormon.", "In addition to Smith, several other early Mormons said they had visions where they saw the angel Moroni. Three Witnesses said they saw the angel in 1829: Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris. Other early Mormons who said they saw Moroni include Emma Hale Smith, Hyrum Smith, Luke S. Johnson, Zera Pulsipher, W. W. Phelps, John P. Greene and his wife Rhoda, John Taylor, Oliver Granger, Heber C. Kimball, Lucy Harris, and Harrison Burgess. Mary Whitmer may also have seen Moroni, although she referred to the angel she saw as \"Brother Nephi\".", "[10] Joseph began working on the translation of the Book of Mormon soon after Matrin Harris returned from his trip to the east.  Joseph did not translate the portion of the plates that contained the reworked Isaiah prophecy (2 Nephi 27 & Ether 5:2—4) until approximately June of 1829, more than a year later. The same chapter also speaks of three witnesses, who would view the plates. After writing the verses about the three witnesses to the plates, Joseph Smith later recounted that ,", "I have in my possession the original manuscript of the Book of Mormon, in the handwriting of Oliver Cowdery and others, also the original paper containing some of the characters transcribed from one of the golden plates, which paper Martin Harris took to Professor Anthon, of New York, for him to read “the words of a book that is sealed:” but the learned professor, although a great linguist could not read the language of the Nephites. There is some evidence in the American Cyclopædia favorable to the Book of Mormon that I will speak of. It is as follows:", "Moroni had been commanded by his father to complete the Nephite record, which Mormon had abridged from previous records. Moroni is the ascribed author of chapters 8 and 9 of the Book of Mormon (Mormon's record within the larger Book of Mormon), the entire Book of Moroni, and the of the Book of Mormon. He has also added the Book of Ether into the plates, which is primarily an abridgment of Jaredite writings but also contains extensive commentary by Moroni, especially in , , , and . Moroni was the last prophet to write in the Book of Mormon.", "The golden plates are significant within the Latter Day Saint movement because they are the reputed source for the Book of Mormon, which Smith called the \"most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion.\" However, the golden plates are just one of many known and reputed metal plates with significance in the Latter Day Saint movement. The Book of Mormon itself refers to a long tradition of writing historical records on plates, of which the golden plates are a culmination (see List of plates (Latter Day Saint movement)). In addition, Smith once believed in the authenticity of a set of engraved metal plates called the Kinderhook plates, although these plates turned out to be a hoax by non-Mormons who sought to entice Smith to translate them in order to discredit his reputation. ", "Smith dictated the book of 584 pages over a period of about three months saying that he translated it from an ancient language \"by the gift and power of God\". No archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered. Accounts vary of the way in which Smith dictated the Book of Mormon. Smith himself implied that he read the plates directly using spectacles prepared for the purpose of translating. Other accounts variously state that he used one or more seer stones placed in a top hat. Both the special spectacles and the seer stone were at times referred to as the \"Urim and Thummim\". During production of this work in mid-1829, Smith, his close associate Oliver Cowdery, and other early followers began baptizing new converts into a Christian primitivist church, formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ. Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet. ", "Smith stated that the title page, and presumably the actual title of the 1830 edition, came from the translation of \"the very last leaf\" of the golden plates, and was written by the prophet-historian Moroni. The title page states that the purpose of the Book of Mormon is \"to [show] unto the remnant of the house of Israel what great things the Lord hath done for their fathers; ... and also to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the eternal God, manifesting himself unto all nations.\" ", "Joseph Smith positioned himself behind a curtain and used the special stones to translate the inscriptions on the golden plates. Emma Smith, Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery served at various times as a scribe. A 116 page Book of Lehi was translated over a two month interval in 1828. Unfortunately, Martin Harris showed the only copies to his wife who promptly \"lost\" them. Lucy Harris was a skeptic, and there is speculation that she believed the book to be a fraud. By forcing Smith to retranslate the book, she hoped to demonstrate discrepancies between the two versions, thus proving that the book was a hoax. Smith stated that God was so angry at this loss that he temporarily took away the special stones. Smith later decided to not re-translate the Book of Lehi, but to translate the plates of Nephi instead, which described the same events as the Book of Lehi.", "In July of 1835 a man by the name of Michael Chandler brought some Egyptian mummies and papyri which had been excavated near the ancient city of Thebes to Kirtland, OH, and sold them to Joseph Smith. Although Smith had no knowledge of the ancient Egyptian language or writing, he nevertheless “translated” some of these papyri, and in 1842 published the results along with three “facsimiles” (with interpretations) as the Book of Abraham. In 1880, thirty-six years after Smith’s death, this work was incorporated as Part 2 of the LDS Church’s scripture known as The Pearl of Great Price. In Smith’s “translation” the patriarch Abraham tells a story of traveling from Chaldea to Egypt, where a priest lays him on an altar to sacrifice him, but he is miraculously saved by an angel of God; he gives a discourse about the universe, time, and stars, including the star/planet Kolob, which is closest to the throne of God; and he provides a polytheistic paraphrase of the first two chapters of Genesis which substitutes the word “Gods” for the biblical “God” and “Lord God.”" ]

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[ "One of the most famous feminist media events, aside from the 1968 Miss America protest, was the tennis match known as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\" In this match, on September 20, 1973, in Houston, Texas, women's tennis champion Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs 6–4, 6–3, 6–3, before a worldwide television audience estimated at almost 50 million. 55-year-old former tennis champion Bobby Riggs had defeated Australian tennis player Margaret Court earlier that year, and he was an outspoken opponent of feminism, saying for example, \"If a woman wants to get in the headlines, she should have quintuplets,\" \" and calling himself a \"male chauvinist pig\".", "*The Battle of the Sexes tennis match occurred on September 20, 1973, with Billie Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs in three straight sets. While more of a publicity stunt than a serious match, it made national headlines and stands as a milestone in the progress of women's sports.", "One of the most famous feminist media events, aside from the 1968 Miss America protest, was the tennis match known as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\" In this match, on September 20, 1973, in Houston, Texas, women's tennis champion Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs 6–4, 6–3, 6–3, before a worldwide television audience estimated at almost 50 million. [264] 55-year-old former tennis champion Bobby Riggs had defeated Australian tennis player Margaret Court earlier that year, and he was an outspoken opponent of feminism, saying for example, \"If a woman wants to get in the headlines, she should have quintuplets,\" [265] \" and calling himself a \"male chauvinist pig\". [264]", "Bobby Riggs returns a shot to Billie Jean King during the Battle of the Sexes Challenge Match at the Astrodome on September 20, 1973 in Houston, Texas. Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs. (Photo by Focus on Sport/Getty Images)", "* American tennis player Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in the \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match in 1973. This match is remembered for its effect on society and its contribution to the women's movement. ", "Billie Jean King returns a shot against Bobby Riggs during the Battle of the Sexes Challenge Match at the Astrodome on September 20, 1973 in Houston, Texas. Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs. (Focus on Sport/Getty Images)", "Billie Jean King in a match against Bobby Riggs in front of 30,472 spectators at the Houston Astrodome on September 20, 1973 in Houston, Texas. King defeated Riggs in three straight sets 6-4, 6-3, and 6-3, winning the match which came to be known as \"The Battle Of The Sexes\". (Focus on Sport/Getty Images)", "1973 — Tennis star Bobby Riggs, bottom, and Billie Jean King are shown in action during the \"Battle of the Sexes\" match in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. (AP Photo)", "Court lost a heavily publicised and US–televised challenge match to a former World No. 1 male tennis player, the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs, on 13 May 1973, in Ramona, California. Court was the top-ranked women's player at the time, and it has been reported that she did not take the match seriously because it was a mere exhibition. Using a mixture of lobs and drop shots, Riggs beat her 6–2, 6–1. Four months later, Billie Jean King beat Riggs in the Battle of the Sexes match in the Houston Astrodome. ", "ADVANCE FOR WEEKEND EDITIONS SEPT. 12-13--FILE--Billie Jean King raises her arms after defeating Bobby Riggs, rear, in the 'Battle of the Sexes' at the Houston Astrodome in this Sept. 20, 1973 file photo. Twenty-five years ago next Sunday, Sept. 20, 1998, Billie Jean King accepted the challenge of Bobby Riggs and cleaned the old guy's clock with a 6-4, 6-3, 6-3 wipeout that was a bold statement for a whole generation of women.(AP Photo/File) HOUCHRON CAPTION (09/20/1998) less", "**ADVANCE FOR WEEKEND, SEPT. 20-21, FILE**Bobby Riggs returns a shot in the famous 'Battle of the Sexes' tennis match with Billy Jean King at the Houston Astrodome, Sept .20, 1973. Betsy Blaney, seated at top left behind Bille Jean King's baseline, was a line judge at the match. Even then, Blaney sensed she was witnessing an historic event. (AP photo/stf) less", "Billie Jean King raises her arms after defeating Bobby Riggs, rear, in the 'Battle of the Sexes' at the Houston Astrodome in this Sept. 20, 1973 file photo. Twenty-five years ago next Sunday, Sept. 20, 1998, Billie Jean King accepted the challenge of Bobby Riggs and cleaned the old guy's clock with a 6-4, 6-3, 6-3 wipeout that was a bold statement for a whole generation of women.(AP Photo/File) HOUCHRON CAPTION (09/20/1998) less", "ADVANCE FOR WEEKEND EDITIONS SEPT. 12-13--FILE--Billie Jean King raises her arms after defeating Bobby Riggs, rear, in the 'Battle of the Sexes' at the Houston Astrodome in this Sept. 20, 1973 file photo. ... more", "Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs during the Battle of the Sexes Challenge Match at the Astrodome on September 20, 1973 in Houston, Texas. (Focus on Sport/Getty Images)", "The moment the match ended, Riggs again challenged Billie Jean King. She accepted, and their $100,000 winner-take-all match—dubbed by some “the libber vs. the lobber”—took place on September 20, 1973, in front of a sold-out Houston Astrodome crowd. The 29-year-old King prevailed, 6-4, 6-3, 6-3. At a news conference after the match, Riggs explained the loss: “She was too good, too fast. She returned all my passing shots and made great plays off them… I was trying to play my game, but I couldn’t.”", "He defeated Margaret Court in his first \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match during the early 1970s. His outspoken gloating and trumpeting of male chauvinism afterward drew the ire of ranking women's champion Billie Jean King who finally accepted his challenge and defeated Riggs when his second \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis contest occurred, in Houston, Texas, on September 20, 1973.", "Bobby Riggs had originally proposed a male-female match-up to Billie Jean King, whom he dubbed the “leading women’s libber of tennis.” King ignored the offer, but Australian Margaret Court, who had won 89 of her last 92 matches and was the leading money-winner on the women’s professional tour, accepted. Leading up to the match, Riggs loudly and consistently belittled women’s tennis and its players to the media while Court, occupied with raising her one-year-old son, said little.", "The \"Battle of the Sexes\" took place on September 20, 1973, at the Houston Astrodome. Embracing the spectacle of the event, King entered the court in a gold litter carried by four muscular men, while Riggs rolled in on a rickshaw pulled by a team of women called \"Bobby's Bosom Buddies.\" But King was all business once the match started, and she handily beat Riggs in straight sets before an estimated television audience of 50 million viewers.", "The match was played on 20 September 1973; men wore their male chauvinist pig T-shirts, women arrived with banners supporting Billie Jean. The worldwide TV audience was 100m. King was brought into the stadium on the shoulders of male athletes, while Riggs was wheeled in by the female models he called his \"bosom buddies\". They exchanged gifts. Riggs gave King a lollipop, while she presented him with a piglet sporting a pink bow. She knew that whether she won or lost, she would be remembered for this match for the rest of her life.", "Robert Larimore \"Bobby\" Riggs (February 25, 1918 – October 25, 1995) was an American tennis player who was the World No. 1 or the World co-No. 1 player for three years, first as an amateur in 1939, then as a professional in 1946 and 1947. He played his first professional tennis match on December 26, 1941.", "In 1973, middle-aged Bobby Riggs challenged reigning women's champion Billie Jean King to an exhibition match which drew the largest crowd ever to watch tennis.", "Riggs, who won Wimbledon (1939) and the U.S. national championships (1939, 1941), had beaten Australian Margaret Smith Court in May 1973. So when King took up his challenge in September, in an exhibition that became known as the Battle of the Sexes, the stakes were higher. King says she was sick to her stomach before the match, which was unusual for her. \"Sissy Bug will murder this Riggs,\" her father told Sports Illustrated writer Curry Kirkpatrick. \"I hope Sissy shuts him up good. … Sissy will kill him, bet you five.\"", "King is perhaps most famous, however, for defeating Bobby Riggs in the \" Battle of the Sexes \" on September 20, 1973. In fact, not only did she win the match, she won every set decisively (6-4, 6-3, 6-3); leading the London Sunday Times to call her victory \"the drop shot and volley heard around the world.\" An estimated 50 million people tuned in to watch worldwide, as King obliterated the stereotypes of women as athletically inferior to men and less able to handle high-pressure situations.", "Her fame heavily increased after her \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match and win against darer Bobby Riggs on September 20, 1973, in Houston, Texas.", "King is well remembered for defeating Bobby King in a match broadcast to over 50 million people from the Houston Astrodome in 1973. She defeated King 6-4, 6-4, 6-3 in the match which became known as the \"Battle of the Sexes\".", "Margaret Court of Australia, the world's greatest woman tennis player, is startled and smiling as Bobby Riggs (foreground) presents her with a bouquet of Red roses on May 13, 1973 just before the start of their celebrated match game at Ramona, Calif., May 13, 1973. Riggs then commented the gesture might \"soften her up\". He won, 6-2, 6-1. less", "At age 55 former world No. 1 male pro Bobby Riggs was engaged in a match with Court in 1973 and defeated her easily. It was said she thought the match was a given win for her and as a result did not take it seriously.", "The architect of the manufactured drama in tennis that year was Bobby Riggs, who’d been a number-one-ranked singles player in the 1940s but at age 55 was well past his prime. Possibly envious of the big bucks women tennis players were starting to command and fully aware of male grumbling about women's lib, Riggs decided to stage a money-making publicity stunt: a showdown between himself and a top female player, to demonstrate that women’s tennis was plainly inferior to the men’s game.", "08/1973 - Bobby Riggs has his racket at the ready for the nationally televised $100,000 winner-take-all Battle of the Sexes tennis match to be played in the Houston Astrodome. © Houston Chronicle (Houston ... more", "08/1973 - Bobby Riggs has his racket at the ready for the nationally televised $100,000 winner-take-all Battle of the Sexes tennis match to be played in the Houston Astrodome. © Houston Chronicle (Houston Chronicle photo / Blair Pittman) less", "08/1973 - Bobby Riggs has his racket at the ready for the nationally televised $100,000 winner-take-all Battle of the Sexes tennis match to be played in the Houston Astrodome. Â Houston Chronicle (Houston ... more", "08/1973 - Bobby Riggs has his racket at the ready for the nationally televised $100,000 winner-take-all Battle of the Sexes tennis match to be played in the Houston Astrodome. Â Houston Chronicle (Houston Chronicle photo / Blair Pittman) less" ]

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[ "Herbert George \"H. G.\" Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) [1] was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. Together with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback , Wells has been referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\". [2] His most notable science fiction works include The War of the Worlds , The Time Machine , The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau .", "Herbert George Wells (September 21, 1866 – August 13, 1946), better known as H. G. Wells, was an English writer best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, and The Island of Doctor Moreau. He was a prolific writer of both fiction and non-fiction, and produced works in many different genres, including contemporary novels, history, and social commentary. He was also an outspoken socialist. His later works become increasingly political and didactic, and only his early science fiction novels are widely read today. Wells, along with Hugo Gernsback and Jules Verne, is sometimes referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\". [1]", "Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)[1] was an English author, best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary. Together with Jules Verne, Wells has been referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\".[2]", "Herbert George Wells was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing text books. Together with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback, Wells has been referred to as \"The Father of Science Fiction\".", "Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travel before navigable aircraft and practical submarines were invented, and before any means of space travel had been devised. He is the third most translated author of all time, behind Disney Productions and Agatha Christie. His prominent novels have been made into films. Verne, along with H. G. Wells, is often referred to as the \"Father of Science Fiction\".", "1866 H G Wells, English writer, was born. His books included The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The War of the Worlds.", "H.G. Wells first cousin Isabel Mary Wells, who he left after only three years. Wells was an English writer most famous today for the science fiction novels he published between 1895 and 1901: The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon.", "Wells, H. G. (Herbert George Wells), 1866–1946, English author. Although he is probably best remembered for his works of science fiction, he was also an imaginative social thinker, working assiduously to remove all vestiges of Victorian social, moral, and religious attitudes from 20th-century life. He was apprenticed to a draper at 14 and was later able through grants and scholarships to attend the Univ. of London (grad. 1888). Inspired by the teaching of T. H. Huxley , Wells taught biology until 1893, when he began his career as a novelist. Extremely prolific, he was to write more than 100 books. His early novels and best-known books, the so-called scientific romances, are works of science fiction, full of fantasy and fascinating pseudoscientific speculations, and exemplifying the political and social beliefs of his time. They include The Time Machine (1895), The Wonderful Visit (1895), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898).", "The invasion of earth by aliens from Mars, tripods attacking with Heat Rays and Black Smoke and the evacuation of London while people were terrorised in the surrounding countryside became one of the first internationally read modern science fiction stories. Wells is often credited, along with Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967) and Jules Verne (1828-1905) as being one of the fathers of science fiction. Forty years after its publication, on the night of Halloween 1938, Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre on-air radio broadcast of the novel caused widespread panic in New York City. Wells' masterpiece spawned more invasion literature and inspired numerous movie adaptations and print sequels.", "Notable pre-modern and early-modern English writers include Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century), Thomas Malory (15th century), Sir Thomas More (16th century), John Bunyan (17th century) and John Milton (17th century). In the 18th century Daniel Defoe (author of Robinson Crusoe) and Samuel Richardson were pioneers of the modern novel. In the 19th century there followed further innovation by Jane Austen, the gothic novelist Mary Shelley, the children's writer Lewis Carroll, the Brontë sisters, the social campaigner Charles Dickens, the naturalist Thomas Hardy, the realist George Eliot, the visionary poet William Blake and romantic poet William Wordsworth. 20th century English writers include the science-fiction novelist H. G. Wells; the writers of children's classics Rudyard Kipling, A. A. Milne (the creator of Winnie-the-Pooh), Roald Dahl and Enid Blyton; the controversial D. H. Lawrence; the modernist Virginia Woolf; the satirist Evelyn Waugh; the prophetic novelist George Orwell; the popular novelists W. Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene; the crime writer Agatha Christie (the best-selling novelist of all time); Ian Fleming (the creator of James Bond); the poets T.S. Eliot, Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes; the fantasy writers J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and J. K. Rowling; the graphic novelists Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman.", "Jules Gabriel Verne (February 8, 1828 – March 24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travels before air travel and practical submarines were invented, and before practical means of space travel had been devised. He is the second most translated author in the world (after Agatha Christie). Verne is often referred to as the \"Father of Science Fiction\", a title sometimes shared with H. G. Wells.", "In 1895, the twenty‑nine‑year‑old H. G. Wells moved to a house in Woking. There, working diligently on the dining room table, Wells wrote many of his best‑known short stories and three novels: The Wheels of Chance (a cycling romance), The Invisible Man, and The War of the Worlds. Wells, like many Englishmen of his day, had succumbed to the joys of the safety bicycle, and he began to keep accounts of his cycling adventures and the sights he saw while pedaling around Woking.", "Robert Anson Heinlein ( ;[1][2][3] July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. Often called the \"dean of science fiction writers\",[4] he was one of the most influential and controversial authors of the genre in his time. He set a standard for scientific and engineering plausibility, and helped to raise the genre's standards of literary quality.", "In his early scientific romances Wells depicted the vast expanse of space and time, and our relative insignificance. Like Darwin, Marx and Freud, he punctured the illusion of bourgeois man's centrality. The Time Machine (1895) and The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) recast humankind as one species among many, as a temporary condition found somewhere between ape-like ancestors and devolved descendants. The War of the Worlds (1898), originally serialised during Victoria's golden jubilee year, explicitly criticises the Tasmanian genocide while Martian invaders lay waste to the heart of the British Empire. These vivid early novels are rich in ambiguity. Moreau is a fabulously blasphemous gothic replay of the Garden of Eden and a Swiftian satire on modern man's self-image. The beast-men that Moreau creates demonstrate humanity's place in Darwin's universe. They embody the struggle between evolution and ethics. They are estranged versions of proletarian and colonial subjects. And Wells keeps all these possibilities in play, not permitting his novel to collapse into some monolithic allegory.", "(Herbert George Wells), 1866–1946, English author. Although he is probably best remembered for his works of science fiction, he was also an imaginative social thinker, working assiduously to remove all vestiges of Victorian social, moral, and religious", "It's the birthday of John W. Campbell, called \"the father of science fiction,\" born in Newark, New Jersey (1910). His first published story, \"When the Atoms Failed\" (1930), contained one of the earliest depictions of computers.", "Works of science fiction, published from 1899 onwards. The collection, which illustrates the history and development of the science fiction genre, is particularly notable for its science fiction magazines. Authors include Brian Aldiss, Isaac Asimov, James Blish, Ray Bradbury, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Arthur C Clarke, Robert Heinlein, Anne McCaffrey and Michael Moorcock.", "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.", "uly 7th is the birthday of one of science fiction’s greatest voices, Robert Heinlein. Born in 1907 in Butler, Missouri, Heinlein became one of the writers—along with Arthur C. Clarke, and Isaac Asimov—who defined the genre of science fiction.  Named as science fiction’s Grand Master in 1974, Heinlein repeatedly addressed certain social themes: the importance of individual liberty and self-reliance as well as the obligation individuals owe to their societies. This is evident in his novel THE MOON IS A HARSH MISTRESS. A graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy in 1929, Robert Heinlein held a degree in naval engineering and served aboard the aircraft Carrier Lexington. Heinlein was frequently interviewed during his later years by military historians who asked him about Captain King and his service as the commander of the U.S. Navy's first modern aircraft carrier. A good deal of Heinlein’s tactical concepts in writing STARSHIP TROOPERS came as a result of his military experiences. As a writer of military-themed science fiction, Robert Heinlein became a member of the Citizens Advisory Council on National Space Policy (chaired by Jerry Pournelle), which met at the home of SF writer Larry Niven to write space policy papers for the incoming Reagan Administration in 1980.", "Jules Verne is an immensely important and prolific French writer. Along with H.G. Wells, he is responsible for the founding of science-fiction writing. Jules Verne was born on 8 February 1828 in Nantes, France. His father was a successful lawyer, from a family of many lawyers and his mother was from a military family. Jules was the oldest of five children; he had one brother and three sisters.", "Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men was the only novel to be published as a Pelican but it was not the only fiction or, indeed, the only science fiction. For in 1939-40 it was joined by two anthologies of Great English Short Stories and in the second of these was a cautionary tale that had first been published in 1896. The Plattner Story by H G Wells describes how an explosion during a school chemistry experiment blows a hapless teacher clean out of three-dimensional space and into a twilight zone inhabited by ghostly Watchers of the Living. There he remains, watching the watchers, until another explosion deposits him back where he started. Well, almost, though his sudden re-entry on top of the headmaster sends the latter sprawling across his strawberry plants. Then Plattner discovers he is now left handed and his writing is back to front. A medical examination reveals his entire anatomy has been transposed and for that there is only one explanation. Plattner has been to the fourth dimension and returned as his own mirror image.", "_20,000 Leagues Under the Sea_ is probably the greatest novel by the father of the entire science fiction genre.", "Sir Arthur Charles Clarke was a hugely successful British Science Fiction Author, most famous for His Space Odyssey series. Arthur was also an inventor and futurist and chairman of the British Interplanetary Society.", "In 1930 Seacombe (near Liverpool), Wallasey-born William Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950) pub. Last and First Men ; future history of 18 successive species of humanity, incl. descriptions of genetic engineering and terraforming; launches his sci-fi writing career. In 1932 he pub. Last Men in London ; autobio. novel about WWI vet Paul, who becomes a schoolteacher and discovers a \"submerged superman\" in his class named Humpty. In 1935 he pub. Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest . In 1937 he pub. Star Maker ; outline history of the Universe; first description of Dyson Spheres, later giving Freeman Dyson the idea. In 1939 he pub. Odd John: A Story Between Jest and Earnest . In 1942 he pub. Darkness and the Light . In 1944 he pub. Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord ; also Old Man in New World . In 1946 he pub. Death into Life . In 1947 he pub. The Flames: A Fantasy . In 1950 he pub. A Man Divided .", "Aldous Leonard Huxley (; 26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer, novelist, philosopher, and prominent member of the Huxley family. He graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, with a first in English literature.", "Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924 ) was a Polish novelist . Many critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in the English language—a fact that is remakable as he did not learn to speak English fluently until he was in his twenties (albeit always with a Polish accent).", "John Anthony Burgess Wilson, (; 25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) – who published under the pen name Anthony Burgess – was an English writer and composer. From relatively modest beginnings in a Catholic family in Manchester, he eventually became one of the best known English literary figures of the latter half of the twentieth century.", "It's the birthday of mystery, science fiction, and fantasy author Jack Vance (1916) ( books by this author ), born in San Francisco. In addition to the work published under John Holbrook Vance or Jack Vance, he also published three mystery novels under the name Ellery Queen. He published his first story, \"The World Thinker,\" in the magazine Thrilling Wonder Stories in 1945; it was but the first of many science fiction stories he placed in similar magazines throughout the next decade. Most of his novels of the same period were mysteries, but he gave that genre up in the 1970s. He's been legally blind since the 1980s, but has continued to write. His last book — or what he says is his last book, anyway — is a memoir, This is Me, Jack Vance! (2010).", "73. born July 7, 1907, Butler, Mo., United States died May 8, 1988, Carmel, Calif. United States science-fiction writer. He pursued graduate study in physics and mathematics and began his writing career in the pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction in the 1930s. The first of his many novels and story collections was Rocket Ship Galileo (1947). Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), his best-known work, attracted a large cult following. His other books include Double Star (1956), Methuselah's Children (1958), Starship Troopers (1959), The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966) and I Will Fear No Evil (1970). He won an unprecedented four Hugo Awards and his sophisticated works did much to develop the genre.", "Writer, born in Bromley, Kent. He was apprenticed to a draper, tried teaching, studied biology in London, then made his mark in journalism and literature. He played a vital part in disseminating the progressive ideas which characterized the first part of the 20th-c. He achieved fame with scientific fantasies such as The Time Machine (1895) and War of the Worlds (1898), and wrote a range of comic social novels which proved highly popular, notably Kipps (1905) and The History of Mr Polly (1910). Both kinds of novel made successful (sometimes classic) early films. A member of the Fabian Society, he was often engaged in public controversy, and wrote several socio-political works dealing with the role of science and the need for world peace, such as The Outline of History (1920) and The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind", "Anthony Burgess, also called Joseph Kell, original name John Anthony Burgess Wilson (born February 25, 1917, Manchester , England —died November 22, 1993, London ), English novelist, critic, and man of letters, whose fictional explorations of modern dilemmas combine wit, moral earnestness, and a note of the bizarre.", "Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein. It tells the story of Valentine Michael Smith, a human who comes to Earth in early adulthood after being born on the planet Mars and raised by Martians. The novel explores his interaction with—and eventual transformation of—terrestrial culture. In 2012, the US Library of Congress named it one of 88 \"Books that Shaped America\"." ]

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[ "The Hobbit, or There and Back Again, better known by its abbreviated title The Hobbit, is a fantasy novel and children's book by J. R. R. Tolkien . It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature.", "There and Back Again is the subtitle to The Hobbit, a 1937 children's novel by J. R. R. Tolkien", "The Hobbit, or There and Back Again, is a fantasy novel and children's book by English author J. R. R. Tolkien . It was published on 21 September 1937 to wide critical acclaim, being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's literature.", "September 21st, 1937-Author J. R. R. Tolkien publishes The Hobbit.  The Hobbit and the Ring Trilogy are today, among the most famous novels of fantasy in the world.", "The Hobbit is a fantasy novel written by J.R.R. Tolkien originally as a children's story in the tradition of the fairy tale . It was first published on 21 September 1937 , and is now seen as a prelude to Tolkien's more monumental work The Lord of the Rings (published in 1954 and 1955 .)", "It was also during his years at Oxford that Tolkien would scribble an inexplicable note in a student's exam book: \"In a hole in the ground there lived a Hobbit.\" Curious as to what exactly a \"Hobbit\" was and why it should live in a hole, he began to build a story about a short creature who inhabited a world called Middle-earth. This grew into a story he told his children, and in 1936 a version of it came to the attention of the publishing firm of George Allen and Unwin (now part of HarperCollins), who published it as The Hobbit, or There and Back Again, in 1937. It become an instant and enduring classic.", "English writer J.R.R. Tolkien is a towering figure in fantasy literature. He wrote the novel The Hobbit (1937) and the classic trilogy The Lord of the Rings (published 1954-56): highly imaginative tales of elves, dwarves, and wizards in a land known as Middle Earth. The hobbits Bilbo and Frodo Baggins and the wizard Gandalf figured prominently in these stories and became Tolkien’s best-known characters. Tolkien was an expert linguist and a longtime professor of language and literature at Oxford University. He was also part of C.S. Lewis ‘s informal group of scholars and writers known as “The Inklings.”", "The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy trilogy written by English philologist and University of Oxford professor J.R.R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's earlier, less complex children's fantasy novel The Hobbit (1937), but eventually developed into a much larger work which formed the basis for the extended Middle-Earth Universe . It was written in stages between 1937 and 1949, much of it during World War II. It is the See also:", "George Allen & Unwin Ltd. of London published the first edition of The Hobbit on 21 September 1937 with a print run of 1,500 copies, which sold out by December because of enthusiastic reviews. This first printing was illustrated in black and white by Tolkien, who designed the dust jacket as well. Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York reset type for an American edition, to be released early in 1938, in which four of the illustrations would be colour plates. Allen & Unwin decided to incorporate the colour illustrations into their second printing, released at the end of 1937. Despite the book's popularity, paper rationing brought on by wartime conditions and not ending until 1949 meant that the Allen & Unwin edition of the book was often unavailable during this period. ", "“George Allen & Unwin Ltd.” (London) published “The Hobbit” on this day in 1937. It is interesting to note that Tolkien personally made illustrations for the first edition of “The Hobbit”, as well as the attractive cover of the book.", "J.R.R. Tolkien is the author of the most famous and influential of swords-and-sorcery fiction works: The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings books The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. Tolkien was an accomplished scholar with professorships in English Language and Literature as well as Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, and was an expert in word origins, mythology, and languages including Old English, Old Norse, and Finnish. In total he has some forty books to his credit and is regarded as one of the most popular authors of all time.", "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.", "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973), whose surname is pronounced /ˈtɒlkiːn/ (in General American also /ˈtoʊlkiːn/), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.", "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE ( 3 January , 1892 – 2 September , 1973 ), was a philologist and writer, best known as the author of The Hobbit and its sequel The Lord of the Rings . He worked as reader and professor in English language at the University of Leeds from 1920 to 1925 ; as professor of Anglo-Saxon language at the University of Oxford from 1925 to 1945 ; and of English language and literature from 1945 until his retirement in 1959 . Tolkien was a close friend of C.S. Lewis , and a member of the Inklings , a literary discussion group to which both Lewis and Owen Barfield belonged.", "J.R.R. Tolkien is an internationally renowned fantasy writer. He is best known for authoring The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings trilogy.", "The Lord of the Rings is an epic fantasy story by J. R. R. Tolkien , a sequel to his earlier work, The Hobbit . It was published in three volumes in 1954 and 1955 . Three movie productions have been made, the first, by animator Ralph Bakshi was released in 1978 (as part one of what was originally to be a two-part adaptation of the story), the second being a 1980 television special, and the third being director Peter Jackson 's film trilogy released in 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 .", "Item Description: London: George Allen and Unwin, 1954�5, 1954. 3 volumes, octavo (225 x 145mm). Finely bound by the Chelsea Bindery in full red morocco, titles and decoration to spines gilt, \"Eye of Sauron\" to front boards gilt, marbled endpapers, all edges gilt. Housed in a matching leather entry slip case. An excellent set. Each volume has a map illustrated by the Author. First editions, first impressions, the Return of the King in third state with the signature mark \"4\" and the sagging line of type on p. 49 (previously identified by Hammond as first state). The Lord of the Rings trilogy is one of the most influential literary works of the century. Its first reception was mixed: favourable and perceptive reviews from C. S. Lewis and from W. H. Auden, who had attended Tolkien's Oxford lectures, were countered by others who were hostile, sometimes bitterly so. But the trilogy went on to astonishing sales and forged a major change in public literary taste. \"Heroic fantasy\" has since become one of the most commercially successful literary genres, having a transforming impact upon the entertainment industry, from electronic games to movies. Bookseller Inventory # 91617", "Persuaded by his publishers, he started \"a new Hobbit\" in December 1937. After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged. The idea for the first chapter (\"A Long-Expected Party\") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title The Lord of the Rings did not arrive until the spring of 1938. Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work. As the story progressed, he also brought in elements from 'The Silmarillion' mythology. ", "Item Description: George Allen & Unwin 1954-55, London, 1954. First Edition. Three octavo volumes; original red cloth boards, lettered in gilt on spines; red topstains; original dustjackets; maps bound into each volume following text. First Impression of each volume; Third State of text in Return of the King, with signature mark and slipped text on p.49. The three volumes nicely preserved, straight and tight with just mild rubbing to board edges, in original unclipped dustwrappers. Fellowship with faint foxing to endpapers and fading to top-stain near spine, jacket unclipped and just slightly faded on spine panel; The Two Towers exhibiting slight mottling to boards, uneven fading to top-stain, jacket with two brief paper-tape reinforcements to verso, darkened and spotted on spine panel with red lettering somewhat faded (but still perfectly legible); Return of the King quite Near Fine, with top-stain bright and unrubbed, in clean, very slightly faded first issue jacket. Together, a quite presentable and unrestored set of Tolkien's much-loved and highly sought-after trilogy. Bookseller Inventory # 17080", "Item Description: London George Allen and Unwin 1971, 1971. Ninth printing of the one volume paperback edition. Signed by the author J.R.R. Tolkien on the title page in blue ink. This copy was signed and given to Fred Archer, one of the movers, who moved Mr. Tolkien from Bournemouth to Merton Street in March 1972, an incident recorded in Humphrey CarpenterÕs biography of Tolkien. A near fine bright copy with a hint of use in printed wrappers. The basis of the film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, starring Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Orlando Bloom, Sean Astin, Viggo Mortensen, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Cate Blanchett, Andy Serkis, Ian Holm, and Christopher Lee. Peter Jackson won three Oscars in 2003 for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing - Adapted Screenplay for the third and final film ÔThe Lord of the Rings: The Return of the KingÕ. Enclosed in a custom handsome dark green leather and cloth clamshell box. Bookseller Inventory # 20399E", "The Return of the King, being the third and final part of J.R.R. Tolkien's trilogy - The Lord of the Rings - which came out on October 20, 1955. The story begins as Pippin is in Rohan , reunited with the remnants of the Fellowship of the Ring . He steals Saruman's palantír and sees that Sauron will attack Minas Tirith . Then Gandalf delivers news to the steward of Gondor that war is imminent. Gandalf brings Pippin with him, who enters the service of the steward. Aragorn by his courage and leadership proves himself a worthy ruler of men. He is destined to find a lost army of men now dead yet entrapped in a curse set forth long ago by their own disobedience, in the place known as the paths of the dead. The remnants of the Fellowship lead the forces of Gondor and Rohan in defence of Gondor's capital city, Minas Tirith , resulting in the cataclysmic Battle of the Pelennor Fields . Those characters that manage to survive the battle are led by Aragorn on a assuredly suicidal feint-attack against the Black Gates of Mordor, partly to distract Sauron from defending his other borders so that Frodo and Sam can gain a clear passage into Mordor. Aragorn's company now surrounds the Black Gates of the Morannon exchanging idle words with the Mouth of Sauron.", "Tolkien’s epic story of the battle for Middle-Earth has captivated readers over half a century, selling approximately 150 million copies and spawning an Oscar-nominated trilogy of films that are among the highest grossing of all time. The three-volume tour de force follows Frodo the hobbit and his loyal protectors as they journey to Mount Doom to destroy a dangerous and powerful ring, forged by the Dark Lord Sauron to rule all of Middle-Earth. The books have brought fantasy to a mainstream literary audience, making Frodo one of the greatest fictional heroes of all time.", "From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of The Rings, chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text's development, in volumes 6–9 of his History of Middle-earth series. The four volumes carry the titles The Return of the Shadow, The Treason of Isengard, The War of the Ring, and Sauron Defeated.", "Tolkien’s epic story of the battle for Middle-Earth has captivated readers since 1954, selling approximately 150 million copies and spawning an Oscar-nominated trilogy of films that are among the highest grossing of all time. The three-volume tour de force follows Frodo the hobbit and his loyal protectors as they journey to Mount Doom to destroy a dangerous and powerful ring, forged by the Dark Lord Sauron to rule all of Middle-Earth.", "The poem ‘The Adventures of Tom Bombadil’ is published in the Oxford Magazine. Tolkien’s paper Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve’s Tale is published in the second half of 1934.", "Roverandom. Ed. Christina Scull and Wayne Hammond. HarperCollins, London, 1998. In the 1920s a toy dog was lost on a seaside holiday, to cheer his son up Tolkien created a story of the dog’s adventures.", "—\"J.R.R. Tolkien Talks about the Discovery of Middle-earth, the Origins of Elvish\", Seventeen (January 1967 ), p. 92)", "What is the title of the third part of JRR Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings Trilogy?", "IV - The Field of Cormallen - The story returns to the Field of Cormallen, continuing from Book Five, chapter X; the eagles arrive; Captains of the west victorious; Frodo and Sam rescued by Gandalf; all the company meets again in Ithilien.", "Tolkien was invalided to England on 8 November 1916. Many of his dearest school friends, including Gilson and Smith of the T.C.B.S., were killed in the war. In later years, Tolkien indignantly declared that those who searched his works for parallels to the Second World War were entirely mistaken:", "1980 Poems and Stories (a compilation of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, On Fairy-Stories, Leaf by Niggle, Farmer Giles of Ham and Smith of Wootton Major)", "The Land That Time Forgot is a fantasy novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first of his Caspak trilogy. His working title for the story was \"The Lost U-Boat.\" The sequence was first published in Blue Book Magazine as a three-part serial in the issues for September, October and November 1918. The complete trilogy was later combined for publication in book form under the title of the first part by A. C. McClurg in June 1924. Beginning with the Ace Books editions of the 1960s, the three segments have usually been issued as separate short novels." ]

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[ "According to Time magazine, \"The Pumpkin Eater of the nursery rhyme put his wife in a pumpkin shell, and there he kept her very well. Giving a wry contemporary twist to Mother Goose, Penelope Mortimer's vivid first-person novel suggests that the poor creature then swiftly developed shell shock. In this slow, strong, incisive film version of the book, the ironing out of a well-kept wife's unkempt psyche is portrayed with harrowing perception by Anne Bancroft.\" Judith Crist of the New York Herald Tribune said Bancroft \"seems a cowlike creature with no aspirations or intellect above her pelvis.\" Variety wrote \"[Pinter's] script vividly brings to life the principal characters in this story of a shattered marriage, though Pinter's resort to flashback technique is confusing in the early stages. Jack Clayton's direction gets off to a slow, almost casual start, but the pace quickens as the drama becomes more intense.\" ", "An earlier version from Scotland includes the delightful detail of mice feasting on the woman's corpse. \"Peter, Peter Pumpkin Eater\" found a similar solution when he stashed his cheating wife's body in a pumpkin shell \"and there he kept her very well.\"", "This nursery rhyme also has it's roots in America, unlike most that started in England. It was a different time back then for women, and for views on divorce, too, which is why this rhyme served to warn young girls about infidelity. Peter's wife was supposedly a harlot, and Peter's remedy for the situation was to kill her and hide her body in a giant pumpkin shell.", "The wife that \"couldn't be kept\" in this rhyme didn't keep running away or anything — rather, she was supposedly a prostitute. Historians believe that Peter the pumpkin-eater tired of his wife's extra-curricular activities, then murdered her and hid her body in a pumpkin. An even more outrageous interpretation is that it's about the 13th century English King John, who famously bricked a rebellious noble's wife into a wall to starve to death . Either way, this is a rhyme that everybody at the time would have understood was ripped from the headlines.", "Nursery Rhyme Character Wide range of choice here Miss Muffet, the Queen of Hearts, Little Bo Peep and Cats for the females, Boy Blue, Jack Horner and Simple Simon for the boys. Couples can include Jack and Jill (who went up a hill) and Jack Sprat and his wife. Also available are some horror-orientated versions.", "King Henry VIII is the king, Catherine of Aragon is the queen, and Anne Boleyn is the maid. The blackbirds are--get ready for this--manorial deeds baked in a pie. During the period when Henry VIII was taking over the property of the Catholic Church, the abbot of Glastonbury is said to have sent his steward to London with a Christmas gift intended to appease the king--a pie in which were hidden the deeds to twelve manorial estates. The steward, Thomas Horner, is alleged to have opened the pie and extracted one deed, that of the manor of Mells, where his descendents still live. This may be the origin of the aforementioned Little Jack Horner nursery rhyme.", "Jack Sprat (and Wife) are the nursery rhyme characters who \"could eat no fat\" and whose wife \"could eat no lean\". They appeared in the 1933 Silly Symphony animated short, Old King Cole .", "Peter, peter pumpkin eater is one of the English nursery rhymes and it consists of round folk song index numbers-13497. This rhyme was first published in Britain and it has not been existed till the late 18th century or during the early 19th century. Then, during the year 1825, the rhyme was published in Boston, Massachusetts at mother gooses quarto or otherwise known as the complete melodies. However, some of the words which are collected from the place called Aberdeen, Scotland published during the year 1868 had some of the following words:", "As you can see, almost every nursery rhyme has a story behind it. Humpty Dumpty was actually King Richard III, and the famous farmer’s wife from the Three Blind Mice was supposedly Queen Mary I. Baa Baa Black Sheep was about taxation, and The Old Woman Who Lived In a Shoe was referring to the British Empire trying to control its colonies.", "Little Jack Horner was in fact reputed to be the Steward to the Bishop of Glastonbury. He was sent to King Henry VIII with a Christmas gift of twelve title deeds to manorial estates. Whilst on his way to the King Jack stole the deed to the manor of Mells (this being the real 'plum' of the twelve manors) which was in France. The remaining eleven manors were given to the crown but the manor of Mells became the property of the Horner family! The first publication date for the lyrics to this nursery rhyme is 1725.", "These well-known nursery rhymes are now action plays. Now you not only read about Humpty Dumpty and his adventure, but you might pretend to be Humpty Dumpty. Uh-Oh. Be very careful.", "This nursery rhyme has several different interpretations. The most widespread explanation connects it with queen Mary I (1516-1558), who executed Protestants, filling cemeteries—called the “garden” in the rhyme. “Silver bells” and “cockle shells” are told to be instruments of torture, and “pretty maids” supposed to be guillotines.", "*Cratchit, Bob Longsuffering clerk of Ebenezer Scrooge. Bob endures Scrooge's mistreatment until Scrooge, reformed by the visit of the three spirits, raises Bob's salary and vows to help his struggling family. The Cratchit family consists of Bob's wife, eldest daughter Martha, daughter Belinda, son Peter, two younger children: boy and girl, and Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol.", "Toy-town News or Nursery Times – a newspaper based on the mythology of children's stories. For example, Royal butler Paul Burrell was satirised as the \"Knave of Hearts\" who was \"lent\" tarts \"for safe keeping\", rather than stealing them as in the rhyme. Nigel Dempster is referred to as \"Humpty Dumpster\".", "NURSERY RHYMES.Some little mice sat in a barn to spin,Pussy came by and popped her head in; ,Shall I come in and cut your threads off ?Oh no! kind sir, you would snap ourheads off.Snail, snail, come out of your hole, There was a rat, for want of stairs,Or else I will beat you as black as a coal. Went down a rope to say his prayers.I had a little pony,His name was Dapple-gray,I lent him to a lady,. To ride a mile away;S... ..She whipped him, she slashed him,She rode him through the mire;I would not lend my pony nowFor all the lady's hire.Little cock robin peep'd out of his cabin.To see the cold winter come in,\" Tit for tat, what matter for that,\"He'll hide his head under his wing IThere was an owl lived in an oak, A gunner chanced to conme that way,Wisky, wasky, weedle; Wisky, wasky, weedle ;And every word he ever spoke Says he, \" I'll shoot you, silly bird.\"Was fiddle, faddle, feedle. Fiddle, faddle, feedle.Hey! diddle, diddle,The cat and the fiddle,The cow jumped over the moon;The little dog laugh'dTo see the sport,While the dish ran away withthe spoon.", "I found this longer version of Tom, Tom the Piper's Son in A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899) by Percy B. Green:", "The poem's story is retold in a much expanded form in an 1805 poem known as King and Queen of Hearts: with the Rogueries of the Knave who stole the Queen's Pies by Charles Lamb, which gives each line of the original, followed by a poem commenting on the line. In 1844 Halliwell included the poem in the 3rd Edition of his The Nursery Rhymes of England (though he dropped it from later editions) and Caldecott made it the subject of one of his 1881 \"Picture Books\", a series of illustrated nursery rhymes which he normally issued in pairs before Christmas from 1878 until his death in 1886.", "\"This Is the House That Jack Built\" is a popular British nursery rhyme and cumulative tale", "The battle between the lion and the unicorn is an episode from a popular nursery rhyme. Carroll is fond of including nursery rhymes within his works; Humpty Dumpty is another example of this tendency.", "He often discusses philosophy with the new baby (an unseen character in a pram). He is also frequently seen questioning the plausibility of fairy tales or nursery rhymes read out by Maisie, while at the same time vandalising an alarm clock or other household item. His teddy bear Gladly (short for \"Gladly, my cross-eyed bear\") puts in occasional appearances.", "Many nursery rhymes became songs or chants for playground games. Some were like Humpty Dumpty and had very unusual connections to history, while others had no connection to history at all.", "It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that scholars began to assign the nursery rhyme to a particular event during the Tudor era. King Henry VIII was attempting to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon and getting a lot of trouble for it from the Catholic church (after all they gave him special dispensation to marry her in the first place, since she was his brother’s widow). As a result he made himself head of the Church of England and declared England a Protestant nation so that he could divorce and marry who he pleased.", "Description : Poor Spookley is a pumpkin who's shape is square rather then round. He's teased and taunted by other mean round pumpkins. But he receives help from a Scarecrow and his 2 bat side-kicks and 3 very funny spiders.", "Considering that some of today’s classic nursery rhymes are more than two centuries old, there are often several theories surrounding their origins—and not a lot of sound proof about which argument is correct. But of all the alleged nursery rhyme backstories, “Ring Around the Rosie” is probably the most infamous. Though its lyrics and even its title have gone through some changes over the years, the most popular contention is that the sing-songy verse refers to the 1665 Great Plague of London.“The rosie” is the rash that covered the afflicted, the smell from which they attempted to cover up with “a pocket full of posies.” The plague killed nearly 15 percent of the country’s population, which makes the final verse—“Ashes! Ashes! We all fall down”—rather self-explanatory.", "actions. Perhaps used to gently chastise a child and explain the possible events that might follow a thoughtless act. The references to horses, horseshoe, riders, kingdoms and battles indicate the origins of this nursery rhyme were probably set in English History", "This is a pretty long nursery rhyme and tells quite a story that includes several characters. This rhyme is excellent for developing memory, even for adults!", "Harris is best known, of course, for the Uncle Remus tales featuring Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox and other famous animal characters. Like the Uncle Remus tales, the stories found in Daddy Jake were African-American myth-legends that Harris heard from slaves while he was working on a plantation nearhis birthplace in Eatonton, Georgia. Harris had an extraordinarily sensitive ear and accurate memory, and wrote the stories as closely to the spoken versions as he could.", "Worzel Gummidge is a British children's fictional character who originally appeared in a series of books by the novelist Barbara Euphan Todd. A walking, talking scarecrow, Gummidge has a set of interchangeable turnip, mangel worzel and swede heads", "Henson based the Storyteller series on memories of his grandparents telling him folk tales. John Hurt and a talking dog narrate the tale of Hans, a cursed man/ hedgehog who rides a chicken, plays the bagpipes and haunts the dreams of every kid who sees him.", "Worzel Gummidge is a British children's fictional character who originally appeared in a series of books by the novelist Barbara Euphan Todd. A walking, talking scarecrow, Gummidge has a set of interchangeable turnip, mangel worzel and swede heads, each of which suit a particular occasion or endow him with a specific skill.", "Timothy Cratchit, called \"Tiny Tim\", is a fictional character from the 1843 novel A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. He is a minor character, the youngest son of Bob Cratchit, and is seen only briefly, but serves as an important symbol of the consequences of the protagonist's choices.", "A very popular English rhyme and indeed a very clever way to teach counting to the otherwise reluctant children. This poem dates back to the 18th century and has been used in quite lot of movies (like A nightmare on Elm Street) and cartoon serials (like Loony Tunes). This famous poem was also used by Agatha Christie in the title and story structure of her novel “One, Two, Buckle My Shoe”." ]

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[ "The griffin, griffon, or gryphon is a legendary creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle.", "The Griffin , griffon, or gryphon (from Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn, or γρύπων, grýpōn, early form γρύψ, grýps; Latin: gryphus) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion, the head and wings of an eagle, and an eagle's talons as its front feet. As the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle was the king of the birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions.", "Griffin, griffon or gryphon - a legendary creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle.", "The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn, or γρύπων, grýpōn, early form γρύψ, grýps; Latin: gryphus) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and an eagle's talons as its front feet. Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle the king of birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. The griffin was also thought of as king of all creatures. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. Adrienne Mayor, a classical folklorist, proposes that the griffin was an ancient misconception derived from the fossilized remains of the Protoceratops found in gold mines in the Altai mountains of Scythia, in present day southeastern Kazakhstan, or in Mongolia. In antiquity it was a symbol of divine power and a guardian of the divine.", "10 The majestic Griffin The griffin is a legendary creature with the head and wings of an eagle, and the body, tail, and hind legs of a lion. As the eagle was considered the ‘king of the birds’, and the lion the ‘king of the beasts’, the griffin was perceived as a powerful and majestic creature.", "this is a tribute to griffins. here is so info on the griffin. The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Greek: γρύφων, grýphōn, or γρύπων, grýpōn, early form γρύψ, grýps; Latin: gryphus) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle; and an eagle's talons as its front feet. As the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle was the king of the birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. The griffin was also thought of as king of the creatures. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. Adrienne Mayor, a classical folklorist, proposes that the griffin was an ancient misconception derived from the fossilized remains of the Protoceratops found in gold mines in the Altai mountains of Scythia, in present day southeastern Kazakhstan, or in Mongolia. In antiquity it was a symbol of divine power and a guardian of the divine. Some have suggested that the word griffin is cognate with Cherub.", "Mythological beast with the body of a lion and the wings and head of an eagle.", "  Is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion ; the head and wings of an eagle ; and an eagle's talons as its front feet. As the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle was the king of the birds, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. The griffin was also thought of as king of the creatures. Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions", "The griffin or gryphon is a legendary creature that is portrayed with the body of a lion, the head of an eagle with erect standing ears along with a breast and forelegs similar to that of an eagle, including the presence of talons. This mix of features indicates strength and intelligence. Because the lion is regarded as the king of beasts and the eagle is known as the king of birds, the griffin is therefore a majestic and powerful creature. In heraldry, the griffin’s combination of eagle and Lion portrays courage and boldness which is continuously linked to ferocious creatures. It is used to denote power, military bravery and leadership.", "Lion, the king of the jungle, has joined body with humans to form many astounding mythological creatures. Sphinx is a mythological creature of Greek, Egyptian and Asian origin, with the head of a human and the body of a lion, occasionally depicted with wings. Manticore is the Persian version of Sphinx. A Lamassu is an Assyrian protective deity with the body of a lion, wings of an eagle and head of a human. Mahes, the Egyptian god of war, and Sekhmet, the Egyptian warrior goddess, are both animals with a human body and lion’s head. Narasimha, an avatar of the Hindu god, Vishnu, is visualized with a human torso and lower body, and the face and claws of a lion.", "Griffins are known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions. Adrienne Mayor, a classical folklorist, proposes that the griffin was an ancient misconception derived from the fossilized remains of the Protoceratops found in gold mines in the Altai mountains of Scythia, in present day southeastern Kazakhstan.", "Griffin : The Griffin is a mythological Greek creature who is known as the protector of treasure. His body is a combination of lion and eagle parts. The Griffin's claws are thought to change in the presence of poison and many drinking vessels were made in his shape for this reason. Griffins were thought to guard the gold mines in India and Scythia . They are also thought to guard the Tree of Life , knowledge and the road to salvation.", "GRIFFIN: This mythic creature, usually depicted with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion, is used with two different and opposite meanings; on the one hand to represent the Saviour; on the other, because it is a combination of the preying of the eagle and the fierceness of the lion, to symboliz those who oppress and persecute Christians.", "An intimidating blend of two different predators, the griffin was said to possess the body and back legs of a lion as well as the wings, beak and talons of a hawk or eagle. Tales of the flying behemoths most likely originated in the Middle East, but they later became a popular motif in ancient Greek literature. The griffin legend was later picked up in the 14th century in a largely fictional travelogue by Sir John Mandeville, who described the creatures as “more strong than eight lions” and “a hundred eagles.” Griffins were revered for their intelligence and dedication to monogamy—they supposedly mated for life—but they could also be ferocious. The beasts ripped flesh with their razor sharp talons, and they were also known to fly their victims to great heights before dropping them to their deaths. According to researcher Adrienne Mayor, legends of the griffin could be inspired by early encounters with dinosaur fossils. Scythian nomads in central Asia may have stumbled across the bones of the dinosaur protoceratops and mistook them for a bird-like creature, resulting in the myth of a terrifying flying beast.", "Similar to the heraldic griffin, with the body and four legs of a lion. It has the neck and wings of an eagle and a short camel's tail.", "Derived from the Greek word \"hippos\" meaning \"horse\", and the magical creature known as the griffin. In this case, it has the body of a horse as opposed to a lion, but keeps the head of an eagle.", "Q16. Which fabled animal is usually represented as having the head and wings of an eagle and the body and hind quarters of a lion?", "A great deal of mythology can be found on griffins just like dragons because they were very clever and witty characters who invested a large amount of time searching for and guarding treasures and gold. Other legends portray the griffin as a trickster, much like the Sphinx, who could mint up riddles and tricks to defeat people. The winners would then reach the treasures or be left alive, and the losers… would perhaps not. The Sphinx also has the lion’s body.", "A sphinx is a mythical creature with the body of a lion, most often with a human head and sometimes with wings. The creature was an Egyptian invention and had a male head - human or animal; however, in ancient Greek culture the creature had the head of a woman. The sphinx is also present in the art and sculpture of the Mycenaean, Assyrian, Persian and Phoenician civilizations.  ", "Infrequently, a griffin is portrayed without wings, or a wingless eagle-headed lion is identified as a griffin. In 15th-century and later heraldry such a beast may be called an alce or a keythong.", "sphinx -A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human.", "Most statues have bird-like talons, although in some older illustrations griffins have a lion's forelimbs; they generally have a lion's hindquarters. Its eagle's head is conventionally given prominent ears; these are sometimes described as the lion's ears, but are often elongated (more like a horse's), and are sometimes feathered.", "The mix of the eagle and the lion is generally representative of the fact that intellect and strength are insufficient by itself, but a formidable combination can complement both characteristic features. The mixture is often used to signify a double nature, and griffins are seen as the rulers of the land and both heavens.", "(Non-European Myth & Legend) a monster with a lion's body, a scorpion's tail, and a man's head with three rows of teeth. It roamed the jungles of India and, like the Sphinx, would ask travellers a riddle and kill them when they failed to answer it", "It’s true that the need for insignia, around which one can rally, has always been important in times of strife. This explains why the great aristocratic families had red lions, white harts and blue boars aplenty, and the royal family have a lion and a unicorn. Indeed, the most enduring national symbols in Britain are royal ones. Which makes it strange that the raven does not make an appearance in the shortlist. Which other animal – winged or otherwise – is so woven into our history that tourists come to visit them?", "Ancient Egypt venerated the lioness (the fierce hunter) as their war deities and among those in the Egyptian pantheon are, Bast , Mafdet , Menhit , Pakhet , Sekhmet , Tefnut , and the Sphinx ; [186] The Nemean lion was symbolic in Ancient Greece and Rome, represented as the constellation and zodiac sign Leo , and described in mythology, where its skin was borne by the hero Heracles . [189] The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient Mesopotamia (from Sumer up to Assyrian and Babylonian times), where it was strongly associated with kingship. [190] The classic Babylonian lion motif, found as a statue, carved or painted on walls, is often referred to as the striding lion of Babylon. It is in Babylon that the biblical Daniel is said to have been delivered from the lion's den. [191]", "Simurgh (or Sīna-Mrū, Simarghu, Simurg, Sumargh: “30 birds”)—The magnificent king of the birds in Arabian legend, representing divine unity. Its beautiful feathers are prized for their healing properties. Similar to the Roc, it is so huge that it can carry off an elephant or a camel, but it is also known to take human children into its nest to foster them. Derived from the Senmurv, it dwells in the mountains of Alberz in northern Persia. As the Phoenix does, this wise and peaceful bird lives for either 1,700 or 2,000 years. Some accounts claim it is immortal, nesting in the Tree of Knowledge. It is said to be so old that it has seen the destruction of the world three times over. A bird of the same name attended the queen of Sheba. It had brass feathers, a silver head, a human face, four wings, a vulture’s talons, and a peacock’s tail.14", "Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture . Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves , through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire , and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late 18th century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies .", "Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France dated to 17,000 years ago, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies.", "Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. Depictions have existed from the Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in Francedated to 17,000 years ago, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, and have been a key species sought for exhibition in zoos over the world since the late eighteenth century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies.", "\"The Lion Man,\" found in the Hohlenstein-Stadel cave of Germany's Swabian Alb and dated at 32,000 years old, is associated with the Aurignacian culture and is the oldest known anthropomorphic animal figurine in the world. A lion headed figure, first called the lion man (German: Löwenmensch, literally \"lion person\"), then the lion lady (German: Löwenfrau), is an ivory sculpture that is the oldest known zoomorphic (animal-shaped) sculpture in the world and one of the oldest known sculptures in general. The sculpture has also been interpreted as anthropomorphic, giving human characteristics to an animal, although it may have represented a deity. The figurine was determined to be about 32,000 years old by carbon dating material from the same layer in which the sculpture was found. It is associated with the archaeological Aurignacian culture. European cave lions, male and female, lacked the distinctive manes of the African male lion, and so its absence here cannot lead to an interpretation of 'lioness'.", "A superb Roman eagle in near pristine condition, serpent prey wriggling in its beak, has been found by archaeologists in the City of London . A symbol of immortality and power, it was carefully preserved when the aristocratic tomb it decorated was smashed up more than 1,800 years ago – and is regarded as one of the best pieces of Romano-British art ever found." ]

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[ "And they also had radio and Groucho also hosted the game show \"You Bet Your Life\" bringing him a TV following for a few years also.  This is probably why when you are asked to name the Marx Brothers, well it's Groucho's name that most of the time comes first, followed by Harpo and then Chico and then Zeppo.  Gummo is the brother who has been for the most part incognito.", "Their careers began over a century ago, as a family vaudeville act in New York. Yet the very mention of the phrase “Marx Brothers” has become cultural shorthand for comic genius and a reminder that good comedy never stales. Yes, they were all actual brothers, and yes, there were as many as five: Groucho, Harpo, Chico, Zeppo and Gummo, though the lattermost left the act before the group started making films in 1926.", "The group are almost universally known today by their stage names: Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo Marx. The core of the act was the three elder brothers: Chico, Harpo, and Groucho. Each developed a highly distinctive stage persona.", "Chico died in 1961 (aged 74), Harpo in 1964 (aged 75), and Gummo in 1977 (aged 80). Groucho died in 1977 just before his 87th birthday. He had survived his brother Gummo by a few months but wasn't told by his family of his brother's death because of the distress it would have caused him. Zeppo, who was born in 1901, lived in Palm Springs and had not been associated with show business for years before he, too, passed away in 1979. He was survived by his ex-wife, Barbara, nearly 30 years his junior, who went on to marry Frank Sinatra.", "The first of the brothers to form an act together were Groucho, Harpo and Gummo. Minnie came along for the ride and, as their business manager, felt sufficiently grand to rename herself Minnie Palmer. On a gig one night in Waukegan, Illinois – fabled town: was it not the Waukegan conservatory that taught Jack Benny the violin? – the brothers looked past the footlights and saw at the piano, inexplicably, the wandering right hand of Chico, whom they had long since written off. Harpo, wearing a fruit-covered hat, plucked an apple and an orange, Chico dodged and hurled them back, somebody lowered the curtain and the three Marx Brothers were four. Show business is full of incongruities. Gummo, drafted into the Army and told by Minnie that they could do without him, would withdraw entirely and then come back as Groucho’s agent. Zeppo, his replacement, the blandly forgettable brother in the early movies, before he joined the group had been a mechanic working for Ford who packed a gun and had a sideline in stolen cars. By 1915, the family was prosperous enough to buy 27 acres in La Grange, Illinois, which Minnie and Frenchy decided to fit out as a chicken farm. All except Gummo were rejected by the Army, for reasons of age or incapacity, and so the show went on through the Great War.", "The 2006 album Do This! by experimental jazz group Reptet features four tracks named after the Marx Brothers: Zeppo, Harpo, Chico, and Graucho, respectively. There is no mention of Gummo.", "Chico Marx died on October 11, 1961; Harpo Marx died on September 28, 1964; Groucho Marx died on August 19, 1977; Gummo Marx died on April 21, 1977; and Zeppo Marx died on November 30, 1979.", "The core of the act was the three elder brothers, Chico, Harpo and Groucho; each developed a highly distinctive stage persona. The two younger brothers, Gummo and Zeppo, did not develop their stage characters to the same extent, and eventually left the act to pursue other careers. Gummo was not in any of the movies; Zeppo appeared only in the first five.", "Milton \"Gummo\" Marx (October 23, 1892 – April 21, 1977) was an American vaudeville performer and theatrical agent. He was the second youngest of the five Marx Brothers. Born in New York City, he worked with his brothers on the vaudeville circuit, but left acting when he was drafted into the U.S. Army during World War I (years before his brothers Chico, Harpo, Groucho and Zeppo began their film career).", "In 1970, the Four Marx Brothers had a brief reunion (of sorts) in the animated ABC television special The Mad, Mad, Mad Comedians, produced by Rankin-Bass animation (of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer fame). The special featured animated reworkings of various famous comedians' acts, including W. C. Fields, Jack Benny, George Burns, Henny Youngman, The Smothers Brothers, Flip Wilson, Phyllis Diller, Jack E. Leonard, George Jessel and the Marx Brothers. Most of the comedians provided their own voices for their animated counterparts, except for Fields and Chico Marx (both had died), and Zeppo Marx (who left show business in 1933). Voice actor Paul Frees filled in for all three (no voice was needed for Harpo, who was also deceased). The Marx Brothers' segment was a reworking of a scene from their Broadway play I'll Say She Is, a parody of Napoleon which Groucho considered among the Brothers' funniest routines. The sketch featured animated representations, if not the voices, of all four brothers. Romeo Muller is credited as having written special material for the show, but the script for the classic \"Napoleon Scene\" was probably supplied by Groucho.", "Vaudeville, stage, and motion picture actor/comedian/entertainer. One of the legendary Marx Brothers along with Groucho, Harpo, Zeppo, and Gummo. Leonard \"Chico\" Marx was the pianist with a phony Italian accent. He starred in 13 movies with brothers Groucho, Harpo and sometimes Zeppo. Born in New York City as the second-oldest son of Minnie and Sam Marx (the oldest, Manfred, died an infant), Leonard grew up on the streets. He learned various accents and gambling, which became a serious... [Read More] (Bio by: LincolnFan )", "*The Marx Brothers (comedians); Chico/Leonard (1887–1961), Harpo/Arthur (1888–1964), Groucho/Julius (1890–1977), Gummo/Milton (1892–1977) and Zeppo/Herbet (1901–1979). (They also had an older brother, who died as an infant.)", "The act slowly evolved from singing with comedy to comedy with music. Their sketch \"Fun in Hi Skule\" featured Groucho as a German-accented teacher presiding over a classroom that included students Harpo, Gummo and Chico. The last version of the school act, titled Home Again, was written by their uncle, Al Shean , of the famous vaudeville act Gallagher and Shean . At about this time, Gummo left to serve in World War I , reasoning that \"anything is better than being an actor!\" [17] Zeppo replaced him in their final vaudeville years and in the jump to Broadway , and then to Paramount films.", "On January 16, 1977, the Marx Brothers were inducted into the Motion Picture Hall of Fame. With the deaths of Gummo in April 1977, Groucho in August 1977, and Zeppo in November 1979, the brothers were gone. But their impact on the entertainment community continues well into the 21st century.", "The stage names for four of the five brothers were coined by monologist Art Fisher during a poker game in Galesburg, Illinois, based both on the brothers' personalities and Gus Mager's Sherlocko the Monk, a popular comic strip of the day which included a supporting character named \"Groucho the Monk\". The reasons behind Chico's and Harpo's stage names are undisputed, and Gummo's is fairly well established. Groucho's and Zeppo's are far less clear. Arthur was named Harpo because he played the harp, and Leonard became Chico (pronounced, and originally spelled, \"Chick-o\") because of his affinity for the ladies (\"chicks\", as in \"My brother Leonard was a chicken-chaser\").", "Louvish, Simon. Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers: Groucho, Chico, Harpo, Zeppo, with Added Gummo. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2000, c1999.", "Zeppo, the youngest Marx, joined the act when Gummo Marx departed to join the military to fight in World War I. Gummo, who shunned the limelight, later took over as the group’s manager. Generally playing “the straight man,” Zeppo’s forte was the young romantic typecast. His job was to advance the action and set up the zingers for Groucho, Chico and Harpo.  ", "The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico, and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. He was the youngest and had grown up watching his brothers, so he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. \"He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in Animal Crackers] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience\", Groucho recalled. (Zeppo did impersonate Groucho in the film version of Animal Crackers. Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure, which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.) In December 1917 the Marx brothers were noted in a advertisement playing in a musical comedy act \"Home Again\". ", "The reasons behind Chico's and Harpo's stage names are undisputed, and Gummo's is fairly well established. Groucho's and Zeppo's are far less clear. Arthur was named Harpo because he played the harp, and Leonard became Chico (pronounced \"Chick-o\") because he was, in the slang of the period, a \"chicken chaser\". (\"Chickens\"—later \"chicks\"—was period slang for women. \"In England now,\" said Groucho, \"they were called 'birds'.\") ", "The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico, and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. He was the youngest and had grown up watching his brothers, so he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. \"He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in Animal Crackers] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience\", Groucho recalled. (Zeppo did impersonate Groucho in the film version of Animal Crackers. Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure, which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.)", "The on-stage personalities of Groucho, Chico and Harpo were said to have been based on their actual traits. Zeppo, on the other hand, was considered the funniest brother offstage, despite his straight stage roles. As the youngest, and having grown up watching his brothers, he could fill in for and imitate any of the others when illness kept them from performing. \"He was so good as Captain Spaulding [in Animal Crackers] that I would have let him play the part indefinitely, if they had allowed me to smoke in the audience\", Groucho recalled. (Zeppo did impersonate Groucho in the film version of Animal Crackers. Groucho was unavailable to film the scene in which the Beaugard painting is stolen, so the script was contrived to include a power failure which allowed Zeppo to play the Spaulding part in near-darkness.)", "Cast: Groucho Marx, Harpo Marx, Chico Marx, Zeppo Marx, Margaret Dumont, Raquel Torres, Louis Calhern, Edmund Breese, Leonid Kinskey, Charles Middleton, Edgar Kennedy", "From the 1940s onward, Chico and Harpo made nightclub and casino appearances, sometimes together. Chico also fronted a big band, the Chico Marx Orchestra. Groucho began a career as a radio and television entertainer. From 1947 to 1961, he was the host of the quiz show You Bet Your Life (along with a money-bearing artificial duck) on NBC. He was also an author—his writings include the autobiographical Groucho and Me (1959), Memoirs of a Mangy Lover (1964) and The Groucho Letters (1967).", "Chico and Groucho starred in a radio comedy series, Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel. Though the series was short lived, much of the material developed for it was used in subsequent films. The show's scripts and recordings were believed lost until copies of the scripts were found in the Library of Congress in the 1980s. After publication in a book they were performed with Marx Brothers impersonators for BBC Radio.", "From the 1940s onward, Chico and Harpo made nightclub and casino appearances, sometimes together. Chico also fronted a big band, the Chico Marx Orchestra. Groucho began a career as a radio and television entertainer. From 1947 to 1961, he was the host of the quiz show You Bet Your Life (along with a money-bearing artificial duck) on NBC. He was also an author -- his writings include the autobiographical Groucho and Me (1959), Memoirs of a Mangy Lover (1964), and The Groucho Letters (1967).", "Scottish playwright Louise Oliver wrote a play named \"Waiting For Groucho\" about Chico and Harpo waiting for Groucho to turn up for the filming of their last project together. This was performed by Glasgow theatre company Rhymes with Purple Productions at the Edinburgh Fringe and in Glasgow and Hamilton in 2007-08. Groucho was played by Scottish actor Frodo McDaniel. [15]", "The popular assumption that Zeppo's character was superfluous was fueled in part by Groucho. According to Groucho's own story, when the group became the Three Marx Brothers, the studio wanted to trim their collective salary, and Groucho replied \"We're twice as funny without Zeppo!\" ", "so you can expected the expected here, but it's the expected you loved the first time, from past masters of their craft. Chico seems to be slowing down, effectively passing his prime on camera, but his little brothers have still got it. it was around the same time, after all, that Groucho undertook a second stardom with his quiz show You Bet Your Life.", "Character - Photos Character - Film Character - Chico Character - Groucho the Family the Artist the Trunk the Ephemera", "Had a fifth brother, Gummo Marx , who performed with the other brothers in vaudeville. He left the act before the brothers started to make movies. He remained close to Groucho for the rest of his life.", "Chico Marx was born Leonard Marx.  Originally his nickname was Chick-O but due to a typing error he became Chico. Chico was actually the 2nd Marx brother to be born.  His older brother (Manfred) died in infancy.  His persona in the act was that of a charming, dim-witted albeit crafty con artist.  After their mother passed away, Chico became the manager of the brothers. He played an important role in the management and development of the act.  He was married two times and had one child.   Chico loved to gamble. His favorite gambling pursuits were card games as well as horse racing, dog racing, and various sports betting. His addiction cost him millions of dollars by his own account. When an interviewer in the late 1930s asked him how much money he had lost from gambling, he answered, “Find out how much money Harpo’s got. That’s how much I’ve lost.”", "Groucho appeared as a gangster named God in the movie Skidoo (1968), directed by Otto Preminger, and costarring Jackie Gleason and Carol Channing. It was released by the studio where the Marx Brothers began their film career, Paramount Pictures. The film received almost universally negative reviews. As a side note, writer Paul Krassner published a story in the February 1981 issue of High Times, relating how Groucho prepared for the LSD-themed movie by taking a dose of the drug in Krassner's company, and had a moving, largely pleasant experience. Four years later came Groucho's last theatrical film appearance, a brief, uncredited cameo in Michael Ritchie's The Candidate (1972)." ]

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[ "War broke out along the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. On that day, North Korean troops coordinated an attack at several strategic points along the parallel and headed south toward Seoul. The United Nations Security Council responded to the attack by adopting (by a 9-0 vote) a resolution that condemned the invasion as a \"breach of the peace.\" The Council did not have a Soviet delegate, since 6 months prior, the Soviet Union had left to protest the United Nation's refusal to seat a delegate from China. President Harry S. Truman quickly committed American forces to a combined United Nations military effort and named Gen. Douglas MacArthur Commander of the U.N. forces. Fifteen other nations also sent troops under the U.N. command. Truman did not seek a formal declaration of war from Congress; officially, America's presence in Korea amounted to no more than a \"police action.\"", "Although the Republic of Korea initially received some U.S. assistance, the Joint Chiefs of Staff advised President Harry S. Truman that the United States had little strategic interest in maintaining American troops and bases there. In June 1949, the troops were withdrawn; Soviet troops also withdrew that year. In January 1950, Secretary of State Dean Acheson publicly defined the U.S. defense perimeter as including Japan and Taiwan but not Korea. Six months later, after a series of border clashes, Soviet‐backed North Korean forces invaded and conquered much of the South. The Truman administration reevaluated its position and led a UN‐authorized military coalition to repel the Communist aggression.", "After five years of simmering tensions on the Korean peninsula, the Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when the Northern Korean People's Army invaded South Korea in a coordinated general attack at several strategic points along the 38th parallel, the line dividing communist North Korea from the non-communist Republic of Korea in the south. North Korea aimed to militarily conquer South Korea and therefore unify Korea under the communist North Korean regime. Concerned that the Soviet Union and Communist China might have encouraged this invasion, President Harry S. Truman committed United States air, ground, and naval forces to the combined United Nations forces assisting the Republic of Korea in its defense. President Truman designated General Douglas MacArthur as Commanding General of the United Nations Command (UNC).", "MacArthur drove the North Koreans back to the dividing line. Truman then ordered American troops to cross the 38th parallel and press on to the Chinese border. China responded in November 1950 with a huge counterattack that decimated U.S. armies. MacArthur demanded permission to invade mainland China, which Truman rejected, and then repeatedly assailed the president�s decision. In 1951 Truman fired him for insubordination. By then, the combatants had separated near the 38th parallel. The Korean War did not officially end until 1953, when President Dwight Eisenhower imposed a precarious armistice. Meanwhile, the Korean War had brought about rearmament, hiked the U.S. military budget, and increased fears of Communist aggression abroad and at home.", "1950 (June 25th Sun) - President Harry S. Truman sends troops into Korea when the military forces of communist North Korea move southward across the thirty-eighth parallel in an attempt to seize the non-communist Republic of South Korea. The US forces under General Douglas MacArthur are ill-prepared for combat and are initially pushed back to the southern tip of the Korean peninsula (Endgame, no date is given on p.129. The Korean War between 25th June 1950 - 27th July 1953 is a matter of historical record). (MG)", "Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969) The 34th U.S. President (1953-1961) who ended the Korean War. He also served as supreme commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, and became the 1st supreme commander of NATO. Born in Denison, TX (547)", "The war's unpopularity played an important role in the presidential victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower , who had pledged to go to Korea to end the war. Negotiations broke down four different times, but after much difficulty and nuclear threats by Eisenhower, an armistice agreement was signed (July 27, 1953). Casualties in the war were heavy. U.S. losses were placed at over 54,000 dead and 103,000 wounded, while Chinese and Korean casualties were each at least 10 times as high. Korean forces on both sides executed many alleged civilian enemy sympathizers, especially in the early months of the war.", "\"Limited war,\" however, was not only unpopular with MacArthur-most Americans were uncomfortable with it as well. As the conflict grew into a stalemate, the popularity of Truman's decision to intervene plummeted. The Republican Party, which hadn't seen one of its own elected president since 1928, made Korea the centerpiece of their campaign for the White House in 1952. The party's candidate in that year, Dwight D. Eisenhower, pledged that if elected he would go to Korea personally in an effort to bring an end to the fighting. He kept this promise while still President-elect, and an armistice was finally concluded in July 1953.", "In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.", "General MacArthur of the United States orchestrated the first attack on North Korea, recapturing Seoul, the capital of South Korea. He then crossed the 38th Parallel, advancing into provinces of North Korea. Fearing the United States would use North Korea to attack Manchuria, the Chinese army sent troops across the Yalu River to attack United States forces. President Truman replaced MacArthur with Lt. General Ridgeway to develop a more tactful strategy. Ridgeway successfully held off the Communists just north of the 38th Parallel. A peace treaty was signed in 1953 that ended the Korean War, but did little to end Cold War tensions (Elsey).", "* June 27 – Korean War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman orders American military forces to aid in the defense of South Korea.", "April 11, 1951, U.S. President Harry S. Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur of his command of United Nations and U.S. forces during the Korean War.", "The war's unpopularity played an important role in the presidential victory of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who had pledged to go to Korea to end the war. Negotiations broke down four different times, but after much difficulty and nuclear threats by Eisenhower, an armistice agreement was signed (July 27, 1953).", "On June 27, President Truman announced to the nation and the world that America would intervene in the Korean conflict in order to prevent the conquest of an independent nation by communism. Truman was suggesting that the USSR was behind the North Korean invasion, and in fact the Soviets had given tacit approval to the invasion, which was carried out with Soviet-made tanks and weapons. Despite the fear that U.S. intervention in Korea might lead to open warfare between the United States and Russia after years of “cold war,” Truman’s decision was met with overwhelming approval from Congress and the U.S. public. Truman did not ask for a declaration of war, but Congress voted to extend the draft and authorized Truman to call up reservists.", "For a brief moment in 1952, Americans believed that the dreary conflict would end. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry Truman as preaiclent. One of Eisenhower's campaign promises had been to break through the deadlocked negotiations at Panmunjom. So in November 1952, Eisenhower fulfilled his campaign promise to \"go to Korea.\" But his three-day visit did nothing to speed up the peace talks. Instead, Eisenhower discovered, as Truman already knew, that the peace talks were tightly bound up in the ideological rhetoric of the Cold War. It would require an extraordinary event to b break the deadlock.", "In Europe, East and West eyed each other anxiously across the Iron Curtain. In Asia, the Cold War grew hot. In 1950, North Korean forces, armed mainly with Soviet weapons, invaded South Korea in an effort to reunite the peninsula under communist rule. Within the next couple of days the Truman administration and the United Nations had decided to aid in the defense of South Korea, and soon a multinational army had arrived under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. But while MacArthur was able to prevent the North Koreans from overrunning the South, an unexpected intervention by China soon turned the \"police action\" (as Truman called it) into a bloody stalemate. Differences between Truman and MacArthur led to the latter's firing in early 1951, and as the war ground on it grew more and more unpopular in the United States. Ultimately it would contribute to Dwight Eisenhower's election as president in 1952, and it would be the Eisenhower administration that brought an end to the conflict through a compromise peace.", "Nov. 4: Dwight D. Eisenhower, having campaigned on a promise to seek an end to the Korean War, was elected President. FEAF photographic surveillance showed the three railroad bridges at Yongmi-dong again in serviceable condition and two bypass bridges nearing completion.", "The Korean War, which began on June 25, 1950, created new dynamics as the State Department aligned itself with Defense in the quest for maximum access and flexibility for military operations from Japan. Truman appointed John Foster Dulles, a Republican with the bipartisan connections necessary for domestic acceptance of a treaty, to negotiate one. Dulles visited Japan four times, traveled to the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand, and also visited London and France in his quest for an acceptable treaty. By August 1951, he had come to an agreement with Britain on a jointly proposed treaty, and the U.S., as the host country, issued invitations to over fifty countries to convene in San Francisco to \"conclude\" the treaty. As the conference approached, however, Asian resistance to the treaty began to make itself felt.", "The North Korean invasion began on June 25, 1950, and it quickly became apparent that South Korea's armed forces were not up to the task of defending their country. President Truman authorized the use of the U.S. military to protect civilians as they retreated before the enemy advance. However, after the United Nations called upon its members to help South Korea resist (the resolution only managed to win approval from the U.N. Security Council because the Soviet delegation was boycotting its proceedings at the time), Truman ordered General Douglas MacArthur—hero of the Pacific Theater in World War II—to take command of a multinational force to assist in the defense of South Korea.", "The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years, with over 30,000 Americans killed, until a peace agreement restored borders and ended the conflict. [130] In the interim, the difficulties in Korea and the popular outcry against Truman's sacking of MacArthur helped to make the president so unpopular that Democrats started turning to other candidates. In the New Hampshire primary on March 11, 1952, Truman lost to Estes Kefauver , who won the preference poll 19,800 to 15,927 and all eight delegates. Truman was forced to cancel his reelection campaign. [131] In February 1952, Truman's approval mark stood at 22 percent according to Gallup polls , which was, until 2008, the all-time lowest approval mark for an active American president. However it didn't last beyond March. [132]", "On Sunday, June 25, 1950, the Korean War was precipitated when North Korean Communist forces invaded the Republic of South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel at several points. Truman at once summoned an emergency conference and on June 27 announced that he would pledge American armed strength for the defense of South Korea. By September 15, American troops, supported by other forces of the United Nations, were taking the offensive in Korea. Truman held firm in the costly war that ensued but hesitated to approve a major counteroffensive across the Yalu River. In April 1951, amid national frustration over the war, he courageously dismissed Gen. Douglas MacArthur as head of the Far East Command of the U.S. Army. He took this action on the grounds that MacArthur had repeatedly challenged the Far Eastern policies of the administration, thus overriding the basic American principle that the military must always be subordinate to the civil arm of the government, and that MacArthur had recommended the use of bombs against Chinese forces north of the Yalu River in a way which might well provoke open war with Russia and cost the United States the support of important allies in the war.", "When U.S. forces arrived in Korea in 1945 , they were greeted by officials of the Korean People's Republic (KPR), formed by resistance groups which had disarmed surrendering Japanese forces and begun to establish law and order throughout Korea. General Hodge had them thrown out of his office and placed the southern half of Korea under U.S. military occupation. By contrast, Russian forces in the North recognized the KPR, leading to the long-term division of Korea. The U.S. flew in Syngman Rhee, a conservative Korean exile, and installed him as President of South Korea in 1948. Rhee became a dictator on an anti-communist crusade, arresting and torturing suspected communists, brutally putting down rebellions , killing 100,000 people and vowing to take over North Korea. He was at least partly responsible for the outbreak of the Korean War and for the allied decision to invade North Korea once South Korea had been recaptured. He was finally forced to resign by mass student protests in 1960.", "On 7 June 1950, Kim Il-sung called for a Korea-wide election on 5–8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15–17 June 1950. On 11 June, the North sent three diplomats to the South, as a peace overture that Rhee rejected. On 21 June, Kim Il-Sung revised his war plan to involve general attack across the 38th parallel, rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula. Kim was concerned that South Korean agents had learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses. Stalin agreed to this change of plan.", "By August 1950, U.S. troops, pouring into South Korea under UN auspices, were able to stabilize the situation. [118] Responding to criticism over readiness, Truman fired his Secretary of Defense, Louis A. Johnson , replacing him with retired General George Marshall . Truman (with UN approval) decided on a rollback policy—that is, conquest of North Korea. [119] UN forces led by General MacArthur led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the Battle of Inchon that nearly trapped the invaders. UN forces then marched north, toward the Yalu River boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices. [120] However, China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November. The UN forces were forced back to below the 38th parallel , then recovered. [121] By early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate at about the 38th parallel where it had begun. Truman rejected MacArthur’s request to attack Chinese supply bases north of the Yalu, but MacArthur promoted his plan to Republican House leader Joseph Martin , who leaked it to the press. Truman was gravely concerned that further escalation of the war might lead to open conflict with the Soviet Union, which was already supplying weapons and providing warplanes (with Korean markings and Soviet fliers). On April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from his commands. [122]", "When Eisenhower took office in 1953, he moved to end the war in Korea, where peace talks had been going on since 1951. Eisenhower�s veiled threat to use nuclear weapons broke the stalemate. An armistice, signed in July 1953, set a boundary between the two Koreas near the 38th parallel. Eisenhower then reduced the federal budget and cut defense spending. Still, he pursued the Cold War.", "21 answer Pyramida Which US president was in office at the start of the Korean War?", "July 27, 1953 - The Korean War ends as an armistice is signed dividing the country at the 38th parallel into Communist North and Democratic South. The armistice is seen by many in the international community as a potential model for resolving the ongoing conflict in Vietnam.", "The Korean War ends as an armistice is signed dividing the country at the 38th parallel into Communist North and Democratic South. The armistice is seen by many in the international community as a potential model for resolving the ongoing conflict in Vietnam.", "American public opinion turned against the war in Korea after only five months, percentages of those in favor falling precipitously after Chinese intervention in the war in November 1950. The war became stalemated after the U.S. Eighth Army’s defeat of the 230,000-man Chinese Spring Offensive in April 1951 (as it did in Vietnam with the defeat of the enemy’s 1968 Tet Offensive), degenerating into a series of bloody outpost skirmishes.", "By May 1951, the communists were pushed back to the 38th parallel, and the battle line remained in that vicinity for the remainder of the war. On July 27, 1953, after two years of negotiation, an armistice was signed, ending the war and reestablishing the 1945 division of Korea that still exists today. Approximately 150,000 troops from South Korea, the United States, and participating U.N. nations were killed in the Korean War, and as many as one million South Korean civilians perished. An estimated 800,000 communist soldiers were killed, and more than 200,000 North Korean civilians died.", "Leader of the US forces during the Korean war. Battles of Inchion and Pusan were deciding factors.", "1953/--/-- 5 - An armistice ends the Korean War; the country remains divided into North and South." ]

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[ "On February 9 , 1997 The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones as the longest-running prime time animated series in America, however it has not yet beaten several Japanese anime series such as Sazae-san (which has been running since 1969) and Doraemon (running since 1979). In 2004 Scooby Doo surpassed The Simpsons in number of episodes.", "On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. In 2004, The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States. In 2009, The Simpsons surpassed The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriets record of 435 episodes and is now recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's longest running sitcom (in terms of episode count). In October 2004, Scooby-Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes. However, network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season. In May 2007, The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons. For example, the Japanese anime series Sazae-san has over 7,000 episodes to its credit.", "On February 9, 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. The producers took this milestone and made the episode deal with the issue of longevity and the problems that arise when the producers try to make a show \"fresh\" again; themes commonly known as \"jumping the shark\". Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger, in a review printed two days after the episode originally aired, praised the writers for not airing a \"very special\" episode to celebrate the milestone of overtaking The Flintstones. He noted \"[the episode is] so self-aware it put the best in-jokes on St. Elsewhere to shame.\" ", "The Simpsons is an American adult animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series.", "Only the advent of The Simpsons decades later brought cartoons back to American prime time network television with the kind of success The Flintstones enjoyed. The 1990s saw the beginnings of a new wave of animated series targeted primarily to adults, after a lack of such a focus for over a decade. In 1989, The Simpsons, based on a short animated cartoon segment of The Tracey Ullman Show , became the first prime time animated series since The Flintstones to capture a sizable viewing audience. And it was The Simpsons in 1997 that ultimately broke The Flintstones record as the longest-running prime time animated series.", "The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 27 Primetime Emmy Awards, 27 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award. Time magazine's December 31, 1999 issue named it the 20th century's best television series, and on January 14, 2000 the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest running American primetime entertainment series. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English lexicon, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms.", "The Simpsons is a long-running animated television series, with 17 seasons and 356 episodes since it debuted on December 17, 1989 on FOX, and is a spinoff of The Tracey Ullman Show .", "To commemorate the show's twentieth anniversary, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie. The stamps, designed by Groening, were made available for purchase on May 7, 2009 and approximately one billion stamps were printed. The Simpsons is the first television series still in production to receive this recognition. After entering into their 21st season in late 2009, the show beat Gunsmokes record as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. ", "The Flintstones also became the first primetime animated series to last more than two seasons; [25] this record wasn't surpassed by another primetime animated TV series until the seventh season of The Simpsons in 1995/1996. [25]", "The Simpsons is an animated sitcom that first aired on December 17, 1989 and continues to air to this day, making it the longest running non-news U.S. primetime series ever. The series revolves around the core Simpson family and the expansive supporting cast which surrounds them in the fictional city of Springfield .", "The Simpsons is due to start its 21st season this Autumn, after tying for longest-running series with Gunsmoke, a western starring James Arness as lawman Matt Dillion, which ended in 1975 after 20 seasons. At present, the show’s nearest rival is the American police procedural drama ‘Law & Order’, which has been on NBC for 19 prime-time seasons, starting in 1990 and recently launched a British version of the show with Law & Order: UK.", "2007 will mark the 20th anniversary of the Simpsons franchise, since the show originally began as skits on The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987. With its nineteenth season (2007-2008), through which the show was renewed in 2006, the series will be one season behind Gunsmoke's US entertainment record of 20 produced seasons; however, Gunsmoke's episode count of 635 episodes far surpasses The Simpsons, which would not reach that mark until its twenty-ninth season, under normal season lengths.{uncited}", "The Simpsons is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Network. It became one of the first hits for the network, and is one of the most successful and critically acclaimed television shows in the history of the medium. The television series is a spin-off of a series of animated shorts originally aired on The Tracey Ullman Show.", "February 9th, 1997 - Fox cartoon series \"Simpsons\" airs 167th episode the longest-running animated series in cartoon history", "The Simpsons is a popular US animated television series on the Fox Network (December 17, 1989 - present) created by Matt Groening . It portrays the life of the Simpson family in the town of Springfield.", "They’ll never stop The Simpsons. Have no fear, they haven’t had stories in years , but as long as Fox keeps locking 100 monkeys using 100 typewriters in a windowless room to churn out scripts, The Simpsons will keep getting renewed, as it did on Friday for a record 26th season. That would put the longest-running scripted show of all-time at 574 episodes, or more than South Park and King of the Hill‘s episode count COMBINED.", "The Simpsons is an American animated television sitcom starring the animated Simpson family, which was created by Matt Groening. He conceived of the characters in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office and named them after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show called The Simpsons, which debuted on December 17, 1989. The show was an early hit for Fox, becoming the first Fox series to land in the top 30 ratings in a season (1990).", "The series had a total of 259 episodes over the course of its thirteen seasons, briefly making it the second-longest running animated series of all time (behind The Simpsons ). The series finale aired on the Fox Network on September 13, 2009. Four episodes from the final season were to have aired on Fox, but later aired in syndication on local stations from May 3 to 6, 2010, and on Adult Swim from May 17 to 20, 2010. King of the Hill was a joint production by 3 Arts Entertainment , Deedle-Dee Productions , Judgemental Films , and 20th Century Fox Television and syndicated by 20th Television .", "Since this short The Simpsons has gone on to tremendous success being one of the longest running shows of all time, it is the longest running American sitcom and longest running American animated show. The show has broadcast 592 episodes to date and is into its 27th season. The Simpsons is a cult phenomenon and also one of my favourite TV shows particularly when I was younger.", "Of course, the Family Guy gang trails the cast of fellow animated Fox stalwart The Simpsons, who are believed to each be making in the $300,000 range per episode for the 25th season of the longest-running comedy on TV. The Simpsons castmembers famously have negotiated together over the years, and for a period each was earning closer to $400,000 an episode before that fee was scaled back.", "The Simpsons is widely considered to be one of the greatest television series of all time. Time magazine's December 31, 1999, issue named it the 20th century's best television series, and on January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 27 Primetime Emmy Awards, 30 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms.", "The Simpsons is a cartoon that started in 1989, and is still running as of 2016. It is about a man named Homer and his family going through a long series of misadventures.", "The Simpsons has received widespread critical acclaim, especially for the \"Golden Age\" of approximately its first ten seasons. Time magazine named it the 20th century's best television series, and The A.V. Club named it \"television's crowning achievement regardless of format\". On January 14, 2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards, 30 Annie Awards, and a Peabody Award. Homer's exclamatory catchphrase \"D'oh!\" has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also been criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years.", "A few weeks before the warm Christmas of Southern California, the writers of The Simpsons — the longest-running sitcom in the US, starring everybody’s favorite family: Homer, Marge, Lisa, Baby Maggie, and their son Bart — take a retreat. The rest of the season, the team breaks scripts in the sterile writers' rooms of the Fox studio lot, but the creative process always began in a home or the big conference space of a nearby hotel.", "Currently in its 21st season, The Simpsons has piled up over 440 episodes, over 20 Emmy Awards, a handful of music albums, countless endorsements and merchandise, and even made the jump to the silver screen in the summer of 2007 with The Simpsons Movie. And according to Matt Groening, \"There is no end in sight.\"… Expand", "The Simpsons, which traditionally begins with Bart chalking up punishment lines on the class blackboard, has certainly revolutionised animation and its role in popular culture. The TV show has now reached a remarkable 400 episodes since starting in 1989. The designs and catchphrases of the characters (\"Doh!\") are instantly recognisable to a worldwide audience.", "From August 21 to September 1, 2014, cable network FXX aired the entirety of The Simpsons within 12 days, titled Every Simpsons Ever. After the marathon, the entire series will still air on the network and be available to stream on-demand via FXNOW. On September 22, 2016, FXX announced that they would have the marathon again, which will air for 13 days, and will include the first four episodes of season 28.", "But Wednesday marks the 25th anniversary of \"The Simpsons,\" which debuted as a half-hour sitcom on December 17, 1989. That's 561 episodes and counting -- and a lot of D'ohs! and donuts.", "After season 13, production was switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint . Originally, the switch was intended to happen during season 12 with the episode \" Tennis the Menace \", but after seeing the results, Gracie Films decided to hold off for two more seasons. Tennis the Menace, however, being already completed, was broadcast this way. The Simpsons has been widely distributed internationally; for a list of distributors, see List of TV channels that air The Simpsons . \"The Simpsons\" is one of the longest running TV shows ever created. By the end of its 16th season, the show had accumulated 356 episodes (see list) .", "There was a recent near-disaster (Harry Shearer almost walked over a contract dispute), but the longest-running scripted series in TV history — 573 episodes and counting — looks set for another 27 seasons. Two things you'll never see no matter how long it's on the air: \"Homer and Marge will never break up,\" promises showrunner Al Jean. \"And Bart and Lisa will never age.\"", "In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. Due to the increased workload of the full-length episodes, production was subcontracted to South Korean animation studio AKOM. While character and background layout is done by the domestic studio, tweening, coloring and filming is done by the overseas studio.", "In other Simpsons news, the show just inked a lucrative deal with FX's comedy spin-off network FXX, giving the cable channel exclusive broadcast and streaming rights to the show's humongous back catalog of 24 seasons and 530 episodes. New episodes will continue to air on Fox, and the show was just renewed for a 26th season . Called \"the biggest off-network deal ever,\" estimates place the sale of broadcast rights at about $1 million per episode. Ay carumba!" ]

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[ "Guiding Light (known as The Guiding Light before 1975) is an American television soap opera listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running drama in television in American history, broadcast on CBS for 57 years from June 30, 1952, until September 18, 2009, preceded by a 15-year broadcast on radio. Guiding Light is the longest running soap opera and the fifth-longest running program in all of broadcast history; only the American country music radio program Grand Ole Opry (first broadcast in 1925), the BBC religious program The Daily Service (1928), the CBS religious program Music and the Spoken Word (1929), and the Norwegian children's radio program Lørdagsbarnetimen (first aired in 1924, cancelled in 2010) have been on the air longer.", "Guiding Light (known as The Guiding Light before 1975, or simply GL) is an American daytime television drama that is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest running drama in television , running for 57 years from June 30, 1952 to September 18, 2009, following the 15-year radio run. At the time of its cancellation in 2009, it was the longest-running soap opera in production. It is also among the longest running broadcast programs in history of any kind, across radio media for 15 years, and then television media for 57 years, being first broadcast five days after President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's second inauguration. It aired on radio from January 25, 1937, to June 29, 1956, and debuted on CBS Television on June 30, 1952 running for 57 years. The series was expanded from 15 minutes to a half hour in 1968, and then to a full hour on November 7, 1977. The 15,000th televised episode of Guiding Light aired on September 7, 2006.", "The cancellation of The Guiding Light by CBS is historic in that it is the longest running scripted programme in broadcast history. It debuted as a 15 minute radio show on NBC on January 25, 1937. The series was created by Irma Phillips, who would go onto create Days of Our Lives, As the World Turns, and Another World as well. Even then it was owned by Procter & Gamble, manufacturer of Ivory soap and similar products. Procter & Gamble would produce so many shows of this type that the whole genre became known as \"soap operas.\" The Guiding Light moved from NBC to CBS on June 30, 1952, where it began life as a television soap. The Guiding Light was the first soap opera to introduce African American characters, which it did in 1966. It would also provide employment for actors who would soon be famous early in their careers, including James Earl Jones (who appeared on the show in 1966), Cicely Tyson (who also appeared on the show in 1966, Billy Dee Williams (who also appeared on the show in 1966), and Kevin Bacon (who appeared on the show in 1985).", "It has been broadcast nationally since 1951 after starting its regional run in 1950, making it the longest running current soap opera in radio format and, since the cancelling of Guiding Light , the longest running soap in any format.", "Ratings for US daytime serials have been falling drastically since the early 2000s. In 2007 NBC canceled Passions due to low ratings and then announced that Days of our Lives wouldn't make it past 2009. The future of Days of our Lives is uncertain; its contract expires in late 2009. In 2009, the longest running program in television history, Guiding Light, was cancelled. Guiding Light premiered in 1937 on NBC's Red radio network, moving to CBS Radio in 1946, where it ran until 1956, and moved to CBS TV in 1952; by 2009 the show barely reached 1.5 million viewers each day. Overall viewership is down and even the highest rated soap The Young and the Restless is losing viewers each week; the show nevertheless usually stays over 5 million viewers.", "1971 - CBS television made a major announcement, saying that it was dropping The Ed Sullivan Show from its program line-up after 23 years on the network. The Sullivan show, a Sunday night fixture, presented everyone from the Beatles and dancing bears to a talking mouse named Topo Gigio, plus anyone and anything in between. It was the longest-running show in television history. �Kissa-me goo-night, Eddie...� (The final show aired June 6, 1971.)", "In the year 1963 – The long-running soap opera \"General Hospital\" debuts on ABC television on April 1, 1963. It is cited in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest-running American soap opera currently in production.", "* ''CBS World News Roundup'' made its first broadcast on March 13, 1938 as a special report on the Anschluss; still runs every day at 8:00 AM EST. It surpassed ''Guiding Light''[='s=] record on November 8, 2010, and is now listed as the longest continuously-running program in ''any'' medium.", "Dallas is an American prime-time television soap opera that originally ran from 1978 to 1991. It revolved around the Ewings, a wealthy Texas family in the oil and cattle-ranching industries. The show debuted in April 1978 as a five-part miniseries on the CBS network , and then was broadcast for thirteen seasons from 1978 through 1991. In 2007, Dallas was listed as one of Time magazine's \"100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME.\" [1]", "Days of Our Lives (also stylized as Days of our Lives; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network. It is one of the longest-running scripted television programs in the world, airing nearly every weekday since November 8, 1965. It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world. It rebroadcast same-day episodes on SOAPnet weeknights at 8 and 10 p.m. (ET/PT) until the network's closure in 2013. Since August 24, 2015, Pop currently airs same-day episodes of the soap as part of their primetime lineup. The series was created by husband-and-wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday. Irna Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and many of the show's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell. In February 2016, the soap received a one-year renewal through 2017, with the option of an additional year by NBC.", "Long-running daytime dramas seen on NBC in the past include The Doctors (1963–1982), Another World (1964–1999), Santa Barbara (1984–1993), and Passions (1999–2007, later moving to The 101). NBC also aired the final 4½ years of Search for Tomorrow (1982–1986) after that series was initially cancelled by CBS, although many NBC affiliates did not clear the show during its tenure on the network. NBC has also aired numerous short-lived soap operas, including Generations (1989–1991), Sunset Beach (1997–1999), and the two Another World spin-offs, Somerset (1970–1976) and Texas (1980–1982).", "2010 - The 54 year run of the soap opera As the World Turns ends as its final episode is broadcast.", "On April 1, 2009, CBS announced the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light after 72 years with the final episode scheduled to air September 18, 2009.", "The soap opera genre experienced a gradual decline beginning in the 1980s due to the continued migration of women into the workplace, culminating in six soaps being canceled by NBC, CBS and ABC between 2003 and 2011 (of those, one, Passions, moved to DirecTV-owned network The 101 for one additional season after its cancellation by NBC in 2009, while All My Children and One Life to Live were revived on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 with those series' second cancellations resulting from a dispute between originating broadcaster ABC and the production company that acquired them, Prospect Park, over various issues).", "Susan Lucci starred (since the show began in 1970) in this long running Soap Opera. Daily \"Soaps\" have been in a ratings decline, and are being dropped - it's the end of an era for daytime TV. Original Run: January 5, 1970 - September, 2011", "Soap opera ratings have significantly fallen in the U.S. since the 2000s. No new major daytime soap opera has been created since Passions in 1999, while many have been cancelled. Since January 2012, four daytime soap operas – General Hospital, Days of our Lives, The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful – continue to air on the three major networks, down from a total of 12 during the 1990–91 season and a high of 19 in the 1969–70 season. This marks the first time since 1953 that there have been only four soap operas airing on broadcast television. The Young and the Restless, the highest-rated soap opera from 1988 to the present, had fewer than 5 million daily viewers as of February 2012, a number exceeded by several non-scripted programs such as Judge Judy. Circulations of soap opera magazines have decreased and some have even ceased publication. SOAPnet, which largely aired soap opera reruns, began to be phased out in 2012 and fully ceased operations the following year.Villarreal, Yvonne. \"Show Tracker: What You're Watching — [http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2012/03/disney-junior-247-channel-launches-friday.html Disney Junior 24/7 channel launches Friday].\" Los Angeles Times Blog, 22 March 2012. Web. 19 April 2012. The Daytime Emmy Awards, which honor soap operas and other daytime shows, moved from primetime network television to smaller cable channels in 2012, then failed to get any TV broadcast at all in 2014 and 2016. ", "On April 14, 2011, ABC canceled the long-running soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live after 41 and 43 years on the air, respectively (following backlash from fans, ABC sold the rights to both shows to Prospect Park, which eventually revived the soaps on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows, failure to pay licensing fees and issues over ABC's use of certain characters from One Life to Live on General Hospital during the transition ). The talk/lifestyle show that replaced One Life to Live, The Revolution, failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months. The 2011–12 season saw ABC drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows (including freshmen dramas Scandal, Revenge and Once Upon a Time) for second seasons. ", "Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on CBS from April 2, 1978, to May 3, 1991. The series revolves around a wealthy and feuding Texan family, the Ewings, who own the independent oil company Ewing Oil and the cattle-ranching land of Southfork. The series originally focused on the marriage of Bobby Ewing and Pamela Barnes, whose families were sworn enemies with each other. As the series progressed, oil tycoon J. R. Ewing grew to be the show's main character, whose schemes and dirty business became the show's trademark. When the show ended in May 1991, J.R. was the only character to have appeared in every episode.", "This crime drama that outlasted numerous cast member changes and time slot changes and ultimately tied \"Gunsmoke\" as the longest running drama. Law & Order pioneered hand-held camera use for a show, and often was quick to turn around recent news stories and make them into a show. Cancelled in May, 2010. Lasted 20 seasons.", "And yet, when all was said and done, a rank amateur won the day and the decade. Debuting on Sept. 30, 1984, Murder, She Wrote (1984-1996) went on to become the longest-running crime show of all time, 264 episodes worth, and ranked as TV’s highest-rated drama series for a record nine consecutive seasons, from 1985 to 1994. For now at least, Jessica Fletcher rules.", "Ratings for US daytime serials have been falling drastically since the mid-2000s. In 2007, NBC canceled Passions due to low ratings. In 2009, the longest running program in television history, Guiding Light, was cancelled. Guiding Light premiered in 1937; by 2009 the show barely reached 1.5 million viewers each day. It was announced on December 8, 2009, that As the World Turns will air its last episode in September 2010.", "The highest-rated and longest running talk show in American television history will be ending in 2011 when host Oprah Winfrey will start her own cable network. Oprah will still be in production until 2011. Although Oprah gets huge ratings, they have been sliding from the shows heyday. Ending in 2011. Discuss \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "He is featured in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest-serving actor in a single soap opera.", "What Peyton Place was to the sixties, Melrose Place — which ended its seven-season run on this day in 1999 — was to the nineties: a prime-time soap filled with enoug...", "The series ended its ninth and final season on February 22, 2013. It was canceled by CBS on May 10, 2013. ", "Awwe, I really feel for your mother. My grandparents watched the show until they passed, they would have been devastated. I hope you are able to provide the show to her that meant so much. On my side, I used to watch it all the time and then working got in the way and I had no way to record it then when I could watch it they had changed so many charactors on it, it was really hard to figure out who was who. but I still thing that AMC and OLTL was truly the best two soaps on TV! They will be missed, I will hope I can watch it on my android phone. That would be great!", "Taggart was one of the UK's longest-running television dramas and the longest-running police drama after the cancellation of The Bill. The show's 100th story was aired on the ITV network on Christmas Eve 2009. In May 2011 the ITV network decided to axe Taggart from the network after 28 years.", "The series ended each season with ratings-grabbing cliffhangers. Some notable cliffhangers included the landmark \"Who shot J.R.?\" episode in 1980 (which TV Guide ranked #69 on its list of \"TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time\" [2] ), an unidentified floating female corpse in the Southfork swimming pool, a blazing house fire, Bobby being shot, and Bobby even being killed by Pam's crazed half-sister Katherine Wentworth. Patrick Duffy had decided to leave the series in 1985, which facilitated Bobby's death, but Duffy was offered a higher salary the following year and elected to return to the series (which had by then begun to suffer from a ratings drop). The intervening season where Bobby was dead was subsequently explained away as a dream of Pam's in 1986. [3] In 1987, Victoria Principal decided to leave the series and her character was written out in another end-of-season cliffhanger where her car crashed into an 18-wheeler and exploded. The show continued (with steadily declining ratings) until 1991, when the series finale saw J.R. seemingly defeated by his enemies and apparently taking his own life.", "The U.S. television program with the longest ever streak at No. 1 in the Nielsen ratings is written in bold text.", "It doesn't matter whether the new show lasts 5 years or 5 weeks, ABC will never replace it with another soap. They cost too much and fewer and fewer people watch them. I suspect in another 5 years there won't be any soaps on afternoon network tv.", "Semi-scripted docu-soap aimed at teens and twenty-somethings will run it's final season in 2010. Lasted 6 seasons. Cancelled in March, 2010 but running through Summer, 2010.", "Although Susan Harris had planned for five seasons of Soap, the program was abruptly canceled by ABC after its fourth season. Therefore, the final one-hour episode, which originally aired on April 20, 1981, did not serve as a series finale and instead ended with several unresolved cliffhangers. These involve a suicidal Chester preparing to kill Danny and Annie (his son and wife) after catching them in bed together, an irreversibly hypnotized Jodie believing himself to be a 90-year-old Jewish man, Burt preparing to walk into an ambush orchestrated by his political enemies, and Jessica about to be executed by a Communist firing squad. Vlasic Foods pulled their sponsorship of the program shortly after this episode aired and ABC announced that the program was not picked up for its planned fifth season. The official reason given by the network was its declining ratings. However, according to the Museum of Broadcast Communications, Soap \"ended under suspicion that resistance from ad agencies may have caused ABC to cancel [it] at that point\" because its still controversial content was negatively affecting its relationship with sponsors." ]

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[ "A July 15, 1997, news report details the murder of Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace, who was gunned down earlier that day in front of his Miami home by a man later identified as Andrew Cunanan.", "Gianni Versace, the Italian fashion designer of ornately decorated and sometimes outrageously revealing gowns, was a driving force in the glamorizing of fashion during the era of supermodels and celebrity designers. He was shot to death, on July 15, 1997, outside his Miami home - the fifth victim of the suspected killer Andrew Cunanan, who committed suicide nine days later.", "1997 - Gianni Versace was shot to death by Andrew Phillip Cunanan outside his home in Miami, FL. Cunanan was found dead eight days later.", "On 15 July 1997, outside the re-constructed Versace Mansion, also known as Casa Casuarina, in Miami, Florida, Gianni Versace was shot dead by Andrew Cunanan. A multi-continent search ensued for the suspected spree killer, but Cunanan avoided capture by committing suicide a few days after the death of Gianni Versace. In the aftermath of the highly publicized murder and manhunt, most of the Versace family (including Donatella) moved temporarily to a secluded private resort in the Caribbean, cancelling the Versace Spring-Summer 1999 Collection as well as their indirect operations of the company.", "1997 - Fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot to death on the steps of his mansion in Miami Beach, Florida. Police believe Andrew Phillip Cunanan shot Versace. Cunanan committed suicide a week later on a houseboat about two miles north of the Versace mansion. Cunanan is suspected of killing four other men in a cross-country shooting spree.", "15 - Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace is gunned down on the steps of his Miami Beach residence by gay serial killer Andrew Cunanan, who kills himself in a nearby houseboat a few days later. Cunanan was being sought by the FBI in connection with four other murders.", "On July 15, 1997 Cunanan murdered fashion designer Gianni Versace. A witness attempted to pursue him but could not catch him. The vehicle he used, including the clothes he had just been wearing, an alternative passport, and newspaper clippings of his murders was found in a nearby garage by the police who responded.", "On July 15, 1997, Cunanan murdered fashion designer Gianni Versace. A witness attempted to pursue him but could not catch him. The vehicle he used, as well as the clothes he had just been wearing, an alternative passport, and newspaper clippings of his murders, were found in a nearby garage by the police who responded. ", "His brother Gianni Versace was murdered by Andrew Cunanan on 15 July 1997, outside the re-constructed Casa Casuarina, also known as Versace Mansion, in Miami, Florida. A multi-continent search ensued for the suspected spree killer, but in the end, Cunanan avoided capture by committing suicide a few days after the murder. In the aftermath of the highly publicized crime and manhunt, most of the Versace family, including Donatella, moved temporarily to a secluded private resort in the Caribbean. Then, Donatella's daughter Allegra inherited 50% of Versace's entire stock after Gianni's death.", "Versace was shot dead on 15 July 1997, aged 50, on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion as he returned from a morning walk on Ocean Drive. Usually, Versace would have an assistant from his home walk to the coffee shop to receive his morning papers, but on this morning he was in high spirits and took the chore upon himself. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the same gun to commit suicide on a boat eight days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed. \"I don't know that we are ever going to know the answers,\" said Miami Beach Police Chief Richard Barreto. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.", "When Andrew P. Cunanan, the apparent killer of Italian designer Gianni Versace, killed himself aboard a houseboat on the Intracoastal Waterway here, officials of the Miami Beach Police Department exchanged verbal high-fives for capturing a suspected serial killer without further loss of life. Now,…", "MIAMI BEACH, Florida (CNN) -- The death of Andrew Cunanan leaves many questions unanswered, and authorities are looking for more evidence that the 27-year-old San Diego native was the person who killed five people, including fashion designer Gianni Versace.", "* April 27 – Andrew Cunanan murders Jeffrey Trail, beginning a murder spree that lasts until July and ends with the murder of fashion designer Gianni Versace.", "Andrew Cunanan murdered Jerffrey Trail, which began a murder spree that would last until July and end with the murder of the fashion designer Gianni Versace at his home in Florida.", "1997: A tipster reported to police that he saw gay serial killer Andrew Cunanan (who was currently wanted for the killing of fashion designer Gianni Vesace) board a Continental flight from Newark, New Jersey, to Houston, Texas. Police in Houston confronted a man who looked like Cunanan but determined that it wasn't the serial killer, a case of mistaken identity.", "Versace's murderer, Andrew Cunanan , shot himself in the head when cornered by Miami police in a houseboat three miles from the murder scene. The gun he used was the same he shot Versace with eight days earlier. He had killed four other men in a killing spree which had started in April 1997.", "Gianni Versace was shot dead on July 15th 1997 aged only 50. Openly shot on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion, the founder of Versace died. Gianni’s sister Donatella took over the company and became the new head of design. After her first couture collection for Versace, Donatella talked about refining the full blown Versace glamour and diluting it.", "But Versace was shot dead in 1997 outside his Miami mansion and never got to live in property or complete the sale", "The killer’s trail ended on July 23, when a caretaker checking on an unoccupied houseboat anchored off Collins Avenue, less than three miles north of Versace’s mansion, discovered someone inside and heard a shot. He immediately notified police, who moved in a swat team and lobbed tear gas into the houseboat. It took more than 12 hours for police to announce that they had finally found the body of Andrew Cunanan in a second-floor bedroom. They said that he had shot himself in the mouth and left no suicide note. By hiding in Miami after Versace’s murder, Cunanan had broken his usual pattern of picking up a new getaway car and leaving the vehicle tied to a previous killing behind. (Subsequently the F.B.I. revealed that within 48 hours of Versace’s murder Cunanan had contacted an associate on the West Coast, asking for help in obtaining a false passport to leave the country.) Yet even as police were searching the houseboat, sightings of the suspected notorious killer who had brazenly taunted police were being called in from New Hampshire and other states. The whole country was on alert. At the time of his death, however, Cunanan had been charged only in the killings of Madson, Reese, and Miglin.", "Shortly after America’s Most Wanted picked up the serial-killer scent, Orth became the ranking Cunanan expert: She’d tracked him since the May ’97 murder of New Jersey cemetery caretaker William Reese, which helped land Cunanan on the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted list. By the time Versace’s murder elevated him to the serial-killer hall of fame, Orth had interviewed so many of his friends and family that Cunanan himself called her for a chat (he hung up when her husband answered). After all, Vanity Fair was Cunanan’s favorite magazine. More than anything, this killer coveted the lifestyle of the rich and famous.", "Born December 2, 1946 in Italy. As a child, Versace learnt about dressmaking from his mother. At age 25, Giovanni moved to Milan to work in fashion design. Versace designed for Fiori Fiorentini, De Parisi, Genny, and Complice. Versace presented his first signature collection for women at the Palazzo della Permanente Art Museum of Milan. In 1978, he opened his first boutique in Milans Via della Spiga. In 1982, Versace started making costumes for the theatre, opera and ballet. Versace suffered a tragic death when in 1997 he was shot outside his home in Florida.", "Eight days later, Cunanan was traced by detectives to a houseboat moored less than three miles from Versace’s murder. After a stand-off lasting five hours, a SWAT team stormed the boat only to find that the 27-year-old had already committed suicide.", "Versace’s killing set off a nationwide manhunt for Cunanan, who was famous for his chameleon-like ability to appear differently in every picture taken of him. However, on July 23, the search ended just 40 blocks away from Versace’s home on a two-level houseboat that Cunanan had broken into. There, police found him dead from a self-inflicted bullet wound from the same gun that took the lives of two of his victims. He left no suicide note.", "Andrew Cunanan had no criminal record before the spring of 1997, when he began a killing spree in Minneapolis. On April 27, 1997, after traveling from San Diego, Cunanan bludgeoned Jeffrey Trail to death. Trail was an acquaintance of David Madson, an ex-lover of Cunanan’s whom Cunanan in turn murdered on May 3. Cunanan shot Madson in the head, dumped his body near a lake outside Minneapolis, and took his red Jeep Cherokee. Two days later, in Chicago, he gained access to the estate of wealthy developer Lee Miglin, beat him to death, and stole his Lexus. On May 9, Cunanan abandoned Miglin’s automobile in Pennsville, New Jersey, and shot cemetery caretaker William Reese to death for his red pickup truck.", "Fashion designer Versace shot dead: from the archive, 16 July 1997 | From the Guardian | The Guardian", "Cunanan next drove to Chicago and killed 72-year-old Lee Miglin, a prominent real estate developer, on May 4, 1997. Following this murder, the FBI added him to its Ten Most Wanted list. Five days later, Cunanan, who took Miglin's car, found his fourth victim in Pennsville, New Jersey, at the Finn's Point National Cemetery, killing 45-year-old caretaker William Reese. While the manhunt focused on Reese's truck, Cunanan \"hid in plain sight\" in Miami Beach, Florida, for two months between his fourth and fifth murders. He even used his own name to pawn a stolen item, knowing that police routinely check pawn shop records for stolen merchandise.", "Business | Italian Designer Versace Shot To Death In Florida -- Couturier, 50, Was One Of Fashion World's Trendiest Arbiters | Seattle Times Newspaper", "Mr. Versace, born in the town of Reggio Calabria in Italy, began his career as a designer in 1972 and started his house in 1978, creating collections that fused sex appeal and bright colors, incongruously, with prints of historical derivation: classical sculpture and entomology figured prominently in his designs, as did his signature logo, the snake-entwined head of Medusa. Although his work was often criticized as being vulgar by conservative audiences, it had an undeniable following among individuals who wished to make their entrances known (see Elizabeth Hurley in her infamous safety-pin dress). He was regarded as the first designer to recognize and embrace the importance of contemporary culture on fashion, filling the audiences of his shows with celebrities like Elton John and Madonna, and crafting his advertising campaigns around erotic imagery, rather than merely clothing. Mr. Versace was also keenly aware of the power of mixing such references in his work, which offered such an extreme blend of high-brow and low-culture that the Versace name at one time could be associated both with outfits designed for a production for the La Scala opera house in Milan and for the cast of the 1995 film \"Showgirls,\" in which the actress Elizabeth Berkley memorably mispronounces the name.", "News that the 50-year-old designer had been shot to death in front of his Miami Beach villa caused the cancellation in Rome of a glamorous fashion gala that was to have marked the end of a week of shows.", "In 2010 a book by Giuseppe Di Bella, a former member of the Calabrian Mafia known as the N'drangheta, alleged that Versace was killed over debts he had with the crime syndicate. The designer had denied rumours of his involvement with organised crime before his death.", "MIAMI BEACH, Florida (CNN) -- With the death of Andrew Cunanan confirmed on Thursday, the mystery of \"Where is he?\" became \"How did he get there?\"", "That murder, in July 1997, made headlines around the world. Was Versace the victim of a professional hit — or a crazed madman? And what on earth was the motive?" ]

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[ "Shanghai is the most populous city in China and the most populous city proper in the world. It is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China, with a population of more than 24 million . It is a global financial center, and a transport hub with the world's busiest container port. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China, Shanghai sits on the south edge of the mouth of the Yangtze in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the north, south and west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea. ", "Shanghai is China's most populous city and the largest city proper in the entire world. It's both a major financial center and a global city and sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the Yangtze River Delta of East China. Known as the Pearl of the Orient and the Paris of the East, Shanghai's population in 2016 is estimated to be just over 24 million, which means it has surpassed the entire population of nearby Taiwan.", "Shanghai is China’s most populous city. It is situated on the estuary of the Yangtze River. The city is the largest industrial, commercial and financial center in the country.", "Beijing (北京 Běijīng) is the capital of the most populous country in the world, the People's Republic of China . With a population of 21.5 million people, it is the nation's second-largest city after Shanghai . It was also the seat of the Ming and Qing dynasty emperors until the formation of a republic in 1911. Beijing is the political, educational and cultural centre of the country and as such it is rich in historical sites and important government and cultural institutions.", "Mandarin Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo [central glorious people's united country; i.e., people's republic], officially People's Republic of China, country (2000 pop. 1,295,000,000), 3,691,502 sq mi (9,561,000 sq km), E Asia. The most populous country in the world, China has a 4,000-mi (6,400-km) coast that fronts on the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. It is elsewhere bounded on the east by Russia and North Korea, on the north by Russia and Mongolia, on the west by Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and on the south by India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. China's capital is Beijing; Shanghai is its largest city.", "4. Shanghai (City in China, Asia) : Shanghai is the largest Chinese city by population and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities, with a population of more than 24 million as of 2013. It is a global financial center, and a transport hub with the world's busiest container port. Located in the Yangtze River Delta in East China. Area: 6,340 km². Founded: 1291.", "According to the urban population data of each city, Shanghai ranks as the largest city of China.", "Mandarin Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo [central glorious people's united country; i.e., people's republic], officially People's Republic of China, country (2010 pop. 1,339,724,852), 3,691,502 sq mi (9,561,000 sq km), E Asia. The most populous country in the world, China has a 4,000-mi (6,400-km) coast that fronts on the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea. It is elsewhere bounded on the east by Russia and North Korea, on the north by Russia and Mongolia, on the west by Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and on the south by India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. China's capital is Beijing Beijing", "Wuhan is the capital city of Hubei province and an economic center in central China. With a population of over 9.6 million, Wuhan is the most populous city in central China.", "In China live more than 1.3 billion people. China is also home of the largest city in the world, Shanghai. More than 26 million people live and work in this city. ", "Macau (; ), also spelled Macao, officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, China. Macau is also bordered by the city of Zhuhai in Mainland China to the North and the Pearl River Estuary to the East and South. Hong Kong lies about 64 kilometers to its East across the Delta. With an estimated population of around 649,100 living in an area of 30.4 km2 (11.7 sq mi), it is the most densely populated region in the world.", "Tokyo remains the world’s largest city with 38 million inhabitants, followed by Delhi with 25 million, Shanghai with 23 million, and Mexico City, Mumbai and São Paulo, each with around 21 million inhabitants. Osaka has just over 20 million, followed by Beijing with slightly less than 20 million. The New York-Newark area and Cairo complete the top ten most populous urban areas with around 18.5 million inhabitants each.", "The largest city is Shanghai, which is near the center of the country's east coast. Because of its strategic location as a port on the Huangpu River, near the Yangtze, areas of the city were taken over by the British, French, and Americans after the Opium Wars. Although those concessions were returned to China in 1949, Shanghai retains a European feel in some districts. It is a city of skyscrapers and big business, a cultural locus, and a center of both extreme wealth and extreme poverty.", "Shanghai (上海 Shànghǎi) , with a population of more than 23 million (with over 9 million migrants), is the largest and traditionally the most developed metropolis in Mainland China.", "the capital of the People's Republic of China, in the northeast in Beijing municipality (traditionally in Hebei province); the country's second largest city: dates back to the 12th century bc; consists of two central walled cities, the Outer City (containing the commercial quarter) and the Inner City, which contains the Imperial City, within which is the Purple or Forbidden City; many universities. Pop: 10 849 000 (2005 est) Former English name Peking", "The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in areas under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC), where they constitute about 92% of its population. Within the People's Republic of China, Han Chinese are the majority in every province, municipality, and autonomous region except for the autonomous regions of Xinjiang (45% in 2010) and Tibet (8% in 2014). Han Chinese also constitute the majority in both of the special administrative regions of the PRC, about 95% of the population of Hong Kong and about 96% of the population of Macau. ", "Beijing is a large city located in northern China . It is also China's capital city and it is considered a direct-controlled municipality and as such it is controlled directly by China's central government instead of a province. Beijing has a very large population at 22,000,000 and it is divided into 16 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties.", "Tientsin, 天津, meaning the the “Ford of Heaven,” is much more than a tourist city today, in fact, few people choose the city to visit for its history is troubled and has been mostly lost, or lies hidden in forgotten books and missionary accounts.  The city is China’s northern powerhouse for manufacturing, and holds more than 11 million people, but until recent years has been eclipsed by Beijing, which was formerly spelled Peking, China’s capitol.", "China, not surprisingly, has the most megacities of any country, four. The second fastest growing megacity over the past decade, Shenzhen, was a small fishing village not long ago that became a focus of Deng Xiaoping’s first wave of modernization policies. In 1979 it had roughly 30,000 people; now it is a thriving metropolis of over 12 million whose population in the past decade grew 56%. Its rise has been so quick that the Asia Society has labeled it “ a city without a history .”", "Guangzhou (), historically romanised as Canton, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong Province in southeastern China. Located on the Pearl River about 120 km north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km north of Macau, Guangzhou was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub. ", "Xi'an (Chinese: 西安; pinyin: Xī'ān; Wade-Giles: Hsi-An; Postal map spelling: Sian; historically known as Cháng'ān), is the capital of the Shaanxi province in the People's Republic of China and a sub-provincial city. As one of the oldest cities in Chinese history, Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China because it has been the capital (under various names) of some of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including the Zhou, Qin, Han, the Sui, and Tang dynasties.Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and known as the site of the Terracotta Army, made during the Qin Dynasty.The city has more than 3,100 years of history, and was known as Chang'an (traditional Chinese: 長安; simplified Chinese: 长安; pinyin: Cháng'ān; literally \"Perpetual Peace\") before the Ming Dynasty.", "The following is a list of the twenty most populous cities in China arranged from largest to smallest. All numbers are based on the metropolitan area population or in some cases, the sub-provincial city amount. The years of the population estimate have been included for reference. All numbers were obtained from the city pages on Wikipedia.org . Those cities with an asterisk (*) are direct-controlled municipalities.", "Proving popular with Telegraph readers is news that China plans to create the largest mega city in the world . Nine cities will be merged to create a metropolis twice the size of Wales with a population of 42 million.", "Guangzhou (simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu; jyutping : Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu), in English formerly known as Canton (which was first romanized from the Cantonese pronunciation of Guangdong by the Portuguese) and also known as Kwangchow, is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the People's Republic of China .", "Guangzhou, known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China.", "Combining data from the 2011 census to rank China's top 5 largest cities on the basis of de facto population in urban areas of city districts:", "Its climate and its people vary dramatically. In the north, temperatures drop to subarctic levels, the center of the nation holds the Gobi, the world’s 4th largest desert, and in the south temperatures reach tropical levels regularly. With over 1.35 billion citizens, China is home to 56 recognized ethnic groups, has the world’s 18th largest Muslim population, the 19th largest Christian population, and with 1.9 doctors per 1000 people, China has more doctors than the entire population of Qatar .", "a city in and the capital of the People's Republic of China, in the NE part, in central Hebei province. 7,000,000.", "Jingzhou () is a prefecture-level city in southern Hubei, China, located on the banks of the Yangtze River. As of the 2010 census, its total population was 5,691,707, 1,154,086 of whom resided in the built-up (or metro) area comprising the two urban districts.", "China’s Urban, or city, population is also on the rise because of the growing number of industries and trading taking place. Most of these Urban cities are located along the coast or major rivers.", "China had an estimated 1994 population of 1,190,431,106. The population density was about 124 people per sq km (about 322 per sq mi); this figure represents an average of a very uneven geographic distribution. The great bulk of the population is found in the 19 eastern provinces that have formed the historical heartland of China. This reflects the dissimilar historical land-use and settlement patterns of the Chinese (in the east) and the non-Han (in the west). Since the 1960s the Chinese government has promoted settlement of the lands of the western provinces and autonomous regions.", "This presentation examines a design solution for a new high-density vertical City in China for 100,000 residents sharing a live-work environment in a total built up area of 1.3 km2. The philosophy for the City has been to provide a highly walkable…" ]

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[ "Wham! were the biggest-selling pop musicians of the 1980s and one of the first internationally successful Boy Bands. The pop duo comprised of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley , who hailed from Bushy Meads, in Hertfordshire, England.", "Born in Surrey, England in 1963, Andrew Ridgeley is known as the silent musician of Wham!, the '80s rock group with George Michael which produced such hits as \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" and \"Careless Whisper.\" Although he occasionally helped write music, sang, and played instruments, his chief role in the group was that of George Michael's best friend. Since the breakup of Wham! In 1986, Andrew Ridgeley has spent his time producing and album and pursuing his own personal interests. He produced several solo songs including \"Shake,\" \"Red Dress\" and \"Mexico.\" Ridgeley's musical influences include the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Everly Brothers and David Bowie.", "A popular two-piece band from the 1980s, Wham! comprised George Michael and Andrew Ridgley, a couple of cheeky hopefuls from London with their hearts set on the big time. Success did not take long to find them and in 1982, only a year after forming the band, the childhood friends were catapulted to the top of the hit parade, accompanied by their beautiful and talented backing singers, Pepsi and Shirley.", "After four successful years, the band Wham! split up in the spring. Made up of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, they finished with a farewell concert at Wembley Stadium, a greatest hits album The Final which reached number 2, and the single \"The Edge of Heaven\", their fourth and final number 1. George Michael also reached number 1 this year with a solo release, A Different Corner, and went on to have a highly successful solo career.", "Wham! were a British musical duo formed by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley in the early 1980s. They were briefly known in the United States as Wham! UK due to a naming conflict with a lesser known American band. more »", "George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley first met at Bushey Meads School in Bushey, Hertfordshire. Their first performance together was in  a short-lived band called The Executive which they formed with three old school friends. After the band split, George and Andrew formed Wham! and signed to Innervision Records.", "George Michael (Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou) was born on 25 of June in 1963. He is best known as George Michael. He has been the most played artist on British radio over the past two decades. He began his career by forming a called The Executive with his best friends Andrew Ridgeley, Paul Ridgeley, Andrew Leaver, and David Mortimer.", "Description: George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou on 25 June 1963; died on 25 December 2016) was an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! along with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. His first solo single, \"Careless Whisper\" was released when he was still in the duo and sold about six million copies worldwide. As one of the world's best-selling music artists, Michael has sold over 100 million albums worldwide as of 2010. His 1987 debut solo album, Faith has sold over 25 million copies worldwide and made several records and ach George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou on 25 June 1963; died on 25 December 2016) was an English musician, singer-songwriter and record producer who rose to fame in the 1980s when he formed the pop duo Wham! along with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley.", "After meeting in a band called Executive, George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley said they named their duo Wham! because wanted to make a loud impact in the music business.", "Michael first found success after forming the duo Wham! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. The band's first album Fantastic reached No. 1 in the UK in 1983 and produced a series of top 10 singles including \"Young Guns\", \"Wham Rap!\" and \"Club Tropicana\". Their second album, Make It Big reached No. 1 on the charts in the US. Singles from that album included \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" (No. 1 in the UK and US), \"Freedom\", \"Everything She Wants\", and \"Careless Whisper\" which reached No. 1 in nearly 25 countries, including the UK and US, and was Michael's first solo effort as a single.", "George Michael (born Georgios Panayiotou) and Andrew Ridgeley met at Bushey Heath Comprehensive School in Hertfordshire when both were in their early teens. They became friends and after leaving school they made a demo of \"Wham! Rap\" at Andrew Ridgeley's parents' house, which was picked up by the record label Innervision and released without success. Their next release \"Young Guns (Go For It)\" was more successful rising to #3 in the UK. Their first single was reworked and became their second Top 10 hit. After two more Top 10 releases, problems developed between the duo and their label. Wham! signed with former Marc Bolan manager Simon Napier-Bell, who fought to get them released from Innervision. When they finally freed themselves they signed with Epic with whom this was their first release.", "The video clip features George Michael and Andrew Ridgley's final performance as Wham! on the British music show Top Of The Pops.", "1981 18 Years Old Michael first found success after forming the duo Wham! with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981. … Read More", "George Michael (born Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, 25.6.1963) George Michael is an English pop singer / songwriter who first rose to fame in the 1980s as one half of the pop duo Wham!", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), known professionally as George Michael, is an English singer-songwriter and record producer. He rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle of the road pop than soul music. ", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), better known by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Michael rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle-of-the-road pop than soul music.", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), better known by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Michael rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle-of-the-road pop than soul music. As one of the world's best-selling music artists, Michael has sold more than 80 million records worldwide. His 1987 debut solo album, Faith, has on its own sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Michael has garnered seven number one singles in the UK and eight number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked Michael the 40th most successful artist on the Billboard Hot 100 Top All-Time Artists list. Michael has won numerous music awards throughout his 30-year career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male twice, four MTV Video Music Awards, four Ivor Novello Awards, three American Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards from eight nominations. In 2004, the Radio Academy named Michael the most played artist on British radio during the period 1984–2004. The documentary A Different Story, released in 2005, covered his career and personal life. In 2006, George Michael announced his first tour in 15 years, the worldwide 25 Live tour, spanning three individual tours over the course of three years (2006, 2007 and 2008).", "Oh, boy! George is everywhere! – George Michael: Singer who rose to fame as part of the pop duo \"Wham!\" and went on to a successful solo career.", "Wham! sparked something of a pop revival in the mid-'80s and could arguably be held responsible for sparking off the boy band trend of the '90s. They were unashamedly pop, to the point of padding the front of their trousers for television appearances. At the heart, however, was a string of catchy singalong singles written by George Michael (born Georgios Kyrriacos Panayiotou in London to a Greek restauranting family).", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), known professionally as George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. He rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle of the road pop than soul music. <br /><br />Michael has sold more than 80 million records worldwide. Read Less", "The only other new romantic band to enjoy greater commercial success was Duran Duran , yet Spandau Ballet was there first, scoring three Top Ten hit singles during 1981 with their synthesized dance-pop. By 1983, the London-based quintet had shed its Roxy Music -inspired robotic art-disco and picked up on Bryan Ferry 's latter-day crooner persona, revamping themselves as a slick, stylish white soul act. It was in this incarnation that Spandau Ballet experienced its greatest success, as \"True\" reached number one in Britain and number four in America. However, their time in the spotlight was short-lived. Though they had a few more hits in Britain, none of them were particularly big, and in America they disappeared at the end of 1984. By the end of the decade, the group had split, with their core members, brothers Gary and Martin Kemp, launching acting careers with the 1990 film, The Krays.", "In the mid 1980s, the band consisted of the Gilroys (with Dan now concentrating exclusively on vocals, while Ed provided all guitars), Gary Burke (bass), Paul Kauk (keyboards), and Stephen Bray (drums). Both Bray and Burke had previously been Madonna's bandmates in Emmy and the Emmys. ", "In 1986, friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt, 14 years old at the time, formed a band called Sweet Children. The group's first live performance took place on October 17, 1987, at Rod's Hickory Pit in Vallejo, California. In 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer, also known as \"Al Sobrante\". Sean Hughes left the band in 1988, and Dirnt took over on bass duties. As said in the film Punk's Not Dead, Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy (which featured Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman of Rancid) as a major influence, and a group that inspired him to form a band.", "R.E.M. was an American rock band from Athens, Georgia, formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, lead guitarist Peter Buck, bassist/backing vocalist Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe. One of the first alternative rock bands, R.E.M. was noted for Buck's ringing, arpeggiated guitar style, Stipe's particular vocal quality and obscure lyrics, and Mills' melodic basslines and backing vocals. R.E.M. released their first single—\"Radio Free Europe\"—in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone. The single was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982, the band's first release on I.R.S. Records. In 1983, the group released its critically acclaimed debut album, Murmur, and built its reputation over the next few years through subsequent releases, constant touring, and the support of college radio. Following years of underground success, R.E.M. achieved a mainstream hit in 1987 with the single \"The One I Love\". The group signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1988, and began to espouse political and environmental concerns while playing large arenas worldwide.", "Tony Hadley was born in Islington on 2nd June 1960. He went to school with his future bandmates Gary Kemp, John Keeble, Steve Norman, Richard Miller and Martin Kemp. In 1978 the Makers where formed. Hadley became the lead singer of that group. When Richard Miller left on bass he was replaced by Martin Kemp. Then in 1979 the Makers were renamed Spandau Ballet. Spandau Ballet achieved major success in the 1980's with hits such as To Cut A Long Story Short (1980), Chant No.1 (I Don't Need This Pressure On) (1981), True (1983), Only When You Leave (1984) and Through The Barricades (1986). The band were together until 1990, when each member pursued acting careers and other musical directions. In 1992 Tony Hadley signed a solo deal, but unfortunately would never live up to the success he had achieved with Spandau in the '80's. In 1999 Tony, John Keeble and Steve Norman lost a £1,000,000 royalty battle with Gary Kemp. For many years Tony did not speak to Gary, but by 2008 they had made up their differences, and then in 2009 Spandau Ballet finally reformed, and went on a world tour.", "Frankie Goes to Hollywood were a British dance-pop band popular in the mid-1980s. The group was fronted by Holly Johnson, with Paul Rutherford, Peter Gill, Mark O'Toole, and Brian Nash", "Bad Manners was formed in 1979 and notched up a string of hits during the 1980s.", "What late 80s pop sensation band had their Grammy revoked for allegedly not singing the vocals on their album?", "Soft Cell are an English synthpop duo who came to prominence in the early 1980s. They consist of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo is most widely known for their 1981 worldwide hit version of \"Tainted Love\" and influential multi-platinum debut Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret.", "Soft Cell are an English synthpop duo who came to prominence in the early 1980s, consisting of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo are principally known for their 1981 hit version of \"Tainted Love\" (#8 US) and 1981 debut album entitled Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret. ", "Soft Cell are an English synthpop duo who came to prominence in the late 1970s, consisting of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo are principally known for their 1981 hit version of \"Tainted Love\" and 1981 debut album titled Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret.", "Soft Cell are an English synthpop duo who came to prominence in the early 1980s. They consist of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo are principally known for their 1981 hit version of \"Tainted Love\" and 1981 debut album entitled Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret." ]

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[ "Autumnal Equinox. The moment when the Sun crosses the celestial equator travelling in a southward direction, on or about September 22. In the Northern Hemisphere, it marks the first day of fall. The term is also applied to the Sun’s position in the sky at that moment. It is one of two points where the ecliptic and celestial equator intersect, the other being the vernal equinox.", "The length of day and night may not be equal on the equinox, but that doesn't make the first day of fall any less special.", "Autumn actually begins August 1st and ends October 31st - with the Fall Equinox marking the mid-point. (Western calendars term the \"Equinox\" the first day of Autumn perhaps because they are no longer aware of the connection between nature, harvesting and Solar cycles.)", "Equinoxes and solstices are opposite on either side of the equator, and the March equinox is also known as the \"spring (vernal) equinox\" in the Northern Hemisphere and as the \"autumnal (fall) equinox\" in the Southern Hemisphere.", "An equinox, which literally means an “equal night,” occurs when the sun ’s path crosses the plane of the earth’s equator, making day and night of about equal length throughout the earth. This happens twice a year — about March 21 (for the spring equinox) and about September 23 (for the autumnal equinox); those are the dates for the Northern Hemisphere; they’re switched for the Southern Hemisphere. (A helpful visual guide can be accessed at http://www.athropolis.com/sunrise/def-sol2.htm .) The equinoxes are also called the vernal equinox and fall equinox (1).", "The inclination of the earth’s axis gives rise to four important points in the earth’s orbit, which mark the beginning and end of the four seasons: at the vernal (or spring) equinox, the sun is above the equator; it then appears to move northwards and rises higher and higher in the sky (in the northern hemisphere) until the summer solstice, when it is above the tropic of Cancer; it then appears to move back towards the equator until the autumnal equinox, when it is again above the equator; finally it proceeds southwards until the winter solstice, when it is above the tropic of Capricorn. In reality, of course, it is the earth that revolves around the sun, not the sun around the earth. In the northern hemisphere, the vernal equinox falls on 20 March, the summer solstice on 20/21 June, the autumn equinox on 22/23 September, and the winter solstice on 21/22 December. In the southern hemisphere spring and autumn, and summer and winter are reversed.", "The Fall Equinox, in the Northern Hemisphere, is the point at which the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator from north to south. In the Southern Hemisphere, the opposite is seen, and there it is the time of the Spring Equinox. All life is conceived as a duality, and here the two opposites exist visibly - with the Equinoxes as the transition points.", "Equinox: an annual event wherein after the sun reaches a height, night and day occur simultaneously", "Equinox is the time of year when day and night are approximately 12 hours each, everywhere on Earth. It happens twice a year, on March 20th or 21st and September 22nd or 23rd.", "March 20 is usually the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere (and autumn equinox in the southern), but sometimes it occurs March 21.   An equinox is when the sun appears directly over the equator and night and day are the same length (although, strictly speaking, the day is slightly longer, because the sun gets a sneak peek above the horizon before it is fully risen, and a lingering glance after it has set).   So, astronomically speaking, this is mid spring (mid autumn in the south) but, because the Earth takes time to warm up and cool down from sunlight, this is climatologically more like the start of the season.   This is often referred to as the 'official' start of spring, an absurd conceit -- Mother Nature starts and ends the seasons when she feels like it.", "Equinoxes (Spring and Fall) -- This is the instant when Sun crosses the celestial equator at either its ascending node (Spring Equinox, about March 21) or its descending node (Fall Equinox, September 23). At the Spring Equinox, the Sun moves north of the ecliptic plane, while at the fall Equinox, it moves from north to south.", "The autumn equinox in the northern hemisphere and the spring equinox in the southern hemisphere occurs around now.   An equinox is when the Sun can be observed to be directly above the Earth's equator.   This happens around March 20 or 21, and September 22 or 23 each year.   On these dates, night and day are nearly of the same length.", "In some cultures in the Northern Hemisphere, the astronomical March equinox (varying between 19 and 21 March) is taken to mark the first day of spring, and the Northern solstice (around 21 June) is taken as the first day of summer. In other traditions, the equinox is taken as mid-spring.", "The September equinox is the astronomical start of fall in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere.", "The celestial event that marks this transition is called an \"equinox,\" and it happens twice every year, around March 21 and Sept. 21. Just what is an equinox, and why does it occur?", "Twice a year, around March 21 and September 23, the sun shines directly on the equator and the length of day and night are nearly equal everywhere in the world. These two days are known as the vernal (or spring) equinox and the autumnal equinox.", "The March equinox or Northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the Sun appears to leave the southern hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from earth. In the Northern Hemisphere the March equinox is known as the vernal equinox, and in the Southern Hemisphere as the autumnal equinox.", "Twice a year, the Sun crosses the equator, on or about March 20 at a point called the Vernal Equinox, and on September 23 at the Autumnal Equinox (the terms derived from a northern hemisphere perspective). On these dates, the Sun has a declination of 0°, rises exactly east, sets exactly west, is up for 12 hours and down for 12 hours, hence the term equinox. The equinox passages respectively announce the beginning of northern- hemisphere spring and autumn (and southern hemisphere autumn and spring). (In actual fact, the risings, settings, and 12-hour durations cannot be exact, since the Sun is continuously moving along the ecliptic and is on the equinoxes but for the moment. In addition, upward refraction by the Earth's atmosphere and the finite angular diameter of the Sun renders the equinox day a bit longer than 12 hours, night a bit shorter, all the while ignoring twilight.)", "It is frequently the day of the autumnal equinox in the Northern Hemisphere and the day of the vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere.", "The ascending equinox or vernal equinox is the equinox at which the Sun moves from south to north of the celestial equator . At that moment, spring starts in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern hemisphere. In the Gregorian calendar , the ascending equinox is near 21 March.", "The Vernal (Spring) Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere is the Autumnal (Fall) Equinox in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.", "This is the name given to the moment when the sun passes directly above the equator with the result that day and night are the same length all over the world. The vernal equinox occurs in the spring, usually around March 21. The autumnal equinox occurs in the fall, around September 22.", "* Spring equinox and fall (or autumn) equinox: colloquial names based on the seasons. However, these can be ambiguous since the northern hemisphere's spring is the southern hemisphere's autumn, and vice versa. The Latinate names vernal equinox (spring) and autumnal equinox (fall) are often used to the same effect.", "Spring/Autumn Equinox – 23 September 2013:  The Spring Equinox (Southern Hemisphere) and Autumn Equinox (Northern Hemisphere) falls on the 23 Sept 2013.   Sun enters Libra on the 23rd for Spring/Autumn Equinox. The Equinox is where day and night are of equal length – the energies coming together as one – Heaven & Earth, Spirit & Matter.  Whilst the southern hemisphere is preparing for their re-birth as they awaken from the sleep of winter, the northern hemisphere is bringing her energy inward, in preparation for the rest ahead.", "September 22, 2004 was the date of the autumnal equinox, the moment the Sun crosses the plane of the equator from the northern hemisphere.", "the two points at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator in its yearly path in the sky. The equinoxes occur on or near March 21 and September 22. The equinoxes signal the start of the Spring and Autumn seasons.", "One of the two points of intersection of the celestial equator and the ecliptic. The Sun passes through the vernal equinox on about 21 March and through the autumnal equinox on about 22 September.", "(i) Date on which the Sun crosses the celestial equator moving southward, occurring on or near September 22. (ii) The location in the sky marked by the direction to the sun on date the Autumnal Equinox occurs. This location remains whether the sun is actually there or not.", "the equinox that occurs on september 22 or 23 in the northern hemisphere and on march 21 or 22 in the southern hemisphere", "The vernal equinox is the intersection of the equator of the sky and the ecliptic , through which the Sun passes during the March equinox , at the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere, and autumn in the southern hemisphere. The vernal equinox is the zero point of longitude and latitude of the equatorial and ecliptic coordinate systems. The period between two successive passages of the Sun through the vernal equinox is the tropical year .", "Using the Julian calendar, the autumnal equinox, vernal equinox, and seasons were arriving 11 minutes earlier each year. By 1500 the spring equinox had fallen back to March 11.", "Yesterday marked the first day of Spring. Here's everything you need to know about the Vernal Equinox 2016" ]

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[ "Oscar Madison, played by Matthew Perry , is a sports talk show host. Like his friend Felix , Oscar is a divorcee, but his wife Gaby left him because she thought he was a thoughtless slob. Oscar now lives with Felix, but the two often clash because Felix is a neat freak and Oscar is very slovenly and more easy going.", "Felix Unger, played by Thomas Lennon , is a professional photographer and recent divorcee. He moves in with his old college friend Oscar Madison after his wife Ashley kicks him out of the house. Felix is a bit of a neat-freak and is extremely neurotic and fussy, especially when compared to Oscar. In his free time, he does yoga. He also fancies cooking and baking. Throughout the series, he often gets mistaken to be gay by several characters. Him and Ashley were good friends with Oscar and Gaby when both couples were still together.", "Neil Simon's classic comedy offers a hilarious tale of ordinary men who are extraordinarily irreconcilable. Oscar Madison, the super slob and Felix Unger, the ultimate neat freak battle as recently single middle-aged roommates. The explosively bad union brings reality T.V. at it's finest to the stage.", "The premise is simple: Neat Freak photographer Felix Ungarnote Unger in the 1970 and 2015 series (Art Carney on stage; Jack Lemmon in the film; Tony Randall, Ron Glass, and Thomas Lennon on TV) is kicked out by his wife, and with no place else to go, must move in with his friend, sports writer Oscar Madison ( Walter Matthau on stage and film, Jack Klugman on stage and TV, Demond Wilson and Matthew Perry on TV), a total slob . The TV show added a small supporting cast, including Murray, a dim-witted but lovable police officer.", "Unless you’re very young or very comedy challenged, you probably know the ingeniously simple premise of “The Odd Couple,” but here goes anyway: Felix Ungar (Jack Lemmon), a super-tidy, hypochondriacal family man, is thrown out by his wife of 12 years. Nearly suicidal and utterly alone, he is taken in by his poker buddy and best friend, Oscar Madison (Walter Matthau), an already divorced Manhattan sports writer with numerous bad habits, including being a complete and total slob, but blessed with an extremely large apartment that is still two small for the both of them. The result is the kind of great pain that also equals great hilarity.", "Felix Ungar, a neurotic, neat freak newswriter (a photographer in the television series), is thrown out by his wife, and moves in with his friend Oscar Madison, a slovenly sportswriter. Despite Oscar's problems – careless spending, excessive gambling, a poorly kept house filled with spoiled food – he seems to enjoy life. Felix, however, seems utterly incapable of enjoying anything and only finds purpose in pointing out his own and other people's mistakes and foibles. Even when he tries to do so in a gentle and constructive way, his corrections and suggestions prove extremely annoying to those around him. Oscar, his closest friend, feels compelled to throw him out after only a brief time together, though he quickly realizes that Felix has had a positive effect on him.", "Matthew Perry stars as endearing slob Oscar Madison and Thomas Lennon as uptight neat freak Felix Unger, in this reboot of the popular play, feature film and television series. In this version, they play two former college buddies who become unlikely roommates after the demise of their marriages. Lauren Graham plays Oscar’s ex-wife, and other regulars include Lindsay Sloane, Wendell Pierce and Yvette Nicole Brown.", "The Odd Couple refers to Oscar Madison and Felix Ungar. Oscar, the messy one, is divorced from his wife and lives alone in a spacious, eight-room apartment on Riverside Drive in New York City. Even when he entertains Felix and his other poker-playing buddies, Oscar’s apartment is littered with dirty dishes, discarded clothes, and even garbage. When Felix’s wife demands a trial separation, Felix comes to live with Oscar and soon wears out his welcome, even with their poker buddies, because he insists on keeping the apartment sparkling clean and tidy. Furthermore, Felix’s despondency over his separation not only depresses Oscar but also ruins Oscar’s plans to seduce the two British sisters, Cecily and Gwendolyn Pigeon, who live in the apartment above them. When Oscar can endure no...", "In “The Odd Couple,” Oscar is a carefree, sloppy, fun-loving, louche spendthrift; Felix is a nervous, fastidious, compulsive, bourgeois penny-pincher. Once Felix takes up residence in Oscar’s West Side pigsty and starts trying to transform it into House Beautiful, their differences quickly lead to a war, which is summed up in Act III:", "Oscar Madison: “Everything you do irritates me. And when you’re not here the things I know you’re going to do when you come in irritate me. . . . You leave me little notes on my pillow. I told you a hundred times, I can’t stand little notes on my pillow. ‘We’re all out of Corn Flakes, F.U.’ . . . It took me three hours to figure out F.U. meant Felix Unger” (Neil Simon The Odd Couple Act 3, pg. 77; http://www.calstatela.edu/sites/default/files/tvf/523old/OC_TVFT523.pdf).", "If they ever revive the odd couple, you would be a perfect Felix Unger and Golic, Oscar Madison .", "I have a good balance of Oscar Madison and Felix Unger in me. I like organization and neatness but am also relaxed and sloppy at times.", "Specially on the TV series, Felix takes practically everything, from his habits to his pastimes to his relationships, to extremes, which is why he often finds himself being called a lunatic. In the end, though, his childlike enthusiasm and good heart win out over any annoyance he causes. Felix is especially adorkable when he's happy or excited. In \"I'm Dying of Unger\", he rolls on the bed like a little kid after tricking Oscar's agent into giving him three more days.", "* On the TV series The Odd Couple, Felix Unger and Oscar Madison live at 1049 Park Avenue.", "For those who remember:. Felix Unger: \"Oscar, is it snowing outside?!\". Oscar Madison : \"I can't tell, it's all white\"", "Meanwhile, in the frowzy Upper West Side apartment of divorced sportswriter Oscar Madison (Walter Matthau) on a hot and sticky summer evening, Oscar and his buddies Speed (Larry Haines), Roy (David Sheiner), Vinnie (John Fiedler), and Murray (Herb Edelman) the cop are playing poker and discussing their friend, Felix Ungar, who is unusually late for the game. Murray's wife calls and tells him that Felix is missing. Oscar then calls Felix's wife Frances who says that she and Felix have split up. As they are discussing what to do, and worried that Felix might try to commit suicide, Felix arrives not knowing that his friends already know that his wife has kicked him out of the house.", "It all begins with Oscar’s poker game every Friday. According to his untidy nature, his apartment is “a study in slovenliness”.[10] Oscar’s poker buddies Roy, Murray, Vinnie and Speed are sitting around a table, only Felix is missing. Because “he’s never been this late before”[11], they start to worry about him. After a while and a phone call of Felix’ wife Frances the poker pals find out that they broke up and are getting divorced.[12] The worrying about Felix even grows, since they now think he might kill himself, but Felix appears at the door. Even though the poker players pretend to not know about the situation, it escalates and Felix gets hysterical. After everything is cleared again, they deicide to give Felix some rest and after he and Oscar are alone, Oscar asks him to move in with him. To understand why this cannot go right, one has to take a closer look at the characters as they are “drawn on the fundamental differences and conflicts […] between the two”.[13]", "Felix Unger also appears in Come Blow Your Horn. I wanted to ask why you used the name twice.", "Within only a week, Oscar is going nuts. Felix is a neurotic, obsessive-compulsive nut, who runs around the apartment cleaning, picking up after Oscar, and berating him for being such a slob. He also refuses to have any fun, spending most of his time thinking about Frances. Felix at one point even telephones Oscar at Shea Stadium telling him not to eat any hot dogs at the game, because Felix is preparing franks and beans for dinner; this distraction causes Oscar to miss seeing a rare triple-play at the Mets game on which he is reporting. The two men are shown bowling, shooting pool, and walking the city streets. Felix has a sinus attack, making loud obnoxious noises while seated in a coffee shop. Finally, after Felix drives everyone at the weekly poker game crazy, Oscar convinces Felix to lighten up and join him on a double-date with two British girls who live in the building – the Pigeon sisters, Cecily (Monica Evans) and Gwendolyn (Carole Shelley), who actually \"coo\" when they laugh.", "Now tell me that the image in your head isn't that of a schlubby, middle-aged white guy—someone who looks a lot like Oscar Madison from The Odd Couple. Oscar was, of course, played by Jack Klugman, RIP, who died on Christmas Eve at age 90. (The equally schlubby Walter Matthau held down the role in the Broadway play on which the TV show was based.)", "A phone call to Felix’s wife reveals that Felix and his wife have just separated after twelve years of marriage and that Felix has disappeared, sending his wife a telegram threatening suicide. When Felix finally arrives at the poker game, all the players attempt to calm him by pretending that everything is normal. They steer Felix away from the twelfth-story window of the apartment and wait anxiously as Felix goes into the bathroom. Felix eventually confesses that he had swallowed a whole bottle of pills from his wife’s medicine cabinet and had then vomited. After the poker players depart, Oscar consoles Felix, who reveals that he does not want a divorce and had stayed up the whole night before in a cheap Times Square hotel room considering a suicidal jump from the window. In an attempt to calm and help his friend, Oscar suggests that Felix move in with him. Felix, a fussy and compulsively neat person, agrees and immediately begins to clean up Oscar’s apartment.", "Oscar also calls out others who make Felix upset . In \"The Rent Strike\", he calls out the other tenants for trying to drive Felix out while forgetting all the things he's done for them and in \"The Subway Story\", he scalds the insensitive subway riders and says that Felix is the only person trying to improve the situation.", "Actually Pretty Funny : In one episode, Felix is perturbed by Oscar's house guest Wild Willie Boggs (played by Roy Clark) who is prone to making crude practical jokes. He finally confronts him about it. Willie says \"Felix, you don't like them because you've never tried them\", adding, \"Do you want to play a trick on Oscar?\" Felix delivers the \"about-face\" line, says, \"No. What?\" Willie gives Felix a rubber hot dog to give to Oscar. With insane glee, Felix sets the trap and calls Oscar in for a snack - which of course Oscar just eats as if it were normal, saying, \"The bun's a little stale.\"", "Oscar and Felix: A New Look at The Odd Couple - Neil Simon - Google Books", "*Crack!* \"Oh, My Back!\" : In the film, Felix is hiding in Oscar's bathroom after being kicked out by his wife. Terrified that he's going to attempt suicide, Oscar and the other poker players break into the bathroom, hitting Felix with the door, who proceeds to moan about his back throughout the rest of the scene.", "American comedian, vaudevillian, radio, television, and film actor, and violinist. Recognized as a leading American entertainer of the 20th century, Benny portrayed his character as a miser, playing his violin badly", "Overworked, unhappy and lacking any further success with his writing, by his twenty-fourth birthday he had suffered a nervous breakdown and left his job. Memories of this period, and a particular factory co-worker, became part of the character Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire. By the mid-1930s his father's increasing alcoholism and abusive temper (he had part of his ear bitten off in a poker game fight) finally led Edwina to separate from him, although they never divorced.", "James Cagney, who first got his start in show business by playing a female dancer, is widely known for his famous line \"You dirty rat\". This might lead one to wonder why this phrase is so often connected to the actor, as he never said it in any film.", "Robinson ended the 1940s with a Cannes Film Festival Best Actor honor for his 1949 film, \"House of Strangers\". That victory preceded a dark decade for the actor, who, during the 1950s, was among the film industry figures accused of Communist sympathies by Senator McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee. Robinson spent weeks being dragged through the media as well as Congressional investigation hearings before the charges against him were proven to be groundless. ", "Walter Neff (Fred MacMurray), a successful insurance salesman, returns to his office building in downtown Los Angeles late one night. Visibly in pain, he begins dictating a confession into a Dictaphone for his friend and colleague, Barton Keyes (Edward G. Robinson), a brilliant claims adjuster. The story, told primarily in flashback, ensues.", "He also wrote the screenplay for the film The Misfits (1961). Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama; testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee; and was married to Marilyn Monroe. He received the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002 and Jerusalem Prize in 2003. See More on Arthur Miller at TheatreGold DataBase Here", "Image caption Humphrey Bogart is among the many actors who have been rewarded for their portrayal of drunks" ]

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[ "First published in 1888, National Geographic has been an iconic periodical for more than a century. Within its yellow rectangular border, each cover heralds stories on issues that affect our entire planet—from nature, science, and history to, of course, geography—as well as plenty of the asset that made NatGeo famous—its award-winning photographs. A portion of the magazine’s proceeds benefit the National Geographic Society, a global nonprofit organization dedicated to conservation, research, and education on issues of protecting our planet.", "First published in 1888, National Geographic is still deserves the lauds for its extensive articles about geography and culture, high standards in photojournalism, map supplements and, of course, that iconic yellow border. Kate Kiefer", "The National Geographic Magazine was first published in 1888, being the official journal of the National Geographic Society (founded just 9 months prior to the magazine's first release). According to Wikipedia, the magazine has a worldwide circulation in 32 languages of almost 9 million. The cover's iconic yellow border emerged only gradually over the years. The first illustrated cover appeared in July 1942, showing the US flag, though regularly illustrated covers didn't appear until 1959.", "Rockwell's three covers for Recreation magazine are somewhat unusual because they appear in full color unlike the Country Gentleman, Saturday Evening Post or Youth's Companion covers of the same period. The covers, similar in style and content to Boy's Life magazine illustrations, feature popular outdoor activities. This early cover painted when Norman was just 22 years old, includes the date and his middle initial \"P\" for Perceval, which Norman dropped the very next year. Rockwell's signature style of his later covers is noticeably absent from this work, but it does show his early interest in a painterly style.", "A further step towards modern comic books happened in 1934 when Hungarian Paul Winckler, who had previously been distributing comics to the monthly magazines via his Opera Mundi bureau, made a deal with King Features Syndicate to create the Journal de Mickey, a weekly 8-page early \"comic-book\". The success was immediate, and soon other publishers started publishing periodicals with American series. This continued during the remainder of the decade, with hundreds of magazines publishing mostly imported material. The most important ones in France were Robinson, Hurrah, and Coeurs Vaillants, while Belgian examples include Wrill and Bravo. In 1938, Spirou magazine was launched. Spirou also appeared translated in a Dutch version under the name Robbedoes for the Flemish market. Export to the Netherlands followed a few years later.", "The Tatler name dates back to 1709 when it was used by Addison and Steele, the founding fathers of English journalism, until 1711. However, the present-day society magazine only appeared in 1903 as a weekly. The cover carried advertising with a masthead and border featuring the Tatler character as a gentleman bowing in greeting. Like many magazines, it ran a special Christmas issue with an illustrated cover issue, a concept dating back to the Victorian era.", "Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer begin using a new printing process that allows their papers to use yellow ink. One result is the coining of the term \"yellow journalism\"; another is the advent of colored Sunday comics. One of the first colored comics was Hogan’s Alley, illustrated by Richard F. Oucault. Hogan’s Alley only lasted from 1895-1901, but its cluttered urban landscape contributed to the coining of the term, \"as fouled up as Hogan’s goat,\" and to the naming of the pop-up pistol ranges known as Hogan’s Alleys.", "Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine . It started as a weekly newspaper in 1892 in the United States , before becoming a monthly publication years later.", "Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast. The present Vanity Fair has been published since 1983 and there have been editions for four European countries as well as the U.S. edition. This revived the title whose last publication was February 1936 after a run from 1913. The current editor is Graydon Carter.", "LOT OF MAGAZINE COVERS AND ARTICLES. 1.) Leslie;s Weekly magazine cover July 4, 1912. ‘The Youngest Republic Receives Its New Flag.’ Artist: Will Jones. 2.) Original issue- full color print- Image of Charles Lindbergh dressed as Uncle Sam along with a poem, Our Brave Lindy, by Elsie J. Miller. C 1928. Artist James Stuart. 3.) Newspaper Article “Child Labor Must Be Stopped” By Raymond Fuller. Illustrated by Flagg. 4.) Article from “Ladies Home Journal” October 1918. Titled “Winning The War This Winter: An Editorial”. 5.) Out take from Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Newspaper- November 19, 1914. Titled “Let US Be Truly Thankful”. By Joseph Keppler. CONDITION: Generally good. 1-27327 (200-300)", "Comic strips – stories told primarily in strip cartoon form, rather than as a written narrative with illustrations – emerged only slowly. Ally Sloper’s Half Holiday (1884) is reputed to be the first comic strip magazine to feature a recurring character, and the first British comic that would be recognised as such today. This strip cost one penny and was designed for adults. Ally, the recurring character, was a working class fellow who got up to various forms of mischief and often suffered for it.", "Of the London illustrated weekly papers the oldest, the Illustrated London News, was founded in 1842; the Graphic in 1869; while the Illustrated weekly papers. Pictorial World, which lasted for some years, began in 1874. In 1891 Black and White was started; and in 1892 the Sketch, edited by Mr Clement Shorter (also then editor of the Illustrated London News), introduced a lighter vein. Mr Shorter gave up the editorship of these two weeklies in 1901, and became editor of a new illustrated weekly, the Sphere, with the proprietorship of which came also to be associated the Tatler. Another new illustrated weekly of a high class, Country Life Illustrated, began in 1897.", "December 16, 1905 - Sime Silverman, former vaudeville critic for New York Morning Telegraph, published first issue of Variety Magazine; 1987 - acquired by Cahners Publishing Co., division of Reed International, for about $60 million.", "In 1887, he recruited the famous Investigative journalism Nellie Bly. In 1895 the World introduced the immensely popular The Yellow Kid comic by Richard F. Outcault, the first newspaper comic printed in color. Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, making it the largest newspaper in the country. ", "In New York City, the competition between newspapers continued to rage and metropolitan papers in other cities soon began publishing their own Sunday comic sections. As a result, the Yellow Kid and his fellow comic characters became national celebrities. Hearst expanded his empire when he launched the Chicago American in 1900, the Los Angeles Examiner in 1903 and the Boston Americanin 1904.", "The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast. Started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans.", "At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color comic strip. It took advantage of a new color printing process, which used color separation and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the Yellow Kid, from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as \"yellow journalism\".", "Other contributors during this period included O.Henry , [7] A. J. Cronin , Alfred Henry Lewis , Bruno Lessing , Sinclair Lewis , David Graham Phillips , George Bernard Shaw , Upton Sinclair , and Ida Tarbell . Jack London ‘s novella, “ The Red One “, was published in the October 1918 issue [8] (two years after London’s death [9] ), and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve , with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy , the “scientific detective”. Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell , Harrison Fisher , and James Montgomery Flagg .", "Exhibiting with Steichen, Käsebier, Coburn, White and others who he felt exploited the creative possibilities of photography, Stieglitz began publishing their work and that of other European colleagues in 1903 in the magazine Camera Work. The voice of modern photography and the first to showcase modern art in the United States, the magazine was born to provide a venue for pictorial photography as defined by the Photo-Secession members.", "Time (styled within the magazine as TIME) is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, who built a highly profitable stable of magazines.", "Two Sydney journalists, J.F. Archibald and John Haynes, founded The Bulletin magazine: the first edition appeared on 31 January 1880. It was intended to be a journal of political and business commentary, with some literary content. Initially radical, nationalist, democratic and racist, it gained wide influence and became a celebrated entry-point to publication for Australian writers and cartoonists such as Henry Lawson, Banjo Paterson, Miles Franklin, and the illustrator and novelist Norman Lindsay. A celebrated literary debate played out on the pages of the Bulletin about the nature of life in the Australian bush featuring the conflicting views of such as Paterson (called romantic) and Lawson (who saw bush life as exceedingly harsh) and notions of an Australian 'national character' were taking firmer root. ", "The image echoes back to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when papers were aimed explicitly at European immigrants, who felt similarly about newspapers and often held reading groups to have neighbors who knew English read the paper out loud. The newspaper comic strip was invented as a way for immigrants with limited language skills to find something in the paper they could follow. The term yellow journalism comes from one such comic strip, “The Yellow Kid,” about the adventures of an orphaned immigrant child, a metaphor for how immigrants in general felt in America.", "This issue's cover listed seven stories inside a large \"Q,\" in a tradition that had begun a few months earlier and would continue for another year. The simpler cover design reflected no decline in the quality of what was contained between the covers. Featured were stories by Robert Bloch, O. Henry, and Phyllis Bentley, among others. A story by Theodore Mathieson starred Galileo. Vincent Starrett's sonnet, \"The Adventure of the Cat and the Fiddle,\" tipped its hat to Conan Doyle's \"Silver Blaze.\"", "Other contributors during this period included O.Henry, A. J. Cronin, Alfred Henry Lewis, Bruno Lessing, Sinclair Lewis, David Graham Phillips, George Bernard Shaw, Upton Sinclair, and Ida Tarbell. Jack London's novella, \"The Red One\", was published in the October 1918 issue (two years after London's death ), and a constant presence from 1910-18 was Arthur B. Reeve, with 82 stories featuring Craig Kennedy, the \"scientific detective\". Magazine illustrators included Francis Attwood, Dean Cornwell, Harrison Fisher, and James Montgomery Flagg.", "With the arrival of photo-rich periodicals in the late 19th century, publishers found ways of lifting their paper's reputation by placing an actual copy of the magazine in photographs of prominent people. For example, the German magazine Die Woche in 1902 printed an article about a countess in her castle where she, in one of the photographs, held a copy of Die Woche in her hands. ", "Cover of The Playboy of the Western World, Theatre edition, Maunsel & Co., 1907 (ZSR Library copy)", "Only around 500 people subscribed to it during its 35 year production run, frustrating its founder’s attempts to support his family with revenue from it after his marriage to Helen Benson. Co-edited by Mary Weston Chapman, it faced harsh resistance from several state legislatures: for example, distributors of it were subject to a $1500 fine in South Carolina. The first issue of this weekly paper came out in 1831 and contained a fiery editorial declaring, “I will not retreat a single inch- AND I WILL BE HEARD!” FTP, name this abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison.", "In the 1950s, Florence Kroger was a successful commercial illustrator in the United States. Her work appeared on the cover of The", "Which publication, originally reprinting condensations of articles from other magazines, first appeared in the US in 1922?", "Labeled the \"Tenth Anniversary Issue,\" issue number ninety-five contained ten stories, evenly divided between reprints and stories making their first appearance in print. The cover, designed by Dirone Photography, shows a woman happily reading a letter, while the shadow in the background tells a different story. Is it her shadow, or someone else's?", "Scene from The Happy Land , The Illustrated London News , 22 March 1873, illustrated by D. H. Friston", "  Scene from The Happy Land , The Illustrated London News , 22 March 1873, illustrated by D. H. Friston" ]

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[ "In Greek mythology, Nike (Greek: Νίκη , pronounced [níːkɛː], meaning Victory), was a goddess who personified triumphthroughout the ages of the ancient Greek culture. The Roman equivalent was Victoria. Depending upon the time of various myths, she was described as the daughter of Pallas (Titan) and Styx (Water), and the sister of Cratos (Strength), Bia(Force), and of Zelus (Rivalry). Nike and her siblings all became described as attendants of Zeus when his cult gained the position of the dominant deity of the Greek pantheon and the roles of older deities were changed in new myths. According to classical (later) myth, Styx brought them to Zeus when the god was assembling allies for the Titan War against the older deities. Nike assumed the role of the divine charioteer, a role in which she often is portrayed in Classical Greek art. Nike is seen with wings in most statues and paintings. Most other winged deities in the Greek pantheon had shed their wings by Classical times. Nike is the goddess of strength, speed, and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance ofAthena, goddess of wisdom.[1] Nike is one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins.[2] Names which have sourced from the goddess Nike include Nicholas, Nick and Nicola.[citation needed]", "The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek Νίκη pronounced [níːkɛː]), the Greek goddess of victory; it is also based on Egyptian usage of “strength”, “victory”, nakht. Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name.", "Nike is one of the largest suppliers of of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment in the world. The company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.", "Entering the competitive sports and fitness industry nearly 35 years ago, Nike is a major manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. The company takes its name from the Greek goddess of victory, Nike. Nike s acquired companies extend its reach within and beyond sports, and include Cole Haan, Bauer Nike Hockey, Hurley International and Converse, in addition to Exeter Brands Group, based in New York, includes the Starter, Team Starter and Asphalt brand names and is the master licensee of the Shaq and Dunkman brands. Operating on six continents, Nike employs approximately 24,300 associates. The company operates facilities in Oregon, Tennessee, North Carolina and The Netherlands, and operates leased facilities for more than 15 Niketowns, 200 Nike Factory Stores, a dozen NikeWomen stores and approximately 100 sales and administrative offices. Nike maintains its international headquarters in Beaverton, Ore. The global company reported net revenues exceeding $13.5 billion in 2005. Nike maintains a store located in San Marcos, Texas.", "Nike (Greek mythology) is the Greek goddess of victory, both in battle and in sport.  The Romans knew her as Victoria, a name that obviously means \"victory\", and is still popular today.", "The Nike Company name has its origins in Greek mythology and is named for Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. The goddess Nike is also known for her traits of swift running and flying. Nike company founders first used the name for the company's first manufactured running shoe.", "Nike is the name of the winged goddess of victory in Greek mythology. According to the mythology, she sat at the side of Zeus in Olympus. Nike is said to have presided over history's earliest battlefields as she flew around rewarding the victors with glory and fame, symbolized by a wreath of leaves. She was often found next to the goddess of Wisdom and War, Athena, who is said to never put up with defeat. ", "Nike is the goddess of strength, speed and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance of Athena, and is thought to have stood in Athena's outstretched hand in the statue of Athena located in the Parthenon. Nike is one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins. Image opposite is at Ephesus.", "Nike is probably the world's most recognized shoe company. But did you know that those shoes were actually named after a Greek goddess? In Greek mythology, Nike was the winged daughter of Pallas and the river Styx. Styx was one of the rivers that separated the realm of the dead, and Pallas was the Titan who personified the sun. Her siblings were Kratos (god of Strength), Bia (goddess of Force), and Zelus (god of Zeal).", "The name Nike is very female. In Greek mythology, Nike is the winged goddess of victory. The mythological associations for the brand Nike are flight, victory, and speed.", "Nike is often found in the company of the goddess of Wisdom and War, Athena, who never puts up with defeat.", "Nike is seen with wings in most statues and paintings. Most other winged deities in the Greek pantheon had shed their wings by Classical times. Nike is the goddess of strength, speed, and victory. Nike was a very close acquaintance of Athena , and is thought to have stood in Athena 's outstretched hand in the statue of Athena located in the Parthenon. Nike is one of the most commonly portrayed figures on Greek coins.", "In 1972, the company first began selling shoes with the Nike name, named after the Greek goddess of victory. The company adopted the name for all its operations in 1978.", "The name \"Nike\" is one of the best-known of the Greek goddesses - yet many people don't even realize Nike was a goddess first, sports brand second. Here is a brief introduction to the story of Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.", "here’s a tid-bit about the nike logo. nike is actually the name of a greek goddess. a winged goddess. the concept behind the “swoosh” was derived from the curve of nike’s wing.", "Any time Nike was sculpted, she had wings. By classical times, she was the only goddess who still had them. She was also sculpted with Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom. She was never an equal, though. Sometimes she rested on Athena's palm, like at the Parthenon. Other times, she just appeared in the background.", "Many consumer products get their names from Greek mythology. Nike sneakers are the namesake of the goddess of victory, for example, and the website Amazon.com is named after the race of mythical female warriors. Many high school, college and professional sports teams (Titans, Spartans and Trojans, for instance) also get their names from mythological sources.", "The ancient Greek goddess Nike was the personification of the ideal of victory. Such personifications of ideal terms were common in ancient Greek culture; other examples include Wisdom, Knowledge, and Justice. Unlike other gods in the Greek pantheon , such personifying deities were not usually given human personalities and histories. For this reason, little is said about Nike in Greek culture beyond that her mother was Styx (daughter of Ocean) and her father was Pallas, the Titan . She had three sisters, also personified deities: Zelus (Rivalry), Cratos (Supremacy), and Bia (Force) who, with Nike, were always seated by mighty Zeus on Mt. Olympus.", "Interesting Facts about Nike: Some sources give her father as Ares , the God of War. The most famous statue of Nike is the Nike of Samothrace, a Greek island in the northern Aegean. This statue is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. In Roman myth, she was known as Victoria.", "The Parthenon there is dedicated to the goddess Athena , known for wisdom and skill in war, and a close friend to Nike. Nike, as Athena Nike, also presided over a temple on the acropolis of Megara.", "Nike was one of four children of the Titan god of war Pallas, and the Naiad Styx (not to be confused with the river Styx of Hades Underworld ).  Her siblings are Kratos (Greek mythology) , Bia (Greek mythology), and Zelus (Greek mythology), who represented Strength, Force, and Rivalry, respectively.", "NIKE: Goddess of Victory. Yes, she is a girl, contrary to popular belief. She is swift-footed and strong.", "Nike was and is the official goddess of the Olympics. This Olympic medal from the most recent 2012 games testifies to that. Every Olympian that won a medal wore this depiction of the goddess Nike.", "\"Nike Athena: Lykourgos (Lycurgus) in the [speech] On the Priestess [mentions her]. That the xoanon of Nike, wingless, holding a pomegranate in her right hand and a helmet in her left, was worshipped by the Athenians Heliodoros the Periegete has shown in the first book of his On the Akropolis. Alternatively [she stands] allegorically for the notion that even winning is completely dependent on thought; for thought contributes to victory, but being thoughtless and impetuous while fighting leads to defeat. When she has wings she symbolizes that aspect of the mind that is sharp and, so to speak, swift-winged; but when she is depicted without wings she represents that aspect of it that is peaceful and quiet and civil, that by which the things of the earth flourish, a boon of which the pomegranate in her right hand is a representation. Just as the helmet in her left [is a representation] of battle. Thus she has the same capability as Athena.\"", "Besides the famous shoe company Nike , Project Nike , an American anti-aircraft missile system is named after the goddess Nike.", "Nike, Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, which is part of the Portland metropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008 (ending May 31, 2008). As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide.", "Nike features in the religious beliefs of the ancient Greeks which are based on the idea that these supernatural beings resembled mortals but possessed great magical and mystic powers. The following information, facts and profile provides a fast overview of Nike:", "Probably one of the most well known of the minor goddesses, she was the goddess of victory (and strength and speed) and was the daughter of Styx and Pallas. Her siblings were Kratos ( not that Kratos ), Bia, and Zelus. She and her companions were close to Zeus, and she herself was Zeus's divine charioteer who led him into battle with the Titans. Is noted for having wings, even into classical times and being a friend of Athena. While she doesn't have a planet, moon, or other celestial body named after her, she does have a brand of shoe! Her Roman counterpart was Victoria.", "What did each of these brand names originally represent? Athena, Nike, Vesta, Mercury, Vulcan, Flora, Mars.", "Introduction Nike is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing and selling of... footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. It is one of the world's largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$24.1 billion in its fiscal year 20. As of 2012, it employed more than...", "INTRODUCTION Nike, Inc .is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered... in the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon, near Beaverton. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of US$24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 (Ending May 2012).Nike and Precision Cast parts are the only Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the state of Oregon....", "NIKE – INTRODUCTION : Nike, Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The... company is headquartered in the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon, near Beaverton. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $16 billion USD in 2007. As of 2008, it employed over 30,000 people world-wide. Nike and Precision Castparts are the only Fortune 500 companies headquartered..." ]

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[ "The contras (some references use the capitalized form, \"Contras\") is a label given to the various U.S.-backed and funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to the early 1990s in opposition to the left-wing, socialist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction government in Nicaragua. Among the separate contra groups, the Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN) emerged as the largest by far. In 1987, virtually all contra organizations were united, at least nominally, into the Nicaraguan Resistance.", "The Contra War took place in the Central American nation of Nicaragua and lasted approximately from 1981 to 1988. The war began as a series of rebellions against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua that that overthrown the Somoza dictatorship in 1979. The various factions and armies involved in the Contra War against the Sandinistas cooperated very loosely and in general had their own agendas, which greatly hindered their common goal of removing the Sandinistas from power.", "After two and one-half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras was a haven for the anti-Communist contras fighting the Sandinista government of Nicaragua and an ally to Salvadoran government forces fighting against leftist guerrillas.", "The FSLN overthrew Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending the Somoza dynasty, and established a revolutionary government in its place. Following their seizure of power, the Sandinistas ruled Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as part of a Junta of National Reconstruction. Following the resignation of centrist members from this Junta, the FSLN took exclusive power in March 1981. They instituted a policy of mass literacy, devoted significant resources to health care, and promoted gender equality. A militia, known as the Contras was formed in 1981 to overthrow the Sandinista government and was funded and trained by the US Central Intelligence Agency. In 1984 elections were held but were boycotted by some opposition parties. The FSLN won the majority of the votes, and those who opposed the Sandinistas won approximately a third of the seats. The civil war between the Contras and the government continued until 1989. After revising the constitution in 1987 and after years of fighting the Contras the FSLN lost what many consider the first truly democratic election in 1990 to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, but retained a plurality of seats in the legislature.", "Sandinista guerrillas, leftists who took their name from Sandino, launched an offensive in 1979. After seven weeks of fighting, Somoza fled the country on July 17, 1979. The Sandinistas assumed power two days later. On Jan. 23, 1981, the Reagan administration suspended U.S. aid, charging that Nicaragua, with the aid of Cuba and the Soviet Union, was supplying arms to rebels in El Salvador. The Sandinistas denied the charges. Later that year, Nicaraguan guerrillas known as “Contras” began a war to overthrow the Sandinistas. Elections were finally held on Nov. 4, 1984, with Daniel Ortega, the Sandinista junta coordinator, winning the presidency. The war intensified in 1986–1987. Negotiations sponsored by the Contadora (neutral Latin American) nations foundered, but Costa Rican president Oscar Arias promoted a treaty signed by Central American leaders in Aug. 1987.", "Iran-contra affair, in U.S. history, secret arrangement in the 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels from profits gained by selling arms to Iran. The Iran-contra affair was the product of two separate initiatives during the administration of President Ronald Reagan . The first was a commitment to aid the contras who were conducting a guerrilla war against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua. The second was to placate \"moderates\" within the Iranian government in order to secure the release of American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon and to influence Iranian foreign policy in a pro-Western direction.", "Carazo’s fears were borne out in July 1979 when a Sandinista government supported by the governments of Cuba and East Germany seized power. 29 The Sandinistas quickly strengthened Nicaragua’s relationship with the Soviet Union as well. 30 One explanation for Sandinista success was previous US support for the Somozas. 31 The Reagan administration, objecting to the Sandinistas’ Communist sponsors as well as Sandinista support for rebels in El Salvador, armed and financed opponents of the Sandinistas, the Contras. Journalist Martha Honey has demonstrated conclusively that during the Reagan administration, the", "The Contras established operational bases in Honduras from which they launched hit-and-run raids throughout northern Nicaragua. The charismatic Ed�n Pastora abandoned the Sandinista revolution in July 1981 and formed his own guerrilla group, which operated in the southern part of Nicaragua from bases in Costa Rica. The United Nicaraguan Opposition operated in the northwest, the Opposition Block of the South operated in the southeast, and the Nicaraguan Coast Indian Unity operated in the northwest. Although the Sandinista army was larger and better equipped than the Contras, the antigovernment campaign became a serious threat to the FSLN government, largely through damage to the economy.", "The Contra war unfolded differently in the northern and southern zones of Nicaragua. Contras based in Costa Rica operated in Nicaragua�s Atlantic Coast, which is sparsely populated by indigenous groups including the Miskito, Sumu, Rama, Garifuno, and Mestizo. Unlike Spanish-speaking western Nicaragua, the Atlantic Coast is predominantly English-speaking and was largely ignored by the Somoza regime. The coste�os did not participate in the uprising against Somoza and viewed Sandinismo with suspicion from the outset.", "Upon assuming office in 1981, U.S. President Ronald Reagan condemned the FSLN for joining with Cuba in supporting Marxist revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries such as El Salvador. His administration authorised the CIA to begin financing, arming and training the remnants of Somoza�s National Guard as anti-Sandinista guerrillas that were branded \"counter-revolutionary\" by leftists. (contrarrevolucionarios in Spanish) This was inevitably shortened to Contras, a label the anti-Communist forces chose to embrace.", "In 1981, United States President Ronald Reagan accused the FSLN of joining with Soviet-backed Cuba in supporting Marxist revolutionary movements in other Latin American countries such as El Salvador. People within the Reagan administration authorized the Central Intelligence Agency to begin financing, arming and training rebels, some of whom were former officers from Somoza's National Guard, as anti-Sandinista guerrillas. These were known collectively as the Contras. This also led to one of the largest political scandals in US history, (the Iran Contra Affair), when Oliver North and several members of the Reagan administration defied the Boland Amendment, selling arms to Iran and then using the proceeds to fund the Contras. Soon the country was in a civil war that claimed 30,000 Nicaraguan lives. ", "Using an initial budget of US$19 million and camps in southern Honduras as a staging area, the United States supported groups of disgruntled former members of the National Guards. These groups became known as the Contras (short for contrarevolucionarios). The Contras initially consisted of former members of the National Guards who had fled to Honduras after the fall of President Somoza. By the end of 1981, however, the group's membership had multiplied because peasants from the north and ethnic groups from the Caribbean coast had joined in the counterrevolutionary war. Nevertheless, early Contra leadership was represented mostly by former members of the National Guard; this fact made the movement highly unpopular among most Nicaraguans.", "At the same time, a disillusioned Sandinista commander, Eden Pastora, set up an opposition base in Honduras to the north. Both groups became known as the \"contras\", that is counter-revolutionary forces.", "After the U.S. Congress prohibited federal funding of the contras in 1983, the Reagan administration continued to back them by covertly selling arms to Iran and channeling the proceeds to the contras (the Iran–Contra affair ). [66] The International Court of Justice , in regard to the case of Nicaragua v. United States in 1984, found, “the United States of America was under an obligation to make reparation to the Republic of Nicaragua for all injury caused to Nicaragua by certain breaches of obligations under customary international law and treaty-law committed by the United States of America”. [67] During the war between the contras and the Sandinistas, 30,000 people were killed. [68]", "But Nicaragua was exhausted economically and psychologically. So the Sandinistas began talks with the Contra, and prepared for a new election campaign. With the support of the US , an anti-Sandinista coalition was formed – the National Opposition Union (UNO). Under its leader Violeta Chamorro, it won the legislative elections of 25 February 1990. During the election campaign the FSLN still had 53% support, according to opinion polls. Then came the US invasion of Panama (3). According to Suarez: “The war had become less intensive because of the negotiations with the Contra, and so the number of casualties had gone down. We could at last see the end of the tunnel. But when the US invaded Panama , tanks surrounded the US embassy in Managua and armed Sandinistas came out on to the streets in solidarity with Panama . Two days later an opinion poll showed our support had plummeted to 34%. It was too late then to change opinion: the prospect of a return", "The Revolution marked a significant period in Nicaraguan history and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War with the events in the country rising to international attention. Although the initial overthrow of the Somoza regime in 1978–79 was a bloody affair, the Contra War of the 1980s took the lives of tens of thousands of Nicaraguans and was the subject of fierce international debate. During the 1980s both the FSLN (a Leftist collection of political parties) and the Contras (a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups) received large amounts of aid from the Cold War super-powers (respectively, the Soviet Union and the United States).", "October 5, 1986 - Former U.S. Marine Eugene Hasenfus was captured by Nicaraguan Sandinistas after a plane carrying arms for the Nicaraguan rebels (Contras) was shot down over Nicaragua. This marked the beginning of the \"Iran-Contra\" controversy resulting in Congressional hearings and a major scandal for the Reagan White House after it was revealed that money from the sale of arms to Iran was used to fund covert operations in Nicaragua.", "After the formal unification of the FSLN in March 1979, fighting broke out all over the country. The Sandinistas now had weapons from Venezuela, Panama, and Cuba and in May 1979, the FSLN planned its final offensive.", "In 1989, Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega met with the presidents of El Salvador, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala to hammer out a peace plan for his nation. In exchange for promises from the other nations to close down Contra bases within their borders, Ortega agreed to free elections within a year. These were held on February 26, 1990. Ortega and the Sandinistas suffered a stunning defeat when Violeta Barrios de Chamarro, widow of a newspaper editor assassinated during the Somoza years, polled over 55 percent of the presidential vote. The opposition also captured the National Assembly.", "Daniel Ortega, in full José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (born November 11, 1945, La Libertad , Nicaragua ), Nicaraguan guerrilla leader, member of the Sandinista junta that took power in 1979, and the elected president of Nicaragua (1984–90, 2007– ).", "Reasons for the Sandinista loss in 1990 are disputed. Defenders of the defeated government assert that Nicaraguans voted for the opposition due to the continuing U.S. economic embargo and potential Contra threat. Others have alleged that the United States threatened to continue to support the Contras and continue the civil war if the regime was not voted out of power. ", "The Sandinistas, named after Nicaraguan resistance leader Augusto Cesar Sandino, was set up in 1962 by Carlos Fonseca Amador, Silvio Mayorga and Tomas Borge. For the last seven years they have waged a civil war against the Somoza government.", "The Sandinistas won the Nicaraguan general elections of 1984, which were judged to have been free and fair. The Reagan administration criticized the elections as a \"sham\" based on the charge that Arturo Cruz, the candidate nominated by the Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense, comprising three right wing political parties, did not participate in the elections. However, the administration privately argued against Cruz's participation for fear his involvement would legitimize the elections, and thus weaken the case for American aid to the contras. According to Martin Kriele, the results of the election were rigged. ", "The U.S. remained unhappy about the removal by the Somoza family and the Reagan administration supported a heavily armed counterrevolutionary movement against the Sandinistas. They were called the \"Contras\" and they terrorized the countryside and inflicted great damage to the already weak economy.", "Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.", "Nicaragua – Daniel Ortega's Sandinista lost the multi-party elections in 1990, and the National Opposition Union won.", "During the Iran-Contra period from 1981-1987, Floridian John \"Jeb\" Bush was the White House contact to the Miami-based Contras. From the NSA archive as George Washington University comes this expose of their activities: Cocaine, Contras, Covert Ops <cocaine_contras_gwu.htm>.", "Meanwhile relations with the USA deteriorated. The US ended aid in 1981 and introduced a trade embargo in 1985. (It was lifted in 1990). Daniel Ortega (Sandanista) was elected president in 2006. He was re-elected in 2011.", "Although the goals of the challenge groups-local autonomy, political pluralism, demilitarization of the state, an end to conscription, and land to work-were in principle met through the 1990 elections, they had not been fully realized even two years later. In the West demobilized soldiers re- verted to armed threat, as recontras (former Con tras) and recompas (former Sandinista military), to press their demands for land and jobs. On the Atlantic Coast, the indigenous peoples pressing for implementation of the Autonomy Law have not generally reverted to armed threat in their conflict with the national government. By April 1992, all opponents in the East and West were resolving their disputes through negotiation and disarmament agreements.5", "Subsequently, the administration of President George Bush abandoned any effort to secure military aid for the contras. The Bush administration also supported the opposition political coalition, led by Violetta Chamorro, which won an astonishing upset election over the Sandinistas in February 1990.", "The FSLN called for national elections and their leaders formed a leftist political party, that later, in 1984, won the election by a comfortable gap. However, the war incremented the public distress and errors committed by the Sandinista government caused the enrollment of many ‘campesinos’ (peasants) to the Contra (mainly in the Caribbean coast).", "* – Daniel Ortega's Sandinista lost the multi-party elections in 1990, and the National Opposition Union won." ]

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[ "In the United States, September 29 is celebrated as National Coffee Day. In Costa Rica, it’s September 12; in Ireland, it’s September 19; and in Japan, it’s October 1.[1][6]", "International Talk Like A Pirate Day is a parody holiday annually held on September 19. Celebrated for the first time in 1995, the fun holiday encourages people to talk and dress like the sea plunderers of yesteryears.", "* September 19 – James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States in 1881. (born 1831)", "International Day of Peace has been observed for the last six years by hundreds of participants. The event commemorates the United Nations' observance of September 21 as a day for international peace and cease-fire. Participants hold a rally at Maritime Heritage Park, and then marched to an event at First Congregational Church.[http://www.unitedforpeace.org/calendar.php?calid=22171 United for Peace & Justice: Events][http://www.bellinghamherald.com/102/story/185659.html Bellingham, Whatcom County Local News | Bellingham Herald]", "3rd complementary day: La Fête du Travail , \"Celebration of Labour\", on 19 or 20 September", "Chile's most important holiday commemorates the country's first step toward independence from Spain. It is celebrated on September 18 and 19. Every city in the country takes part in the festivities. Decorations and parades are planned weeks in advance.", "* 2nd complementary day: La Fête du Génie, \"Celebration of Talent\", on 18 or 19 September", "Yes, Monday is Labor Day in the United States and we celebrate it as a major holiday; one of those “real” holidays when the banks are closed, the mail is not delivered, and kids stay home from school. I have been asked many times by my foreign friends and colleagues why is it that we celebrate Labor Day in September instead of May 1st. like most countries in Europe, Latin America, and elsewhere do. Then, the second question that always follows the one above is: “But the labor movement celebrated with an international holiday on May 1st. commemorates the events of Chicago in 1886…”", "Calendar notes: On this date in 1789, Mutiny on the Bounty occured. Lieutenant William Bligh and 18 sailors were set adrift and the rebel crew returned to Tahiti briefly and then set sail for Pitcairn Island. In 1930, the first night game in organized baseball history took place in Independence, Kansas. In 1967, Muhammad Ali refused induction into the US Army and was stripped of boxing title. He cited religious grounds for his refusal. In 1969, Charles de Gaulle resigned as President of France. In 1987, on a plane that was returning to Boston from Miami, Ozzy Osbourne bought three rounds of drinks for everybody and sang Crazy Train over the PA system.", "Sep 1 Independence Day (Mustaqillik Kuni), remembering the proclamation of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991", "The 2012 Summer Paralympics, the fourteenth Summer Paralympic Games, and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games, were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), that took place in London, England from 29 August to 9 September 2012. These Paralympics were one of the largest multi-sport events ever held in the United Kingdom after the 2012 Summer Olympics, and were the largest Paralympics ever: 4,302 athletes from 164 National Paralympic Committees participated, with fourteen countries appearing in the Paralympics for the first time ever. A total of 503 events in 20 sports were held during these games; for the first time since their suspension after the 2000 Paralympics, events for the intellectually disabled were also held in selected sports.", "Tomorrow is the Equinoctial Earth Day as designated by the United Nations. This is celebrated on the March equinox (around 20th of March) and marks the moment of astronomical mid-spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical mid-autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is the moment in time when the centre of the Sun can be observed to be directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures the equinoxes and solstices are considered to separate the seasons.", "May 21–September 30 – Expo '98 is held in Lisbon, Portugal, with the title \"Oceans, an Heritage for the Future\". UNESCO had previously declared 1998 to be the International Year of the Oceans due to the Expo, which 12 million people attend.", "* September 1 – Frederick Russell Burnham, American Scout, father of the international Scouting movement (b. 1861)", "* September 29 – Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)", "The 2012 Summer Paralympics, the fourteenth Summer Paralympic Games, and also more generally known as the London 2012 Paralympic Games, were a major international multi-sport event for athletes with disabilities governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), that took place in London, England from 29 August to 9 September 2012.", "September 17, 2017 (sunday)  Constitution Day & Citizenship Day. [Sept 17th every year] If on a saturday or sunday, it's observed on work day closest to the 17th.", "September 18 – A North Korean Sang-O class submarine runs aground in South Korea . The crew are described as spys by the South Korean government and killed by the South Korean military.", "The equinoctial Earth Day is celebrated on the March equinox (around March 20) to mark the precise moment of astronomical spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is that point in time (not a whole day) when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures, the equinoxes and solstices are considered to start or separate the seasons.", "* February 26 – Secretary General U Thant signs the United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.", "September 9 – The United Nations General Assembly elects Didier Opertiri ofUruguay as president for its 53rd session.", "October 12 is known as the Dia de la Raza, or National Day of Spain, as well as the Dia de la Hispanidad — Hispanic Day — in Spain and Latin America. Argentina marks October 12 as the Day of Respect for Cultural Diversity and the Bahamas celebrate Discovery Day, \"which commemorates the first landfall of the great navigator Christopher Columbus,\" Bahamas.com states.", "United Nations Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945.", "Flevoland (Holland), the Netherlands, 1995, 28,960 participants and staff from 166 countries andterritories, including 34 countries where Scouting is starting or restarting. This representation of countries is the largest ever. Theme: \"Future is Now\". Highlights: Jamboree Friendship Award,Inter-religious ceremony on violence and peace, 2nd Global Development Village (GDV) with thesupport of Scout associations, NGOs and UN specialized agencies, in particular UNHCR and UNICEF.Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations by a Scout Forum and communication bysatellite with UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali. The event was officially opened by H.M.Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and her husband Prince Claus. The Jamboree was visited by H.M.the King of Sweden, Princess Basma of Jordan and Mrs. Sadako Ogata, United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees, who inaugurated the Global Development Village.", "* UN Chinese Language Day: first celebrated 12 November now set on 20 April (\"to pay tribute to Cang Jie\" )", "Friday, October 24  -   Celebrating UN Day: From the League of Nations to the UN Today", "Today is Autumn Equinox Day in Japan, a national holiday.   Many Japanese visit their family tombs on this day in the middle of the week of higan (a seven-day period spanning both the spring and autumn equinoxes) to pay their respects to their ancestors.   People tend the family tomb and leave flowers, incense and ohagi - sweet rice balls covered with soybean paste - as it is a well known fact that ancestors' spirits prefer round food.   If today is a Sunday, the holiday is observed on Monday, September 24.", "Take note that since they are all located to the west of the International Date Line, eastern Asia, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand will experience the transit on the calendar date of November 9.   For all of these locations, it will be morning and with the exceptions of New Zealand, easternmost Australia and Tasmania, the Sun will rise with Mercury already on its disk.", "In 2006, The Mensa World Gathering [11] was held from 8 August to 13 August in Orlando , Florida to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Mensa. An estimated 2,500 attenders from over 30 countries gathered for this celebration. The International Board of Directors also had a formal meeting there.", "January 19 Damien Chazelle, American film director and screenwriter Rika Ishikawa, Japanese singer and host of television and radio programs", "TODAY IN HISTORY (AP) — Today is Sunday, Oct. 21, the 295th day of 2012. There are 71 days left in the year. Today’s Highlight: On Oct. 21, 1962, the Seattle World’s Fair closed after six months and nearly 10 million visitors. (President John F. Kennedy, scheduled to attend the closing ceremony, canceled because of what was described as a “head cold” the actual reason turned out to be the Cuban Missile Crisis.)", "^ \"IOC President to meet with world leaders\". Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009." ]

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[ "It was on this date, September 22, 1827, that the resurrected being described as the angel Moroni appeared to Joseph Smith and eventually revealed the location of golden tablets containing the Book of Mormon beneath a hill in Palmyra, New York. Moroni is supposed to have been a prophet who lived in North America in the late 4th century. The golden plates were compiled and abridged by Moroni’s father, Mormon, a Nephite warrior but also a prophet. The Book of Mormon was purported to be the story of ancient Americans known as Nephites and Lamanites, records buried in a hill called Cumorah centuries ago.", "Sept. 22, Angel Moroni gives Smith the Golden Plates and instructs him on how to begin the translation process which will later become the Book of Mormon .", "Three years later, Smith claimed that he was visited by the angel \"Moroni\" who revealed to him the whereabouts of certain plates of gold which were alleged to be the scriptures and sacred writings of the inhabitants of the Americas. Smith unearthed the plates, and in 1827 began the process of translating them from a language he called \"Reformed Egyptian\" to English. Thus, from this, he produced the Book of Mormon, which was published in 1830.", "1827 - Joseph Smith is purportedly shown by an angel the burial site of engraved golden plates that tell the story of American prophets living in the New World.", "Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, but by 1817, he had moved with his family to the burned-over district of western New York, a site of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. According to Smith, he experienced a series of visions, including one in which he saw \"two personages\" (presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ) and others in which an angel named Moroni directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the Book of Mormon. The same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called \"Latter Day Saints\", or \"Mormons\", and in 1838, Smith announced a revelation that renamed the church as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.", "Religious differences within the family and over religious revivals in the Palmyra area left Smith perplexed about where to find a church. When he was 14, he prayed for help, and, according to his own account, God and Jesus Christ appeared to him. In answer to his question about which was the right church, they told him that all the churches were wrong. Although a local minister to whom he related the vision dismissed it as a delusion , Smith continued to believe in its authenticity. In 1823 he received another revelation: while praying for forgiveness, he later reported, an angel calling himself Moroni appeared in his bedroom and told him about a set of golden plates containing a record of the ancient inhabitants of America. Smith found the plates buried in a stone box not far from his father’s farm. Four years later, the angel permitted him to remove the plates and instructed him to translate the characters engraved on their surfaces with the aid of special stones called “interpreters.” Smith insisted that he did not compose the book but merely “translated” it under divine guidance. Completing the work in less than 90 days, he published it in March 1830 as a 588-page volume called the Book of Mormon .", "The church was founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, a farm boy in upstate New York. Smith said he was directed to a set of golden plates that contained a record of ancient inhabitants of the Americas who had migrated from Jerusalem. Smith said he translated this record with divine help and published it as the Book of Mormon. The book tells of a visit by the resurrected Jesus to these inhabitants in the Western Hemisphere, which is why its subtitle reads “Another Testament of Jesus Christ.”", "1827: Joseph Smith, the son of a poor New England farmer, claimed that an angel had given him some golden plates. He translated them into the Book of Mormon, and the Mormon sect was formed as a result.", "Smith said the angel Moroni appeared at his bedside in one of the visions and told him of a book written on gold plates, detailing the origins of North America's early inhabitants. Smith said the plates contained the everlasting gospel that was delivered by the savior to the continent's ancient Indian tribes.", "Some time in July 1831, two men [Elders Samuel H. Smith and Reynolds Cahoon] came to Paris and held an evening meeting, only a few attended, but among the others, I was there. They delivered some ideas which appeared very strange to me at that time. They said that in September 1827 an angel appeared to Joseph Smith (in Ontario Co., New York) and showed to him the confusion on the earth respecting true religion. It also told him to go a few miles distant to a certain hill and there he should find some plates with engravings, which (if he was faithful) he should be enabled to translate. He went as directed and found plates (which had the appearance of fine gold) about 8 inches long, 5 or 6 wide and altogether about 6 inches thick; each one about as thick as thin pasteboard, fastened together and opened in the form of a book containing engravings of reformed Egyptian hieroglyphical characters which he was inspired to translate and the record was published in 1830 and is called the Book of Mormon. It is a record which was kept on this continent by the ancient inhabitants. Those men had this book with them and they told us about it, and also of the rise of the church (which is now called Mormonites from their faith in this book etc.). [17]", "Smith pretended that he had found some golden or brass plates, like the leaves of a book, hid in a box in the earth, to which he was directed by an Angel, in 1827,—that the writing on them was in the “Reformed Egyptian language,”—that he was inspired to interpret the writing, or engraving, by putting a plate in his hat, putting two smooth flat stones, which he found in the box, in the hat, and putting his face therein—that he could not write, but as he translated, one Oliver Cowdery wrote it down. [177]", "During the late 1820s Joseph Smith, Jr. revealed that an angel had given him a book of golden plates containing a religious history of ancient American peoples. Smith translated the writing on the plates from an unknown language into English; and in 1830, he published the translation as the Book of Mormon and organized a restoration of the early Christian church.", "Moroni told Smith that some gold plates containing a sacred 1,400 year-old text were buried on a hill nearby. The angel told Smith to go dig on the hill, which he did. Smith dug up a box that contained the gold plates. When he tried to take them, they disappeared.", "In September of 1823, Joseph experienced a visitation from an ancient prophet, a man who had lived and died in the Hemisphere centuries earlier. This resurrected man, who said his name was Moroni , directed Joseph to a hill near Palmyra, where he showed him a religious history of an ancient American civilization engraved on metal plates and buried in the ground. It was four years before Joseph was permitted to take the record and translate it. It is known today as the Book of Mormon , named for one of the ancient prophets who had compiled it. The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ was first published in 1830.", "Smith said that on the night of September 21, 1823, Moroni appeared to him and told him about the golden plates that were buried in a stone box a few miles from Smith's home. Smith said that the same angel visited him various times over the course of the next six years; Smith also said that the angel visited him to retrieve the golden plates after Smith had finished translated a portion of the writing on the plates into the Book of Mormon.", "Sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement. According to Smith’s account, and written in the book itself, it was originally written in otherwise unknown characters referred to as “reformed Egyptian” on golden plates. Smith said that he received these plates in 1827 from an angel named Moroni, whom Smith identified as a resurrected indigenous American who wrote part of the book over a millennium ago. According to Smith, this ancient Moroni buried the plates in a hill near Smith’s home in Manchester, New York.", "Hill Cumorah Monument commemorating the location where Joseph Smith received the golden plates from the Angel Moroni. The plates were translated and later became the Book of Mormon", "Book of Mormon : The sacred text of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) , along with the Bible . It is said that the angel Moroni led church founder Joseph Smith to golden plates in 1827. According to Smith, the angel gave him gold plates that were engraved in what Smith describes as a reformed Egyptian language. The angel also gave him two divining stones, the Urim and Thummim, which were used to translate the text. The Book of Mormon tells the story of two groups of people: the Jeradites and the Israelites. According to the story, both groups came to America, although at different times, and both groups were eventually destroyed, with Native Americans as the last remnants of the Israelites in America. In the book, Jesus visits the New World after his resurrection and before his ascension. These revelations were officially published in 1830. Smith also received other revelations, including the Book of Moses, the Book of Abraham, and an alternate translation of the Bible (Melton 2009: 635-636).", "Note 8: Around the turn of the century the old neighbors' recollections of events at Miner's Hill began to take on a surrealistic tone. Following Tucker's 1867 lead, the survivors and their interviewers seemed convinced that Joseph Smith did his Book of Mormon translation in a hidden chamber, such as the one he dug in Miner's Hill. Palmyra historian Thomas Cook says, in his Palmyra and Vicinity, that Smith encountered his ministering angel in \"a cave. There he would meet him and reveal to him the hieroglyphics on the golden plates.\" Walter H. McIntosh, in his History of Wayne Co., N. Y., states that the final stage of the Book of Mormon translation \"was effected... within a cave dug in the east side of the forest hill.\" Accounts by Daniel Hendrix were published in 1899 and 1905 , in which he asserted that", "According to Smith, he found the plates after he was directed to them by a heavenly messenger whom he later identified as the angel Moroni. According to the story, the angel first visited Smith's bedroom late at night, on September 22 in 1822 or 1823. Moroni told Smith that the plates could be found buried in a prominent hill near his home, later called Cumorah, a name found in the Book of Mormon. Before dawn, Moroni reappeared two more times and repeated the information. ", "Joseph Smith claimed that in 1823 he was visited by an angel named Moroni and that this angel told him that \"there was a book deposited, written upon gold plates, giving an account of the former inhabitants of this continent, and the source from whence they sprang\" (Joseph Smith History 1:34). The gold plates were said to be buried in a stone box not far from the Smith family home. Smith had to wait another four years before he was allowed to retrieve the record. Once he received the plates, he was commanded not to allow just anybody to view them. He carefully chose eleven men who believed in his divine calling to become \"eyewitnesses\" to this grand event. Their \"testimonies\" are found in the front of every modern edition of the Book of Mormon and are broken down into two categories:", "In Latter Day Saint belief, Moroni was resurrected after his death and became an angel who directed Smith to the location of the buried golden plates in the 1820s.", "They have a revelation of their own, which, they affirm, was given to the people of this continent, (the Indians,) on plates, and deposited in the earth, and kept concealed in the earth of the Lord, till the fulfilment of its time, which has now been accomplished: and to prove that Joseph Smith is that wonderful prophet, to whom these marvellous plates and their profound mysteries [263] should be revealed, they recite the 29th chapter of Isaiah, saying that the prophet Smith is that unlearned man, to whom the book was given to read, and he said I cannot, for I am not learned! But this difficulty was soon removed by the spirit which came upon him, and blest him with the gift of tongues. The book then was clearly opened to his understanding, and he translated it to one of the witnesses, who wrote it in our language. [ check spelling ] [57]", "There have been two conflicting accounts as to the name of the angel. Initially, Smith merely referred to \"an angel\" without identifying its name. Thus, in an 1831 letter from Lucy Mack Smith to her brother, she discusses Moroni as the person who buried the plates, but does not identify him as the unnamed \"holy angel\" that gave Smith the means to translate the golden plates. In Smith's 1832 history, he said he was visited by \"an angel of the Lord\", who mentioned the Book of Mormon prophet \"Moroni\" as the last engraver of the golden plates; however, Smith's account did not say whether or not the angel was referring to himself as Moroni. ", "In July of 1835 a man by the name of Michael Chandler brought some Egyptian mummies and papyri which had been excavated near the ancient city of Thebes to Kirtland, OH, and sold them to Joseph Smith. Although Smith had no knowledge of the ancient Egyptian language or writing, he nevertheless “translated” some of these papyri, and in 1842 published the results along with three “facsimiles” (with interpretations) as the Book of Abraham. In 1880, thirty-six years after Smith’s death, this work was incorporated as Part 2 of the LDS Church’s scripture known as The Pearl of Great Price. In Smith’s “translation” the patriarch Abraham tells a story of traveling from Chaldea to Egypt, where a priest lays him on an altar to sacrifice him, but he is miraculously saved by an angel of God; he gives a discourse about the universe, time, and stars, including the star/planet Kolob, which is closest to the throne of God; and he provides a polytheistic paraphrase of the first two chapters of Genesis which substitutes the word “Gods” for the biblical “God” and “Lord God.”", "Smith claimed that as early as 1823 the \"Angel Moroni\" had appeared to him and told him that he would find golden plates which he should be able to translate, but it was not until the night of September 22, 1826 [sic], that, according to the faithful, the golden plates were taken from the \"Hill Cumorah.\" Smith, according to his own story, at once hid the plates in the woods, but was able to translate them at a distance by means of his \"peek stone\" and beaver hat. It is said that he dictated his translation to Oliver Cowdry, one of his three followers.", "There have been two conflicting accounts as to the name of the angel. Initially, Smith merely referred to \"an angel\" without identifying its name. Thus, in an 1831 letter from Lucy Mack Smith to her brother, she discusses Moroni as the person who buried the plates, but does not identify him as the unnamed \"holy angel\" that gave Smith the means to translate the golden plates. In Smith's 1832 history, he said he was visited by \"an angel of the Lord\", who mentioned the Book of Mormon prophet \"Moroni\" as the last engraver of the golden plates; however, Smith's account did not say whether or not the angel was referring to himself as Moroni. See: Gold Plates", "Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, in which an angel showed him the golden plates. Martin Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day, and Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect. They became known as the Three Witnesses, and their testimony has been published with nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon.", "Smith said the angel, Moroni, had also given him special glasses that allowed him to \"read\" the characters on the plates. Using these magic \"interpreters,\" he transcribed 116 pages of the story they told. Then, a neighbor whose wife was skeptical that Smith was actually \"translating\" anything borrowed the manuscript to persuade her. The manuscript disappeared. The prevailing theory is that the neighbor's wife, furious that her husband was being taken in by a con man, destroyed it.", "The Book of Mormon itself portrays the golden plates as a historical record, engraved by two pre-Columbian prophet-historians from around the year AD 400: Mormon and his son Moroni. Mormon and Moroni, the book says, had abridged earlier historical records from other sets of metal plates. Their script, according to the book, was described as \"reformed Egyptian,\" a language unknown to linguists or Egyptologists. Scholarly reference works on languages do not acknowledge the existence of either a \"reformed Egyptian\" language or \"reformed Egyptian\" script as it has been described in Mormon belief. No archaeological, linguistic, or other evidence of the use of Egyptian writing in ancient America has been discovered. ", "Smith said that the angel returned the plates to him on September 22, 1828, and he resumed dictation in April 1829, after he met Oliver Cowdery, who replaced Harris as his scribe. They worked full time on the manuscript between April and early June 1829, and then moved to Fayette, New York, where they continued to work at the home of Cowdery's friend Peter Whitmer. When the narrative described an institutional church and a requirement for baptism, Smith and Cowdery baptized each other. Dictation was completed around July 1, 1829. ", "In the words of Mormon historian Richard Bushman, \"For most modern readers, the [golden] plates are beyond belief, a phantasm, yet the Mormon sources accept them as fact.\" Because Smith said he returned the plates to the angel Moroni after he finished translating them, their authenticity cannot be determined by physical examination." ]

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[ "The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS) established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony were presented on January 25, 1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, but solely to honor shows produced and aired locally in the Los Angeles area. Shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony.", "The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place in 1949 and honored only Los Angeles-based programming. Coverage ran inside the Los Angeles Times, on Page 4, under the headline “Television Arts Academy Makes First Awards.” The story ran without a photo and was all of five paragraphs — a contrast with recent coverage featuring the red carpet, reviews of the show, the winners, the losers and everything in between. Take a look back at how Oscar’s sister Emmy has grown. (Key acting winners are highlighted for each year.)", "The awards ceremony was first broadcast to radio in 1930 and televised in 1953. It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Oscars is the oldest entertainment awards ceremony; its equivalents, the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theatre, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording, are modeled after the Academy Awards. ", "In May 1959, at a star-studded banquet in the Beverly Hilton, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences handed out 28 Grammys. The academy, founded two years earlier, was a relative latecomer to the awards game, with the first Oscars having been handed out 30 years earlier and the first Emmys 10 years prior. The number of Grammy categories once grew to more than 100, but now stands at 83. Explore our reverse chronology below, with key winners highlighted for each year.", "Then viewer Steve Harris of Anaheim, California expressed his disappointment over the programs and actors that recently received award nominations. \"I have but one comment concerning this year's Emmy nominations -- ho hum! Never has so much trivia been nominated for so many categories,\" he complained. \"One question to the Academy -- what happened to The Prisoner? It was the first series in years that had something meaningful to say, whether you believed it or not. And it padded its message with a most diverting and unusual storyline. It seems that Patrick McGoohan keeps giving the finest performances on the tube, but is constantly ignored.\" 29 (Hopefully, Mr. Harris felt vindicated when McGoohan later won Emmys in 1975 and 1990, both for his work on Columbo.)", "* 1987 - Emmy Award: Outstanding Individual Performance In A Variety Or Music Program, \"Carol Burnett Special: Carol, Carl, Whoopi & Robin\"[http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltextrobin+williams&field_is_winner%5B1%5D", "1972: \"All in the Family,\" Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton win at the 24th Emmy Awards.", "Best: Neil Patrick Harris – It wasn't a slam-dunk success, but Neil Patrick Harris had his moments while emceeing the 2015 Academy Awards ceremony. The versatile entertainer came out on stage in his underwear, revealed his fake Oscar \"predictions\" and mocked the nominees' lack of diversity with jokes about \"the best and the whitest.\"", "Neil Patrick Harris was born June 15, 1973, in Albuquerque, N.M. At age 15, he earned a Golden Globe nod playing a troubled youth in Clara's Heart (opposite Whoopi Goldberg). A year later, Harris found TV stardom as a teen genius who becomes a doctor on \"Doogie Howser, M.D.,\" receiving another Golden Globe nomination.", "Aired from 1977 to 1982, Lou Grant won 13 Emmy Awards, including \"Outstanding Drama Series\". Asner won the Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series\" in 1978 and 1980. In doing so, he became the first person to win an Emmy Award for both \"Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series\" and \"Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series\" for portraying the same character. Lou Grant also won two Golden Globe Awards, a Peabody Award, an Eddie Award, three awards from the Directors Guild of America and two Humanitas Prizes.", "The awards were hosted for the first time by Bob Hope, an english born entertainer. Paramount Pictures signed Hope for the 1938 film The Big Broadcast of 1938. During a duet with Shirley Ross as accompanied by Shep Fields and his orchestra, Hope introduced the bittersweet song later to become his trademark, \"Thanks for the Memory\", which became a major hit and was praised by critics. The sentimental and fluid nature of the music allowed Hope's writers (whom he is said to have depended upon heavily throughout his career) to later invent endless variations of the", "Neil Patrick Harris, the host of the Tony Awards show at Radio City Music Hall, performed with cast members of “Kinky Boots” during the opening number on Sunday night. Credit Sara Krulwich/The New York Times", "– The Emmy folks are considering pre-recording a handful of categories’ winners and inserting them into the live Neil Patrick Harris-hosted telecast on Sept. 20. Organizers are calling the idea “time-shifting” those awards’ presentations … really, Emmy people? If those award categories (which includes the drama writing category for which Mad Men nabbed four of five nominations) aren’t deemed important enough to air live, why air them at all during the main Emmy telecast?", "The January 22 �All Night� show, with host Elliott Gould and musical guest Anne Murray (from the 1975-76 season), won the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy/Variety or Music series. The January 29 show features Candice Bergen/Frank Zappa, from the 1976-77 season. The February 5 show features Steve Martin/Blues Brothers from the 1977-78 season, and February 12 features Richard Benjamin/Rickie Lee Jones from 1978-79 season. All were nominated for Outstanding Comedy-Variety or Music series. The episode on February 19 with host Teri Garr and music from The B-52�s (from 1979-80) was nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy-Variety or Music series.", "powered the show to a 10-year ratings high. But critics were scathing about Harris’ stewardship of this year’s three-and-a-half hour Academy Awards show, including his stripping to his briefs in a skit about best picture winner Birdman. Most liked is his opening song and dance number, and his first joke about honoring “Hollywood’s best and whitest”, a reference to the lack of non-white among the nominees. In theory, Harris was as qualified as it’s possible to be. He has won four Primetime Emmys for hosting Broadway’s Tony awards. But the Washington Post wrote: “It was bound to happen eventually. Neil Patrick Harris, the man who can host anything, finally stumbled. Even stripped to his skivvies in a Birdman parody ... (Harris) couldn’t deliver quite all the thrills needed to get through the three-hour, 38-minute Oscar folderol without a yawn,” it added.", "Here's a vintage clip - the very first televised Oscar ceremony, held on March 19, 1953.  The host, of course, was Bob Hope.  (The running time of that show, by the way?  an hour and 32 minutes.)", "Arthur received the second most nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series with nine (9). Only Mary Tyler Moore, with ten (10) nominations, has more. She received the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series twice, once in 1977 for Maude and again in 1988 for The Golden Girls. She was inducted into the Academy's Television Hall of Fame in 2008. ", "*The ceremony was nominated in five categories at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, 22 September 2013 in Los Angeles:", " The first Emmy Awards are presented, and the Canadian government establishes an interim policy for television, announcing loans for CBC television development.", "In 1971 Harris starred in a BBC TV film adaptation \"The Snow Goose\", from a screenplay by Paul Gallico. It won a Golden Globe for Best Movie made for TV and was nominated for both a BAFTA and an Emmy. and was shown in the U.S. as part of the Hallmark Hall of Fame.", "In July 2004, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 56th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Louis J. Horvitz's direction of the telecast. ", "The British Academy Television Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).They have been awarded annually since 1955. Adele has been nominated once.", "2007 - The 79th Academy Awards ceremony, hosted by Ellen DeGeneres, takes place at the Kodak Theater in Hollywood. The Departed wins Best Picture.", "The second Emmy banquet is held at the Ambassador Hotel to bigger fanfare than its predecessor, although names of the winners are leaked to many audience members before the ceremony. Ed Wynn is the toast of the program with awards for most outstanding live personality and best live show. Milton Berle wins for “most outstanding kinescoped personality.”", "Emmy award ceremonies have sometimes been painful ordeals but this year appears to have been a triumph and Lynch a successful presenter – with one winning line: \"A lot of people are curious why I'm a lesbian. Ladies and gentlemen … the cast of Entourage.\"", "The night is supposed to belong to the HBO series “Six Feet Under,” but the show is largely snubbed, winning only two of 23 nominations. Meanwhile, “Friends” wins its first comedy series award. And Rudolph Giuliani presents the Governors Award to ABC, CBS, Fox and NBC for the Sept. 11-themed celebrity-studded fundraiser “America: A Tribute to Heroes.” Oprah Winfrey is the first recipient of the Bob Hope Humanitarian Award. But the night’s critical favorite is ceremony host Conan O’Brien.", "The ceremony is held seven weeks late after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks occur five days before the originally scheduled date. Barbra Streisand sings “You’ll Never Walk Alone” at the close of the show, hosted by Ellen DeGeneres at the Shubert Theatre. “I’m in a unique position as host because, think about it, what would bug the Taliban more than seeing a gay woman in a suit surrounded by Jews?” DeGeneres jokes. “The West Wing” and “Sex and the City” are the night’s big winners.", "Kate Winslet was another winner at the Emmys ceremony, which was hosted by Glee's Jane Lynch.", "It was generally a well recieved night for the Emmy Awards, read up on who won and what happened.. click here", "In an experiment, Emmy abandons traditional categories and breaks winners into “individual achievements” and “program achievements.” It doesn’t last long. Also, Barbra Streisand, in her acceptance speech, comments on the power of television’s reach saying, “I figured it out … I’d have to work in the theater in ‘Funny Girl’ for 58 years to reach the same amount of people.”", "Ed Sullivan hosts 1,300 guests at the Hollywood Palladium. The Emmy for most outstanding personality goes to journalist Edward R. Murrow, while his news show, “See It Now,” is awarded best news or sports program for its hard-hitting reporting on Sen. Joseph McCarthy’s anti-Communist Red hunt.", "Woody Allen was not present at the awards ceremony. Presenter Shirley MacLaine accepted the award on his behalf." ]

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[ "The 24th Amendment to the US Constitution was passed by Congress on January 23, 1964 to make poll taxes illegal for federal elections. Poll taxes are taxes that some states began charging during Reconstruction as a way to African Americans from voting. In 1966, the Supreme Court extended the protection against poll taxes to include state elections, citing the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment .", "10. The 24th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is ratified which removed the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. The Poll Tax becomes illegal in all US states as it been used as a tool for barring the poverty-stricken from participating in the electoral process. Read a book with about politics (fiction or non), a book where some form of election happens (President, class president, etc) OR read the 24th book on your TBR.", "The 24th Amendment to the Constitution made __________ illegal in the United States. A. poll taxes B. literacy tests C. voting fraud D. impersonation", "The 24th Amendment expresses the inability of a Federal or State government to deny a citizen of the United States the right to vote as a result of failure to satisfy the required payments of a poll tax", "            1964 - The 24th amendment to the Constitution, eliminating the poll tax in federal elections, was ratified.  Polls would no longer be taxed.  This meant that anyone could have their own private telephone pole in their living room…..or barber pole, or guys named Wadislaw.  Payment of the tax – in order to vote- had stood as a prerequisite, and sometimes barrier, to voting in national elections.", "* 24th Amendment (1964): \"The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.\"", "In 1939, Congress began to try to get rid of the poll tax, but history was not behind them. After all, in colonial times and when the Constitution first came into effect, land ownership was often a requirement for suffrage. Though only five states still had a poll tax by the time the amendment passed Congress, Supreme Court rulings made it doubtful that mere legislation would eliminate the tax altogether. Proposed by Congress on August 27, 1962, the 24th Amendment was ratified within a year and a half, on January 23, 1964 (514 days).", "The 24th amendment is important because African Americans in the South faced significant discrimination and could not vote for elected officials that would work to end the discrimination.  Although the poll tax was never a large sum of money, it was just enough to stop poor African Americans and whites from voting.  Although the 15th amendment protected the rights of citizens to vote in elections, this did not stop creative measures specifically tailored against African Americans, such as literacy tests, which represented an unfair burden to the poor and illiterate, who by the constitution are entitled to their vote.", "The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Proposed September 14, 1962; Adopted January 23, 1964) further protects the votes of free men and women by forbidding Congress and the States from charging poll tax for voting. Similar to the Black Codes of the Reconstruction era, Poll Taxes were commonly used to keep black Americans from voting. The timing of Amendment Twenty-Four's adoption coincides with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, when attention was on the unequal treatment of black American citizens in many of the Southern states.", "January 25 — Constitutional amendment, sponsored by Rep. Duke Cunningham, introduced. It reads simply, \"The Congress shall have power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States.\"", "The prohibition is general. No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people. Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretense by a state legislature. But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power, either should attempt it, this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both.", "This exemption is illegal for two reasons. First, the exemption was not approved by Congress. And secondly, the Constitution requires that federal laws apply equally to everyone.", "The US Supreme Court ruled 7-2 in the 1974 case Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur that the \"freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due Process Clause.\" US District Judge Vaughn Walker wrote on Aug. 4, 2010 that Prop. 8 in California banning gay marriage was \"unconstitutional under both the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses.\" [ 41 ] The Due Process Clause in both the Fifth and 14th Amendments of the US Constitution states that no person shall be \"deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" [ 111 ] The Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment states that no state shall \"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.\" [ 112 ]", "It was one of twelve proposed on September 25, 1789, to the States by the First Congress after the adoption of the Constitution. Ten were ratified. They were intended to be, and have become, our Bill of Rights. By their terms, our people have a guarantee that, so long as law as we know it shall prevail, they shall live protected from the tyranny of the despot or the mob. None of the provisions of our Constitution is more venerated by the people or respected by legislatures and the courts than those which proclaim for our country the freedom of religion and expression. While the interpreters of the Constitution find the purpose was to allow the widest practical scope for the exercise of religion and the dissemination of information, no jurist has ever conceived that the prohibition of interference is absolute. [ Footnote 2/2 ] Is subjection to nondiscriminatory, nonexcessive taxation in the distribution of religious literature a prohibition of the exercise of religion or an abridgment of the freedom of the press?", "The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution and also regulated at state level. The constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility. Some states ban convicted criminals, especially felons, from voting for a fixed period of time or indefinitely. The number of American adults who are currently or permanently ineligible to vote due to felony convictions is estimated to be 5.3 million. Some states also have legacy constitutional statements barring the \"insane\" or \"idiots\" from voting; such references are generally considered obsolete and are being considered for review or removal where they appear. ", "48. The Volstead Act, passed over the veto of President Woodrow Wilson, was enacted to enforce this amendment. It s the only amendment to the Constitution that was later repealed. What amendment is known as the Prohibition Amendment?", "\"No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.\"", "The 18th Amendment is the only amendment to be repealed from the US Constitution. This unpopular amendment banned the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States, taking effect in 1919, and was a huge failure.", "As we know, Congress in this century has twice chosen to proceed by constitutional amendment in the area of voting rights in the nation. The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920, provided that a citizen of the United States could not be denied the right to vote in an election on account of sex. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964, provided that a citizen could not be denied the right to vote in Federal elections because of his failure to pay a poll tax.", "While this First Amendment, and the nine following it are prohibitions against encroachments upon liberties by the Nation, it was held by the Supreme Court in 1937 that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, written against the States after the Civil War, protects from infringement by a State \"the right of the people peaceably to assemble\". Holding the Syndicalism Act of Oregon of 1933 violate of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applied to a man who attended a meeting \"under the auspices of the Communist Party\" but said nothing toward \"effecting industrial or political change or revolution.\" forbidden by the Act, the Court declared that \"peaceable assembly for lawful discussion cannot be made a crime.\" c107", "But the Obama administration�s actions are not permitted by the Constitution. The president is responsible under Article II for taking care that the laws be faithfully executed. As Ann Coulter has pointed out, the state of Arizona can sue to try obtaining a federal court order compelling the director of ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement), John Morton, to process referrals of illegals from Arizona, since Morton has said he�s inclined not to do so in retaliation for Arizona�s law. The Obama administration cannot refuse to enforce U.S. law.", "See Chapter Twenty-Seven , �Amendment 18: Prohibition: Repealed for Good Reason,� for the Biblical reasons why Amendment 18 should never have been ratified in the first place.", "...of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution and are invalid as a matter of law.\"", "An actual entry of the premises is not necessary to a search; a compulsory production of books and papers for use in evidence against the owner of them was said by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment. And an Act of Congress requiring a party to produce books and papers, and permitting the Government, in case of his refusal, to assume as true its allegations of what the books and papers contained, was held to be void for conflict with this Amendment. c98", "Congress proposed the Twenty-fourth Amendment on August 27, 1962. The amendment was submitted to the states on September 24, 1962, after it passed with the requisite two-thirds majorities in the House and Senate. The following states ratified the amendment:", "The Amendment : I'm an Amendment to be, yes an Amendment to be, and I'm hoping that they'll ratify me. There's a lot of flag burners who have got too much freedom. I wanna make it legal for policeman to beat'em, cause there's limits to our liberty, least I hope and prey that there are, 'cause those liberal freaks go too far!", "If someone were solely charged under 18 U.S. Code § 2381 or another statute, there might be a constitutional argument, as the First Amendment says \"Congress shall make no law...\". But Congress did not make Article III, section 3; the People did. All Congress legislated in § 2381, subject to clause 2 of Art. III, section 3, was the punishment.", "As has been previously covered in this treatise, true American citizens have \"inalienable rights\", which come from God, not government. Is it then supposed that somehow, 78 years after our nation was founded, the 14th Amendment suddenly gave us our rights?", "If you don't like the Fourteenth Amendment, march forward and try to repeal it. Good luck with that, bro.", "The fourth Amendment seems to have moral elements with regard to \"unreasonable\" and \"probable cause\" when it says: ", "What can states do to protect their inhabitants from this flagrant violation of the Fourteenth Amendment?", "The Constitution is not on their side. And with these latest shenanigans, neither is common sense." ]

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[ "Mount Rainier (pronounced:), Mount Tacoma, or Mount Tahoma is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a large active stratovolcano located 54 mi south-southeast of Seattle. It is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States and the Cascade Volcanic Arc, with a summit elevation of 14411 ft. ", "Mount Rainier is Washington's highest mountain. It is the 21st most prominent mountain in the world with an elevation rise of 13,211 feet from its nearest low point. It is the most prominent mountain in the lower 48 states (the contiguous United States).", "Mount Rainier is the highest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range. This peak is located just east of Eatonville and just southeast of Seattle and Tacoma. Mount Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the United States. Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of 13210 ft, which is greater than that of K2, the world's second-tallest mountain, at 13189 ft. On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in most of the Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as \"the Mountain.\" On days of exceptional clarity, it can also be seen from as far away as Corvallis, Oregon (at Marys Peak) and Victoria, British Columbia. ", "Mount Adams is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and the second-highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and is one of ...", "Welcome to one of the snowiest places in the world! After Mount Rainier, Mount Baker is the most heavily glaciated of the Cascade Range volcanoes; the volume of snow and ice on Mount Baker is greater than that of all the other Cascades volcanoes (except Rainier) combined. In 1999, the Mount Baker Ski Area set the world record for recorded snowfall in a single season—1,140 inches. This beautiful mountain - the 3rd highest in Washington State - is 10,781 feet high. Come experience its beauty!", "waterfalls just on the Oregon side of the river. My husband and I stand on the bridge and consider our options. Do we want to see more waterfalls? If so, we have our choice of at least 10 trails that will lead us through forests dotted with falls. Or do we want breathtaking views, in which case we can undertake the 7-mile trek to the top of Larch Mountain? A woman at the visitor center suggests we drive. “That way you can see the views, hike around the mountaintop, and drive back down,” she says. This strikes us as a brilliant solution and is exactly what we do. It’s a clear day and, as the song goes, we can see forever. There, across the river, are the two highest mountains in Washington, Mount Rainier and Mount Adams. Here, on this side of the river, we can see Oregon’s two tallest peaks, Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson, as well as Mount St. Helens, which is easily recognizable", "The Cascades include a series of volcanic peaks, including Mount Rainier, which rises (4,392 m/14,410 ft), Mount Adams (3,742 m/12,276 ft), and Mount Baker (3,285 m/10,778 ft) in Washington; Mount Hood (3,426 m/11,239 ft) in Oregon; and Mount Shasta at (4,317 m/14,162 ft) in California. Some of these volcanoes are still active, including Mount Saint Helens in Washington(2,550 m/8,365 ft), which erupted violently on May 18, 1980, blowing 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from the peak and sending a column of ash as high as 19 km (12 mi) high. In addition, the region experiences periodic mild earthquakes.", "Point Success is a 14,158 ft / 4,315 m mountain peak in the Cascade Range in Washington, United States. Based on peakery data, it ranks as the 2nd highest mountain in Washington and the 60th highe...", "The Pacific Northwest is a diverse geographic region, dominated by several mountain ranges, including the Coast Mountains, the Cascade Range, the Olympic Mountains, the Columbia Mountains, and the Rocky Mountains. The highest peak in the Pacific Northwest is Mount Rainier, in the Washington Cascades, at 14410 ft. Immediately inland from the Cascade Range, there is a broad plateau, narrowing progressively northward, only a few miles wide in Canada, and also getting higher. In the US, this region, semi-arid and often completely arid, is known as the Columbia Plateau, while in British Columbia it is the Interior Plateau, also called the Fraser Plateau. The Columbia Plateau was the scene of massive ice-age floods, and as a consequence, there are many coulees, canyons, and plateaus. Much of the plateau, especially in eastern Washington, is irrigated farmland. The Columbia River cuts a deep and wide gorge around the rim of the Columbia Plateau and through the Cascade Range on its way to the Pacific Ocean. After the Mississippi River, more water flows through the Columbia than any other river in the lower 48 states.", "To the north, visit Mount Rainier, the highest point in Washington State. To the south, the jagged crater of Mount St. Helens reminds visitors of its massive explosion in 1980. Further east, the graceful cone of snow covered Mount Adams watches over the arid steppe country of Eastern Washington. With near limitless recreation possibilities and mind-blowing beauty, this is an experience of a lifetime.", "Washington is a camper's paradise with the Cascades, Mount Rainier the Columbia River all within the state's boundaries. It's also the second-largest wine producer in the United States, and grapes are its fourth largest fruit crop, according to WashingtonWine.org .", "Mount Rainier, the highest (14,410 feet / 4392 m) volcano in the Cascade Range, towers over a population of more than 3.3 million in the Seattle Tacoma metropolitan area, and its drainage system via the Columbia River potentially impacts another 500,000 residents of southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon. Mount Rainier is the most hazardous volcano in the Cascades not only in terms of its potential for eruption, but also the risk of producing major debris flows even without eruption.", "Washington's boldest physiographic feature is the lofty Cascade Range , rising to 14,410 ft (4,392 m) at Mt. Rainier. The Cascades block the eastward movement of warm ocean air from the Alaska Current, causing abundant rainfall to the west and semiarid conditions to the east. The valleys of the Wenatchee, Yakima, and other rivers flowing eastward from the mountains are important irrigated farming areas, while the Cascades themselves are the site of North Cascades and Mount Rainier national parks, Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, several national forests, and noted ski resorts. Their scenery is a major tourist attraction. Mount St. Helens, on the west slope near the Oregon boundary, is the most recent (1980) Cascade peak to erupt.", "While Mount St. Helens gets its share of attention, Wunderman added that another Washington State volcano is also one to watch—Mount Rainier, the third most dangerous volcano on the 2005 USGS list.", "The massive 4392-m-high glacier-mantled cone of Mount Rainier forms the highest peak of the Cascade Range. This aerial view from the NW also shows neighboring Mount Adams on the right horizon. The steep cirque forming the sheer Willis Wall, named after the 19th-century geologist Bailey Willis, lies in the shadow at the left, below the Winthrop Glacier, which forms the left-hand ridge of Mount Rainier. Two young overlapping cinder cones, their rims kept free of snow by high heat flow, form the flat summit of the volcano.", "Ascending to 14,410 feet above sea level, Mount Rainier stands as an icon in the Washington landscape. Mt. Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list. Mount Rainier is the most glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S.A., spawning six major rivers. Sub-alpine wildflower meadows ring the icy volcano while ancient forest cloaks Mount Rainier’s lower slopes. Wildlife abounds in the park’s ecosystems. A lifetime of discovery awaits.  ", "There are three major Washington State mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest state of Washington. On the Olympic Peninsula, the Olympic Mountains are clearly visible from Seattle. Surrounded on three sides by water, the views of the region from the wild, remote peaks of the Olympics are unsurpassed.", "The Cascade Range extends from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. The formidable mountains in North Cascades National Park are reflected by names like Mount Despair, Mount Triumph, Mount Challenger, Mount Fury, and Mount Terror.", "Whitman Crest is a 8,274 ft / 2,522 m mountain peak near Riverbend, Washington, United States. Based on peakery data, it ranks as the 121st highest mountain in Washington and the 8915th highest mo...", "We’ve all asked (and answered) the classic vacation question: The mountains or the shore? As it happens, we feel strongly both ways. But after publishing our Ultimate Coast Guide three years ago, we knew we had created an obvious imperative. And so we present our paean to Washington’s magnificent mountains. Why? Well, to paraphrase the famous quotation of British mountaineer George Mallory, partly because they’re there. But, more precisely, because they are ours. Here in Seattle, mountains inform our lives, whether we spend time hiking up them, skiing down them, or driving through them. (Some of us never set foot on them—see page 152—and that’s OK, too.) With brawny assertiveness, the Cascade Range extends from northern California into southern British Columbia, a splendid serration of accessible beauty. In Washington, the range is both barrier—physical, climatological, even political—and unifier, bringing millions to its forested slopes every year in search of sumptuous scenery, sweet solitude and soft snow. West of Seattle, the Olympic Range—whose glorious peaks never cease to impress us on a clear day—is a more distant tease, requiring a trip across (or around) Puget Sound to reach its remote retreats. Our lease agreement on all of these geological marvels comes with infinitely flexible terms—from an intimacy encouraged by frequent and fervent contact to an arm’s-length relationship more comfortable with postcard views. Whatever the depth of the attraction, it is as steadfast as the mountains themselves.", "Mt. Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list - a list of 16 volcanoes in the World with the greatest likelihood of causing great loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes. Although Mount Rainier is considered an active volcano, as of 2010 there was no evidence of an imminent eruption. Because of its large amount of glacial ice, an eruption could be devastating for all areas surrounding the volcano. Decade Volcanoes", "Fry, Steve, \"Washington�s Highest Mountains and Steepest Faces\", The Mountaineer annual, 1983-1990, published August 1991, pp. 40-53.", "The state comprises three major geographic zones. In the east, most of interior Washington is made up of the Columbia Plateau and the valleys of the Columbia River and its tributaries. Central Washington is dominated, and the state is divided, by the north-south Cascade Range. To the west of the Cascades lie coastal lowlands in the Puget Trough, Puget Sound and its many arms, and to their west the Coast Ranges, which in part form the backbone of the Olympic Peninsula.", "Spokane lies in the Columbia Plateau ecoregion on the eastern edge of the basaltic Channeled Scablands steppe, a plain that then eventually rises sharply to the east towards the rugged, timbered Rocky Mountain foothills, the Selkirk Mountains. It is in a transition area between the barren landscape of the Columbia Basin and the coniferous forests to the east; to the south are the lush prairies and rolling hills of the Palouse. The highest peak in Spokane County is Mount Spokane, at an elevation of 5883 ft, located on the eastern side of the Selkirk Mountains. The most prominent water feature in the area is the Spokane River, a 111 mi tributary of the Columbia River, originating from Lake Coeur d'Alene in northern Idaho. The river flows west across the Washington state line through downtown Spokane, meeting Latah Creek, then turns to the northwest, where it is joined by the Little Spokane River on its way to the Columbia River, north of Davenport. The Channeled Scablands and many of the area's numerous large lakes, such as Lake Coeur d'Alene and Lake Pend Oreille, were formed by the Missoula Floods after the ice-dammed Glacial Lake Missoula ruptured at the end of the last ice age. The Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge south of Cheney is the closest natural reserve, and the closest national park is Glacier National Park, approximately a four-hour drive away from Spokane.", "Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula, which support dense forests of conifers and areas of temperate rainforest. These deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. ", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Olympic National Park : A jewel in the Pacific Northwest's Crown, the Olympic National Park is home to old-growth temperate rainforests, rugged Pacific beaches, and sub-alpine meadows. The Hurricane Ridge viewpoint allows breathtaking sights of snow-capped summits. With an elevation of 2,432 meters, Mount Olympus, which supports large glaciers, is the centerpiece of this national park.", "Wow, there’s so many. Winter in Spokane, consistently dry weather and tons of snow. Are you a skier? I’m a skier, snowboarder, telemarker and backcountry skier. I do it all. Where’s your favorite place to go? Backside of Schweitzer.", "Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles (154 km) south of the city of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. The mountain is part of the Cascade Volcanoes and the Cascade Range which takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, who was a friend of George Vancouver, an explorer who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. Mount St. Helens is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.", "Lake Crescent is a majestic glacial lake located at the northern tip of the Olympic National Forest in Clallam County, Washington. Glaciers during the last ice age carved a deep valley in the Olympic Mountains through which Indian Creek flowed. A massive landslide about 8,000 years ago dammed the creek, ...", "Mount Wilhelm (4,509 m or 14,793 ft) in Papua New Guinea . It is the highest mountain in that country." ]

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[ "On September 20, 1973, women’s tennis star Billie Jean King faced off against Bobby Riggs in an exhibition match dubbed the “Battle of the Sexes.” The 55-year-old Riggs, a former Wimbledon champion, believed he could still beat any woman player, and, after much prodding, King eventually took him up on the challenge. Riggs hyped the contest with a slew of misogynistic comments, including that “the best way to handle women is to keep them pregnant and barefoot.” Yet King ended up eviscerating him 6-4, 6-3, 6-3 in front of more than 30,000 fans at the Houston Astrodome, then the largest crowd ever to watch a tennis match. King’s victory—along with the passage of Title IX, an anti-gender-discrimination law—is often credited with sparking a boom in women’s sports.", "*The Battle of the Sexes tennis match occurred on September 20, 1973, with Billie Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs in three straight sets. While more of a publicity stunt than a serious match, it made national headlines and stands as a milestone in the progress of women's sports.", "Billie Jean King (born November 22, 1943) is an American former World No. 1 professional tennis player. King won a total of 39 Grand Slam titles throughout her career; this includes 12 singles, 16 doubles and 11 mixed doubles titles. Additionally King won the first ever WTA Tour Championships and was a three time winner of the doubles event. King is an advocate for sexual equality and won the Battle of the Sexes tennis match against Bobby Riggs in 1973 and was the founder of the Women’s Tennis Association, World TeamTennis and the Women’s Sports Foundation.", "Dubbed \"the Battle of the Sexes\", the Riggs-King match took place at the Houston Astrodome in Texas on September 20, 1973. The match garnered huge publicity. In front of 30,492 spectators and a worldwide television audience estimated at 50 million people in 37 countries, 29-year-old King beat the 55-year-old Riggs 6–4, 6–3, 6–3. The match is considered a very significant event in developing greater recognition and respect for women's tennis. King said, \"I thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn't win that match. It would ruin the women's [tennis] tour and affect all women's self-esteem.\" \"To beat a 55-year-old guy was no thrill for me. The thrill was exposing a lot of new people to tennis.\" ", "One of the most famous feminist media events, aside from the 1968 Miss America protest, was the tennis match known as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\" In this match, on September 20, 1973, in Houston, Texas, women's tennis champion Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs 6–4, 6–3, 6–3, before a worldwide television audience estimated at almost 50 million. [264] 55-year-old former tennis champion Bobby Riggs had defeated Australian tennis player Margaret Court earlier that year, and he was an outspoken opponent of feminism, saying for example, \"If a woman wants to get in the headlines, she should have quintuplets,\" [265] \" and calling himself a \"male chauvinist pig\". [264]", "* American tennis player Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in the \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match in 1973. This match is remembered for its effect on society and its contribution to the women's movement. ", "Billie Jean King tennis player in the \"Battle of the Sexes\" tennis match with Bobby Riggs, the 55-year-old veteran, at the Houston Astrodome in Houston, Texas on Sept. 20, 1973.", "The historic Battle of the Sexes tennis match that took place on September 20, 1973, was part carnival and part contest, but, in the end, it was all-important to the advancement of womens sports. Billie Jean King , then the reigning womens Wimbledon titlist, took on retired pro Bobby Riggs, 26 years her senior. Held at the Houston Astrodome, the showdown was about saving face. For Riggs, it would be an embarrassment to be beat by a girl; for King, a chance to prove that a woman could play every bit as hard as a man.", "Bobby Riggs returns a shot to Billie Jean King during the Battle of the Sexes Challenge Match at the Astrodome on September 20, 1973 in Houston, Texas. Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs. (Photo by Focus on Sport/Getty Images)", "**ADVANCE FOR WEEKEND, SEPT. 20-21, FILE**Bobby Riggs returns a shot in the famous 'Battle of the Sexes' tennis match with Billy Jean King at the Houston Astrodome, Sept .20, 1973. Betsy Blaney, seated at top ... more", "Reporter: It was dubbed the battle of the sexes, september 20, 1973, one of the top tennis players ever, bobby riggs came out to play billie jean king and lost. Now in an espn outside the lines exclusive, this man is sharing what he says he kept secret for 40 years. Hall shall worked at a florida country club and said that months before the match he overheard two mob bosses saying ribs owed the mob a debt of 100 grand.", "King is an advocate for gender equality. In 1973, at age 29, she won the so-called Battle of the Sexes tennis match against the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs, and was the founder of the Women's Tennis Association, World TeamTennis (with former husband Larry King), and the Women's Sports Foundation.", "Riggs had originally challenged Billie Jean King, but she had declined. Following Court's loss to Riggs, King accepted his challenge, and on September 20, 1973, the two met in the Houston Astrodome, in a match billed as The Battle of the Sexes. King beat Riggs, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3 for the $100,000 winner-take-all prize. Unlike a similar match between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova in 1992, in which the rules were altered to favor the female player, this match was played using the normal rules of tennis.", "King's career coincided with the women's liberation (feminist) movement of the 1970s. Her working-class upbringing in southern California and the second-class treatment she received as a professional athlete made her a natural spokesperson for the movement. Her role as a leader in the feminist cause reached its peak in September 1973, when she faced the 1939 men's tennis champion Bobby Riggs (1918–1995) in a nationally televised match at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas . King easily beat the aging Riggs and emerged as the winner of what had been billed as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\"", "King's career coincided with the women's liberation (feminist) movement of the 1970s. Her working-class upbringing in southern California and the second-class treatment she received as a professional athlete made her a natural spokesperson for the movement. Her role as a leader in the feminist cause reached its peak in September 1973, when she faced the 1939 men's tennis champion Bobby Riggs (1918–1995) in a nationally televised match at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. King easily beat the aging Riggs and emerged as the winner of what had been billed as the \"Battle of the Sexes.\"", "09/20/1973 - Bobby Riggs makes his entrance before the Battle of the Sexes match in the Astrodome. Billie Jean King defeated Riggs, 6-4, 6-3, 6-3, in the $100,000 winner-take-all tennis exhibition.", "The \"Battle of the Sexes\" took place on September 20, 1973, at the Houston Astrodome. Embracing the spectacle of the event, King entered the court in a gold litter carried by four muscular men, while Riggs rolled in on a rickshaw pulled by a team of women called \"Bobby's Bosom Buddies.\" But King was all business once the match started, and she handily beat Riggs in straight sets before an estimated television audience of 50 million viewers.", "Suddenly in the national limelight, following his win over Court, Riggs taunted all female tennis players, prompting King to accept a lucrative financial offer to play Riggs in a nationally televised match that the promoters dubbed the \"Battle of the Sexes\". The match, which had a winner-takes-all prize of $100,000, was held in Houston, Texas on September 20, 1973. ", "The third and perhaps most significant watershed moment in King’s life came on September 20, 1973 in the famous Battle of the Sexes match against Bobby Riggs. King, then 29, was cajoled into playing the hustler Riggs, who won the 1939 Wimbledon Gentleman Singles championship. King was seeking atonement for Riggs’s ambushing Margaret Court in the famous “Mother’s Day Massacre” 6-2, 6-1.  Riggs hounded King with a $100,000 winner-take-all purse. Following his easy victory over Court, Riggs was overly cocky in preparing for King. He spent more time generating publicity and spouting off unfavorable comments directed toward women than he did training (Riggs trained much harder against Court). He appeared in photo shoots as Henry VIII, played a pre-King match in drag, and treated the whole event as though it was a Las Vegas comedy act based on tasteless one-liners. He rarely stepped on a court, and as a result was woefully out of shape and ironically unprepared when the match was played in the Houston Astrodome. King, meanwhile, was 36 years younger than Riggs and in the prime of her career. She trained relentlessly. Despite the differing preparations toward playing “The Battle of the Sexes,” legendary odds maker Jimmy the Greek tabbed Riggs a 5-2 favorite to win.", "Billie Jean King raises her arms after defeating Bobby Riggs, rear, in the 'Battle of the Sexes' at the Houston Astrodome in this Sept. 20, 1973 file photo. Twenty-five years ago next Sunday, Sept. 20, 1998, Billie Jean King accepted the challenge of Bobby Riggs and cleaned the old guy's clock with a 6-4, 6-3, 6-3 wipeout that was a bold statement for a whole generation of women.(AP Photo/File) HOUCHRON CAPTION (09/20/1998) less", "Inspiration for a generation – Billie Jean King with Bobby Riggs before the 'Battle of the Sexes' match in 1973.", "And I'm Melissa Block. Forty years ago next month, 50 million Americans tuned in to watch a prime-time, televised spectacle: a tennis match promoted as the Battle of the Sexes. Fifty-five-year-old Bobby Riggs, a former Wimbledon and U.S. singles champion as well as a self-described male chauvinist pig, challenged the reigning women's champion, 29-year-old Billie Jean King. Amid wild hype and theatrics, they played at the Houston Astrodome. And Billie Jean King crushed Bobby Riggs in straight sets: 6-4, 6-3, 6-3.", "Court lost a heavily publicised and US–televised challenge match to a former  World No. 1  male tennis player, the 55-year-old  Bobby Riggs , on 13 May 1973, in  Ramona ,  California . Court was the top-ranked women's player at the time, and it has been reported that she did not take the match seriously, due to it being an exhibition. Using a mixture of  lobs  and  drop shots , Riggs beat her 6–2, 6–1. Four months later,  Billie Jean King  beat Riggs in the  Battle of the Sexes  match in the  Houston Astrodome .", "Court lost a heavily publicised and USâtelevised challenge match to a former World No. 1 male tennis player, the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs, on 13 May 1973, in Ramona, California. Court was the top-ranked women's player at the time, and it has been reported that she did not take the match seriously because it was a mere exhibition. Using a mixture of lobs and drop shots, Riggs beat her 6â2, 6â1. Four months later, Billie Jean King beat Riggs in the Battle of the Sexes match in the Houston Astrodome. Read Less", "Bille Jean King Defeated Bobby Riggs in the “Battle of the Sexes.” King won 6-4, 6-3, 6-3. Photographs By Corbis-Bettmann | Getty Images | AP Images", "A third \"Battle of the Sexes\" match, entitled Battle of Champions, was played at Caesars Palace in Paradise, Nevada on September 25, 1992 between Jimmy Connors and Martina Navratilova aged 40 and 35 respectively. Navratilova had previously turned down invitations to take on John McEnroe and Ilie Năstase, as she considered them undignified. The promoters initially tried to match Connors with the then top ranked female player, Monica Seles. Connors called the match 'war'. Navratilova, on the other hand, called it a battle of egos. ", "Another event dubbed a \"Battle of the Sexes\" took place during the 1998 Australian Open between Karsten Braasch and the Williams sisters. Venus and Serena Williams, aged 17 and 16 respectively, had claimed that they could beat any male player ranked outside the world's top 200, so Braasch, then ranked 203rd, challenged them both. Braasch was described by one journalist as \"a man whose training regime centered around a pack of cigarettes and more than a couple bottles of ice cold lager.\" The matches took place on court number 12 in Melbourne Park, after Braasch had finished a round of golf and two beers. He first took on Serena and after leading 5–0, beat her 6–1. Venus then walked on court and again Braasch was victorious, this time winning 6–2. Braasch said afterwards, \"500 and above, no chance.\" He added that he had played like someone ranked 600th in order to keep the game \"fun.\" Braasch said the big difference was that men can chase down shots much easier, and that men put spin on the ball that the women can't handle. The Williams sisters adjusted their claim to beating men outside the top 350.", "In 1973, Riggs saw an opportunity to both make money and to draw attention to the sport of tennis. He came out of retirement to challenge one of the world's greatest female players to a match, claiming that the female game was inferior and that a top female player could not beat him, even at the age of 55. He challenged Margaret Court, 30 years old and the top female player in the world. In their May 13, 1973, Mother's Day match in Ramona, California, Riggs used his drop shots and lobs to keep an unprepared Court off balance. His easy 6–2, 6–1 victory landed Riggs on the cover of both Sports Illustrated and Time magazine. The match was called the \"Mother's Day Massacre\".", "In 1973 there was only marginal competition from overseas players. Nine of 12 men's seeds were Australian with no.1 seed and defending champion Ken Rosewall losing in the second round to Karl Meiler of Germany. On the women's side all but three of the 12 seeds were Australians.", "1973 - Won three of the four Grand Slam singles and women's doubles tournaments. Lost her match with Bobby Riggs. Her women's doubles title at the US Open completed a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles won exclusively after the start of the open era in 1968.", "1973 - Won three of the four Grand Slam singles and women's doubles tournaments. Lost her match with Bobby Riggs . Her women's doubles title at the US Open completed a \"boxed set\" of Grand Slam titles won exclusively after the start of the open era in 1968.", "In 1973, King spearheaded the formation of the Women's Tennis Association. Leveraging her position as its most celebrated player, she threatened a boycott of the 1973 U.S. Open if the pay inequality was not addressed. Her demands met, the U.S. Open became the first major tournament to offer equal prize money to women and men." ]

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[ "In the Marine Hymn, the phrase “From the Halls of Montezuma…” refers to the Battle of Chapultepec, a fierce engagement between Mexican and American armies during the Mexican-American War in 1847. When that battle ended, the United States had won a decisive military victory over General Santa Anna’s Mexican army that was holding Chapultepec Castle, located just west of Mexico City.", "The Battle of Derna is notably recalled in the opening verse of the Marines' Hymn : \"From the Halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli, we fight our country's battles in the air, on land and sea.\"", "The victory at the \"Halls of Montezuma\" remains a part of Marine Corps tradition, immortalized in the opening line of the Marines' Hymn.", "Motto semper fidelis Mascot english bulldog Colors scarlet and gold Song “Marines’ hymn” From the Halls of Montezuma, To the shores of Tripoli; We fight our country’s battles In the air, on land, and sea; First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean: We are proud to claim the title Of United States Marine. Our flag’s unfurled to every breeze From dawn to setting sun; We have fought in every clime and place Where we could take a gun; In the snow of far-off Northern lands And in sunny tropic scenes; You will find us always on the job The United States Marines. Here’s health to you and to our Corps Which we are proud to serve; In many a strife we’ve fought for life And never lost our nerve; If the Army and the Navy Ever look on Heaven’s scenes; They will find the streets are guarded By United States Marines.", "Following the close of the Mexican War came the first verse of the Marines' Hymn, written, according to tradition, by a Marine on duty in Mexico. For the sake of euphony, the unknown author transposed the phrases in the motto on the Colors so that the first two lines of the Hymn would read: \"From the Halls of Montezuma, To the Shores of Tripoli.\"", "The Marines' hymn is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps. It is often also referred to as \"The Marine Corps' Hymn\". It is the oldest official song in the U.S. Armed Forces. The song has an obscure origin—the words date from the 19th century, but no one knows the author. The music is from the opera Geneviève de Brabant by Jacques Offenbach, which had its début in Paris in 1859. The Marine Corps secured a copyright on the song on August 19, 1919, but it is now in the public domain.— Excerpted from Marines' hymn on Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia.", "The Marines’ Hymn is the most recognizable military hymn and the oldest official song in the U.S. Armed Forces. The Marines’ Hymn is a reminder of the sacrifice and courage that Marines have shown on the battlefield. It is an important part of Marine Corps culture — every Marine can recite its three stanzas by heart. ", "The \"Marines' Hymn\" is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps . It is the oldest official song in the United States military . [1] The \"Marines' Hymn\" is typically sung at the position of attention as a gesture of respect. However, the third verse is also used as a toast during formal events, such as the birthday ball and other ceremonies.", "The Army, the Air Force, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard are branches of the armed forces of the United States.", "The \"Marines' Hymn\" is the official hymn of the United States Marine Corps. It is the oldest official song in the United States military. The \"Marines' Hymn\" is typically sung at the position of attention as a gesture of respect. However, the third verse is also used as a toast during formal events, such as the birthday ball and other ceremonies.", "Some of the lyrics were popular phrases before the song was written. The line \"To the shores of Tripoli \" refer to the First Barbary War , and specifically the Battle of Derne in 1805. After Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon and his Marines hoisted the American flag over the Old World for the first time, the phrase was added to the battle colors of the Corps . \"The Halls of Montezuma \" refers to the Battle of Chapultepec , during the Mexican-American War , where a force of Marines stormed Chapultepec Castle .", "The Marines' Hymn dates back to the 19th century and is the oldest official song in the United States armed forces. The Marine motto Semper Fidelis means always faithful in Latin, often appearing as Semper Fi; also the name of the official march of the Corps, composed by John Philip Sousa. The mottos \"Fortitudine\" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Land, a translation of the Royal Marines' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868. The Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, sometimes abbreviated \"EGA\", adopted in 1868. The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the flag of the United States Marine Corps, and establishes scarlet and gold as the official colors.", "1931 – President Herbert Hoover signs a congressional act making “The Star-Spangled Banner” the official national anthem of the United States. On September 14, 1814, Francis Scott Key composed the lyrics to “The Star-Spangled Banner” after witnessing the massive overnight British bombardment of Fort McHenry in Maryland during the War of 1812. Key, an American lawyer, watched the siege while under detainment on a British ship and penned the famous words after observing with awe that Fort McHenry’s flag survived the 1,800-bomb assault. After circulating as a handbill, the patriotic lyrics were published in a Baltimore newspaper on September 20, 1814. Key’s words were later set to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven,” a popular English song. Throughout the 19th century, “The Star-Spangled Banner” was regarded as the national anthem by most branches of the U.S. armed forces and other groups, but it was not until 1916, and the signing of an executive order by President Woodrow Wilson, that it was formally designated as such. In March 1931, Congress passed an act confirming Wilson’s presidential order, and on March 3 President Hoover signed it into law.", "What are the lyrics for the armed forces anthems? For army, air force, navy, marines, and coast guard. Please give the current lyrics. Thanks! 10 months ago .", "It is of course the hymn of the USMC -- still today the relentless warriors that they always were. Freedom needs a soldier", "The poem was published on handbills on September 20, 1814, and put to the music of the British tune \"To Anacreon in Heaven\". The Army and Navy adopted the song and considered it the national anthem, though it did not acquire that official distinction until 1916 when Woodrow Wilson declared it such by executive order, and in 1931 when it was declared as such by law (36 USC 301).", "The official march of the Coast Guard is \"Semper Paratus\" (Latin for \"Always Ready\"). An audio clip can be found at [3].", "An attempt was made in 1986 to strip \"Onward, Christian Soldiers\" from the United Methodist Hymnal due to perceived militarism. Outrage among church goers caused the committee to back down. [10] However, the hymn was not included in the 1990 hymnal of the Presbyterian Church (USA) . [11]", "“The Star-Spangled Banner” is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from “Defence of Fort M’Henry”, a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in the Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "пїЅThe Star-Spangled BannerпїЅ is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from пїЅDefense of Fort M'HenryпїЅ, a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is the national anthem of the United States of America. The lyrics come from \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.", "(U.S.) A U.S. Army infantryman , common in World War II , also a Soldier of the 3rd Infantry Division, they get to sing the \"Dogface Soldier Song\" every morning; now this or \"doggy\" is used by a Marine to refer to an Army Soldier.", "Semper fidelis is also the motto of the 11th Infantry Regiment , which was founded in May 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln . It served as part of the Army of Ohio and later in the Indian wars, Spanish-American war, 1916 Mexican Border war, World War I , World War II , and the Vietnam war . Today it trains young Army officers at Fort Benning, Georgia .", "The United States military has used versions of the traditional rhyme in the form of marching cadences, since at least the 1920s up to the present. A modern example begins:", "At dawn, Key was able to see an American flag still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. On the way back to Baltimore, he was inspired to write a poem describing his experience, \"Defence of Fort McHenry\", which he published in the Patriot on September 20, 1814. He intended to fit it to the rhythms of composer John Stafford Smith's \"To Anacreon in Heaven\", a popular tune Key had already used as a setting for his 1805 song \"When the Warrior Returns,\" celebrating U.S. heroes of the First Barbary War. (Key used the \"star spangled\" flag imagery in the earlier song.) It has become better known as \"The Star Spangled Banner\". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an Executive Order from President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military bands to play it) and then by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover.", ":(The Regimental Song of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment from about 1885. Sung to the tune of Stephen Foster's \"Camptown Races\")", "(The Regimental Song of the Tenth Cavalry Regiment from about 1885. Sung to the tune of Stephen Foster 's \" Camptown Races \")", "THE ORIGINAL SCHOOL SONG. Sung to the tune of Hymn No 304 ‘Songs of Praise’ still remembered with great affection by many former students! PIONEERS! All the past we leave behind, We take up the task eternal, And the burden and the lesson, Conquering, holding, daring, venturing. So we go the unknown ways, Pioneers! O Pioneers! Not for delectations sweet, Not the riches safe and palling, Not for us the tame enjoyment, Never must you be divided, In our ranks you move united, Pioneers! O Pioneers! All the pulses of the world, All the joyous, all the sorrowing, These are of us, they are with us, We to-day’s procession heading, We the route for travel clearing, Pioneers! O Pioneers! On and on the compact ranks, With accessions ever waiting, we must never yield or falter, Through the battle, through defeat, Moving yet and never stopping, Pioneers! O Pioneers!", "The lyrics are contained in the book Rhymes of the Rookies published in 1917. The author of these poems was W.E. Christian. The book is available online in several formats. The book consists of a series of poems regarding military life prior to World War I.", "During the War of 1812, the British military attempted to capture Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. During this bombardment the song \"Star Spangled Banner\" was written by Francis Scott Key; it was later adopted as the national anthem.", "The first lay songs were patriotic in nature: Yankee Doodle (178#), a rewrite of the Dutch folk song \"Yanker Dudel\", Philip Phile's Hail Columbia (1798), John Newton's Amazing Grace (1779), based on an anonymous folk melody, Francis Scott Key's The Star Spangled Banner (1814) Samuel Smith's America (1831), based on a German folk song, The Yellow Rose of Texas (1858), by an unknown author, John Brown's Body (1861), a variant on William Steffe's camp-meeting hymn Say Brothers Will You Meet Us On Canaan's Happy Shore? (1856), Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore's When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again (1863), Samuel Ward's America The Beautiful (1882), all the way to Carrie Jacobs Bond's Oh Shenandoah (1901).", "Image:FMcHOrpheus.jpg|Adjacent to Fort McHenry lies a monument of Orpheus that is dedicated to the soldiers of the fort and Francis Scott Key." ]

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[ "Cowell is notorious as a judge for his blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults and wisecracks about contestants and their abilities. Cowell is known for combining activities in the television and music industries, having promoted singles and records for various artists, including television personalities. He was most recently featured on the sixth series of The X Factor, the third series of Britain's Got Talent, and can currently be seen on the ninth season of American Idol.", "Simon Cowell (born October 7, 1959) is an English artist-and-repertoire (\"A&R\") executive and television personality/producer, best known as a judge on such TV shows as Pop Idol, American Idol, The X Factor, and Britain's Got Talent. He is also the owner of the television production and music publishing house Syco. Cowell is notorious as a judge for his unsparingly blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults and wisecracks about contestants and their singing abilities, or lack thereof. He is often parodied in pop culture. He is known for combining activities in the television and music industries, having promoted singles and records for various artists, including television personalities. Having most recently featured in the seventh season of American Idol and the second series of Britain's Got Talent, Cowell is now working on the fifth series of The X Factor.", "Cowell is notorious for his unsparingly blunt and often controversial criticisms, insults, and wisecracks about contestants and their singing abilities, or lack thereof.", "The Saturday night primetime show initially followed the audition process, as hopefuls sang before four judges (record producer and music executive Pete Waterman, music executive and music manager Simon Cowell, music promoter and music manager Nicki Chapman and Radio DJ and television personality Neil \"Dr\" Fox) at various locations around the UK. Besides the successful auditionees, the poorest \"singers\" were often aired due to their obvious lack of talent or presence. Poor singers often faced harsh criticisms from the judges, especially from Simon Cowell (whose controversial rantings also made him famous on American Idol). The judges' reactions to such performances often ranged from disgust to nearly open laughter; their style of judgement and attitude towards pop-star wannabes resulted in the controversial opinions of others about the show's setup, including that of Take That manager, Nigel Martin Smith. ", "FOX's hit reality TV series \"American Idol\" has been making dreams come true and breeding stars for radio and TV fame. But first they must pass through the insult machine known as Simon Cowell. Cowell never holds back his tongue, not even from his co-judges. Once, he asked a contestant if she had a singing teacher. She replied yes, and he asked her if she had a lawyer. When she said no, he advised her to get one and sue her singing teacher. Another time, after his co-judges told a contestant that she wasn't ready yet, Simon amended that by saying, \"Unfortunately, you'll never be ready. Perhaps the only thing more humiliating than Cowell's comments is the fact that, for many, they are spot-on.", "In 2002, Abdul appeared as one of three judges for the reality television music competition show American Idol. Abdul, along with fellow judges Simon Cowell and Randy Jackson, evaluated thousands of amateur contestants in their ability to sing. Abdul won praise as a sympathetic and compassionate judge. She seemed especially kind compared to fellow judge Simon Cowell, who was often blunt in his appraisals of the contestants' performances. When she realized that Cowell's over-the-top judging style was heartbreaking for many young contestants, Abdul was so horrified that she considered leaving the show. Although their differences often resulted in extremely heated on-air exchanges and confrontations, Cowell says he played a major role in convincing Abdul not to leave the show. ", "Over the course of 15 seasons, American Idol had about as much drama with the judges as it did with the contestants on stage. By the end of the show, there will have been 11 different judges, and many different combinations of judges. In the first season DJ Stryker was supposed to be a fourth judge but dropped out over “image concerns.” The next season, Angie Martinez was hired on, but withdrew only days before auditions because she was uncomfortable criticizing the singers. All three original judges, Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul stayed on for eight seasons before the judge change-ups began. Check out how much all of the judges to ever appear on American Idol are worth now!", "“American Idol,” created by Simon Fuller, debuted in 2002 with original judges Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson. Throughout its 14 seasons, other A-list judges have included Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj, Steven Tyler, Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres. It ranked as the No. 1 series on broadcast TV for eight of its 15 seasons.", "Moe discovered a knack for judging competitions (rather harshly), leading him to a place on American Idol. [5] After a spat with Simon Cowell, he was banned from judging and the state of California. In a previous episode he said he does many things but judging isn't one of them. During Trappuccino , he claimed he was the emperor of Springfield.", "Throughout 2006, Morgan appeared as a judge on the American television show America's Got Talent alongside Brandy Norwood and David Hasselhoff on NBC . Morgan was chosen by Simon Cowell as a replacement for himself because of the conditions of his American Idol contract. Morgan appeared as a celebrity contestant on Comic Relief Does The Apprentice in 2007, to raise money for Comic Relief . During filming, he and Alastair Campbell reduced fellow contestant Trinny Woodall to tears when they tried to sabotage her team's event, and were involved in a brawl with her. [29] Upon his team losing, Morgan was selected by Sir Alan Sugar as the contestant to be fired. [30]", "Cowell became a judge on the first season of Pop Idol in 2001, and on the first season of American Idol in 2002. His bitingly critical attitude is what he is known best by, for most people.", "In March 2006, Fox announced that Abdul had signed to stay on American Idol as a judge for at least three more years. Later that year, fellow American Idol judge Simon Cowell invited her to be a guest judge at some of the early auditions for the third series of his similar UK talent show The X Factor. Abdul was present at the initial audition of the eventual winner, Leona Lewis.", "According to one family source, “Marc berated her in front of her family, her nannies and her bodyguards. It was almost as if he never let her do anything without him.”When the J.LO became a judge on “American Idol” in January 2011, sources say she made sure that Marc appeared on the show to stave off his temper tantrums.", "He also worked as a judge on Fox’s American Idol with Jennifer Lopez and Randy Jackson. Celebrity Speaker Steven is known as the “Demon of Screamin” for his high screams and wide vocal range. His bright, colorful outfits and scarves hanging from his microphone are his trademark.", "Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes \"incredibly racist\". The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'. ", "The program seeks to discover the best singer in the country through a series of nationwide auditions. The American public decides the outcomes of the later stages through phone voting. The judges give critiques of the contestants' performances: Grammy award-winning record producer and music manager Randy Jackson ; grammy award-winning pop singer and Emmy award-winning choreographer Paula Abdul ; music executive and TV producer Simon Cowell ; and Grammy award-nominated singer-songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi . The format originally featured three judges, with Kara DioGuardi added in the eight season . Abdul left the show after season 8. Cowell, DioGuardi, & Ellen DeGeneres all left after season 9. Jennifer Lopez & Aerosmith lead singer Steven Tyler joined Jackson at the judges' table for seasons 10 and 11. Tyler and Lopez both left the show in July 2012. During Season 12 , new judges Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj , and Keith Urban joined judge Jackson that year. After Season 12, Randy Jackson announced on May 9, 2013, that he would not return for Season 13 due to wanting to look for more opportunities in his career. Also, judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj announced that they would not be returning as well. Keith Urban  announced on August 1, 2013 that he was returning to the show for season 13 . ", "With his notoriously critical reputation, Cowell is likened to TV personalities such as Judge Judy (aka Justice with an Attitude), and Weakest Link's Anne Robinson (aka Queen of Mean).", "Close on the heels of “Millionaire” came “The Weakest Link,” which added a new wrinkle (subsequently picked up by “American Idol”): Its British host, Anne Robinson, was presented not as a genteel, erudite tutor but rather as a rude, sarcastic jerk. —Andrew Sullivan, New Republic, 4 Nov. 2002", "Singer Kelly Clarkson, pictured at The Grove on April 1, 2015 in Los Angeles, will guest judge on the final season of \"American Idol.\" Photo: Getty Images", "More From The Month Of May - Tom Gabel, the lead singer of punk rock band, “Against Me!”, says he's becoming a woman... Shock jock Howard Stern promised  to tone down his act for his judge's role on \"America's Got Talent\"… Britney Spears To Be A Judge On “X-Factor” next season…", "The British music and media mogul known as the ‘nasty’ judge has shot to fame on the British and US hit TV show The X Factor. As an A&R executive and television star, he has an estimated fortune of £200 million.", "\"It would be all right if there was a programme about a maverick judge and how awful that is and why he's a twat and it shouldn't be allowed. But it's not about that, it's about how brilliant he is and how all judges, by implication, should be like that.\"", "Another example from the fourth season; Ian Stringer bombed out in the third week, and Sir Alan Sugar branded him \"an absolute waste of space\" and the worst candidate from that year's bunch. These days however he's a fairly well known sports reporter, and enjoys a higher profile than the vast majority of that year's candidates.", "Which music executive and TV producer shot to global fame as a judge on \"American Idol\"?", "Peter Andre is a royal BBC correspondent who gets the sack after first making bizarre and inaccurate claims about the Royal Family (such as Prince Charles having magical powers, describing The Queen as \"The Main One\" and mistaking Princess Eugenie for her mother, Sarah, Duchess of York , and declaring his love for Princess Anne through song). The character's name is a reference to the singer . There are also two deleted scenes in which Peter Andre appears backstage at the Royal Variety Performance and at a drug rehab centre.", "In October 2009, Kelly Brook claimed that Ant & Dec had been the cause of her removal as the fourth judge on Britain's Got Talent. She claimed that she was asked to leave the show after she upset the pair. ", "Cowell is so devoid of any kind of love for British pop that he chose The Climb, an old song by a ultra-bland American teenie pop star, Miley Cyrus, as McElderryâs first single. It was an act of utter arrogance and he deserved to be kept off the top spot.", "English singer, songwriter and record producer. He is frontman and lead vocalist of British pop-group Take That and served as head judge on series 8, 9 and 10 of The X Factor UK. He is a six-time winner of the prestigious Ivor Novello prize.", "A British tabloid accused Lydon of racism due to the incident, soemthing he strongly denied during an appearance on The One Show, claiming that they were \"atrocious\" and \"hurtful\". He went on to say that:", "The popular BBC talent show judge revealed he was in the early stages of prostate cancer in October 2009. He had surgery the next month and despite getting the all-clear, still has regular check-ups.", "Piers is a former editor of The Daily Mirror, a British tabloid newspaper, serving in that post from 1995 until 2004. He has also pursued careers in writing and television. He is now a judge on America's Got Talent.", "An early 1991 appearance on UK TV's Blind Date programme. Then unknown trying to get famous! Now known as a judge on Britain's Got Talent." ]

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[ "On September 24, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt declared Devils Tower in Wyoming to be the first National Monument under the Antiquities Act.", "On September 24, 1906 President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first National Monument. Devils Tower is a Wyoming landmark, a 600 ft high tower of rock, visible for nearly 100 mi. It has been a guidepost and a religious site. In December of that year, three more National Monuments were created. El Morro, New Mexico is a wayside in the rugged desert lands used by Indians settlers and travelers for centuries as a watering hole and a place to leave their marks. The site includes prehistoric petroglyphs and hundreds of inscriptions from 17th century Spanish explorers and 19th century American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro.", "Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The Monument’s boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (5.45 km2).", "On this date in 1906, Devils Tower WY was declared the first US National Monument by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "Devils Tower was the first US National Monument, established on 24 September 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "President Theodore Roosevelt designated Devils Tower—a natural rock formation resulting from a volcanic intrusion and a sacred site for many Plains Indians—the first national monument in the U.S. on September 24, 1906.", "On this day in 1906, US President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower (and the area around it) to be the nation's first National Monument.   Devils Tower is a monolith of igneous rock located in Crook County, northeastern Wyoming.   It rises dramatically 1267 feet (386 m) above the surrounding terrain, and is a sacred site for many Amerindians.   It�s that huge rock tower you saw in �Close Encounters of the Third Kind�.", "Roosevelt's conservationist leanings also impelled him to preserve national sites of scientific, particularly archaeological, interest. The 1906 passage of the Antiquities Act gave him a tool for creating national monuments by presidential proclamation, without requiring Congressional approval for each monument on an item-by-item basis. The language of the Antiquities Act specifically called for the preservation of \"historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest,\" and was primarily construed by its creator, Congressman James F. Lacey (assisted by the prominent archaeologist Edgar Lee Hewett), as targeting the prehistoric ruins of the American Southwest. Roosevelt, however, applied a typically broad interpretation to the Act, and the first national monument he proclaimed, Devils Tower National Monument in Wyoming, was preserved for reasons tied more to geology than archaeology.", "It was not until fourteen years later that Devils Tower became a national monument. Due to lack of congressional support a different avenue of protection was sought. The Antiquities Act of June 1906 offered a new opportunity for protecting the Tower. This act allowed \"objects of historic or scientific interest\" to be set aside by the president. Wyoming Representative Frank W. Mondell (1860-1939) lent his support to the plan to have the area preserved as a national monument. Mondell was a member and later chairman of the House Committee on Public Lands. Due in large part to the influence of Mondell, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Devils Tower as the first national monument on September 24, 1906. The acreage set aside was only 1,153 acres, believed by the president to \"be sufficiently large to provide for the proper care and management of the monument\" under the terms of the Antiquities Act. The Little Missouri Buttes were not included in the monument area. The remainder of the reserve was opened to settlement in 1908.", "2. Another first for the state is Devil’s Tower, the monolithic rock protrusion in the Black Hills mountain chain, which was declared the first-ever United States National Monument on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt.", "The other natural monuments included four caves: Jewel Cave in South Dakota; Oregon Caves in Oregon; Lehman Caves in Nevada; and Timpanogos Cave in Utah. In the National Park System they would join Carlsbad Caverns, Mammoth Cave, and Wind Cave national parks (and two national monuments later abolished: Lewis and Clark Caverns, Montana, and Shoshone Cavern, Wyoming). The first of only five archeological monuments in the group was Gila Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico, proclaimed November 16, 1907. It was followed by Tonto and Walnut Canyon in Arizona and then by Bandelier, New Mexico, established within the Santa Fe National Forest in 1916. President Hoover enlarged Bandelier and reassigned it to the NPS in February 1932, a year and a half before the reorganization. The fifth was Old Kasaan National Monument, Alaska, abolished in 1955.", "Fort Jefferson National Monument, Florida, containing the largest all-masonry fortification in the Western Hemisphere, was the first historical monument proclaimed by Franklin Roosevelt, in 1935. (Congress renamed it Dry Tortugas National Park in 1992.) Congress authorized Fort Stanwix National Monument, New York, in 1935; but the NPS did not acquire the site on which it would reconstruct the colonial and Revolutionary War fort until 1973. The second historical monument Roosevelt proclaimed was Fort Laramie, Wyoming, in 1938 the first of several western military and fur-trading posts to join the System. Fort Vancouver, Washington, followed by act of Congress in 1948. Fort Sumter, the famous Civil War landmark at Charleston, South Carolina, was also transferred to the NPS that year by the Army.", "Theodore Roosevelt became the first American President to take seriously the concept of the preservation of nature. As President from 1901 to 1909, he designated 150 National Forests, the first 51 Federal Bird Reservations, 5 National Parks (including the Grand Canyon, Crater Lake, and Mesa Verde), the first 18 national monuments (including the Chaco Canyon, Petrified Forest, Muir Woods and Devils Tower), the first 4 National Game Preserves, and the first 21 Reclamation Projects. Altogether, in the seven-and-one-half years he was in office, he provided federal protection for almost 230 million acres, a land area equivalent to that of all the East coast states from Maine to Florida. For more information on Theodore Roosevelt visit http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org .", "The first national park following establishment of the National Park Service was Mount McKinley in Alaska, reserved in 1917 to protect the mountain sheep, caribou, moose, bears, and other wildlife on and around North America's highest mountain. The incomparable Grand Canyon National Park, incorporating the Forest Service's Grand Canyon National Monument, followed in 1919. Other national parks established through 1933 included Lafayette, Maine, in 1919 (renamed Acadia in 1929); Zion, Utah, in 1919; Utah in that state in 1924 (renamed Bryce Canyon in 1928); Grand Teton, Wyoming, in 1929; and Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, in 1930. Like Grand Canyon, all these except Grand Teton incorporated earlier national monuments.", "Roosevelt's eighth national monument proclamation was far from routine. Its subject was Jackson Hole, Wyoming, discussed as a possible addition to Yellowstone National Park as early as 1892. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., visited the area in 1926 with Horace Albright, then superintendent of Yellowstone, and was disturbed to see commercial development on private lands despoiling the view of the Teton Range. With official encouragement and without publicly disclosing his role and purpose, Rockefeller undertook to purchase more than 33,000 acres through his Snake River Land Company for donation to the United States. When the scheme became public, cattlemen, hunters, timbermen, and other local interests bitterly opposed the land's removal from economic productivity, hunting, and taxation. Wyoming's congressional delegation came to their aid by thwarting passage of park enabling legislation. In response, Roosevelt in 1943 proclaimed Jackson Hole National Monument to accept Rockefeller's donation. The monument also included 179,000 acres from Teton National Forest adjoining the limited Grand Teton National Park established in 1929.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, the first National Park in the U.S. and widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming , although it also extends into Montana and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful Geyser , one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is dominant.", "The original Grand Teton National Park, in Wyoming, was set aside by Congress and President Calvin Coolidge in 1929, and FDR named the adjacent Jackson Hole Monument, including a 35,000-acre swath donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr., in 1943. Neither effort came without a fight from local ranchers. The two parcels were added and consolidated as Grand Teton National Park in 1950.", "Yellowstone National Park in southern Montana and northern Wyoming was the first national park in the nation.", "On December 21, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 7253 [15] to approve the memorial, [19] allocating the 82-acre area as the first National Historic Site . [15] [16] [18] The order also appropriated $3.3 million through the WPA and $3.45 million through the PWA [20] ($6,750,000 in total). [17] The motivation of the project was twofold—commemorating westward expansion and creating jobs . [14] Some taxpayers began to file suits to impede the monument, which they called a \" boondoggle \". [16]", "Yellowstone: Our first national park – Yellowstone National Park was the nation's first national park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. It's predominantly in Wyoming but also touches Idaho and Montana. Check in next week for Arches National Park .", "President Theodore Roosevelt declares over 800,000 acres of Arizona’s Grand Canyon to be a national monument, one of the many national monuments, parks and wildlife refuges created during his presidency. The Grand Canyon becomes a national park in 1919.", "In 1908, Roosevelt used the act to proclaim more than 800000 acre of the Grand Canyon as a national monument. May 24 1911, Pres. T. Roosevelt created the Colorado National Monument in Grand Junction. ", "When South Dakota state historian Doane Robinson  read about Stone Mountain, he invited Borglum out to the Black Hills of South Dakota to create a monument there. Borglum, perhaps realizing that Stone Mountain had only regional support, immediately suggested a national subject for Rushmore: Presidents George Washington  and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas Jefferson  were added to the program soon afterward. Borglum had met and campaigned for Roosevelt, and by invoking that president’s acquisition of the Panama Canal  and Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase, the Rushmore monument became a story of the expansion of the United States, the embodiment of Manifest Destiny.", "Wyoming's Representative Frank W. Mondell from Newcastle had informed President Roosevelt of a fantastic geologic formation located in a federal forest reserve in northeastern Wyoming. Senator Francis Warren's earlier efforts to have the area declared a national or state park were never acted on by Congress, but Mondell was an influential member of the House Committee on Public Lands, a committee on which he would later serve as chairman, and he had the power to catch the president's attention. Mondell also came from a strong position in Congressby 1906 he had served five terms in Washington.", "The village of Mammoth Hot Springs, nestled at the foot of snow-capped mountains, is the location of park headquarters. Yellowstone was our nation’s first national park, established in 1872.", "Borglum selected the Mt. Rushmore site in the Black Hills, believing that its dimensions of 1000 feet long and 400 feet wide well suited his purpose. On March 3, 1925, Federal legislation was passed by Congress authorizing the carving and setting forth the purpose for Mt. Rushmore State Park: \"the establishment of a memorial commemorative of our national history and progress.\" Subsequently the Mount Harney Memorial Association was established (later called the Mount Rushmore National Commission), whose task it was to raise money for the project. It was decided that the individuals who best exemplified the foundation, expansion and preservation of the Republic-- Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt--should be the subjects of the memorial. By Executive Order of June 10, 1933, President Roosevelt placed Mt. Rushmore under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. All responsibilities were transferred to the National Park Service in 1941.", "Albright was the only person at the meeting who openly supported a national park. The other attendees wanted to make sure that they could continue to use the land for hunting and ranching. As time went by, public support for a national park grew. This support wasn't unanimous, and there were still many holdouts who would not sell their land to the government. Nonetheless, on February 26, 1929, Grand Teton National Park was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge.", "The Roosevelt Arch, at the north entrance to Yellowstone Universal Studios Hollywood National Park. The arch's cornerstone was laid in 1903 by Freemason and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.", "Mammoth Springs Gardiner, MT, a real western town on the banks of the Yellowstone River. On our way back home, we reentered the park through the impressive Roosevelt Arch, a 50-foot basalt structure. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt laid the cornerstone for the basalt structure completed in 1909. As we retraced our path, Yellowstone gave us a final thrill. South of Mammoth Spring, a huge traffic jam could only mean there was a bear by the road. We jockeyed for position. OMG! A grizzly bear mamma and cubs were frolicking in the in the grass. We tried to get out of the car for a closer look. But the park ranger said no, “Just get your picture and move on.” What an ending to our park visit. We know we only saw a fraction of this incredible region. That would take years of time. But we did see how marvelous and alive our world could be with space for bears, coyotes, a wolves, elk and bison. Who could ask for more? Barbara and Joan at Roosevelt Arch.", "On November 10th (that’s today!), 1978, the U.S. Congress established Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota. The park encompasses a wildly variegated landscape of cliffs, gullies, mountains, plains, and wildlife. It serves as one of the last strongholds for North American bison, and that is the reason the young Roosevelt traveled into the territory in 1883-“to bag a buffalo.” His attempt at establishing a homestead ranch in the region made a lasting impression upon the President who later said, “I would not have been President had it not been for my experience in North Dakota.”", "To the north of Jackson Hole, Yellowstone National Park had been established in 1872, and by the close of the 19th century, conservationists wanted to expand the boundaries of that park to include at least the Teton Range. By 1907, in an effort to regulate water flow for irrigation purposes, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation had constructed a log crib dam at the Snake River outlet of Jackson Lake. This dam failed in 1910 and a new concrete Jackson Lake Dam replaced it by 1911. The dam was further enlarged in 1916, raising lake waters 39 ft as part of the Minidoka Project, designed to provide irrigation for agriculture in the state of Idaho. Further dam construction plans for other lakes in the Teton Range alarmed Yellowstone National Park superintendent Horace Albright, who sought to block such efforts. Jackson Hole residents were opposed to an expansion of Yellowstone, but were more in favor of the establishment of a separate National Park which would include the Teton Range and six lakes at the base of the mountains. After congressional approval, President Calvin Coolidge signed the executive order establishing the 96000 acre Grand Teton National Park on February 26, 1929. " ]

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[ "Dunder-Mifflin Paper Company (also known as Dunder-Mifflin, Inc.) is a fictional paper company in the television series The Office . The Scranton, Pennsylvania Branch of Dunder-Mifflin serves as the main setting for the series. The company was founded by Robert Dunder and Robert Mifflin . The stock symbol is DMI.", "From Deedle-Dee Productions, Reveille and Universal Television, the multi-award-winning comedy series \"The Office\" presents a hilarious documentary-style look at the humorous, and sometimes poignant, foolishness that plagues the 9-to-5 world. Based on the award-winning BBC hit, \"The Office\" is a fly-on-the-wall \"docu-reality\" parody of modern American office life that delves into the lives of the workers at Dunder Mifflin, a paper supply company in Scranton, Pennsylvania.", "Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) Situation comedy set in a paper company office in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Oscar is a closeted accountant for the Dunder-Mifflin paper supply company [glaad]. American version of the British series of the same name.", "Initially, NBC was too respectful. The goings on at the Scranton branch of the Dunder-Mifflin paper company duplicated those at Wernham Hogg scene for scene, which didn’t play to the new writers’ interests or the new cast’s strengths. But in the fall of 2005 the writers, led by Greg Daniels, the co-creator of “King of the Hill,” declared independence, and soon enough the show became a hit, first as a downloaded phenomenon on iTunes and then in the Nielsen ratings. It also became the best sitcom on the air. The creative turning point was last fall’s Halloween episode, in which Dunder-Mifflin’s corporate office in New York tells Michael Scott (the American version of David Brent, played by Steve Carell) to fire an employee by the end of the day. As he loudly struggles to think of a way out, or a way to get someone else to do it, Carell lets us see his character rummaging around in his brain for ideas, rocking forward as if to tip one closer to his mouth. The episode becomes completely goofy when Michael, in costume with a papier-mâché head on his shoulder, persuades his dweeby but Machiavellian lieutenant, Dwight (a brilliantly humorless Rainn Wilson), that the second head is whispering advice about whom to fire.", "The company's \"clearly dysfunctional\" top-down management style is a major source of tension on the show, notes Chicago-based writer Ramsin Canon. Corporate headquarters rejects the television commercial Michael created, as he in turn insisted on his own ideas for the commercial and ignored his employees. Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), who began as a temp, becomes Michael's new boss because he has an M.B.A. despite never having sold any paper or paper products. Michael, in turn, treats his own employees the same way. The show's depiction of a dysfunctional corporate culture has led some commentators to liken Dunder Mifflin to the software maker Initech in Mike Judge's cult comedy Office Space and the nameless company in which the Dilbert comic strip is set.", "All filming is done in the Greater Los Angeles area, but the show makes many references to actual places and businesses in and near Scranton, such as the Mall at Steamtown, Lake Wallenpaupack, Abe's Deli, and the Lackawanna County Coal Mine Tour. Dwight's \"Froggy 101\" bumper sticker is from local country station WGGY. \"We went toward embracing the whole Scranton-ness of the setting,\" said Daniels.[3]", "The city of Scranton, long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center,[4] has eagerly embraced, and been redefined by, the show. \"We're really hip now\", says the mayor's assistant.[3] The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall, as well as the pedestrian bridge to the Mall at Steamtown. The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company, whose tower is shown in the opening credits, plans to add it to the tower as well.[89] Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show.[4][89][90]", "The city of Scranton, long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center, has eagerly embraced, and ultimately has been redefined by the show. \"We're really hip now,\" says the mayor's assistant. The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall, as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown. The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company, whose tower is shown in the opening credits, plans to add it to the tower as well. Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show. Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well. In a 2008 St. Patrick's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City, former Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin. ", "Jim and Pam become engaged, and she ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan returns to Dunder Mifflin as a temp. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela's continued affair, both men leave her. Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest. Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company, enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople, and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable, Dunder Mifflin's profits are immediately threatened. In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company, the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp. During the chaos, new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam. The season's finale ends with a cliffhanger ending hinting that Pam might be pregnant. ", "The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24, 2005 to May 16, 2013. It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name. The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons. It is co-produced by Daniels' Deedle-Dee Productions, and Reveille Productions (later Shine America), in association with Universal Television. The original executive producers were Greg Daniels, Howard Klein, Ben Silverman, Ricky Gervais, and Stephen Merchant, with numerous others being promoted in later seasons.", "The Office is a British television comedy series, created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , and first aired in the UK on BBC2 on July 9, 2001. Widely acclaimed as the most successful BBC comedy in this decade, two six-episode series have been made, along with a pair of 45-minute Christmas specials. The show has been sold in over 60 countries worldwide including ABC in Australia, TVNZ in New Zealand, and the pan-Asian satellite channel STAR World, based in Hong Kong. The American versionis Emmy award winning", "The Office was filmed with a single-camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary, with no studio audience or laugh track, allowing its \"deadpan\" and \"absurd\" humor to fully come across. The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees, seemingly around the clock. The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters, especially Michael Scott, who enthusiastically participates in the filming. The characters, especially Jim and Pam, also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation. The main action of the show is supplemented with talking-head interviews or \"confessionals\" in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day's events.", "Clue: The Office Edition [85] (2009) Players at the Dunder Mifflin office are instructed by their boss Michael Scott to find out who \"killed\" HR rep Toby Flenderson (based on Discover The Secrets rules).", "The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work: Angela Kinsey, Kate Flannery, Oscar Nunez, Leslie David Baker, Brian Baumgartner, Melora Hardin and David Denman.[29] Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam. The producers thought she was \"too feisty\" for the character, but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin, which she won.[30] Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson-Gould, before landing the role of Meredith Palmer.[31] Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley, but was eventually cast as Kevin.[32] Ken Kwapis liked the way Phyllis Smith, a casting associate, read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis.[33] At the beginning of the third season, Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford. While Jones would later leave the cast for a recurring role, in February 2007 NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular.[34]", "The Office Merchandise | DVDs & Shirts | NBC Store - Dunder Mifflin, Shop by Theme Dunder Mifflin", "* Jason Miller – actor, director and Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright of That Championship Season, a play and film set in Scranton", "In the episode \" The Return \", Dwight tells his co-worker Paris that he worked at Dunder Mifflin, one of Staples' top competitors. \"I never heard of 'em,\" she replies.", "The initial season had seven roles receiving star billing. Tina Fey portrayed the protagonist, the head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan, Liz Lemon; Tracy Morgan played the loose cannon star of TGS Tracy Jordan; Jane Krakowski acted as the limelight seeking Jenna Maroney; Jack McBrayer portrayed the young, obedient Southern-born NBC page, Kenneth Parcell; Scott Adsit played the \"sane,\" quick witted producer of TGS, Pete Hornberger; Judah Friedlander acted as the trucker hat-wearing childish, sarcastic writer Frank Rossitano and Alec Baldwin portrayed the decisive, controlling, suave network executive Jack Donaghy, who constantly interferes with the goings on at TGS.[1]", "The Office premieres on NBC. Over the next few seasons, the critically acclaimed comedy series would win multiple Emmy, Screen Actors Guild and Golden Globe awards.", "The NBC sitcom 30 Rock was set at the NBC Studios in the GE Building at 30 Rockefeller Center (hence the title). All characters in the main cast are NBC (and therefore GE) employees, and one character, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) is portrayed as having risen through the ranks of GE management to become Vice President of NBC's East Coast operations through the company's microwave oven division.", "Developed for the small-screen by Justin Spitzer of The Office fame, Superstore is an ensemble cast single-camera comedy about a diverse group of employees working at a big-box store in middle America called Cloud 9, and the love story that will ultimately unfold among them. Spitzer will write the script and co-executive producer with Ruben Fleischer who will direct the episodes.", "Clerks is an American animated sitcom based on Kevin Smith's 1994 comedy of the same name. It was developed for television by Smith, Smith's producing partner Scott Mosier and former Seinfeld writer David Mandel with character designs by Stephen Silver.", "King of the Hill is an American adult animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels that ran from January 12, 1997, to May 6, 2010, on Fox. It centers on the Hills, a middle-class Methodist family in the fictional small suburban town of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with issues comically. Unlike other animated programs, plots were often cumulative, much like a prime-time drama. In addition, the show was known for its dramatic cliffhangers during season finales. This style of storytelling was unusual for an animated program at the time King of the Hill aired. Judge and Daniels conceived the series after a run with Judge's Beavis and Butt-head on MTV, and the series debuted on the Fox network as a mid-season replacement on January 12, 1997, quickly becoming a hit. The series's popularity led to worldwide syndication, and reruns air nightly on Adult Swim. The show became one of Fox's longest-running series, and was the second longest-running American animated series at the time of its cancellation, The Simpsons being the first. It is currently the third, after being passed up by South Park. In 2007 it was named by Time magazine as one of the top 100 greatest television shows of all time. The title theme was written and performed by The Refreshments. King of the Hill won two Emmy Awards and was nominated for seven.", "Herman's Head is a sitcom that aired on the FOX from 1991 to 1994. The series stars William Ragsdale as Herman Brooks an aspiring writer working as a fact-checker for a magazine publisher. While dealing with life in the big city, his inner thoughts are played out by four characters representing: his intellect, his fear, his sensitivity, and his lust. His \"outer world\" consists of a trivia-trove of a boss, two female co-workers, one mouse-ish and the other a snobbish social-climbing bombshell, and a best friend whose both a successful writer, a sexist pig, and an all-around fun guy.", "The series began with the introduction of the Walsh family—Jim, Cindy, Brandon, and Brenda—who had recently moved from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Beverly Hills, California as a result of Jim's job promotion. In the first episode, Brandon and Brenda began attending West Beverly Hills High School, where they were eventually introduced to several friends who composed the remainder of the cast: Kelly Taylor, Steve Sanders, Andrea Zuckerman, Dylan McKay, David Silver, Scott Scanlon, and Donna Martin. The show followed the dramatic lives of its characters through high school, college, and ultimately the adult world, while introducing several additional characters as its seasons progressed. It is the longest-running show produced by Aaron Spelling, airing slightly longer than Dynasty.", "Full House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin for ABC. The show chronicles a widowed father, Danny Tanner, who enlists his best friend and brother-in-law to help raise his three daughters. It aired from September 22, 1987, to May 23, 1995, broadcasting eight seasons and 192 episodes.", "Who's the Boss? is a sitcom that aired on ABC 1984 until 1992 and starred Tony Danza as a retired major league baseball player who relocates to Fairfield, Connecticut to work as a live-in housekeeper for a divorced advertising executive, played by Judith Light. Also featured were Alyssa Milano, Danny Pintauro, and Katherine Helmond.", "In this sitcom, Deputy Mayor Mike Flaherty (Fox) and his City Hall staff must stop the dim-witted Mayor (Bostwick) of New York City from embarrassing himself in front of the media and the voters. The staff consists of Caitlin Moore (Locklear) the Communications Director, Carter Haywood (Boatman) the head of Minority Affairs,Stuart Bondack (Ruck) the Chief of Staff, Paul Lassiter (Kind) the Press Secretary, James Hobert (Gaberman/Chaplin)the Mayor's Speech Writer, and Nikki Faber (Britton) accountant. In the final two seasons of the show, Mike is replaced by Charlie Crawford (Sheen). Written by Samantha Rose and Mike Boothroyd", "Three's Company was a hit sitcom that aired on ABC from 1977 until 1984 that revolves around three single roommates: Janet Wood, Chrissy Snow and Jack Tripper who all platonically share Apartment 201 in a Santa Monica, California apartment building owned by Mr. and Mrs. Roper.", "Employees and customers congregate at the bar of Satin Dolls, which stood in for the Bada Bing Club filmed in the television show \"The Sopranos\", in Lodi, New Jersey, June 20, 2013. Reuters", "Four of the show's writers have also stepped out in front of the camera. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand-up act. Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts.[29] Greg Daniels originally was not sure where to use the Indian American Kaling on-screen in the series until the opportunity came in the second episode's script where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. \"Since (that slap), I've been on the show\" (as Kelly Kapoor), says Kaling.[33] Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight's cousin Mose, and consulting producer Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown.", "The show centered around 4 friends living in New York. The cast of Seinfeld was perfect. You have:" ]

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[ "The United States Bullion Depository, commonly called Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located near Fort Knox, Kentucky, which is used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and, occasionally, other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. The United States Bullion Depository holds about 4,603 tons (4 176 metric tonnes) of gold bullion (147.4 million troy ounces[1]). It is second in the United States only to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's underground vault in Manhattan, which holds about 5,000 metric tonnes of gold in trust for many foreign nations, central banks and official international organizations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bullion_Depository", "The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located within the United States Army post of Fort Knox , Kentucky , used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government . It is estimated to have roughly 2.3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history. [2]", "The United States Bullion Depository, often known as Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located within the United States Army post of Fort Knox, Kentucky, used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. It is estimated to have roughly 2.3% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history. ", "The United States Bullion Depository, commonly called Fort Knox, is a fortified vault building located near Fort Knox, Kentucky, which is used to store a large portion of United States official gold reserves and occasionally, other precious items belonging or entrusted to the federal government. The United States Bullion Depository holds about 4,603 tons (4,176 metric tons) of gold bullion (147.399 million troy ounces). It is second in the United States only to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s underground vault in Manhattan, which holds about 5,000 metric tons of gold in trust for many foreign nations, central banks and official international organizations.", "When was the last time you heard any comments from the government or media about the nations gold in Fort Knox? The official statement is that the United States Bullion Depository, adjacent to Fort Knox, Kentucky is reported to hold 4,577 metric tons (5046 tons) of gold bullion. This is roughly 2.5% of all the gold ever refined throughout human history.", "In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102 , which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion , and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve . As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937. [1] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky , on land transferred from the military . The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000, or $8.5 million in 2009 dollars. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road.", "The first shipment of gold is made to the new U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky.", "In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox , Kentucky , on land transferred from the military . The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 at a cost of $ 560,000, or about $7.5 million in 2007 dollars. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road.", "When most people think of vast amounts of precious metals tucked away in secure locations, it’s Fort Knox that comes to mind. Few people know that a tiny facility in New York State once rivaled Knox in the wealth department, and was home to the largest concentration of silver in the United States. Opened in 1937 and originally known as the West Point Bullion Depository, the Mint is located just miles from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. There are currently more than 54 million ounces of gold in “deep storage” at the facility, with an estimated value of more than $80 billion dollars, making West Point the second largest gold depository after Fort Knox. Though it did not achieve official status as a U.S. Mint until 1988, it had begun striking pennies and gold medallions decades earlier. Today, it issues coins struck with the “W” mint mark in gold, silver and platinum, including the only U.S. coins issued to commemorate the September 11 attacks.", "In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky on land transferred from the military. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 at a cost of $560,000, or about $7.5 million in 2007 dollars.", "In fiscal year 1985 audits of Government-owned gold were conducted at the United States Mint in Denver and the United States Bullion Depository in Fort Knox, Kentucky. The audits were conducted in accordance with the revised audit guidelines that required a statistical sample of gold melts within randomly selected compartments at the facilities.", "began in 1936 and took a year. Beginning in January 1937, trainloads of American gold under the guard of armed soldiers arrived at Kentucky's Fort Knox, to store away what was still reverently called the “nation's gold.”", "The Depository was completed in December 1936 at a cost of $560,000. It is located approximately 30 miles southwest of Louisville, Kentucky, on a site which was formerly a part of the Fort Knox military reservation. The first gold was moved to the Depository by railroad in January 1937. That series of shipments was completed in June 1937.", "Fort Knox is located at 37°54'09.96\" North, 85°57'09.11\" West, along the Ohio River. The depository itself is located at 37°52'59.59\" North, 85°57'55.31\" West.", "Though the gold kept at Fort Knox, West Point and the US Mint in Denver, Colorado, have all been audited and tested in the past, the remaining 5 per cent – or about $21 billion – of America's gold, held at the New York Fed, has never been exhaustively checked out.", "Sometimes open-pit mining is used, such as at the Fort Knox Mine in Central Alaska. Barrick Gold Corporation has one of the largest open-pit gold mines in North America located on its Goldstrike mine property in northeastern Nevada.", "Let’s recap what we’ve studied in the previous posts. The US Treasury currently owns 8,134 tonnes of gold of which 7,716 tonnes is stored by the US Mint (4,583 tonnes at Fort Knox, 1,364 tonnes in Denver, 1,682 at West Point) and 418 tonnes at the Federal Reserve Bank Of New York. We’ve focused on the first audits of the gold stored by the US Mint. A Fort Knox physical gold audit in 1953 was anything but full, neither was the famous audit in 1974 .", "If you guessed the U.S. government, you’re right, sort of. Most people automatically think of the bullion vault at Fort Knox, Ky. The military installation does indeed hold a good stash of the U.S. reserves, about 147 million ounces (out of 261 million total as of December.) Other reserves are socked away in the Philadelphia and Denver mints, the bullion depository at West Point, N.Y., and other places.", "Only a fraction of the gold reserves were available to see. A photo of one Congressman published by Associated Press suggested that gold bars held in the fort may have been less heavy than would be usually expected. This resulted in even more doubt about the fineness of gold in Fort Knox....[This is] important if you consider that counterfeit 'gold bars' have been showing up in New York recently and that fake gold bars turned up in LBMA Approved Vaults in Hong Kong.\"", "The Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as \"Ye Olde Mint\". With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, an identifying feature on the coin to show its facility of origin. The first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina (1838–1861), Dahlonega, Georgia (1838–1861), and New Orleans, Louisiana (1838–1909) branches. Both the Charlotte (C mint mark) and Dahlonega (D mint mark) Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of local gold deposits into coinage, and minted only gold coins. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently. The New Orleans Mint (O mint mark) closed at the beginning of the Civil War (1861) and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a minting facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time (in 1851 silver three-cent pieces, half dimes, dimes, quarters, half dollars, and gold dollars, Quarter Eagles, half eagles, eagles, and double eagles).", "The facility is surrounded by fences and guarded by the United States Mint Police. Fort Knox is a US Army post of 30,000 soldiers and surrounds the depository and provides an extra level of security to the facility. The vault door and emergency door are both 21 inches thick and made of the latest torch and drill resistant metals.", "The facility is ringed with several fences and is under armed guard by officers of the United States Mint Police . The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox , a United States Army post , allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by numerous layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield , the 16th Cavalry Regiment, training battalions of the United States Army Armor School , and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling over 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks , armored personnel carriers , attack helicopters , and artillery .", "September 23, 1974 - An inspection to verify the gold holdings at the Fort Knox Bullion Depository was completed by members of Congress. The inspection was setup in response to conspiracy theories that Fort Knox held little or no gold at all.", "West Point Mint was “the Fort Knox of silver” and has a whole lot of gold.", "The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository premises are within the site of Fort Knox, a US Army post, allowing the Army to provide additional protection. The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, microphones, mine fields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, heavily armed guards, and the Army units based at Fort Knox, including unmarked Apache helicopter gunships of 8/229 Aviation based at Godman Army Airfield, the 19th Engineer Battalion, formerly training battalions of the United States Army Armor School, and the 3rd Brigade Combat Team of the 1st Infantry Division, totaling 30,000 soldiers, with associated tanks, armored personnel carriers, attack helicopters, and artillery.", "From 1993 to 2008 the remaining 3 % of the gold reserves stored at the US Mint has been audited – I assume. For this post we’ll focus on the continuing audits of U.S.-owned gold, as these audits should proof there is gold in Fort Knox. By gathering information from audit reports from 1974 – 1986 (the ones I could get my hands on) and statements made at the congressional hearing in 2011 we’ll analyze our way through this. I have copied as much quotes in this post as I can to minimize the possibility of an erroneous interpretation of the official text in the audit reports.", "* The West Point, New York Bullion Depository – 1938 to date. It is operated as an adjunct of the New York Assay Office.", "Only a fraction of gold in Fort Knox was ever allowed to be seen. There hasn't been an audit of Fort Knox in over 60 years. If you believe the government routinely lies, why would you believe the government's claim to have retained 8,200 tons of gold for the past 30 years", "During World War II Fort Knox held the US Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution as well as reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. The crown of St. Stephen and some of the Hungarian crown jewels were also held at Fort Knox.", "It was revealed, on a TV show more than ten years ago, that the gold contained in the interior of Fort Knox is not at all like the bright, shiny and ultra-modern interior shown in the movie. There are concentric rings of defenses starting with the two-story vault, itself. The vault is small, less than 4000 square feet, and two stories high. Its walls are two feet thick and constructed of concrete-encased steel plates, steel I-beams, and steel cylinders laced with hoop bands. The vault walls and roof are separated from the Depository's outer walls and roof, which are constructed of granite-lined concrete. The actual storage of the gold is contained within \"prison-like\" cells that are dark and dank.", "Also, the gold stored there has become a symbol of a vast amount, leading to the phrase \"not for all the gold in Fort Knox\" as a reference for not doing something under any circumstance.", "The gold stored in the Depository is in the form of standard mint bars of almost pure gold or coin gold bars resulting from the melting of gold coins. These bars are about the size of an ordinary building brick, but are somewhat smaller. The approximate dimensions are 7 x 3-5/8 x 1-3/4 inches. The fine gold bars contain approximately 400 troy ounces of gold, worth $16,888.00 (based on the statutory price of $42.22 per ounce). The avoirdupois weight of the bars is about 27-1/2 pounds. They are stored in the vault compartments without wrappings. When the bars are handled, great care is exercised to avoid abrasion of the soft metal." ]

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[ "Our official state website notes that we are known as \"The Hoosier State,\" and the Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Hoosier as “a native or resident of Indiana.”  Amtrak’s Hoosier State line carries passengers through the Indiana countryside.  Indiana’s rich agricultural history is celebrated with the Hoosier Homestead Award Program, and the Hoosier Riverwatch program is a testament to our state’s commitment to our environment and water quality.  As you can see, whether we are cheering for the Indiana Hoosiers on the basketball court, hiking the Hoosier National Forest, or inviting friends over for some Hoosier Hospitality, we have always called ourselves Hoosiers.", "Hoosier is the official demonym for a resident of the U.S. state of Indiana. The origin of the term remains a matter of debate within the state, but \"Hoosier\" was in general use by the 1840s, having been popularized by Richmond resident John Finley's 1833 poem \"The Hoosier's Nest\". Anyone born in Indiana or a resident at the time is considered to be a Hoosier. Indiana adopted the nickname \"The Hoosier State\" more than 150 years ago.", "A resident of Indiana is known as a Hoosier. The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has \"Hoosier\" originating from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (a part of the Upland South region of the United States) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin. ", "The definition of a hoosier is a nickname for someone from the state of Indiana or a fan of Indiana University athletics.", "      Politicians in particular like the theory of hard-working Indianans. Governor Evan Bayh used it on a quiz show (\"Bayh Shows he's a Hoosier Quiz 'Kid'\") where he explains the term \"hoosier\" as deriving from the canal builder, Samuel Hoosier, who \"favored workers in Indiana and they became known as Hoosiers.\" With state pride in his heart and politics in his mind, Bayh continued, \"We'd like to think it's synonymous with good workers.\"", "Another early mention of the word \"hoosier\" occurred when General John Tipton was approached with an offer from a businessman to name his own boat Hoosier State in exchange for business. Using hoosier became very common in the 1830s. Around this time period, a poem called \"The Hoosier's Nest\" became popular. Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms defined \"hoosier\" in 1848 simply as a nickname given to Indiana natives.", "Indiana is one of the few states that has had only one nickname - The Hoosier State - a name it has had since the 1830s. At one time, a \"hoosier\" was any rough person in the Wild West, but it eventually came to be applied contemptuously (like \"Yankee\") to anyone from Indiana. Nobody quite knows where \"Hoosier\" comes from, but it seems to have first appeared in 1826. Indiana license plates display the motto, The Hospitality State", "\"native or resident of Indiana,\" by c.1830, American English, of unknown origin; fanciful explanations were printed in 1830s newspapers. Said to have been first printed Jan. 1, 1833, in the \"Indianapolis Journal,\" in a poem, \"The Hoosiers Nest,\" by John Finely, which poem was said to have been written in 1830 [\"The Word Hoosier,\" \"Indiana Historical Society Publications,\" vol. IV, No. 2, 1907], and to have been in oral use from late 1820s. Seemingly it originated among Ohio River boatmen; perhaps related to English dialectal (Cumberland) hoozer, used of anything unusually large [Barnhart]. For other theories, see the above quoted source.", "Indiana may have been referred to as \"The Hoosier State\" since the early 1830s. There are many explanations for this nickname, some of them quite illogical and humorous and others believable. Like many nicknames, Hoosier may have been used contemptuously to refer to the people in Indiana.", "Perhaps one of the more eloquent conclusions was offered by Walter Havinghurst in The Heartland (1962) when he observed: “Whatever its origin, the name of Hoosier has had a lasting appeal for Indiana people and has acquired a quite enviable aura. For more than 100 years, it has continued to mean friendliness, neighborliness, an idyllic contentment with Indiana landscape and life.” It appears that [researcher] George Blakey’s observation still holds that Finley’s creative effort “helped define Indiana identity” and contributed to a “stereotype that the state has accepted affectionately, if not realistically – that of a rustic, rugged, individualistic land.”", "\"In Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana, James H. Madison offers readers a compelling, well-researched, and highly readable narrative of Indiana and its people from the ice age to the twenty-first century. A distinguished scholar, he paints a vivid portrait of Hoosier achievements and controversies, and provides a nuanced understanding of the historical roots of Hoosier responses to current-day cultural, economic, political, and social issues. A must-read for all students of Indiana history, this much-needed book brings the state’s history to life for anyone seeking insight into the people who gave definition to the word 'Hoosiers.'\" —Joanne E. Passet, Professor of History Emerita, Indiana University East", "There are a number of theories about where the word ‘hoosier’ came from but the first known usage was in a letter, written in 1827. By the 1830s, the term was widely used but the origin was still unknown. Some historians argue that the word ‘hoosher,’ as used in John Finley’s poem The Hoosier’s Nest, is in reference to the integrity and bravery of the people of Indiana, but it is likely to remain a mystery forever.", "18,462 Hoosiers reported Native American as their only race (“American Indian and Alaska Native alone” in Census Bureau lingo) in 2010. The number of Native Americans by county ranges from 11 in Benton County to 2,901 in Marion County (see Figure 1). Miami (0.9 percent) and Wabash (0.7 percent) are the only two counties where Native American exceed 0.5 percent of the total population.", "      On one occasion a stout bully from Indiana was victor in a fist fight, and having heard Colonel Lehmanowsky lecture of the \"Wars of Europe,\" who always gave martial prowess to the German Hussars in a fight, pronouncing hussars \"hoosiers,\" the Indianian, when the Kentuckian cried \"enough,\" jumped up and said: \"I am a Hoosier,\" and hence the Indianians were called by that name. This was its true origin. I was in the State when it occurred.", "Unlike most other states, Indiana was settled from south to north. The inhabitants were called Hoosiers; the origin of the word is obscure, but the term may have come from an Anglo-Saxon word for hill dwellers. Central and northern Indiana were opened up as land was purchased from the Indians. The Potawatomi were forced to go west in 1838, and the Miami left in 1846. Commerce flowed south to the Ohio River in the form of corn, hogs, whiskey, and timber. Indianapolis was laid out as a planned city and centrally located capital in 1820, but 30 years passed before its population caught up to the size of Madison and New Albany on the Ohio.", "For those who insist that Hoosiers are relatively illiterate and intellectually backward, Indiana authors rank second only to New York's in the number of books on best seller lists. Lew Wallace, author of Ben Hur, James Whitcomb Riley, who became a millionaire with his poetry, and Kurt Vonnegut are all Hoosiers. Additionally, Reverend Jim “Koolaid” Jones sports an Indiana background.", "Except for the dialect mixture in the industrial northwest corner and the Northern-dialect fringe of counties along the Michigan border, Indiana speech is essentially that of the South Midland pioneers from south of the Ohio River, with a transition zone toward North Midland, north of Indianapolis. Between the Ohio River and Indianapolis, South Midland speakers use evening for late afternoon, eat clabber cheese instead of cottage cheese, are wary of frogstools rather than toadstools, once held that toadfrogs and not plain toads caused warts, eat goobers instead of peanuts at a ball game, and may therefore be sick at the stomach. In the same region, some Hoosiers use a few Midland words that also occur north of Indianapolis, such as rock fence (stone wall), French harp (harmonica), mud dauber (wasp), shucks (leaves on an ear of corn), and perhaps even some expanding North Midland words, such as run (a small stream), teetertotter (seesaw), and fishworm. North of Indianapolis, speakers with a Midland Pennsylvania background wish on the pullybone of a chicken, may use a trestle (sawhorse), and are likely to get their hands greezy rather than greasy. Such was the Hoosier talk of James Whitcomb Riley.", "Originally an agricultural state, Indiana was settled by Native Americans moving west, by a small group of French Creoles, and by European immigrant farmers. Although railroad building and industrialization attracted other immigrant groups—notably the Irish, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Croats, Slovaks, and Syrians—foreign immigration to Indiana declined sharply in the 20th century, although there was a rebound in the final decade. As of 2000, foreign-born Hoosiers numbered 186,534 (3% of the total state population), nearly double the figure of 94,263 in 1990.", "*The fellowship felt among Hoosiers was referred to in Kurt Vonnegut's book Cat's Cradle, where it is said that this fellowship is an example of a granfalloon. Vonnegut was himself a Hoosier and a graduate of Shortridge High School in Indianapolis.", "“People are always really proud to say that they’re a Hoosier, that they’re from IU,” she said.", "Evansville, the third largest city in Indiana, is located in the southwestern corner of the state. It is located in a tri-state area that includes Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. The south-central cities of Clarksville, Jeffersonville, and New Albany are part of the Louisville metropolitan area. Bloomington, the home of Indiana University's main campus, and Columbus, an attractive small industrial city, are located in the northern part of this region. Vincennes, founded by French traders in 1732 and the oldest settlement in the state, is located on the Wabash River as served as the first capital of the Indiana Territory. Vincennes is also home of the Pantheon Theatre. Indiana was settled from its southern periphery northward; many more of its oldest settlements, including its first capital, Corydon, are in southern Indiana. Until 1950, the United States Census found the center of population to lie in southern Indiana.", "[Our standing Hooser family question has been the same for most of this decade: Does the extra \"I\" in Hoosier stand for INDIANA??]", "Kokomo: City, seat of Howard County, north central Indiana, on Wildcat creek. Kokomo named for a Miami Nate American leader.", "      The Dictionary of American Regional English provides a thorough treatment of the American regional lexicon, based on both written evidence and field work. For \"hoosier\" it gives the usual spelling and pronunciation and invites the reader to consult the variants in the entry: hoogie, hoojy, hoo(d)ger, hoojer, hooshier, hooshur. To illustrate the use of the word the Dictionary provides a number of quotations taken from a variety of sources dating from 1831 to 1980. It notes, too, that term also occurs in combined forms, like \"country hoosier\" and \"mountain hoosier,\" and it presents the definition:", "The percentage of registered voters in Indiana who participate in elections has generally exceeded the national average by a wide margin. The evenness of strength between the two major political parties during much of its history made Indiana a swing state, eagerly courted by Democrats and Republicans alike. However, by the 21st century, Indiana had become one of the safest Republican states in the nation, seen as one of the most conservative states outside of the Deep South. In 1967, Democrat Richard Hatcher became one of the nation's first African Americans to serve as head of a major city when he was elected mayor of Gary. In 1988, Indiana native son J. Danforth Quayle, then a US senator, was elected vice president of the United States on the Republican ticket with George H. W. Bush.", "\"South City Hoosier\" - These are hoosiers that have all the hoosier trademarks and live south of Highway 44. Almost all of the men work in the automotive field. The women usually are the ones buying Basic cigarettes and scratch-off tickets at a South Grand gas station on Wednesday mornings while thier 7 and 9 year old kids are listening to Eminem in the Astro van.", "      Why did Indianans accept the \"self-reference\" as Hoosiers? Eoyang asks, before wandering off into comments about poor grammar, with the unspoken suggestion that the name might just have been less than flattering. He might have asked the Methodists or the Quakers. Both groups took what began as a term of derision and embraced it as their own. He might have consulted Jacob Dunn or John Finley, the \"Hoosier's Nest\" poet himself, who wrote:", "      Governor Robert Orr (\"First Hoosier' Gets in Last Word\") avoided taking a position on the origin of the term \"hoosier\" by stating that \"even Webster doesn't deign to delve too deeply into the meaning.\" The Governor further wishes the term \"remain a mystery,\" because \"that is far more exciting.\" He seems to find it more exciting still to extol \"Hoosier hospitality\" and to inform the world that Webster's defines hospitality in an excellent fashion.", "How did this ex-Confederate, nature lover, and happy recluse get to a remote corner of the Hoosier State?", "Hoosiers by lifestyle have no excuse. They more often than not come from decent families but once are grown up and on their own, they choose to live like white trash. They listen to metal music, drink beer in excess, spend hundreds of dollars on fireworks every Fourth of July, allow their dogs to shit in their neighbors' yard, and attend professional sporting events not affordable for born hoosiers, and of course they are drunk and obnoxious at these baseball/football/hockey games.", "      Steve Haller celebrates the 175th anniversary of \"The Hoosier's Nest� with an article in the fall, 2008 issue of Traces. He will concentrate, he says, on the connotation of the word hoosier \"preceding its general acceptance by the 1840s,\" rather than offer a comprehensive survey of the \"subsequent litany of positive, negative, humorous and serious references.\" A survey appears anyway.", "INDIANA GRADS = OUT- OF - STATE RESIDENTS BY D YA LA A KE R MA WI EDITORS@NU VO . N ET" ]

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[ "This is the name of Jermajesty Jackson, the second son of the Jackson 5 member Jermaine Jackson and Alejandra Genevieve Oaziazia.", "The Jackson 5, or Jackson Five, also known as The Jacksons in later years, is an American popular music group. Formed in 1963 under the name the Jackson Brothers, the founding members were Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon.", "The youngest son of Alejandra and Jermaine Jackson is 13-year-old Jermajesty who is the baby of the family. He is playful and mischievous, and is always around looking for fun. Like his siblings, Jermajesty is working to mold his talents while living in the shadow of his famous aunt and uncle.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and philanthropist. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "In 1975, Joseph negotiated a new recording contract with CBS Records , who offered a royalty rate of 20% per record, compared to Motown's standard 2.8%; and would allow the Jackson brothers to write and produce their own records and play their own instruments. After unsuccessfully attempting to talk the group into staying on the label, Motown sued for breach of contract. Although Motown eventually let the group go, The Jackson 5 were forced to change their name to The Jacksons, because Motown retained the \"Jackson 5\" trademark during the settlement of the lawsuit. The Jacksons also replaced Jermaine with their brother, fourteen year old Randy , since Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and his father-in-law Berry Gordy (In 1973, Jermaine married Gordy's daughter Hazel). Randy had been an unofficial member of The Jackson 5 since 1972, playing congas onstage as part of their live act.", "  In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by their father and which included brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. In 1965, Jackson began sharing lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5. That following year, the group won a major local talent show with Jackson performing James Brown's \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\".From 1966 to 1968 the band toured the Midwest, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the \"chitlin' circuit\" as the opening act for R&B artists that included Sam and Dave, The O'Jays, Gladys Knight, and Etta James. The Jackson 5 also performed at clubs and cocktail lounges, where striptease shows and other adult acts were featured, and at local auditoriums and high school dances. In August 1967, while touring the East coast, the group won a weekly amateur night content at The Apollo Theater in Harlem.", "The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos, including those of \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\", and \"Thriller\" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. He continued to innovate with videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres.", "He showed talent early in his life, performing in front of classmates during a Christmas recital in kindergarten. In 1964, he and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers – a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5. The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the \"chitlin' circuit\", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's \"I Got You (I Feel Good)\", led by Michael.", "1962: Michael, Marlon, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine combine to form the [lastfm]Jackson 5[/lastfm]. Initially, their Father is against the group, but later concedes and becomes their Manager. Michael sings lead vocals on a majority of their songs.", "Jermaine La Jaune Jackson is the fourth of Joe and Katherine's children. He has seven children. With Hazel Gordy, Jackson had three children: Jermaine Lu Juane Jr., Autumn Joy and Jaimy. He had two children with Margaret Maldonado: Jeremy and Jourdynn. His two youngest children, Jaffar and Jermajesty, were born to Alejandra Oaziaza. He has no children with his current wife, Halima Rashid. Jackson and Rashid are pictured at the Royal Festival Hall in London in October 2010.", "The second-youngest child born into a musical dynasty, Steven Randall Jackson, better known as Randy Jackson, was born in Gary, Indiana on October 29, 1961. Jackson grew up in the shadow of his older brothers: Comprised of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael, The Jackson 5 had become one of the top acts of the 1970s. While he performed with his brothers several times over the years, Jackson didn't become an official member of the group until the mid-1970s.", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[12] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[13] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\", \"This Place Hotel,\" and \"Can You Feel It\".[10] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[14] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[15]", "Singer, songwriter. Jackson was born August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana, to an African-American working-class family. His father, Joseph Jackson , had been a guitarist but had put aside his musical aspirations to provide for his family as a crane operator. Believing his sons had talent, he molded them into a musical group in the early 1960s. At first, the Jackson Family performers consisted of Michael's older brothers Tito , Jermaine , and Jackie . Michael joined his siblings when he was five, and emerged as the group's lead vocalist. He showed remarkable range and depth for such a young performer, impressing audiences with his ability to convey complex emotions. Older brother Marlon also became a member of the group, which evolved into the The Jackson 5 .", "On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Gordy, the daughter of Motown Records founder Berry Gordy . The marriage was a music match royalty, and garnered press as such. The couple had three children together, Jermaine La Jaune \"Jay\" Jackson, Jr., Autumn Joy Jackson, and Jaimy Jackson. When The Jackson 5 left Motown , Jermaine stayed, citing loyalty to the company that brought him his success.", "Michael Jackson, born August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana, to an African-American working-class family was an American singer songwriter. Referred to as the King of Pop, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene alongside his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in the mid-1960s, and began his solo career in 1971.", "Proficient on the electric and bass guitar, this memeber of J5 (Jackson Five) sang lead vocals for the band. Jermaine began a solo career while still a member of The Jackson 5, and had a solo hit with the cover \"Daddy's Home\". It was a top 10 hit, sold over one million copies,  and was awarded a gold disc .", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records , a subsidiary of CBS Records [14] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. [15] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \" Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \", \" This Place Hotel ,\" and \" Can You Feel It \". [12] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz , a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones , who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall . [16] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin , who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations. [17]", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records , a subsidiary of CBS Records [12] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. [13] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \" Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \", \" This Place Hotel ,\" and \" Can You Feel It \". [10] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz , a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones , who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall . [14] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin , who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations. [15]", "In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Jackson was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as \" Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \", \" This Place Hotel \", and \" Can You Feel It \". In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz , a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall. In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.", "Singer Michael Jackson (b.1958) died suddenly on June 25 following a coronary. Jackson began as a member of the Jackson 5 when he was a young child and became the best selling singer of the 1980s with his album Thriller, which included one of the first music videos to fully adopt special effects, as well as present a view of genre creatures. His film debut was as the Scarecrow in the film version of The Wiz. Jackson also touched the genre with his appearance and performance in Francis Ford Coppola's short film Captain EO and a brief appearance in the film Men in Black II. Changes in his appearance, erratic behavior, lawsuits, and a brief marriage to Elvis Presley's daughter among other things made Jackson fodder for the tabloids.", "In 2012, in an attempt to end public family feuding, Jackson's brother Jermaine Jackson retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Michael Jackson's estate and his mother's advisers concerning the legitimacy of his brother's will. T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports surfaced of Katherine Jackson going missing. ", "Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children to an African American working-class family, in Gary, Indiana , an industrial suburb of Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse , was a devout Jehovah's Witness , and his father, Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson , a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie , La Toya , and Janet , and five brothers: Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , Marlon , and Randy . [1] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth. [2]", "Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family, in Gary, Indiana , an industrial suburb of Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse , was a devout Jehovah's Witness , and his father, Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson , was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie , La Toya , and Janet , and five brothers: Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , Marlon , and Randy . [3] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth. [4]", "Michael Joseph Jackson(August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and businessman. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.", "Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958. He was the eighth of ten children in a working class African-American family living in a two-bedroom house on Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city and a part of the Chicago metropolitan area. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, but worked part-time at Sears to support the family. Michael's father, Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U.S. Steel. Joe also performed on guitar with a local rhythm and blues band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's household income. Michael grew up with three sisters (Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet) and five brothers (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy). A sixth brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth. ", "At the time, Janet looked like little more than another sibling trying to ride Michael�s coattails. Prior to 1986, few of these Jackson family releases met with success. Older brother Jermaine achieved a minor success in 1980 with �Let�s Get Serious�, and he also scored a hit in 1984 with �Tell Me I�m Not Dreaming�. However, since the latter was a duet with Michael, it didn�t really represent an accomplishment for Jermaine himself; Ernest Borgnine could have topped the charts with a Michael duet during that era.", "Michael Joe Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, on August 29, 1958, the fifth of Joe and Katherine Jackson's nine children. The house was always filled with music. Jackson's mother taught the children folk and religious songs, to which they sang along. Jackson's father, who worked at a steel plant, had always dreamed of becoming a successful musician. When this failed to happen, he decided to do whatever it took to make successes of his children. He tried to control his children's careers even after they were adults. The struggle for the control of the musical fortunes of the Jackson family was a constant source of conflict.", "Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, in Gary, Indiana, to a large African-American working-class family. His mother,  Katherine Jackson , was a homemaker and a devout Jehovah's Witness. His father, Joseph Jackson , had been a guitarist who put aside his musical aspirations to provide for his family as a crane operator. Believing his sons had talent, he molded them into a musical group in the early 1960s. ", "10. What were the first names of the Jackson 5? I will accept three.      Michael, Jermaine, Marlon Jackie  ??", "Music manager. Born Joseph Walter Jackson on July 26, 1929, in Fountain Hill, Arkansas, as the eldest of four children. His father, Samuel Jackson, was a high school teacher and his mother, Crystal Lee King, was a housewife. The couple split up when Jackson was 12. He moved with his father to Oakland, California, while his mother moved to East Chicago, Indiana. Jackson lived a lonely childhood, and had few friends. When he turned 18, he moved to Indiana to live near his mother.", "by the 80's tensions within the group also caused deep rifts within the family. Joseph was a strict disciplinarian, and reports of his strong nature began leaking into the press. In 1979, Joseph's son Michael fired his father as his manager, and took over control of his own career. The rest of the Jackson brothers would follow suit in 1983. Mr. Jackson has managed other singing groups through out his career, but none became as successful as the Jacksons. Joseph is still active in the business, and has many projects on the horizon", "Jermaine was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his 1980 album Let's Get Serious. His soulfully smooth voice garnered many hits on Billboard 's Top 30 throughout his career including the hit songs \"Daddy's Home\" \"That's How Love Goes\", \"Let's Be Young Tonight\", \"Bass Odyssey\", \"Feel the Fire\", \" Let's Get Serious \"  \"Dynamite\", \" Do What You Do \" and \"I Think It's Love\". A duet with his brother Michael, \" Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True) \", hit #1 on the dance chart in 1984. He and Michael also collaborated with Rockwell , both providing guest vocals on his 1984 hit single, \" Somebody's Watching Me \". In 1985, his duet with Pia Zadora , When the Rain Begins to Fall , topped several singles charts in Europe. His final solo chart success, 1989's \"Don't Take It Personal\", hit #1 on the Billboard R&B singles chart. Some of Jermaine's finest moments as a singer can be heard in the soulful \"Castle of Sand\" and the Earth Wind & Fire inspired \"You Need To Be Loved\"." ]

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[ "\"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\" Nathan Hale, before being hanged by the British, September 22, 1776", "\"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\" Have you heard this famous declaration before? American patriot Nathan Hale said it on September 22, 1776, his last words before he was hanged for spying on British troops. How did this come to pass? Hale, born in Coventry, Connecticut, on June 6, 1755, and a teacher by trade, joined his five brothers in the fight for independence against the British.", "Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was an American soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured by the British and executed. His last words before being hanged were purported to be \"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.\" Hale has long been considered an American hero and, in 1985, he was officially designated the state hero of Connecticut.", "The next morning at 11 a.m. Captain Nathan Hale was hung for a spy.  His reported last words, a paraphrased quote from Joseph Addison’s play Cato, will forever be remembered in American history.  “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”  Hale was 21 years old.", "1776 - During the Revolutionary War, Nathan Hale was hanged as a spy by the British.", "Nathan Hale was an American soldier during the Revolutionary War, who, at age 20 joined the army and was appointed as a first lieutenant. However, he stayed behind when his militia battled in the Siege of Boston, allegedly because he was unsure whether he wanted to fight in the war (others suggest a teaching contract he had didn’t expire until a few months later). Although he never physically fought, he was a volunteer for a mission to gather information about the movement of British troops. He was the only volunteer for this mission. Alas, while behind enemy lines, Hale was caught when he spoke to another man who was disguised as a fellow patriot. Hale was taken into custody and awaited his hanging when he was 21. On the day he was to die, he gave an eloquent speech about his patriotism and reasons for helping the Americans in the fight, concluding with the words “I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country.”", "Captain Nathan Hale, America’s first spy, was a man of firm convictions, strong moral character, and deep faith.  He was willing to pay the ultimate price for “his country”…even though his country was in poor shape during that September of 1776.  This was the lowest point of the American Revolution.  Countless battles were being lost and many soldiers were deserting.  But Nathan Hale still believed in the young nation.  Before his executors, he announced that he considered the United States of America worth dying for.  He probably believed that no one would know his fate, and if they did, would be ashamed of his dishonorable death.  But he gave his all anyway.  Now, over two hundred years after his death, the country Nathan Hale fought to free remembers him as one of its greatest fathers and greatest patriots.", "Nathan Hale , last words before being hanged by the British as a spy, (September 22, 1776), according to the account by William Hull based on reports by British Captain John Montresor who was present and who spoke to Hull under a flag of truce the next day:", "The regulars charged forward with bayonets. Captain Parker witnessed his cousin Jonas run through. Eight Massachusetts men were killed and ten were wounded against only one British soldier of the 10th Foot wounded (his name was Johnson, according to Ensign Jeremy Lister of that regiment). The eight British colonists killed, the first to die in the Revolutionary War, were John Brown, Samuel Hadley, Caleb Harrington, Jonathon Harrington, Robert Munroe, Isaac Muzzey, Asahel Porter, and Jonas Parker. Jonathon Harrington, fatally wounded by a British musket ball, managed to crawl back to his home, and died upon his doorstep. One wounded man, Prince Estabrook, was a black slave who served in the town's militia.", "US soldier, born in Wayneboro, Pennsylvania, USA. A Revolutionary war hero, he gained his nickname because of his courage on the battlefield. He fought in many important battles during 17758, and demonstrated his military excellence in his surprise attack on and capture of Stony Point (1779). In 1780 he took quick action that prevented a British seizure of West Point after Benedict Arnold's betr…", "Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution, but most fought for the patriots. Gary Nash reports that recent research concludes there were about 9000 black Patriot soldiers, counting the Continental Army and Navy, and state militia units, as well as privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, and spies. Ray Raphael notes that while thousands did join the Loyalist cause, \"A far larger number, free as well as slave, tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots.\" Crispus Attucks, who was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770, is an iconic martyr to Patriots. Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them, recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause.", "1780 – British Major John Andre was hanged as a spy by U.S. forces in Tappan, New York, during the Revolutionary War. He held papers showing Benedict Arnold as a traitor.", "In 1775, Fort Ticonderoga, in disrepair, was still manned by a token force. Fort Ticonderoga was still extremely useful to the British as a supply and communication link between Canada and New York. On May 10, 1775, less than one month after the American Revolutionary War was ignited with the battles of Lexington and Concord, the British garrison of 48 soldiers was surprised by a small force of Green Mountain Boys, along with militia volunteers from Massachusetts and Connecticut, led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. Allen claims to have said, \"Come out you old Rat!\" to the fort's commander, Captain William Delaplace. He also later said that he demanded that the British commander surrender the fort \"In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress!\"; however, his surrender demand was made to Lieutenant Jocelyn Feltham and not the fort's commander, who did later appear and surrender his sword.", "Benedict Arnold, the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and became synonymous with the word “traitor,” was born on this day in 1741.", "Such was the Duke's unpopularity by this time that Felton was widely acclaimed as a hero by the public. A large number of poems celebrating Felton and justifying his action were published. Copies of written statements Felton carried in his hat during the assassination were also widely circulated. Many of these described Buckingham as effeminate, cowardly and corrupt, and contrasted him with Felton who was held up as an example of manliness, courage and virtue. The son of Alexander Gill the Elder was sentenced to a fine of £2000 and the removal of his ears, after being overheard drinking to the health of Felton, and stating that Buckingham had joined King James I in hell. However these punishments were remitted after his father and Archbishop Laud appealed to King Charles I. Felton was hanged on 29 November and his body was taken to Portsmouth for public display. However this proved to be a miscalculation by the authorities as it became an object of veneration by the public.", "This day in 1780, during the American Revolution, American General Benedict Arnold meets with British Major John Andre to discuss handing over West Point to the British, in return for the promise of a large sum of money and a high position in the British army. The plot was foiled and Arnold, a former American hero, became synonymous with the word \"traitor.\"", "     Unfortunately for the cause of the young nation, he was captured by an English warship during his cross-Atlantic voyage and was confined to the Tower of London until the end of the war.   After the Battle of Yorktown, the American government regained his freedom in a dramatic prisoner exchange � Henry Laurens for Lord Cornwallis.   Ever the patriot, Laurens continued to serve his nation as one of the three representatives selected to negotiate terms at the Paris Peace Conference in 1782.", "Cornwallis returned to Britain with Benedict Arnold, and they were cheered when they landed in Britain on 21 January 1782. His surrender did not mark the end of the war, though it ended major fighting in the American theatre. Because he was released on parole, Cornwallis refused to serve again until the war came to an end in 1783. An attempt was made to exchange him for Henry Laurens, an American diplomat who was released from the Tower of London in anticipation that Cornwallis would be freed from his parole, but the attempt failed. ", "last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after being cut off from supplies and escape", "During Andre's trial, the amount of the bribe was mentioned as being 1,000 guineas (approximately $5,000 in hard currency). The militiamen refused the offer and turned him over to the authorities. Major Andre was tried, convicted of spying and was hanged at Tappen, New York. Best describing the patriotism of these three Americans is the inscription on the monument dedicated on June 11th, 1829 in the Presbyterian Cemetery at Greenburgh, New York to Isaac Van Wart: \"Fidelity. On the 23d of September 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American Lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdained to sacrifice their Country for gold, secured and carried him to the Commanding Officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, the American Army saved, and our beloved country free.\"", "* Benedict Arnold‚ a colonial general who during the American Revolutionary War defected to the British Army.", "From an early start as a war hero and patriot, Arnold plotted to turn over the American fort at West Point, New York to British forces during the American Revolution. His plot was unsuccessful and he was driven to escape by sea, under cover of darkness, to Britain, where he was not welcomed with open arms: they, too, distrusted the man who would betray his own country so readily. He died in poverty in Canada in 1801.", "John Hancock (January 23, 1737 – October 8, 1793) was a merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that \"John Hancock\" became, in the United States, a synonym for signature.", "American General in Revolutionary war. Prevented British from reaching Ticonderoga and helped protect the north from Britain. also known as a traitor", "             1781 – The man who’s name has become synonymous with treason, former American and now British Brigadier General Benedict Arnold captured the virtually undefended capital city of", "Three colonists died instantly and two more died later from the injuries they received during the shooting. The people who were killed were: Crispus Attucks, a freed black slave; Samuel Gray, a worker at rope walk; James Caldwell, a mate on a American ship; Samuel Maverick, a seventeen year old male; and Patrick Carr, a feather maker. Six other people were injured.", "Benedict Arnold, whose name has become synonymous with the word “traitor” after he conspired with the British to turn over the post at West Point in exchange for money and a command in the British Army, was born in Norwich, Connecticut. In 1781, he led British troops in the Battle of Groton Heights, which devastated New London, Connecticut.", "*First to die in American Revolution, in the Boston Massacre. Was an escaped slave from a plantation in Framingham, Mass.", "1741–1801, American Revolutionary general and traitor, b. Norwich, Conn. As a youth he served for a time in the colonial militia in the French and Indian Wars. He later became a prosperous merchant.", "Service: led the Barnegut Pirates, terrorized rebels on land, on the Delaware River and along Atlantic coast. Wounded after \"massacre\" in 1782, wanted dead or alive.", "End of Story: Died in New Jersey after being wounded in a 1780 attack on rebel leader. Remembered in USA slave folklore.", "He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr." ]

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[ "The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. Its iconic \"hump\" upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft make it among the world's most recognizable aircraft [5] and was the first wide-body produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times larger in capacity than the Boeing 707, [6] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [7]", "The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft, [1] and was the first wide-body ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, [2] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [3]", "The Boeing 747 is a widebody commercial airliner and cargo transport, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet or Queen of the Skies. It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft, and was the first widebody ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years.", "On 30 September 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the Everett assembly building before the world's press and representatives of the 26 airlines that had ordered the plane. [28]", "On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was rolled out of the Everett assembly building before the world's press and representatives of the 26 airlines that had ordered the airliner. [40] Over the following months, preparations were made for the first flight, which took place on February 9, 1969, with test pilots Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle at the controls [41] [42] and Jess Wallick at the flight engineer's station. Despite a minor problem with one of the flaps, the flight confirmed that the 747 handled extremely well. The 747 was found to be largely immune to \"Dutch roll\", a phenomenon that had been a major hazard to the early swept-wing jets. [43]", "In 1967, Boeing built its Everett manufacturing facility to produce the jumbo jet. The first 747 rolled out the factory door just 16 months from the start of production, making world headlines and landing a page in the history books. It paved the way for the 767, 777 and the 787 Dreamliner. Over 150,000 people visit the Everett Site each year to see how wide-body jets with millions of parts and miles of wiring synchronize like a symphony to produce a work of art in flight.", "The roll-out ceremonies for the first 747–100 took place in 1968, at the massive new factory in Everett, about an hour's drive from Boeing's Seattle home. The aircraft made its first flight a year later. The first commercial flight occurred in 1970. The 747 has an intercontinental range and a larger seating capacity than Boeing's previous aircraft.", "Those visitors might be forgiven for thinking they'd been transported back to September of 1968, when the now-legendary aircraft first rolled out of a custom-built factory in Everett, Wash. Designed by Seattle native Joe Sutter, the first 747 was twice the size of its nearest competitor when it debuted. Known as RA001, it made its first flight for Boeing four months later on Feb. 9 1969, ushering in a new age in air travel and changing the face of modern aviation.", "Everett is home to the largest public marina on the west coast of the United States and is the western terminus of the western segment of U.S. Route 2. It is also home to Boeing's assembly plant for the 747, 767, 777 and the new 787. Boeing's Everett facility is known for being the largest building in the world by volume at .", "A wide-body aircraft is a large airliner with two passenger aisles, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft. As the world's first wide-body aircraft, the Boeing 747 revolutionized international travel around the globe by making non-stop and long distance travel accessible for all. Joe Sutter , the chief engineer of the jumbo jet program at The Boeing Company designed the world's first wide-body aircraft, the Boeing 747 , with its first test flight on February 9, 1969.", "In 1966, Boeing president William M. Allen asked Malcolm T. Stamper to spearhead production of the new 747 airliner on which the company's future was riding. This was a monumental engineering and management challenge, and included construction of the world's biggest factory in which to build the 747 at Everett, Washington , a plant which is the size of 40 football fields. [26]", "The Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour is located in Mukilteo, Wash., 25 miles north of Seattle. Public tours of Boeing's Everett factory are available seven days a week. The Everett, Wash., facility is home to the 747, 767, 777 and 787 Dreamliner production lines and is the world's largest building by volume. Visitors will see airplanes being built for our worldwide base of airline customers.", "The flight test program was hampered by problems with the 747's JT9D engines. Difficulties included engine stalls caused by rapid throttle movements and distortion of the turbine casings after a short period of service.Irving 1994, pp. 441–446. The problems delayed 747 deliveries for several months, up to 20 aircraft at the Everett plant were stranded while awaiting engine installation.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844949,00.html \"The Trouble with Jumbo.\"] Time, September 26, 1969. The program was further delayed when one of the five test aircraft suffered serious damage during a landing attempt at Renton Municipal Airport, site of the company's Renton factory. On December 13, 1969 a test aircraft was being taken to have test equipment removed and a cabin installed when pilot Ralph C. Cokely undershot the airport's short runway. The 747's right, outer landing gear was torn off and two engine nacelles were damaged.Irving 1994, p. 436. However, these difficulties did not prevent Boeing from taking a test aircraft to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969, where it was displayed to the public for the first time. The 747 received its FAA airworthiness certificate in December 1969, clearing it for introduction into service. ", "As Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner, they chose to build a new plant. The company considered locations in about 50 cities, [32] and eventually decided to build the new plant some 30miles (48km) north of Seattle on a site adjoining a military base at Paine Field near Everett, Washington. [33] It bought the 780acre (3.2km2) site in June 1966. [34]", "Because Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner, they chose to build a new plant. The company considered locations in about 50 cities, [37] and eventually decided to build the new plant some 30 miles (48 km) north of Seattle on a site adjoining a military base at Paine Field near Everett, Washington . [38] It bought the 780 acre (316 hectare) site in June 1966. [39]", "The growing worldwide demand for air travel during the 1960s led to the development of the 747, the first \"Jumbo Jet.\" Merely recalling the early days of the 747 program \"brings sweat to the palms of my hands,\" Boeing's then-president, William Allen, said years after the giant aircraft had been developed. Requiring the company to risk much of its net worth, the development of the world's largest passenger aircraft was a formidable undertaking. It is taller than a six-story building, has seating for 374 passengers (up to 550 in some configurations), a takeoff weight of more than 300 tons (or ten fully-loaded 18 wheel trucks), and enough fuel in its tanks to power a small automobile around the globe 36 times. The 747 is one the most recognizable aircraft in the world and represents a milestone in the evolution of aviation design.", "On February 9, 1969, Boeing flies its 747 model for the first time. The jumbo jet, christened the City of Everett, is the first new Boeing transport not painted in Boeing's traditional prototype colors of brownish-copper and yellow.", "As Boeing did not have a plant large enough to assemble the giant airliner, they chose to build a new plant. The company considered locations in about 50 cities, and eventually decided to build the new plant some 30 mi north of Seattle on a site adjoining a military base at Paine Field near Everett, Washington. It bought the 780 acre site in June 1966.", "By 1967 reconstruction began at the airport, adding three new concourses with 28 gates and three ticket counters, and in 1968 the city invested $10 million in renovation funds. The funds partly supported construction of the Stevenson Expressway, and Midway saw the return of major airlines that year, with 1,663,074 passengers on jets such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, BAC One-Eleven, Boeing 727, and Boeing 737 that could use Midway's runways, which the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 could not.", "The first 737 was the last new airplane to be built at Plant 2 on Boeing Field in Seattle, with a production run that included the legendary B-17 Flying Fortress, B-52 Stratofortress and the world’s first large swept-wing jet — the XB-47 Stratojet. While the old assembly building at Plant 2 seemed cavernous, it still wasn’t tall enough for the 737’s tail, which was attached using a crane in the parking lot. The plane was then rolled down to a nearby plant known as the Thompson Site, where Boeing had set up the first production line for the 737.", "To accommodate production of its new airliner, Boeing doubled the size of the Everett factory at the cost of nearly US$1.5 billion to provide space for two new assembly lines. New production methodologies were developed, including a turn machine that could rotate fuselage subassemblies 180 degrees, giving workers access to upper body sections. Major assembly of the first aircraft began on January 4, 1993. By the start of production, the program had amassed 118 firm orders, with options for 95 more from 10 airlines. Total investment in the program was estimated at over US$4 billion from Boeing, with an additional US$2 billion from suppliers. ", "The 707-120 was the first production 707 variant, with a longer, wider fuselage, and greater wingspan than the Dash 80. The cabin had a full set of rectangular windows and could seat up to 189 passengers. It was designed for transcontinental routes, and often required a refueling stop when flying across the North Atlantic. It had four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-6 turbojets, civilian versions of the military J57, initially producing 13,000 lb (57.8 kN) with water injection. Maximum takeoff weight was 247,000 lb and first flight was on December 20, 1957. Major orders were the launch order for 20 707-121 aircraft by Pan Am and an American Airlines order for 30 707-123 aircraft. The first revenue flight was on October 26, 1958; 56 were built, plus seven short-bodied −138s; the last −120 was delivered to Western in May 1960.", "Building No.105, better known as the \"Red Barn,\" south of Seattle, Washington, documents the humble origins of what is today the world's largest airplane manufacturer. In 1910, 28-year-old William Boeing purchased this balloon frame building, built one year earlier, to house construction of the yacht he was having built for himself. Boeing's interests shifted from the sea to the air in 1916, and his fledgling Pacific Aero Products Company converted the Red Barn into its engineering offices and manufacturing plant. The construction of its first airplane, the 1916 Boeing and Westervelt (B&W) aircraft, reflected the building's first use: it was assembled by a team of carpenters, cabinetmakers, seamstresses and shipwrights. Soon after the B&W, the company produced the B-1, which became the first airplane to carry international mail. The firm also changed its name to the Boeing Airplane Company in 1917 after completing a large military contract to construct 50 Navy training aircraft. However, the company struggled financially throughout the 1920s and 1930s.", "Building No.105, better known as the \"Red Barn,\" south of Seattle, Washington, documents the humble origins of what is today the world's largest airplane manufacturer. In 1910, 28-year-old William Boeing purchased this balloon frame building, built one year earlier, to house construction of the yacht he was having built for himself. Boeing's interests shifted from the sea to the air in 1916, and his fledgling Pacific Aero Products Company converted the Red Barn into its engineering offices and manufacturing plant. The construction of its first airplane, the 1916 Boeing and Westervelt (B&W) aircraft, reflected the building's first use: it was assembled by a team of carpenters, cabinetmakers, seamstresses and shipwrights. Soon after the B&W, the company produced the B-1, which became the first airplane to carry international mail. The firm also changed its name to the Boeing Airplane Company in 1917 after completing a large military contract to construct 50 Navy training aircraft. However, the company struggled financially throughout the 1920s and 1930s.", "The concept for The Museum of Flight complex began to take in 1975 when the Port of Seattle leased the land on which the Boeing Red Barn now sits to the Museum for 99 years. The Red Barn, the birthplace of The Boeing Company, was saved from demolition in its original location on the Duwamish River and floated by river barge to its current location. The Red Barn was restored in 1983 and became the first permanent location for The Museum of Flight.", "The Ford Tri-Motor, affectionately known as the \"Tin Goose,\" was the largest civil aircraft in America when it started passenger service on August 2, 1926, with Stout Air Services. The aircraft's all-metal, corrugated aluminum construction and the prestigious Ford name made it immediately popular with passengers and airline operators. Noisy but reliable, the Ford played a major role in convincing the public of the safety and practicality of air travel.", "The Boeing 707, seen here flying within view of Mount Rainier, first flew in 1957. It helped establish Boeing as a dominant player in the commercial jet market. ", "On January 27, 1969, the McDonnell Douglas company finished production on a DC-9-32, and one month later, Hugh Hefner took delivery of N950PB , nicknamed “the Big Bunny”.", "15/7/1954. The Boeing 707 (or 367-80) made its maiden flight from Seattle. It could seat 219.", "\"In this photo, the Model 299 (XB-17) bomber, an early prototype for the B-17 Flying Fortress, sits outside a Boeing factory (in 1935). The Model 299, a four-engine plane, was made to fulfill a request for a plane to carry a 2,000 pound bomb load 2,000 miles at 200 miles per hour. The 299 had successfully completed two test flights in the summer of 1935 when it flew nonstop from Seattle to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio in record time, averaging 252 miles an hour. On October 30, 1935, the plane crashed on take-off during a test flight at Wright Field. The crash was a result of human error, not a flaw in the plane: the crew had forgotten to remove the locks on the control surfaces before take-off, thus dooming the plane. Pilot Major Pete Hill and co-pilot Les Tower died in the crash.\" -MOHAI. Photo courtesy MOHAI, Seattle P-I Collection, image number 1986.5.155.", "In 1950, the airline officially changed its name to Trans World Airlines. Between 1954 and 1958, it moved its executive offices from its landmark downtown Kansas City building to New York City. However, the servicing of the fleet continued to be handled in Kansas City, Kansas . Initially, servicing was at a former B-25 Mitchell bomber factory at Fairfax Airport . When the Great Flood of 1951 destroyed the facility, the city of Kansas City, Missouri, built TWA a 5,000-acre (20 km2) airport on farmland 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown at what became Kansas City International Airport . At its peak, the airline was one of Kansas City's biggest employers with more than 20,000 employees. TWA also became well-regarded by Hollywood movie stars and executives and became known as the \"Airline To The Stars\".", "In 1950, the airline officially changed its name to Trans World Airlines. Between 1954 and 1958, it moved its executive offices from its landmark downtown Kansas City building to New York City. However, the servicing of the fleet continued to be handled in Kansas City, Kansas. Initially, servicing was at a former B-25 Mitchell bomber factory at Fairfax Airport. When the Great Flood of 1951 destroyed the facility, the city of Kansas City, Missouri built TWA a 5000 acre airport on farmland 15 mi north of downtown at what became Kansas City International Airport. At its peak, the airline was one of Kansas City's biggest employers with more than 20,000 employees. TWA also became well-regarded by Hollywood movie stars and executives and became known as the \"Airline To The Stars.\"" ]

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[ "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand and, by the Indians involved, as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota , Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army . The battle, which occurred on June 25 and 26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory , was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876 . It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Gall , inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer , suffered a severe defeat. Five of the Seventh's companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count, including scouts, was 268 dead and 55 injured.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred June 25–26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. 7th Cavalry, including the Custer Battalion, a force of 700 men led by George Armstrong Custer, suffered a severe defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (6 died from their injuries later), including 4 Crow Indian scouts and 2 Pawnee Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied at the time. The battle, and Custer's actions in particular, have been studied extensively by historians.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to Lakota as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which occurred June 25–26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876.", "The Battle of the Little Bighorn — which is also called Custer's last stand and Custer Massacre and, in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass — was an armed engagement between a Lakota- Northern Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. It occurred June 25– June 26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory.", "This was one of the two flags that Colonel George A. Custer and the Seventh Cavalry carried at the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876. The Battle, also known as Custer's Last Stand, and the Battle of Greasy Grass Creek by the Native Americans, was fought between Lakota and Northern Cheyenne forces and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. It occurred on June 25-26, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory. The battle was the most famous action of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.", "George Armstrong Custer, a U.S. cavalry officer who served with distinction in the American Civil War, is better known for leading more than 200 of his men to their deaths in the notorious Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876. The battle, also known as “Custer’s Last Stand,” was part of the Black Hills War against a confederation of Plains Indians, including the Cheyenne and Dakota Sioux. It remains one of the most controversial battles in U.S. history.", "The battle, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. It was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull.", "During the Battle of the Little Bighorn, June 25-26, 1876, troopers of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer were massacred by Lakota Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne braves led by Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, and other prominent chiefs and visionary holy men, near the Little Bighorn River in central Montana Territory. The battle, which has come to be known as “Custer’s Last Stand,” came about with the 1874 exploration of the Black Hills of South Dakota by troops under Custer’s command. Gold deposits were found in the Black Hills, which were located within the Great Sioux Reservation, and when negotiations for their purchase failed, the Native American tribes refused to move to a separate reservation.", "The Battle of Little Bighorn is one of the most known battles of all of the Indian Wars. The main scene of the Battle of Little Bighorn occurred near the Little Bighorn River. This area is located in what is now eastern Montana.", "On June 25, 1876, Colonel George Armstrong Custer of the 7th Cavalry led his battalion in an attack on the main Sioux encampment at Little Bighorn, in a battle that is also commonly referred to as Custer’s Last Stand.", "On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana's Little Bighorn River.", "* Battle of the Little Bighorn. June, 1876 – Montana Territory. Lieutenant Colonel George Custer attacks a superior force of armed Native American warriors, gets himself and his entire command killed, the only survivor being a lone horse. 268 U.S. troopers were killed and 55 were wounded.", "Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, established January 29, 1879, is located about 63 miles southeast of Billings, Montana. It preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana. The Monument is managed by National Park Service. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument", "The Little Bighorn Battlefield is a fascinating place. We've been there several times and plan to return. It's much bigger than we had envisioned - almost five miles long and two miles wide. The terrain is extremely rugged and boy, is it hot. The ground is pretty much just like it was during the battle, so it's possible to get a good perspective and understanding of what happened. There is a self-guided driving tour that runs the length of the battlefield. Before that, you want to take in the ranger talk about the battle at the Visitor's Center.", "June 25 is the anniversary of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, which took place from June 25-26 in 1876.  ", "On this day in 1876, Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeat the U.S. Army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer in a bloody battle near southern Montana's Little Bighorn River. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, leaders of the Sioux tribe on the Great Plains... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/battle-of-little-bighorn?et_cid=76981836&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fbattle-of-little-bighorn", "In der Schlacht am Little Bighorn am 25. Juni 1876 wurde das 7. US-Kavallerieregiment unter George Armstrong Custer von Indianern der Lakota-Sioux, Arapaho und Cheyenne unter ihren Führern Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse und Gall am Little Bighorn River im heutigen Montana vernichtend geschlagen.", "In the early spring of 1876, a Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man known as Sitting Bull (1831-1890) has a vision that foretells a victory over American soldiers attempting to march into a Lakota camp. On June 25 and 26, on the Greasy Grass River (which is now known as the Little Bighorn), 2,000 Lakota and Cheyenne, who are defending their summer hunting camp, fight and defeat U.S. troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer. Custer and the 209 soldiers fighting under him are killed. The Indians lose just 32 men.", "1876 - Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.", "Hollywood has never felt particularly compelled to film its representations of Bvt. Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer's last battle at the Little Big Horn anywhere near where the actual epic 1876 battle occurred. But it is surprising to note that in at least some instances a few celluloid Custers and Sitting Bulls actually performed their cinematic battles before the cameras at various locales somewhere in between the Rocky Mountains and the muddy waters of the Missouri River.", "25-26 Jun – Civil War hero George Armstrong Custer and his detachment of the 7th US Cavalry were annihilated by Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho in the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876).", "*1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn and the death of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.", "In the ensuing conflict, General George Armstrong Custer and 300 troops were killed at Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876, by the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull and his warriors.", "A previously unidentified cavalry combat position has been discovered near Last Stand Hill (also known as Custer Hill), the knoll north of the Little Bighorn River where Custer and about 40 troopers are said to have made a final stand while surrounded. It is my understanding that artifacts have been discovered on private property near the river, says Darrell Cook, superintendent of the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Park. The National Park is not involved in this; private individuals have done the research. The exact whereabouts of these newly discovered artifacts remains confidential to protect them from looters, but the general location is close to the Little Bighorn River west and slightly north of Last Stand Hill (see map, P. 45). Artifacts recovered from this site indicate that a portion of Custer’s command fought at this location. What is particularly intriguing about this combat position is that, at the very least, it demonstrates that Custer’s Last Stand was far more complex than most authorities have believed. Unlike Errol Flynn (see the 1941 movie They Died With Their Boots On), Custer did not simply ride over the hill to be suddenly surrounded and massacred by thousands of Indians in a few short minutes.", "He led a war party to overwhelming victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876, in which 268 U.S. troops were killed including General George Armstrong Custer.", "The 7th Cavalry departed from Fort Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. [30] It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "The Little Big Horn battle was neither the greatest nor most important fight in the Indian Wars that began in North America in 1540 when Francisco Vasquez de Coronado attacked the Tiwa in what is present-day New Mexico and ended in Bear Valley, Arizona, in 1918 in a clash between African American 10th Cavalry “Buffalo Soldiers” and a band of Yaqui. But the battle everyone can name has come down to us as the mythical “Custer’s Last Stand” and has in a multitude of ways shaped the American psyche regarding the collision between Europeans and Natives. Although the myth has been under attack for decades, both by scholars and Indians alike, it refuses to yield completely.  ", "Battle of The Little Big Horn / Custer Las Stand / Battle of the Greasy Grass", "Sarf, Wayne Michael, The Little Bighorn Campaign: March–September 1876, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, 1993. ISBN 1-58097-025-7 .", "As the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, Custer and the 7th Cavalry fell victim to a series of surprises, not the least of which was the number of warriors that they encountered. Army intelligence had estimated Sitting Bull’s force at 800 fighting men; in fact, some 2,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors took part in the battle. Many of them were armed with superior repeating rifles, and all of them were quick to defend their families. Native American accounts of the battle are especially laudatory of the courageous actions of Crazy Horse , leader of the Oglala band of Lakota. Other Indian leaders displayed equal courage and tactical skill.", "*The protagonist of Thomas Berger's 1964 novel Little Big Man describes himself as the sole white survivor of the Battle of the Little Bighorn; while not the focus of the book, the battle serves as the climactic episode of the narrative.", "In the summer of 1876 troops under George Custer were defeated by members of several American Indian tribes, including the Lakota and Cheyenne. After misinterpreting the actions of the warriors he was facing, Custer and some of his troops were killed on Last Stand Hill, pictured here. Custer�s grave is in the center of this photograph." ]

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[ "Riverside is a city in rural Washington County , Iowa , United States , along the English River on Iowa Highway 22 . It is part of the Iowa City, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 928 at the 2000 census . It is part of the Highland Community School District. Riverside has proclaimed itself the future birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk , a fictional character from the television series Star Trek .", "Riverside proclaimed itself the future birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk, a fictional character from the television series Star Trek, with the agreement of Gene Roddenberry.", "From Wikipedia: \"Riverside proclaimed itself the future birthplace of Captain James T. Kirk, a fictional character from the television series Star Trek.\"", "In March 1985, when the city was looking for a theme for its annual town festival, Steve Miller, a member of the Riverside City Council who had read Roddenberry's book, suggested to the council that Riverside should proclaim itself to be the future birthplace of Kirk. Miller's motion passed unanimously. [6] The council later wrote to Roddenberry for his permission to be designated as the official birthplace of Kirk, and Roddenberry agreed.", "Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, asserts in his book The Making of Star Trek that the character of James Tiberius Kirk had been born in the state of Iowa.In March 1985, when the city was looking for a theme for its annual town festival, Steve Miller, a member of the Riverside City Council who had read Roddenberry's book, suggested to the council that Riverside should proclaim itself to be the future birthplace of Kirk. Miller's motion passed unanimously.", "In 2005, Shatner starred in the reality mini-series, Invasion Iowa, which took place in Riverside , Iowa, the future birthplace of James T. Kirk. In addition, Shatner hosted two specials for The History Channel in 2006, Comets: Prophets of Doom and How William Shatner Changed the World .", "In March 1985, when the town was looking for a theme for its annual town festival, Steve Miller, a member of the Riverside City Council who had read The Making of Star Trek – a book that lists Kirk's year of birth as 2228 rather than 2233 as established in TOS : \" The Deadly Years \" – suggested to the council that Riverside should proclaim itself to be the future birthplace of Kirk. Miller's motion passed unanimously. The council later wrote to Roddenberry for his permission to be designated as the official birthplace of Kirk, and with Roddenberry's consent, the town developed a tourist industry around the idea. Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home then established on screen that Kirk was from Iowa.", "James T. Kirk’s middle name is Tiberius… According to the official Star Trek history, James Kirk was born in Riverside, Iowa on 22 March 2233, and at age 34 became the youngest captain in Starfleet history. He died in 2371 after spending 78 years in a timeless energy distortion called the Nexus, which he entered in 2293… The call letters of the Enterprise were NCC 1701… According to the official Star Trek biography of Captain Kirk, his accolades include the Palm Leaf of the Axanar Peace Mission, the Grankite Order of Tactics, and the Prantares Ribbon of Commendation… Captain Kirk was created by Gene Roddenberry , producer of the original Star Trek series.", "James T. Kirk's middle name is Tiberius... According to the official Star Trek history, James Kirk was born in Riverside, Iowa on 22 March 2233, and at age 34 became the youngest captain in Starfleet history. He died in 2371 after spending 78 years in a timeless energy distortion called the Nexus, which he entered in 2293... The call letters of the Enterprise were NCC 1701... According to the official Star Trek biography of Captain Kirk, his accolades include the Palm Leaf of the Axanar Peace Mission, the Grankite Order of Tactics, and the Prantares Ribbon of Commendation... Captain Kirk was created by Gene Roddenberry , producer of the original Star Trek series.", "The town of Riverside, Iowa, petitioned Roddenberry and Paramount Pictures in 1985 for permission to \"adopt\" Kirk as their town's \"Future Son\". Paramount wanted $40,000 for a license to reproduce a bust of Kirk, but the city instead set a plaque and built a replica of the Enterprise (named the \"USS Riverside\"), and the Riverside Area Community Club holds an annual \"Trek Fest\" in anticipation of Kirk's birthday. ", "Riverside is a city in rural Washington County, Iowa, United States, along the English River on Iowa Highway 22. It is part of the Iowa City, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 993 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Highland Community School District.", "Continuing this narrative on August 20, 2014, when asked asked by Entertainment Weekly about Johnny Depp modeling his Captain Jack Sparrow from Pirates of the Caribbean after Captain Abraham Smollett from Muppet Treasure Island , Kermit replies \"I will tell you that the whole time I was doing Captain Smollett, I was thinking of Patrick Stewart in Star Trek, so I was plagiarizing too.\" [2]", "* Terry O'Neill, in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, a 2003 film based on the comic book of the same name, as the first mate of Captain Nemo.", "Don Maitz - is an award winning American science fiction, fantasy, and commercial artist. He created the Captain Morgan Spiced Rum pirate character - his most widely known creation.", "Alda, Alan - actor who plays Captain Benjamin Franklin \"Hawkeye\" Pierce. He also wrote, directed, and acted as creative consultant for many episodes.", "The 2009 25th anniversary edition of the Riverside Trek Fest featured special guests actors George Takei (TOS' helmsman, Lt. Hikaru Sulu ), Nichelle Nichols (TOS' Communications officer, Lt. Nyota Uhura ), and Walter Koenig . Trek Fest's 2009 grand marshal was the aforementioned Steve Miller, returning to Riverside for the silver anniversary event.", "Nathan Fillion as Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds—the owner and captain of Serenity and former Independent sergeant in the pivotal Battle of Serenity Valley. Malcolm grew up on a ranch, and was raised by his mother and the ranch hands. In the Unification War, he fought for the Independent Army, the \"Browncoats\", as a platoon sergeant in the 57th Overlanders. He is cunning, a capable leader and a skilled fighter. Mal's main character drive is his will for independence. While he is not above petty theft, smuggling or even killing to maintain his free lifestyle, he is generally honest in his dealings with others, fiercely loyal to his crew and closely follows a personal moral code. He is openly antagonistic toward religion.", "James Tiberius (\"Jim\") Kirk was a Human descendant of European settlers on Earth 's North American continent, who pioneered the western frontiers of the United States of America in the 19th century . ( TOS : \" Spectre of the Gun \") He was born on March 22nd , 2233 , in Iowa , USA, Earth . He was the son of George and Winona Kirk . ( TOS : \" Where No Man Has Gone Before \", \" The Deadly Years \"; Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home ; ENT : \" In a Mirror, Darkly, Part II \") His parents named him after his maternal grandfather, James , and his paternal grandfather, Tiberius . ( Star Trek )", "A 20-foot-long float of the USS Riverside (a replica of the USS Enterprise) sits east of the town in Legion Park on Highway 22 (off interstate US 218 South). See also - \" A Trek for the Troops \"", "*Doctor \"Tiger\" Ninestein (real first name unknown): Terrahawk's pilot and the team's leader, so named as he is the ninth clone created by Dr. Gerhard Stein. Somewhat bloodthirsty, his first reaction to alien contact is often to blast it out of the sky. In between alien attacks, he is often seen trying (and failing) to beat the high score on his favourite video-game. Ninestein's catchphrases are \"Expect the unexpected\", \"I have a theory...\" and, when frustrated, he often cries, \"Flaming thunderbolts!\" If he is killed, he can be replaced within 24 hours by another of the nine clones; his nickname of \"Tiger\" comes from the myth of cats similarly having \"nine lives\". Tiger's voice was provided by Jeremy Hitchen, who claimed he provided that voice in somewhat of an imitation of Jack Nicholson.", "Michael Mann An epic adventure and passionate romance unfold against the panorama of a frontier wilderness ravaged by war. Academy Award® winner Daniel Day-Lewis (Best Actor in 1989 for My Left Foot) stars as Hawkeye, rugged frontiersman and adopted son of the Mohicans, and Madeleine Stowe is Cora Munro, aristocratic daughter of a proud British Colonel. Their love, tested by fate, blazes amidst a brutal conflict between the British, the French and Native American allies that engulfs the majestic mountains and cathedral-like forests of Colonial America.", "Really, the only in-universe example is Hawkeye being given his nickname after the Indian character in the book The Last of the Mohicans , which was his father's favorite book. His real name, Benjamin Franklin Pierce, is supposedly a combination of an Indian, a president, and a stove.", "\"Back to the Future\" screenwriter Bob Gale predicted the Cubs would win the 2015 World Series but is a lifelong Cardinals fan. Gale said the prediction grew out of the plotline in which primary character Marty McFly, famously played by Michael J. Fox, gets the idea from another character of going back in time to make money on sports betting.", "The State of Iowa is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. It is the 29th state of the United States, having joined the Union on December 28, 1846. The state is named for the Ioway people, a Siouan tribe of Native Americans that formerly lived there. It is officially known as the \"Hawkeye State\" and unofficially known as the \"Tall Corn State\".", "Pierce was born and raised in New England, most often mentioning Crabapple Cove, Maine, with a few references to Vermont. The character refers to having a sister but at other times identifies himself as an only child. His mother is deceased, and he is close with this father (in the novels lobsterman/fisherman \"Big Benjy\" Pierce, in the TV series Dr. Daniel Pierce). In the film Hawkeye is married with children, but in the TV series he is a bachelor and something of a ladies' man. He was given the nickname \"Hawkeye\" by his father, from the character in the novel The Last of the Mohicans, \"the only book my old man ever read.\" ", "Boone's adventures, real and mythical, formed the basis of the archetypal hero of the American West, popular in 19th-century novels and 20th-century films. The main character of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, the first of which was published in 1823, bore striking similarities to Boone; even his name, Nathaniel Bumppo, echoed Daniel Boone's name. As mentioned above, The Last of the Mohicans (1826), Cooper's second Leatherstocking novel, featured a fictionalized version of Boone's rescue of his daughter. After Cooper, other writers developed the Western hero, an iconic figure which began as a variation of Daniel Boone. ", "In 1954 Walt Disney produced a miniseries about the American folk hero and frontiersman, Davy Crockett. We all had to tune into this show about the adventures of Davy Crockett played by Fess Parker. I memorized the song from the miniseries which went as follows: \"Born on a mountain top in Tennessee, greenest state in the land of the free. Raised in the woods till he knew every tree. Killed him a bear when he was only three. Davy, Davy Crockett. King of the wild frontier.\" Davy Crockett lived during the early 19th century and was well-known for his coonskin cap.", "The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pirates compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. The Pirates play their home games at PNC Park; the team previously played at Forbes Field and Three Rivers Stadium, the latter of which was named after its location near the confluence of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. Founded on October 15, 1881 as Allegheny, the franchise has won five World Series championships. The Pirates are also often referred to as the \"Bucs\" or the \"Buccos\" (derived from buccaneer, a synonym for pirate).", "The Kirk Gibson Jr. Slugger 2000 adjustable bat was mentioned in Part II as well. At the time the script was being written by Bob Gale in 1988 , Kirk Gibson (Senior) had been the hero of the 1988 World Series. As Gale notes in the commentary, Gibson is not as well remembered now as he had been when the film was released. As of 2011 , Gibson is the manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks .", "Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs baseball team of the Pacific Coast League. The I-Cubs, which are the Class AAA team of the major league Chicago Cubs, play their home games at Principal Park near the confluence of the Des Moines and Raccoon Rivers.", "↑ Joseph McGovern was a second baseman for the Des Moines, Iowa, team in the Western League , which was part of the St. Louis Cardinals' minor league organization. [5]", "Klinger often expressed his support of two real-life institutions in his hometown of Toledo, Ohio: the Mud Hens (minor-league baseball team) and Tony Packo's Cafe (hot-dog restaurant). These references were added due to Klinger's actor (Jamie Farr) being from Toledo and being familiar with both of those institutions." ]

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[ "*Johnny Appleseed John Chapman (September 26, 1774 – March 18, 1845), also known as Johnny Appleseed, was an American pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees to large parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. He became an American legend while still alive, largely because of his kind and generous ways, and the symbolic importance he attributed to apples. Johnny Appleseed is remembered in American popular culture by his traveling song or Swedenborgian hymn (\"The Lord is good to me...\").", "Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman, was an American pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees to large parts of Ohio , Indiana , and Illinois . He became an American legend while still alive, largely because of his kind and generous ways, his great leadership in conservation , and the symbolic importance he attributed to apples .", "John Chapman often called Johnny \"Appleseed\" (born on September 26, 1774, in Leominster, Massachusetts ) was an American folk hero and pioneer nurseryman who introduced apple trees and established orchards to many areas in the Midwestern region of the country including Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Indiana . Today, Appleseed is the official folk hero of Massachusetts and his stature has served a focus in many children's books, movies, and folk tales since the end of the Civil War. [50]", "As the frontier was pushed westward, apple trees - both grafted varieties and unproven seedlings - moved with it. The story of John Chapman aka \"Johnny Appleseed\" is a national legend based on fact. Chapman's pioneer nurseries provided thousands of apple seedlings for settlers in the Ohio River Valley. Some of these ended up as rootstocks grafted over to established varieties brought from the eastern states. And many were left to produce nondescript fruit which was blended into hard cider and apple jack; these were the most popular beverages on the American frontier.", "This is Johnny Appleseed Day, at least for some people.   Others celebrate it on September 26, Johnny's birthday.   Either way, they celebrate by eating apples, apple pie, or whatever.   I'm opting for a jug of apple cider.   Johnny (John Chapman) lived 1774 to 1847 and spent most of that time wandering barefoot around the frontier lands of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, planting apple trees wherever he went.   He wore rags and lived frugally, believing that the more one suffered in this life, the greater one's reward in the next.   I for one hope he was right.", "\"Peregrine White, the first child of English parents born in New England (on the Mayflower, as it sat in Cape Cod harbor in November 1620)planted an apple orchard from seed when he was twenty-eight years old. By this time, there were many apple orchards in the Masachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies. The array of fruit and vegetable seeds stowed in the first ships had...included apple seeds...the first apple orchard in the Massachusetts Bay region had been planted even before organized settlement began--in 1625 on a slope of what was to become Becon Hill in Boston by the clergyman William Blaxton. According to Ann Leighton, 'the first universally recognized New England apple' was the Blaxton's Yellow Sweeting... John Chapman (1774-1845) from Leominster, Massachusetts, better known...as Johnny Appleseed. By the late 1790s, Chapman had established a apple tree nursery in northrwestern Pennsylvania and central Ohio and eastern Indiana, 'shrewdly judging along what routes pioneers would be likely to settle and planting apple seedlings just ahead of settlements which wich homesteaders coudl start their own orchards.'\"", "Johnny Appleseed made no contribution to Physics, but he is a well loved American folk hero just the same. Born in 1774 as John Chapman, he developed a great love for apples. He dedicated his life to pomology, (the cultivation of apple trees.) He worked tirelessly, starting many nurseries throughout Indiana, Ohio, and all along the Allegeny River. His legendary nickname brings to mind a vision of a barefoot man with a sack of apple seeds slung over his shoulder throwing the pips out as he walked the countryside. However, being a gifted pomologist, John Chapman would have known that planting apple trees from their seed was not an effective way to spread his love for this fruit.", "Johnny Appleseed is a modern-day folk hero in stories based on the life of John Chapman. Chapman lived in the eastern United States from 1774 to 1845. The name \"Appleseed\" refers to the folk hero's tendency to randomly plant apple trees wherever he goes throughout his stories.", "You get both form and function with an apple tree-beautiful spring blooms and delicious, healthy fruit. The most famous apple tree planter was John Chapman, also known as Johnny Appleseed. His plantings made life easier for pioneers, who found them to be a sustainable crop that had many uses. The last known living tree planted by Johnny Appleseed is in Nova, Ohio, and serves as the bud source for these grafted trees. The species is Rambo-one of John Chapman's favorite-an excellent dessert apple for eating fresh or cooking http://virginiaberryfarm.com/Fruit_berry_plants/fruit_trees.htm", "“Apple. There were no native American apples when the first settlers arrived on these shores..The first apple seeds were brought by the Pilgrims in 1620, and there were plantings in New Jersey as of 1632…In 1730 the first commercial apple nursery was opened on New York’s Long Island, and by 1741 applese were being shipped to the West Indies. The proliferation of the fruit into the western territories came by the hand of John Chapman, affectionately known as Johnny Appleseed . Born in Leominster, Massachusetts, in 1774, Chapman left his father’s carpentry shop to explore the new territories…Apples were introduced to the Northwest by Captain Aemilius Simmons, who planted seeds at Fort Vancouver in Washington in 1824…” “Apple ada. Ada apel asli Amerika ketika pemukim pertama tiba di pantai ini .. Benih apel pertama dibawa oleh Haji pada tahun 1620, dan ada penanaman di New Jersey pada 1632 … Pada tahun 1730 apel komersial pertama pembibitan dibuka di New York’s Long Island, dan oleh 1741 applese sedang dikirim ke Hindia Barat. Maraknya buah ke wilayah barat datang dengan tangan John Chapman, yang dikenal sebagai Johnny Appleseed ,. Lahir di Leominster, Massachusetts pada tahun 1774, Chapman meninggalkan toko pertukangan ayahnya untuk mengeksplorasi wilayah baru … Apel diperkenalkan ke Northwest oleh Kapten Aemilius Simmons, yang menanam benih di Fort Vancouver di Washington pada tahun 1824 … ”", "Tree-planting folk character Johnny Appleseed: Real. John Chapman earned the nickname Johnny Appleseed by planting nurseries to grow apple trees, beginning on his own land grant that he received as a revolutionary war soldier fighting under George Washington. A man of great piety and faith, he lived an almost hermit-like lifestyle of service. He founded nurseries throughout northern Ohio and encouraged his managers to sell or give away the trees as cheaply as possible.", "There are stories of Johnny Appleseed practicing his nurseryman craft in the Wilkes-Barre area and of picking seeds from the pomace at Potomac cider mills in the late 1790s. Another story has Chapman living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on Grant's Hill in 1794 at the time of the Whiskey Rebellion. ", "As legends go, it's an interesting story, but not exactly the truth. The Appleseed tale grew from the life of a real person named John Chapman, born on Sept. 26, 1774, in Massachusetts. Chapman picked up the apple business apprenticing for a neighbor farmer. And, unlike the legend that developed after Chapman's death in 1845, his efforts may have been a bit more mercenary than we've been led to believe.", "As anyone who's ever planted a seedling -- and hoped to live long enough to sit under its shade -- knows, trees take a long time to grow and mature. It's a lesson folk hero Johnny Appleseed knew well, as he spent 50 years traveling across the northeastern and midwestern United States planting apple tree seedlings ahead of pioneers who would settle the land.", "Johnny Appleseed -- The last known, surviving tree John Chapman, the American folk hero planted was traced to Nova, Ohio in 1994. This variety comes from this tree. Tart, green apple ripens in late Sept. in zone 5. Great for baking, applesauce and fresh eating is is very similar to an Albemarle Pippen. Pollinates with other apple trees except Winesaps, Mutsu or Jonagold. http://virginiaberryfarm.com/Fruit_berry_plants/fruit_trees.htm", "The popular image is of Johnny Appleseed spreading apple seeds randomly everywhere he went. In fact, he planted nurseries rather than orchards, built fences around them to protect them from livestock, left the nurseries in the care of a neighbor who sold trees on shares, and returned every year or two to tend the nursery. His first nursery was planted on the bank of Brokenstraw Creek, south of Warren, Pennsylvania. Next, he seems to have moved to Venango County along the shore of French Creek, but many of these nurseries were located in the Mohican area of north-central Ohio. This area included the towns of Mansfield, Lisbon, Lucas, Perrysville, and Loudonville.(1871) Johnny Appleseed: A Pioneer Hero, Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XLIII, 830–831", "hh) Bob, I grant you that John Chapman was born elsewhere, but he had an orchard on Grant's Hill (later leveled for Grant Street, in the middle of Downtown Pgh, and was known to have started out via flatboat with saplings. Realizing that they were too bulky, he switched to seeds, later getting them (free) as part of the leftover squeezings cider mills had no use for, and still later, as the Midwest became more settled, started orchards farther West. He was quite well-off when he died.", "Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson planted it at Monticello, his home in Virginia. The Lewis and Clark Expedition sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels. Asimina triloba is often called wild banana or prairie banana because of its banana-like creamy texture and flavor. As described by horticulturist Barbara Damrosch, the fruit of the pawpaw \"looks a bit like mango, but with pale yellow, custardy, spoonable flesh and black, easy-to-remove seeds. Wild-collected pawpaw fruits, ripe in late August to mid September, have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America, and on occasion are sold locally at farmers' markets.Pawpaw fruits have a sweet, custardish flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and cantaloupe, varying significantly by source or cultivar, with more protein than most fruits.Nineteenth-century American agronomist E. Lewis Sturtevant described pawpaws as", "For years, his apple trees formed the backbone of America’s alcohol production , which didn’t fall out of fashion until government agents took axes to the trees during Prohibition. However, the American tradition of making cider has made a comeback recently, and so have Chapman’s trees. Cuttings from Chapman’s last tree, found on the Harvey-Algeo Farm of Nova, Ohio, have been grafted onto other apple rootstock and replanted.", "1816 James Hart Stark, traveled from Kentucky to Missouri, carrying apple tree scions which were the foundation for the Stark Nursery in the town of Louisiana. (E. Sinclair in Slosson, 1951)", "With the giant sequoia's discovery, it was to be expected that people would want to grow specimens in their yards, gardens, and public parks for ornamentation and as scientific curiosities. This horticulture began just a year after Dowd discovered the Calaveras Grove when a John D. Matthew sent a packet of seeds to his father at Gourdie Hill, near Perth, in Scotland. The seeds arrived there on 28 August 1853, the first to be shipped from the New World, and they were quickly planted. Other seeds and seedlings arrived in Europe the same year. Many of the seeds had been collected from the \"Mother of the Forest\" in the Calaveras Grove following that tree's unfortunate divestment of bark.", "It's more like \"John Rambo\" is related to me. When my ancestor, Peter Gunnarsson Rambo (1612-98), came to settle New Sweden, he brought with him some apple seeds to plant. That tree became known in America as the \"Rambo apple.\"", "Edison moved from Menlo Park after the death of Mary Stilwell and purchased a home known as \"Glenmont\" in 1886 as a wedding gift for Mina in Llewellyn Park in West Orange, New Jersey. In 1885, Thomas Edison bought property in Fort Myers, Florida, and built what was later called Seminole Lodge as a winter retreat. Edison and his wife Mina spent many winters in Fort Myers where they recreated and Edison tried to find a domestic source of natural rubber.", "1799 John Lyon began collecting North American plants, at first for William Hamilton, and later for collectors in Europe. He followed the trails of Catesby, the Bartrams, Michaux, and the Frasiers. Lyon may have contributed to the extinction of the Franklin tree by his aggressive and successful collecting. He sent quantities of oakleaf hydrangea to England, a plant introduced by Hamilton in 1803.", "Baron Louis Berckmans, a Belgian horticulturist, purchased the 365-acre property in 1857. He and his son, Prosper Julius Alphonse, established Fruitland Nurseries on the property which continued to operate until around 1918.", "Johnny Appleseed left an estate of over 1200 acres of valuable nurseries to his sister. He also owned four plots in Allen County, Indiana, including a nursery in Milan Township, with 15,000 trees. He bought the southwest quarter (160 acres) of section 26, Mohican Township, Ashland County, Ohio, but he did not record the deed and lost the property.", "1879 Through the effort of E. F. Babcock, the Mississippi Valley Horticulture Society was formed. One of the first achievements of that organization was a national meeting of fruitgrowers, held in St. Louis in 1880. These associations eventually led to founding of The American Horticulture Society. (Mirian Hardin in Slosson, 19510", "John Sketchley came to America from England via Barbados in 1724. By 1726, Sketchley had settled in Delaware County and married Mary Archer-Morton, a widow with a young son named John. Sketchley bought 20 acres from Andrew Morton, his brother-in-law, in 1739 and built the home shown above.", "Located in Lisle, Illinois, the Morton Arboretum was founded in 1922 by Joy Morton, founder of the Morton Salt Company and son of Arbor Day originator Julius Sterling Morton. At 1700 acres the Arboretum is one of the largest in the world, and features several mature deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as collections of plant life from around the globe, in addition to ten lakes, several wetlands, and a 99 acres restored prairie.", "McIntosh apple – John McIntosh (1777-1846), American-Canadian farmer who discovered the variety in Ontario, Canada in 1796 or 1811.", "One of the earliest Ontario farmers, John McIntosh, of Dundas County, developed the seedlings that produced the famous apples that now bear his name.", "The word “Hoosier” was widely used by the 1830s. Around this time, John Finley of Richmond wrote a poem called The Hoosier’s Nest, which was widely read. He wrote the word as “hoosher” and did not explain its meaning, which leads historians to believe that Finley felt his readers would already know and understand the word. Finley wrote, “With men of every hue and fashion, Flock to this rising ‘Hoosher’ nation.”" ]

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[ "FR A N K L LOY D W R I G H T Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater (1935), which has been called “the best all-time work of American architecture”.[1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States. His work includes original and innovative examples of many building types, including offices, churches, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums.", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect , interior designer , writer and educator , who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works. [1] Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater ), was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House and the Westcott House ), and developed the concept of the Usonian home (exemplified by the Rosenbaum House ). His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also often designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass .", "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture . This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". [1] Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique vision for urban planning in the United States.", "Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture that came out of the midwest in the early 20th century. He created some of America’s most memorable architecture, such as Falling Water near Pittsburgh and the Guggenheim Museum in New York City, through his philosophy of organic architecture. His influence on modern architecture is incalculable.", "Wright did not work in isolation but was at the head of a vital and highly creative movement known as the Prairie School. It included Robert C. Spencer, Jr, Myron Hunt, Dwight H. Perkins, and Marion Mahony, who also designed leaded glass windows, light fixtures and furniture for Wright's houses. These were the years of the Arts and Crafts movement and Craftsman and Mission furniture, as well as the California bungalow, all of which were interrelated with the Prairie School and, like it, succumbed to the new wave of conservatism and revivalism that followed World War I. However, a number of Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural principles had a significant influence on Europrean architects, including Le Corbusier (1887-1965) as well as designers at the Bauhaus Design School , founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in Weimar.", "A second factor nourishing the emergence of the Prairie School was the existence of a small group of dedicated individuals obsessed with the idea of creating a new American architecture, an architecture appropriate to the American Midwest and independent of historical styles. The movement attracted more than a score of young men and women, the best known being Louis H. Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.", "With Corwin gone, Wright moved out of the Schiller Building and into the nearby and newly completed Steinway Hall Building. The loft space was shared with Robert C. Spencer, Jr., Myron Hunt, and Dwight H. Perkins. These young architects, inspired by the Arts and Crafts Movement and the philosophies of Louis Sullivan, formed what would become known as the Prairie School.They were joined by Perkins apprentice, Marion Mahony, who in 1895 transferred to Wright's team of drafters and took over production of his presentation drawings and watercolor renderings. Mahony, the first licensed female architect in the United States, also designed furniture, leaded glass windows, and light fixtures, among other features, for Wright's houses. Between 1894 and the early 1910s, several other leading Prairie School architects and many of Wright's future employees launched their careers in the offices of Steinway Hall.", "In addition to helping invent the Prairie School style of architecture, Frank Lloyd Wright single-handedly created a building philosophy known as Usonian. Usonian is a term that usually refers to a series of approximately sixty middle-income family homes designed by Frank Lloyd Wright beginning in 1936. Usonian Homes were typically small, single-story dwellings without a garage or much storage, and often L-shaped to fit around a garden terrace on odd lots. They were constructed native materials, flat roofs and large overhangs for passive solar heating and natural cooling, lots of windows for natural lighting, and radiant-floor heating. The Usonian design is considered among the aesthetic origins of the popular “ranch” tract home popular in the American west of the 1950s.", "Brooks, H. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984; ISBN 0-8076-1084-4", "He also routinely claimed the architects and architectural designers who were his employees' work as his own design and claimed that the rest of the Prairie School architects were merely his followers, imitators and subordinates. [32] But, as with any architect, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School , including Sullivan. In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects including William Eugene Drummond , John Van Bergen , Isabel Roberts , Francis Barry Byrne , Albert McArthur , Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin .", "He also routinely claimed the architects and architectural designers who were his employees' work as his own design and claimed that the rest of the Prairie School architects were merely his followers, imitators and subordinates. But, as with any architect, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School, including Sullivan. In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects including William Eugene Drummond, John Van Bergen, Isabel Roberts, Francis Barry Byrne, Albert McArthur, Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin.", "The PAGE house and the Arthur RULE house were the first Prairie School residences built in Rock Glen. The PAGE house was featured on the cover of BROOKS' paperback edition of the book The Prairie Style: Frank Lloyd Wright and His Midwest Contemporaries.", "He also routinely claimed the architects and architectural designers who were his employees' work as his own design and claimed that the rest of the Prairie School architects were merely his followers, imitators and subordinates. [69] But, as with any architect, Wright worked in a collaborative process and drew his ideas from the work of others. In his earlier days, Wright worked with some of the top architects of the Chicago School , including Sullivan. In his Prairie School days, Wright's office was populated by many talented architects including William Eugene Drummond , John Van Bergen , Isabel Roberts , Francis Barry Byrne , Albert McArthur , Marion Mahony Griffin and Walter Burley Griffin .", "The designation Prairie is due to the dominant horizontality of the majority of Prairie style buildings which echoes the wide, flat, treeless expanses of the mid-Western United States. The most famous proponent of the style, Frank Lloyd Wright, promoted an idea of \"organic architecture\", the primary tenet of which was that a structure should look as if it naturally grew from the site. Wright also felt that a horizontal orientation was a distinctly American design motif, in that the younger country had much more open, undeveloped land than found in most older, urbanized European nations.", "Between 1900 and 1901, Frank Lloyd Wright completed four houses which have since been identified as the onset of the \"Prairie style\". Two, the Hickox and Bradley Houses, were the last transitional step between Wright's early designs and the Prairie creations. Meanwhile, the Thomas House and Willits House received recognition as the first mature examples of the new style. At the same time, Wright gave his new ideas for the American house widespread awareness through two publications in the Ladies' Home Journal. The articles were in response to an invitation from the president of Curtis Publishing Company, Edward Bok, as part of a project to improve modern house design. Bok also extended the offer to other architects, but Wright was the sole responder. \"A Home in a Prairie Town\" and \"A Small House with Lots of Room in it\" appeared respectively in the February and July 1901 issues of the journal. Although neither of the affordable house plans were ever constructed, Wright received increased requests for similar designs in following years.", "He was noted for promoting organic architecture (typified by Fallingwater), originating the Prairie School of architecture (typified by the Robie House), and developing the concept of the Usonian home (typified by the Rosenbaum House).", "The house is an example of Griffin’s development of Prairie School principles that had their origin in the landscape-inspired houses of the early modern movement in Chicago.", "The bold work of American architects was greatly admired by European architects. Like other architects who viewed the exhibitions of Frank Lloyd Wright's Wasmuth Portfolio, Mies was enthralled with the free-flowing spaces of inter-connected rooms which encompass their outdoor surroundings as demonstrated by the open floor plans of the Wright's American Prairie Style. American engineering structures were also held up to be exemplary of the beauty possible in functional construction, and its skyscrapers were greatly admired.", "In 1901 the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Corporation selected prominent St. Louis architect Isaac S. Taylor as the Chairman of the Architectural Commission and Director of Works for the fair, supervising the overall design and construction. Taylor quickly appointed Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be his Chief of Design. In the position for three years, Masqueray designed the following Fair buildings: Palace of Agriculture, the Cascades and Colonnades, Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game, Palace of Horticulture and Palace of Transportation, all of which were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States as part of the City Beautiful movement. Masqueray resigned shortly after the Fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minnesota to design a new cathedral for the city.[4]", "Walter Burley Griffin was influenced by the City Beautiful and Garden City movements which influenced town planning during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was also influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright's work, particularly in the development of the Prairie style, which included not just the design of a house, but the interiors as well, including stained glass, fabrics, carpet and other accessories.", "Among these younger architects, Frank Lloyd Wright was unquestionably the most gifted. Nevertheless, despite his natural talent, it required a full decade—following his six-year apprenticeship with Sullivan—to evolve a fully mature idiom of his own. The Robert W. Roloson rowhouses at 3213–19 S. Calumet, designed in 1894, show the influence of Sullivan on Wright's work. Others, most notably George W. Maher, Hugh M. G. Garden, Robert C. Spencer, Jr., and William E. Drummond, were also creating significant and original work. Yet their designs, with the exception of George Maher's, ultimately proved less viable than the work of Wright.", "Chicago and Detroit carry important roles in the field of architecture. William LeBaron Jenney was the architect of the first skyscraper in the world; The Home Insurance Building in Chicago is the first skyscraper because of the use of structural steel in the building. Engineering innovation established Chicago from that time on to become one of the world's most influential epicenters of contemporary urban and commercial architecture. Less famous, but equally influential, was the 1832 invention of balloon-framing in Chicago that replaced heavy timber construction requiring massive beams and great woodworking skill with pre-cut timber. This new lumber could be nailed together by farmers and settlers who used it to build homes and barns throughout the western prairies and plains. Wisconsin-born, Chicago-trained Sullivan apprentice Frank Lloyd Wright designed prototypes for architectural designs from the commercial skylight atrium to suburban ranch house.", "One of America’s greatest architects was Chicago-based Louis Sullivan; he also designed geometric stained glass and frequently used opalescent glass. Like Wright, Sullivan designed the glass as an integral component of the architecture.", "The Farnsworth House is a house built by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. It is located approximately 80 kilometers west of Chicago, in the town of Plano, Illinois. The Farnsworth House is considered an excellent example of modernism in architecture.", "Wright's residential designs were known as \"prairie houses\" because the designs complemented the land around Chicago. These houses featured extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces all using unfinished materials. The houses are credited with being the first examples of the \"open plan\". Windows whenever possible are long, and low, allowing a connection between the interior and nature, outside, that was new to western architecture and reflected the influence of Japanese architecture on Wright. The manipulation of interior space in residential and public buildings are hallmarks of his style.", "Though most associated with Chicago, his best-known work is the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis. His partnership with Dankmar Adler produced over 100 buildings. Later works, such as the Babson, Bennett, and Bradley Houses, reflect an organic architecture distinct from that of Wright. Sullivan's dictum that \"form should follow function\" strongly influenced modern architecture; his writings helped break the profession from classical restraints.", "The projecting cantilevered roof eaves, continuous bands of art-glass windows, and the use of Roman brick emphasize the horizontal, which had rich associations for Wright. The horizontal line reminded him of the American prairie and was a line of repose and shelter, appropriate for a house.", "architect from the American Midwest, designed buildings to harmonize with the surrounding landscape, developed a primarily horizontal style of architecture nicknamed the “prairie style”", "His name is closely associated with the concept of 'organic architecture', essentially meaning an approach to architecture based on the creation of harmonic relationships among the parts of a building, and between the parts and the whole, that is expressed in fluid spaces in harmony with the surrounding environment, and in the use of natural materials. During the first years of his career, Wright worked on the theme of prairie houses: single-family dwellings designed in most cases for an educated and well-to-do elite in the suburbs of Chicago. These are notable for their long, horizontal volumes; they are most often built on level ground and are covered by large roofs that slope only slightly but that project. They are illuminated by continuous ribbons of windows.", "Jenney’s achievement paved the way for the work of a group of architects and engineers that would become known as the Chicago School; together, they would develop the modern skyscraper over the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th. Several important members of this group worked at one time in Jenney’s office, including Daniel Burnham (who would go on to design New York City’s iconic Flatiron Building ), John Root and Louis Sullivan. Though New York would later become known for taking skyscrapers to new heights, Chicago has retained its title as the birthplace of the skyscraper, thanks to Jenney and the rest of the Chicago School. The first of these historic buildings, Jenney’s Home Insurance Building, was demolished in 1931 to make way for the Field Building (now known as the LaSalle Bank Building).", "Wright’s designs were “Prairie Houses” because their horizontal lines were intended to complement the land around Chicago. These houses were typically low buildings with gently sloping roofs, clean outlines, and built using unfinished materials. Plans for these homes were custom made to integrate with the existing landscape on their lots, as opposed to trying to change the land to suit the dwelling.", "Between 1900 and 1917, his residential designs were \" Prairie Houses \", so-called because the design is considered to complement the land around Chicago . These houses featured extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces, using unfinished materials. The houses are credited with being the first examples of the \" open plan .\"" ]

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[ "Richard Warren Sears (December 7, 1863 – September 28, 1914) was a manager, businessman, and the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.", "Sears, Roebuck and Company, commonly known as Sears, is an American mid-range chain of department stores founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Roebuck From its mail order beginnings, the company grew to become the largest retailer in the United States by the mid-20th century, and its catalogs became famous. Competition and changes in the demographics of its customer base challenged the company after World War II as its rural and inner city strongholds shrank and the suburban markets grew. Eventually its catalog program was largely discontinued. Sears merged with Kmart in early 2005, creating the Sears Holdings Corporation.", "Sears, Roebuck and Co. an American mid-range chain of international department stores, founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Roebuck in the late 19th century.", "By 1883, Montgomery Ward's catalog had gained much steam and was even dubbed \"The Wish Book.\" The catalog was 240 pages and had 10,000 items. Unfortunately, in 1896, others began to take note of Ward's success, and competition entered the playing field. The first serious competitor was Alvah Roebuck, co-founder of Sears, Roebuck and Co., who mailed out his catalog.", "After moderate success in the clothing business in New York City (1879–85) and Chicago (1885–95), Rosenwald bought a one–fourth interest in Sears, Roebuck and Co., which became the world’s largest mail–order house and chain of retail stores. In 1910 he succeeded Richard Warren Sears as president, and in 1925 he was named chairman of the Sears board of directors. Rosenwald and A.H. Loeb, treasurer of the company, established an exemplary savings and profit–sharing program for employees. Under Rosenwald’s leadership, Sears began to manufacture its own merchandise and instituted the policy of guaranteeing full refunds to dissatisfied–customers. Generous to Jewish charities, Rosenwald nonetheless opposed Zionism. From the early 1900s he was concerned with the welfare of U.S. blacks, and in 1917 he established the Julius Rosenwald Fund (to be expended within 25 years after his death and liquidated in 1948), the chief purpose of which was the improvement of education for blacks. Augmented by local taxes and private gifts, the fund paid for the construction of more than 5,000 schools in 15 southern states. In Chicago, he established (1929) the Museum of Science and Industry, contributed heavily to the University of Chicago, and founded dental infirmaries in the public schools.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/509950/Julius–Rosenwald (accessed December 5, 2008)", "John Lewis opened a drapery shop at 132 Oxford Street, London in 1864. Born in Shepton Mallet in Somerset in 1836, he had been apprenticed at 14 to a linen draper in Wells. He came to London in 1856 and worked as a salesman for Peter Robinson, an Oxford Street draper, rising to be his silk buyer. In 1864, he turned down Robinson's offer of a partnership, and rented his own premises on the north side of Oxford Street, on part of the site now occupied by the department store which bears his name. There he sold silk and woollen cloth and haberdashery. His retailing philosophy was to buy good quality merchandise and sell it at a modest 'mark up'. Although he carried a wide range of merchandise, he didn’t bother much about displaying it, and never advertised. His skill lay in sourcing the goods he sold, and most mornings he would go to the City, accompanied by a man with a hand barrow. Later he would make trips to Paris to buy silks.Kennedy, Carol, \"Business Pioneers: Sainsbury, John Lewis, Cadbury\", Random House Business Books, 2000", "Woolworth and Kresge both sought new types of stores that would better fit the changing retail environment. In 1962, Woolworth opened the first Woolco, and S.S. Kresge opened the first Kmart. Each offered the services of a full-line department store and was very large--in some locations, more than 100,00 square feet. Woolworth had 17 Woolco stores by 1965, and as the 1960s continued, Woolworth expanded, diversified, and modernized. In 1965, it acquired the G.R. Kinney Corporation for $39 million. Founded by George Romanta Kinney in 1894, Kinney had 584 family shoe stores in 45 states. The same year, Lester A. Burcham became president of Woolworth. Under Burcham, Woolworth expanded operations into Spain and established a buying office in Tokyo. Two years later, it opened the first Woolco in England.", "In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.", "Arthur Letts was also the 'behind the scenes' financial founder and owner of Bullock's department store, and put John Bullock from his The Broadway to direct this store. After Letts' death, Bullock and a group of investors purchased the store from the estate.*^", "They first appeared in Britain in the 19th century. Austin's of Derry in Northern Ireland opened in 1830 and is credited as being the oldest independent department store in the world. According to Patrick Robertson, author of the Shell Book Of Firsts, the founder of London's first department store - that is, one which sold items other than clothing - was, William Whiteley, who opened the Bayswater, later known as the Universal Provider, store in 1863. Whiteley's slogan was \"Anything from a pin to an elephant\" and it wasn't just an empty boast - as he did actually sell one of the creatures to a clergyman.", "The department store Liberty's in on the corner of Great Marlborough Street and Regent Street. The founder, Arthur Lasenby Liberty, was unable to expand or modernise the existing shop front due to Crown planning restrictions, so he bought numerous properties on Great Marlborough Street in 1925, and rebuilt them in a Mock Tudor design as an extension of the store.", "3 Chain Stores: Marissa Silverman National Tea A&P Kroger National Tea was Chicago based and had around 550 stores in 1928 Macy’s of New York was the biggest department store in 1924 Stores mostly identified with the cities they were from Filene’s of Boston The primary gift shopping time was Christmas – Department stores made it their own by putting Santa in the front, etc. – Advertisement writer for Montgomery Ward wrote Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Ezra Fitch was an attorney but an avid sportsman in his free time, and a prime customer at the Abercrombie Company outdoor equipment store. He befriended the store's proprietor, David Abercrombie , and became Abercrombie's business partner in 1900. Fitch took control of the company in 1904, renaming the store Abercrombie & Fitch , and Abercrombie left the business in 1907. Since Fitch's death, A&F has evolved into a chain of upscale fashion shops, best known for its ads featuring semi-clothed and apparently starving urban youth. Long after his death, Fitch was the namesake of the \"Ezra Fitch\" sub-brand of men's wear sold at A&F stores in the early 2000s but since discontinued, and from 2005-07 \"Ezra Fitch\" was a brand of cologne sold at A&F stores.", "Harrods, the biggest department store in Europe, started out as a tiny tea and grocery store in 1849 . Now, it famously offers such eye-wateringly expensive items as a solid crystal bathtub ($790,000) and diamond-encrusted golf clubs ($160,000), amid high Victorian splendor.", "Luxury department store opened on September 26th, 1929 by John G. Bullock (owner of the more mainstream Bullock’s in downtown L.A.) Closed in 1993. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullocks_Wilshire", "The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's) was a retail company that was one of the original American five-and-dime stores. The first Woolworth's store was founded, with a loan of $300, in 1878 by Frank Winfield Woolworth. He later became one of the richest men in the world.", "James Howell, the man who brought to Cardiff his Howells Department Store, passed away this year.", "By 1918, R.H. Macy & Co. was generating $36 million in annual sales. Yet, the prosperity of the retailer was never more apparent than when the company went public in 1922 and began to open regional stores and take over competing stores. In 1923, the Toledo-based department store LaSalle & Kock was acquired; the next year, Davison-Paxton in Atlanta was acquired and in 1936, the Newark-based Bamberger's was purchased.", "* George Huntington Hartford owned the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, the country's largest food retailer at the time of his death. ", "���� Brett Goldberg sells Dead Sea mud as a skin lotion. His business (Ahava's hand cream) took off when he met and married Eve Berenblum, head of Sak's cosmetics department. The American-born Goldberg has dual American-Israeli citizenship and volunteered for the Israeli army. [BERMAN/SANDERS, 1-11-99]� Sydell Miller and her husband Arnold started Matrix Essential, a hair care and skin products company. Sidney Kimmel heads the Jones Apparel Group; its clothing lines include Jones New York, Evan-Picone, Saville, NineWest shoe stores, and movie production interests. The CEO of the Jo Ann Stores chain (1065 stores nationwide; also sometimes called Cloth World and Jo Ann Fabrics) is Alan Rosskamm. Co-founded by his father, the firm's 1997 sales alone were $975 million. Bob Sockolow is the president and CEO of San-Francisco based Rochester Big and Tall Clothing. The founders of the Banana Republic clothing retail chain were Bill Rosenszweig, and Mel and Patricia Ziegler. The Eddie Bauer outdoor clothing empire is headed of course by Eddie Bauer; he is also Jewish. Jeffrey Swartz is the president and CEO of the Timberland shoe and boot firm.", "Karl Albrecht, the German businessman who became one the world’s wealthiest people after co-founding the Aldi discount supermarket chain in the 1960s, has died. He was 94.", "1871 The following year, he opened his first provision shop - Lipton's Market - in the Anderston area of Glasgow. This enterprise proved to be successful and Lipton soon established a chain of groceries, first across Glasgow, then the rest of Scotland, until finally he had stores throughout Britain. While Lipton was expanding his empire, tea prices were falling and supply was growing among his middle class customers.", "J.P. Morgan An American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. He bought the Carnegie Steel Company in 1901 for $500 million to create U.S. Steel. (1837-1913)", "���� In the 1960s and 1970s, Hartmarx \"became the largest manufacturer and retailer of men's tailored clothing.\" The company, originally called Hart, Schaffner and Marx, was founded in the late 1800s by Harry and Marcus Marx. Relative Joseph Schaffner joined as a co-partner later. [SONNENFELD, J., 1988, p. 167] In Canada, Steven Shein owns E&J Manufacturing Ltd., \"one of Canada's largest wool coat makers.\" [KUITENBROWER, P., 4-1-2000, p. D1] Sigi Rabinowicz, an Orthodox Jew, is the CEO of Israel-based Tefron, \"a major force in lingerie.\" [MCLEAN, B., 9-18-2000, p. 60]", "British Home Stores (BHS) is a British department store chain with branches mainly located in high streets or shopping centres, primarily selling clothing and household items. It was founded in 1928 by a group of U.S. entrepreneurs. ", ", founder John Mackey and Walter Robb are co-CEOs of the publicly traded company, with John Elstrott as chairman. It became a Fortune 500 company in March 2005 and is the 30th largest retailer in the U.S., based on 2014 revenue. ", "The first Stein Mart store was opened in 1908 by Sam Stein in Greenville, Mississippi. Originally Stein Mart was a general merchandise store until 1932 when Stein's son, Jake, started running the company and shifted the inventory focus to discount clothing.", "Subsequent to his service, Brown was an executive with J. C. Penny Stores and later was vice president in charge of public relations of Safeway Stores. In his retirement years he resided in Palo Alto, California and died on March 7, 1973 at the age of 69. At the time of his death he was survived by his wife, Christine, and two sons, James and Peter.", "From 1927-1975, A&P was the largest food retailer in the U.S. (until 1965, its largest retailer of any kind). What was the full name of the company?", "When Joel Zacharias, who ran an outdoor-clothing business at 26–27 Cornmarket (right), died in 1905, Cecil’s father Henry took over the business. The shop kept its old name, and the slogan ”Zac’s for Macs” was to appear on the side of buses.", "In 1928 this company bought out its major competitor, Joseph E. Seagram & Sons and incorporated the name. With the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, Bronfman began planning an impressive Manhattan headquarters for his Seagram group, not to be realized until the 1950s. At the time of his death, Bronfman had amassed at least $400,000,000 and his company was the world's largest distiller, with annual sales exceeding $1.3 billion.", "Charles Bank was a Lithuanian immigrant, and a tailor in Baltimore, Maryland in 1866. His grandson Joseph A. Bank joined his grandfather in business in 1898 at the age of 11 and became a wholesale pants salesman. The business was focused on manufacturing and wholesale supply and the first JoS. A. Bank retail store was not opened until after World War II." ]

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[ "Because only a hundred points are needed for game, it may seem that there is little point in bidding at the higher levels. But there are special incentives for bidding and making contracts of twelve or thirteen tricks. Making twelve tricks is known as a small slam and is worth 500 points. Bidding and winning all thirteen tricks is known as a grand slam and gets a bonus of 1000. These bonuses are not affected by doubling, but if the pair making the slam is vulnerable (see below) then the bonus is increased by 50%.", "Contract bridge is a trick-taking card game where on each of several deals the opposing sides first compete in a bidding auction for the right to establish the contract for that deal, the side winning the auction being known as the declaring side. The contract is an exchange of the right to establish which suit, if any, is trumps for an undertaking to win (at least) the number of tricks specified by the highest bid. After the contract has been established, the play of the cards proceeds as in most trick-taking card games until all thirteen tricks have been played; at any time during the play, one side may a stated number of the remaining tricks and concede the balance, if any.", "A contract to make 12 tricks is known as a small slam. A contract to make all 13 tricks is called a grand slam. For bidding and making a slam, declarer's side get an extra bonus above the line, depending on their vulnerability, as follows:", "Winning 12 of 13 tricks earns a 50-point small slam bonus, and winning all 13 tricks (a grand slam) receives a 100-point reward. Making doubled or redoubled contracts doubles or redoubles the trick-score. Overtricks (extra tricks made) at a doubled contract count 50 each, and redoubled overtricks are 100 each. Failing to make a contract costs 50 per trick undoubled, 100 doubled, and 200 redoubled. Bonuses are given to hands that contain any of the following: 3 of top 5 honors (A, K, Q, J, and 10 of trump) or 3 aces at NT (may be divided between hands), 30 points; 4 honors or 4 aces at NT (divided), 40 points; 5 trump honors divided, 50 points; 4 trump honors in one hand, 80 points; 4 trump honors in one hand, with 5th in partner's hand, 90 points; 4 aces in one hand (at NT), 100 points; 5 honors in one hand, 100 points.", "* a grand slam, or successful contract to win all 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 1000 points if not vulnerable and 1500 points if vulnerable.", "The venerable bridge sense seems in turn to have acquired it from whist, in which a slam (without the grand) was likewise the taking of all 13 tricks in a hand. The Oxford English Dictionary has taken this back to a book of 1660. But it’s older still. An earlier game called ruff and honours, an ancestor of whist, had several names, one of them slam. It’s now thought that slam here is likely to be from the obsolete slampant of the previous century, which meant trickery. To give someone a slampant meant to play a trick on a person or hoodwink them. It must surely be connected with trick in the card sense, which dates from about the same time.", "There is an increased score for declaring and winning 12 tricks, a Little Slam, and all 13 tricks, a Grand Slam.", "Nullo is a denomination in some variant of bridge (but not in contract bridge proper), which is to lose trick s instead of to win trick s. Nullo ranks lower than notrump, but higher than spades, and scores as the same as notrump. For example, a 1 nullo contract promises to lose at least 7 tricks, while a 7 nullo contract promises to lose all 13 tricks.", "GRAND SLAM. The winning of all 13 tricks by the declarer. The bonus for a grand slam, 1000 points when not vulnerable and 1500 when vulnerable, make a grand slam, bid and made, one of the best-rewarded accomplishments at rubber bridge, and one of the more effective methods of shooting at duplicate. While the general tendency among rubber bridge players is to avoid bidding grand slams except in ironclad situations, the mathematics of the game suggest rather freer acceptance of the risks involved in view of the large rewards.", "After studying the dummy and deciding on a plan of action, declarer plays a card from dummy (the dummy hand, like every other hand at the table, must follow suit if possible). The player to declarer's right plays a card, and declarer plays a card from the so-called closed hand (that is, declarer's hand), to complete the trick. The winner of the trick (the player who played the highest trump or, if no trumps were played, the highest card of the suit led) is determined, the trick is collected by one member of the victorious partnership (declarer always collects tricks), and the winner of the trick leads to the next one. If dummy wins a trick, the first card to the next trick must be played from the dummy; declarer may not arbitrarily lead from either of the hands under his or her control). Play continues in this fashion, proceeding clockwise around the table, with declarer battling to take the number of tricks contracted for during the bidding and the defenders (declarer's opponents) fighting to collect enough tricks to stop declarer short of that goal. When all 13 tricks have been completed, play ceases (which is natural enough, since no one has any more cards), and the score for the deal is determined.", "Contract bridge, or simply bridge, is a trick-taking game using a standard 52-card deck. It is played by four players in two competing partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other around a table. Millions of people play bridge worldwide in clubs, tournaments, online and with friends at home, making it one of the world's most popular card games, particularly among seniors. The World Bridge Federation is the governing body for international competitive bridge, with numerous other bodies governing bridge at the regional level.", "* Diminishing contract whist (a British variant, combining elements of solo whist, bid whist and knock-out whist, players compete individually, not in pairs, and after each hand has been dealt must name the number of tricks to take, scoring one point per trick and a bonus 10 for matching their contract. All 52 cards are dealt for the first hand, 48 for the second, 44 the next and so until a 13th round with just one trick. Trumps are pre-defined for each hand in sequence as: hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades, no trumps, lose all with no trumps — where you lose 10 points per trick taken and some players invariably end up in negative points — hearts, clubs, diamonds, spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds. The total number of tricks bid each round cannot match the number of tricks available, so the dealer each hand must bid with this constraint in mind — sometimes this constraint is waived for the final round if players agree in advance. The winner is the player who has accumulated the most points at the end of the final round.)", "Bridge for Two Players: This is a variation of Contract Bridge that is played by two players. To begin, each player draws one face down card from a shuffled deck. The player drawing the higher card becomes the first dealer. Two handed bridge uses the standard ranking of bridge for cards and suits, as described above. Dealer again shuffles the deck and deals 13 cards to each player, alternately, starting with his opponent. The remainder of the cards are placed in a stack, face down in the center of the table to form the stock pile. The first 13 tricks are played with no scoring value. These tricks are played at No Trump and the second player need not follow suit to that which is led for the trick. This phase of the hand is generally used by the players to build their hands for the actual scoring portion of the hand. The winner of each of trick, being the individual who plays the highest card of the suit led, draws the top card from the stock pile, and the other player takes the next card. These cards are drawn and added to the players hand without being exposed to the opponent.", "Once all thirteen tricks have been played, each pair counts up how many they've won. If the declaring side has made their bid (or higher) then the contract was successful. If not, the contract was defeated and the defending team will score penalty points.", "a card game for four in which the two sides try to win the balance of the 13 tricks: forerunner of bridge", "Bidding for and taking twelve tricks is a \"small slam\" -- that is, any bid of 6. Bidding for and taking all thirteen -- thus any bid of 7 is a \"grand slam\"", "In duplicate bridge, if the required number of tricks for the contract has been made, the pair gets a number of points for the tricks bid and the overtricks as described above (20 per trick above the book of six tricks in clubs/diamonds, 30 per trick in hearts/spades, 30 per trick plus 10 bonus in No Trump, possibly doubled or redoubled). If the number actually bid is enough to score 100 points or more, a game has been made, which scores 300 when not vulnerable and 500 when vulnerable. If it is lower, the score is not carried over to the next hand, but there is a 'part score' bonus of 50 points.", "Since about 1896 bridge whist, auction bridge, and contract bridge have successively been the principal intellectual card games of the English-speaking countries. The third game of the series, contract bridge, spread throughout the world and in some respects constituted a social phenomenon unparalleled in the history of games. In addition to millions of casual players worldwide, there exist numerous national federations affiliated with the World Bridge Federation (WBF), which organizes international tournaments for more-serious competitors. Its largest affiliated member is the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) with nearly 160,000 members.", "4. When the declarer fulfils his contract, each trick above six counts, &c. (as in Bridge).", "If the declarer is playing a contract to win 6 odd tricks (12 total tricks) and he is able to fulfill the contract he has made a little slam and his partnership earns a bonus of 750 points if vulnerable and 500 if not vulnerable. This score is added in the \"above the line\" section of the scorecard.", "Bridge is a refined form of Whist in which the interest and skill are increased by the introduction of a number of features. First, instead of turning a card for trumps, in Bridge players bid for the right to choose trumps. Then the objective is not merely to win the majority of tricks, but win at least the number they nominate in their bid.", "Bridge is a trick-taking game. If you know how to play other popular games like Whist, Hearts or Spades then you'll find that the cardplay of Bridge is very similar.", "One of the family of trick-taking card games, similar to bridge. Players have to declare how many tricks they will win before each game. Tricks are won as in whist, but with the difference that the declarer plays without a partner (hence the name), and there is an auction. …", ". This is a bid to take 12 out of the 13 tricks on the hand,", "The game is played with one complete deck of 52 cards. One of the players is the dealer. In rubber bridge (or other \"friendly\" games), the cards are shuffled and the dealer distributes all the cards clockwise one at a time, starting with his left-hand opponent and ending with himself, so each player receives a hand of thirteen cards. At the same time, for convenience, the dealer's partner usually shuffles a second deck, to be ready for use on the following deal. The deal rotates clockwise, so the dealer's left-hand opponent will deal next.", "The idea of \"hitting the jackpot\"--taking a chance and having it pay off, or receiving a lucky windfall--is present in bridge, for an element of luck is provided by the random distribution of cards to each player. On some occasions, you will be dealt powerful cards and will reap the benefits--if you can apply the necessary skill. On less fortunate occasions your opponents will be blessed by the goddess of chance and will hold considerable strength, and you will have to combine your skill with whatever good cards you do possess to try to turn defeat into victory. The interplay of skill and chance is one of the most appealing features of bridge.", "Bridge is a game of skill played with randomly dealt cards, which makes it also a game of chance, or more exactly, a tactical game with inbuilt randomness, imperfect knowledge and restricted communication. The chance element is in the deal of the cards; in competitions and clubs the chance element is largely eliminated by comparing results of multiple pairs in identical situations. This is achievable when there are eight or more players, sitting at two or more tables, and the deals from each table are preserved and passed to the next table, thereby duplicating them for the next table of participants to play. At the end of a session, the scores for each deal are compared, and the most points are awarded to the players doing the best with each particular deal. This measures skill because each player is being judged only on the ability to bid with, and play, the same cards as other players. However very often even the most skillful play will only succeed some of the time, and the skilled player may be unlucky because an alternative, less expert play achieves a better result. But in the long run the expert player will score better.", "Deal and play are clockwise, the deal proceeds to the left after each hand. Each player is dealt 13 cards one at a time, face down.", "At its core, bridge is a game of skill played with randomly dealt cards, which makes each deal a game of chance. This is conducive to play as a \"friendly game\" among four players.", "One point is awarded for 7 tricks, 2 points for 8 tricks…up to 6 points for all 12 tricks. If a player bids 7 tricks, then takes all 12, they only get 1 point for the 7 tricks they bid.", "* Mathematics: The probability in a game of bridge of all four players getting a complete suit is approximately . ", "Finesse: One of the simplest non-trivial card plays in bridge. The simple finesse looks like this:" ]

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[ "We’ve all heard the saying, “Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink.” With droughts, floods and water pollution consistently making headlines, this line from English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is something that many around the country and even the world are probably thinking lately.", "Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner famously lamented “Water, water, everywhere” while gazing out at the pitiless ocean from his drifting ship. The next line “Nor any drop to drink” is regularly misquoted as “but not a drop to drink”.", "The line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” has been tidied up a bit. The original is “Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink.”", "\"Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. The very deep did rot: O Christ! That ever this should be! Yes, slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea\" (Coleridge pt. II, st. 9).", "At the close of the eighteenth century, William Cowper ushered in a renewal of blank verse with his volume of kaleidoscopic meditations, \" The Task \", published in 1784. After Shakespeare and Milton, Cowper was the main influence on the next major poets in blank verse, teenagers when Cowper published his masterpiece. These were the Lake Poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Wordsworth used the form for many of the Lyrical Ballads (1798 and 1800), and for his longest efforts, The Prelude and The Excursion . Wordsworth's verse recovers some of the freedom of Milton's, but is generally far more regular. Coleridge's blank verse is more technical than Wordsworth's, but he wrote little of it; his so-called \"conversation Poems\" such as \" The Aeolian Harp \" and \" Frost at Midnight \" are the best known of his blank verse works. The blank verse of Keats in Hyperion is mainly modelled on that of Milton, but takes fewer liberties with the pentameter and possesses the characteristic beauties of Keats's verse. Shelley 's blank verse in The Cenci and Prometheus Unbound is closer to Elizabethan practice than to Milton's.", "At the close of the eighteenth century, William Cowper ushered in a renewal of blank verse with his volume of kaleidoscopic meditations, \" The Task \", published in 1784. After Shakespeare and Milton, Cowper was the main influence on the next major poets in blank verse, teenagers when Cowper published his masterpiece. These were the Lake Poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Wordsworth used the form for many of the Lyrical Ballads (1798 and 1800), and for his longest efforts, The Prelude and The Excursion . Wordsworth's verse recovers some of the freedom of Milton's, but is generally far more regular. It is often tedious and prosaic, but at its best it has a calm resonance that is almost unique to Wordsworth. Coleridge's blank verse is technically dazzling, but he wrote little of it: so-called \"conversation Poems\" such as \"The Aeolian Harp\" and \" Frost at Midnight \" are the best known of his blank verse works. The blank verse of Keats in Hyperion is mainly modelled on that of Milton, but takes fewer liberties with the pentameter and possesses the characteristic beauties of Keats's verse. Shelley 's blank verse in The Cenci and Prometheus Unbound is closer to Elizabethan practice than to Milton's.", "“No verse can give pleasure for long, nor last, that is written by water-drinkers.” — Horace", "His prose collection, The Necessary Angel, released when the author was 72, asserted that poetry was “the supreme fiction.” In his 60s he echoed Baudelaire’s notion that beauty is inextricably linked with evil in “Esthétique du Mal.” Later poems include “The Plain Sense of Things” and “A Quiet Normal Life,” but he’s better known for early works like “The Snow Man,” “The Idea of Order at Key West,” and “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” FTP, name this American author of the poems “Sunday Morning,” “Peter Quince at the Clavier,” and “The Emperor of Ice Cream.”", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England. He is probably best known for his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.", "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Poem By: William Wordsworth William Wordsworth was born to be a poet.... With a last name like “Wordsworth”, it was destined to happen. He was born on 7th of April 1770 in Cockermouth, Cumberland in northwest England in the Lake District. Being one of the more scenic places in England, Wordsworth grew up surrounded by nature, providing him with the perfect inspiration and setting to write. Utterly in love with nature, and being a levelheaded and overall sincere man,...", "The temptation to drink seawater was greatest for sailors who had expended their supply of fresh water, and were unable to capture enough rainwater for drinking. This frustration was described famously by a line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:", "Engraved on Keats' tombstone at his own desire; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232. Phrase \"writ in water\" in Hakewell's Apologie (1635), p. 127. William Shakespeare , King Henry VIII, Act IV, scene II.", "Though Keats refused to pray himself, Severn prayed beside him. Keats’s calm was broken only by a letter from Charles Brown from which fell a note in Fanny’s handwriting; the sight shook his nerves. He did not read it, but asked Severn to place it in his coffin along with a purse made by his sister and a lock of Fanny’s hair. His thoughts now turned to his final resting-place, the Protestant Cemetery beside the pyramid of Caius Cestius. He asked Severn to visit and describe the place for him. Even today, it remains a place of peace and beauty. Severn told him of the daisies and violets which grew there, and of the flocks of goats and sheep which roamed over the graves. The description pleased Keats. He asked that one phrase be put upon his tombstone: ‘Here lies one whose name was writ in water.’ The phrase was taken from Beaumont and Fletcher’s Philaster: “all your better deeds / Shall be in water writ.”", "First published in the collection Lyrical Ballads, \"The Nightingale\" (1798) is an effort by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) to move away from associations that the nightingale's song was one of melancholy and identified it with the joyous experience of nature. He remarked that \"in nature there is nothing melancholy,\" (line 15) expressing hope \"we may not thus profane / Nature’s sweet voices, always full of love / And joyance!\" (lines 40–42). ", "With \"Ode to a Nightingale,\" Keats's speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age (\"where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies\") is set against the eternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music (\"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!\"). The speaker reprises the \"drowsy numbness\" he experienced in \"Ode on Indolence,\" but where in \"Indolence\" that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in \"Nightingale\" it is a sign of too full a connection: \"being too happy in thine happiness,\" as the speaker tells the nightingale. Hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird. His first thought is to reach the bird's state through alcohol--in the second stanza, he longs for a \"draught of vintage\" to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the transience of life, he rejects the idea of being \"charioted by Bacchus and his pards\" (Bacchus was the Roman god of wine and was supposed to have been carried by a chariot pulled by leopards) and chooses instead to embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in \"Indolence,\" \"the viewless wings of Poesy.\"", "With \"Ode to a Nightingale,\" Keats's speaker begins his fullest and deepest exploration of the themes of creative expression and the mortality of human life. In this ode, the transience of life and the tragedy of old age (\"where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies\") is set against the eternal renewal of the nightingale's fluid music (\"Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!\"). The speaker reprises the \"drowsy numbness\" he experienced in \"Ode on Indolence,\" but where in \"Indolence\" that numbness was a sign of disconnection from experience, in \"Nightingale\" it is a sign of too full a connection: \"being too happy in thine happiness,\" as the speaker tells the nightingale. Hearing the song of the nightingale, the speaker longs to flee the human world and join the bird. His first thought is to reach the bird's state through alcohol--in the second stanza, he longs for a \"draught of vintage\" to transport him out of himself. But after his meditation in the third stanza on the transience of life, he rejects the idea of being \"charioted by Bacchus and his pards\" (Bacchus was the Roman god of wine and was supposed to have been carried by a chariot pulled by leopards) and chooses instead to embrace, for the first time since he refused to follow the figures in \"Indolence,\" \"the viewless wings of Poesy.\"", "\"The World Is Too Much with Us\" is a sonnet by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth. In it, Wordsworth criticises the world of the First Industrial Revolution for being absorbed in materialism and distancing itself from nature. Composed circa 1802, the poem was first published in Poems, in Two Volumes (1807). Like most Italian sonnets, its 14 lines are written in iambic pentameter.", "Included in this poetry collection are \"Four Elements\", \"Four Seasons\", \"Four Ages of Man\", \"Four Constitutions\", and \"A Dialogue between Old England and New\". Appearing in the second edition was \"Contemplations\", which is generally considered the poet's best work. FTP, name this poetry collection published in 1650 by Anne Bradstreet, the first volume of poems written in North America.", "My favorite poet was Aeschylus. He once wrote: \"Even in our sleep, pain which cannot forget falls drop by drop upon the heart, until, in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God.\"", "        Engraved on Keats tombstone at his own desire. Phrase writ in water in Hakewells Apologie. (1635). P. 127. King Henry VIII. IV. II.", "Stanza 182. Compare: \"And thou vast ocean, on whose awful face / Time's iron feet can print no ruin-trace\", Robert Montgomery , The Omnipresence of the Deity.", "William Cowper 's The Solitude Of Alexander Selkirk is about the feelings of Alexander Selkirk as he lived all alone on the island. This poem gave rise to the common phrase monarch of all I survey via the verse:", "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 27 February 1807 – 24 March 1882 ) was an American poet and one of the five members of the group known as the Fireside Poets .", "Auden's first separate prose book was The Enchafed Flood : The Romantic Iconography of the Sea (1950), based on a series of lectures on the image of the sea in romantic literature. [45] Between 1949 and 1954 he worked on a sequence of seven Good Friday poems, \" Horae Canonicae \", an encyclopedic survey of geological, biological, cultural, and personal history, focused on the irreversible act of murder; the poem was also a study in cyclical and linear ideas of time. While writing this, he also wrote a sequence of seven poems about man's relation to nature, \"Bucolics.\" Both sequences appeared in his next book, The Shield of Achilles (1955), with other short poems, including the book's title poem, \"Fleet Visit\", and \"Epitaph for the Unknown Soldier.\" [34] [25]", "The first stanza, which represents the real conclusion of the poet, stands out for its melancholy and sadness. The poet is resigned and reluctant towards the idea of stopping with the parties. The words “Yet” and “no more”, are well-chosen as it emphasises the poet’s melancholy. The phrase “go no more a-roving” also makes clear the fact that there will be no more parties and fun. A clear connection can also be noticed between the last line of both stanzas one and three, as they both take the moon as subject.", "Ode: Intimations of Immortality � 11 And O, ye Fountains, Meadows, Hills, and Groves, Forebode not any severing of our loves! Yet in my heart of hearts I feel your might; I only have relinquished one delight To live beneath your more habitual sway. I love the Brooks which down their channels fret, Even more than when I tripped lightly as they; The innocent brightness of a new-born Day Is lovely yet; The Clouds that gather round the setting sun Do take a sober colouring from an eye That hath kept watch o�er man�s mortality; Another race hath been, and other palms are won. Thanks to the human heart by which we live, Thanks to its tenderness, its joy...", "\"Shoulder the sky, my lad, and drink your ale\" is a quote from a poem by who?", "*The ironic poem, An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog was published in 1766.", "\"The Poem which I now present to the world is an attempt from which I scarcely dare to expect success, and in which a writer of established fame might fail without disgrace. It is an experiment on the temper of the public mind, as to how far a thirst for a happier condition of moral and political society survives, among the enlightened and refined, the tempests which have shaken the age in which we live. I have sought to enlist the harmony of metrical language, the ethereal combinations of the fancy, the rapid and subtle transitions of human passion, all those elements which essentially compose a Poem, in the cause of a liberal and comprehensive morality; and in the view of kindling within the bosoms of my readers a virtuous enthusiasm for those doctrines of liberty and justice, that faith and hope in something good, which neither violence nor misrepresentation nor prejudice can ever totally extinguish among mankind.\"", "John Keats Forum • View topic - Here lies one whose name was writ in water", "            “With a great poet the sense of Beauty overcomes every other    consideration, or rather obliterates another consideration.”", "Who originally wrote the lines, \"Home is the sailor from the sea, / The hunter from the hill,\" and \"Home is the sailor, home from the sea, / And the hunter home from the hill?\" Same poet or not?" ]

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[ "d canary to be a singing bird. I tried to probe the relationship between the miners and the canary. Canary birds were in use for centuries to detect the presence of toxic gases inside the pit of the coal mines, as it has the rare capability to sense even the traces of the toxic gas. I could imagine the canaries dying inside the coal mines to warn the miners of the poisonous gases, thus saving the thousands human lives over the years. But, the fact remains that thousands of miners were killed in accidents and disasters in the coal mines due to inundation and fire. Our generation cannot forget the disasters of Chinakuri (1958), Dhori (1964) and Chasnala (1975) coal mines, where excessive greed of the coal mine owners coupled with the lack of empathy for the lives of the poor miners actually led to most of such accidents. Many a times, the sight of an insignificant chunk of coal by the side of a rail track, connected us with such coal mine tragedies and even without knowing those coal miners, we nurtured an intense sympathy for them.", "      One of the earliest warning systems for coal miners was to take a Canary with them into the mines because they could easily detect the presence of methane gas. The Canaries would chirp and sing and make noise all day long until levels of gases would interrupt their ability to breathe or the bird fell over dead completely. This would serve as a warning to miners that there may be toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, methane or carbon dioxide, which would drop the canary dead before the gas effected the miners! If the Canary died, the miners knew that it was time to get out! Without this bird, the miners wouldn’t have any clue if the mine had adequate amounts of oxygen for the miners! Even as gas technology improved, some mining companies used the low cost & very efficient Canary method well into the 20th century!", "Canaries were iconically used in coal mines to detect the presence of carbon monoxide. The bird's rapid breathing rate, small size, and high metabolism, compared to the miners, led birds in dangerous mines to succumb before the miners, thereby giving them time to take action.", "\"Miners going into the mines often used to carry small birds, such as canaries, which were highly sensitive to the buildup of toxic gases. If the birds died, the miners quickly fled. Today, the world's 500 million indigenous peoples are the miners' canary; and the Earth -- particularly the tropical rainforests -- is the mine.That the canary is dying is a warning that the dominant cultures of the world have become toxic to the Earth. In this case, however, we cannot flee the mine.\"", "Miners also kept canaries with them while they were working to detect toxic gases, primarily methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. If dangerous gases were in the mine, the canary would die and the miners could escape before levels of gas became dangerous for people. Canary deaths helped saved the lives of many miners. Thankfully, alternative methods were developed to detect these toxic gases and canaries were no longer used.", "Gases were easily formed underground during a mine fire or after an explosion. It was important that those going back into the mines had a way to detect any noxious gases. Although mice were also used, yellow canaries were more sensitive and the canaries' distress was more readily observable to the miners.", "The very thought of uneasy fluttering of canary in presence of toxic gases disturbed me, and their death, which, in fact, was to save coal miners compelled me to take up this series. I visited few coal mines, including those around Ranigunj, in particular, and saw the lives of coal miners from a closer proximity. My paintings of this series, however, do not represent the faces and lives of coal miners I met during my visits to the coal mines and the coal miner’s settlements. Though one may not miss the presence of coal miners and canary in my paintings, they are not meant to represent a story. My series is all about coal, coal miners and the canary.", "Miners, who are particularly vulnerable to gas exposure due to an insufficient ventilation, referred to mixtures of carbon dioxide and nitrogen as \"blackdamp,\" \"choke damp\" or \"stythe.\" Before more effective technologies were developed, miners would frequently monitor for dangerous levels of blackdamp and other gases in mine shafts by bringing a caged canary with them as they worked. The canary is more sensitive to asphyxiant gases than humans, and as it became unconscious would stop singing and fall off its perch. The Davy lamp could also detect high levels of blackdamp (which sinks, and collects near the floor) by burning less brightly, while methane, another suffocating gas and explosion risk, would make the lamp burn more brightly.", "The huge demand for coal in the early 19th century brought with it a terrible toll in lives, many the victims of underground explosions. The principal cause was \"firedamp\", methane gas which seeped out of the coal seams. Miners carried caged canaries with them to detect the gas, but it was often too late by the time the canary fell off its perch.", "Miners also expressed a preference for canaries based on concerns about sanitation and sanity. Rodents represented a daily scourge for many colliers, infesting mines throughout Great Britain. One early-twentieth-century English newspaper casually notes that “all the South Wales pits swarm with rats or mice” ( “The Welsh Pit Disaster” 3 ), and a Scottish account describes the horror of hearing “the scamper of the bold, hungry rats that come down with the feed for the ponies, and multiply and increase like tribes of old, and grow ferocious when crumbs are scarce” ( Durland 25 ). Goodman writes that miners dismissed Haldane’s suggestion of using mice to measure carbon monoxide levels because the rodents “would stream all over a man, swarming through his clothes in search of a crumb” (19). 13 This invasion of space reinforced Victorian constructions of miners as grossly uncivilized. Once again, the association of miners with canaries provided a welcome alternative to the association of miners with rats: they perched happily in their cages, “all the time hopping about or preening [themselves] cheerfully” ( Bache 4 ). Miners could see themselves in their birds, both in their shared reactions to pain and in their shared sentience, even in their apparently shared humanity.", "Immersed in this world, then, pit canaries displayed few, if any, of the pet canaries’ characteristics, participating instead in the dirt and danger of the mines and resisting the dominant public perception of the birds as domestic symbols. Victorians perceived the employment of their beloved birds in such conditions as an implicit attack on the sanctity of the home, as a mistreatment of and dishonour to an idealized pet (and, by extension, as a repudiation of Victorian domestic ideology). 10 Victorians thus refused to acknowledge pit canaries’ existences. A 1912 American newspaper article provides a rare glimpse at the sentiment fuelling such widespread denial—a glimpse that seems to have been permissible because the article announces the removal of canaries from the mines. In the article, journalist Rene Bache describes how then-current director of the Bureau of Mines planned to [End Page 149] substitute the “much-despised English sparrow” for the standard canary in coal-mine rescue operations (4). Although Bache explains in detail the effectiveness of canaries in such a capacity, he acknowledges that public sentiment opposes their usage:", "Canaries' Role In Mine Safety Worked To Detriment Of Theirs The Birds Were Used To Detect Lack Of Oxygen And Dangerous Gases. Many Passed Out Or Died.", "A canary would waver on its perch at the first sign of danger - and - lose consciousness and drop to the bottom of their cages before the levels of toxins in the air affected the miners. If the canary hit the deck, the miners hit the exits.", "[carbon monoxide] poisoning in a bird in a small cage, as it becomes unsteady on its perch, and finally drops” ( Respiration 317 ). Even in the dark recesses of a mine, the bright yellow body of a canary would quickly broadcast its illness in no uncertain terms.", "By contrast, scientists and miners repeatedly praised canaries for their consistent and recognizable reactions to carbon monoxide poisoning: almost without fail, the birds would fall silent, sway on their perches, often vomit, and then finally collapse into unconsciousness. These reactions are almost identical to accounts of humans’ reactions and suffering. For instance, in a 1909 lecture on “The Chemistry of Mine Gases,” the speaker explained to his audience that “certain symptoms occurred to a man breathing [carbon monoxide] even when it was diluted with air, such as weakness of the legs, dimness of sight, palpitation following exertion, and finally the limbs give way” (qtd. in “Mine Gases” 10 ). Similarly, Sir Clement Le Neve Foster, who came close to dying in a contaminated mine shaft during his 1897 attempt to study the effects of carbon monoxide on the body, described stages of quiet concern, loss of bodily control, vomiting, and loss of consciousness ( Foster et al 177–80 ). In the eyes of scientists and colliers alike, humans and canaries were two of a kind, reacting in precisely the same ways to feelings of illness and pain. Like antivivisectionist activists who, at this same cultural moment, were calling for an end to animal experimentation, these reports demonstrate an indebtedness to Darwinian evolutionary theory and to growing—yet still controversial—scientific support for the shared biological experiences of all living animals.", "The coal tit (Periparus ater) is a passerine bird in the tit family Paridae. It is a widespread and common resident breeder throughout temperate to subtropical Eurasia and northern Africa. The black-crested tit is now usually included in this species.", "A number of animals have been used to measure varying kinds of air pollution. These include honey bees for air pollution, bivalve molluscs for online water-quality survey and pigeons for atmospheric lead. Bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.", "Two very rare albino great bustards from the same nest were killed by electricity cables in Hungary in 2000 and 2003[ citation needed ]. The bustards, despite their large size, are able to fly at high speed and are often mutilated or killed by the cables, which are placed in Hungary just at their flying height. The electricity companies affected will bury only part of the dangerous cables; the authorities are therefore experimenting with fixing fluorescent \"Firefly\" devices on the most dangerous cables to provide the birds with warning lights. Bustards are also occasionally killed by collisions with automobiles or by entanglement in wires. [24]", "In \"Adverse Effects of Acid Rain on the Distribution of the Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina in North America \" (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 12, 2002), Ralph S. Hames et al. discuss the results of their large-scale study, which shows a clear link between acid rain and widespread population declines in the wood thrush, a type of songbird. Hames and his colleagues believe that calcium depletion has had a negative impact on this bird's food source, mainly snails, earthworms, and centipedes. The bird may also be ingesting high levels of metals that are more likely to leach out of overly acidic soils. Declining wood thrush populations are most pronounced in the higher elevations of the Adirondack, Great Smoky, and Appalachian mountains. Hames and his cohorts warn that acid rain may also be contributing to population declines in other songbird species.", "Seagulls are considered untidy birds as well as scavengers. They make their nests out of vegetation and garbage. Some people consider them pests and others admire them. When the locust invasion of 1849 threatened to destroy crops in California, huge flocks of Gulls fed on the insects and stopped the invasion.", "The coal tit is 10–11.5 cm in length, and has a distinctive large white nape spot on its black head. The head, throat and neck of the adult are glossy blue-black, setting off the off-white sides of the face (tinged grey to yellow depending on subspecies) and the brilliant white nape; the white tips of the wing coverts appear as two wingbars. The underparts are whitish shading through buff to rufous on the flanks. The bill is black, the legs lead-coloured, and irides dark brown.", "Tweet of the Day is the voice of birds and our relationship with them, from around the world. Miranda Krestovnikoff presents the black drongo of Southern Asia. What looks a like a small crow crossed with a flycatcher is riding a cow's back in an Indian village. Black drongos are slightly smaller than European starlings, but with a much longer tail. They feed mainly on large insects: dragonflies, bees, moths and grasshoppers which they will pluck from the ground as well pursuing them in aerial sallies. Although small, these birds are famous for being fearless and will attack and dive-bomb almost any other bird, even birds of prey, which enter their territories. This aggressive behaviour has earned them the name \"King Crow\" and in Hindi their name is Kotwal - the policeman.", "Humphris, Michael., 1993, Wildlife Monitoring Report. Spring Creek Coal Company 1993 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I. April 11, 1993.", "One of the first indicators to take note of when trying to identify a bird is it relative size. For example how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird. The Brimstone Canary is a small bird about the size of a house sparrow. Do not take this relative indicator as anything other than a rough easy to remember indicator. It is not a accurate visualization. The height of the Brimstone Canary is about 16 cms and its weight is about 29 gms", "Banders or Ringers as they are called in the UK have to work hard to get any returns. Especially with small birds the number of banded birds which are either recaught or found dead is very small. Hundreds of thousands of birds are banded around the world each year, both by professionals and amateurs. This dedicated work by relatively few individuals has over the last 20 years or so generated a lot of useful information. This information, in conjunction with that from radar observations and the collecting of exhausted and dead birds from buildings such as lighthouses into which they tend to crash, has revealed most of what we know today.", "A distinctive bird in its own family with a long curved bill, a crest, and black-and-white striped wings and tail.", "A distinctive bird in its own family with a long curved bill, a crest and black-and-white striped wings and tail.", "Secretary Birds spend a great deal of time on the ground walking around and searching for prey. When hunting they spread their head feathers and will sometimes stamp vigorously, probably to flush out a potential meal. Small animals are simply picked up and swallowed, but larger ones like the snakes, are killed by stamping, or by grabbing the unfortunate victim and beating it to death on the ground. Stamping involves using amazing accuracy to impact the short rear talon with the skull of a likely meal. Prey may also be tossed into the air a number of times to stun it. They are opportunistic birds and gather at recently burnt out areas where prey are often injured and without plant cover. Though not a social bird, they often hunt in small groups or pairs, and keep in contact by hooting.", "The bird is nocturnal, tail-less and flightless. They are the only known bird to have external nostrils at the base of their long beaks and their sense of smell is very finely tuned. It locates the insects, grubs and spiders it eats by sniffing among the leaves, moss and rotting wood on the forest floor leaving characteristic bore marks. They tap the ground with their beaks and scrape away forest litter with their feet searching for food by pushing their beak about 15 cm into the ground and probing for insects, worms and snails. They also eat the berries from some native trees. Sometimes they make a snuffling sound, as they expel air through their nostrils while they feed.", "The birds of this family are rather small with species ranging from 10 to 22 cm long, and 4/8 to 25/42 grams in weight. They have short bill with wide base and small hook at tip, well adapted for catching insects of all sizes in flight.", "�         Like other species in their family, they have heightened olfactory senses (rare amongst birds) allowing them to zero in on their prey from many miles away. �", "The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has been particularly active in fighting illegal egg collection and maintains an investigative unit that collects intelligence on egg collectors and assists police in mounting prosecutions on them, in addition to investigating other wildlife crimes. At one point, RSPB staff were being trained by soldiers from the Brigade of Gurkhas in camouflage skills and in surveillance, map and radio techniques, to better enable them to guard nests of rare birds. " ]

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[ "A condiment is a spice, sauce, or, preparation that is added to food to impart a particular flavor, to enhance its flavor, or in some cultures, to complement the dish. The term originally described pickled or preserved foods, but has shifted meaning over time. ", "\"The Colonel's secret flavor recipe of 11 herbs and spices that creates the famous \"finger lickin' good\" chicken remains a trade secret . [14] [15] Portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only complete, handwritten copy of the recipe is kept in a vault in corporate headquarters. [16]", "These days, the late Colonel has been resurrected on TV commercials as a caricature played by the likes of George Hamilton and Jim Gaffigan. But, as many of us remember, the real Colonel was a bespectacled, white-haired guy named Harland David Sanders who spawned a fast-food empire. For decades, \"The Colonel\" was synonymous with snow-colored suits, black string ties and \"finger lickin' good\" chicken coated in a secret blend of 11 herbs and spices.", "The Colonel's secret flavor recipe of 11 herbs and spices that creates the famous \"finger licking good\" chicken remains a trade secret. Portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only complete, handwritten copy of the recipe is kept in a room in corporate headquarters. In 2008, the one complete copy was temporarily moved to an undisclosed location under extremely tight security while KFC changed the security at its headquarters. Before the move, KFC disclosed that the recipe, which includes exact amounts of each component, is written in pencil on a single sheet of notebook paper and signed by Sanders.", "A savory, piquant, spicy or salty accompaniment to food, such as a relish, sauce, mixture of spices and so on. Ketchup and mustard are two of the most popular condiments.", "Commonly paired with meats and cheeses, mustard is an addition to sandwiches, salads, hamburgers, corn dogs , and hot dog s. It is also used as an ingredient in many dressings, glazes , sauces, soups, and marinade s; as a cream or a seed, mustard is used as a condiment and in the cuisine of India and Bangladesh , the Mediterranean , northern and southeastern Europe , Asia , the Americas , and Africa , [2] making it one of the most popular and widely used spices and condiments in the world.", "*KFC's \"Colonel's secret recipe\", created by Colonel Sanders in the 1930s. The recipe, which is advertised as containing \"eleven herbs and spices\", remains locked in a vault in Louisville, Kentucky. ", "Condiments might be added to a hamburger or may be offered separately on the side including mustard , mayonnaise , ketchup , salad dressings and barbecue sauce .", "2. A similarly pungent condiment made from a mixture of horseradish, mustard, green food coloring, and other ingredients.", "Since ancient times, people have used condiments to enhance their food. The first condiment was salt. Salt has always been used both as a preservative and to enhance the flavor of food. The Romans used sauces to disguise the taste of food; possibly to conceal doubtful freshness. Vinegar has also been used since ancient times, and its name is probably derived from the French words \"vin aiger\" meaning \"sour wine\".", "The word \"colonel\" originates in the title capitaine colonel, \"the one who commands a column\" (regiment). Lieutenant-colonel is the one who can \"take the place\" of a colonel (lieu-tenant, tenir lieu = to take the place of). Chef, \"chief\", comes from Latin caput=\"head\".", "* Ranch dressing is a condiment made of buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, mayonnaise, minced green onion, garlic powder, and other seasonings mixed into a sauce.", "More than two billion of the Colonel's \"finger lickin' good\" chicken dinners are served annually. And not just in North America. The Colonel's cooking is available in more than 82 countries around the world.", "“If you only condiment on the dining room table is the economy size bottle of ketchup, you might be a redneck”", "Colonel Mustard is the stock character of a great white hunter and colonial imperialist. He is usually a military man both dignified, dapper and dangerous. Originally patented as Colonel Yellow, his name was changed prior to the first edition of the game. He rolls second in the game.", "(U.S. National Guard) Catered meals served in lieu of meals prepared by Army cooks. Obviously a reference to American fast-food icon Colonel Harlan Sanders , a founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken .", "Colonel Mustard is the stock character of a great white hunter and colonial imperialist . He is usually a military man both dignified and dangerous. Originally patented as Colonel Yellow, his name was changed prior to the first edition of the game. He rolls second in the game.", "Pepsico commercials in the 1990s gave him a light saber and teamed him up with Wendy from Wendy's (armed with a blaster ) and the Taco Bell chihuahua. When they found themselves surrounded by enemy combat droids, the chihuahua turned to Colonel Sanders and said, \"You're a real colonel, right?\"", "  Mustard gas was not intended as a killing agent (though in high enough doses it was fatal) but instead was used to harass and disable the enemy and pollute the battlefield.[citation needed] Delivered in artillery shells, mustard gas was heavier than air, settled to the ground as an oily sherry-looking liquid. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several days, weeks or even months, depending on the weather conditions. [17]", "(Military) (often capital) chiefly Brit a person, esp a military officer, who is stupidly complacent and reactionary. Also called: Colonel Blimp", "In the 1950s, Thousand Island dressing became a standard condiment, used on sandwiches and salads alike. It is widely used in fast-food restaurants and diners in the United States of America, where it is often referred to as \"Special Sauce\" or \"Secret Sauce\". An example of this is In-N-Out Burger's \"Spread\", served on their burgers and several \"Secret Menu\" items; despite its name, it is basically a variation of Thousand Island dressing. Thousand Island dressing is also often used as an ingredient in a Reuben sandwich in place of Russian dressing.", "The gas is approved for use as a food additive (also known as E942), specifically as an aerosol spray propellant. Its most common uses in this context are in aerosol whipped cream canisters, cooking sprays, and as an inert gas used to displace oxygen, to inhibit bacterial growth, when filling packages of potato chips and other similar snack foods.", "The most commonly used mustard in the United States, and tied with Dijon in Canada, is American mustard sold as \"yellow mustard\" (although most prepared mustards are yellow) and commonly referred to as just \"mustard\". A very mild prepared mustard colored bright-yellow by turmeric, it was supposedly introduced in 1904 by George J. French as \"cream salad mustard\". American mustard is regularly used to top hot dogs, sandwiches, pretzels and hamburgers. It is also an ingredient of many potato salads, barbecue sauces, and salad dressings.", "In Vietnam, Chinese-style soy sauce is called xì dầu (derived from the Cantonese name 豉油) or nước tương. The term \"soy sauce\" could also imply other condiments and soy bean paste with thick consistency known as tương. Both are used mostly as a seasoning or dipping sauce for a number of dishes. Vietnamese cuisine itself favors fish sauce in cooking but nước tương has a clear presence in vegetarian cooking.", "And a Diet Coke : Oscar asks a visiting monk to make him a hamburger . On the burger, he asks for mustard, relish, pickles, hot sauce, peppers and chili. The monk says, \"No onions?\" Oscar replies, \"No, I've got an ulcer.\"", "What makes the Japanese use of condiments so unique is that it recognizes the subtle differences in flavors of different ingredients and uses them effectively to fit a particular purpose. A good example is with kabosu, yuzu, and sudachi citrus.", "MacGyver'ed cocktail sauce Brought some tasty Dungeness crab to work for lunch and forgot cocktail sauce, so I took three packs of ketchup one pack of horseradish a little Tabasco and finally sprinkled some lemon Crystal light and mixed together turned out great, special thank you to the canteen lady for providing the packets.", "Newburg Sauce – An American sauce that was created at the famous Delmonico Restaurant in New York City by their French chef, M. Pascal.  This elegant sauce is composed of butter, cream, egg yolks, sherry, and seasonings.  It is usually served over buttered toast points.  The sauce is also used with other foods, in which case the dish is usually given the name “Newburg.”", "A dish dedicated to General Dutoc, a soldier at the time of the Empire.  It consists of small joints of meat or sautéed poultry garnished with new potatoes browned in butter, covered with crushed tomatoes and coated with chasseur sauce.", "the outdoor location where food is prepared for soldiers in the field; a company-sized tented MESS setup near the headquarters (HQ) element of a unit BIVOUACked in the field or on maneuvers. Due to the sanitation requirements for food preparation and garbage disposal, this MESS includes potable water (eg: LISTER BAG, WATER BUFFALO, etc) and LATRINE facilities, with the CHOW LINE typically consisting of MERMITE CONTAINERs filled with prepared foods and insulated dispensers of hot or cold beverages. Compare MESS / MESSHALL, GALLEY, DFAC, CANTEEN, ANNEX.", "1/4 tsp dry mustard (use prepared mustard if that’s what you have, but the sauce will be a little thinner)", "During the Vietnam War (1966 to 1972), the McIlhenny Company sent thousands of copies of the Tabisco’s Charley Ration Cookbook, filled with recipes for spicing up C-rations with Tabasco pepper sauce, wrapped around two-ounce bottles of Tabasco pepper sauce in waterproof canisters?" ]

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[ "Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline form of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and one of the allotropes of carbon. Graphite is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Graphite may be considered the highest grade of coal, just above anthracite and alternatively called meta-anthracite, although it is not normally used as fuel because it is difficult to ignite.", "Graphite is the most common form of relatively pure carbon found in nature. Its name comes from the same root as the Greek word for \"write\" or \"draw\", reflecting its use as pencil \"lead\" since the 16th century. (The misnomer, which survives in common use, is due to its mis-identification as an ore of the metallic element of the same name at a time long before modern chemistry had developed.)", "Graphite is an allotropic form of carbon, as different from diamond as could be imagined, except for one thing. It, too, is formed by covalent bonding of carbon atoms, and is just as resistant to chemical attack as diamond, and laughs equally well at high temperatures. Graphite does not melt, but sublimes at about 3500°C. Crystalline graphite comes in two forms, α-graphite, which is hexagonal in symmetry, and β-graphite, which is rhombohedral. Most of the time when carbon is reduced to an element, it associates as some form of graphite, though usually not as obviously crystalline graphite. These other forms are often called amorphous graphite, which is good enough for engineers, but all such material is crystalline on a small scale. Graphite is the reason it is so hard to make diamond. Carbon would much rather be graphite under normal conditions. It is more stable than diamond, but diamond never alters to graphite.", "Graphite is a soft, smooth, slippery-feeling substance found mostly in large lumps or flattish, six sided flakes in rocks. It splits easily into thin sheets and can also easily be crushed into powder. Graphite is one of the two mineral forms of carbon, and although it is soft and easily broken, the other form is the hardest substance known, diamonds.", "Graphite is a mineral composed exclusively of the element carbon. Graphite has the same chemical composition as Diamond , which is also pure carbon, but the molecular structure  of Graphite and Diamond is entirely different. This causes almost opposite characteristics in their physical properties.", "Graphite and graphene, forms (allotropes) of the non�metallic element carbon, are electrical conductors due to free moving electrons in the solid structure, a rare exception of conducting solids apart from metals.", "In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite, which had been thought of as a form of lead, was instead identical with charcoal but with a small admixture of iron, and that it gave \"aerial acid\" (his name for carbon dioxide) when oxidized with nitric acid. In 1786, the French scientists Claude Louis Berthollet, Gaspard Monge and C. A. Vandermonde confirmed that graphite was mostly carbon by oxidizing it in oxygen in much the same way Lavoisier had done with diamond. Some iron again was left, which the French scientists thought was necessary to the graphite structure. In their publication they proposed the name carbone (Latin carbonum) for the element in graphite which was given off as a gas upon burning graphite. Antoine Lavoisier then listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook. ", "In Group 14, only carbon and tin exist as allotropes under normal conditions. For most of recorded history, the only known allotropes of carbon were diamond and graphite. Both are polymeric solids. Diamond forms hard, clear, colorless crystals, and was the first element to have its structure determined by x-ray diffraction. It has the highest melting point and is the hardest of the naturally occurring solids. Graphite, the most thermodynamically stable form of carbon, is a dark gray, waxy solid, used extensively as a lubricant. It also comprises the \"lead\" in pencils.", "Carbon's discovery is lost to history. The element was known to prehistoric humans in the form of charcoal. Carbon as coal is still a major source of fuel worldwide, providing about 30 percent of energy worldwide, according to the World Coal Association. Coal is also a key component in steel production, while graphite, another form of carbon, is a common industrial lubricant.", "A non-metallic element - No. 6 in the periodic table. Diamonds and graphite are pure forms of carbon. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds. It also occurs in combined form in many inorganic substances; i.e., carbon dioxide, limestone, etc.", "What do the diamond in a diamond ring and the graphite in your pencil have in common? It may surprise you to learn that they are both carbon. How can this be? Diamond and graphite are examples of allotropes. Allotropes are different forms of the same element having different molecular structures. Look at Figure 12-19. Graphite is a black powder that consists of hexagonal layers of carbon atoms. In the hexagons, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms. The fourth electron of each atom is bonded weakly to the layer next to it. This structure allows the layers to slide easily past one another, making graphite an excellent lubricant.", "Diamond is a polymorph of the element carbon. Graphite is another polymorph. The two share the same chemistry, carbon, but have very different structures and properties.", "graphite mineral consisting of carbon. Graphite has a layered structure that consists of rings of six carbon atoms arranged in widely spaced horizontal sheets. Graphite thus crystallizes in the hexagonal system, in contrast to the same element crystallizing in...", "Carbon [C] is a non-metallic element, known since ancient times. Pure carbon forms areamorphous carbon (found in such sources as Charcoal, Coal, Coke, Lignite, and Peat) andthe crystals Graphite, a very soft, dark-grey or black, lustrous material, and Diamond,the hardest substance known. All living organisms contain carbon. Carbon has sevenisotopes; carbon-12 is the basis for Atomic Weights; carbon-14, with a half-life of 5,730years, is used to trace chemical reactions and to date geologic and archaeologicalspecimens", "Graphite occurs naturally in many areas, the deposits of major importance being in South Korea , Austria , China , Mexico , Madagascar , Germany , Sri Lanka , and Russia . Both surface- and deep-mining techniques are used, followed by flotation , but the major portion of commercial graphite is produced by heating petroleum coke in an electric furnace . A better crystallized form, known as pyrolytic graphite, is obtained from the decomposition of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons by heat. Graphite fibres of considerable tensile strength are obtained by carbonizing natural and synthetic organic fibres.", "polymorph polymorph of carbon and its most stable form. It consists of sheets of fused benzene rings stacked in layers. The spacing between layers is sufficient to admit molecules of water vapor and other atmospheric gases which become absorbed in the interlamellar spaces and act as lubricants, allowing the layers to slip along each other. Thus graphite itself often has a flake-like character and is commonly used as a solid lubricant, although it loses this property in a vacuum.", "The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.", "Expanded graphite is made by immersing natural flake graphite in a bath of chromic acid, then concentrated sulfuric acid, which forces the crystal lattice planes apart, thus expanding the graphite. The expanded graphite can be used to make graphite foil or used directly as \"hot top\" compound to insulate molten metal in a ladle or red-hot steel ingots and decrease heat loss, or as firestops fitted around a fire door or in sheet metal collars surrounding plastic pipe (during a fire, the graphite expands and chars to resist fire penetration and spread), or to make high-performance gasket material for high-temperature use. After being made into graphite foil, the foil is machined and assembled into the bipolar plates in fuel cells.", "Certain chemical elements have the ability to exist in two or more different structural forms known as allotropes. These allotropes may possess different physical properties such as density and melting points. Allotropic elements include carbon , tin, phosphorus and sulphur. Each allotrope is stable within a certain range of temperature and pressure only, and under certain conditions an allotrope can be converted into another.", "Carbon is the chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6 (contains 6 protons in its nucleus ). As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds . The most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons , and has an atomic mass of 12.0107 amu. Its ground state electron configuration is 1s22s22p2. Its oxidation state ranges from 4 to -4, and it has an electronegativity value of 2.55 on the Pauling scale. It is a solid , and sublimes at 3,642 °C (it has the highest sublimation point of all the elements).", "Lithium (from Greek: λίθος lithos, \"stone\") is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. For this reason, it is typically stored in mineral oil. When cut open, lithium exhibits a metallic luster, but contact with moist air corrodes the surface quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. Because of its high reactivity, lithium never occurs freely in nature, and instead, only appears in compounds, which are usually ionic. Lithium occurs in a number of pegmatitic minerals, but due to its solubility as an ion, is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines and clays. On a commercial scale, lithium is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.", "Caesium (atomic number 55, symbols Cs) is a an alkali metal with a silvery-gold color and the only liquid metal from the group of elemental metals, which is liquid near or at room temperature. The only other metals in a liquid form at/ around room temperature are mercury and gallium. Caesium has chemical and physical properties that resemble those of potassium and rubidium. It is pyrophoric and very reactive, and reacts with water at temperature of 177 F (116 C). Caesium is the least electronegative of elements with stable isotopes. It is extracted mainly from the zeolite mineral pollucite, while caesium-133 and other radioisotopes are extracted from waste materials generated by nuclear reactors.", "The 1996 Nobel Prize for Chemistry has been won by Harold W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery in 1985 of a new allotrope of carbon, in which the atoms are arranged in closed shells. The new form was found to have the structure of a truncated icosahedron, and was named Buckminsterfullerene, after the architect Buckminster Fuller who designed geodesic domes in the 1960's.", "The chemical element of atomic number 30, a silvery-white metal that is a constituent of brass and is used for coating (galvanizing) iron and steel to protect against corrosion", "The chemical element of atomic number 30, a silvery-white metal that is a constituent of brass and is used for coating (galvanizing) iron and steel to protect against corrosion", "Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant.", "Silicon carbide (SiC), also known as carborundum, is a compound of silicon and carbon with chemical formula SiC. It occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral moissanite. Silicon carbide powder has been mass-produced since 1893 for use as an abrasive. Grains of silicon carbide can be bonded together by sintering to form very hard ceramics that are widely used in applications requiring high endurance, such as car brakes, car clutches and ceramic plates in bulletproof vests. Electronic applications of silicon carbide such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and detectors in early radios were first demonstrated around 1907. SiC is used in semiconductor electronics devices that operate at high temperatures or high voltages, or both. Large single crystals of silicon carbide can be grown by the Lely method; they can be cut into gems known as synthetic moissanite. Silicon carbide with high surface area can be produced from SiO2 contained in plant material.", "Lithium is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element at ordinary temperature and pressure. It also has the highest specific heat capacity of a solid element.", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram (), is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named tungsten.", "Nobelium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol No and atomic number 102. It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series. Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. A total of twelve nobelium isotopes are known to exist; the most stable is 259No with a half-life of 58 minutes, but the shorter-lived 255No (half-life 3.1 minutes) is most commonly used in chemistry because it can be produced on a larger scale.", "a chemical element (symbol P) with an atomic number of 15, that exists in several allotropic forms.", "Graphene is the material used in pencil \"lead\", but its mechanical strength and electronic properties have been enhanced. But since it was first isolated at Manchester University in 2004, scientists have sought to identify viable uses for it, leading the substance to be dubbed \"a solution looking for a problem\"." ]

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[ "No one knows with absolute certainty who designed the first stars and stripes or who made it. Congressman Francis Hopkinson seems most likely to have designed it, and few historians believe that Betsy Ross , a Philadelphia seamstress, made the first one.", "Three months earlier, on June 14, the Continental Congress had adopted a resolution stating that \"the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white\" and that \"the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.\" The national flag, which became known as the Stars and Stripes, was based on the Grand Union flag, a banner carried by the Continental Army in 1776 that also consisted of 13 red and white stripes. According to legend, Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross designed the new canton, which consisted of a circle of 13 stars on a blue background, at the request of General George Washington. Historians have been unable to conclusively prove or disprove this legend.", "Three months before, on June 14, the Continental Congress adopted a resolution stating that “the flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white” and that “the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.” The national flag, which became known as the “Stars and Stripes,” was based on the “Grand Union” flag, a banner carried by the Continental Army in 1776 that also consisted of 13 red and white stripes. According to legend, Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross designed the new canton for the Stars and Stripes, which consisted of a circle of 13 stars and a blue background, at the request of General George Washington. Historians have been unable to conclusively prove or disprove this legend.", "At the time of the national centennial in 1876, Americans liked the popular story about the young seamstress Betsy Ross, who supposedly sewed the first flag for George Washington. However, according to historical records, although she did make flags, there is no evidence that indicates she was involved in making or designing the first Stars and Stripes. Francis Hopkinson a popular patriot, a lawyer, a Congressman from New Jersey, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, poet, artist, and distinguished civil servant was almost certainly the person who designed the first Stars and Stripes.", "According to tradition, in June of 1776, Betsy Ross, who was a widow struggling to run her own upholstery business sewed the first flag. Upholsterers in Colonial America not only worked on furniture, but did all manner of sewing work, which for some included making flags. According to the legend, General Washington, Robert Morris, and John Ross showed her a rough design of the flag that included six-pointed stars. Betsy suggested a five-point star because it was easier to make, and demonstrated how to cut a five-pointed star in a single snip. Impressed, the three entrusted Betsy with making our first flag.", "stripes but still used the British Union Flag in the canton. This is called the \"Grand Union\" or \"Cambridge\" Flag, and various other flags were in use at the same time. On 14 June 1777, the Continental Congress adopted a flag with stars as well as stripes for the colonies, as a \"new constellation.\" The arrangement of the stars was not specified, and different versions were used. It is not known who actually designed this, though the legend is that Betsy Ross made the first one. The flag was first saluted by a foreign power on 14 February 1778 when French naval ships saluted John Paul Jones in the Ranger. At first different ensigns for merchant ships were contemplated,", "The origin of the stars and stripes design is uncertain. A popular story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch by George Washington who personally commissioned her for the job. No evidence for this theory exists, however, beyond Betsy’s descendants’ much later recollections of what she told her family. Another woman, Rebecca Young, has also been credited as having made the first flag by later generations of her family. Rebecca Young’s daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. Another, more likely, popular theory is that the flag was designed by Congressman Francis Hopkinson. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a bill to Congress for his work. Initially, he asked for a “Quarter Cask of the Public Wine” as payment. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress, and he was not the only person to have contributed to the design. It should be noted that no one else contested his claim at the time.", "Betsy Ross, born Elizabeth Phoebe Griscom, is widely credited with making the first modern American flag in 1776. Folklore states it occurred after General George Washington visited her home at 239 Arch Street in Philadelphia. Ross was the wife of John Ross, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Militia. John was killed in the early stages of the war. What is known is that Betsy Ross worked in upholstery and helped war efforts by making tents and blankets.", "The first official United States flag, adopted by an Act of Congress on June 14, 1777. According to legend, a group headed by George Washington commissioned Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross to execute their design for presentation to Congress. Though some historians dispute this legend Ross did indeed make flags, as evidenced by a receipt for the sum of more than 14 pounds paid to her on May 29, 1777, by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making “ships colours.” No official documentation has been found to confirm that Betsy Ross was responsible for creating the very first flag, but it is conceivable that Colonel George Ross—the uncle of Betsy’s recently deceased husband, John, recommended her for the job as a favor to his relative. ", "Elizabeth Griscom \"Betsy\" Ross (January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836), née Griscom,Addie Guthrie Weaver, \"The Story of Our Flag...\", 2nd Edition, A. G. Weaver, publ., 1898, p. 73 also known by her second and third married names, Ashburn and Claypoole, is widely credited with making the first American flag. According to family tradition, upon a visit from General George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, in 1776, Ross changed the shape of the stars he had sketched for the flag from six-pointed to five-pointed by demonstrating on the spot that it was easier and speedier to cut the latter. However, there is no archival evidence or other recorded verbal tradition to substantiate this story of the first American flag, and it appears that the story first surfaced in the writings of her grandson in the 1870s (a century after the fact), with no mention or documentation in earlier decades. ", "Margaret Manny created the first (unofficial) national flag of the United States. The American colonists' first hoisted the Grand Union flag on the colonial warship USS Alfred, in the harbor on the western shore of the Delaware River at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 3, 1775, by newly-appointed Lieutenant John Paul Jones of the formative Continental Navy. It was also raised in 1776 to celebrate the official status of the newly formed Continental Army by General George Washington, whose camp was in Cambridge. The flag is also known as the Cambridge flag or Continental colors.", "Betsy Ross was an upholsterer and seamstress. During the Revolutionary War, she became widowed and ran the family upholstery business, doing other needle work to supplement her income. She is purported to have sewn the first American flag in 1776.", "The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag. Young's daughter was Mary Pickersgill, who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag. According to rumor, the Washington family coat of arms, shown in a 15th-century window of Selby Abbey, was the origin of the stars and stripes. ", "On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress replaced the British symbols of the Grand Union flag with a new design featuring 13 white stars in a circle on a field of blue and 13 red and white stripes – one for each state. Although it is not certain, this flag may have been made by the Philadelphia seamstress Betsy Ross, who was an official flag maker for the Pennsylvania Navy. The number of stars increased as the new states entered the Union, but the number of stripes stopped at 15 and was later returned to 13.", "Betsy Ross was merely one of several flag makers in Philadelphia (such as Rebecca Young, who is historically documented to have made the earlier Grand Union Flag of 1775–76, with the British Union Jack of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, in the upper corner canton and thirteen alternating red and white stripes for the \"United Colonies\") for the Continental Army, along with many other ships' colors, banners, and flags which were advertised in local newspapers.", "The traditional version of this story gives Colonial Stark�s wife, Molly Stark, credit for making the flag. She followed the accepted rules of heraldry and began and ended the stripes with white ones. Also according to the rules of heraldry, a star must have at least 6 points. Anything with five points or less was called a \"spur.\"", "According to a well sustained tradition in the family of Elizabeth Claypoole (the Elizabeth Ross) this lady is the one to whom belongs the honor of having made with her own hands the first flag. Three of her daughters are still living who confirm this statement, not from their own knowledge, for the flag was made before they were born, but from the recollection of their mother’s often repeated narration and from hearing it told by others who were cognizant of the facts during their childhood; and there is also yet living a niece of Mrs Claypoole’s, Mrs Margaret Boggs (now in her 95th year) who resides with a niece in Germantown, Philadelphia, and still has full possession of all her faculties, who remembers well the incidents of the transaction as she heard it told, in her intimate intercourse with the family many times.", "The tale of Washington’s visit to Ross was first made public in 1870, nearly a century later, by Betsy Ross’s grandson. However, the flag’s design was not fixed until later than 1776 or 1777. Charles Wilson Peale’s 1779 painting of George Washington following the 1777 Battle of Princeton features a flag with six-pointed stars.", "Regardless of these facts, the legend lives on and the first flag of the Revolutionary Period is referred to as “The Betsy Ross” flag…the pattern of stars on the blue field is known by three names, The Betsy Ross Pattern, The Philadelphia Pattern, or The Single Wreath Pattern. The blue field on the flag also goes by three names - the field, the union, or the canton. Because congress did not set the specifics of where the field would be or how the star pattern should look like, or how many points the star would have, during this period, and up until 1912, the stars could be arranged in any manner that a flag maker would choose.", "\"It is not tradition, it is report from the lips of the principal participator in the transaction, directly told not to one or two, but a dozen or more living witnesses, of which I myself am one, though but a little boy when I heard it. . . . Colonel Ross with Robert Morris and General Washington, called on Mrs. Ross and told her they were a committee of Congress, and wanted her to make a flag from the drawing, a rough one, which, upon her suggestions, was redrawn by General Washington in pencil in her back parlor. This was prior to the Declaration of Independence. I fix the date to be during Washington's visit to Congress from New York in June, 1776 when he came to confer upon the affairs of the Army, the flag being no doubt, one of these affairs.\"", "Much of what we know about the details of the making of the Star-Spangled Banner comes from a letter written by Mary Pickersgills daughter, Caroline Pickersgill Purdy to Georgiana Armistead Appleton, daughter of George Armistead who was commander of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore. Mrs. Purdy, then a widow in her mid-seventies, describes the events of the summer of 1813 in vivid detail.", "flagmaker from Philadelphia, legendary folklore says she sewed the first American flag; died Jan 30, 1836", "George Ross, a member of the Flag committee, was the uncle of Betsy's late husband, John. This could be one reason why Betsy was chosen to make the first flag.", "We have all heard that Betsy Ross sewed the first American Flag from a sketch that George Washington gave her.  No one knows if this actually true but it makes a good story!", "We know that Betsy Ross was an upholsterer who made flags for the Pennsylvania Navy. What we don’t know is did she really design the first flag? There is a great deal of controversy about this.", "In 1870, Betty Ross’ Grandson was addressing an Historic society in Philadelphia and said that his grandmother told him that she met with George Washington and others and she designed the flag. But did she design it or did Francis Hopkinson design it?", "After Parliament began taxing the North American colonies to raise revenue to make up the costs of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion, to protest the Stamp Act, South Carolina sent wealthy rice planter Thomas Lynch, 26-year-old lawyer John Rutledge, and Christopher Gadsden to the Stamp Act Congress. Gadsden, leader of the pro-Independence \"Liberty Boys,\" is often grouped with James Otis and Patrick Henry as the prime agitators for American independence by historians. Gadsden designed the \"Don't Tread on Me\" flag, first used on December 3, 1775 on the Alfred, featuring a rattlesnake with 13 rattles representing each colony.", "Upon seeing that the American flag still flew over the fort on September 14th, native Maryland lawyer Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the poem \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" which later became the national anthem of the United States. Following their defeat, the British withdrew from the Chesapeake Bay.", "She was born on Jan 1, 1752, she sewed the first American Flag, she was married 3 times, and had 5 daughters, she died at the age of 84 on Jan 30, 1836. She is buried next to her house.", "Armistead remained in command of Fort McHenry for the rest of his life. Historians are not sure how the Armistead family came into possession of the flag, but upon Armistead's death in 1818, his wife Louisa inherited it. It is she who is thought to have sewed the red upside-down \"V\" on the flag, beginning the stitches for the letter \"A.\" She is also thought to have begun the tradition of giving pieces of the flag away to honor her husband's memory, as well as the memories of the soldiers who defended the fort under his command.", "Francis Scott Key (1779-1843) was born in Frederick, Maryland, and after an education at St. John's College, Annapolis, he worked as an attorney, first in his home town, and then in Georgetown, in Washington, D.C. In 1814 the British seized Dr. William Beanes in retreat from Washington, and Key was dispatched to arrange his release. This accomplished, Key spent the night of September 13-14 on an American ship as the British shelled Baltimore. In \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" written on an envelope as he was taken ashore and revised in his hotel after night fell, Key recorded his feelings when dawn broke and the American flag still flew. His sister-in-law, Mrs. Joseph Hopper Nicholson, took it to a printer the next day. After being published on handbills, the anthem was printed in the Baltimore American on September 21. The manuscript fair copy now rests in the Walters Gallery in Baltimore. This poem was not Key's only effort; his Poems were posthumously published in 1857. Married to Mary Tayloe Lloyd in 1802, Key had 11 children. He died on January 11, 1843, and was buried in Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Frederick.", "(August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, \"The Star-Spangled Banner\"." ]

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[ "Mohair Mohair is a silk-like fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is durable, light and warm, although some people find it uncomfortably itchy.", "Mohair is a silk-like fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is durable, light and warm, although some people find it uncomfortably itchy.", "Mohair is a silk -like fabric made from the hair of the Angora goat . It is durable, light and warm, although some people find it uncomfortably itchy.", "Mohair - The long, lustrous and strong hair fibers from the Angora goat. End-uses include sweaters, coats, suits, and scarves.", "Mohair is wool that comes from the Angora goat, which is not to be confused with angora, which is wool that comes from the angora rabbit. It is coarser than cashmere (24 microns), but it wears hard, responds beautifully to dyeing, and we consider it the most underrated wool textile for menswear. We say: give us mo.", "Mohair is composed mostly of keratin, a protein found in the hair, wool, horns and skin of all mammals. While it has scales like wool, the scales are not fully developed, merely indicated. It increases in diameter with the age of the goat, growing along with the animal. Fine hair from younger animals is used for finer applications such as clothing, and the thicker hair from older animals is more often used for carpets and heavy fabrics intended for outerwear.", "Mohair and cashmere come from goats. Mohair comes from the Angora goat, which produces a long shaggy coat that is generally clipped twice per year. According to the Department of Animal Science at Oklahoma State University, each shearing will yield approximately 5.3 pounds of wool. Mohair is known for its luster and is often used in clothing, shawls and fine yarn. Cashmere comes from the Cashmere goat and is considered one of the most luxurious of all types of wool. Cashmere goats are sheared yearly and can yield up to 2.5 pounds of fleece at a time.", "MOHAIR: Hair fibres from the Angora goat.  One of the oldest textile fibres in use, mohair is durable, resilient and has a high lustre and sheen. End-uses include sweaters, coats, suits, and scarves.", "Angora wool Angora wool is a generic term for either Mohair if the hair is from an Angora goat or Angora fabric if the hair is from an Angora rabbit.", "Angora derives its name from the ancient city of Angora, Turkey (now called Ankara) and lends itself to a breed of goats, rabbits and even cats.  Angora goats are bred and raised for their long, silky hair; also considered to be the true mohair. The fleece is quite fine and is typically combined with other fibers in weaving to make soft, luxurious garments. A garment label indicating the presence of angora refers specifically to the fleece of Angora goats.  Angora rabbits are likewise raised for their fine, lightweight hair. Their fleece is extremely warm and fluffy but also has a tendency to shed or mat with time. By law, garments made of Angora rabbit fleece must be specifically labeled as such.", "Angora Angora refers to the hair of either the Angora goat or the Angora rabbit, or the fabric made from Angora rabbit; see Angora wool. (Fabric made from angora goat is mohair.)", "           mohair from goats, vicuña , alpaca , and camel from animals in the camel family, and         ", "Angora - The hair of the Angora goat or the Angora rabbit. The clipped fiber from a living animal is also known as Angora mohair.  Scoured mohair appears smooth and white. It varies in fineness and is highly resilient, very strong and has high luster. Its value is determined by its luster and not its softness.  The Angora rabbit is indigenous to Asia Minor and Turkey. It is often blended and mixed with wool to lower the price of the finished.  Angora rabbit hair is long, very fine, light weight, extremely warm and fluffy. It has a tendency to shed and mat with time. According to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, any apparel containing Angora rabbit hair must be labeled as \"Angora rabbit hair\" on the garment.", "Angora hair or Angora fibre refers to the downy coat produced by the Angora rabbit. While their names are similar, Angora fibre is distinct from mohair, which comes from the Angora goat. Angora fibre is also distinct from cashmere, which comes from the cashmere goat. Angora is known for its softness, thin fibres, and what knitters refer to as a halo (fluffiness). It is also known for its silky texture. It is much warmer and lighter than wool due to the hollow core of the angora fibre. It also gives them their characteristic floating feel.", "Mohair is often thought to come from a Mo. What is a Mo? I don't know. But, I do know this - it is an animal fiber. This fine fiber actually comes from the Angora Goat. This goat is native to the Angora region of Turkey, but is now raised mainly in South Africa and the United States.", "Mohair is composed mostly of keratin , a protein found in the hair, wool, horns and skin of all mammals. While it has scales like wool , the scales are not fully developed, merely indicated. Thus, mohair does not felt like wool does.", "ALPACA FABRIC– a general term for any fabric constructed with yarns made from the fleece of the alpaca (lama pacos), a relative of the llama. Alpaca is a natural animal fibre, classed as a speciality hair fibre. Strictly speaking, the `alpaca fabric` should be used only for fabric made from 100% alpaca fibre. Alpaca union fabrics are usually fine, springy, lustrous woven fabrics.They are frequently black, and resemble mohair fabrics.", "A natural hair fiber obtained from the Alpaca sheep, a domesticated member of the llama family.", "..... Click the link for more information. ], pelt of the newborn Persian lamb, used like fur in garments, and also the woolen fabric woven to resemble real astrakhan. The cloth is woven on a cotton base entirely covered by a pile of closely curled mohair. Before being woven the mohair is wound on spindles and steamed to produce a tight, permanent curl.", "Other animals used as sources of hair fibers for textiles include camels, llamas, alpacas, guanacos, vicuñas, rabbits, reindeer, Angora goats, and Kashmir (or cashmere) goats. Fur fibers from animals such as mink and beavers are sometimes blended with other hairs to spin luxury yarns but are most often found as fur pelts. Horsehair and cow's hair are used for felts and are sometimes spun as yarn, particularly for upholstery and other applications for which durability is important. Even human hair has been spun into yarn and used for textiles.", "1. a domesticated South American ruminant, Lama pacos, having long, soft, silky fleece, related to the llama and believed to be a variety of the guanaco. 2. the fleece of this animal. 3. a fabric or yarn made of it", "Wool - Usually associated with fiber or fabric made from the fleece of sheep or lamb. However, the term \"wool\" can also apply to all animal hair fibers, including the hair of the Cashmere or Angora goat or the specialty hair fibers of the camel, alpaca, llama, or vicuna. Commonly used in slacks and outerwear.", "Is made from the hair fibres of the Angora goat. End uses for the yarn include sweaters, coats, suits, and scarves.", "horsehair ; horsehair fabric (fabric made from fibers taken from the mane or tail of horses; used for upholstery)", "Silk has been traditionally known as the luxury fabric for centuries. It is complimentary to alpaca and guanaco as it lends strength to the soft and delicate camelid fibres.", "A luxury fiber obtained from the soft fleecy undergrowth of the Kashmir goat of Tibet, Mongolia, China, Iran, Iraq, and India. Most commonly used in sweaters, shawls, suits, coats, and dresse", "Sheep (Ovis aries) are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name \"sheep\" applies to many species in the genus Ovis, in everyday usage it almost always refers to Ovis aries. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep.Sheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb. \"Mutton\" is derived from the Old French moton, which was the word for sheep used by the Anglo-Norman rulers of much of the British Isles in the Middle Ages. This became the name for sheep meat in English, while the Old English word sceap was kept for the live animal. Throughout modern history, \"mutton\" has been limited to the meat of mature sheep usually at least two years of age; \"lamb\" is used for that of immature sheep less than a year.", "Mouton lamb is sheared sheepskin. The hair is straightened, treated, and set to make a soft, water-repellent, close fur that may be dyed black or brown to imitate Alaska or northern fur seal or beaver. It may also be dyed other colors, although the natural color is generally off-white.", "In clothing, fur is usually leather with the hair retained for its aesthetic and insulating properties. Fur has long served as a source of clothing for hominoids including the Neanderthal. Animal furs used in garments and trim may be dyed bright colors or to mimic exotic animal patterns, or shorn down to imitate the feel of a soft velvet fabric. The term \"a fur\" is often used to refer to a fur coat, wrap, or shawl.", "Mouton: Sheared lamb or sheepskin is called Mouton. It is a soft, thick, sheared fur that is straightened and chemically treated to make it water repellent. It’s natural color is usually off-white but it is often dyed various shades of brown and black. In the past it was often dyed and treated to resemble Seal fur. It also looks very similar to Sheared Beaver.", "·        Sometimes you will see a coat with tiny, nubby curls, and the seller or price tag may also state “Persian Lamb.” This is not fur at all, not even faux fur, but a wool fabric called “boucle.” This was a very popular fabric in the 1950’s, often called “Poodle Cloth,” but it is also confused with Persian Lamb.", "Among mammals , the hair (including wool), horns, nails, claws, corns, and hooves, which are made primarily of α-keratins" ]

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[ "Beluga whales, also called white whales, have white skin that is adapted to its habitat in the Arctic. The word \"beluga\" comes from the Russian word for \"white.\" They aren't the same kind of white whale in \"Moby-Dick,\" however. That was a white sperm whale. They also are not related to the sturgeon of the same name, which is the source of a type of caviar.", "The beluga or European sturgeon is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family is a huge fish that can grow to 19 feet in length, and is slow-growing and late-maturing fish that can live for 118 years.", "The beluga, or white whale, is one of the smallest species of whale. Their distinctive color and prominent foreheads make them easily identifiable.", "Some whales are known as baleen whales including blue, right, bowhead, sei and gray whales. This refers to the fact that they have special bristle-like structures in their mouths (called baleen) that strains food from the water. Other whales, such as beluga or sperm whales, have teeth.", "There are several families of Odontoceti, or toothed whales, including Sperm whales, Pygmy Sperm whales, over 20 different species of Beaked whales, River dolphins (3 families) Belugas and Narwhales, dolphins and porpoises.", "The four main types of caviar are  Beluga ,  Sterlet ,  Ossetra , and  Sevruga . The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan.", "The four main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Ossetra, and Sevruga. The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Wild caviar production has now survived only in Azerbaijan and Iran as Russia maintains a self-imposed ban on caviar trade from wild sturgeon. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in color from pale silver-gray to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian czars, Iranian shahs and Austrian emperors. Next in quality is the medium-sized, gray to brownish osetra (ossetra), and the last in the quality ranking is smaller, gray sevruga caviar.", "Belugas are related to another type of white whale — the \"unicorn\" whale known as the narwhal. However, instead of a large horn on its forehead, like the narwhal has, the beluga has a round bump called a melon. The melon is used to make many different communication sounds and facial expressions. It also aids in echolocation.", "Salted, matured eggs or roe of the female sturgeon. Beluga, Oscietra, and Sevruga, are produced from different species of sturgeon. Beluga is the most expensive of the three. And Sevruga is the least expensive.", "This family is known as the white whale group. It contains two species: the beluga and narwhal. Both are small and stocky with bulbous and blunt heads, rounded flippers and flukes and no dorsal fin. The single tooth of the narwhal, the so called tusk, is the longest of the odontocetes. Normally a male characteristic, the tusk is sometimes seen in females and sometimes there are two tusks erupting, with the second one typically shorter than the first. The cervical vertebrae of both species are not fused, allowing for a greater range of neck flexibility. Both species are restricted to the cold waters of the Arctic.", "The four main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Ossetra, and Sevruga. The rarest and costliest is from beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea, which is bordered by Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Wild caviar production was suspended in Russia between 2008 and 2011 to allow wild stocks to replenish. Azerbaijan and Iran also allow the fishing of sturgeon off their coasts. Beluga caviar is prized for its soft, extremely large (pea-size) eggs. It can range in color from pale silver-gray to black. It is followed by the small golden sterlet caviar which is rare and was once reserved for Russian, Iranian and Austrian royalty. Next in quality is the medium-sized, gray to brownish osetra (ossetra), and the last in the quality ranking is smaller, gray sevruga caviar.Our caviar election includes domestic and imported caviar from three species of sturgeon. Wikipedia (the website can summarize better than us).", "According to the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization, caviar is the salt-cured roe (fish eggs) of the sturgeon, the common name for the approximately 26 species of fish within the Acipenseridae family. Of those 26 species, four are most prized for their roe: Beluga, Sterlet; Ossetra; and Sevruga. Traditionally, however, despite the existence of sturgeon in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and despite the various species of sturgeon which produce roe suitable for high-quality caviar, the word “caviar” was used to describe only the roe harvested from the prized wild Beluga sturgeon of the Caspian and Black Seas (the Caspian Sea actually being a saltwater lake—the world’s largest).", "one sturgeon of approximately 100 kg can produce nearly 10 kg of the finest caviar, this is known as gold caviar. The beluga, part of the sturgeon family, is captured by Persian fisherman and is widely known for having the finest quality of eggs. ", "Caviar is simply sieved and lightly salted Sturgeon roe. Caviar bearing the word malossol on its label indicates that the roe is preserved with a minimum amount of salt, malossol being the Russian for \"little salt.\" The four main types of caviar are Beluga, Sterlet, Ossetra, and Sevruga. The rarest and costliest is from the beluga sturgeon that swim in the Caspian Sea.", "Beluga caviar is the most esteemed and costly of the commercially available caviars. Also known as “black caviar,” “black gold,” and “black pearls,” Beluga caviar is characterized by large, soft eggs that may attain the size of peas. Its texture is smooth, and its flavor, buttery. It ranges in color from pale silver-gray to black, the lighter-colored eggs tending to come from older fish. The rarest Beluga caviar is called the “Almas,” which means “diamond” in Russian, and has been known to sell for $25,000 per kilogram. It is harvested from hundred-year-old Beluga sturgeon and is pearlish-white in color. [Based on 2015 pricing, “Almas” produced from the eggs of the rare albino Iranian Beluga sturgeon between the ages of 60 and 100 sells for $34,500 per kilogram]. Today, because of preservation efforts, fewer than 100 egg-bearing Beluga sturgeon are caught in the wild each year.", "In 1776, Peter Simon Pallas first described the beluga. [1] It is a member of the Monodontidae family , which is in turn part of the toothed whale suborder. [1] The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; however, recent genetic evidence suggests otherwise. [5] The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga. [6]", "Male belugas are larger than females. Length can range from 2.6 to 6.7 m (8.5 to 22 ft), averaging 4 m (13 ft) in males and 3.6 m (12 ft) in females. [8] Males weigh between 1,100 and 1,600 kg (2,400 and 3,500 lb), occasionally up to 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) while females weigh between 700 and 1,200 kg (1,500 and 2,600 lb). [9] [10] They rank as mid-sized species among toothed whales. [11]", "Known as river beluga, Kaluga, from the huso Daricus, comes from the Amur River basin, and like most sturgeon caviars these days it is mostly farm-raised, which allows for sustainability and strict quality controls. Kaluga caviar is incredibly similar to Beluga – creamy, smooth, with an almost buttery texture and a great firm pop, and is today one of the top of the line caviars in the market. Combining all the wonderful characteristics of Beluga caviar, you can eat luxurious Kaluga caviar knowing you are consuming eco-friendly, sustainable caviar of the highest quality.", "A beluga whale's flexible neck allows a wide range of motion while foraging the ocean floor. Observations suggest that belugas can produce suction and a strong jet of water with their mouths which, like that of walruses, may dislodge prey from the bottom.", "*The largest beluga and narwhals is the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) Adult male beluga whales can range from , while the females measure 3 to.", "The Beluga sturgeon is currently considered to be an endangered species, and import of the fish or eggs was banned in United States in 2005. This is a good thing as it helps save the ocean.", "Traditionally the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspian and Black Seas (Beluga, Ossetra and Sevruga caviars). Depending on the country, caviar may also be used to describe the roe of other fish such as salmon, steelhead, trout, lump-fish, whitefish, and other species of sturgeon.", "*CURRENTLY THE ABOVE THREE SPECIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE IN THE USA. BELUGA CAVIAR IMPORTS HAVE BEEN BANNED INTO THE UNITED STATES SINCE OCTOBER 2005 BY THE US FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE AS A CONVERSATION METHOD TO PRESERVE THE SPECIES.", "But the word belukha means “white” in Russian, meaning there are other animals named beluga besides the whales, including the beluga sturgeon, which beluga caviar comes from.", "Belugas generally live together in small groups known as pods. They are social animals and very vocal communicators that employ a diversified language of clicks, whistles, and clangs. Belugas can also mimic a variety of other sounds.", "Belugas are highly sociable. Groups of males may number in the hundreds, while mothers with calves generally mix in slightly smaller groups. When pods aggregate in estuaries, they may number in the thousands. This can represent a significant proportion of the entire population and is when they are most vulnerable to hunting.", "The name sperm whale is a clip of spermaceti whale. Spermaceti, originally mistakenly identified as the whales' semen, is the semi-liquid, waxy substance found within the whale's head (see below). ", "There are a few fish varieties which produce what is considered to be the world's best caviar. Here is the short list.", "The \"true\" tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that Atlantic bluefin tuna and Pacific bluefin tuna were subspecies of a single species. In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species. ", "The London type is much more common than the Bristol type and is usually what you will find. The London shubunkin has been bred to have shorter tail fins.", "The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, is a medium-sized perciform fish in the tuna family, Scombridae. It is otherwise known as the aku, arctic bonito, mushmouth, oceanic bonito, striped tuna, or victor fish. It grows up to 1 m (3 ft) in length. It is a cosmopolitan pelagic fish found in tropical and warm-temperate waters. It is a very important species for fisheries.", "I ask if there’s a particular color that works best, and Freeman and members of his group look at each other and smile. “Don’t give away any secrets,” I protest, and they all burst out laughing. “The best is what we call ‘the white fly,’” Freeman explains. “The wife of a guy who came to speak to the club passed some out, and nobody thought they looked like much. Then my wife, Janet, started using them, and she outfished everybody. So we all started using them, too. They’re easy to tie, and they really catch fish. I use a red hook on mine; I think it catches more fish.” It’s easy to see why the fly is effective as the red hook makes it look like a wounded shad." ]

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[ "The effect meningitis has on the body can differ depending upon your age, health, and the severity and cause of the meningitis. In infants, rashes, seizures, vomiting and fever are just some of the physical effects of meningitis. The fontanelles may appear bulging or firm due to increased pressure of the fluid around the brain. The nerves of the eyes or face may be affected, causing an eye to turn in or the face to appear lopsided. In young people and adults, you may see a rise in bodily temperature, increased sensitivity to light, confusion, fever, and tightness in the neck muscles; in some cases, pressure on the brain will cause vomiting or swelling. Meningitis, even when treated, can be a life threatening illness.", "Meningitis is a disease that causes swelling in the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Membranes are soft, thin layers that protect and connect organs and cells in the body. The life-threatening disease can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other small organisms. Common symptoms include a stiff neck and severe headache, as well as a sudden high fever and confusion.", "Meningitis is an infection of the three membranes, the meninges, that lie between the brain and the skull. The disease is contagious. It can be caused by poor nutrition and any number of viruses such as poliomyelitis and measles, fungi including yeast, or bacteria like meningococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus, and tuberculosis. It may result from severe infection of the nose and throat or spread through the bloodstream. It is more common in children than adults. Early symptoms are: sore throat, red or purple skin rash, and signs of a previous, recent respiratory disorder. Other classic symptoms include stiff neck, headache, high fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, delirium, and sensitivity to light. Change in temperament and sleepiness signal changes in the cerebral fluid and frequently precede coma and death. Also called brain fever.", "The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Meningitis is an infection that causes the protective membranes of the nervous system to swell. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord can affect every part of your body. Fever and other symptoms can come on suddenly and progress very quickly, causing devastating effects.", "Viral Meningitis affect the CNS: Central Nervous System. To be specific, Viral Meningitis actually affects a part of the brain known as the meninges; which are membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord. This could lead to severe brain damage", "Meningitis is the inflammation of the tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and can be caused by viral or bacterial infections.", "Meningitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges , the three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is usually caused by bacteria or viruses, and may produce chronic headaches.", "Meningitis is a rare but very serious condition that results from a bacterial infection. It usually causes swelling and inflammation in the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord.", "Meningitis means an inflammation of the membranes or the meninges of the coverings of the spinal cord and the brain. Bacterial meningitis is caused by group B streptococcus such as the E. coli, Listeria monocytigenes, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and others.", "Inflammation of the meninges may lead to abnormalities of the cranial nerves, a group of nerves arising from the brain stem that supply the head and neck area and which control, among other functions, eye movement, facial muscles, and hearing. Visual symptoms and hearing loss may persist after an episode of meningitis. Inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) or its blood vessels (cerebral vasculitis), as well as the formation of blood clots in the veins (cerebral venous thrombosis), may all lead to weakness, loss of sensation, or abnormal movement or function of the part of the body supplied by the affected area of the brain.", "meningitis Inflammation of the meninges, membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord. Viruses and bacteria can cause meningitis. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, a stiff neck and light sensitivity.", "When you get meningitis, bacteria that have invaded your bloodstream move across to infect your 'meninges' - the membranes that surround and protect your brain and spinal cord. The meninges are filled with a liquid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is there to bathe the brain and cushion it against physical damage when you hit your head.", "Meningitis means swelling of the lining around the brain and spinal cord. Septicaemia is blood poisoning caused by the same germs.", "Meninges. The meninges are tissues that cover the brain and the spinal cord. Infection of the meninges by the TB bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis , a condition that is most common in young children but is especially dangerous in the elderly. Patients develop headaches, become drowsy, and eventually comatose. Permanent brain damage is the rule unless prompt treatment is given. Some patients with tuberculous meningitis develop a tumor-like brain mass called a tuberculoma that can cause stroke-like symptoms.", "Meningitis: A term in modern usage which is used for inflammation of the membranes on the surface of the brain, involving high fever, severe headache, and stiff muscles in the neck or back.  Can be caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections  Synonym: brain fever and cerebrospinal fever.", "Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases, typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the \"Meningitis Belt\" which stretches from Senegal east to Ethiopia.", "In very bad cases, meningitis injures or destroys nerve cells and causes brain damage. This is due to the raised pressure on your brain and the toxic effect of the bacterial poisons on your brain cells, as well as reduced blood supply and formation of blood clots in blood vessels of the brain. All of these things can lead to after effects and disabilities such as epilepsy, learning difficulties, behavioural problems, problems with coordination or speech and movement disorders.", "Symptoms of meningitis often include fever, headache, stiff neck and back, photophobia (painful sensitivity of the eyes to light), abnormal sleepiness, and confusion. Vomiting may also be seen. Infants' symptoms are not as specific as those in older children and adults but usually include irritability, lethargy, poor feeding, crying when moved, and vomiting. Infants may not have neck or back stiffness while ill with meningitis. Meningococcus can cause a reddish-purple rash (from bleeding under the skin) that rapidly spreads over the body. Seizures * can occur in anyone with meningitis, regardless of age.", "In bacterial meningitis, bacteria reach the meninges by one of two main routes: through the bloodstream or through direct contact between the meninges and either the nasal cavity or the skin. In most cases, meningitis follows invasion of the bloodstream by organisms that live upon mucous surfaces such as the nasal cavity. This is often in turn preceded by viral infections, which break down the normal barrier provided by the mucous surfaces. Once bacteria have entered the bloodstream, they enter the subarachnoid space in places where the blood–brain barrier is vulnerable—such as the choroid plexus. Meningitis occurs in 25% of newborns with bloodstream infections due to group B streptococci; this phenomenon is less common in adults. Direct contamination of the cerebrospinal fluid may arise from indwelling devices, skull fractures, or infections of the nasopharynx or the nasal sinuses that have formed a tract with the subarachnoid space (see above); occasionally, congenital defects of the dura mater can be identified.", "Meningitis caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (known as \"meningococcal meningitis\") can be differentiated from meningitis with other causes by a rapidly spreading petechial rash, which may precede other symptoms. The rash consists of numerous small, irregular purple or red spots (\"petechiae\") on the trunk, lower extremities, mucous membranes, conjuctiva, and (occasionally) the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. The rash is typically non-blanching; the redness does not disappear when pressed with a finger or a glass tumbler. Although this rash is not necessarily present in meningococcal meningitis, it is relatively specific for the disease; it does, however, occasionally occur in meningitis due to other bacteria. Other clues on the cause of meningitis may be the skin signs of hand, foot and mouth disease and genital herpes, both of which are associated with various forms of viral meningitis.", "The most commonly seen symptoms of Meningitis are stiffness of the head and neck, fever, vomiting, being unable to tolerate bright light or loud noises, and mental confusion.", "Meningitis is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. It is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as", "The most frequent long-term effects of meningitis include deafness and blindness, which may be caused by the compression of specific nerves and brain areas responsible for the senses of hearing and sight. Some patients develop permanent seizure disorders, requiring life-long treatment with anti-seizure medications. Scarring of the meninges may result in obstruction of the normal flow of CSF, causing abnormal accumulation of CSF. This may be a chronic problem for some patients, requiring the installation of shunt tubes to drain the accumulation regularly.", "Inflammation of the meninges (the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), especially of the pia mater and arachnoid, caused by a bacterial or viral infection and characterized high fever, severe headache, and stiff neck or back muscles. Synonym: brain fever.", "viral meningitis meningitis due to any of various viruses, such as a coxsackievirus or the mumps virus , with lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. It usually has a short uncomplicated course characterized by malaise, fever, headache, stiffness of neck and back, and nausea. See also aseptic meningitis .", "If you've had all your vaccinations, they will help protect you from getting meningitis. But there's another way to prevent those germs from getting inside your body: Wash your hands. Wash up regularly with warm, soapy water — especially before eating, after using the bathroom, and whenever your hands are dirty. It's also smart to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. Then — you guessed it — wash your hands!", "Meningococcal myelitis - lesions in the meninges (the protective membrane around the brain and spinal cord). ", "Inflammation and fever can cause loss of appetite. Sick stomach, nausea, and vomiting are common. Infants and young children may become fussy, irritable, and difficult to comfort. And excessive sleepiness is a symptom of meningitis, so it may be hard to wake a sleeping child. Untreated, meningitis can lead to coma.", "Some forms of meningitis are preventable by immunization with the meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines. Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful. The first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs. Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation. Meningitis can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, or cognitive deficits, especially if not treated quickly.", "The following are the most common symptoms of meningitis. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:", "Other treatments for meningitis involve decreasing inflammation (with steroid preparations) and paying careful attention to the balance of fluids, glucose, sodium, potassium, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the patient's system. Patients who develop seizures will require medications to halt the seizures and prevent their return.", "Anyone can develop just about any kind of meningitis. But research has shown that some age groups have higher rates of meningitis than others. They are:" ]

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[ "Sequoia National Park is a national park in the southern Sierra Nevada east of Visalia, California, in the United States. It was established on September 25, 1890. The park spans . Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13000 ft, the park contains among its natural resources the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at 14494 ft above sea level. The park is south of and contiguous with Kings Canyon National Park; the two are administered by the National Park Service together as the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. They were designated the UNESCO Sequoia-Kings Canyon Biosphere Reserve in 1976. ", "Sequoia National Park is a national park in the southern Sierra Nevada, east of Visalia, California. It was established on September 25th, 1890.The park is famous for its Giant Sequoia trees, including the General Sherman tree, the largest tree on Earth. The General Sherman tree grows in the Giant Forest, which contains five out of the ten largest trees in the world.", "Located in central California, Sequoia National Park was established as a national park in 1890.  The park covers over 400,000 acres in the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range including the highest point in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney which has an elevation of 14,505 feet.  The Sierra Nevada mountain range was formed over 10 million years ago in a series of earth shifts and later over long periods of extreme cold weather glaciers developed and would move slowly over the granite rock to create deep valleys and ragged peaks.  These glacial forces also formed nearby Yosemite National Park.", "The next great scenic national parks Sequoia, General Grant, and Yosemite, all in California did not come about until 1890, 18 years after Yellowstone. The initial Sequoia legislation, signed by President Benjamin Harrison on September 25, again followed that for Yellowstone in establishing \"a public park, or pleasure ground, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people.\" Another act approved October 1 set aside General Grant, Yosemite, and a large addition to Sequoia as \"reserved forest lands\" but directed their management along park lines. Sequoia, General Grant (later incorporated in Kings Canyon National Park), and Yosemite were given their names by the Secretary of the Interior. Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove remained under state administration until 1906, when they were returned to federal control and incorporated in Yosemite National Park.", "Sequoia was established as a National Park September 25, 1890 and was designated a Biosphere Reserve 1976.", "The natural distribution of giant sequoias is restricted to a limited area of the western Sierra Nevada, California. They occur in scattered groves, with a total of 68 groves (see list of sequoia groves for a full inventory), comprising a total area of only . Nowhere does it grow in pure stands, although in a few small areas, stands do approach a pure condition. The northern two-thirds of its range, from the American River in Placer County southward to the Kings River, has only eight disjunct groves. The remaining southern groves are concentrated between the Kings River and the Deer Creek Grove in southern Tulare County. Groves range in size from with 20,000 mature trees, to small groves with only six living trees. Many are protected in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks and Giant Sequoia National Monument.", "His efforts, assisted by the deep interest of editor Robert Underwood Johnson, strongly contributed to passage of further remarkable Federal legislation in the autumn of 1890. This was preceded by several unsuccessful attempts to create reservations above Yosemite Valley, and farther south in today's Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Congressmen Lewis E. Payson of Illinois and William Vandever of California were instrumental in the passage of legislation which created Sequoia and General Grant National Parks on 25 September 1890, and Yosemite National Park on 1 October 1890. There were notable similarities in the two bills, but some unusual and unexplained differences between them suggest that the whirlwind of congressional activities leading to their passage may have been opportunistic. Whatever the reason, much of the sequoia land was reserved before the lumber industry became seriously interested in obtaining the rights to log it off.", "Yosemite National Park is a United States National Park spanning eastern portions of Tuolumne, Mariposa and Madera counties in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The park, which is managed by the National Park Service, covers an area of 761,268 acres and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain chain. Over 3.7 million people visit Yosemite each year: most spend their time in the seven square miles of Yosemite Valley. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its spectacular granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, Giant Sequoia groves, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite was central to the development of the national park idea. First, Galen Clark and others lobbied to protect Yosemite Valley from development, ultimately leading to President Abraham Lincoln signing the Yosemite Grant in 1864. Later, John Muir led a successful movement to establish a larger national park encompassing not just the valley, but surrounding mountains and forests as well - paving the way for the United States national park system.", "Yosemite National Park embraces a spectacular tract of mountain-and-valley scenery in the Sierra Nevada, which was set aside as a national park in 1890. The park harbors a grand collection of waterfalls, meadows, and forests that include groves of giant sequoias, the world's largest living things. Highlights of the park include Yosemite Valley, and its high cliffs and waterfalls; Wawona's history center and historic hotel; the Mariposa Grove, which contains hundreds of ancient giant sequoias; Glacier Point's (summer-fall) spectacular view of the Valley and the high country; Tuolumne Meadows (summer-fall), a large subalpine meadow surrounded by mountain peaks; and Hetch Hetchy, a reservoir in a valley considered a twin of Yosemite Valley.", "Yosemite National Park is a national park in the central eastern portion of the U.S. state of California. The park covers an area of 747,956 acres (1,168.681 sq mi; 302,687 ha; 3,026.87 km2) and reaches across the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1984, Yosemite is internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, clear streams, giant sequoia groves, lakes, mountains, glaciers, and biological diversity. Almost 95% of the park is designated wilderness. Yosemite is one of the largest and least fragmented habitat blocks in the Sierra Nevada, and the park supports a diversity of plants and animals. The geology of the Yosemite area is characterized by granitic rocks and remnants of older rock. About 10 million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was uplifted and then tilted to form its relatively gentle western slopes and the more dramatic eastern slopes. The uplift increased the steepness of stream and river beds, resulting in formation of deep, narrow canyons.", "Redwoods once grew throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The oldest known redwood fossils date back more than 200 million years to the Jurassic period. Today, the last giant sequoias on Earth live on land about the size of Cleveland (48,000 acres), in about 75 groves scattered along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The northernmost sequoias grow in Placer County in Tahoe National Forest, and the southernmost groves live in Giant Sequoia National Monument. The first widely publicized discovery of the giant sequoias was in 1852, at Calaveras Big Trees State Park . One of these trees, named the Discovery Tree, was unfortunately felled in 1853. It was determined to be 1,244 years old. Its stump was so large it was used as a dance floor.", "Most visitors enter Sequoia National Park by the southern entrance near the town of Three Rivers.  (Travel Note: Before proceeding into the park, stop and fill your vehicle with gas as there is very limited availability within the park)  Here in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range the scenery is mostly oak trees and yucca plants and as the road climbs through steep river valleys the scenery transitions into conifer forests of pine and fir trees.  Once visitors reach the higher elevation between 5,500 and 9,000 feet the giant sequoia trees start to appear and they are some of the largest living trees in the world, such as the General Sherman tree.", "And there were many people that heard him. In 1890, Congress approved the creation of Sequoia National Park, followed shortly by the creation of Yosemite National Park.", "In 1903, 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of Mount Whitney , the highest mountain in the contiguous United States. They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia's Giant Forest , the most famous grove of Giant Sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park.", "Then in 1890, Sequoia National Park was established and the giant sequoias fell under protection and all logging ceased within the boundaries of the newly formed park.  Over the years additional areas were added to the park as it increased in size.  The most recent expansion was back in 1978, when the Sierra Club succeeded in preventing the Walt Disney Company from purchasing property to create a ski resort.  This area in the southern portion of the park known as Mineral King and it is a popular place and starting point for back-country hikers.", "In 1903, 9th Cavalry soldiers in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of Mt. Whitney , the highest mountain in the contiguous United States, as well as the first usable wagon road into Sequoia's Giant Forest , in Sequoia National Park. And in 1904, 9th Cavalry soldiers in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced in the southern section of the national park. This arboretum had pathways, benches and some plants that were identified in both English and Latin. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first nature museum in the national park system.", "'s associate editor, Robert Underwood Johnson , Muir worked to remedy this destruction. In 1890, due in large part to the efforts of Muir and Johnson, an act of Congress created Yosemite National Park . Muir was also personally involved in the creation of Sequoia , Mount Rainier , Petrified Forest and Grand Canyon national parks. Muir deservedly is often called the \"Father of Our National Park System \".", "In the southern Sierra, the unappropriated sequoia lands remained a thorn in the sides of many. Money was again the problem, and the Federal government lacked what was needed for purchase. Here, the benefactor was the National Geographic Society. In 1916, it began a fund-raising campaign to purchase lands within and adjacent to Sequoia National Park. By 1921, the society succeeded in adding nearly 2000 additional acres of sequoia forest to the park, at a cost of $96,330 (White 1934). The last remaining large piece of sequoia land, the Redwood Mountain Grove of 3720 acres, was added to the park system when Kings Canyon National Park was created in 1940. While minor adjustments and additions to the public ownership followed, the bulk of the trees was safely reserved by that time.", "1890 – At the urging of preservationist John Muir and writer Robert Underwood Johnson, the United States Congress established Yosemite National Park in California.", "106,372 acres (43,081 hectares), N Calif., at the southern end of the Cascade Range. Proclaimed as Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone national monuments in 1907, the two were incorporated into a new national park in 1916.", "U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891, but until 1899 the soldiers serving were white. Beginning in 1899, and continuing in 1903 and 1904, African-American regiments served during the summer months in the second and third oldest national parks in the United States (Sequoia and Yosemite). Because these soldiers served before the  National Park Service  was created (1916), they were \"park rangers\" before the term was coined.", "The Visitor Centers at this park are the most depressing I have ever been to. The educational focus was on all the changes that development has caused: eradicating native grasses by introducing European one, logging groves of 1500-3000 year old trees that resulted in drying up streams, and more. On a positive note about those drying streams, recognition by the farmers in the valley below about that problem led to the protection of the big trees. The roots of the trees affect the hydrology of the mountainside and create streams in the groves. When logging of sequoias began in the mid-1800’s, the streams dried up and the farmers below worried for their water supply if all the groves were logged. Residents of the valley urged Congress to protect the trees in the 1880’s, leading to Sequoia National Park being the second National Park created.", "“After a general exploration of the Kaweah basin, this part of the Sequoia belt seemed to me the finest, and I then [1875] named it ‘the Giant Forest.’ (Muir: Our National Parks, 1901, p. 300.)", "In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen in  Yosemite  built an  arboretum  on the South Fork of the  Merced River  in the southern section of Yosemite National Park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in both  English  and  Latin . Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the  National Park System . The NPS cites a 1904 report, where Yosemite superintentent (Lt. Col.)  John Bigelow, Jr.  declared the arboretum \"To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ...\" Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed. [14]", "In 1904, 9th Cavalrymen in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced River in the southern section of Yosemite National Park. This arboretum had pathways and benches, and some plants were identified in both English and Latin. Yosemite's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the National Park System . The NPS cites a 1904 report, where Yosemite superintentent (Lt. Col.) John Bigelow, Jr. declared the arboretum \"To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ...\" Unfortunately, the forces of developers, miners and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed. [18]", "This park is also known for the world under another name. It happened due to the explorer John Muir. When he saw the giant Sequoia here, he named the area “Giant Forest”.", "In his later life, Muir devoted most of his time to the preservation of the Western forests. He petitioned the U.S. Congress for the National Park bill that was passed in 1890, establishing Yosemite National Park. The spiritual quality and enthusiasm toward nature expressed in his writings inspired readers, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to help preserve large nature areas. He is today referred to as the \"Father of the National Parks\" and the National Park Service has produced a short documentary about his life. ", "In 1890, Congress established Yosemite National Park, and in 1892 John Muir helped form the Sierra Club to protect it, serving as that organization's President until his death in 1914.", "Over the years, Muir was visited by many famous figures, including writer Ralph Waldo Emerson. But perhaps his most significant visit was a camping trip with former President Theodore Roosevelt in 1903. For three days, the president and the Scottish-born writer traveled the Yosemite Valley alone, envisioning what kind of national system would be able to protect the country's forests. Roosevelt went on to establish 150 national forests, 18 national monuments and five national parks, which amounted to 230 million acres of American soil.", "In an 1889 article in Century magazine, Muir argued in favor of designating Yosemite Valley as a national park. He remained president of the Sierra Club until his death in 1914. President Theodore Roosevelt accompanied Muir on a camping trip before Roosevelt established Yosemite as a national park. [20] [21] [22] [23]", "Yosemite Valley became federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906.", "John Muir was a Scottish-born American naturalist and explorer. It was because of Muir that many National Parks were left untouched, such as Yosemite Valley National Park. One of the most significant camping trips Muir took was in 1903 with then president Theodore Roosevelt. This trip persuaded Roosevelt to return \"Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove to federal protection as part of Yosemite National Park\". " ]

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[ "Some observers of this scandal believe that these documents will confirm the darkest suspicions over \"Fast and Furious\" -- that the illicit gun smuggling was allowed and encouraged in order to drive up the number of guns recovered in Mexico that could be traced back to U.S. gun stores. Anyone interested in driving up those numbers could have only one reason: to justify new restrictions on our Second Amendment rights.", "The US DOJ had a really bright idea. They put together an operation known as 'Fast and Furious' that allowed almost 2,000 illegally purchased weapons to be sold in gunshops to known straw buyers - people who legally purchase firearms and then sell them to unauthorized third parties - in Arizona and sent to Mexico, where the DOJ knew they were almost certainly going to end up in the hands of drug gangs. The idea was that the Department of Justice would record the serial numbers and eventually recover them from crime scenes and use them as evidence to build a conspiracy case that might take down the leaders of major drug cartels.", "During Operation Fast and Furious, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) allowed gun dealers to sell firearms to illegal straw buyers with the hopes of tracking them. Some of the guns were lost and later traced to crime scenes on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border, including the death of Border Patrol officer Brian Terry.", "In May 2011, House Oversight Committee chairman, California Republican Rep. Darrell Issa and Iowa Republican Sen. Chuck Grassley sent Attorney General Holder a letter requesting details about Operation Fast and Furious, which had been a failed federal firearms sting operation, which had allowed some 2,000 weapons to reach Mexican drug gangs. Grassley and Issa urged Holder to cooperate and turn over subpoenaed records that would reveal the scope of the alleged government coverup. ", "On July 31, 2012, the first part of a new three-part report, Fast and Furious: The Anatomy of a Failed Operation, was released by Republican lawmakers. The report singled out five ATF supervisors for responsibility in Fast and Furious, all of whom had been previously reassigned. The report also said that Fast and Furious resulted from a change in strategy by the Obama Administration. The Justice Department was dismissive of the report, saying that it contained \"distortions\" and \"debunked conspiracy theories,\" and that \"gunwalking\" tactics dated back to 2006. DOJ spokeswoman Tracy Schmaler, while critical of the report, did credit it for acknowledging that the idea for \"gun walking\"—allowing illegal sales of weapons on the border—originated under the Republican administration before Eric Holder took office in 2009. Schmaler noted that Holder moved swiftly to replace the ATF's management and instill reforms. On the same day, ATF Deputy Director William Hoover, who was one of the five blamed in the Congressional report, officially retired. The report included an appendix disputing claims in the Fortune article. Following its publication, Dodson's lawyer wrote the managing editor of Fortune stating the article was \"demonstrably false\" and that a retraction was in order. After Fortune did not retract the article, Dodson sued for libel on October 12, 2012. ", "\"Gunwalking\", or \"letting guns walk\", was a tactic of the Arizona Field Office of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), which ran a series of sting operations between 2006 and 2011 in the Tucson and Phoenix area where the ATF \"purposely allowed licensed firearms dealers to sell weapons to illegal straw buyers, hoping to track the guns to Mexican drug cartel leaders and arrest them.\" These operations were done under the umbrella of Project Gunrunner, a project intended to stem the flow of firearms into Mexico by interdicting straw purchasers and gun traffickers within the United States. The Jacob Chambers Case began in October 2009 and eventually became known in February 2010 as \"Operation Fast and Furious\" after agents discovered Chambers and the other suspects under investigation belonged to a car club.", "The next important event we know of occurred in October 2009 when the ATF’s Phoenix Field Division established a gun-trafficking group called “Group VII.” Group VII began using the strategy of allowing suspects to walk away with illegally purchased guns, according to a report from the U.S. House Oversight and Government Reform Committee and the staff of Sen. Charles Grassley (R-Iowa), ranking member of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. The report says, “The purpose was to wait and watch, in hope that law enforcement could identify other members of a trafficking network and build a large, complex conspiracy case…. Group VII initially began using the new gunwalking tactics in one of its investigations to further the Department’s strategy. The case was soon renamed ‘Operation Fast and Furious.’”", "There have been questions raised over a possible connection between Fast and Furious and the death of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent Jaime Zapata on February 15, 2011. The gun used to kill Zapata was purchased by Otilio Osorio in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas (outside the area of responsibility for the ATF Phoenix field division which conducted Fast and Furious), and then smuggled into Mexico. Congressional investigators have stated that Osorio was known by the ATF to be a straw purchaser months before he purchased the gun used to kill Zapata, leading them to question ATF surveillance tactics and to suspect a Texas-based operation similar to Fast and Furious.", "Not only did U.S. officials approve, allow and assist in the sale of more than 2,000 guns to the Sinaloa cartel -- the federal government used taxpayer money to buy semi-automatic weapons, sold them to criminals and then watched as the guns disappeared. This disclosure, revealed in documents obtained by Fox News, could undermine the Department of Justice's previous defense that Operation Fast and Furious was a \"botched\" operation where agents simply \"lost track\" of weapons as they were transferred from one illegal buyer to another.", "The US Southwest Border regiono represents a continuing criminal threat to the United States. The rugged, rural, and porous area along the nearly 2,000 miles of contiguous US-Mexican territory invites widespread criminal activity, including drug and arms trafficking, alien smuggling, human trafficking, extortion, kidnapping, and public corruption. US-based gangs, MDTOs, and other criminal enterprises in both the United States and Mexico are readily exploiting this fluid region and incur enormous profit by establishing wide-reaching drug networks; assisting in the smuggling drugs, arms, and illegal immigrants; and serving as enforcers for MDTO interests on the US side of the border.  ", "According to internal ATF documents, the operation was initially run in conjunction with the Phoenix DEA Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF). On January 26, 2010, ATF formally applied to the Justice Department in Washington for funding through the OCDETF program. When it won approval and received additional funding, Operation Fast and Furious was reorganized as a Strike Force that included agents from ATF, FBI, DEA, and the ICE component of the Department of Homeland Security, which would be run through the U.S. Attorney's office rather than the ATF. This new Strike Force designation allowed the operation to take advantage of sophisticated surveillance techniques such as federal wiretaps, which would require court orders and interaction from Justice Department officials in Washington, D.C. since federal law requires certain individuals to review evidence and certify the necessity of such techniques. ", "Meanwhile, unbelievably, even while the White House pursues new restrictions on our rights, the bureaucratic apparatus of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives has been allowing known smugglers to arm drug cartels in Mexico. By encouraging honest gun dealers to consummate the sales of thousands of guns to shady characters and then allowing the smugglers to move the guns into Mexico unimpeded, one of our own federal law enforcement agencies has been fueling cartel violence in Mexico.", "On January 31, 2012, Democrats on the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee released a report titled, \"Fatally Flawed: Five Years of Gunwalking in Arizona\". The report concluded that there was no evidence of involvement by high-ranking appointees at the Justice Department in \"gunwalking.\" Rather, Operation Fast and Furious was just one of four such operations conducted over five years during the Bush and Obama administrations, and was only \"the latest in a series of fatally flawed operations run by ATF agents in Phoenix and the Arizona U.S. Attorney's Office.\"", "The Mexican drug-trafficking organizations that control cocaine movements through Mexico and are major distributors of cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine in the United States continue to grow. Powerful Mexican trafficking organizations receive up to half of each Colombian cocaine shipment moving through Mexico as payment for a successful smuggling operation, according to DEA. They also appear to have increased outright purchases of Colombian cocaine and have taken other measures to assert their independence from Colombian traffickers.", "Federal, state, and local law enforcement officials are observing a growing nexus between the Mexican drug cartels, illegal alien smuggling rings, and US-based gangs. The alien smuggling networks that operate along the Southwest border are unable to move human cargo through drug cartel controlled corridors without paying a fee. The typical Mexican illegal alien now pays approximately $1,200 to $2,500 for entry into the United States. The fee is considerably higher for aliens smuggled from countries other than Mexico, which may even be more alluring for the cartels. It is estimated that criminals earn billions of dollars each year by smuggling aliens through Mexico into the United States.", "In April 2011, a large cache of weapons, 40 traced to Fast and Furious but also including military-grade weapons difficult to obtain legally in the US such as an anti-aircraft machine gun and grenade launcher, was found in the home of Jose Antonio Torres Marrufo, a prominent Sinaloa Cartel member, in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Torres Marrufo was indicted, but evaded law enforcement for a brief time. Finally, on February 4, 2012, Marrufo was arrested by the Mexican Police.", "As many know, they have a border problem. Lake Falcon is a lake that borders Texas and Mexico . Last year several boaters were killed by drug cartel folks from the other side. We are now aware that the automatic weapons used in the killings were probably from \"Fast and Furious\". ", "As the later DOJ OIG Report documented, under Wide Receiver coordination of ATF Tucson with the ATF Mexico City Office (MCO) and with Mexican law enforcement had been haphazard. Discussions of getting tracking devices from Raytheon were not followed up. ATF field agents and the cooperating gun dealer had been told by ATF supervisors that the guns were being interdicted before they could reach Mexico, but only 64 of the 474 guns had actually been seized. The kingpin sought by walking the guns, Israel Egurrola-Leon, turned out to be the target of a larger drug case Operation Iron River run by OCDETF. After Operation Wide Receiver was ended, several attorneys at the Phoenix USAO who reviewed the Wide Receiver cases for prosecution found the cases had been so poorly managed that they were reluctant to bring any of them to trial.", "Members from the Salvadoran gang MS-13 are believed by authorities to have established a smuggling ring in Matamoros, Mexico. This smuggling involved transporting illegal immigrants from foreign countries into the United States. MS-13 has shown extreme violence against Border Patrol security to \"teach them a lesson\". \"Mexican alien smugglers plan to pay violent gang members and smuggle them and drugs into the United States to murder Border Patrol agents, according to a confidential Department of Homeland Security memo obtained by the Daily Bulletin.\"", "On May 3, 2012, Congressman Issa released a memorandum to the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform that included a draft of a resolution to hold Attorney General Holder in contempt. In the memo, Issa described the connection between Operation Fast and Furious and the OCDETF program since at least January 2009, which would involve multiple executive agencies including the ATF, DOJ, DEA, FBI, ICE, and DHS. He questioned how, why, or if oversight by high level Justice Department did not occur in such an important case. He further described the tragic death of Brian Terry, the whistleblowers and their mistreatment, and the damage the operation had to US-Mexico relations.", "Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as \"mules\" (or \"mulas\"), who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If he or she is caught, however, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone.", "On Oct. 26, 2009, a month or so after Fast and Furious seems to have been initiated, a document shows that a teleconference was held between 13 officials. One of the issues discussed was the possible “adoption of the Department’s strategy for Combating Mexican Drug Cartels.” The officials listed to have been in on the call included Kenneth Melson, who was then the director of the ATF, Robert Mueller, the director of the FBI and a number of attorneys with the U.S. Department of Justice. B. Todd Jones, the current director of the ATF, was not listed in the document, but the title he held in September 2009 is listed as being in on the conference call. It doesn’t take much reporting to find out that in September 2009 Jones was the chair of the Attorney General’s Advisory Committee (AGAC) and so was at least supposed to be in on the conference call. (When asked about the teleconference, an ATF spokeswoman told us “we don’t discuss active investigations.”)", "On October 15, 2012, Danny Cruz Morones, one of the twenty individuals indicted as a result of Fast and Furious, was sentenced to 57 months in prison. He was the first of the twenty to be sentenced. He pleaded guilty to straw purchasing and recruiting others to buy guns. According to prosecutors, he bought 27 AK-47s, and his recruits bought dozens more.", "Illicit drugs also are smuggled into and through Texas via commercial aircraft, buses, passenger trains, and package delivery services. Operation Jetway data (see text box ) indicate that in 2000, law enforcement officers in Texas seized 12,341 kilograms of illicit substances that were transported (or intended for transport) aboard commercial aircraft, buses, trains, or via package delivery services. The amount of marijuana seized as part of Operation Jetway (11,659 kg) accounted for 94 percent of the illicit substances seized as part of the program in 2000.", "Maybe the largest drug smuggling event in the USA history started in 1982 on Mena Airport by Barry Seale, pilot for the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA!!!). He had had problems with the authorities in Louisiana, so he moved his dirty business to Arkansas, where he could work un-disturbed. Seale said later in a police investigation that he had used nose-cones to smuggle drugs (Park-O-Meter).", "Southern Arizona became a preferred place to cross in the 1990s, when U.S. immigration officials implemented tougher border enforcement through Operation Gatekeeper in California and Operation Hold the Line in Texas. The clamp down in those states funneled more illegal immigrant traffic into Arizona. In the meantime, border security has been increased across the board, with more formidable fences and an increase in Border Patrol officers. All this has resulted in smugglers leading migrants through more remote territory -- higher into the mountains, farther from towns and highways and deeper into the desert.", "In addition to arrests in Mexico, the Calderon government continued its policy of extraditing drug traffickers and other criminals wanted in the U.S. Over 100 people were extradited from Mexico to the U.S. in 2009, breaking 2008’s record of 95. Notable cases from the past year include Mexican nationals Miguel Caro Quintero, wanted for drug trafficking in Colorado and Arizona, and Oscar Escajeda Candelaria, wanted for cocaine and marijuana trafficking in Texas, Ever Villafane Martinez, a Colombian national wanted on federal narcotics trafficking and money laundering charges.", "The Vagos have been the subject of several investigations by the FBI and the ATF for illegal activity such as the production and distribution of methamphetamine, murder, money laundering and weapons violations. A highly coordinated investigation in March of 2006 led to the arrests of 25 Vagos members and their associates in what has been labeled as the largest investigation in Southern California’s history.", "In 1993, the DEA worked with the Colombian government to finally take down the Medellín drug cartel operating out of Bogota, which, at one point, was bringing in $60 million a day in drug profits. In 1994, DEA seizures brought in over 75,000 kgs of cocaine , the largest yearly haul at the time. From 1995 to 1996, they would arrest the entire hierarchy of the Cali Cartel, \"the wealthiest and most powerful international criminal organization\" and \"the most significant enforcement action taken against organized crime leaders since the Appalachian Gangster Raid in 1957,\" according to the DEA's own description of the case . ", "11The committee noted the discrepancies in this message, as follows: the spelling of Lopes, for Lopez; the November 13 date and passport number 319962, issued July 13, 1960; and Lopez entering Mexico on foot. In its 1977 Task Force Report, the CIA cited the several \"inaccuracies,\" as they had been repeated in the report of the Senate Select Committee, as reason to refute the report itself. The TFR pointed out that Lopez' name had been misspelled \"Lopes,\" that it had Lopez entering Mexico on foot, when the CIA had information that he had traveled by automobile; that it listed incorrect digits for Lopez' passport number; that it stated that Lopez' Mexican tourist visa had been issued in Nuevo Laredo, not Tampa; and it reported that he had stayed at the Cuban Embassy. Based on these inaccuracies, the TFR concluded, \"the source was patently and extensively misinformed.\" The TFR therefore discounted the March cable that held that the information \"jibed\" with what the CIA's source had earlier reported. (131)", "Law Enforcement Efforts. In 2009, the Honduran Special Counter Narcotics Vetted Unit worked with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to arrest high ranking organized crime figures including the May 2009 arrest of Reimerio de Jesus Flores Lazo, a Salvadoran who had several international arrest warrants and was a key figure in charge of drug cartels’ ground transportation logistics for narcotics trafficking in Central America. In August, Jammal El Youssef, who had international arrest warrants for terrorism, narcotics trafficking, arms trafficking and trafficking in persons was deported to the United States.", "It is unlikely that a trafficker would deliberately shoot at a U.S. citizen. The more attention traffickers attract, the less efficient they become, and cartel bosses prioritize efficiency. \"The Sinaloa Cartel includes some of the best entrepreneurs of all time,\" a senior DEA agent based in Tucson told me. \"These guys know how to make billions of dollars better than anybody.\" They prefer their assault rifles to be used against bandits." ]

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[ "The Petersen House is a 19th-century federal style row house located at 516 10th Street NW in Washington, D.C. On April 15, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln died there after being shot the previous evening at Ford's Theatre located across the street. The house was built in 1849 by William A. Petersen, a German tailor. Future Vice-President John C. Breckinridge, a friend of the Lincoln family, once rented this house in 1852. ", "Lincoln became the first President to be assassinated when he was shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington DC on the 15th of April 1865.", "Assassinated American president Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth was an actor and Confederate sympathizer who conspired with several others to kill Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William Seward. It was hoped that the death of Lincoln and his first two successors would cripple the Union government and allow the Confederate government, which had surrendered four days earlier, to continue the war. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated. The others are James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy. Booth used a single-shot .44 caliber Deringer which he fired into the back of Lincoln’s head at point-blank range.", "Abraham Lincoln lived during tragic times and died a tragic death. While watching a performance of Our American Cousin at Washington’s Ford Theatre, he was shot by John Wilkes Booth and died a few hours later. Lincoln was the first U.S. President to be assassinated.", "The assassination of President James A. Garfield took place in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881, at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at 9:30 am, less than four months into Garfield's term as the 20th President of the United States.", "The assassination of President Lincoln: at Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1865. Currier & Ives, 1865. Library of Congress", "The first B&P station in Washington was a simple wood frame structure. A more substantial brick and stone building opened in 1873 at the southwest corner of Sixth Street and B Street NW (later renamed Constitution Avenue). This is the present site of the West Building of the National Gallery of Art, on the National Mall. The station was built over the old Washington City Canal, which complicated the construction of the foundation. Tracks ran south from the station along Sixth Street to a wye junction at Sixth Street SW, Maryland Avenue SW, and Virginia Avenue SW. Ironically, the tracks along Maryland Avenue ran over the Long Bridge to Virginia, and the tracks along Virginia Avenue went east into Maryland (see Landover Subdivision). On July 2, 1881, en route to catch a train to New Jersey, President James A. Garfield was shot in the back by assassin Charles Guiteau while walking across the lobby with James G. Blaine. While the president survived the initial shooting and lay bleeding on the station's floor, doctors arriving on the scene probed Garfield's wounds with non-sterilized objects in a frantic search for the bullet. The bacterial infections they introduced to the wound were the likely cause of his death in September 1881. ", "Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated. An unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835, and Lincoln had himself been the subject of an earlier assassination attempt by an unknown assailant in August 1864. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.", "Derringer gun John Wilkes Booth used to assassinate Abraham Lincoln. Artifact in the museum collection, National Park Service, Ford's Theatre National Historic Site, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress", "Assassination in modern times. If the roster of ancient and medieval leaders killed by assassins was too lengthy to recount in any detail, such is true many times over where the modern world is concerned. Abraham Lincoln in 1865 became the first American president killed by an assassin's bullet, followed by three others: James A. Garfield in 1881, William McKinley in 1901, and John F. Kennedy in 1963. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S Truman , Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan were all targets of unsuccessful assassination attempts.", "1865. April 14. As President Lincoln was watching a performance of \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor from Maryland obsessed with avenging the Confederate defeat. Lincoln died the next morning. Booth escaped to Virginia. Eleven days later, cornered in a burning barn, Booth was fatally shot by a Union soldier. Nine other people were involved in the assassination; four were hanged, four imprisoned, and one acquitted.", "Abraham Lincoln's Assassination - On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while at Ford’s Theatre. This is a widely known fact, but many facts leading up to his assassination are not commonly known. Why was he assassinated. What was the plan. What was really suppose to happen that dreadful night. How did Booth get away. What happened to Booth. All of these questions have answers. The political execution of Lincoln was a fully developed and planned out scheme. Chasing Lincoln’s Killer took place in mainly Washington but later took place in Maryland and Virginia, while Booth and his accomplices were on the run....   [tags: John Wilkes Booth, Confederacy]", "On Friday, April 14, 1865, aged 56, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth.", "President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865. Learn how and why it happened, and see the event’s lasting impact on our nation.", "The Assassination of President Lincoln, Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D.C., lithograph, Currier & Ives, 1865. By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present", "On March 21, 1981, Ronald Reagan, the new President of the United States, visited Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. with his wife Nancy for a fundraising event. He recalled, “I looked up at the presidential box above the stage where Abe Lincoln had been sitting the night he was shot and felt a curious sensation … I thought that even with all the Secret Service protection we now had, it was probably still possible for someone who had enough determination to get close enough to the president to shoot him.”", "On March 21, 1981, Ronald Reagan, the new President of the United States, visited Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. with his wife Nancy for a fundraising event. He recalled, “I looked up at the presidential box above the stage where Abe Lincoln had been sitting the night he was shot and felt a curious sensation … I thought that even with all the Secret Service protection we now had, it was probably still possible for someone who had enough determination to get close enough to a president to shoot him.”", "President Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth in Washington DC; secretary of state William H. Seward injured separately by accomplice Lewis Powell; Lincoln died 15 April", "2009 –  Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. reopens for the bicentennial of assassinated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln’s birth.", "20th in 1881. Republican. Preferred the patronage system and did not press for civil service On July 2, 1881 He was shot boarding a Baltimore & Potomac RR station in Washington DC. Assassin, claimed to be a disappointed office seeker through the patronage system. died two months after being shot.", "For two hundred years, the White House has stood as a symbol of the Presidency, the United States government, and the American people. Its history, and the history of the nation's capital, began when President George Washington signed an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal government would reside in a district \"not exceeding ten miles squareon the river Potomac.\" President Washington, together with city planner Pierre L'Enfant, chose the site for the new residence, which is now 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. As preparations began for the new federal city, a competition was held to find a builder of the \"President's House.\" Nine proposals were submitted, and Irish-born architect James Hoban won a gold medal for his practical and handsome design.", "Federal Hall, 26 Wall St (opposite the NYSE), ☎ +1-212-825-6990, [6] . M-F 9AM-5PM. On this site on 30 April 1789, George Washington stood on a balcony overlooking Wall St and was inaugurated as the first president of the United States. The old building on the site had been used as New York's city hall and had hosted some of the first congregations of the colonies in the lead-up to the American Revolution, such as the Stamp Act Congress. After the revolution the building, now Federal Hall, briefly housed Congress, the Supreme Court, and Executive Branch offices before the national capital moved to Philadelphia. The current building dates to 1842 and was used first as a Customs House, then later the U.S. Sub-Treasury (millions of dollars of gold and silver were kept in the basement vaults). Today the building is maintained by the National Park Service as a museum dedicated to the history of the site. Guided tours of the building are available, or you can just walk in and look up at the rotunda and view some of the artifacts, such as the bible Washington used in his inauguration ceremony. Free.   edit", "In 1920, a bomb was detonated across the street from Federal Hall, right in front of the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co., the nation’s most powerful bank. The event, now referred to as the Wall Street bombing , thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured and the Morgan building was visibly damaged, but Federal Hall received no damage. One survivor noted of the nearby statue of George Washington: “Looking down from its pedestal between the massive granite columns, scarred by missiles from the explosion, the outstretched hands of the Father of His Country seemed to carry a silent command to be calm,”", "Between 1776 and 1800, New York and then Philadelphia served as the temporary center of government for the newly formed United States. The capital's location was a source of much controversy and debate, especially for Southern politicians, who didn't want it located too far north. In 1790, Congress passed a law allowing President George Washington to choose the permanent site. As a compromise, he selected a tract of undeveloped swampland on the Potomac River, between Maryland and Virginia, and began to refer to it as Federal City. The commissioners overseeing the development of the new city picked its permanent name�Washington�to honor the president. Congress met for the first time in Washington, D.C., on November 17, 1800.", "An Obelisk erected in honour of George Washington, America's first President, it was designed in 1838 by Robert Mills (1781-1855). Standing approximately 555 feet (169 metres) tall, it was finished in 1884 and opened to the public in 1888.", "Visit the site of Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and learn about its lasting impact on our nation.", "A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington. The federal district was named Columbia, which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time. Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17, 1800. ", "This drawing, published in 1805, is considered the earliest picture of what became the White House in Washington D.C. The most distant building, in the left center, was where John Adams lived during his presidency.", "In 1909, William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, an historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico But tensions rose on both sides of the border, including threats of assassination, so the Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, U.S. Secret Service agents, FBI agents and U.S. marshals were all called in to provide security. Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, was put in charge of a 250 private security detail hired by John Hays Hammond, who in addition to owning large investments in Mexico was a close friend of Taft from Yale and a U.S. Vice-Presidential candidate in 1908. On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Burnham and Moore captured, disarmed, and arrested the assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.", "The President had been shaking hands for about 10 minutes when the would-be assassin fired twice at point blank range.", "On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who signed the bill into law on July 16. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 square kilometers). Two preexisting settlements were included in the territory: the port of Georgetown, Maryland founded in 1751, and the city of Alexandria, Virginia, founded in 1749. A new \"federal city\" was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington.", "On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who signed the bill into law on July 16. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 mi on each side, totaling 100 sqmi." ]

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[ "Stephen Michael \"Steve\" Largent (born September 28, 1954) is a retired American football player, enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and a former Republican politician, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma, from 1994 until 2002. Prior to his political career, Largent was a wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks in the National Football League for his entire 14-season professional football career. He held several all-time receiving records when he retired.", "Largent is a Pro Football Hall of Famer and a former U.S. Congressman, having served in the U.S. House of Representatives for Oklahoma from 1994 until 2002. He spent 13 years with the Seattle Seahawks. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995. In 1999, he was ranked number 46 on The Sporting News’ list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, the only Seahawk on the list. Largent’s number (80) was retired in 1992.", "He was urged by his wife and others to get involved. In 1994, Largent declared his candidacy for an open seat as U.S. Representative in the Tulsa-dominated 1st District. One man was chiefly responsible for this leap into the political arena.", "In 1976, the Oilers used a fourth round draft pick on a Wide Receiver who they then almost cut before trading away before the season started. This Wide Receiver would go on to set many of the NFL’s career receiving records before retiring and being elected to the Hall-of-Fame and Congress. That Wide Receiver was the Seattle Seahawks ’ Steve Largent.", "Largent doesn't even have that much political clout in Washington state. He appeared in a TV ad supporting Ellen Craswell's 1996 campaign for governor. She lost. That same year, he endorsed state Rep. Barney Beeksma, another religious-right legislator, from Oak Harbor. Beeksma lost. Largent also was featured in a TV spot aired by opponents of an initiative to outlaw bear baiting and use of dogs to hunt bears, cougars and bobcats. The initiative passed.", "Paul Davis Ryan (born January 29, 1970) is the 54th and current Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Ryan is a member of the Republican Party who has served as the U.S. Representative for since 1999. Ryan previously served as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, from January 3 to October 29, 2015, and, before that, as Chairman of the House Budget Committee from 2011 to 2015. He was the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States, running alongside former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts in the 2012 election. Ryan, together with Democratic Senator Patty Murray, negotiated the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013.", "Bellingham ( ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Whatcom County in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the thirteenth-largest city in the state, with 85,146 residents in 2015 as estimated by the US Census, or sixth-largest by metropolitan area after Seattle-Tacoma, Spokane, the northern side of the Portland metropolitan area, the Tri-Cities, and Yakima. The boundaries of the city encompass the former towns of Fairhaven, Whatcom, Sehome, and Bellingham.", "The Congressional Progressive Caucus is a caucus of progressive Democrats, and is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives. Its current chairs are Keith Ellison of Minnesota and Raúl Grijalva of Arizona. Its members have included Representatives Dennis Kucinich of Ohio, John Conyers of Michigan, Jim McDermott of Washington, John Lewis of Georgia, Barbara Lee of California, and the late Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota. Senators Sherrod Brown of Ohio, Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, and Ed Markey of Massachusetts were all members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives. Today, no Democratic Senators belong to the Progressive Caucus; however, Independent Senator Bernie Sanders is a member.", "Pennsylvania's current U.S. Representatives are Bob Brady (1st), (2nd) is currently vacant, Mike Kelly (3rd), Scott Perry (4th), Glenn \"G.T.\" Thompson (5th), Ryan Costello (6th), Pat Meehan (7th), Mike Fitzpatrick (8th), Bill Shuster (9th), Tom Marino (10th), Lou Barletta (11th), Keith Rothfus (12th), Brendan Boyle (13th), Mike Doyle (14th), Charlie Dent (15th), Joe Pitts (16th), Matt Cartwright (17th), Tim Murphy (18th). ", "1986: The Seahawks get off to a solid start winning five of their first seven games including a 17-12 win over the New York Giants at the Kingdome on October 19th. However, the Seahawks would lose their next four games, which crippled the Seahawks playoff hopes. The Seahawks would go on to win their last five games to finish with a 10-6 record, but they would miss the playoff via a tiebreaker. Among the highlights of the season were Steve Largent who set a career record with consecutive games with a reception, and Running Back Curt Warner who had a career year rushing for 1,481 yards.", "In 1989, Steve Largent became the first Seahawks player to win the Steve Largent Award for his spirit, dedication and integrity. ", "In the 2014 elections, Republicans retook the New Hampshire House of Representatives with a 239-160 majority and expanded their majority in the New Hampshire Senate to 14 of the Senate's 24 seats. On the national level, incumbent Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen defeated her Republican challenger, Scott Brown. New Hampshire also elected Frank Guinta (R) for its First Congressional District representative and Ann Kuster (D) for its Second Congressional District representative.", "* Mike Schofield (born 1969), member of the Texas House of Representatives from Harris County since 2015; former policy advisor to Governor Rick Perry", "Largent first gained an interest in politics while still a Seahawks player. On team charter flights, he used to hold long, thought-provoking discussions with teammate Jeff Kemp, son of a former NFL All-Pro quarterback, congressman and presidential candidate.", "At the federal level, Minneapolis proper sits within Minnesota's 5th congressional district, which has been represented since 2006 by Democrat Keith Ellison, the first practicing Muslim in the United States Congress. Both of Minnesota's two U.S. Senators, Amy Klobuchar and Al Franken, were also elected while living in Minneapolis and are also Democrats. ", "Largent caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns in 14 seasons with the Seahawks, establishing several league records that have since been broken.", "Largent caught 819 passes for 13,089 yards and 100 touchdowns in 14 seasons with the Seahawks, establishing several league records that have since been broken.", "Largent, the NFL's all-time leading pass receiver, never went to a Super Bowl but he became the favorite player of Seahawks fans, for his overachievements on the field and his humble demeanor off it.", "Extremely popular across this flat landscape, Largent won his re-election to Congress in a landslide. Next is the gubernatorial race to replace Frank Keating . Which, considering the natural progression, lends to another question.", "* Paul Sadler (born 1955), former state representative, Democrat U.S. Senate nominee in 2012, lost to Republican Ted Cruz", "One of his first bills was a \"parental rights\" bill that died in committee after it attracted opposition even from other Christian conservatives. Another of his bills would have abolished the federal tax code at the end of 2001. He opposed ending the 1995 federal government shutdown and played a role in the failed attempt to oust Newt Gingrich as Speaker. Largent introduced a bill that would ban adoptions by gay and lesbian parents in Washington, D.C.", "In November 2000, Democrat Maria Cantwell was elected to the US Senate. Washington's other senator, Democrat Patty Mur-ray, was elected to a third term in 2004. A stunning Republican victory in the 1994 mid-term elections saw, for the first time since 1860, a sitting Speaker of the US House of Representatives, Thomas S. Foley, lose his seat in the House. The winner was a little-known Republican, George Nethercutt, who called for change and received support from conservative national talk show hosts and former presidential candidate Ross Perot. Nethercutt was reelected in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. Following the 2004 elections, three of Washington's nine US Representatives were Republicans; the other six were Democrats. There were 23 Republicans and 26 Democrats serving in the state Senate, and 55 Democrats and 43 Republicans in the state House in mid-2005.", "In 2010 , the Seahawks were the first NFL team with a losing record ever to win a division title in a season not shortened by a strike. [66] Seattle earned its fifth consecutive home playoff victory with a 41–36 win over the New Orleans Saints . “God bless the voters,” defensive tackle Craig Terrill said after the game in reference to the stadium’s importance to the franchise. [67]", "The state's two U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby, both Republicans. Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election.", "The suburbs east and south of Seattle have historically tended to be moderate. In the 2005 County Executive race, Republican David Irons beat Democrat Ron Sims outside of Seattle (which voted 74% for Sims), but in 2004, John Kerry received landslide victories in much of the Bellevue and Redmond areas. Generally the suburbs are becoming more liberal on the state and county levels.", "* Norm Dicks, 18-term U.S. Congressman, was born and raised in Bremerton as the son of a Puget Sound Naval Shipyard worker; served as a senior member of the House Appropriations Committee and also sat on the Select Committee on Homeland Security", "Before redistricting in 2012, the line separating the first and sixth Congressional districts ran through East Bremerton. As a result of the 2012 redistricting, all of Bremerton now lies within the sixth Congressional district. The district is represented by Derek Kilmer, who was first elected to that position in 2012. Prior to Kilmer, Norm Dicks served as sixth district Representative from 1977 to 2013.", "In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP.", "The state's most famous legislative leader was Sam Rayburn (1882–1961), who served the longest tenure in the nation's history as speaker of the US House of Representatives—17 years in three periods between 1940 and 1961. James Wright (b.1922) was Democratic majority leader of the House in the 1970s and early 1980s, and Barbara C. Jordan (1936–96) won national attention as a forceful member of the House Judiciary Committee during its impeachment deliberations in 1974.", "Former Washington State University wide receiver Brandon Gibson was selected in the sixth round of the National Football League Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles, Sunday.", "Federally, most of the city is in the 4th district, represented by Republican Ander Crenshaw. Most of central Jacksonville is in the 5th district, represented by Democrat Corinne Brown. The 4th and 5th districts are some of the most gerrymandered districts in the country. ", "Richey himself grew up in the 49th District. Raised in Raymond and graduating from Raymond-Lincolnwood High School, he moved to Taylorville 20 years ago. He and his wife Denise, a small business owner, raised their two daughters in Taylorville." ]

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[ "Nevada became a state on Oct. 31, 1864. It was the 36th state to join the union.", "The first commemorative quarter-dollar coin released in 2006 honors Nevada, and is the 36th coin in the United States Mint's 50 State Quarters® Program. Nevada, nicknamed \"The Silver State,\" was admitted into the Union on October 31, 1864, becoming our Nation's 36th state. Nevada's quarter depicts a trio of wild mustangs, the sun rising behind snow-capped mountains, bordered by sagebrush and a banner that reads \"The Silver State.\" The coin also bears the inscriptions \"Nevada\" and \"1864.\"", "On Oct. 31, 1864, Nevada was admitted to the Union as the 36th state. An article in the August 25, 1865, edition of “The New-York Daily Tribune,” published by Horace “Go West, Young Man” Greeley, refers to California and Nevada as “the Golden and the Silver State.”", "Nevada is referred to as \"The Silver State\" because of its rich silver resources. Silver was the primary mineral mined in Nevada when it was admitted to the union in 1864. Nevada produced about 30% of all the silver mined in the United States in 1999. Nevada license plates began to carry the legend, \"The Silver State,\" in the early 1980s", "A year before Nevada, the Silver State, entered the Union, a claim is filed and the Stranger Gold and Silver Mining Company is formed", "In 1864, during the Civil War, Nevada became the 36th state and Carson City Nevada's capital.", "Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)", "On October 31, 1864, at the urging of President Abraham Lincoln, Nevada became a state. Only a short four years earlier, it had been a wilderness.", "New states like Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming were admitted into the Union.", "In 1858, ten years after the discovery in California , tidings reached Missouri that gold had been found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains. A mining camp was soon established on Cherry Creek, in what was then the Territory of Kansas . Later it was named Denver , in honour of the governor. Within a year the place had a population of 1000. In the interior of the mountains some silver-mining camps were in 1864 erected into the State of Nevada . In the space between that state and the Territory of Colorado the Mormons , after having been driven out of Illinois, settled in 1848, when they established the community of Deseret, later known as Utah . Montana and Idaho , as well as Colorado were made territories, while Arizona was separated from New Mexico . In 1876 Colorado became a state; the camp on Cherry Creek, Denver , is now a populous city.", "The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state.[8] On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the State of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker \"Centennial State\". The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878, triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 envigorated silver mining, but the repeal of the act in 1893 led to a major collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of the state.", "The State of Nevada was one of the two states to join the Union during the Civil War (the other being West Virginia), both for its silver reserves and Abraham Lincoln 's need for electoral votes. Would still be a couple of silver mines and a whole lot of empty desert, if not for the state's decision to legalize gambling in 1931. Now it has the tourist black hole of Las Vegas , the smaller gambling mecca of Reno, a couple of silver mines, and a whole lot of empty desert where prostitution is legal.", "After the Union Pacific Railroad had reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, the region's population began to grow steadily, and the federal government established the Wyoming Territory on July 25, 1868. Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming lacked significant deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867. Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand Encampment. ", "In the late 1880s and 1890s, several former territories became states. In 1889 alone, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington all became states. The 1890s saw the addition of Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah.", "Missouri has been known as the Iron Mountain State, Bullion State (from around 1848, and possibly an allusion to the nickname of Missouri senator Benton, who was known as \"Old Bullion\"), the Lead State, the Ozark State, the Puke State (possibly a corruption of \"Pike\", as there is a Pike County in Missouri, and another just across the river in Illinois), the Cave State, and the Pennsylvania of the West. The modern nickname of the Show Me State (which also appears on licence plates) was given national popularity at the end of the 19th century from a phrase included in a speech by a Missouri congressman, William Vandiver, although it had existed before then.", "In spite of its northern location, Montana is very much a Western state. The main street of Helena is Last Chance Gulch, the city’s original name and a reminder of the prospectors who invaded the surrounding hills in the 1860s to pan for gold. By 1889, when Montana became the 41st state of the union, the cattle drive was an institution, and the state had begun to emerge as one of the country’s leading copper-mining centres. Montana is called the Treasure State because of its immense mineral wealth. Area 147,040 square miles (380,832 square km). Population (2010) 989,415; (2016 est.) 1,042,520.", "In the summer of 1861, Orion Clemens had been appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as secretary of Nevada, and Orion appointed Sam as his secretary. The two would head west together to the Nevada Territory by stagecoach. When Clemens arrived in Nevada he became enthralled with making his fortune by mining. Prospectors had come from around the country to try their hand at mining gold and silver.", "New Mexico (; ) is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the fifth-most extensive, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "On 11 May 1858, Minnesota officially became the 32nd state, with its western boundaries pruned from the Missouri to the Red River. Henry Sibley, a Democrat , narrowly defeated Alexander Ramsey, running as a Republican , to become the state's first governor. But under Ramsey's leadership, the fast-growing Republican Party soon gained control of state politics and held it firmly through the early 20th century. In the first presidential election in which Minnesota participated, Abraham Lincoln , the Republican candidate, easily carried the state, and when the Civil War broke out, Minnesota was the first state to answer Lincoln's call for troops. In all, Minnesota supplied more than 20,000 men to defend the Union.", "Augusta 1st, 1876- Colorado, the Rocky Mountain State, is admitted to the Union, becoming the 38th star on the American flag.", "Montana became a state on Nov. 8, 1889. Known as the Treasure State, Montana was the 41st state admitted to the Union, preceded by South Dakota and followed by Washington.", "1859- the Territory of Jefferson was created out of the Territory of Kansas and would become the Territory of Colorado in 1861 and a state in 1876.", "Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, it became part of independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase.", "On January 29, 1861, U.S. President James Buchanan signed a bill making Kansas the 34th state with the city of Topeka as its capital. America 's Civil War soon began and this new state of Kansas sent thousands of its male population to help the Union defeat the southern Confederacy, and slavery.", "Montana was admitted to the Union as the 41st state of the United States of America on November 8, 1889 by presidential proclamation…", "Idaho, nicknamed the \"Gem State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the Nation's 43rd state. The reverse of Idaho's quarter features the Peregrine Falcon imposing its presence above an outline of the State of Idaho. The coin bears the inscriptions \"Esto Perpetua\" (the State motto which means, \"May it be Forever\"), \"Idaho\" and \"1890.\"", "The 36 states in the Union when Lincoln died (having been reunited by the Union victory in the Civil War)", "; locally [ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə]) is the 39th state of the United States , having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "In 1889, almost three-fourths of the territory�s population remained along the Union Pacific Railroad line in the five �UP counties.� Cheyenne was the most populous town with 11,690; Laramie was second with 6,388. The next three largest were Rock Springs, 3,406; Rawlins, 2,235; Evanston, 1,995. The towns of Casper, with a population in 1890 of just 544, and Sheridan, with 281 people, were the most populous places north of the Union Pacific. Douglas, Lusk, Newcastle, and Gillette, all founded in the late 1880s, were tiny places and most towns in the Big Horn Basin were not even in existence.1 ", "The admission of six new western states under President Harrison in 1889 and 1890 led to increased Congressional pressure in support of silver, and in 1890 the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed. The act required the treasury to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver per month to be converted into coins and silver certificates (paper money backed by and redeemable as silver.) The $500 bill pictured would have been redeemable in gold.", "32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the \"Evergreen State\"." ]

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