Datasets:

juanluisdb

/

triviaqa-bge-m3-logits

like 0

[ "The 787 program launched in April 2004.  Around 60 customers have placed orders for 851 airplanes valued at over $175 billion, making it the most successful launch of a new commercial airplane in the company's history. The 787 program opened its final assembly plant in Everett, Washington in May 2007. First flight of the 787 Dreamliner occurred on December 15, 2009. The first airline to fly the 787 was All Nippon Airlines. The Japanese carrier took delivery of their Dreamliner on Sept. 25, 2011.", "In late 2002, after airlines expressed reservations about its emphasis on speed over cost reduction, Boeing halted development of the Sonic Cruiser. The following year, the manufacturer announced the 7E7, a mid-size 767 successor made from composite materials which promised to be 20 percent more fuel efficient. The new jetliner was the first stage of a replacement aircraft initiative called the Boeing Yellowstone Project. Customers embraced the 7E7, later renamed 787 Dreamliner, and within two years it had become the fastest-selling airliner in the company's history. In 2005, Boeing opted to continue 767 production despite record Dreamliner sales, citing a need to provide customers waiting for the 787 with a more readily available option. Subsequently, the 767-300ER was offered to customers affected by 787 delays, including All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines. Some aging 767s, exceeding 20 years in age, were also kept in service past planned retirement dates due to the delays. To extend the operational lives of older aircraft, airlines increased heavy maintenance procedures, including D-check teardowns and inspections for corrosion, a recurring issue on aging 767s. The first 787s would ultimately enter service with All Nippon Airways in October 2011, three-and-a-half years behind schedule.", "On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the launch customer for the Dreamliner, by announcing a firm order for 50 aircraft with deliveries to begin in late 2008. All Nippon Airways' order was initially specified as 30 787-3, 290–330 seat, one-class domestic aircraft, and 20 787-8, long-haul, 210–250 seat, two-class aircraft for regional international routes such as Tokyo Narita–Beijing. The aircraft would allow All Nippon Airways to open new routes to cities not previously served, such as Denver, Moscow, and New Delhi. The 787-3 and 787-8 were to be the initial variants, with the 787-9 entering service in 2010.", "The first 787 was officially delivered to All Nippon Airways on September 25, 2011, at Boeing's facilities in Everett, Washington. A ceremony to mark the occasion was also held the next day. On September 27, the Dreamliner flew to Haneda Airport.The airline took delivery of the second 787 on October 13, 2011.", "The indefinite delay of continued deliveries to Everett present a distinct problem for Boeing, which has an ambitious nine month flight test program planned. The test program will employ four aircraft (ZA001-ZA004) as the 787 Dreamliner seeks certification with Rolls Royce Trent 1000 engines for entry into service in May of 2008 with All Nippon Airways.", "All Nippon Airways launched the 787 Dreamliner program with an order for 50 aircraft in 2004.", "Boeing launched the 737-700ER (ER for extended range) on January 31, 2006. All Nippon Airways is the launch customer, with the first one of five 737-700ERs delivered on February 16, 2007. The 737-700ER is a mainline passenger version of the BBJ1 and 737-700IGW. It combines the 737-700 fuselage with the wings and landing gear of a 737-800. It offers a range of , with seating for 126 passengers in a traditional two-class configuration. The 737-700ER competes with the Airbus A319LR. The 737-700ER has the second longest range for a 737 after the BBJ2. The 737-700ER is inspired by the Boeing Business Jet and is designed for long-range commercial applications.", "In September 2011, the 787 was first officially delivered to launch customer All Nippon Airways. As of June 2016, the top three customers for the 787 are: All Nippon Airways with 83 orders (36 -8s, 44 -9s and 3 -10s), ILFC (an aircraft leasing company), with orders totaling 74 Boeing 787s (26 -8s and 48 -9s), and Etihad Airways with 71 orders (41 -9s and 30 -10s).", "Forty-three 787-3s have been ordered by the two Japanese airlines that operate the Boeing 747-400D , but production problems on the base 787-8 model have led Boeing to temporarily suspend some work on the 787-3. [113] First delivery of the 787-3 is now scheduled after the introduction of the 787-9 [114] in 2013. [115]", "Boeing has achieved several consecutive launches, beginning with the formal launch of the 787 for initial delivery to All Nippon Airways. Rollout of the first 787 occurred on July 8, 2007, with the first flight taking place on December 15, 2009.", "On February 2, 2011, the 1,000th 767 rolled out, destined for All Nippon Airways. The aircraft was the 91st 767-300ER ordered by the Japanese carrier, and with its completion the 767 became the second wide-body airliner to reach the thousand-unit milestone after the 747. The 1,000th aircraft also marked the last model produced on the original 767 assembly line. Beginning with the 1,001st aircraft, production moved to another area in the Everett factory which occupied nearly half the space as before. The new assembly line made room for 787 production and aimed to boost manufacturing efficiency by over 20 percent.", "The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a long-range, mid-size widebody, twin-engine jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Its variants seat 242 to 335 passengers in typical three-class seating configurations. It is Boeing's most fuel-efficient airliner and is a pioneering airliner with the use of composite materials as the primary material in the construction of its airframe. The 787 was designed to be 20% more fuel efficient than the Boeing 767, which it was intended to replace. The 787 Dreamliner's distinguishing features include mostly electrical flight systems, swept wingtips, and noise-reducing chevrons on its engine nacelles. It shares a common type rating with the larger Boeing 777 to allow qualified pilots to operate both models.", "The 787 is a replacement for Chicago-based Boeing's 767, an aging twin-engine model that has been losing sales to the Airbus A330. It's Boeing's first new commercial jet since the 777 in 1995 and the first produced since the company acquired McDonnell Douglas Corp. in 1997.", "The aircraft’s initial designation was the 7E7, prior to its renaming in January 2005. The first 787 was unveiled in a roll-out ceremony on July 8, 2007 at Boeing’s Everett factory. Development and production of the 787 has involved a large-scale collaboration with numerous suppliers worldwide. Final assembly takes place at the Boeing Everett Factory in Everett, Washington , and at the Boeing South Carolina factory in North Charleston, South Carolina . Originally planned to enter service in May 2008, the project experienced multiple delays. The airliner’s maiden flight took place on December 15, 2009, and completed flight testing in mid-2011. Boeing has reportedly spent $32 billion on the 787 program.", "The 787-8 is the base model of the 787 family with a length of 186 feet (57 m) and a wingspan of 197 feet (60 m) and a range of 7,650 to 8,200 nautical miles (14,200 to 15,200 km) depending on seating configuration. The 787-8 seats 210 passengers in a three class configuration. The variant will be the first of the 787 line to enter service in 2010. Boeing is targeting the 787-8 to replace the 767-200ER and 767-300ER , as well as expand into new non-stop markets where larger planes would not be economically viable. Northwest Airlines will be the first U.S. airline to fly the 787-8. It intends to use the aircraft on its Detroit (DTW)-Shanghai (PVG) route.", "To speed up delivery of the 787's major components, Boeing modified four used 747-400s into 747 Dreamlifters to transport 787 wings, fuselage sections, and other smaller parts. Japanese industrial participation was very important to the project, with Japanese companies co-designing and building 35% of the aircraft. This was the first time outside firms were given a key role in the design of Boeing airliner wings. The Japanese government also provided support with an estimated US$2 billion in loans. On April 26, 2006, Japanese manufacturer Toray Industries and Boeing signed a production agreement involving US$6 billion worth of carbon fiber, extending a 2004 contract and aimed at easing production concerns. In May 2007 final assembly on the first 787 began at Boeing's Everett, Washington plant. ", "The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers, with a range of 5235 to. Commonly referred to as the \"Triple Seven\", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer-aided design.", "The \"Inspiration of Japan\" concept has been refitted on its existing 777-300ERs for service on all the airline's North American routes, [89] and may be refitted on its European routes. Parts of it may eventually be phased into its existing Boeing 767-300ERs in service as well as the upcoming Boeing 787s in order. [30] [30] [90] [91] [92]", "Eight airlines now fly the 787, which entered service in November 2011. All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines in Japan own 24 of them in total. The other operators are Air India, Ethiopian Airlines, LAN, LOT, Qatar Airways and United. Orders for about 800 additional 787s are in the pipeline.", "Blue Panorama of Italy and First Choice Airways of the United Kingdom placed orders for four and six examples, respectively, of the 787-8 on July 7, 2004. Primaris Airlines (run by several prominent industry veterans), which caters to business customers in the same vein as Switzerland 's PrivatAir, placed an order on October 21, 2004 for 20 787s and options for 15 more. The Primaris order represents the first American customer for the aircraft. On December 22, 2004, Japan Airlines ordered 30 787's with 20 options for close to $4 billion, and on December 29 of the same year, Continental announced an order for 10 787 airframes.", "The first composite fuselage section rolled out in January 2005, and final external design was set in April 2005. On June 30, 2006, Boeing celebrated the start of major assembly of the first 787 at Fuji Heavy Industries ' new factory in Handa, Japan, near Nagoya . [28]", "In July 2015, a total of 286 Boeing 787 aircraft (all variants) were in airline service, with All Nippon Airways (38), Japan Airlines (23), Qatar Airways (22), Air India (21), United Airlines (18), Ethiopian Airlines (13), LATAM Chile (formerly LAN Airlines) (13), and other operators with fewer aircraft of the type.", "The 737-200 is a 737-100 with an extended fuselage, launched by an order from United Airlines in 1965. The -200 was rolled out on June 29, 1967 and entered service in 1968. The 737-200 Advanced is an improved version of the -200, introduced by All Nippon Airways on May 20, 1971. The aircraft has improved aerodynamics, automatic wheel brakes, more powerful engines, more fuel capacity and longer range than the -200. Boeing also provided the 737-200C (Convertible), which allowed for conversion between passenger and cargo use and the 737-200QC (Quick Change), which facilitated a rapid conversion between roles. The last delivery of a -200 series aircraft was in August 1988 to Xiamen Airlines.", "The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner. The 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 8,966 aircraft delivered and 4,380 orders yet to be fulfilled as of March 2016. 737 assembly is centered at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. Many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707, 727, 757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, with two departing or landing somewhere every five seconds.", "The 767-300, the first stretched version of the aircraft, entered service with Japan Airlines in 1986. The type features a 21.1-foot (6.43 m) fuselage extension over the 767-200, achieved by additional sections inserted before and after the wings, for an overall length of 180.25 ft (54.9 m). Reflecting the growth potential built into the original 767 design, the wings, engines, and most systems were largely unchanged on the 767-300. An optional mid-cabin exit door is positioned ahead of the wings on the left, while more powerful Pratt & Whitney PW4000 and Rolls-Royce RB211 engines later became available. The 767-300's increased capacity has been used on high-density routes within Asia and Europe. Deliveries for the type totaled 104 aircraft with no unfilled orders remaining. As of July 2015, 67 of the variant were in airline service. The type's main competitor was the Airbus A300.", "*July 23, 1999: All Nippon Airways Flight 61 was hijacked shortly after takeoff. The hijacker killed the captain before he was subdued; the aircraft landed safely.", "The Japanese Air Force One and Japanese Air Force Two are the radio callsigns of the two Boeing 747 aircraft used by the government of Japan for overseas travel by the Emperor , Prime Minister and other high-ranking officials. Each aircraft has a capacity of 140 passengers and can be used for emergency evacuations of Japanese citizens and overseas deployment of Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel.", "On 16 January 2013, Flight 692 , a Boeing 787 flying from Yamaguchi Ube Airport to Tokyo Haneda Airport reported a battery problem while climbing to FL330. The pilots made an emergency landing at Takamatsu Airport . No casualties were reported during the evacuation. However, after this incident, all 787s were subsequently grounded by respective aviation authorities until the battery issue was resolved.", "On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original design; therefore, Boeing stretched the fuselage an extra 36 in. ahead of, and 40 in. behind the wing. The longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short body aircraft becoming the 737-100.", "However, many international airlines continued to use the 747 on their busiest routes. The type remained popular among Asian airlines for short and medium-range flights between major cities: in Japan , domestic airlines continue to pack 747s to their maximum passenger capacity. Elsewhere, 747s remain popular on long-range trunk routes, such as transoceanic flights and the Kangaroo routes between Europe and Oceania. The largest fleet of 747s today belongs to Japan Airlines, at approximately 78 (series -200s, -300s and 44 -400s). British Airways has the next largest fleet of 747s, comprising 56 747-400s.", "Picture - 20-1101 Japanese Air Force One, one of the two customized Boeing 747-400s that have been part of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force since 1993.", "20-1101 Japanese Airforce One, one of the two customized Boeing 747-400s that have been part of the Japanese Air Force since 1993" ]

[ 2.771484375, 2.3515625, 1.916015625, 1.1142578125, 0.81640625, 0.73193359375, -0.2088623046875, -0.83154296875, -0.84326171875, -1.013671875, -1.1396484375, -1.154296875, -1.3662109375, -1.7119140625, -1.9150390625, -2.0078125, -2.111328125, -2.126953125, -2.478515625, -3.111328125, -3.15625, -3.203125, -4.01953125, -4.10546875, -4.73046875, -5.015625, -5.390625, -5.7734375, -6.0078125, -6.296875, -7.19140625, -8.078125 ]

[ "Neon has an atomic number of 10, the Atomic Symbol Ne, and the atomic mass of 20.180g/mol. Its name comes from the greek word Neos which means new. It was discovered by Sir William Ramsay in 1898", "Neon, atomic number 10 with symbol Ne, is one of the inert gases and was discovered in 1898. Its name is derived from neos, meaning `new'. It emits a bright orange-red light when a current is passed through it and so is much used in advertising signs (Neon lights).", "Neon has an atomic number of 10 and the symbol Ne. It was discovered in 1898 by two British chemists, William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers, and named after the Greek word for new, \"neos.\" Neon is often used in lighting and fluorescent signs. The gas itself is colorless but glows in an electric discharge.", "Classification: Chemical element Name: Neon is based on the Greek word neos, which means new or new one Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Group: 8 (noble gases) Color: None Odor:...", "Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air. It was discovered (along with krypton and ", "The fourth most abundant element in the known universe, neon was discovered in 1898 by Ramsay and Travers. Its name is taken from the Greek neos or \"new\".", "Neon takes its name from neos, the Greek word for “new” (it was “newly” discovered in 1898).", "Medieval Latin: magnesia) Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into \"manganese\" in Italian and into \"manganèse\" in French. 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitner, Lise eponym Named in honour of Lise Meitner , who shared discovery of nuclear fission . [12] It has also been called eka-iridium [25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une). [12] 101 Mendelevium Md Mendeleyev, Dmitri eponym Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev , who invented periodic table . [32] It has also been called eka-thulium [25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time. [12] 80 Mercury Hg Latin Mercurius Mercury mythological Named after Mercury , the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god.", "Seaborg's team suggested the name plutonium for the new element, in honor of the planet Pluto. The two elements just before plutonium in the periodic table had also been named for planets: uranium for Uranus and neptunium for Neptune.", "Our recent journey into the name nitrogen turned up a lot of other chemical etymologies that got us looking at some other elements, and we must say that they range from the pedestrian to the bizarre. Take, for instance, the series of man-made elements with atomic weights from 113 to 118. Their names are ununtrium, ununquadium, ununpentium, ununhexium, ununseptium, ununoctium and are hybrids concocted from the Latin unus (�one�), various Greek numbers and the standard Latinate suffix -ium. These mind-numbingly unimaginative names therefore mean �one-one-three-ium,� �one-one-four-ium,� �one-one-five-ium,� etc.", "The chemical element of atomic number 10, an inert gaseous element of the noble gas group.", "Elements with chemical symbols abbreviated after Greek spellings include antimony (Sb) and mercury (Hg). The element tungsten (W) uses a chemical symbol derived from the German word \"wolfram.\"", "Many isotopes were given special names and symbols when they were first discovered in natural radioactive decay series (e.g., uranium-235 was called actinouranium and represented by the symbol AcU). This practice is discouraged in the modern nomenclature except in the case of hydrogen. The isotopes hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3 are usually called deuterium and tritium, respectively. Hydrogen-1, the most abundant isotope, has the name protium but is usually simply called hydrogen. Newly discovered elements that have been synthesized by one laboratory and not yet confirmed by a second are given a provisional name based on Greek and Latin roots; when the discovery is confirmed, the laboratory that first made it may suggest a name for the element.", "The symbol Na is from the Modern Latin name Natrium, derived from the Greek νιτρον (nítron), meaning \"natural soda,\" a kind of salt.", "93. neptunium , Np, named for the planet Neptune , as it follows uranium and Neptune follows Uranus in the planetary sequence.", "Sodium’s Latin name, ‘natrium’, derives from the Greek ‘nítron’ (a name for sodium carbonate). Its original source is likely to be the Arabic work ‘natrun’. A number of modern languages still call the element natrium instead of sodium, and it’s this name that its chemical symbol, Na, comes from.", "The new element doesn't have an official name yet, so scientists are calling it ununpentium, based on the Latin and Greek words for its atomic number, 115.  (Related: Read a feature on element hunters in National Geographic magazine.)", ", symbol Nd, silvery metallic element with an atomic number of 60. Neodymium is one of the rare earth elements in the lanthanide series of the periodic table . Neodymium was isolated in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, who separated it from praseodymium . Neodymium and praseodymium had previously been regarded as a single element, called didymium. Neodymium ranks 27th in order of abundance of the elements in the earth's crust. It forms trivalent salts, which are rose-red or reddish-violet in color.", "Rule 3. The anion is named by adding the suffix -ide to the root of the (nonmetal) element name (e.g., iodine = I, \"iodide\" = I-; sulfur = S, \"sulfide\" = S2-).", "Name: Sodium derives its name from the Medieval Latin 'sodanum' and the English name 'soda'. The element symbol, Na, was shortened from the Latin name 'Natrium'. Swedish chemist Berzelius was the first to use the symbol Na for sodium in his early periodic table.", "As defined by IUPAC, rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a collection of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, namely Scandium (no. 21), Yttrium (no. 39), and the fifteen lanthanoids (nos. 57-71). The term \"rare earth\" arises from the rare earth minerals from which they were first isolated, which were uncommon oxide-type minerals (earths) found in Gadolinite extracted from one mine in the village of Ytterby, Sweden. However, with the exception of the highly-unstable Promethium, rare earth elements are found in relatively high concentrations in the earth's crust, with Cerium being the 25th most abundant element in the earth's crust at 68 parts per million.", "(Modern Latin: English, soda, compound of sodium; the symbol comes from Latin natrium; \"a salt\"; metal)", "Each element in the periodic table has a one or two letter symbol. The only letter in the English alphabet not used on the periodic table is J. The letter q only appears in the symbol for the placeholder name for element 114, ununquadium , which has the symbol Uuq. When element 114 is officially discovered, it will be given a new name.", "nu: This is a letter of the Gorean alphabet and it corresponds to the Earth letter \"N.\" It is the same as the Greek letter \"nu.\"", "Xenon:  Greek: xenos, \"stranger\" (because at the time, it did not form compounds with other elements", "ἀργήντος - argēntos, gen. of ἀργήεις - argēeis, \"white, shining\" ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it", "Nine is unique in being the only number which, when multiplied by any other, always reproduces itself (e.g. 9 x 6 = 54; 5 + 4 = 9). For this reason, it is regarded by numerologists as the symbol of indestructible matter. For the Egyptians, Greeks, and Freemasons too, it signified eternity. The Aztecs believed that the soul passed through nine stages to final rest.", "This element was once named, unnilhexium; Symbol: Unh; which is the Latin equivalent for the number \"106\".", "Ununseptium Uus systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 117. It is sometimes called Eka-astatine. [25]", "3The exception to this is for elements that have not yet been discovered. These elements are assigned a name based on their atomic number which will have three numbers, so the symbol for these elements has three letters. Once the element has been produced, it will be officially named and given an official symbol. If you are interested in this topic, you can found out more in the September 2012 issue of AUS-e-NEWS.", "Ununoctium Uuo systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 118. It is sometimes called Eka-radon. [25]", "From Latin gnomon, from Ancient Greek γνώμων (gnōmōn, \"indicator\"), related to γιγνώσκω (gignōskō, \"I know\") and γνῶσις (gnōsis, \"knowledge\")." ]

[ 6.76171875, 6.08203125, 5.94140625, 4.69140625, 4.63671875, 1.7490234375, 0.6787109375, -0.873046875, -2.419921875, -2.62890625, -2.771484375, -2.77734375, -2.923828125, -3.3203125, -3.666015625, -3.669921875, -3.775390625, -4.03515625, -4.42578125, -4.453125, -4.4609375, -4.4921875, -5.08203125, -5.21875, -6.109375, -7.2109375, -7.27734375, -7.4453125, -7.4921875, -7.51953125, -7.52734375, -8.2265625 ]

[ "Henry Louis \"Lou\" or \"Buster\" Gehrig (Born Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941) was an American baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, from 1923 through 1939. Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, a trait that earned him his nickname \"The Iron Horse\". He was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League (AL) Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career .340 batting average, .632 slugging average, and a .447 on base average. He hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in (RBI). In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his uniform number (4) retired by a team.", "Lou Gehrig played in 2130 consecutive games for the New York Yankees from 1925 to 1939, gaining the nickname \"The Iron Horse.\" A slugging first baseman, Lou Gehrig played with teammates like Babe Ruth and Joe DiMaggio during the Yankee glory years of the 1920s and 1930s. Gehrig won a rare triple crown in 1934, leading the American League with 49 homers, 165 RBI and a .363 batting average. He also was chosen the league's most valuable player in 1927 and 1936, but is best-remembered for incredible streak of consecutive games: over 15 seasons he played in 2130 games without missing one, a record which stood for half a century until it was broken by Cal Ripken in 1995. Lou Gehrig retired after 8 games of the 1939 season and was diagnosed with the degenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS -- now known as Lou Gehrig's Disease. The Yankees held a recognition day for Lou Gehrig on 4 July 1939, during which he spoke to fans and uttered his famous line, \"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of this earth.\" He died two years later in New York.", "Jonathan Eig, a senior special reporter for The Wall Street Journal, had wanted to write about Lou Gehrig as a third grader, when he lost out to a classmate on the coveted book report assignment. Several years ago, as he read Laura Hillenbrand's Seabiscuit: An American Legend, Eig revisited the idea of writing about Gehrig. If Hillenbrand could weave a compelling picture of Depression Era America through a long-deceased racehorse, perhaps he might achieve the same with the Gehrig, whose steadfast dedication as the New York Yankees first baseman over seventeen seasons (1923–39: 2,130 consecutive games played, 493 home runs, .340 batting average, and a .477 on-base percentage) can be summed up in his nickname, \"The Iron Horse.\"", "Lou Gehrig - The \"Iron Horse\" played for the Yankees at around the same time as Babe Ruth, and was really good. Was the consecutive-game record holder before Ripken. It was thought that his streak ended because of a rare disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is now also known as, wait for it, Lou Gehrig's Disease. It's now thought that he instead died of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a disease whose symptoms mimic ALS. How would he get a disease like that, which generally happens to people who get multiple concussions? He played concussion-heavy football before he played baseball. Before his retirement he gave a famous speech at Yankee Stadium which is generally considered a Crowning Moment of Heartwarming / Tear Jerker for baseball.", "Remembering The \"Iron Horse\"As a first baseman for the New York Yankees baseball team, Lou Gehrig played in 2,130 consecutive games from 1925 to 1939, setting a major league record and had a career batting average of .340. ... On July 4, 1939, he stood before more than 60,000 fans at Yankee Stadium and confirmed what everyone seemed to know, that the \"Pride of the Yankees\" had been [dealt a terrible blow.] diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (now often called Lou Gehrig's disease), a rare disease that causes spinal paralysis, Gehrig gave one of the most poignant and meaningful sp...", "On July 4, 1939, an emotional Lou Gehrig gave his farewell speech to the fans at Yankee Stadium. The Iron Horse spoke the famous words that will be remembered by Yankees fans everywhere: \"Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the Earth.\"", "10. On July 4th of that year, Gehrig was celebrated as \"Lou Gehrig Appreciation Day\" was declared at Yankee Stadium. Fans and fellow sportsmen honored him and it was there that he made his famous \"Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth\" statement. The team also retired his number, the first time in MLB history that had been done.", "1939 - Lou Gehrig retired from baseball in a touching ceremony at Yankee Stadium in New York City. Some 62,000 fans of the �Iron Horse� came out to bid him goodbye. To feel the emotion of the moment, see the movie Pride of the Yankees.", "In his July 4, 1939 farewell speech ending with the renowned “Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth”, Yankee slugger Lou Gehrig , who played in 2,130 consecutive games, declared that the Giants were a team he “would give his right arm to beat, and vice versa.” [102]", "The life of Lou Gehrig was the subject of the 1942 movie The Pride of the Yankees, starring Gary Cooper as Gehrig and Teresa Wright as his wife Eleanor. It received 11 Academy Award nominations and won in one category, Film Editing. Real-life Yankees Babe Ruth, Bob Meusel, Mark Koenig, and Bill Dickey (then still an active player) played themselves, as did sportscaster Bill Stern.", "In 1927, Gehrig put together one of the greatest seasons by any batter in history, hitting .373, with 218 hits: 101 singles, 52 doubles, 18 triples, 47 home runs, a then-record 175 runs batted in (surpassing teammate Babe Ruth's 171 six years earlier), and a .765 slugging percentage. His 117 extra-base hits that season are second all-time to Babe Ruth's 119 extra-base hits in 1921 and his 447 total bases are third all-time, after Babe Ruth's 457 total bases in 1921 and Rogers Hornsby's 450 in 1922. Gehrig's production helped the 1927 Yankees to a 110–44 record, the AL pennant (by 19 games), and a four-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series. Although the AL recognized his season by naming him league MVP, Gehrig's accomplishments were overshadowed by Babe Ruth's 60 home run season and the overall dominance of the 1927 Yankees, a team often cited as having the greatest lineup of all time — the famed \"Murderers' Row\". ", "The end was in 1939, a paradox of a lifetime. A giant of a baby, a giant of a ballplayer, known in the beginning and the middle for his persistence, health and staying power, Gehrig was diagnosed with a degenerative muscle disease that the Mayo Clinic reported to the Yankees that summer as \"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\". With the most famous speech in sports, Lou Gehrig, barely 36, bade farewell to all on that last Fourth of July at Yankee Stadium. Within two years, he was gone.", "But the same characteristics that made Gehrig seem colorless somehow made DiMaggio mysterious, even sexy. DiMaggio had flair. He had charisma. He had style. He was Fred Astaire in pinstripes. . . . \"Joe became the team's biggest star almost from the moment he hit the Yanks,\" pitcher Lefty Gomez said. \"It just seemed a terrible shame for Lou. He didn't seem to care, but maybe he did.\"", "6-2 BronxPinstripes.com: On this day in Yankees history – Lou Gehrig loses his battle with ALS : On June 2, 1941 at 10:10 pm, at the age of 37, Lou Gehrig lost his battle with ALS and passed away at his home in the Riverdale ...", "The Yankees dedicated a monument to Gehrig in center field at Yankee Stadium on July 6, 1941, the shrine lauding him as, \"A man, a gentleman and a great ballplayer whose amazing record of 2,130 consecutive games should stand for all time.\" Gehrig's monument joined the one placed there in 1932 to Miller Huggins, which would eventually be followed by Babe Ruth's in 1949.", "2- Probably the man with the most nicknames in baseball history, George Herman Ruth comes in at number 2. Better known as The Babe, The King of Crash, The Sultan of Swat, The Colossus of Clout, or The Great Bambino, it is hard to pick just one alias. With a .342 career average, 714 home runs, and a legendary curse named after him, Ruth’s record speaks for itself. And to this day, the original Yankee Stadium is still known as “The House That Ruth Built.”", "The Yankees would repeat as American League champions in 1928, fighting off the resurgent Philadelphia Athletics , and would go on to sweep the St. Louis Cardinals in the Series . Ruth got 10 hits in 16 at-bats for a single Series record batting average of .625; three of those hits were home runs. Meanwhile, Gehrig went 6 for 11 (.545), with four of those six hits being round-trippers. After three also-ran seasons went to the Philadelphia Athletics , the Yankees returned to the American League top perch under new manager Joe McCarthy in 1932 and swept the Chicago Cubs in the Series , running the team's streak of consecutive World Series game wins to 12, a mark which would stand until the Yankees bested it in the 2000 World Series . Babe Ruth hit his famous \" Called Shot \" home run in Wrigley Field in Game Three of that Series, a fitting \"swan song\" to his illustrious post-season career.", "Behind Ruth, they won 110 games, the AL pennant and swept the World Series. Among Ruth were Tony Lazzeri , Bob Meusel and another fine hitter: Lou Gehrig . Gehrig was just 24 but hit .373/.474/.765 for an OPS of 1.240 and OPS+ of 220. He also had a league-leading 175 RBI and 52 doubles to go with 47 home runs. His efforts earned him the MVP.", "1931 Lou Gehrig hits a homerun but is called out for passing a runner, the mistake costs him American League home run crown; he & Babe Ruth tie for season", "On December 7, 1939, Lou Gehrig was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in a special election related to his illness during the winter meeting by the Baseball Writers' Association. At age 36, he was the youngest player to be so honored to date (that figure would be surpassed by Sandy Koufax in 1972). He never had a formal induction ceremony. On July 28, 2013, he and eleven other deceased players, including Rogers Hornsby received a special tribute during the induction ceremony, held during \"Hall of Fame Induction Weekend\", July 26–29 in Cooperstown, New York. ", "In 1932, Gehrig became the first player in the 20th century to hit four home runs in a game, accomplishing the feat on June 3 against the Philadelphia Athletics. He narrowly missed getting a fifth home run when Athletics center fielder Al Simmons made a leaping catch of another fly ball at the center field fence. After the game, manager Joe McCarthy told him, \"Well, Lou, nobody can take today away from you.\" On the same day, however, John McGraw announced his retirement after thirty years of managing the New York Giants. McGraw, not Gehrig, got the main headlines in the sports sections the next day. ", "1932 - Lou Gehrig plays 1,103rd successive game in a NY uniform, equaling Joe Sewell's record with one team (Cleveland)", "On April 18, 1923, the same day that Yankee Stadium opened for the first time and Babe Ruth inaugurated the new stadium with a home run against the Boston Red Sox, Columbia pitcher Gehrig struck out seventeen Williams College batters to set a team record, though Columbia lost the game. Only a handful of collegians were at South Field that day, but more significant was the presence of Yankee scout Paul Krichell, who had been trailing Gehrig for some time. It was not Gehrig's pitching that particularly impressed him; rather, it was Gehrig's powerful left-handed hitting. During the time Krichell observed him, Gehrig had hit some of the longest home runs ever seen on various eastern campuses, including a 450 ft home run on April 28 at Columbia's South Field, which landed at 116th Street and Broadway. He signed a contract with the Yankees on April 30. He returned to minor-league Hartford to play parts of two seasons, 1923 and 1924, batting .344 and hitting 61 home runs in 193 games. It was the only time Gehrig had ever played any level of baseball—sandlot, high school, collegiate or pro—for a team based outside New York City.", "Gehrig won the Triple Crown in 1934, with a .363 average, 49 homers and 165 RBI and was chosen Most Valuable Player again in 1936. Despite his towering size, he stole home 15 times in his career. He batted .361 in 34 World Series games with 10 homers, eight doubles and 35 RBIs. He also holds the record for career grand slams at 23. He hit 73 three-run homers and 166 two-run shots, giving him the highest average of RBI per homer of any player with more than 300 home runs.", "He was indeed meeting the ball, with only one strikeout in 28 at-bats; however, Joe McCarthy found himself resisting pressure from Yankee management to switch Gehrig to a part-time role. Things came to a head when Gehrig struggled to make a routine put-out at first base. The pitcher, Johnny Murphy, had to wait for him to drag himself over to the bag so he could field the throw. Murphy said, \"Nice play, Lou.\"", "1931 - Lou Gehrig completes his 6th straight season, playing in every game (.3486) Jim Bottomley (.3481)", "On April 30, 1939, Lou Gehrig played his final Major League Baseball game, ending his incredible streak of 2,130 consecutive games played", "Lou Gehrig won the American League Triple Crown on the same day as his wedding. (Lou married Eleanor in September of 1933 while he won the American League Triple Crown in the 1934 season.)", "DiMaggio was bound to earn a few nicknames in his playing days, and \"Joltin' Joe\" was just the beginning. His other famous nickname, \"The Yankee Clipper,\" also deserves a mention on the countdown. ", "The Yankees chased away all competition, winning the flag by 19 games over the A's and sweeping the Pirates in the World Series. Ruth was not eligible for the Most Valuable Player Award, because he had won it before, so it went to Gehrig. In 1928, the pair tied for the RBI lead with 142 and put on quite a show in the World Series. Despite being walked six times, Gehrig hit .545.", "After batting .295 in 1925, the next year Gehrig hit .313 and led the league with 20 triples. This was the first of 12 consecutive years he would top .300. The Yankees won the pennant and Gehrig hit .348 in the World Series, but the Yankees lost to Rogers Hornsby's Cardinals in seven games.", "And spread himself he did. His lifetime batting average was .340, the 15th all-time highest, and he amassed more than 400 total bases on five occasions. Only 13 men have achieved that level of power in a season. Ruth did it twice, and Chuck Klein did it three times. Gehrig is one of only seven players with more than 100 extra-base hits in one season, and only he and Klein accomplished that feat twice." ]

[ 8.1875, 6.046875, 5.99609375, 1.9677734375, 0.99658203125, 0.9384765625, 0.89990234375, 0.65380859375, -0.26318359375, -0.97021484375, -1.095703125, -1.4248046875, -1.7529296875, -2.0625, -2.09375, -2.12109375, -2.125, -2.34765625, -2.376953125, -2.388671875, -2.83984375, -2.875, -3.078125, -3.283203125, -3.302734375, -3.359375, -3.873046875, -3.984375, -4, -4.03125, -4.11328125, -4.140625 ]

[ "The reverse side of the U.S. Fifty Dollar Bill features an engraving showing The United States Capital Building in Washington, D.C.", "The reverse side of the U.S. Five Dollar Bill features an engraving showing The Lincoln Memorial", "The vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar bill depicts the Lincoln Memorial. You may be aware that, engraved on that Memorial are the names of the 48 states in 1922, which was the year the Memorial was dedicated. There are engravings of 26 State names on front of the building, which appears on the note vignette. As a result, only 26 of the States appear on the note.", "The United States $5 bill is a denomination of U.S. currency. The bill currently features U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes.", "The United States five-dollar bill ($5) is a denomination of United States currency. The current $5 bill features the 16th U.S. President (1861–65), Abraham Lincoln's portrait on the front and the Lincoln Memorial on the back. All $5 bills issued today are Federal Reserve Notes. Five dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in red straps of 100 bills each.", "The numbers ‘172’ can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.", "The numbers '172' can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.", "The numbers '172' can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial.", "The numbers \"172\" can be found on the back of a US $5 bill, in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln memorial.", "The numbers ‘172’ can be found on the back of the U.S. $5 dollar bill in the bushes at the base of the Lincoln Memorial. | Weird True Facts", "Completed in 1884, the Washington Monument is one of the most recognizable landmarks in Washington, D.C. The monument stands just over 555 feet, allowing visitors who make the ascent to enjoy views of up to 40 miles on a clear day. Shaped like an Egyptian obelisk, the Washington Monument is made of marble, granite, and sandstone. It was built to honor George Washington, the first president of the United States.", "On the back of the $5 bill the following states names are written at the top of the Lincoln Memorial in this order: Top", "10) Washington, D.C. is considered a cultural center of the U.S. because of its many National Historic Landmarks, museums and historic places such as the Capitol and White House . Washington, D.C. is home to the National Mall which is a large park within the city and it contains museums like the Smithsonian and the National Museum of Natural History. The Washington Monument is located on the west end of the National Mall.", "The Washington Monument is an obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate the first U.S. president, General George Washington. The monument, made of marble, granite, and sandstone, is both the world's tallest stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing 555 feet 5⅛ inches (169.294 m). There are taller monumental columns, but they are neither all stone nor true obelisks. It is also the tallest structure in Washington D.C.. It was designed by Robert Mills, an architect of the 1840s. The actual construction of the monument began in 1848 but was not completed until 1884, almost 30 years after the architect's death. This hiatus in construction happened because of co-option by the Know Nothing party, a lack of funds, and the intervention of the American Civil War. A difference in shading of the marble, visible approximately 150 feet (46 m or 27%) up, shows where construction was halted for a number of years. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848; the capstone was set on December 6, 1884, and the completed monument was dedicated on February 21, 1885. It officially opened October 9, 1888. Upon completion, it became the world's tallest structure, a title previously held by the Cologne Cathedral. The monument held this designation until 1889, when the Eiffel Tower was completed in Paris, France. The monument stands due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial.", "Washington, D.C. is home to all three branches of the U.S. government as well as many international organizations and the embassies of 174 foreign nations. In addition to being the center of U.S. government, Washington, D.C. is known for its history, many historic national monuments and famous museums like the Smithsonian Institution.", "The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate George Washington, once commander-in-chief of the Continental Army and the first American president. Standing almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial, the monument, made of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss, is both the world's tallest stone structure and the world's tallest obelisk, standing 554 ft tall. ", "For the purposes of clarity, Washington, DC is the Capital of the United States and the Mall area is identified as the geographical area located within Washington that includes the Capitol Building, White House, Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial and various other buildings and monuments. ", "Today the wide expanse of land located between the Capitol and the Potomac River is the green Mall, ending near the river with the Lincoln Memorial. Alongside the Mall, a succession of important museums establishes Washington, DC, as a major center of tourism: National Gallery of Art, American History Museum, Natural History Museum on the northern side, Air and Space Museum, Hirschorn Gallery, African Art Museum, Sackler Gallery, Freer Gallery, and most recently the Holocaust Museum [End Page 51] on the southern side. The elongated water body called “Reflecting Pool” is inspired by Versailles’s Grand Canal. The Vietnam War and Korean War memorials are also located on the Mall, not far from the Lincoln Memorial. A shorter, perpendicular, north-south axis extends from the White House to the Jefferson Memorial and its Japanese cherry trees encircling the waterside promenade. At the intersection of both axes stands the majestic obelisk in honor of the first US president: the Washington Monument. 3", "The Washington Monument is a large, white-colored obelisk at the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It is a United States Presidential Memorial constructed for George Washington.", "The current structure is often overshadowed among downtown landmarks by the New York Stock Exchange, which is located diagonally across Wall and Nassau Streets, but the site is one of the most important in the history of the United States and, particularly, the foundation of the United States Government and its democratic institutions. The current building is well-known for the bronze statue of George Washington on its front steps, marking the site where he was inaugurated as US President in the former structure.", "Washington, D.C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States , founded on July 16, 1790. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the Territory of Columbia until an act of Congress in 1871 effectively merged the City and the Territory into a single entity called the District of Columbia. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city is located on the north bank of the Potomac River and is bordered by the states of Virginia to the southwest and Maryland to the other sides.", "Washington DC Net Worth is 4,488,100 Population. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, \"the District\", or simply D.C., is the capital of the Unit Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, \"the District\", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country's East Coast. As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the District is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States Congress and is therefore not a part of any U.S. state.", "The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill, at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though not at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants.", "In 1833, a small group of Washingtonians, unhappy that a proper memorial to the president had not yet been produced in America’s capital city, established the Washington National Monument Society to raise private funds for the project. The group, headed by Chief Justice John Marshall, organized a design competition and eventually named as the winner architect Robert Mills (1781-1855), whose credits include the U.S. Treasury Building and the U.S. Patent Office, now home to the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.", "The capital of The United States of America , Washington, District of Columbia, (colloquially D.C. or The District) is home to the U.S. federal government. Well, most of it. The land was originally taken from Maryland and Virginia in 1790. The Virginia part was returned in 1846 as what is now Arlington County and the City of Alexandria, which are still part of the same urban area. For people in Flyover Country it is often considered to be a Wretched Hive Of Scum And Villainy , due to its high crime and reported corruption on the local and federal level. A lot of people who live in the metropolitan area agree. The rest think the flyover states should stop sending us their scum and villainy (Congress? Does not consist of DC natives.)", "The District of Columbia—identical with the City of Washington—is the capital of the United States. It is located between Virginia and Maryland on the Potomac River. The district is named after Columbus.", "The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north (renamed Florida Avenue in 1890), Rock Creek to the west, and the Anacostia River to the east. Washington's street grid was extended, where possible, throughout the District starting in 1888. Georgetown's streets were renamed in 1895. Some streets are particularly noteworthy, such as Pennsylvania Avenue, which connects the White House to the U.S. Capitol and K Street, which houses the offices of many lobbying groups. Washington hosts 297 foreign embassies and related buildings, many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row. ", "\"It is situated on a fine eminence on the east side of the Desmoines River, overlooking the entire city. It is composed of brick, with the sills of the windows and foundations made of cut stone. The dimensions of the Capitol are one hundred feet long, and fifty-six feet wide. The first story is eleven feet between floor and ceiling; the second is eleven and a half; the third is eighteen feet. The Senate Chamber is fifty-six long, and thirty-four wide. The Representative Hall is fifty-six feet long, by fifty wide. The Supreme Court Room is fifty feet long by twenty-four wide. The State Library Room is thirty-four by twenty-four, and the State Office Rooms, each, are twenty-four by twenty-three feet. The building is roofed with tin, and the style of Architecture is Ionic. The entire height of the Dome is eighty-five feet. A bell has been contracted for, weighing fifteen hundred pounds. There is also a fire vault, the dimensions of which are nine feet by eleven. The Building fronts the Public Square on the north, and the city on the west, and will be completed by the 1st of May, 1857.\" — The Washington Press, March 25, 1857.", "The Frederick Douglass (a former Anacostia resident) National Historic Site and the Anacostia Community Museum are located in the neighbourhood. The Anacostia waterfront across from the Navy Yard (which lies on the northwestern side of the river) has undergone residential and commercial development in the early 21st century, especially with the establishment of the Washington Nationals baseball stadium there in 2008.", "Both buildings were designed with the Capitol in mind so as not to compete visually with the main building. They are connected underground to the Capitol by passageways. Upon their completion, the Cannon and Russell Buildings became classic models, copied in the city of Washington, DC as well as around the country.", "The area that now contains Arlington County was ceded to the new United States federal government by the Commonwealth of Virginia. With the passage of the Residence Act in 1790, Congress approved a new permanent capital to be located on the Potomac River, the exact area to be selected by U.S. President George Washington. The Residence Act originally only allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as what is now the Anacostia River. However, President Washington shifted the federal territory's borders to the southeast in order to include the pre-existing city of Alexandria at the District's southern tip. In 1791, Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site, including the territory ceded by Virginia. However, this amendment to the Residence Act specifically prohibited the \"erection of the public buildings otherwise than on the Maryland side of the River Potomac.\" As permitted by the U.S. Constitution, the initial shape of the federal district was a square, measuring 10 mi on each side, totaling 100 sqmi. During 1791–92, Andrew Ellicott and several assistants placed boundary stones at every mile point. Fourteen of these markers were in Virginia and many of the stones are still standing.", "On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who signed the bill into law on July 16. Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles (16 km) on each side, totaling 100 square miles (260 square kilometers). Two preexisting settlements were included in the territory: the port of Georgetown, Maryland founded in 1751, and the city of Alexandria, Virginia, founded in 1749. A new \"federal city\" was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac, to the east of Georgetown. On September 9, 1791, the three commissioners overseeing the capital's construction named the city in honor of President Washington." ]

[ 6.2421875, 5.36328125, 5.2109375, 3.515625, 2.955078125, 1.904296875, 1.8134765625, 1.8134765625, 1.5390625, 1.3466796875, 0.7685546875, -0.5439453125, -0.69091796875, -1.5517578125, -2.123046875, -2.3125, -2.677734375, -3.134765625, -3.861328125, -4.00390625, -5.265625, -5.515625, -5.67578125, -6.203125, -6.24609375, -6.3046875, -7, -7.8828125, -8.2578125, -8.4609375, -8.9609375, -9.375 ]

[ "The Aries constellation is placed in the Northern sky close to the Pleiades. This constellation honors the ram and is related to the myth about the golden fleece that Jason and the Argonauts were seeking for. There are 3 bright starts in this system visible to the naked eye that are best observed in the winter sky. Hamal or Alpha Arietis is the brightest star in this constellation. The word hamal can be translated as “the head of the sheep”.", "Although Aries came to represent specifically the ram whose fleece became the Golden Fleece of Ancient Greek mythology, it has represented a ram since late Babylonian times. Before that, the stars of Aries formed a farmhand. Different cultures have incorporated the stars of Aries into different constellations including twin inspectors in China and a porpoise in the Marshall Islands. Aries is a relatively dim constellation, possessing only four bright stars: Hamal (Alpha Arietis, second magnitude), Sheratan (Beta Arietis, third magnitude), Mesarthim (Gamma Arietis, fourth magnitude), and 41 Arietis (also fourth magnitude). The few deep-sky objects within the constellation are quite faint and include several pairs of interacting galaxies. Several meteor showers appear to radiate from Aries, including the Daytime Arietids and the Epsilon Arietids.", "Aries, The Ram, is the first of the twelve zodiacal constellations, and in Greek myth represents the animal whose fleece was sought by Jason and the Argonauts. Legend has it that when King Athamus of Boetia took a second wife, Ino, she was extremely jealous and resentful of his existing children, especially his son, Phrixus. She therefore deviously plotted the failure of the corn crop, intercepted and bribed the messenger sent by her husband to consult an oracle on the matter, and instructed him to say that he had been told that Phrixus had to be sacrificed if the people were to escape starvation. Despite pleadings from the boy's mother, Nephele, King Athamus agreed to the sacrifice but, at the very last minute, the boy and his sister, Helle, were saved by a magnificent ram with a golden fleece, sent by Zeus in answer to their mother's prayers. Unfortunately, as the ram crossed the narrow stretch of water between Europe and Asia, Helle fell to her death (the straits are still known as Hellespont) but Phrixus was carried safely to the land of Colchis. He gave thanks for his deliverance by sacrificing the ram to Zeus and giving its golden fleece to King Aeetes. The king had the fleece placed in a sacred copse, guarded by a fearsome dragon which never slept. Phrixus later married the king's daughter and remained in exile for the rest of his life, but the fleece was eventually stolen by Jason.", "Aries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram, and its symbol is (Unicode ♈), representing a ram's horns. It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation, ranking 39th overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of the celestial sphere).", "Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Arietis, the constellation's three brightest stars, were identified by astronomer Johann Bayer. The brightest star is Alpha Arietis, an orange giant (66 light-years from Earth), also called Hamal, which is the Arabic word for \"lamb\" or \"head of the ram.\" The star Beta Arietis, also known as Sheratan, is a blue-white star (59 light-years away). Gamma Arietis, with a common name of Mesartim, is a binary star with two white-hued components. The primary star has a magnitude of 4.59; the secondary star 4.68.", "Aries is symbolized by the ram. The ram has come to represent male fertility, aggression, and courage. A ram’s horn is part of a cornucopia, the “horn of plenty”, symbolizing abundance. In history, rams were often symbols of leadership. Aries natives are said to be leaders and pioneers.", "   For its sacrifice in helping Phrixus, the golden ram was placed up in the heavens to become the constellation of Aries.The myth says that Aries is a dim constellation because the ram no longer had its brightly shining fleece.", "In Greek mythology, Aries was a winged ram with golden wool. His hide became the much-desired golden fleece.", "Near Andromeda is the constellation of Aries.  Aries has two relatively bright stars and several dimmer stars. The brightest of these stars, Hamal (Alpha Arietis), is marked H on the chart.", "Like many of the other signs of the zodiac, Leo lacks a developed mythology. It is said to be the Nemean lion slain by Hercules and placed as a constellation in the heavens by Zeus to commemorate the event. Turning to lion symbolism more broadly, the lion is often regarded as the king of beasts, known more for its kindness and mercy than its ferocity. Aesop’s fables include a number of lion tales, such as The Lion and the Mouse, in which the merciful King of Beasts releases the mouse, who later nibbles through the lion’s bonds to rescue him; The Lion in Love, in which the lion allows himself to be declawed and detoothed in order to be allowed to marry a woodsman’s daughter, only to be driven away after he has rendered himself powerless; and The Lion’s Share, in which the King of Beasts invites other beasts to hunt with him, but then keeps all of the spoils (moral: Many may share in the labors but not in the spoils).", "Names similar to Deneb were given to a number of bright stars that mark the tail of the animal their constellations represent, from Deneb Kaitos in Cetus (the Whale) and Deneb Algiedi in Capricornus (the Goat) to Denebola, the second brightest star in Leo (the Lion) constellation .", "Taurus (♉) (the Latin word for bull) is the second astrological sign in theZodiac. It spans the 30-60th degree of the zodiac, between 27.25 and 54.75 degree of celestial longitude. Under the tropic zodiac, the Sun transits this area on average between April 21 and May 21 each year. Under the sidereal zodiac, the sun currently transits the constellation of Taurus from May 16 to June 15 (approximately). Individuals born during these dates, depending on which system of astrology they subscribe to, may be called Taureans.[1] The symbol of the bull is based on the Cretan Bull, the white bull that fathered the Minotaurand was killed by Hercules.[2]", "H.A. Rey has suggested an alternative way to connect the stars, which graphically shows a lion walking. The stars delta Leonis , gamma Leonis , eta Leonis , and theta Leonis form the body of the lion, with gamma Leonis being of the second magnitude and delta Leonis and theta Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars gamma Leonis, zeta Leonis , mu Leonis , epsilon Leonis , and eta Leonis form the lion's neck , with epsilon Leonis being of the third magnitude. The stars mu Leonis, kappa Leonis , lambda Leonis , and epsilon Leonis form the head of the lion. Delta Leonis and beta Leonis form the lion's tail : beta Leonis, also known as Denebola , is the bright tip of the tail with a magnitude of two. The stars theta Leonis , iota Leonis , and sigma Leonis form the left hind leg of the lion, with sigma Leonis being the foot. The stars theta Leonis and rho Leonis form the right hind leg, with rho Leonis being the foot. The stars eta Leonis and alpha Leonis mark the lion's heart, with alpha Leonis, also known as Regulus , being the bright star of magnitude one. The stars eta Leonis and omicron Leonis form the right front foot of the Lion.", "The most famous lion in ancient Greece mythology is the Nemean lion, which was killed by Heracles. It is represented in the constellation Leo and is also a sign of the Zodiac.[3]", "The constellation Lupus was not recognized as a wolf until about the 16th century, and from then the animal was considered a wolf, Fera Lupus, 'wild wolf'. The Greeks and Ptolomy thought of these stars merely as a generic wild animal, the Therion 'wild animal' that the Centaur ( Centaurus ) was taking to Ara , the Altar, skewered on a pike as a sacrificial offering. Greek ther, means 'wild beast'. Latin Fera and Greek Therion comes from the Indo-European root * ghwer- 'Wild beast'. Derivatives: feral, fierce, ferocious, (these words from Latin ferus), treacle, theropod (these words from Greek ther, wild beast). [Pokorny ghwer- 493. Watkins ]", "Later in Sagittarius is found the main star of Ophiuchus, the constellation of the Serpent-Bearer.  This star is called Rasalhague, a contraction of an Arabic name meaning âHead of the Snake-charmerâ.  Rasalhague has a strange, mostly unwholesome influence, so the challenge is to avoid its pitfalls of greed, especially sexual greed.  This star can be a symbol of perversion, and like all the stars in snake constellations (Hydra, Serpens, Ophiuchus), has an association with poison, both literal and metaphorical.  At its best, it can offer healing, especially through mastery of the desire nature.", "If you follow the Pointers in the opposite direction, you’ll leap to Leo. And actually, in between the dipper and the lion you’ll find a small cluster of three pairs of stars, known in Arabian culture as the “three leaps of the gazelle.” They form another asterism within the constellation of Ursa Major; in the context of the bear, they form the claws on three of his feet, but I kind of like the image of the gazelle leaping away after encountering the Lion and the Bear. (Oh my!)", "Being the oldest domesticated animal, it is no surprise that a bull should find a representation among the stars. The origin of Taurus, the Bull, lies more certainly in Babylonia. Cylinder-seals dating from the fourth millennium BC often depict a variety of animals - including bulls, lions and dogs - fighting each other or being fought by gods or other local heroes. The earliest known story relating to Taurus appears in the Epic of Gilgamesh, a Mesopotamian poem dating from ca. 2100 BC. Tablet six tells the story of how Gilgamesh, king of Uruk (in modern-day Iraq), together with Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods, kill the Bull of Heaven which Ishtar (the Babylonian goddess of love and fertility) has sent in order to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. The relationship between the poem and the constellation is confirmed because of the bull's appearance in The 36 Stars and MUL.APIN tablets referred to above. Both tablets refer to the V-shaped Hyades star cluster in Taurus (see below) by the name 'gud.an.na', meaning 'Bull of Heaven'. It was also the constellation in which the spring equinox Sun was positioned, marking the Sumerian new year. It seems likely, however, that the direction in which the Bull's face and horns faced in Babylonian times was in the opposite direction to that with which we are familiar today, facing Westwards rather than Eastwards. This change in direction of posture seems to have taken place in classical Greece.", "Hamal (Alpha Arietis) is the brightest star in this constellation, which we will discuss later in detail.", "In Greek mythology, Sagittarius represents a centaur, a half human, half horse creature with the torso of a man and the body and four legs of a horse. The centaur is depicted as aiming an arrow toward the heart of the neighbouring constellation Scorpio , represented by the red supergiant star Antares . Sometimes Sagittarius is wrongly identified as the centaur Chiron, represented by the constellation Centaurus .", "Also called the Goat, Capricornus. the tenth sign of the zodiac, symbol ♑, having a cardinal earth classification and ruled by the planet Saturn. The sun is in this sign between about Dec 22 and Jan 19", "The Seri people of northwestern Mexico call the three stars in the belt of Orion Hapj (a name denoting a hunter) which consists of three stars: Hap (mule deer), Haamoja (pronghorn), and Mojet (bighorn sheep). Hap is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto Tiburon Island.", "The Seri people of northwestern Mexico call the three stars in the belt of Orion Hapj (a name denoting a hunter) which consists of three stars: Hap (mule deer), Haamoja (pronghorn), and Mojet (bighorn sheep). Hap is in the middle and has been shot by the hunter; its blood has dripped onto Tiburón Island. ", "Now also take note that Alpha Taurus (Aldebaran, the Eye of the Bull), a star that is counterbalanced on the other side of the Zodiac Circle by Alpha Scorpius (Antares) — or Ophiuchus’s Southern Serpent of Wisdom According to tradition, the Eye of the Bull, a red giant star just like Antares, has two interpretations. It can be Red (as in “look out for the charging bull!”) or Golden (as in Buddha-Perfect).", "The Egyptians associated the appearance of the Dog Star with the flooding of the fields and the birth of a new year. Later, the Greeks and Romans associated the Dog Star with Orion, The Hunter, and his two hunting dogs Canis Major and Canis Minor. The Greeks named the constellation Sirius, \"the Scorcher\" as they believed the Dog Star was responsible for the hot weather and listlessness that plagued them in the summer months.", "Roosters born during the cycle of Libra are represented in Primal Astrology by the Pelican. The Rooster adds confidence and social radiance to Libra with this sign, though Rooster’s love of attention and flattery can lead Libra off course. Pelicans have many romantic dreams of their future and are determined to make themselves successful in whatever they pursue. You can read more about the Primal Zodiac sign of Pelican by clicking here .", "The most famous attribute of Canis Major is its alpha star, Sirius, also known as the Dog Star. This is the brightest star in the sky (outside of our own sun, of course), both because of its inherent brightness and its nearness to our solar system at “only” 8.6 light years away. It is easily found by tracing the three stars of Orion’s belt down and to the left if you’re in the northern hemisphere. They’ll point directly to a bright, blue-white star dogging the hunter’s heels, as it were. It actually has a small, white-dwarf companion that orbits at a distance; this star is sometimes called the Pup.", "Alpha (α) Taurus , Aldebaran, is a pale rose star marking the right eye of the Bull (the star Ain , or epsilon (ε), marks the left eye).", "The name Hamal (also written Hemal, Hamul, Ras Hammel) derives from the Arabic rās al-ħamal \"head of the ram\", in turn from the name for the constellation as a whole, Al Ħamal \"the ram\". In Chinese, (), meaning Bond (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of Hamal, β Arietis and γ Arietis. Consequently, Hamal itself is known as (, .) The other name of Hamal, Hamul, is used for the name of United States navy ship, USS Hamul (AD-20).", "In classical times, Aries was the first zodiac constellation to rise at dawn at the start of the Spring season, marking the start of the new year in ancient Greece. It subsequently became the first sign of the modern astrological zodiac (replacing the Pleiades in Taurus, which had marked the starting point of all the most ancient zodiacs). Today the position from which astronomers measure star and planet positions is often called the First Point of Aries and it is usually denoted by the Ram symbol (", "Another companion of Orion, Taurus is located directly above the Hunter in the sky. In addition to the giant red star Aldebaran, Taurus is the home of the Crab Nebula and the Pleiades cluster.", "Sagittarius (♐) (Greek: Τοξότης Toxotes, Latin: Sagittarius) is the ninth astrological sign, which is associated with the constellation Sagittarius and spans 240–270th degrees of the zodiac. Under the tropical zodiac, the sun transits this sign between approximately November 23 and December 21. The symbol of the archer is based on the centaur Chiron, who mentored Achilles in archery [ Achilles was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.]." ]

[ 2.5546875, 2.15234375, 2.0703125, 1.482421875, 0.95361328125, 0.366455078125, -0.4287109375, -1.0859375, -1.853515625, -2.154296875, -2.302734375, -2.6484375, -2.814453125, -2.84765625, -2.916015625, -3.001953125, -3.251953125, -3.275390625, -3.294921875, -3.73046875, -3.767578125, -3.98828125, -4.08203125, -4.359375, -4.8515625, -4.9765625, -5.0625, -5.140625, -5.2421875, -5.24609375, -6.16015625, -7.40234375 ]

[ "While the brands appear to be worlds apart, they do have some things in common. Both began as regional brands, with Dunkin’ Donuts starting in 1950 in the Northeast and Starbucks launching in 1971 in the Northwest, and both built a devoted following among locals before expanding their empires across the United States and all around the globe. Japan was the first international stop for both—Dunkin’ Donuts opened its Tokyo outpost in 1970 and Starbucks followed in 1996.", "Dunkin' Donuts is an American global donut company and coffeehouse chain based in Canton, Massachusetts, in Greater Boston. It was founded in 1950 by William Rosenberg in Quincy, Massachusetts. Since its founding, the company has grown to become one of the largest coffee and baked goods chains in the world, with more than 11,300 restaurants in 36 countries. The chain's products include donuts, bagels, other baked goods, and a wide variety of hot and iced beverages. ", "Dunkin’ Donuts now has nearly 11,000 restaurants in 33 countries (about 7,000 in the U.S.). Starbucks has 20,000 retail stores in 65 countries (11,000 of them in the U.S.). Between them, the two companies own around 60% of the country's coffee market—with Starbucks controlling an estimated 36% and DD roughly 24%.", "For most Americans who drink coffee, Dunkin' Donuts (NASDAQ: DNKN ), Starbucks ( SBUX ), and lately, McDonald’s ( MCD ) have been synonymous with good coffee, but with a different twist: Dunkin' Donuts and McDonald’s provide convenience, while Starbucks offers comfort.", "Dunkin’ Donuts And Starbucks: A Tale Of Two Coffee Marketing Giants | Co.Create | creativity + culture + commerce", "Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain . Starbucks was founded in Seattle , Washington in 1971. As of November 2016 it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, including 13,107 (+170) in the United States, 2,204 (+86) in China, 1,418 (-12) in Canada, 1,160 (+2) in Japan and 872 in South Korea (bumping United Kingdom from 5th place) (Differences reflect growth since Jan 8, 2016). [1] [4]", "Dunkin’ Donuts was slowly but surely creeping into fancy coffee drinks territory, and in 2006, declared its intention to go head-to-head with Starbucks, cheekily poking fun at its relatively upscale competitor via a commercial that found coffee drinkers struggling to order their brew from a menu that appeared to be written in \"Fritalian.\" Remember this ad?", "Starbucks is a large multinational chain of coffee shops with corporate headquarters in Seattle, Washington. The company was in part named after Starbuck, a character in Moby Dick, and its insignia is a stylized cartoon siren. It is more popular among youth. Besides coffee it also serves other drinks, both hot and cold, and pastries. The company has 130,000 employees worldwide at 11,377 stores in 37 countries and plans to grow to 30,000 stores globally. It has about 80 corporate stores in Michigan. Starbucks is opening stores at a rate of five a day and saw its sales rise 20% last year to $6.4 ...", "The Globe mapped all the Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts in the United States more than 11,100 Starbucks and 7,200 Dunkins and asked three business analysts to tell us what the maps say about the competition between Starbucks and Dunkins. The three are: David Tarantino with Robert W. Baird & Co., a wealth management company, Chris Christopher, the director of consumer markets for IHS Global Insights, which does economic and financial analysis, and Darren Tristano, of Technomic Inc., a food industry market research firm. | Check out our comprehensive coffee coverage.", "The international coffeehouse chain Starbucks began as a modest business roasting and selling coffee beans in 1971, by three college students Jerry Baldwin, Gordon Bowker, and Zev Siegl. The first store opened on March 30, 1971 at the Pike Place Market in Seattle, followed by a second and third over the next two years. Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and pushed to sell premade espresso coffee. The others were reluctant, but Schultz opened Il Giornale in Seattle in April 1986. He bought the other owners out in March 1987 and pushed on with plans to expand—from 1987 to the end of 1991, the chain (rebranded from Il Giornale to Starbucks) expanded to over 100 outlets. The company has 16,600 stores in over 40 countries worldwide. ", "* Since Dunkin' Donuts changed its slogan in March 2006 to \"America Runs on Dunkin'\", They Might Be Giants songs have been featured in an ongoing series of advertisements of Dunkin' Donuts' new products to boost summer sales. In 2007, a series of Dunkin' Donuts commercials referred to the fictional language \"Fritalian\" (sometimes incorrectly spelled \"Fretalian\") which would be a portmanteau of French and Italian: \"Is it French? Or is it Italian?\" sings a chorus of customers in an unnamed coffee shop with a long menu of non-English terms. \"Perhaps Fritalian?\" created by Hill, Holliday, Connors, Cosmopulos with the express intent to \"poke fun at pretentious Starbucks-style coffee chains, with patrons attempting to order hard-to-pronounce lattes.\" The commercial was interpreted as a deliberate mocking of Starbucks. The commercials' punchline, \"Delicious lattes from Dunkin' Donuts. You order them in English\", has been a point of discussion with respect to the fact that lattes, cappuccinos, and espresso are borrowed words from Italian which have no equivalency in English; the commercials, however, refer to the Starbucks ordering language itself, poking fun at words such as grande and venti.", "This database contains a listing of all Startbucks locations in the United States. Starbucks is a large multinational chain of coffee shops, often serving desserts, with a reputation in the US as a center for socializing, particularly among students and young urban professionals. The corporate headquarters are in Seattle, Washington. The company was named after Starbuck, a character in Moby-Dick, and its mascot is a stylized cartoon siren. As of January 2005, Starbucks had 8,949 outlets worldwide: 6,376 of them in the United States and 2,573 in other countries.", "By March 2014, Dunkin' Donuts' largest international market was South Korea, representing nearly 40 percent of all international sales. With over 900 outlets in the country, it had three times as many as McDonald's, and about a third more than Starbucks. South Korea is home to Dunkin Donuts's only coffee roasting plant outside the U.S. Still, the company sees China and its vastly larger population as the more lucrative opportunity. In 2008, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first restaurant in Shanghai, representing the first step in its China expansion strategy. By March 2014, it had about 50 stores in the country and an agreement to open 100 more over the next five years. ", "Starbucks was founded in 1971. Zev Siegel, Gordon Bowker, and Jerry Baldwin were inspired by a Dutch immigrant named Alfred Peet. He was the owner of ‘Peet’s Coffee and Tea’, which was opened up in Berkeley, California in 1966. After they saw that Peet was getting a lot of business by selling coffee, the three founders wanted to open up a shop and sell coffee beans and coffee. They opened up at Seattle’s Pike Place Market.", "Starbucks offered baby-boomers and ailing telecommuters comfort, a “third place,” an “affordable luxury” where they could share and enjoy a cup of coffee with friends and colleagues, away from work and home. The chain has inserted itself into the American urban landscape more quickly and craftily than any retail company in history, and has forever changed the way Western companies market themselves to consumers.", "The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 30, 1971 by three partners: English teacher Jerry Baldwin , history teacher Zev Siegl , and writer Gordon Bowker . The three were inspired by entrepreneur Alfred Peet (whom they knew personally) to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment. [6] The name is taken from Moby-Dick ; after the name Pequod was rejected by the other co-founders. The company was instead named after the chief mate on the Pequod, Starbuck.", "In 2010, Dunkin' Donuts' global system-wide sales were $6 billion. In 2011, Dunkin' Donuts ranked first for customer loyalty in the coffee category by Brand Keys for five continuous years. ", "...History of Starbucks Starbucks started in 1971 when three academics opened a store called Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice in Pike Place Market in Seattle. The three academics, writer Gordon Bowker, English teacher Jerry Baldwin, and History teacher Zev Siegel, shared a passion of exotic teas and fine coffees and believed that in Seattle, they would be able to build a clientele. Each academic invested $1,350 and borrowed...", "...popular beverages, with more than $80 billion in retail sales worldwide. Story of starbucks The history of Starbucks starts in Seattle in 1971. Three friends, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker, who all had a passion for fresh coffee, opened a small shop and began selling fresh-roasted, gourmet coffee beans and brewing and roasting accessories. The company did well, but things began to change in the 80s.  Starbucks began to...", "New England’s own Dunkin’ Donuts started selling donuts and coffee in 1948. It hasn’t stopped since. Quincy, Mass., housed the first Dunkin’ Donuts restaurant in 1948, though initially, founder Bill Rosenberg called it “Open Kettle.” It didn’t become Dunkin’ Donuts until 1950. (You can catch a glimpse of what the original Dunkin’ looked like if you visit the Quincy restaurant; the location was renovated a couple of years ago to look like the original.) The 100th restaurant opened in 1963, but Munchkins didn’t become part of the menu until 1972. Muffins arrived in 1978. Why Dunkin’ Donuts has got such a stronghold on New Englanders is debatable. “I think Dunkin’ Donuts has got such a significant stronghold,” said J. Dub’s Coffee owner Jim Whitney. “They’ve got their", "* Focused all the energy behind the Dunkin' Donuts business and sold or closed the other 9 businesses-changing the name of the Company from Universal Food Systems to Dunkin' Donuts by 1968.", "Named after the coffee-loving first mate in the novel Moby-Dick, the Starbucks empire can be traced back to a single outlet in Seattle's Pike Place Market in 1971. Its expansion was driven through the 1980s and 1990s by Howard Schultz, who remains chairman and \"chief global strategist\".", "Before 1990, Dunkin' Donuts' primary competitor was Mister Donut, but in February of that year Mister Donut was acquired by Dunkin' Donuts' owner Allied-Lyons.Sauter, Michael B. and Alexander E. M. Hess. [http://247wallst.com/special-report/2013/07/31/famous-restaurant-chains-shrinking-fast/2/ Famous Restaurant Chains That Are Hard to Find]. Page 2. 247wallst.com After the acquisition of Mister Donut by Allied-Lyons, all Mister Donut stores in North America were offered the chance to change their name to Dunkin' Donuts.", "The first Starbucks opened in Seattle, Washington, on March 31, 1971, by three partners who met while they were students at the University of San Francisco: English teacher Jerry Baldwin, history teacher Zev Siegl, and writer Gordon Bowker. The three were inspired to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment by coffee roasting entrepreneur Alfred Peet after he taught them his style of roasting beans.Pendergrast, pp. 252–53 The company took the name of the chief mate in the book Moby-Dick: Starbuck, after considering \"Cargo House\" and \"Pequod\". Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, thought words beginning with \"st\" were powerful. The founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with \"st\". Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named \"Starbo\", which immediately put Bowker in mind of the character \"Starbuck\". Bowker said, \"Moby-Dick didn't have anything to do with Starbucks directly; it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense.\" ", "In the past decade, Dunkin' Donuts has opened many locations in the Dallas/Fort Worth, Phoenix, and Las Vegas metropolitan areas. In 2013, Dunkin' Donuts opened their first eight locations in the Salt Lake City area, bringing the brand to Utah for the first time ever. Shop locations also opened in the Denver and Omaha regions. 2014 saw the return of Dunkin' Donuts to the state of Minnesota after nearly a decade's absence, with a new shop opened inside the Kahler Grand Hotel in Rochester. ", "In 2004, the company's headquarters were relocated to Canton. The following year, four-time James Beard Foundation Award nominee Stan Frankenthaler was appointed the company's debut Executive Chef/Director of Culinary Development. In 2006, Dunkin' Donuts began using the slogan \"America Runs on Dunkin'\" which continues to be used in many advertisement campaigns. ", "* In November 2014, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first store at Kanpur, India inside Z Square Mall. ", "Many Dunkin' Donuts shops have begun appearing in California. Traditionally, California has been the stronghold of sister brand Baskin-Robbins, which was originally founded in Glendale. Dunkin' Donuts signed agreements to open 18 shops in Orange County, California, along with eight more shops planned for the North Inland Empire, including the first location in that region that opened in Upland in early 2015. By December 2015, more than 20 California shops were opened: including locations in Barstow (at Barstow Station), Downey, Irvine, Laguna Hills, Long Beach, Modesto, Ramona, San Diego (at Embassy Suites), Santa Monica, Upland, and Whittier; along with a shop on the Camp Pendleton military base and a location inside the LAX Airport. The San Diego Embassy Suites shop, shared with Baskin-Robbins, was the company's first co-branded location in California when it opened in March 2014, while the Santa Monica shop was the first to open in the Los Angeles area in September 2014. Going forward from 2015, the company expects to begin opening what could eventually total more than 1,000 shops in California. ", "With a name inspired by Moby Dick, \"Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spice\" was established in 1971. In 1983, Howard Schultz, Starbucks' CEO, left the company for a short period of time to start his own Italian-style coffeehouses under the name Il Giornale. Four years later, he purchased the original company and chose to bring back the Starbucks name.", "In Brazil, Dunkin' Donuts opened its first building in 1980. In 2013, it planned to open 25 franchises in the country. ", "* In September 2015, Roland Zanelli, the owner of the Dunkin' Donuts license in Switzerland, announced the opening of the first two stores in Basel, Switzerland in Fall 2015, followed by the opening of up to 60 stores in the whole country. The first Basel store opened on March 1, 2016", "Dunkin' Brands was bought by French beverage company Pernod Ricard S.A. from Allied Domecq under the corporate name of Allied Domecq Quick Service Restaurants. Pernod Ricard agreed in December 2005 to sell Dunkin' Brands to a consortium of three private-equity firms: Bain Capital Partners, the Carlyle Group and Thomas H. Lee Partners." ]

[ 7.55078125, 7.3515625, 5.44140625, 4.64453125, 4.625, 3.96875, 3.515625, 3.380859375, 2.736328125, 1.970703125, 1.197265625, 1.1962890625, 1.0419921875, 0.857421875, 0.85693359375, 0.30078125, 0.0811767578125, -1.1875, -1.5048828125, -1.5791015625, -1.6015625, -1.962890625, -2.345703125, -2.451171875, -3.052734375, -3.583984375, -3.5859375, -3.912109375, -4.3046875, -4.375, -4.96484375, -5.1328125 ]

[ "Hushpuppy (or cornbread ball) is a savory, starch-based food made from cornmeal batter that is deep fried or baked in small ball or sphere shapes, or occasionally oblong shapes. Hushpuppies are frequently served as a side dish, usually at fish restaurants. Be quiet little dog, & I'll feed you these deep fried concoctions made of corn meal", "Hushpuppies (Cornbread Balls) are a savory, starch-based food made from cornmeal batter that is deep fried or baked in small ball or sphere", "Skillet-fried or skillet-baked cornbread (often simplified to cornbread or skillet bread) is a traditional staple in the rural United States, especially in the South. This involves heating bacon drippings, lard or other oil in a heavy, well-seasoned cast iron skillet in an oven, and then pouring a batter made from cornmeal, egg, and milk directly into the hot grease. The mixture is returned to the oven to bake into a large, crumbly and sometimes very moist cake with a crunchy crust. This bread tends to be dense and is usually served as an accompaniment rather than as a bread served as a regular course. In addition to the skillet method, such cornbread also may be made in sticks, muffins, or loaves.", "* United States: Gumbo, a hearty stew whose key ingredient is often okra, is found throughout the Gulf Coast of the United States and in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Reflecting the region's African and French heritage, gumbo is often cooked in cast iron pots and served over rice. Deep- or shallow-fried okra coated with cornmeal, flour, etc., is widely eaten in the southern United States. A modern preparation of Okra is breaded with corn meal, deep fried and served with ranch dressing. Several cafe and nationwide restaurant chains serve deep fried okra, typically with a side order of a sauce such as buttermilk (or ranch) dressing. Okra pickles are also popular, normally made during the summer when it is readily available at produce markets and vegetable stands. Traditional Southern American preparation is sliced okra with a light coating of self rising cornmeal and spices, and shallow fried in a skillet with no dipping sauces.", "There is regional variation among diners with traditional regional American food. In Michigan and the Ohio Valley at \"Coney Island–style\" restaurants, coney dogs are served, as are certain types of Greek cuisine like gyros influenced by Greek diner owners. In Indiana and Illinois, fried pork tenderloin sandwiches are typically on the menu. The Northeast has more of a focus on seafood, with fried clams and fried shrimp commonly found in Maine. In Pennsylvania, cheesesteak sandwiches and scrapple are fixtures in most diners. Diners in the southwest serve tamales. In the southern U.S., typical breakfast dishes include grits, biscuits and gravy, and soul food such as fried chicken and collard greens. In New Jersey, the \"Pork roll, Egg, and Cheese Sandwich\" is a staple of many diners.", "Other than Outkast, Georgia's greatest export to the rest of the country is undoubtedly the chicken biscuit. Combining two great sources of Southern pride into one flaky, battery protein hand grenade isn't rocket science, but it does explode taste buds unlike any other Southern staple. If we were judging biscuits alone, Silver Skillet might get the nod (we're suckers for grandmothers' recipes), but the total package is at Home Grown, whose massive buttermilk-brined chicken breasts sprawl onto a bed of biscuit, then get drowned in sausage gravy that tastes just as good as it looks.", "A slightly different variety, cooked in a simple baking dish, is associated with northern U.S. cuisine; it tends to be sweeter and lighter than southern-style cornbread; the batter for northern-style cornbread is very similar to and sometimes interchangeable with that of a corn muffin. A typical contemporary northern U.S. cornbread recipe contains half wheat flour, half cornmeal, milk or buttermilk, eggs, leavening agent, salt, and usually sugar, resulting in a bread that is somewhat lighter and sweeter than the traditional southern version.", "Spoon bread, also called batter bread or egg bread, is made of cornmeal with or without added rice and hominy, and is mixed with milk, eggs, shortening and leavening to such a consistency that it must be served from the baking dish with a spoon. This is popular chiefly in the South.", "In the United States, soybean oil is often used for deep-frying. Beignets, originally a French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans. Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said that the deep-fried food, \"in the South it's a way of life\". Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America. ", "Today cooks make spider or skillet cornbread in a heavy frying pan and sometimes remember the days when cornbread was bread, not cake. During the twentieth century this tradition was carried throughout the nation by a new mobile society, and is to be found everywhere. “Spider Cornbreads” in such recipe collections are invariably baked in heavy, preheated cast-iron frying pans, sometimes in the oven and sometimes on the stove top. The Browns’ exhaustive survey of American regional cuisine included it as a Tennessee specialty (American Cooks, 1940.)", "In the United States, northern and southern cornbread are different because they generally use different types of corn meal and varying degrees of sugar and eggs. Southern cornbread has traditionally been made with little or no sugar and smaller amounts flour or no flour, with northern cornbread being sweeter and more cakelike. Southern cornbread traditionally used white cornmeal and buttermilk. Other ingredients such as pork rinds are sometimes used. Cornbread is occasionally crumbled and served with cold milk or clabber (buttermilk), similar to cold cereal. In Texas, the Mexican influence has spawned a hearty cornbread made with fresh or creamed corn kernels and jalapeño peppers and topped with shredded cheese. Cornbread is typically eaten with molasses in the southern states and honey in the northern states.", "Dish made of chopped meat or fish mixed with breadcrumbs, shaped into balls or cakes and fried.", "Instructions 1. Heat the oven to 275°F and arrange a rack in the middle. 2. Using your hands, crumble the cornbread into pieces no larger than 3/4 inch onto a rimmed baking sheet. Spread into an even layer and bake for 15 minutes. Turn off the oven and let the cornbread dry out inside the oven overnight. 3. The next day, transfer the cornbread to a large bowl and set it aside. Heat the oven to 350°F with the rack in the middle. Coat a 13by-9-inch baking dish with butter; set aside. 4. Melt 1 1/2 sticks of the measured butter in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add the celery, celery root, and onion, season with salt, and cook, stirring occasionally, until softened, about 10 minutes. 5. Add the thyme and celery seeds and cook, stirring occasionally, until fragrant, about 1 minute. Season with salt and pepper and transfer to the bowl with the cornbread. 6. Drizzle the stock or broth and the oyster liquid into the bowl and stir until completely incorporated. Fold in the oysters, eggs, and parsley. 7. Transfer the stuffing to the prepared baking dish. Cut the remaining 1/2 stick of butter into small pieces and scatter them over the top of the stuffing. Bake until golden brown on top, about 40 minutes.", "It is commonly associated with Southern U.S. cuisine, however, it can be found around the country. Furthermore, it closely resembles an English Trifle in that it is assembled in layers and includes custard, fruit, sponge cake, and whipped cream.", "To this day the words “Spider Cornbread” proclaim a celebrated American tradition based on a special pan. In 1971, Marie Nightingale’s Out of Old Nova Scotia Kitchens (near New England) included a sour milk cornbread recipe called “Spider Cornbread,” as did the Montclair, New Jersey Historical Society version of an early family manuscript cookbook. An honorary title.", "Cornmeal fritters, known as Hush Puppies, are one of many corn-based foods that were adopted by Southerners in the USA from the indigenous Indian tribes of the region, most notably Cherokee, Choctaw and Chickasaw.  The name is said to have originated from hunters and fisherman who would fry up the leftover cornmeal from a fish-fry and throw to the hounds to keep the quiet.", "Also in the bread category are biscuits, which are round leavened breads usually made from buttermilk, and are often used as the litmus test for any good Southern cook. They're usually split down the middle and spread with butter and possibly some kind of jam, or used for making breakfast sandwiches.", "“Spider Cornbreads” also turned up in recipe collections. They are usually baked in a preheated heavy cast-iron frying pan, sometimes in the oven and sometimes on the stove top. Miss Parloa’s Young Housekeeper (Boston, 1894) offered a recipe for “Spider Corn Bread,” made with a mixture of sweet and sour milk. Despite the title, she directs: “Have a short-handled, cast-iron frying pan heating on the top of the stove…” and right there on the page, embedded in the text, is an illustration of a just such a pan labeled “Frying-Pan.” A few years later, Mrs. Lincoln, (BOSTON, 1883, 1897 ed.): quoted the recipe, calling it “Spider Corn Cake (Sour Milk).” She adapted t h e directions to suit the title: “Melt the butter in a hot spider (emphasis mine), or shallow round pan…”", "Unlike fried variants of cornbread, baked cornbread is a quick bread that is dependent on an egg-based protein matrix for its structure (though the addition of wheat flour adds gluten to increase its cohesiveness). The baking process gelatinizes the starch in the cornmeal, but still often leaves some hard starch to give the finished product a distinctive sandiness not typical of breads made from other grains.", "5) Sweet 'n' Sour Pork: Chunks of pork, battered, deep-fried and slimed in a thick orange sauce. There are obvious Southern barbecue influences here. [ photo ]", "A traditional submarine sandwich from Louisiana , typically consisting of meat or seafood , usually fried, served on baguette -like Louisiana French bread.", "In the United States, the Chicago Tribune notes that \"you can deep fry almost anything\". The American South has been noted as a modern center of innovation in the area of deep-fried food. According to the owner of a deep frying restaurant in the South, \"If something is edible, you can bet that someone south of the Mason-Dixon line has tried to cook it in oil.", "Gumbo is a stew or soup originating in Louisiana which is popular across the Gulf Coast of the United States and into the U.S. South . It consists primarily of a strong stock , meat and/or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable \" holy trinity \" of celery , bell peppers , and onion . The key ingredient is okra, the African plant okingumbo, from which the dish (and in some regions the plant) takes its name.  Gumbo is traditionally served over rice . There is also a traditional meatless lenten variety called gumbo z'herbes (from the French gumbo aux herbes), essentially a gumbo of smothered greens thickened with roux . Having originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, created by the French, but enhanced by additions from other cultures, gumbo is the result of the melting of cultures in Louisianan history. For example, the dish itself is based on the French soup bouillabaisse , along with the \"Holy Trinity,\" which is of Spanish origin—the ingredients are similar to a sofrito —and the use of filé powder (ground sassafras leaves) which is Native American. But the dish got its name from the French interpretation of the West African name of okra . Currently the dish is very common in Louisiana , Southeast Texas , Mississippi ,southern Arkansas and Alabama , and the Lowcountry around Charleston, South Carolina , near Brunswick, Georgia and by native Louisianians wherever they live. It is eaten all through the year, but more often in winter.", "Along with soups made with oysters and terrapin, crab soups were once the elegant way to begin a dinner party in the southern states. She-crab soup is almost a cross between a bisque and a chowder; food historians say that it is an adaptation of an eighteenthcentury soup brought to the colony by Scottish immigrants. Serves 6 to 8 1⁄ 2", "*Brown gravy in Southern U.S. cuisine, is the name for a gravy made from the drippings from roasted meat or fowl. The drippings are cooked on the stove top at high heat with onions and/or other vegetables, then thickened with a thin mixture of water and either wheat flour or cornstarch. The name \"brown gravy\" distinguishes it from white gravy in Southern U.S. cuisine.", "Maize can also be prepared as hominy, in which the kernels are soaked with lye in a process called nixtamalization; or grits, which are coarsely ground hominy. These are commonly eaten in the Southeastern United States, foods handed down from Native Americans, who called the dish sagamite.", "A friend ordered the Louisiana Low Country Shrimp and Grits ($12.99), a heaping of lovely grits topped with shrimp and a thick sun dried tomato alfredo sauce on top. A truly decadent dish that was thoroughly enjoyed at the table. We also ordered the popular Grandma’s Jambalaya ($9.99), made with andouille sausage, chicken, caramelized vegetables, spices, and all mixed with rice.", "\"WHAT? Carolina bouillabaisse. A thick, satisfying fish stew, Carolina muddle can be found in eastern Virginia and North Carolina, particularly on the Outer Banks. \"Muddle is the traditional feast of the region,\" Bill Neal wrote in Bill Neal's Southern Cooking. \"The simple vegetables potatoes, onions, tomatoes in perfect proportion with the freshest fish achieve the satisfaction sought in all good peasant cooking.\" The soup also contains bacon, tomatoes, and eggs, which poach on the surface of the simmering liquid; the name \"muddle\" refers to the fact that many ingredients are jumbled together. Cook a muddle in an iron pot over a pine-bark fire and what have you got? Pine bark stew, of course.\"", "Pair this simple dish with a serving of cornbread, and you’ll have yourself a filling, satisfying meal.", "A mixture of lump crabmeat, bread crumbs, milk, egg, scallions and various seasonings, formed into small cakes and fried until crisp and golden brown.", "Fish.Broiled or fried fish may have pleasing flavors added by using dill butter or finely chopped dill, basil, or tarragon leaves. Shrimp may be simmered in butter with chopped basil leaves, and clam chowder may be served with a dash of powdered thyme.", "A classic American dish of crabmeat combined with mayonnaise or a sherried white sauce, spooned into blue-crab or scallop shells, sprinkled with Parmesan cheese or bread crumbs and baked until golden brown." ]

[ 4.8515625, 4.55859375, 1.2626953125, -1.03125, -1.8623046875, -2.220703125, -3.1484375, -3.162109375, -3.689453125, -3.875, -4.5390625, -4.55859375, -4.8359375, -4.8671875, -5.05078125, -5.31640625, -5.34375, -5.359375, -5.4375, -5.4375, -5.8984375, -6.38671875, -6.484375, -6.625, -7.22265625, -7.37109375, -7.484375, -7.9296875, -7.95703125, -8.09375, -8.3359375, -9.0234375 ]

[ "The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies.", "The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally. The Commission's findings have since proven controversial and been both challenged and supported by later studies.", "The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. The U.S. Congress passed Senate Joint Resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, mandating the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of evidence concerning the infraction occurring in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964 and made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald acted entirely alone. It also concluded that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial and have been both challenged and supported by later studies.", "The first official enquiry into President Kennedy’s assassination was conducted by the Warren Commission, which was appointed on 29 November 1963. The Commission’s Report, which was submitted on 24 September 1964, concluded that the assassin who killed Kennedy had acted alone and that “The Commission has found no evidence that either Lee Harvey Oswald or Jack Ruby was part of any conspiracy, domestic or foreign, to assassinate President Kennedy.” [9]", "Warren Commission, formally President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy , commission appointed by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963, to investigate the circumstances surrounding the assassination of his predecessor, John F. Kennedy , in Dallas , Texas, on November 22, 1963, and the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald , the alleged assassin, two days later. The chairman of the commission was the chief justice of the United States, Earl Warren . The other members were two U.S. senators, Richard B. Russell of Georgia and John Sherman Cooper of Kentucky; two members of the U.S. House of Representatives, Hale Boggs of Louisiana and Gerald R. Ford of Michigan; and two private citizens, Allen W. Dulles , former director of the Central Intelligence Agency , and John J. McCloy , former president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development .", "The Warren Commission Hearings and Report on the Assassination of President Kennedy: During the course of its massive investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Warren Commission took testimony from 552 witnesses, used more than 2,300 investigative reports from the FBI, and incorporated 800 reports from the Secret Service into their findings. The 27 volumes of the hearings and reports were originally published in 1964-65 by the Government Printing Office. Now out of print, the Warren Commission Report continues to be in great demand as a research source. The microform edition was filmed by the Microfilming Corporation of America and key materials have been digitised and included in History Study Center.", "Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (The Warren Commission Report). U.S. Warren Commission. 1964. 1 online resource; 888p. illus. maps. purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41545.", "The Warren Commission's 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later, saying one shot wounded President Kennedy and Governor Connally, and a subsequent shot hit Kennedy in the head, killing him. The Commission also concluded a third shot was fired, but made no conclusion as to whether it was the first, second or third shot fired. The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald fired all three shots.", "One of the exhibits contained in the Warren Commission report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Sept. 26, 1964.", "SEPT. 29, 1964: The Warren Commission publishes a report with its findings. It finds that the lone gunman was Lee Harvey Oswald. They find no evidence \"of any conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy.\"", "     (1) Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), pp.322-324 (hereinafter Warren Report).", "September 24th, 1964 The Warren Commission concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of President John F. Kennedy", "1964/--/-- 6 - The Warren Commission decides that Oswald was the sole assassin of John F. Kennedy.", "** U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy.", "For the remainder of 1963 and most of 1964, the Warren Commission intensively researched all that had been discovered about JFK’s assassination and Oswald’s assassination.", "In November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ford was assigned to prepare a biography of Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin. The Commission's work continues to be debated in the public arena. According to newly released records from Ford's FBI files, he secretly advised the FBI that two of his fellow members on the Warren Commission doubted the FBI's conclusion that John F. Kennedy was shot from the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository in Dallas. A 1963 FBI memo said Ford, then a Republican congressman from Michigan, had volunteered to keep the FBI informed about the panel's private deliberations, but only if that relationship remained confidential. The bureau agreed.[40] Ford generally believed in the single bullet and single assassin theory. According to the same reports, Ford generally had strong ties to the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover.[40]", "In 1963 President Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ford never wavered in his belief that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. In 1965 Ford co-authored, with John R. Stiles, a book about the findings of the commission, \"Portrait of the Assassin.\"", "In November 1964, two months after the publication of its 889-page report, the Commission published twenty-six volumes of supporting documents, including the testimony or depositions of 552 witnesses and more than 3,100 exhibits. All of the commission's records were then transferred on November 23 to the National Archives. The unpublished portion of those records was initially sealed for 75 years (to 2039) under a general National Archives policy that applied to all federal investigations by the executive branch of government, a period \"intended to serve as protection for innocent persons who could otherwise be damaged because of their relationship with participants in the case.” The 75-year rule no longer exists, supplanted by the Freedom of Information Act of 1966 and the JFK Records Act of 1992. By 1992, 98 percent of the Warren Commission records had been released to the public. Six years later, at the conclusion of the Assassination Records Review Board's work, all Warren Commission records, except those records that contained tax return information, were available to the public with redactions. The remaining Kennedy assassination related documents are scheduled to be released to the public by 2017, twenty-five years after the passage of the JFK Records Act. ", "November 29th, 1963 President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren head of a commission to investigate the assassination of John F. Kennedy.", "President Johnson created the Warren Commission—chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination, which concluded that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy, and that Oswald was not part of any conspiracy. The results of this investigation are disputed by many. The assassination proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. A 2004 Fox News poll found that 66% of Americans thought there had been a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy, while 74% thought there had been a cover-up. A Gallup Poll in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought Oswald did it alone. In 1979, the U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that it believed \"that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy.\" In 2002, historian Carl M. Brauer concluded that the public's \"fascination with the assassination may indicate a psychological denial of Kennedy's death, a mass wish...to undo it.\"", "Five days after Oswald was killed, President Lyndon B. Johnson created the Warren Commission —chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren —to investigate the assassination. It concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin. A later investigation in the 1970s by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) also concluded that Oswald was the assassin, but that there was a \"probable conspiracy\" as well. [13]", "However, there was widespread criticism against the conclusions of the Warren Commission Report and suspicions of a cover-up were so strong that a fresh official enquiry had to be instituted 13 years after President Kennedy was killed. The U.S. House of Representatives established the ‘House Select Committee on Assassinations’ in September 1976 and it submitted its report on 29 March 1979. The Committee’s findings, which are highly revealing, were as follows:", "President Johnson created the Warren Commission —chaired by Chief Justice Earl Warren —to investigate the assassination, which concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin. The results of this investigation are disputed by many. [259] The assassination proved to be an important moment in U.S. history because of its impact on the nation and the ensuing political repercussions. A 2004 Fox News poll found that 66% of Americans thought there had been a conspiracy to kill President Kennedy , while 74% thought there had been a cover-up. [260] A Gallup Poll in mid-November 2013, showed 61% believed in a conspiracy, and only 30% thought Oswald did it alone. [261] In 1979, the U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that it believed \"that Kennedy was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy . The committee was unable to identify the other gunmen or the extent of the conspiracy.\" [262]", "As it surveyed the various anti-Castro organizations, the committee focused its interest on reported contacts with Oswald. Unless an association with the President's assassin could be established, it is doubtful that it could be shown that the anti-Castro groups were involved in the assassination. The Warren Commission, discounting the recommendations of Slawson and Coleman, had either regarded these contacts as insignificant or as probably not having been made or else was not aware of them. (60) The committee could not so easily dismiss them.", "In 1964, the CIA advised the Warren Commission that the Agency had never had a relationship of any kind with Lee Harvey Oswald. Testifying before the Commission, CIA Director John A. McCone indicated that:", "In attempting to resolve the question of possible Cuban conspiracy, the committee concluded that a definitive answer had to come, if at all, largely from the investigation conducted in 1963-64 by the Warren Commission and the FBI and CIA. What the committee was able to do 15 years later could fill in important details, but it could not make up for basic insufficiencies. Unfortunately, the committee found that there were in fact significant deficiencies in the earlier investigation. The Warren Commission knew far less than it professed to know about Oswald's trip to Mexico and his possible association with pro-Castro agents in Mexico and elsewhere. This was true, in part, because the Commission had demanded less of the FBI and CIA than called for in its mandate. (193)", "The public wanted more answers concerning the murder of the President than the Masonic-controlled F.B.I. could provide. So, on November 29, 1963, President Johnson issued an executive order creating the Warren Commission, named after the man President Johnson had chosen to lead it, United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. Warren, a Past Grand Master of Masons in California, was joined on the Commission by two other known Freemasons: Senator Richard B. Russell, a member of Winder Lodge No. 33, Georgia, and Representative Gerald R. Ford of Michigan. John Sherman Cooper, Hale Boggs, Allen W. Dulles, and John J. McCloy were the others on the Commission. Allen W. Dulles had been Director of the C.I.A. until JFK fired him. Louisiana Democratic Congressman Hale Boggs, who later publicly expressed doubts about the Warren Commission Report, disappeared in a plane between Anchorage and Juneau, Alaska on October 16, 1972.", "The only information transmitted by the FBI to the Warren Commission, the committee determined, concerned a passport check on Lopez. Information sent to the Commission by the FBI on the Tampa chapter of the FPCC did not contain information on Lopez' activities. The CIA apparently did not provide any information to the Warren Commission on Lopez. (144) The committee concurred with the Senate Select Committee that this omission was egregious, since sources had reported within a few days of the assassination that the circumstances surrounding Lopez' travel to Cuba seemed \"suspicious.\" Moreover, in March 1964, when the Warren Commission's investigation was in its most active stage, there were reports circulating that Lopez had been involved in the assassination.", "2The committee also attempted to identify CIA employees who may have had the motive, means and opportunity to assassinate President Kennedy. In this regard, no useful information was generated from selected file reviews. An effort was also made to locate a man identified as Maurice Bishop who was said to have been a CIA officer who had been seen in the company of Lee Harvey Oswald. The effort to find \"Bishop\" was likewise unsuccessful.", "(5) A committee analysis of Oswald in New Orleans.---The Warren Commission had attempted to reconstruct a daily chronology of Oswald's activities in New Orleans during the summer of 1963, and the committee used it, as well as information arising from critics and the Garrison investigation, to select events and contacts that merited closer analysis. Among these were Oswald's confrontation with Carlos Bringuier and with Frank Bartes, his reported activities in Clinton, La., and his ties, if any, to Guy Banister, David Ferrie, Sergio Arcacha Smith and others who frequented the office building at 544 Camp Street. The committee deposed Carlos Bringuier and interviewed or deposed several of his associates. (235) It concluded that there had been no relationship between Oswald and Bringuier and the DRE with the exception of the confrontation over Oswald's distribution of pro-Castro literature. The committee was not able to determine why Oswald approached the anti-Castro Cubans, but it tended to concur with Bringuier and others in their belief that Oswald was seeking to infiltrate their ranks and obtain information about their activities.", "The final report was highly controversial and has been questioned by conspiracy theorists through the years. It was briefly revisited by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1976, which ultimately upheld the major findings of the Warren Commission.", "Congress responded to the \"Family Jewels\" in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the Church Committee , chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), and in the House of Representatives via the Pike Committee , chaired by Congressman Otis Pike (D-NY). President Gerald Ford created the aforementioned Rockefeller Commission , and issued an Executive Order prohibiting the assassination of foreign leaders." ]

[ 8.5859375, 8.484375, 8.421875, 6.2890625, 5.875, 5.73828125, 5.51953125, 5.43359375, 5.34375, 5.078125, 4.875, 3.7421875, 3.220703125, 3.029296875, 2.92578125, 2.630859375, 2.478515625, 1.9462890625, 1.771484375, 1.373046875, 0.86279296875, 0.66552734375, 0.52734375, -0.71826171875, -0.8173828125, -0.91357421875, -0.9697265625, -1.212890625, -2.58984375, -2.66015625, -4.66015625, -5.62890625 ]

[ "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. As of March 2010, he is the youngest billionaire in the world, with a net wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3]", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. He is currently one of the youngest billionaires in the world with personal wealth of US$4 billion in 2010[2] due to his 24% share of Facebook.[3]", "Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 04, 1984) is an American entrepreneur best known for co-founding the popular social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes (Chris Hughes (Facebook)) while attending Harvard (Harvard University). He is currently one of the youngest billionaires in the world with personal wealth of US$4 billion in 2010. His success at Facebook has been mired in controversy regarding the start of the project, resulting in a huge out of court settlement being paid to former business associates.", "Facebook (stylized as facebook) is a for-profit corporation and online social networking service based in Menlo Park, California , United States . Its website was launched on February 4, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with his Harvard College roommates and fellow students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . [8] [9] [10] The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard students, but later expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area , the Ivy League , and Stanford University . It gradually added support for students at various other universities and later to high school students. Since 2006, anyone in general aged 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of the website, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement, depending on applicable local laws. [11] Its name comes from the face book directories often given to U.S. university students. [12]", "Mark  Zuckerberg  was a Harvard computer science student when he, along with classmates Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes invented Facebook. However, the idea for the web site, the world's most popular social networking page, oddly enough was inspired by a botched effort to get internet users to rate each other's photos. ", "Together with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, he launched Facebook from Harvard University’s dormitory rooms.[6] The group then introduced Facebook onto other campuses nationwide and moved to Palo Alto, California shortly afterwards. In 2007, at the age of 23, Zuckerberg became a billionaire as a result of Facebook’s success. The number of Facebook users worldwide reached a total of one billion in 2012. Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes that were initiated by others in the group, who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook.", "Four people, three of whom were roommates — Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Chris Hughes, and Moskovitz — founded Facebook in their Harvard University dorm room in February 2004.", "Four people, three of whom were roommates — Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Chris Hughes, and Dustin Moskovitz — founded Facebook in their Harvard University dorm room in February 2004. Originally called thefacebook.com, it was intended as an exclusive online directory of all Harvard's students to help residential students identify members of other residences. In June 2004, Zuckerberg, Hughes and Moskovitz took a year off from Harvard and moved Facebook's base of operations to Palo Alto, California, and hired eight employees. They were later joined by Sean Parker. At Facebook, Moskovitz was the company's first chief technology officer and then vice president of engineering; he led the technical staff and oversaw the major architecture of the site, as well as being responsible for the company’s mobile strategy and development.", "Facebook (stylized as facebook) is a for-profit corporation and online social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. The Facebook website was launched on February 4, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. ", "Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard dorm room on February 4, 2004. The idea for Facebook came from his days at Phillips Exeter Academy which, like most colleges and prep schools, had a long-standing tradition of publishing an annual student directory with headshot photos of all students, faculty and staff known as the “Facebook.” Once at college, Zuckerberg’s Facebook started off as just a “Harvard-thing,” until Zuckerberg then decided to spread Facebook to other schools and enlisted the help of roommate Dustin Moskovitz. They first spread it to Stanford, Dartmouth, Columbia, New York University, Cornell, Brown and Yale, and then to other schools with social contacts with Harvard.[10][11][12]", "Together with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes , he launched Facebook from Harvard's dormitory rooms. [7] The group then introduced Facebook to other campuses. Facebook expanded rapidly, with one billion users by 2012. Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes that were initiated by others in the group, who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook.", "Together with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes, Zuckerberg launched Facebook from Harvard's dormitory rooms. The group then introduced Facebook onto other campuses nationwide and moved to Palo Alto, California, United States (U.S.) shortly afterwards. In 2007, at the age of 23, Zuckerberg became a billionaire as a result of Facebook and the number of Facebook users worldwide reached a total of one billion in 2012. Zuckerberg was involved in various legal disputes that were initiated by others in the group, who claimed a share of the company based upon their involvement during the development phase of Facebook.", "Four people, three of whom were roommates \"? Mark Zuckerberg , Eduardo Saverin , Chris Hughes, and Dustin Moskovitz \"? founded Facebook in their Harvard University dorm room in February 2004. Originally called thefacebook.com, it was intended as an exclusive online directory of all Harvard's students to help residential students identify members of other residences. In June 2004, Zuckerberg and Moskovitz took a year off from Harvard and moved Facebook's base of operations to Palo Alto, California, and hired eight employees. They were later joined by Sean Parker . At Facebook, Moskovitz was the company's first chief technology officer and then vice president of engineering; he led the technical staff and oversaw the major architecture of the site, as well as being responsible for the company's mobile strategy and development.", "Facebook was founded when Mark Zuckerberg studied psychology and computer science at Harvard University. Zuckerberg posed at his university.", "and achieved a reputation as a ‘programming prodigy’ in college, Zuckerberg launched Facebook in 2004 from Harvard University’s dormitory rooms. Along with his roommates and fellow Harvard University students – Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes – Zuckerberg then introduced Facebook onto other campuses nationwide. In 2007, at the age of 23, he became a billionaire as a result of Facebook’s success. In 2010 Zuckerberg and business magnet Bill Gates, along with investor Warren Bill Gates Buffett, signed a promise they", "Zuckerberg began attending Harvard University in September 2002, studying psychology and computer science. Late in 2003, at the beginning of his sophomore year, he created a program called CourseMatch. It allowed users to select classes based on other students’ choices, leading students to form study groups.", "Social scene Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg and several of his fellow Harvard college students, Facebook was originally meant for on-campus use only, but it soon outgrew that. In 2015 it became the fastest company to reach a market cap of $250 billion.", "Facebook is a popular social networking website launched on February 4, 2004. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, a Harvard student born May 14, 1984 and former Ardsley High School student.", "Zuckerberg later attended Harvard College, majoring in computer science and psychology. In his sophomore year, he wrote a notorious application that he called Facemash that allowed students on the college's network to vote on the relative attractiveness of other students. It was shut down within days, and led to disciplinary action.", "They're also multi-millionaires - thanks to a $65 million court settlement with Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, whom they claim stole their idea for his social networking site when all three were undergraduates at Harvard in 2003.", "Twenty-six year-old Mark Zuckerberg is the computer savvy Harvard student who created a little website you might have heard of called Facebook. Though there is some controversy over who came up with the idea for the social networking site (see the 2010 blockbuster \"The Social Network\" ), there is no denying that it was Zuckerberg's hard work and brain power that brought Facebook to life and made it the most popular social networking site online today.", "Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg creates the social networking site that would become known as Facebook, but is later sued by two brothers who claimed he stole their idea, and the co-founder who was later squeezed out of the business.", "On a fall night in 2003, Harvard undergrad and computer programming genius Mark Zuckerberg sits down at his computer and heatedly begins working on a new idea. In a fury of blogging and programming, what begins in his dorm room soon becomes a global social network and a revolution in communication. A mere six years and 500 million friends later, Mark Zuckerberg is the youngest billionaire in history... but for this entrepreneur, success leads to both personal and legal complications. Written by Columbia Pictures", "Moskovitz was born in Gainesville, Florida and grew up in Ocala, Florida. He is eight days younger than Zuckerberg. He attended Vanguard High School, graduating from the IB Diploma Programme. Moskovitz attended Harvard University as an economics major for two years before he moved with Mark Zuckerberg to Palo Alto. He went to work full-time on Facebook.", "According to his Facebook profile, Zuckerberg has three sisters (Randi, Donna, and Arielle), all of whom he’s friends with. He’s friends with his parents, Karen and Edward Zuckerberg. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and attended Harvard University. He’s a fan of the comedian Andy Samberg and counts among his favorite musicians Green Day, Jay-Z, Taylor Swift, and Shakira. He is twenty-six years old.", "Mark created a thing called Zucknet which is an internal instant messaging system for the family so that computer could talk to each other. When he was tired of his local high school, he decided to go to another school, the Exeter Academy, because he wanted to have another challenge. It was in Exeter Academy that Mark and his friend, Adam Deangelo, created the music website, Synapse, which was intended to anticipate what the user preferences might be. It became very popular. Even before he started Facebook, he had pending offers from Microsoft and other company to buy Synapse for over a million dollars.", "Their chief claim to fame however is as the disputed joint founders of the Facebook social network. Having founded a Harvard based network with the assistance of Mark Zuckerburg they saw Zuckerburg's Facebook take off.", "At Ardsley High School, Zuckerberg excelled in classes. He transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire in his junior year, where he won prizes in science (math, astronomy, and physics) and classical studies. On his college application, Zuckerberg claimed that he could read and write French, Hebrew, Latin, and ancient Greek. He was captain of the fencing team. ", "Born and raised in New York state, Zuckerberg began writing software as a hobby in middle school, with help from his father and a tutor (who called him a prodigy). In high school, he excelled in classic literature and fencing while studying at Phillips Exeter Academy.", "According to writer Jose Antonio Vargas, \"some kids played computer games. Mark created them.\" Zuckerberg himself recalls this period: \"I had a bunch of friends who were artists. They'd come over, draw stuff, and I'd build a game out of it.\" However, notes Vargas, Zuckerberg was not a typical \"geek-klutz\", as he later became captain of his prep school fencing team and earned a classics diploma. Napster co-founder Sean Parker, a close friend, notes that Zuckerberg was \"really into Greek odysseys and all that stuff\", recalling how he once quoted lines from the Roman epic poem Aeneid, by Virgil, during a Facebook product conference.", "Bezos graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Princeton University with two Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. While at Princeton, he was also elected to Tau Beta Pi. He also served as the President of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. ", "But Zuckerberg's plans for world domination left little time for responding to interview requests. After the popularity of Facemash, Zuckerberg was convinced there was an appetite for an online student community with an irreverent twist. The idea for Facebook germinated rapidly over the next few months. It would essentially be an online version of the \"facebooks\" given by American universities to new students each year which contained photographs and brief information on their contemporaries. But it would also incorporate functions like the ability to \"poke\" your friends – giving them a virtual nudge in the ribs." ]

[ 9.4296875, 9.4140625, 9.234375, 7.2890625, 6.421875, 6.36328125, 6.33203125, 6.33203125, 6.25, 6.12890625, 5.6484375, 5.6015625, 5.58984375, 5.42578125, 4.41796875, 4.34765625, 4.25, 3.859375, 3.810546875, 3.62109375, 3.283203125, 2.80078125, 2.396484375, 1.9951171875, 1.7099609375, 1.0654296875, 0.77685546875, -0.3671875, -2.32421875, -3.091796875, -3.982421875, -4.29296875 ]

[ "Sierra Leone ( [sieɪrə liˈoːn] ), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa . It is bordered by Guinea in the north, Liberia in the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) [4] and has a population estimated at 6.4 million. The country is a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area , which are further divided into fourteen districts .", "Sierra Leone: Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa that is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional republic with a directly elected president and a unicameral legislature. The country has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. The country covers a total area of 27,700 sq miles and with an estimated population of 6 million (2011).", ", officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa , bordered by Sierra Leone , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , and the Atlantic Ocean . As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people and covers 111,369 square kilometres (43,000 sq mi). [3]", "Liberia is a west African country bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north, Cote d'Ivoire on the east and North Atlantic Ocean on the south-west.", "Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, lying mostly between latitudes 7° and 10°N (a small area is south of 7°), and longitudes 10° and 14°W. The country is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. ", "Liberia is a country that lies along the West African coast on the Atlantic Ocean . Sierra Leone borders it on the northwest, Guinea on the north, and the Ivory Coast on the east. The capital of Liberia is Monrovia.", "The first combatants crossed into Sierra Leone over the country’s southern border with Liberia, Mr. Koroma says. They then began terrorizing villagers and taking control of the local diamond mines.", "Sierra Leone is situated on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Guinea to the north, Liberia to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It was annexed in 1787, and settled first by former slaves who had fought for the British in the American Revolution and then later by others who had been freed from slave ships on their way to the Americas (the national capital is, appropriately, called Freetown). It formally became a colony in 1808, remaining under British rule until independence in 1961. In more recent years, the Country has suffered from internal strife but the warring parties are now laying down their arms and normality is returning.", "The main countries involved were Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone, The Democratic Republic of Congo and the Ivory Coast.", "There are a number of systems of transport in Sierra Leone, which has a road, air and water infrastructure, including a network of highways and several airports. There are 11,300 kilometres of highways in Sierra Leone, of which 904 km are paved (about 8% of the roads). Sierra Leone highways are linked to Conakry, Guinea, and Monrovia, Liberia.", "A virtual guide to Guinea, a country in the southwestern part of West Africa south of Guinea-Bissau , Senegal , and Mali . It is also bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the east and southeast, by Liberia and Sierra Leone to the south, and by the Atlantic Ocean to the west.", "Guinea shares land boundaries with Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal and Sierra Leone.", "Sierra Leone: British colony and protectorate. “Sierra Leone” (Lion Mountains) derives from the name Portuguese explorers called the region, Serra Lyoa. Like much of British West Africa, British presence here goes back to 16th and 17th Century English trading posts, which developed into colonies. Freetown, which became the principle city of the region, arose from the 18th Century settlement of freed slaves from the Americas. The city later became a major Royal Navy base in the fight to abolish the African slave trade. As with The Gambia, French-British agreements over West African spheres of influence resulted in Britain proclaiming a protectorate over the Sierra Leonean territory within the sphere but outside the colony. Colonial troops from Sierra Leone fought for Britain both wars. Sierra Leone became independent in 1961.", "The U.S. Embassy in Freetown, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative are exploring a potential framework trade agreement with the regional organization, the Mano River Union (comprising Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone does not have a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) or taxation treaty with the U.S., but has BITs with the U.K. and Germany.", "-- ECOWAS leaders and their Nigerian-led intervention force found home-grown solutions to two particularly brutal civil wars - in Liberia in 1997 and Sierra Leone.", "Situated on the west coast of Africa, this country has land boundaries with Burkina Faso to the north, Benin to the east, Ghana to the west, and the south is bordered with the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean).", "Stamp-issuing status: active; Population: 4,891,546 (1997 estimate). A republic in west Africa. The coastal area was occupied by Great Britain after 1791, the hinterland coming under British protection in 1896. In 1961, Sierra Leone became independent. Long one of the most progressive of Britain's west African colonies, Sierra Leone's early political stability and economic growth have given way to coups, countercoups, rampant corruption and an economy heavily dependent on foreign aid.", "South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in northeastern Africa that gained its independence from Sudan in 2011. Its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city. South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and the Central African Republic to the west. It includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal.", "Sierra Leone, a country in West Africa, has a special significance in the history of the transatlantic slave trade as the departure point for thousands of west African captives. The capital, Freetown, was founded as a home for repatriated former slaves in 1787.", "And they share a border in Africa. They’re even close in population (around 14 million) so that they currently rank #71 and #72 on this country population list .", "Sierra Leone is rich in minerals and is one of the world's most important sources of large diamonds. The country also hosts gold, platinum, rutile, chrome, bauxite and iron. Major producers have included the Nord/Consolidated Rutile world-class rutile deposit, Alusuisse's bauxite operations and the famous Kono diamond fields worked for many years by Selection Trust at Yengema and Koidu.", "Additional coastal states as well as other states farther inland eventually signed the bond, and British influence was accepted, strengthened, and expanded. Under the terms of the 1844 arrangement, the British appeared to provide security to the coastal areas; thus, an informal protectorate came into being. As responsibilities for defending local allies and managing the affairs of the coastal protectorate increased, the administration of the Gold Coast was separated from Sierra Leone in 1850.", "The border with Papua New Guinea (PNG) remained a source of tension in the 1990s. Incursions into Solomon Islands territory by PNG forces, who were countering secessionist action on neighboring Bougainville Island, gave rise to formal protests in mid-1997.", "In fact, Sierra Leone is a tranquil and beautiful place. A mere five-hour flight from London, Freetown is one of Africa's safest capitals: the country recently underwent peaceful, free and fair democratic elections which resulted in the smooth transition to power of the opposition party. The main hazard now facing any tourist is probably malaria rather than crazed machete-wielding child soldiers.", "Sierra Leone has the largest natural harbour on the African continent, allowing international shipping through the Queen Elizabeth II Quay in the Cline Town area of eastern Freetown or through Government Wharf in central Freetown. There are 800 km of waterways in Sierra Leone, of which 600 km are navigable year-round. Major port cities are Bonthe, Freetown, Sherbro Island and Pepel.", "Sierra Leone is extremely poor and nearly half of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture. The country possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, but it is still recovering from a civil war that destroyed mos", "Sierra Leone comprises the land between coast and the south side of the Futa Jalon mountains. Although it has no large rivers, there are many smaller ones and the area is largely covered with tropical forest. In 1787, British abolitionists began to resettle freed slaves at an agricultural colony called \"Freetown\" located beside a bay near the \"Lion Rock.\" After a difficult start, they received a government charter for the Sierra Leone Company in 1791. In 1808, the government began to administer the colony directly.", "Sierra Leone is very rich in minerals and has relied on mining , especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the top 10 diamond producing nations in the world, and mineral exports remain the main foreign currency earner. Sierra Leone also claims to be home to the third largest natural harbour in the world, the Queen Elizabeth II Quay (also known as the QE II Quay and locally as the Deep Water Quay or Government Warf) [10] [11] .", "Democracy is slowly being reestablished after the civil war from 1991 to 2002 that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about one-third of the population). The military, which took over full responsibility for security following the departure of UN peacekeepers at the end of 2005, is increasingly developing as a guarantor of the country's stability. The armed forces remained on the sideline during the 2007 presidential election, but still look to the UN Integrated Office in Sierra Leone (UNIOSIL) - a civilian UN mission - to support efforts to consolidate peace. The new government's priorities include furthering development, creating jobs, and stamping out endemic corruption.", "The British became a stronger power in Sierra Leone in the 17th century, with the Dutch and French as its greatest European competitors. The tribal rulers, however, were strengthened after the Mane invasion and were able to keep the Europeans from taking over. By the end of the 18th century, former slaves who had fought on the side of the British in the American Revolution arrived in Sierra Leone, together settling the Province of Freedom.", "1997 – Sierra Leone. On May 29 and May 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens. [RL30172]", "Image caption Sierra Leone suffered a lengthy civil war. Child soldiers took part in the fighting" ]

[ 4.41015625, 3.984375, 3.716796875, 2.10546875, 1.9404296875, 1.392578125, 0.57177734375, 0.298095703125, -0.21630859375, -0.5576171875, -0.80029296875, -1.193359375, -1.4365234375, -1.8193359375, -2.814453125, -2.939453125, -3.48828125, -3.51171875, -3.9140625, -5.23046875, -5.83203125, -5.9375, -6.17578125, -6.34375, -6.35546875, -6.40625, -6.6015625, -6.67578125, -7.3828125, -7.55859375, -7.6015625, -8.6015625 ]

[ "Fozzie Bear is a Muppet, created by Jim Henson. He is an orange, particularly fuzzy bear who works as a stand-up comic and has a catchphrase, \"Wocka Wocka Wocka!", "According to Muppet Wiki, \"Fozzie is The Muppet Show's resident comedian.  He is an orange, fuzzy Muppet bear wearing a brown hat and a white and pink polka-dotted necktie who tells bad jokes, usually punctuated with his catchphrase, \"Wocka wocka wocka!\"  His monologues consists of him telling simple setup/punchline jokes and performing gimmicks such as ventriloquism or telling jokes on roller-skates, while being heckled by Statler and Waldorf.  He also appeared in the recurring Muppet Show sketch Bear on Patrol.\"", "Fozzie Bear is The Muppet Show's resident comedian. He's an orange-brown, fuzzy Muppet bear who tells bad jokes, usually punctuated with his catchphrase laugh , \"Wocka wocka wocka!\" Fozzie's best friend is Kermit the Frog , although they occasionally have differences of opinion.", "Fozzie’s Bear-ly Funny Fridays, also known as “Jokes With Fozzie”, is a series of Muppets videos combining stand up comedy and deadpan humor, featuring the one and only Fozzie Bear. Fozzie “wocka wocka”s the crowd with a barrage of terrible jokes and bad puns. These awful Fozzie Bear jokes occasionally welcome other Muppet characters as guests, like Bobo the Bear and Beauregard. Close your week with some bad jokes featuring the Muppets’ favorite stand up comic.", "Another running gag is Fozzie's hat—as a bear, he is naturally covered with fur, all over. However, upon removing his hat, it is clear that his head shape is modeled on the pate of a bald headed man—thus, the juxtaposition of being both furred and bald simultaneously. This was referenced in the 2011 film The Muppets, where he saw an old picture of himself at the Muppet Theater and ridiculed the \"'80s haircut\" he sported back then.", "\"His name is pronounced how? 'Wocka'? Wocka, wocka!\" Just like Fozzie Bear of Muppets fame, who fancied himself a Vaudevillian stand-up comedian.", "Shortly afterward, Fozzie would have a major role as The Cowardly Lion in Muppets' Wizard of Oz The Muppets Wizard of Oz and he got his own track, \" North Pole Comedy Club \", in the album A Green and Red Christmas .", "The Muppets performing the song in the office included: Fozzie Bear , Animal , Bobo the Bear , Floyd Pepper , Gonzo , Rizzo the Rat , Yolanda Rat , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew , Beaker , Sweetums , Zoot , Janice , Lew Zealand , Chip , Lips , Dr. Teeth , Pepe the King Prawn , The Swedish Chef and Big Mean Carl .", "Fozzie is a main character in the Muppets (film) Muppets , the new Muppet movie released in theaters November 23, 2011.", "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson's most well-known creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the straight man protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably on Sesame Street, and The Muppet Show, as well as in movies, specials, and public service announcements throughout the years. Henson originally performed Kermit until his death on May 16, 1990; Steve Whitmire has performed Kermit since that time. He was voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects.", "* In 2008, the Muppets performed a web version starring Sam the Eagle, Beaker, a clucking chicken, Bobo the Bear, The Swedish Chef, and Crazy Harry.", "*The Muppets at Walt Disney World as Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, Link Hogthrob, and The Swedish Chef", "Huckleberry \"Huck\" Hound is a fictional cartoon character, a blue anthropomorphic dog that speaks with a Southern drawl and has a relaxed, sweet, and well-intentioned personality. He first appeared in the series The Huckleberry Hound Show. The cartoon was one of six TV shows to win an Emmy Award in 1960 as an \"Outstanding Achievement in the Field of Children's Programming\"; The first animated series to receive such an award. ", "* Steve Whitmire - Performer of Muppets Rizzo the Rat, Bean Bunny, Lips, Kermit the Frog (since 1990), Beaker (since 1992), and Statler (since 2002), as well as Sesame Streets Ernie (since 1993).", "In The Muppets , Fozzie works as Miss Piggy's sidekick and warm-up act on Up Late with Miss Piggy and is dating a human woman named Becky .", "Kermit and Fozzie have also frequently been paired together in countless movies, books, and specials. In The Muppet Movie , Fozzie was the first Muppet Kermit met on his journey. After Fozzie's unsuccessful comedy performance at the El Sleezo Cafe , Kermit invited Fozzie to come to Hollywood with him. The two friends sang the duet \" Movin' Right Along \" in the same film.", "In the 2 pilot episodes of the Muppet Show, Fozzie had a mechanism which allowed his cheeks to move. During the remainder of the first season, Fozzie was a bit more plump and had ears that wiggled.", "* The TV show Muppets Tonight featured a skit called The Real World: Muppets. Most segments of it were only shown in United Kingdom. It showed Rizzo the Rat, Bobo the Bear, Clifford, Bill the Bubble Guy, and a goth girl named Darci.", "Animal is the wild drummer for the almost-legendary band, Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem, who are the regular performers traveling with the Muppets. Animal is the official musical Muppet. Known for his outrageous style and unclear speaking voice, Animal is a crazed percussionist with three music style - loud, louder and loudest. Combined with his grunting speech, Animal is the life of the Muppet party and always promises a good time on the Muppet show.", "Big Gruesome (a lurching, huge humanoid character) was voiced by Daws Butler, one of Hanna-Barbera’s most oft-used voice talents; he can be heard, amongst hundreds of others, as Yogi Bear, Bingo from The Banana Splits and Hair Bear from Help! It’s The Hairbear Bunch. His more diminutive companion, a purple-skinned vampire, was voiced by  Don Messick, who also performed the vocal requirements for Muttley and in other cartoons, such as Scooby Doo (the Great Dane himself) and junior annoyance Godzooky in the animated Godzilla series.", "This version is featured on most album releases of the song, including The Muppet Show , Favorite Songs From Jim Henson's Muppets , Muppet Hits , Best of the Muppets , and Music, Mayhem, And More . Kermit says, \"Ladies and gentlemen, it's the Muppet Show\" at the beginning, and Fozzie's joke comes from episode 116 , followed by a new verse from Kermit, who introduces the \"first original, genuine, no-money-back guaranteed Muppet Show cast album!\" Music, Mayhem, And More and Muppet Hits cut out the joke and album introduction, going straight from the men's verse to the final verse.", "* The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in 2005's television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.", "* Dave Goelz - Gonzo the Great, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Zoot, Beauregard, Waldorf (since 1992) from The Muppet Show. Boober Fraggle from Fraggle Rock.", "Animal has had roles in all of the Muppet movies. In The Muppet Movie, he ate Dr. Bunsen Honeydew’s Insta-Grow Pills, causing him to grow ten times his size and scare away Doc Hopper. He also appeared in The Great Muppet Caper, The Muppets Take Manhattan, The Muppet Christmas Carol, Muppet Treasure Island, Muppets From Space, It’s a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie and The Muppets’ Wizard of Oz.", "*The Muppet Show (1977); the song was performed by the characters Zoot and Rowlf on episode 2.02, Zero Mostel.", "The Muppet Show Compilations - Episode 28: Fozzie's Comedy Acts with Statler & Waldorf (Part 1) - YouTube", "* Pinocchio appeared in the \"Señor Wences\" episode of The Muppet Show, performed by Steve Whitmire. His puppet was built by Bob Payne.", "The film The Great Muppet Caper opens with a spoof of the MGM logo featuring Animal . He roars, then begins to eat the logo circle, revealing the opening shot of the film behind him.", "Plot: Gonzo stars in a hilarious adventure to find what his true origin is. Supported by a wonderful cast of old muppet friends and some new faces, this whimsical comedy has appeal enough for both the young and the old at heart.", "Louis Kazagger (performed by Jerry Nelson ) - A Muppet sports commentator who provided commentary for Muppet Sports. He is loosely inspired by Howard Cosell .", "Which TV cartoon featured characters named Ty Coon, Vincent van Gopher, Pig Newton, Muskie Muskrat, Moley Mole, and Possible 'Possum?", "The only actor to have a cameo appearance in more than one Muppet film: The Muppet Movie (1979) and The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)." ]

[ 6.0546875, 5.6171875, 5.43359375, 2.67578125, 0.76318359375, 0.61962890625, -0.865234375, -1.634765625, -1.9326171875, -3.47265625, -3.74609375, -3.87890625, -4.09765625, -4.2890625, -4.47265625, -4.5078125, -4.9140625, -5.359375, -5.59375, -6.04296875, -6.0703125, -6.51171875, -6.796875, -6.97265625, -7.00390625, -7.34765625, -7.77734375, -9.03125, -9.0390625, -9.3359375, -9.6953125, -10.5390625 ]

[ "1981 - U.S. President Reagan announced he was nominating Arizona Judge Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.", "During the 1980 election, President Ronald Reagan promised to nominate a woman to the Supreme Court in an effort to try to gain more support from women voters. In 1981, Reagan nominated Arizona judge Sandra Day O'Connor (1930-). She was quickly confirmed by the Senate, making Justice O'Connor the first female Supreme Court justice. O'Connor would serve for 24 years until 2005 when she announced her retirement. In 2009 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama.", "O’Connor served as an Arizona assistant attorney general from 1965 to 1969, when she was appointed to a vacancy in the Arizona Senate. In 1974, she ran successfully for trial judge, a position she held until she was appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Eighteen months later, on July 7, 1981 President Ronald Reagan nominated her to the Supreme Court. In September 1981, Sandra Day O’Connor became the Court’s 102nd justice and its first female member.", "1981/09/25 33 - Sandra Day O'Connor is sworn in as the first woman Supreme Court justice.", "SANDRA DAY O’CONNOR was born in El Paso, Texas, on March 26, 1930. She was graduated from Stanford University in 1950 and Stanford University Law School in 1952. After graduation, O’Connor became a Deputy County Attorney of San Mateo, California. She moved to Germany and worked as a civilian attorney for the United States Army in Frankfurt from 1954 to 1957. Upon her return to the United States, O’Connor engaged in private law practice. She was appointed to the Arizona State Senate in 1969 to fill an unexpired term, and the following year she was elected to the State Senate. Twice re-elected, she was majority leader of the State Senate from 1973 to 1974. O’Connor was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court in 1975 and appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. President Ronald Reagan nominated O’Connor to the Supreme Court of the United States on July 7, 1981. The Senate confirmed the appointment on September 22, 1981, making O’Connor the first female Associate Justice in the history of the Court. Justice O'Connor served on the Supreme Court for twenty-four years and retired on January 31, 2006.", "In 1981, President Ronald Reagan, fulfilling a campaign promise to nominate a qualified woman to the Supreme Court, nominated Sandra Day O'Connor. She was confirmed by the Senate with 91 votes, becoming the first woman to serve as a justice on the US Supreme Court.", "Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. ", "1981 - Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed by President Reagan to the Supreme Court, making her its first woman justice.", "In September of 1982, Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman justice appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. O’Connor started off deciding with the more conservative judges, but in time, her decisions became more centrist, and hers often became the deciding vote in close judgments. She announced her retirement on July 1, 2005, and was replaced by Samuel Alito on Jan. 31, 2006. (Paul J. Richards / AFP - Getty Images) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Prior to O'Connor's appointment to the Court, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader in the United States as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor. Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court on January 31, 2006. <br /><br />Considered a federalist and a Moderate Republican, O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without arguing for sweeping precedents. She most frequently sided with the court's conservative bloc, although in the latter years of her tenure, she was regarded as having the swing opinion in many cases. Her unanimous confirmation by the Senate in 1981 was supported by most conservatives, led by Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, and liberals, including Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy and women's rights groups like the National Organization for Women. <br /><br />O'Connor was Chancellor of The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and served on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She also served on the Board of Trustees for Colonial Williamsburg. Several publications have named O'Connor among the most powerful women in the world. Read Less", "Reagan made a dramatic change in the federal courts through his appointment power. During his two terms, he filled 372 of the 736 judgeships in the federal courts. Attorneys General william french smith and edwin meese iii established a screening process that tried to assure Reagan that he would be appointing judges who were in agreement with his conservative philosophy. In 1982, Reagan appointed sandra day o'connor to the U.S. Supreme Court. O'Connor was the first woman to sit on the Court. He elevated Justice william h. rehnquist to chief justice of the Court in 1986 and appointed Judge antonin scalia to the seat that Rehnquist had vacated.", "Sandra Day O'Connor is appointed by President Reagan to the Supreme Court, making her its first woman justice.", "First President to appoint a woman Justice to the United States Supreme Court (Sandra Day O-Connor)", "* July 7 – United States President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice, and namedAntonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court in 1987. Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, and great controversy ensued. Bork's nomination was rejected 58–42. Reagan then nominated Douglas Ginsburg, but Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration after coming under fire for his cannabis use. Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place. Along with his three Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 290 judges to the United States district courts.", "During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart. In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren E. Burger as Chief Justice, and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court in 1987. Senator Ted Kennedy, a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, and great controversy ensued. Bork's nomination was rejected 58–42. Reagan then nominated Douglas Ginsburg, but Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration after coming under fire for his cannabis use. Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place. Along with his three Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 290 judges to the United States district courts.", "Sonia Maria Sotomayor (,; born June 25, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 2009. She has the distinction of being its first justice of Hispanic heritage, the first Latina, its third female justice, and its twelfth Roman Catholic justice. Sotomayor, along with John Roberts and Elena Kagan, is one of the youngest justices on the Supreme Court.", "1983 – Elizabeth H. Dole was sworn in as the first female secretary of transportation by Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman to sit on the US Supreme Court.", "During his 1980 campaign, Reagan pledged that, if given the opportunity, he would appoint the first female Supreme Court Justice. [196] That opportunity came in his first year in office when he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice Potter Stewart . In his second term, Reagan elevated William Rehnquist to succeed Warren Burger as Chief Justice , and named Antonin Scalia to fill the vacant seat. Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to the high court in 1987. Senator Ted Kennedy , a Democrat of Massachusetts, strongly condemned Bork, and great controversy ensued. [197] Bork's nomination was rejected 58-42; [198] Anthony Kennedy was eventually confirmed in his place. [199] In addition to his three Supreme Court appointments, Reagan appointed 83 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals , and 290 judges to the United States district courts . His total of 376 appointments is the most by any president.", "Reagan wrote in his diary on July 6, 1981: \"Called Judge O'Connor and told her she was my nominee for supreme court. Already the flak is starting and from my own supporters. Right to Life people say she is pro abortion. She says abortion is personally repugnant to her. I think she'll make a good justice.\" On September 21, O'Connor was confirmed by the U.S. Senate with a vote of 99–0; Senator Max Baucus of Montana was absent from the vote, and sent O'Connor a copy of A River Runs Through It by way of apology. In her first year on the Court she received over 60,000 letters from the public, more than any other justice in history.", "Sandra Day O'Connor (1930 - ) A retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. Born in El Paso, TX (556)", "The Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse, the U.S. District Court of Arizona, is located on Washington Street downtown. It is named in honor of retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who was raised in Arizona. ", "Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor , nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter , was confirmed on August 6, 2009, [123] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice. [124] Elena Kagan , nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens , was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. [125]", "President Bill Clinton nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on June 14, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring Justice Byron White. Ginsburg was recommended to Clinton by then-U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno after a suggestion by U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah). At the time of her nomination, Ginsburg was viewed as a moderate. President Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the Court's diversity, which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 retirement of Justice Abe Fortas and as only the second female appointee. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Ginsburg as \"well qualified,\" its highest possible rating for a prospective justice.", "The Senate confirms Ruth Bader Ginsburg's nomination to the Supreme Court. Ginsburg succeeds the retiring Byron White and become the second woman to sit on the high court. August 03, 1993", "1991 - Supreme Court Justice / Clarence Thomas - October 15th, 1991: \"The Senate approved, Oct. 15, nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, despite allegations of sexual harassment against him by Anita Hill, a former aide. He became the 2nd African-American to serve on the Court, replacing retiring Justice Thurgood Marshall, the 1st black.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 555]", "The Arizona Supreme Court is the highest court in Arizona. The court currently consists of one chief justice, a vice chief justice, and three associate justices. Justices are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bipartisan commission, and are re-elected after the initial two years following their appointment. Subsequent re-elections occur every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but almost all other appellate cases go through the Arizona Court of Appeals beforehand. The court has original jurisdiction in a few other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court may also declare laws unconstitutional, but only while seated en banc. The court meets in the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the capitol complex (at the southern end of Wesley Bolin Plaza).", "1999 - Fidelma Macken is nominated for the European Court of Justice - the first time a woman judge from any member country has reached such a high rank", "John Glover Roberts, Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States. Appointed by Republican President George W. Bush", "As of September 1, 2001, the federal judiciary consisting of Supreme, Circuit and District Court Judges was about 22% women. In 1992, nearly ten years ago, when I was first appointed a District Court Judge, the percentage of women in the total federal judiciary was only 13%. Now, the growth of Latino representation is somewhat less favorable. As of today we have, as I noted earlier, no Supreme Court justices, and we have only 10 out of 147 active Circuit Court judges and 30 out of 587 active district court judges. Those numbers are grossly below our proportion of the population. As recently as 1965, however, the federal bench had only three women serving and only one Latino judge. So changes are happening, although in some areas, very slowly. These figures and appointments are heartwarming. Nevertheless, much still remains to happen.", "* August 25 – Lewis F. Powell, Jr., American Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1907)", "* Edith Jones (born 1949), Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit" ]

[ 8.09375, 7.29296875, 6.54296875, 4.6171875, 3.822265625, 3.6484375, 3.09375, 2.9609375, 0.6943359375, 0.2374267578125, 0.231201171875, 0.1246337890625, 0.1217041015625, -0.5703125, -0.794921875, -0.88037109375, -0.9482421875, -1.013671875, -1.0830078125, -1.548828125, -2.150390625, -2.287109375, -2.9296875, -3.447265625, -3.826171875, -4.75, -5.02734375, -5.4375, -5.65625, -6.25, -6.82421875, -7.0390625 ]

[ "The team is awarded 2 points when a safety is called. This often makes for odd scoring scoring, as final football scores are usually combinations of 7 (for a touchdown and an extra point) and 3 (for a field goal).", "A safety is worth two points. The important factor in a safety is impetus, which is the action of an offensive player that gives the ball momentum. A safety is awarded to the defending team if it sends the ball into its opponent’s end zone and the ball becomes dead without changing possession. This occurs when a quarterback, running back, or receiver is tackled with the ball in his own end zone or goes out of bounds behind the goal line. A safety also is awarded when the offensive team commits a penalty that would otherwise require it to have the ball marked in its own end zone.", "The Safety is worth two points. A safety rises if the player grounds the ball making it a dead ball in his own end zone. In that case two points are awarded for safety to the opponent team. A safety is also granted to the team if the other team commits a foul in its own end zone.", "If the defensive team can get the offensive team to touch the ground in their OWN end zone (i.e., the zone at their backs, rather than the goal which they are striving to reach), then the defense scores a “safety” worth two points. In that case, the ball, or the knee of the ball carrier, must touch the ground.", "American football is about trying to make points by passing, carrying, or kicking an oblong ball (with two pointed ends) into your opponent’s end zone. Football is a rough-and-tumble game with its own jargon, including some terms that are just plain odd. For example, a strong safety is a defender, and a regular safety is a play that scores two points — go figure. But knowing the lingo and the players, not to mention common penalties, can take you a long way toward getting a handle on this popular American sport.", "If an offensive player is stopped in his own end zone, the defense scores a safety which is worth 2 points. This rarely happens. After a safety, the offense must kick the ball to the other team with a free kick where the kicker kicks the ball from his own 20 yard line. It's called a free kick because the kicker may not be tackled.", "NFL Rule 11-3-2-d: If there is no kick, and the Try results in what would ordinarily be a safety against the defense, one point is awarded to the offensive team.", "In the game you are referencing, there was a safety and then a field goal, resulting in a 5 point score for Seattle.", "In Super Bowl XLVII, the Baltimore Ravens were at 4th down and 7 yards to go, deep in their own territory with 12 seconds remaining and only a 5 point lead. If the San Francisco 49ers scored a touchdown, the Ravens would lose the game. Instead of a straight punt out of their own endzone, Sam Koch, the punter, held the ball and ran sideways out of the endzone, scoring a safety, giving 2 points to the 49ers. This allowed the Ravens to punt (or \"free kick\") from their own 20 yard line with only 4 seconds left in the game. On the ensuring runback, the 49ers receiver was tackled after game time expired, winning the game for the Ravens.", "; Conversion (or convert) : After a touchdown, the team that scored gets one scrimmage play to attempt to add one or two more points. If they make what would normally be a field goal, they score one point (a \"point-after\"); what would normally be a touchdown scores two points (a \"two-point conversion\"). In amateur games, this scrimmage is taken at the opponents' 5-yard line. The CFL formerly ran all conversion attempts from the 5-yard line as well, but starting in 2015 the line of scrimmage for one-point kick attempts became the 25-yard line, while two-point attempts are scrimmaged at the 3-yard line. No matter what happens on the convert attempt, play then continues with a kickoff (see below).", "BY THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Jan. 2 1982 — Rolf Benirschke’s 29-yard field goal at 13:52 of overtime ends one of the wildest and highest-scoring playoff games in NFL history as the San Diego Chargers beat the Miami Dolphins 41-38. 1985 — Nevada-Las Vegas beats Utah State 142-140 in triple overtime as both teams set an NCAA record for total points. The Runnin Rebels score a record 93 points in the second half, and coach Jerry Tarkanian gets his 600th victory. 1996 — No. 1 Nebraska demolishes No. 2 Florida 62-24 in the Fiesta Bowl, making them the first repeat champions in 16 years. 2009 — Ole Miss beats Texas Tech 47-34 in the final Cotton Bowl played in the stadium of the same name. Texas Tech quarterback Graham Harrell ends up with the most career touchdowns in major college football (four in this game made it 134, breaking the record of 131 set by Hawaii’s Colt Brennan) and first player with two 5,000-yard passing seasons.", "In America, the rules of football are pretty complicated. You get four downs (or chances) to progress every 10 yards (9.1 m); which is easier said than done. If you fail to do so, the ball is turned over to the other team and they make a go for your goal line. It becomes pretty difficult to score when you have 11 steroid induced men running at you with the intention of knocking you to the ground. However, if you do happen to score, that is called a touchdown awarding you six points and a chance for a seventh which is acquired through goal kick.", "Because this presents a significant advantage to the team winning the coin toss to decide who receives the first overtime possession, the NFL moved in 2011 to require that if both teams have not had possession of the ball prior to the first score, then the team who does have possession must score a touchdown to end the game, preventing the team winning the coin toss from making a much shorter drive down the field and kicking a \"golden goal\" without the other team having a chance to touch the ball. Making the longer drive downfield and scoring a touchdown still ends the game immediately. This applied first in the postseason and later was adopted in the 2012 season. During the postseason, multiple 15-minute overtime \"quarters\" can be played until either team scores. The record for a number of overtimes in a professional football game is three, when on June 30, 1984, the Los Angeles Express defeated the Michigan Panthers, 27–21, in the 1984 USFL playoffs. ", "A touchdown is worth six points. The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion. Afterwards, the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team, if there is any time left.", "Also, the scoring system was that a touchdown and field goal were both worth 5 points, while a PAT was worth 1 point.", "This rule is similar to the safety rule in American football. Unlike the safety rule, however, no points are awarded for tackling a player behind his goal line.", "After a touchdown, the scoring team is given one play to score again from near the goal line. This is called a try and is worth one or two points, depending on how the team scores. At most levels of football, kicking the ball through the goalposts on a try— called an extra-point kick or point-after-touchdown (PAT) — is worth one point, and running or passing the ball into the end zone is worth two points and usually is called a two-point conversion.", "* In American and Canadian football, a team scores 7 points by scoring a touchdown and kicking the extra point.", "Touchdown: A score, worth six points, that occurs when a player in possession of the ball crosses the plane of the opponent’s goal line, when a player catches the ball while in the opponent’s end zone, or when a defensive player recovers a loose ball in the opponent’s end zone.", "The King of England wasn’t the only one to express concern about the violence of football. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the game was still very violent. Teams sometimes moved the ball up the field using “mass momentum plays.” A running wedge of lineman would lock arms or even hold handles that had been attached to their teammates jerseys. Numerous defensive players were injured trying to break through these “flying wedges” to get to the ball carrier. After 18 players died and 159 were critically injured in 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt gave football leagues a choice—make the game safer or have it outlawed. In 1906, rule changes required seven men to be on the line of scrimmage when the ball was snapped. This ended the flying wedge. The forward pass was also made legal, though it was not really used until 1913 when Knute Rockne and Notre Dame teammate Gus Dorais put the ball in the air to beat West Point. Injuries were also reduced after 1905 as more players chose to wear protective helmets and pads.", "The two main ways of scoring in both sports are by advancing the ball across the other team's goal line and by kicking the ball through the goalposts. Different numbers of points are scored for doing these, depending on how they are done or the situation in the game. American football has one additional way of scoring, called a safety, which involves a team being stopped in its own end zone or losing possession of the ball and having the ball go out of its end zone.", "In an official American football game, there are a total of 22 players with 11 players from each team on the field per play. Any team that fields more than 11 players per play receives a penalty.", "A touchdown is just one way of scoring points in football. After scoring a touchdown, a team can kick a field goal for an extra point or attempt to run or pass the ball into the end zone for a two-point conversion. The team has only one chance at the two-point conversion.", "2 pts per fumble recovery (Note: includes a fumble by the opposing team out of the end zone)", "The safety usually occurs when the offensive unit is backed up less than 5 yards from its own end zone. As noted by NFL.com, the National Football League's official website, a safety is called when the defensive unit tackles an offensive player who is in possession of the ball behind his own goal line.", "there are two safety’s on the team. the strong safety(SS) and the fast safety(FS) . the strong safety is a bigger and stronger player and he lines up at the middle of the field way back behind the defensive line and the fast safety usually lines up at the edges of the field as a last resort to stop a long pass play before the offence can score.", "If a defensive player catches a pass in the air, it is ruled an \"interception\", and the defensive team gains possession of the ball. Similarly, if the offensive team drops the ball after demonstrating that they have control of it, or pitches the ball backwards and it bounces on the ground, it is ruled a \"fumble.\" If a defensive team recovers a fumble their team gains possession of the football. With an interception or fumble the defense can try to run to the end zone to score a touchdown.", "Historical college football scoring[20]Era Touchdown Field goal Conversion (kick) Conversion (touchdown) Safety Conversion safety Defensive conversion", "# S — Safety, plays mainly deep pass support. Roughly corresponds to the \"free safety\" in the American game.", "Cornerbacks and safeties, who defend players trying to receive a pass or trying to run the ball down the field past the defensive line. They can also blitz the quarterback.", "The defence is made up of big, powerful players trying to stop the other team from running the ball, and fast, athletic players trying to prevent the quarterback's passes from reaching his receivers.", "American football is all about decisions, from every player and coach and whether it's the right one or wrong one can drastically change the game." ]

[ 4.40234375, 4, 3.912109375, 1.328125, 1.1279296875, 0.35107421875, 0.17626953125, -0.413330078125, -1.0908203125, -1.7646484375, -1.8173828125, -1.9306640625, -1.966796875, -2.244140625, -2.265625, -2.4453125, -2.716796875, -2.7578125, -2.865234375, -2.947265625, -3.142578125, -3.59375, -3.71484375, -3.83203125, -4.23046875, -5.4375, -5.55859375, -6, -6.1640625, -6.609375, -6.87109375, -7.07421875 ]

[ "1307 – William Tell, a legendary marksman in Switzerland, is said to have successfully shot an apple on his son's head with a single bolt from his crossbow.", "William Tell, a hero of Swiss folklore, became a symbol of Switzerland 's national pride and independence. He is best known for shooting an arrow through an apple sitting on his son's head.", "William Tell was a crossbowman who would not salute the symbol of oppression, a hat on a stick. He was therefore compelled by Gessler, a wicked bailiff, to show his skill with a crossbow by shooting an apple off the head of his son. William Tell took two bolts in his hand, shot, and split the apple on his boy's head. When the oppressor asked why he had taken two bolts in his hind, he replied, \"Tyrant, that second bolt was for you if I had struck my child.\" The hero was arrested and transported in chains across Lake Lucerne. A great storm arose, and Tell was freed to steer the boat to safety. Leaping to the shore, he lay in wait until the boat should reappear, and when the wicked Gessler came past William Tell let fly the bolt that he had dedicated to his country's freedom. The Swiss people lost their fear and rose up against Austria, and to this day jealously guard their freedom.", "William Tell from B�rglen was known as an expert marksman with the crossbow. At the time, the Habsburg emperors were seeking to dominate Uri. Hermann Gessler, the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf raised a pole in the village's central square with his hat on top and demanded that all the local townsfolk bow before it. As Tell passed by without bowing, he was arrested. He received the punishment of being forced to shoot an apple off the head of his son, Walter, or else both would be executed.", "Another documentation of Tell’s exploits is the Song of the Founding of the Confederation (German: Lied von der Entstehung der Eidgenossenschaft). This earliest surviving Tell song, or, in German, Tellenlied, was written and composed around 1477 by an anonymous poet. It explores the beginnings of the Swiss Confederation , the expulsion of the foreign governors, as well as the famous episode of Tell shooting at an apple from his son’s head. [4]", "William Tell, who originally came from Bürglen , was known as an expert shot with the crossbow . In his time, the Habsburg emperors of Austria were seeking to dominate Uri. Albrecht (or Hermann) Gessler , the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf , raised a pole in the village's central square, hung his hat on top of it, demanding that all the townsfolk bow before the hat. When Tell passed by the hat without bowing to it, he was arrested. As punishment, he was forced to shoot an apple off the head of his son, Walter. Otherwise, both would be executed. Tell was promised freedom if he successfully made the shot.", "1307 AD – William Tell – because William refused to bow towards a hat placed on a pole as a sign of imperial power, has was ordered to shoot an apple off his son’s head.( He was known as an expert crossbowman. ) He succeeded in shooting the apple. The story of his feat also stated that he had a second crossbow bolt hidden behind his belt in case he failed and killed his son, he would have quickly reloaded and killed the official who had ordered him to shoot the apple off his son’s head.", "William Tell from Bürglen was known as an expert marksman with the crossbow. At the time, the Habsburg emperors were seeking to dominate Uri. Hermann Gessler, the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf raised a pole in the village’s central square with his hat on top and demanded that all the local townsfolk bow before it. As Tell passed by without bowing, he was arrested. He received the punishment of being forced to shoot an apple off the head of his son, Walter, or else both would be executed.", "Legendary Swiss patriot, who was ordered by the Austrian Gessler to shoot an apple from his son's head as a punishment for refusing to make obeisance to Gessler's hat. This legend forms the subject of a drama by Schiller and an opera by Rossini. Wodehouse had written a children's version of the story, William Tell Told Again (A & C Black, November 1904).", "Don’t believe me?  Well, let’s take William Tell for an example.  We’ve all heard the name, but what do we know about him?  Well, in my experience, I know that he shot an apple off of his son’s head.  However, it wasn’t until I started researching this legend that I realized that I never really knew why he shot an apple off of his son’s head.  I suppose I just thought he did it to show off or something.  The actual story as told by the people who hold it dear tells a different tale.", "William Tell, legendary Swiss patriot. According to legend, Tell was a native of Uri, one of the Swiss forest cantons. Gessler, the canton's Austrian bailiff, decreed that Swiss citizens must remove their hats before his hat, which he had posted on a stake in the canton's largest town. Tell refused and as punishment was ordered to shoot an apple off his small son's head. Although he succeeded, he was held prisoner by Gessler when he revealed that had he failed, he planned to kill Gessler with an arrow he had hidden on his person. Tell escaped and eventually shot Gessler from ambush at Küssnacht, thus setting off the revolt that ousted the bailiff on Jan. 1, 1308. While there is no valid proof of Tell's existence, the legend represents a distorted account of events that resulted (1291) in the formation of the Everlasting League between the cantons of Schwyz , Uri , and Unterwalden . Schiller's popular drama Wilhelm Tell is based on the legend; Rossini's opera William Tell is based on Schiller's drama.", "Supposedly on this date in 1307 William Tell shot an arrow into an apple on his son’s head. The legend as told by Tschudi (ca. 1570) reports that William Tell, who originally came from Bürglen, was known as a strong man, mountain climber, and an expert shot with the crossbow. In his time, the Habsburg emperors of Austria were seeking to dominate Uri. Albrecht (or Hermann) Gessler, the newly appointed Austrian Vogt of Altdorf, raised a pole in the village’s central square, hung his hat on top of it, and demanded that all the townsfolk bow before the hat.", "The oldest documented Tell figure is a Danish warrior named Toko whose story appears for the first time in the Gesta Danorum (Latin: ‘Deeds of the Danes’), a twelfth-century text compiled by Saxo Grammaticus . As with William Tell, Toko is forced by the ruler, (in this case King Harald Bluetooth) to shoot an apple off his son’s head as proof of his marksmanship. A striking similarity between William Tell and Toko is that both heroes take more than one arrow out of their quiver. When asked why he pulled several arrows out of his quiver, Toko, too, replies that if he had struck his son with the first arrow, he would have shot King Harald with the remaining two arrows.", "a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer; according to legend an Austrian governor compelled him to shoot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow (which he did successfully without mishap)", "The story goes that William Tell refused to salute the Governor's cap and was told to shoot the apple off his own little son as punishment. The only way this makes the least sense is if he were told that he, Tell, would be killed outright if he disobeyed. Anyway, he succeeded without killing the kid and then informed the Governor that, had he missed, he would have turned the crossbow on the Governor himself. For that outburst, he was imprisoned.", "William Tell (German: Wilhelm Tell; French: Guillaume Tell; Italian: Guglielmo Tell) is a legendary hero of disputed historical authenticity who is said to have lived in the Canton of Uri in Switzerland in the early 14th century.", "The William Tell scene is parodied in Ast�rix in Switzerland, where Asterix meets the local Swiss people who are having an archery contest. A little boy eating an apple is ordered to hang the target on a tree and while he is busy doing this, he balances his apple on his head. While Asterix is aiming and waiting until the boy is ready, Obelix sneezes which causes Asterix's arrow to be fired involuntarily. The scene is subverted by the arrow hitting the bull's eye of the intended target, when it looked like it might have hit the apple. The Swiss liked the spectacle, but still feel that \"something is missing\", causing one of them to mutter: \"Yes, but what?\"", "William Tell 's picture is inscribed on the back of Swiss coins, and also there is a monument for William Tell in Altdorf (Uri). Centuries ago, Chronicle there was a Chapel after his name near Sisikon, where he have escaped from Gessler's boat. 'White Book of Sarnen' was a Chronicle which praised the saga of William Tell .Tell's Apple-Shot, escape from Gessler and his rebellion towards tyranny made him the Hero of Switzerland. During the period of World War II, William Tell is considered as the prominent insurgent against despotism in both Switzerland and Europe. So his fame is not circumscribed in Switzerland but also in Europe. Another William Tell is a musician of recent times who is engaged to Lauren Conrad having net worth of 25 milion USD.", "Tell ran cross-country to Küssnacht. As Gessler arrived, Tell assassinated him with the second crossbow bolt along a stretch of the road cut through the rock between Immensee and Küssnacht, now known as the Hohle Gasse.Tell's blow for liberty sparked a rebellion, in which he played a leading part. That fed the impetus for the nascent Swiss Confederation. He fought again against Austria in the 1315 Battle of Morgarten. Tschudi also has an account of Tell's death in 1354, according to which he was killed trying to save a child from drowning in the Schächenbach river in Uri.[3]", "It is set in the period of the original foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. According to the legend, Tell — an expert marksman with the crossbow — assassinated Gessler, a tyrannical reeve of Habsburg Austria positioned in Altdorf, Uri.", "William Tell lives on as a hero in popular culture. He is still a powerful identification figure, and according to a 2004 survey, 60% of the Swiss believe that he existed. [12]", "The 1987 TV series Crossbow told of a fictionalised account of William Tell and his son.", "William Tell’s actions ignited a rebellion and eventually the Swiss rebels formed the Swiss Confederation, which, as a federation of independent small states called cantons, existed from the end of the Thirteenth or early Fourteenth century until 1798, when the French Republic invaded Switzerland. Tschudi also documented William Tell’s death in 1354, when he wrote that Tell died trying to save a child from drowning in the Schachenbach River in Uri.", "William Tell first appeared in legends and songs of the 1400s. By the 1700s, various Swiss histories featured the story. The play Wilhelm Tell (1804) by the German poet Friedrich von Schiller brought the Swiss hero to world attention, as did the opera Guillaume Tell (1829) by Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini. Despite these works, however, there is no historical evidence that William Tell existed, although the stories about him may have been based on a kernel of reality. The famous test of marksmanship, with a cherished life at stake, is similar to stories from Norse* and British folklore.", "A possible historical basis of the legend was suggested by Arnold Schärer in 1986. He identified a Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich) as the real William Tell. \"Gorkeit\", he claimed, was a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced, but the theory was once referred to by Rudolf Keller, at the time president of the nationalistic right Swiss Democrats, on 1 August 2004 in Basel. ", "William Tell may not have really existed.  His legend also tends to lose just a bit of context when transmitted outside of Switzerland.  However, this legend continues to inspire an entire nation.  And it’s that ability to inspire that really make William Tell The Stuff of Legends!", "The fullest contemporary account of the death of William II of England, while hunting in the New Forest, comes from William of Malmesbury, a monk who was the leading chronicler of his day. He says that the King had an ominous dream the night before and felt uneasy, but in the afternoon he set out into the forest with a few companions. One of them was a Frenchman named Walter Tirel, Lord of Poix, a close friend of the King and the only one who stayed with him when the party scattered in the chase. The King shot an arrow at a stag, wounded it and shielded his eyes with his hand against the rays of the declining sun to watch where it went. At this point another stag burst on the scene and Tirel impetuously fired at it. He missed and, entirely unintentionally, his arrow pierced William’s chest. The King immediately broke off the shaft which was sticking out of his body, but then collapsed and fell on the rest of the arrow, driving it further in. Tirel rushed to him, but finding the King unconscious and beyond aid, leapt on his horse and fled for dear life.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Sch�rer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern D�llikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Sch�rer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right sometimes, denouncing its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy.", "Robin Hood certainly did not shoot an arrow a mile; but many of the archery stories which have come down to us we can take for gospel because they have been approached, duplicated or beaten in our own day. Only a few years ago a Dr. Pope was able to shoot seven arrows upward, loosing the seventh before the first hit the ground. Hiawatha shot ten, but we have only Longfellow's word for it. The present flight shot record exceeds any authenticated distance in history. Locksley's one-inch peeled wand in Ivanhoe has been split many times by young men who also drive automobiles. As late as 1793 the longbow beat the musket for accuracy; and in 1924 General Thord-Gray made twelve pistol experts look silly by putting seventy arrows out of seventy-two into a twenty-six-inch target at eighty yards; the pistol men all shot nearer and scored worse.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Sch�rer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern D�llikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Sch�rer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right, who denounce its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Schärer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich). \"Gorkeit\" is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Schärer's hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right, who denounce its rejection by academia as an \"internationalist\" conspiracy.", "A possible historical nucleus of the legend was suggested by Schärer (1986). He identified one Wilhelm Gorkeit of Tellikon (modern Dällikon in the Canton of Zurich). “Gorkeit” is explained as a version of the surname Armbruster (crossbow maker). Historians were not convinced by Schärer’s hypothesis, but it is still referred to by the nationalistic right sometimes, denouncing its rejection by academia as an “internationalist” conspiracy." ]

[ 7.6015625, 7.375, 6.37109375, 5.10546875, 5.09765625, 5.05859375, 4.671875, 4.609375, 4.078125, 4.0234375, 3.705078125, 3.162109375, 3.13671875, 1.828125, 1.7333984375, 1.3935546875, 1.0908203125, -0.018341064453125, -0.57958984375, -1.56640625, -1.98828125, -2.455078125, -2.998046875, -3.07421875, -3.609375, -3.830078125, -6.265625, -6.4296875, -6.453125, -6.5546875, -6.57421875, -6.734375 ]

[ "Robert's Rules of Order is the short title of a book, written by Henry Martyn Robert, that is intended to be a guide for conducting meetings and making decisions as a group.", "Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 – May 11, 1923) was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States.", "Brigadier General Henry Martyn Robert (May 2, 1837 â May 11, 1923) served in the U.S. Army from 1857-1901 and was the author of Robert's Rules of Order, which became the most widely used manual of parliamentary procedure and remains today the most common parliamentary authority in the United States . Robert was born in Robertville, South Carolina , and raised in Ohio, where his father moved the family because of his strong opposition to slavery. Robert's father, Reverend Joseph Thomas Robert, later became the first president of Morehouse College where there is a dormitory on the campus named after him. Robert was nominated to West Point from Ohio, and graduated fourth in his class in 1857. He became a military engineer. Under command of Silas Casey during the Pig War he built the fortifications on San Juan Island . In the American Civil War , he was assigned to the Corps of Engineers and worked on the defenses of Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and several New England ports. Robert served as Engineer of t ...", "Robert's Rules of Order is based on each member of a group having equal weight as expressed by vote. This book has found application in the corporate world, such as in shareholder meetings and in board of director meetings. However, the rules have to be modified to account for when some individuals within the group have more power than others (see Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world).", "Generally, Robert's Rules of Order is designed for ordinary societies. However, law-making bodies at the local level (such as a city council or a county commission) function similarly to boards of societies. The book has found application to such bodies. Such bodies are also subject to open meeting laws (Sunshine laws) and other applicable laws, all of which supersede any conflicting provisions in the book.", "U.S. Army General; author: Robert�s Rules of Order, the standard for parliamentary procedure; died May 11, 1923", "Through a family trust, and later through the Robert's Rules Association (which is made up of descendants of Henry M. Robert), several subsequent editions of Robert's Rules of Order have been published, including another major revision of the work. The Seventh Edition, published in February 1970 on the 94th anniversary of the publication of the First Edition, was the first under the title Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR). The subsequent editions were based on additional feedback from users, including feedback received by electronic means in recent years. These later editions included material from Robert's Parliamentary Practice and Parliamentary Law. ", "The first edition of the book, whose full title was Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies, was published in February 1876 by then U.S. Army Major Henry Martyn Robert (1837–1923) with the short title Robert's Rules of Order placed on its cover.", "The In Brief book is the only authorized concise guide for Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised and is intended as an introductory book for those unfamiliar with parliamentary procedure. The authors say, \"In only twenty minutes, the average reader can learn the bare essentials, and with about an hour's reading can cover all the basics.\" It is meant to be an introductory supplement to the current edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised and is not suitable for adoption as a parliamentary authority in itself.", "Provides common rules and procedures for deliberation and debate in order to place the whole membership on the same footing and speaking the same language. The conduct of ALL business is controlled by the general will of the whole membership - the right of the deliberate majority to decide. Complementary is the right of at least a strong minority to require the majority to be deliberate - to act according to its considered judgment AFTER a full and fair \"working through\" of the issues involved. Robert's Rules provides for constructive and democratic meetings, to help, not hinder, the business of the assembly. Under no circumstances should \"undue strictness\" be allowed to intimidate members or limit full participation.", "Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies (cover short title: Robert's Rules of Order)", "Originally published in 1876, it has been revised regularly through the years, including two major revisions, by Robert and his successors based on feedback from users. The most recent version is the 11th Edition published in 2011 under the name Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (abbreviated RONR).", "An e-book version of the current Eleventh Edition has not been released by the Robert's Rules Association. Any copy of Robert's Rules of Order that is downloaded online is likely an older edition (1915 or earlier) that is available in the public domain.", "Every permanent deliberative Body adopts a code of rules of order to suit itself; but there are certain rules derived from what may be called the Common Law of Congress and Parliament, the wisdom of which having been proven by long experience, that have been deemed of force at all times and places, and are, with a few necessary exceptions, as applicable to Lodges as to other societies. The rules of order, sanctioned by uninterrupted usage and approved by all authorities, may be enumerated under the following distinct heads, as applied to a Masonic Body:", "The CD-ROM version of the Eleventh Edition of Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised is now available. The CD is designed for installation on Windows PCs.", "What are you quoting from? It certainly isn't Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, 11th edition.", "In his later work as an active member of several organizations, Robert discovered that members from different areas of the country had very different views regarding what the proper parliamentary rules were, and these conflicting views hampered the organizations in their work. He eventually became convinced of the need for a new manual on the subject, one which would enable many organizations to adopt the same set of rules.", "The book is designed for use in ordinary societies rather than legislative assemblies, and it is the most commonly adopted parliamentary authority among societies in the United States. It is also recognized as \"the most widely used reference for meeting procedure and business rules in the English-speaking world.\" ", "A collection of such of the orders heretofore used in Chauncery, with such alterations and additions thereunto, as the Right Honourable the Lords Commissioners for the Great Seal of England, by and with the advice and assistance of the Honorable the Master of the Rolls, have thought fit at present (in order to a further reformation now under their Lordships consideration) to ordain and publish, for reforming of several abuses in the said Court, preventing multiplicity of suits, motions, and unnecessary charge to the suitors, and for their more expeditious and certain course for relief. (London : printed by Robert White for Franics Tyton, and are to be sold at his shop, at the three Daggers near the Inner-Temple, Fleetstreet 1652.)", "Can a member of a committee or assembly, when making a motion to suspend rules suspend the use of Robert Rules? Are rules of order also known as Policies and Procedures?", "Certain published works are usually considered to have particular authority. In the first half of the twentieth century this was the case with A V Dicey's Law of the Constitution, being cited with approval in judicial decisions. A particularly important work is Erskine May, which sets out the procedures and customs of the House of Commons. Other important sources include certain ministerial statements.", "During the thirteenth century, Thomas Aquinas argued that the rule of law represents the natural order of God as ascertained through divine inspiration and human reason. In the seventeenth century, the English jurist Sir Edward Coke asserted that the \"king ought to be under no man, but under God and the law.\" With regard to the legislative power in England, Coke said that \"when an act of Parliament is against common right and reason, or repugnant, or impossible to be performed, the Common Law will control it, and adjudge such act to be void.\" In the United States, Alexander Hamilton applied the rule of law to the judiciary when he argued in The Federalist, no. 78, that judges \"have neither Force nor Will, but merely judgment.\"", "The great fourteenth-century jurist, Baldus, in his commentary on Justinian's Code, repeats in general terms the maxim that the prince ought to observe the laws because all his authority comes from them. But the word \"ought,\" he says, must not be taken too literally, because the supreme and absolute power of the prince is not under the law; therefore that law has reference to the ordinary power, not to absolute power (unde lex ista habet respectum ad potestatem ordinariam non ad potestatem absolutam).35 This is a reference to the familiar merum et mixtum imperium et jurisdictio with which all continental legal writers of the time are concerned,36 but the clear distinction of Baldus between a potestas ordinaria and a potestas absoluta seems to be about the same as Bracton's between jurisdictio and gubernaculum.", "The lessons of the classical age, to sum up, are…: the rule of law is established as a principle, so is the concept of the right of man... At the same time, there is a dimension of civil society with its own autonomous regulation which can be found, in first approximation, in the importance of custom [urf[ and its legal recognition, and in an identifiable sphere of separation of powers with the ruler on the one hand and ulama, muftis and qāļīs, on the other. [16]", "The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent courts, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, bureaucratic organisation, the legal profession and civil society itself. John Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government, and Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, advocated for a separation of powers between the political, legislature and executive bodies. Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan. ", "Edward was responsible for implementing royal justice through his network of judges and officials. It is uncertain to what extent Edward took a personal interest in dispensing justice, but he appears to have involved himself to some degree during the first part of his reign, and to have increasingly intervened in person after 1322. Edward made extensive use of Roman civil law during his reign when arguing in defence of his causes and favourites, which may have attracted criticism from those who perceived this as abandoning the established principles of the English Common Law. Edward was also criticised by contemporaries for allowing the Despensers to exploit the royal justice system for their own ends; the Despensers certainly appear to have abused the system, although just how widely they did so is unclear. Amid the political turbulence, armed gangs and violence spread across England under Edward's reign, destabilising the position of many of the local gentry; much of Ireland similarly disintegrated into anarchy. ", "The most systematic and comprehensive work on the laws of war was that of the Netherlander Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), who served in many important positions in the Dutch government, including a term as attorney general. In 1625 he published a three-volume work titled The Law of War and Peace , which brought together classical and medieval thought on the restraints on war and sought to reconcile Christian dogma and the actual practice of contemporary states in wartime. Grotius attempted to discover what the rules of international law were, using the acts of generals and soldiers as the basis for his search. Writing at the beginning of one of the most ferocious and bitter wars of European history, the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Grotius proceeded on the assumption that the experiences and actions of armies in war were not improper deviations from a theological norm. Rather, they were the expressions of a natural order, whose principles he could determine.", "Origo legum: or A treatise of the origin of laws, and their obliging power: as also of their great variety: and why some laws are immutable, and some not; but may suffer change, or cease to be, or be suspended, or abrogated. In seven books. By George Dawson, M.A.", "In 1597–98, James wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), in which he argues a theological basis for monarchy. In the True Law, he sets out the divine right of kings, explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons, though \"the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon\". The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would \"stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings\". ", "Henry de Bracton served as a judge of King Henry’s court for about twenty years and by 1259 wrote his treatise On the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England that became the most important textbook for common law. He also compiled notebooks of 500 cases in English law out of 2,000 cases he marked. Most of these cases had been tried by William Raleigh and Martin Pateshull. Bracton believed that law is based on reason, and he tried to convert the mass of customs into a coherent system of jurisprudence. His work, though unfinished, became a textbook that was not surpassed until William Blackstone. He taught lawyers how to analyze a case to determine individual right and allowed each person to have their say. His main point is that government must be legal, that all popes, emperors, kings, lords, lawyers, freemen, and even serfs must be governed under law, which serves, obeys, and protects what is right. He noted that even Jesus Christ and his holy mother did not put themselves above the law.", "wrote The Spirit of the Laws a book that described an ideal system of government using checks and balances. He believed that societies and political institutions could be studied scientifically, and that a balanced government would lead to success", "While in Scotland, James had done a great deal of reading about statecraft. He had also produced a book in 1603 titled “The True Law of Free Monarchies\". The theories in this book were not original but they did state with extreme clarity his belief that kings had absolute legal sovereignty within their state, that a king had absolute freedom from executive action and that a king’s sole responsibility was to God." ]

[ 3.0859375, 2.921875, 2.42578125, 1.0517578125, -0.231689453125, -0.29150390625, -0.406005859375, -0.77783203125, -0.83251953125, -1.12109375, -1.712890625, -2.748046875, -3.271484375, -3.560546875, -4.11328125, -4.50390625, -4.5703125, -4.76171875, -4.828125, -5.16796875, -5.359375, -5.5, -5.70703125, -6.46875, -6.99609375, -7.0859375, -7.16796875, -8.359375, -8.40625, -8.484375, -9.546875, -9.625 ]

[ "Banana pudding is a dessert generally consisting of layers of sweet vanilla flavored custard, cookies (usually Vanilla Wafers or ladyfingers) and sliced fresh bananas placed in a dish and served, topped with whipped cream or meringue. ", "Perfect Banana Pudding! I think the Chessmen cookies are wonderful, but I just can't do banana pudding without vanilla wafers! I have made this recipe with the Chessmen, but I opt now to layer with vanilla wafers on the bottom, then again in the middle. Nothing on top. I get raves whenever I make this, and I will be treating myself to some for Mother's Day! Thanks for posting this great recipe.", "To create the Banana Pudding Cookies, I added a package of Banana Cream Pudding mix into the cookie dough. I love using pudding mixes in cookies because the pudding keeps the cookies super soft. If you like soft cookies, make sure you try my Vanilla Pudding Chocolate Chip Cookies and Chocolate Pudding Cookies .", "Wonderful banana pudding. I was leery of changing from vanilla wafers to the chessman cookies with my picky bunch but they loved it!! I didn't use all the Eagle Brand milk and I used vanilla and banana cream pudding and used heavy whipping cream instead of the frozen stuff. I almost made myself sick and my husband requested I get it out of the house before he gets sick LOL This is a keeper!! My son who I've never been able to get to try banana pudding had the pan and a spoon and finished the last of it! alicemarie2012 2013-12-23T18:57:46Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "I’ve always been a fan of banana pudding. Creamy pudding, vanilla wafers, bananas, and whipped cream, Mmmm! Such a comforting classic dessert! I decided to take banana pudding and turn it into a cookie. I am always dreaming up new cookie recipes:)", "If you are a banana pudding fan, you HAVE to make these Banana Pudding Cookies. Get your banana pudding fix in cookie form!", "I have made this several times.  I have an alteration I'll mention, but first I'd like to say there is a reason it's called \"not yo mama's\".  It's a very different taste.  I DON'T like traditional banana pudding.  I don't hate it, I just find it bland and boring.<div><br /></div><div>I prefer the banana cream cooked pudding, but it is trickier. <div><div><br /></div><div>I just cook the pudding like it says on the box except with less milk (the box says 3, but I follow this recipe and use 2 cu.) If I notice it is too runny after adding the cream cheese mixture, I cook it again.  I don't always have to cook it again, but I think when I don't it's because I don't use as much milk and cream.  </div><div><br /></div><div>Whether you use my way or the original, I recommend making sure the pudding is setting properly at room temperature before adding it to the bananas and especially cookies (which can get soggy).  Don't just assume refrigeration will fix it.</div></div></div> knightswhosaynih 2016-03-23T08:20:34Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "Banana pudding can be prepared using a baked or refrigerated method, with the latter being the more popular, particularly among home cooks. Moreover, many recipes have been adapted using vanilla or banana pudding instead of a true custard. Other recipes omit the wafers. An early Banana pudding recipe was published in \"The Kentucky Receipt Book,\" by Mary Harris Frazer, in 1903. However, even this recipe does not include wafers.", "I love this banana pudding.The only thing I do different is use vanilla wafers..thanks Paula!! tamarapage36 2014-09-20T20:34:38Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "I have made this a few times and it is definitely a crowd pleaser!  I do have a question: Is there any problem w making it on Tuesday and serving it on Thanksgiving?  My sister seems to think the chessman cookies would get soggy and the bananas would discolor. I I disagree but would like to know for sure. PLS HELP!  Happy holidays!  :) Lin M. 2015-11-23T22:59:09Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "A coworker made this for our Thanksgiving potluck and it was AMAZING! Tastes just like Magnolia Bakery's banana pudding from NYC. I'll be making this for Christmas for sure! Guest 2014-11-26T13:59:16Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "A dessert made of a banana cut in half lengthwise and placed in an individual-size bowl (preferably oblong). The banana is topped with three scoops of ice cream (traditionally chocolate, vanilla and strawberry), over which sweet syrups are poured (usually chocolate, butterscotch and marshmallow). The entire concoction is topped with rosettes of whipped cream and a MARASCHINO CHERRY.", "______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Two Ingredient Coconut Banana Cookies By attosa 180 435 Two Ingredient Coconut Banana Cookies By attosa 180 435 I love these little cookies! They only have two ingredients, shredded coconut and banana. They turn out like a cross between banana bread and coconut macaroons. You can use a super ripe banana and unsweetened coconut or a plain banana and sweetened coconut, however you decided to go by how sweet you like them. These are a great option for those who are vegan or gluten-free. Approximate Time: 25 minutes Yield: 9 cookies Ingredients: 1 banana 1 cup shredded coconut (I used sweetened) Steps: Preheat oven to 350 F and grease a cookie sheet. Mash bananas and coconut very well with a fork. Drop little mounds onto your prepared cookie sheet. Bake for 15 to 20 minutes or until edges and tops are golden. Let cool completely then remove and serve. ______________________________________________________", "Neelys This Banana Pudding was the best ever. I made a trial pudding for Thanks giving to see if my family would enjoy it. Well, let me tell ya, Not only am I making this pudding for one of my Thanksgiving deserts, but I have to make two additional Mama Daisy's Banana Puddings for my dauhter and my best friend to take home. I told them to look to check out your Food Network site for other great dishes. Your recipe will be one I will keep. I have anothe friend who makes a good Banana Pudding, but now I can challenge her with this recipe Marsha marsha b. 2009-11-15T15:46:59Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "Banana bread, banana muffins, banana pudding, or banana cream pie. You can do more with bananas than the old peel-and-eat. Want recipes? We’ve got a bunch!", "\"Sour Milk Cookies. Use recipe for Old-Fashioned Sugar Cookies, substituting thick sour milk for sweet milk. Reduce four to 2 1/2 cups, omit 2 teaspoons baking powder, and add 1/2 teaspoon soda.", "Directions Preheat the oven to 180°C, fan 160°C, gas 4. Line the base of a 23cm springform tin with baking parchment. Gently melt 115g of the chocolate, in a bowl set over a pan of simmering water. Stir in the crushed digestive biscuits, then press the mixture into the base of the tin. Bake for 10 minutes. Meanwhile, beat the soft cheese for 2 minutes until creamy. Add the mashed bananas, caster sugar, vanilla extract and lemon juice. Beat until combined. Whisk in the eggs, stir in the soured cream and", "Banoffee pie is an English dessert pie made from bananas, cream and toffee from boiled condensed milk (or dulce de leche), either on a pastry base or one made from crumbled biscuits and butter. Some versions of the recipe also include chocolate, coffee or both.", "Now my \"go to\" banana pudding recipe! jmozment 2014-08-29T02:44:18Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "I have made this recipe 8 times or more and every time I make it....people love it. Even people who are not crazy about banana pudding ask for more! One of my favorite recipes that is super easy to make.  kelleybland 2016-01-15T04:59:00Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "Reported to be the favorite cookie of Americans, Ruth Wakefield's recipe has been the springboard for numerous adaptations.   The original recipe: 1 cup butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, 3/4 white granulated sugar, 2 eggs, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract, 1 teaspoon baking soda dissolved into 1 teaspoon hot water, 2 1/4 cups all purpose flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 cup chopped nuts, and 1 pound cut up chocolate has only been slightly changed by", "This is the best banana pudding I've ever had. Yes, it is sweet, but I love sweet. I didn't have a problem with it thickening for me. shanita b. 2010-09-24T00:23:16Z item not reviewed by moderator and published", "240gr butter or margarine 250gr white sugar 1 egg 3 ripe bananas 1 tablespoon instant coffee granules, dissolved in 1 tbsp water ● 1 teaspoon vanilla extract ● 275gr all-purpose flour ● 1/4 teaspoon salt ● 1 teaspoon baking powder ● 1 teaspoon baking soda ● 150gr chocolate chips", "Bake until a knife inserted into the center of the pudding comes out clean, 45 to 55 minutes. Let cool for 10 minutes before serving.", "Ingredients (to make four) –  Four bananas (in the skin) 10g mini marshmallows  50g chocolate chips", "(Cream Cheese icing optional) (Serves 10) What is great about this cake is that you can make it the day or night before your party or picnic. It stores well and because of the bananas, stays moist. Ingredients: 1 cup white sugar 1 cup brown sugar 3 eggs 3/4 cup butter at room temperature 1 tsp. vanilla extract 2 cups mashed bananas 3 cups all-purpose flour 1 ½ tsp. baking soda 1/2 tsp. salt 1 ½ C milk 2 cups fresh blueberries thoroughly rinsed and patted dry Directions: Preheat oven to 350º or to 375º degrees if your oven is slower. You will need a rectangular baking dish 9” x 13”sprayed with cooking oil. In a large bowl or mixing bowl with attached mixer, place the butter, sugars, eggs and beat until light yellow and fluffy. Then add the bananas and vanilla and continue mixing until the texture is very creamy. Add the salt, flour and baking soda. The mixture will become a bit stiff. Add the milk slowly until the mixture is smooth. You will have lumps from the bananas, and this is just fine. Stop your mixer and fold in the whole blueberries by hand. Pour the batter into your prepared baking dish and bake for one hour. Depending upon your oven and its own quirks, baking time can take up to an hour and fifteen minutes.", "Sift corn starch, confectioners sugar and flour together into a mixing bowl. Blend in corn oil margarine with spoon, mixing until soft dough forms. Shape into 1-inch balls. Place about 1 1/2 inches apart on ungreased cookie sheet; flatten with slightly floured fork. Sprinkle with coconut. Bake in 300 degrees F. (slow) oven 20 to 25 minutes, until edges are lightly browned. Makes about 2 dozen cookes. CHOCOLATE MELTING MOMENTS: Follow recipe for Melting Moments, sifting 1/54 cup cocoa and 1/4 teaspoon salt with dry ingredients, and placing a nut on top of each cookie before baking.\"", "pudding - any of various soft sweet desserts thickened usually with flour and baked or boiled or steamed", "banana cream pie – A chilled pie made with a sweet custard and sliced bananas in a pre-baked pie shell. It is typically topped with sweetened whipped cream. See recipe for Banana Cream Pie .", "2. In a medium skillet over medium-high heat, melt the butter and dark brown sugar together and cook until bubbly. Add the banana slices and cook until lightly browned and encased in a thick syrup, about 10 minutes, tossing frequently to ensure even caramelization. Use a spoon to transfer the bananas to a large parchment-lined platter in one layer (some of the liquid will transfer with the bananas; this is a good thing).", "Bake in the oven at 350 deg. for about 45 minutes, or until top is somewhat dried and firm. Stick a wooden toothpick into the pudding and then withdraw it. If the toothpick comes out clean, without any of the pudding sticking to it, the baking is finished.", "INGREDIENTS: (Makes about 30) 200g plain flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, pinch of salt, 140g butter - softened, 130g soft brown sugar, 1 teaspoon cinnamon, 1 egg yolk, beaten, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract, zest of 1 orange, 1 pack (250g) soft figs" ]

[ 4.11328125, 3.259765625, 2.4765625, 1.3359375, -0.1580810546875, -0.196044921875, -0.56005859375, -1.419921875, -2.1484375, -2.396484375, -3.52734375, -3.796875, -3.814453125, -4.58984375, -5.55859375, -5.71875, -6, -6.47265625, -6.56640625, -6.6484375, -6.69140625, -6.8515625, -7.41796875, -7.640625, -7.66796875, -7.90234375, -8.1015625, -8.2265625, -8.3046875, -8.3125, -8.375, -9.1015625 ]

[ "The Chevrolet Camaro is an automobile manufactured by Chevrolet, classified as a pony car[1][2] and some versions also as a muscle car. It went on sale on September 29, 1966, for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared its platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967.", "The new Camaro name was then unveiled. Automotive press asked Chevrolet product managers, \"What is a Camaro?\" and were told it was \"a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs.\"", "On June 28, 1966, General Motors held a live press conference in Detroit’s Statler-Hilton Hotel. It was to be the first time in history that 14 cities were connected in real time for a press conference via telephone lines. Chevrolet general manager Pete Estes started the news conference stating that all attendees of the conference were charter members of the Society for the Elimination of Panthers from the Automotive World and that this would be the first and last meeting of SEPAW. Estes then announced a new car line, project designation XP-836, with a name that Chevrolet chose in keeping with other car names beginning with the letter C such as the Corvair, Chevelle, Chevy II, and Corvette. He claimed the name, suggests the comradeship of good friends as a personal car should be to its owner and that to us, the name means just what we think the car will do... go. The Camaro name was then unveiled. Automotive press asked Chevrolet product managers, what is a Camaro? and were told it was a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs.[7]", "The Chevrolet Camaro is an automobile manufactured by Chevrolet, classified as a pony car and some versions also as a muscle car. It went on sale on September 29, 1966, for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared its platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967.", "On June 28, 1966, General Motors held a live press conference in Detroit’s Statler-Hilton Hotel. It was to be the first time in history that 14 cities were connected in real time for a press conference via telephone lines. Chevrolet general manager Pete Estes started the news conference stating that all attendees of the conference were charter members of the Society for the Elimination of Panthers from the Automotive World and that this would be the first and last meeting of SEPAW. Estes then announced a new car line, project designation XP-836, with a name that Chevrolet chose in keeping with other car names beginning with the letter C such as the Corvair, Chevelle, Chevy II, and Corvette. He claimed the name, suggests the comradeship of good friends as a personal car should be to its owner and that to us, the name means just what we think the car will do... go. The Camaro name was then unveiled. Automotive press asked Chevrolet product managers, what is a Camaro? and were told it was a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs. ", "The Chevrolet Camaro is a pony car manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. It went on sale on September 29, 1966 for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared the platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967. Four distinct generations of the car were produced before production ended in 2002. A new fifth-generation Camaro will roll off assembly lines in spring of 2009.", "Without question the Camaro is one of the most popular cars ever built by Chevrolet . 1967 was the first year for the Chevy Camaro , as a direct response to Ford's Mustang , and Chevrolet's first entry into what was to be known as the \"pony car\" market. The 1960's Camaros were the first generation making them particularly attractive to collectors. The 1970 Camaro replaced the boxy design of the first generation with a more European styling. There are those who prefer the 1960's versions, but the 1970's styled cars have their share of fans, too. The 1969 Z28 Camaro in particular is still one of the most popular muscle cars of all time. The Z28 maintained its popularity in the 1970's. A limited production period due to production problems makes this car perhaps a bit rarer than some of the other Camaros. Of course, Chevrolet's focus on new government emissions and fuel economy regulations reduced the power of the Camaro early on in the decade--meaning the earlier ones tend to be more popular.", "Sometime during April of 1965, long before any official announcement was made by General Motors’ Chevrolet Division, reports had begun circulating that Chevrolet was preparing to build a vehicle code-named “Panther” in the newly identified Pony/Musclecar category. This mysterious new vehicle was intended to compete directly with the highly successful Ford Mustang. The Ford Mustang was introduced in late 1964, as a “new for” 1965 model, and received rave reviews and huge sales numbers. Not to be outdone . . . GM had an ace up their sleeve to face this Ford rival, head on.", "Before any official announcement, reports began running in April 1965 within the automotive press that Chevrolet was preparing a competitor to the Ford Mustang, code-named Panther.On June 21, 1966, around 200 automotive journalists received a telegram from General Motors stating, \"...Please save noon of June 28 for important SEPAW meeting. Hope you can be on hand to help scratch a cat. Details will follow...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet Public Relations – SEPAW Secretary.\" The following day, the same journalists received another General Motors telegram stating, \"Society for the Eradication of Panthers from the Automotive World will hold first and last meeting on June 28...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet Public Relations SEPAW Secretary.\" These telegrams puzzled the industry.", "Before any official announcement, reports began running during April 1965 within the automotive press that Chevrolet was preparing a competitor to the Ford Mustang, code-named Panther. On June 21, 1966, around 200 automotive journalists received a telegram from General Motors stating, \"...please save noon of June 28 for important SEPAW meeting. Hope you can be on hand to help scratch a cat. Details will follow...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet public relations – SEPAW secretary.\" The following day, the same journalists received another General Motors telegram stating, \"Society for the Eradication of Panthers from the Automotive World will hold first and last meeting on June 28...(signed) John L. Cutter – Chevrolet public relations SEPAW secretary.\" These telegrams puzzled the automotive journalists.", "By 1958, the divisional distinctions within GM began to blur with the availability of high-performance engines in Chevrolets and Pontiacs. The introduction of higher trim models such as the Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Bonneville priced in line with some Oldsmobile and Buick offerings was also confusing to consumers. By the time Pontiac, Oldsmobile and Buick introduced similarly styled and priced compact models in 1961, the old \"step-up\" structure between the divisions was nearly over. The decade of the 1960s saw the creation of compact and intermediate classes. The Chevrolet Corvair was a flat 6-cylinder (air cooled) answer to the Volkswagen Beetle, the Chevy II was created to match Ford's conventional Falcon, after sales of the Corvair failed to match its Ford rival, and the Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird was GM's countermeasure to the Ford Mustang.", "The 1960s saw the introduction of Mercury's Comet and Meteor vehicles. The Comet featured diminutive dimensions and luxury accoutrements, while the Meteor was a midsize family car that followed the trend toward more reasonably sized cars. Racetrack wins boosted awareness of the Comet and helped the model make a big splash in terms of sales. By the end of the decade, the iconic Mercury Cougar, a variation of the Mustang, had been rolled out, taking its place in the pantheon of legendary early muscle cars.", "The Chevrolet Camaro was introduced in 1967 as a competitor to Ford’s Mustang model. Four generations of the car were produced up to 2002 when production ended.", "An alternative view was that Robert J. Eggert, Ford Division market research manager, first suggested the Mustang name. Eggert, a breeder of quarterhorses, received a birthday present from his wife of the book, The Mustangs by J. Frank Dobie in 1960. Later, the book's title gave him the idea of adding the \"Mustang\" name for Ford's new concept car. The designer preferred Cougar (early styling bucks can be seen wearing a Cougar grille emblem) or Torino (an advertising campaign using the Torino name was actually prepared), while Henry Ford II wanted T-bird II. As the person responsible for Ford's research on potential names, Eggert added \"Mustang\" to the list to be tested by focus groups; \"Mustang,\" by a wide margin, came out on top under the heading: \"Suitability as Name for the Special Car.\" The name could not be used in Germany, however, because it was owned by Krupp, which had manufactured trucks between 1951 and 1964 with the name Mustang. Ford refused to buy the name for about from Krupp at the time. Kreidler, a manufacturer of mopeds, also used the name, so Mustang was sold in Germany as the \"T-5\" until December 1978.", "The Mustang created the \"pony car\" class of American automobiles—sports car-like coupes with long hoods and short rear decksand gave rise to competitors such as GM's Chevrolet Camaro, AMC's Javelin, and Chrysler's revamped Plymouth Barracudas and Dodge Challengers. It also inspired coupés such as the Toyota Celica and Ford Capri, which were exported to the United States.", "In 1966, Hertz engaged racing and automotive designer Carroll Shelby to develop an exclusive version of his modified Ford Mustang. One thousand GT350H Mustangs were built and ultimately sold once their rental use had ended; however, many of them were missing the matching engine. Some customers would rent the car for a weekend and swap out the high-performance engine with a base version 289 CID V8. Engine inspections upon return of the rental unit were not common place, so nobody found out until the car was due for service. By that time, there was no way to track down the engine thief. The so-called \"rent-a-racer\" program in the late-1960s was available in selected locations and the fleet also included Corvettes, Jaguar XK-Es, and AMC AMXs. ", "As the 1960s began, American cars showed a rapid rejection of 1950s styling excess, and would remain relatively clean and boxy for the entire decade. The horsepower race reached its climax in the late 1960s, with muscle cars sold by most makes. The compact Ford Mustang, launched in 1964, was one of the decade's greatest successes. The \"Big Three\" American automakers enjoyed their highest ever sales and profitability in the 1960s, but the demise of Studebaker in 1966 left American Motors Corporation as the last significant independent. The decade would see the car market split into different size classes for the first time, and model lineups now included compact and mid-sized cars in addition to full-sized ones.", "* The Pontiac GTO, the first vehicle to be officially dubbed a \"muscle car\", debuts as a trim of the Pontiac Tempest.", "For the 2008 reinvention of the Knight Rider series, a Shelby GT500KR was used. Shelby GT500s are a higher performance variant of the Ford Mustang. Carroll Shelby began working with Ford for the 1965 model year. His company, Shelby American, built Mustangs from 1965 to 1967. After a name change, Shelby Automotive made the builds from 1968 to 1970. After a long hiatus from the Mustang niche, the Shelby nameplate was revived in 2007.", "The 1950s saw the introduction of the Pontiac Bonneville. The sprawling, stylish cruiser offered equal measures of performance and luxury, and was a breakout hit. But it wasn't until the 1960s that the Pontiac brand truly came into its own. American manufacturers had begun to offer downsized alternatives to the gigantic cruisers that had ruled the highways in previous decades. Pontiac came to market with the compact Tempest. In 1964, Pontiac made its biggest impact yet with the creation of the GTO option for the Tempest. By equipping the car with the powerful 389 cubic-inch V8 from the full-size car line, Pontiac created the first \"muscle car.\" Phenomenally successful, the GTO helped define the burgeoning muscle car category. Pontiac also saw tremendous success during the latter part of this decade with its Firebird and Firebird Trans Am.", "Styling cues from earlier ponies—the “C” indent along the flanks, the three-section taillights, and the corral-shaped front grille—were cartoonish on the misshapen Mustang II. And no other Mustang is quite as despicable as the 1975 Mustang II Ghia notchback coupe with the half-vinyl roof. Ford shoehorned a V-8 into the Mustang II during 1975—a strangled two-barrel 302-cubic-inch rated at a pathetic 129 hp—and that further proved how ludicrously fragile the car’s structure was.", "mustang: The Ford Mustang is an automobile manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. It was initially based on the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car. Introduced early on April 17, 1964, dubbed as a \"1964\" model by Mustang fans, the 1965 Mustang was the automaker's most successful launch since the Model A. The model is Ford's third oldest nameplate in production and has undergone several transformations to its current fifth generation.", "One of the Taurus's competitors at the time, the Pontiac 6000, is parodied in the movie as the \" 6000 SUX \". The 6000 SUX itself was based on a 1977 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme with extensive bodywork. Commercials advertise the SUX as \"an American tradition\" with a fuel efficiency of 8.2 miles per gallon. In early production, it was to be powered by jet turbines; the exhaust of the turbine is still visible above the rear license plate of Clarence Boddicker's SUX in chase scenes. The 6000 SUX was designed by Gene Winfield of Winfield Rod & Custom, while Chiodo Brothers Productions fabricated and animated the dinosaur puppet in the 6000 SUX commercial. The dinosaur itself was animated by Don Waller, who also had a cameo in the same sequence, reacting to the rampaging creature in a tight close-up.", "The muscle car term generally refers to rear wheel drive mid-size cars with powerful V8 engines, manufactured in the U.S. Some definitions limit it to two-door vehicles; however, others include four-door body style versions. Although opinions vary, it is generally accepted that classic muscle cars were produced in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Muscle cars were also produced in Australia and other nations.", "On this day in 1965, the Shelby GT 350, a version of a Ford Mustang sports car developed by the American auto racer and car designer Carroll Shelby, was launched. The car had a 306 horsepower V-8 engine.", "The Shelby is a higher performance variant of the Ford Mustang which was built by Shelby American from 1965 to 1967, and Shelby Automotive from 1968 to 1970. Following the introduction of the fifth generation Ford Mustang, the Shelby nameplate was revived in 2007 for new high performance versions of the Mustang.", "The Edsel was an automobile nameplate that was built by Ford during the 1958, 1959, and 1960 model years. it was designed to compete with mid-level GM and Chrysler nameplates such as Oldsmobile, Pontiac and DeSoto. But it never got off the ground, selling poorly especially in '59 and '60. This example of a 1959 model appears ready for the crushers. (Photos by Ralph Gable)", "These rusting Chevrolet trucks, a 1962 model on the left and a 1963 on the right, were found deteriorating in an eastern North Carolina field. The 1963 can be identified with its egg-crate grille appearance. Chevrolet was king of the hill in the early '60s with 483,119 pickups built in 1963, one-third of all the light-duty trucks produced in the U.S. that year. (Photo by Jim Meachen)", "A 1957 Oldsmobile 88 appears ready to charge out of the woods, sans a headlight. Under the hood is a 372 cubic-inch V-8 (6.1 liters) making 277 horsepower. Oldsmobile built 384,390 cars in 1957, the fifth-ranking nameplate in the U.S. (Photo by John Harper)", "The Mustang was officially a 1964-1/2. The car was not ready for release during the official change of model year.", "Automobile brands came and went during the '50s and '60s. Of the following makes, which was the LAST to cease production in the United States?", "In 1926, GM created the Pontiac as a \"companion\" to the Oakland brand, an arrangement that lasted five years. The companion outsold its parent during that period, by so much that the Oakland brand was terminated and the division was renamed Pontiac." ]

[ 6.078125, 6.0703125, 5.41796875, 4.8515625, 4.83203125, 3.251953125, -0.78955078125, -1.0263671875, -1.3232421875, -1.5498046875, -1.9140625, -2.126953125, -3.888671875, -4.28125, -4.29296875, -4.9921875, -5.22265625, -5.9296875, -6.05078125, -6.1328125, -6.98046875, -7.328125, -7.44140625, -7.6328125, -7.84375, -7.85546875, -9.234375, -9.828125, -10.0546875, -10.1328125, -10.140625, -10.484375 ]

[ "part of weightlifting where the weight is lifted from the floor to above the head in one fluid movement.", "Olympic weightlifting, also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. The two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean and jerk. Each weightlifter receives three attempts in each, and the combined total of the highest two successful lifts determines the overall result within a bodyweight category. Bodyweight categories are different for women and men. A lifter who fails to complete at least one successful snatch and one successful clean and jerk also fails to total, and therefore receives an \"incomplete\" entry for the competition. The clean and press was once a competition lift, but was discontinued due to difficulties in judging proper form. In comparison with other strength sports, which test limit strength, Olympic weightlifting tests aspects of human ballistic limits and are therefore executed faster—and with more mobility and a greater range of motion during their execution - than other lifts. Properly executed, the snatch and the clean and jerk are both dynamic and explosive while appearing graceful, especially when viewed from a recording at a slowed speed.", "Competitors are now divided into 15 weight categories—eight for men and seven for women. There are two types of lift in each event: the snatch , where the bar is lifted from the floor to above the head in one movement, and the clean-and-jerk, where the bar is brought up to the shoulders and then “jerked” over the head.", "There are two techniques in Olympic weightlifting - the snatch and the clean and jerk - both performed by each athlete. There are eight weight categories in the men's event, ranging from 56kg to over 105kg. In the women's there are seven, starting at 48kg and going through to the over 75kg category.", "A majority of sports require explosive power (strength & speed) in order to play up to full potential. While the Olympic lifts do not mimic many specific sport skills such as running, throwing, or catching, they do develop the specific adaptation of explosive power (5). Power is the ability of the body to produce the greatest amount of force in the shortest possible time. This is represented by the simple equation; force multiplied by velocity (7). The two Olympic lifts (snatch, clean & jerk) and their variations (power snatch, power clean) have been shown to increase velocity of movement, and rate of force production (5). In fact, the second pull of the power clean exhibits one of the highest power outputs of any resistance training exercise (5,8). Additionally, maximum strength (force) can be enhanced by performing Olympic Weightlifting variations such as heavy squats, deadlifts, and presses (5,9). Thus, it is safe to say, Olympic lifts and their variations adhere to the SAID principle and can be an effective exercise selection for enhancing overall power and athletic performance (as long as the athlete possess the functional and structural capabilities to perform these movements) (5).", "Today, Olympic bars have these “revolving ends” which are rotating sleeves or cuffs. The plates slide onto the sleeves. Inside each cuff/sleeve are bearings to reduce friction so that the sleeve itself will freely rotate on the bar. When you perform a quick action with the bar such as a heavy Snatch or Power Clean, as the bar comes up your grip will rotate around and your elbows push through under the bar. By enabling the sleeves at the ends of the bar to rotate, it is the bar that actually rotates—the sleeves and the weights attached to them do not, owing to inertia. This eliminates torque and saves the lifter the effort of putting extra force on both the bar and weights to rotate them into the proper position, even during complex lifts that move the bar in multiple directions. Thus, it reduces the tension on your wrists and forearms, and you can maintain a tight grip on the bar without fear of suffering abrasions caused by the bar’s knurling.", "Olympic Weightlifting, also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic program in which participants attempt a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates.", "Weightlifting, also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or Olympic weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum-weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates.", "As mentioned earlier, Olympic lifts do not mimic many specific sport skills such as running, throwing, or catching. However, one static/dynamic posture Olympic lifts do mimic often seen in athletics is the Universal Athletic Position (5). This position is described as standing in a quarter squat with feet flat, the hips are behind the center of gravity, shoulders are in front, the torso is flat (inclined at an angle of about 45º) weight distributed on a full foot, hands in front, knees over the toes, and shoulders over the knees (5). The Universal Athletic Position is generally regarded as the most common position in all of sports (5). In some cases, it is used as a static “ready position” such as a linebacker waiting for a play to begin or a baseball player preparing to steal second base. Other times, the athlete moves through the Universal Athletic Position dynamically (during a countermovement or wind-up) to exploit the stretch-shortening cycle (5). The Olympic lifts, when performed correctly, move through the Universal Athletic Position between the first and second pull phases allowing the hip extensors and ground reaction forces to explode the bar vertically (5).", "Along a similar vein is the lifter doing a dive bomb squat. This is quite frequently seen in inexperienced lifters. They get under the bar, back up quickly and then allow gravity to pull them straight down into the bottom position, which after a quick bounce they attempt to come back up.", "In each weight division, lifters compete in both the snatch and clean and jerk. Prizes are usually given for the heaviest weights lifted in each and in the overall—the maximum lifts of both combined. The order of the competition is up to the lifters—the competitor who chooses to attempt the lowest weight goes first. If they are unsuccessful at that weight, they have the option of reattempting at that weight or trying a heavier weight after any other competitors have made attempts at the previous weight or any other intermediate weights. The barbell is loaded incrementally and progresses to a heavier weight throughout the course of competition. Weights are set in 1 kilogram increments. When a tie occurs, the athlete with the lower bodyweight is declared the winner. If two athletes lift the same total weight and have the same bodyweight, the winner is the athlete who lifted the total weight first.", "The \"Snatch\" is a one-movement lift, meaning the lifter must take the barbell from the floor to full arms length overhead in a single, continuous movement. It's one of the fastest movements in Sport and places great strain on the body, particularly on the knees, elbows and shoulders.", "WHAT TO KNOW: Lifters in 15 weight classes compete in the snatch and clean and jerk.", "The snatch can be distinguished from the clean-and-jerk by the early overhead movement. The lifter starts from the same position, ducks under the bar and throws the bar overhead while in the squat position. He or she then stands to the finish position with bar overhead.", "The lifter grabs the bar and pulls it upward to the chest while squatting down. He or she steadies at the standing position, and then presses it overhead with a split stance.", "As far as jumping, if that command allowed you to extend the hips faster then that is why it works but since the object of olympic lifting is to apply force to a bar then get underneath it I prefer to just say punch the hips. If the objective where to jump over or on top of something while holding a weighted bar in your hands I would say jump, but that's not what we do. Let me give you a quote printed in strength plus magazine from our new OTC coach Zygmunt Smalcerz. \"Jumping? What is this jumping? There is no jumping! You go down while bar goes up!\"", "* Soviet weightlifter Yury Zakharevich wins the men's Heavyweight (up to 110 kg class) with a 210 kg snatch and 245 kg clean and jerk for a 455 kg total. Zakhareivich had dislocated his elbow in 1983 attempting a world record and had it rebuilt with synthetic tendons.", "Weightlifting is in the program of the first Olympic Games of the modern times. One-hand snatch and two-hand clean and jerk formed the program for six athletes from five countries. Click to read the full article", "Feats of strength and competitions among the masters of strength can be found through all of recorded history. By the mid-19th century, organized weightlifting competitions were taking place in America and European countries, thus creating the need for unified rules, coordinated exercises and equipment. In 1880 the first attempts were made to bring order to the sport. The first major international or world championship in weightlifting was held in London in 1891. The first European weightlifting championship was held in Rotterdam in 1896, the revived Olympic Games in Athens in 1896 had weightlifting events, and the first international weightlifting championship was held in Vienna in 1898. In the U.S. there were few contests prior to 1900, though Richard Kyle Fox’ National Police Gazette assembled a group of strongmen in 1890 to vie for a huge jewel-studded belt by becoming the first man to lift a 1030-pound dumbbell.", "Without being sure whether we are serious or joking, the Lift Up conducted a super study on this subject matter. Unable to contact the Olympic weightlifting legend at the time of the study, the Lift Up presents a quick visual presentation featuring Vasily Alexeev in the sports and in the non-sports activites (see below).", "I have a different explanation for what you are observing in these videos, one that I think makes more sense as a mechanical analysis. If you start your pull from a position forward of the mid-foot balance point, the characteristic bar paths of most Olympic weightlifters will be in evidence, as the bar seeks equilibrium over the mid-foot and behind the shoulder. I have written extensively regarding this, and if you're actually interested I'd advise you to attend our seminar, in which this is extensively covered.", "Um, no disrespect, but you can see Perepetchenov settle back onto his feet at the end of the pull, just before he begins to move under the bar (0:23). It's even more clear on the super slow mo of his snatch, where his heels clearly lift off the platform. Kachiasvilis' feet totally leave the platform during the same point in the movement (0:14). I've never really understood what 'triple extension' means, but I know what it means to 'jump' when performing a lift. At least I think I do.", "\"The barbell reaches maximum speed at aproximately two-thirdirds of the way from the maximum bend in the knees to the maximum exension of the knee, hip, amd ankle joints. since this happens very fast the lifter should begin to switch directions before full extension of these joints. In effect, the explosion effort is reached long before the lifter \"waits\" to elevate the shoulders and rise up on the toes. The weightlifter should not try to lift the barbell as high as possible by straightening the knees, hips and ankles to full extension.\" In other words there is no jumping. Robert Roman Essential Components of weightlifting Technique pt2. This of course is all \"Phenomenology' and not a mechanical description of weightlifting by a coach who helped develop the Soviet system and numerous champions.", "2012 Olympic champion Arthur Zanetti of Brazil defends his title on still rings, establishing himself as the strongest in the world on that event. Cheered on by an extremely pro-Dutch crowd, Olympic high bar gold medalist Epke Zonderland (NED) defends his gold from London as well, edging his friend Fabian Hambuechen (GER) to earn his first World gold medal on high bar.", "Men's weightlifting has been an Olympic sport for many decades. Recently, women's weightlifting has become a recognized Olympic sport, although as early as 1987, there were official world championships awarded to women weightlifters such as Karyn Marshall. In 2011 the International Weightlifting Federation ruled that athletes could wear a full body \"unitard\" under the customary weightlifting uniform.  ", "Deadlifting — a powerlifting event where participants lift a loaded barbell off the ground to the hips, and then lower it back to the ground.", "This is the universally recognized name for the 135-lb. or 61.235-kg. class. In the Olympics, this class limit is 60 kg.", "At Olympic Games and World Championships, seven lifters per country may participate, with a maximum of two lifters per category.", "If this were a team sport, we’d want this dude on our team. But this competition revolved around solo men lifting weights one arm at a time. The competitor got three attempts with each arm to lift the most weight. When it was all said and done, the man with the best combined weight lifted by each arm (as in the most weight he lifted with his left plus his right) took the gold.", "Umurbek Bazarbayev of Turkmenistan attempts a lift at the London Games. Credit Jed Jacobsohn for The New York Times", "The gold medal means that Micky now sits 6th on the rankings table ahead of a Paralympic year. In order to qualify for Rio 2016, athletes must meet the IPC Powerlifting Paralympic Minimum Qualification Standard (MQS) for their respective weight category; the top eight ranked male athletes and top six ranked female athletes in each weight category as of 29 February 2016 will be awarded places at next summer’s Paralympic Games.", "Vasily Alekseyev - Clean and Jerk 534.5 lb / Василий Алексеев толчок 242,5 кг - YouTube" ]

[ 2.900390625, 2.88671875, 2.6171875, 1.3779296875, 0.54345703125, -0.06787109375, -0.25537109375, -0.55224609375, -1.431640625, -1.4521484375, -1.541015625, -1.66015625, -2.193359375, -2.55078125, -2.83203125, -3.26171875, -3.4140625, -3.548828125, -3.837890625, -3.85546875, -3.9296875, -4.2265625, -4.36328125, -4.765625, -5.07421875, -5.37890625, -5.69140625, -5.90234375, -6.09765625, -6.09765625, -6.16796875, -7.4375 ]

[ "A Waldorf salad is a salad generally made of fresh apples, celery, peanut and walnuts, dressed in mayonnaise, and usually served on a bed of lettuce as an appetizer or a light meal.", "A Waldorf salad is a salad traditionally made of fresh apples, celery and walnuts, dressed in mayonnaise, and usually served on a bed of lettuce as an appetizer or a light meal.", "Typically, the apples used in a Waldorf Salad are red-skinned, although some people prefer crisper green-skinned varieties like Granny Smiths. The skin is always left on, and the apples are julienne-cut so that each piece has a tiny fragment of skin. The celery may be julienned or simply cut into small segments, depending on the taste of the cook, and the walnuts are usually cracked into pieces before being added to the mixture. Some cooks also squeeze lemon juice over the fruit mix so that the apples and celery do not brown before adding the mayonnaise and pepper to taste.", "A Waldorf Salad is a savory salad made from apples, celery , and walnuts tossed with mayonnaise . This iconic salad is on offer at restaurants all over the world, and it can also easily be made at home. Some health-conscious cooks use yogurt instead of mayonnaise for a slightly less fatty version of the Waldorf Salad, although purists insist that mayo is king when it comes to the Waldorf Salad.", "The Waldorf salad is one of the healthiest and easiest to prepare. Its name comes after Waldorf Astoria Hotel Chain. The Waldorf salad was invented in 1893 at this hotel and that is how it got its name. The Waldorf salad ingredients are very healthy and easy to find. All you need to prepare a Waldorf salad are apples, celery, walnuts and a mayonnaise dressing. It is usually an appetizer, but it can be also served whenever you want as it is very tasty, fresh and healthy. Waldorf salad can be changed the way you want, by adding or omitting ingredients, so you can personalise it and adapt it to your taste.", "The classic Waldorf salad takes its name from where it was first created, the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. The traditional recipe uses only apples, celery, and mayonnaise, but we’ve spiced things up a bit and suggest serving our recipe on a bed of greens.", "The original recipe of the Waldorf salad contains the following ingredients: 1/4 cup of vanilla yogurt, 1/4 cup of mayonnaise, 2 teaspoons of lemon juice, 2 teaspoons of sugar, 2 apples, 2 pieces of celery and 1/2 cup of almonds. The mix was usually served on a bed of lettuces. The aspect of the salad was easily recognisable by anyone and it made for a perfect addition to a light meal. Adding new ingredients to the classical recipe of the Waldorf salad has become a feature of numerous restaurants, that wanted to give their clients something new and different. People cooking at home also found these variations useful, in order to form a dish that was to the liking of the entire family and did not have ingredients that some may not like. Thus, some replaced the apple in the Waldorf salad with grapes, for a more juicy and sweet taste. For others, the variation on the original Waldorf salad recipe meant that this dish was to become a whole meal, thus adding light meat to it, like turkey or chicken, made perfect sense. ", "One of the best appetizers that exist is the Waldorf salad. The Waldorf salad can also be consumed as a very light meal or it can replace a late night meal. The original Waldorf salad recipe includes celery, fresh apples, walnuts, mayonnaise and lettuce. The Waldorf salad was invented by Oscar Tschirky. It was made for the first time sometimes between 1893 and 1896. There is no proof of the real date when this salad was prepared as an experiment. The place of its creation is now the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel of New York City, United States of America. This was named back then Waldorf Hotel and got its present name after the merger with the adjacent hotel, named Astoria, in 1897.", "In present, there are many variations of the Waldorf salad. Many like to ad meat and they use mostly chicken or turkey. Sometimes, at Waldorf salad grapes or dried fruits are added. To make it more healthy, many replace the mayonnaise in the Waldorf salad with yogurt. For a more interesting taste, the mayonnaise can be improved with seasonal herbs. The Emerald salad is a variation in which the celery is replaced with cauliflower. To make it more exotic, some add lemons or oranges. In Belfast, a very popular variation of the Waldorf salad is made with peanuts instead of walnuts.", "The Waldorf Salad was first created between 1893 and 1896 by Oscar Tschirky, the New York Waldorf Hotel’s maître d’hôtel. His original recipe was made using only apples, celery, and mayonnaise. Walnuts were added by the time the recipe was first published in a cookbook in 1928 and then grapes were added to the recipe later.", "The delicious \"Waldorf salad\" is made with one cup of tart apples cut fine, one cup nuts, filberts, hicory nuts or English walnuts, season well with salt and cover with the following dressing: One cup vinegar, one-half cup sugar, boil five minutes, cool a little and add the well beaten yolks of six eggs mixed with one tablespoon of flour and one-half tablespoon of mustard; stir well and cook again, stirring constantly until thick. Remove from fire and beat until cold and smooth, then add very slowly three tablespoons of best olive oil and one cup of sour cream, whip all together thoroughly.", "Take the Waldorf salad, which dates all the way back to the 1890s, when it was first made at New York City's Waldorf Hotel (which later became the  Waldorf Astoria ). Its combination of mayo-laden apples, celery and walnuts served on a bed of lettuce calls to mind eating in the time of grand ballrooms; dining captains; and warm, lemon-scented towels handed out after every course. But as much as we love an old-fashioned, gloppily-dressed mayo salad, let's face it: The Waldorf is in need of a refresh, hence our more invigorated version ( see the recipe ).", "So enjoy your Waldorf Salad, with apples, celery and mayonnaise; perhaps with walnuts; perhaps with whipped cream; perhaps some orange rind; perhaps with paprika; perhaps with white grapes; perhaps with grated coconut; perhaps encased within lime-flavored Jell-O.", "This salad is a very simple one, and has become so popular merely through its name and use at the Waldorf in New York.  It is composed of equal quantities of celery and chopped, raw, sour apples, dressed with mayonnaise dressing.  At the hotel it is seldom served as a course, being preferred with game, and is in reality what is called a game salad.  It is a favorite custom, more often adopted at “stag dinners” than elsewhere, to serve the salad with the game instead of as a separate course.", "Within a few years of the first walnut-less Waldorf Salad (say that three times fast), some genius realized that apples and walnuts also go together.  In late 1896, the food writer for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (December 13, 1896, page 20) suggested serving “apple and walnut salad” for desert.", "My favorite recipe for waldorf salad! The banana melds with the dressing to complement tart apples perfectly. All the ingredients are usually found in my kitchen, so I make it often as a no-cook side dish for barbecued meats, in place of potato salad. As JOY1998 suggested, dried cranberries are a tasty addition.", "Waldorf Salad. -- (Contributed by Mrs. Dr. Dunn.) -- Apples and celery, equal quantities; Mayonnaise dressing. Cut apples in small pieces and also the celery; mix with dressing immediately or the apples will get dark. Mayonnaise dressing. -- Beat yolks of three eggs until very light, in a large bowl; then drop very slowly olive oil, one drop at a time, stirring until enough oil has been poured in to make the mixture very stiff. Season with a little salt, red pepper and lemon juice. THe slow dropping of the oil and much stirring are the most essential things in this dressing; oil must be cold.", "The creator of the Waldorf salad is Oscar Tschirky. He was the maitre d’hotel at Waldorf’s and he created a bunch of new recipes for the menu of its restaurant. This is why he is also credited for creating the Waldorf salad. In 1896, a cook book written by him appeared. The Cook Book by Oscar of the Waldorf, as it was named contained the recipe for Waldorf salad. The original one did not contain walnuts, but when another cook book appeared in 1928, the salad was enriched with walnuts. This second book was named Rector Cook Book. The salad gained immense popularity right away and Cole Porter even mentioned it in one of his songs. In 1934, the Waldorf salad was so appreciated that it was featured in his song, You’re the Top.", "The salad was perfectly creamy and with the addition of dijon mustard, fresh lemon juice and fresh chives the switch wasn’t even noticeable. Another small change that I made to this Waldorf chicken salad was using pistachios instead of walnuts. Walnuts aren’t my favorite nut, I think they taste a little bitter. Pistachios on the other hand I love and could eat those all day. They’re the perfect size for the salad so you don’t even have to chop them up. The salad can be served as a sandwich, on top of your favorite greens, or if you’re feeling extra lazy just grab a fork and eat it out of the bowl!", "1000+ images about Waldorf Salad Refresh Recipe Contest on Pinterest | Waldorf salad, Celery and California", "Growing up, this was one salad recipe that my Mama could easily get me to eat. She’d serve it throughout the year for parties, when entertaining friends, and at luncheons she’d host. She’d always make a little bit extra for my sister and me to have as well. I loved that she’d line the salad bowl or plate with gorgeous lettuce leaves and then pile the Waldorf Salad onto it for serving. It always looked so elegant!", "Fruit salad, as we know it today [a variety of fresh, often tropical, fruits], surfaces in the mid-19th century. Ambrosia is popular variation featuring coconut. Culinary evidence confirms sometimes fruit salad was mixed with sugar and alcohol, thus the term \" fruit cocktail .\" Non-alcoholic versions of this recipe were concocted during Prohibition. Also popular in the 1920s were jellied fruit salads. Think: Jell-O molds. During World War II fruit salads were promoted to ensure proper amount of vitamin C were included in the American diet. Both canned and fresh fruits were recommended. Fruit salads in northern Europe (Germany, for example) evolved differently. These recipes used mayonnaise.", "The Waldorf salad is one of the most famous dishes in the world. Its first preparation is credited to Oscar Tschirky, the maître d’hôtel of the Waldorf Hotel, in New York City. Since the first Waldorf salad dish, the recipe has become familiar to people all over the world, being not just a salad that is prepared by top chefs, at the best restaurants. In addition to this spread, the original Waldorf salad has also suffered some light modifications in the recipe. These have not decreased the popularity of the initial way of preparation, but have generated a whole series of specialties based on this famous salad. ", "Fruits are widely loved and cultivated. In late summer, fruits and berries are harvested and made into preserves, compotes, cordials, and concentrates for the winter months. Mushroom picking is an art, and many people can identify edible local varieties, which they salt, dry or can. Cabbage, cucumbers, garlic, and tomatoes are preserved by salting or pickling.", "Fruit salads are made of fruit, and include the fruit cocktail that can be made fresh or from canned fruit.", "Seems like everyone has their favorite version of Waldorf Salad! If you have one you would like to share, please tell us about it in the comments.", "CROWBERRY (Dearcan feannaig) Empetrum nigrum P E 10cm. Native creeping evergreen with pink flowers and black berries, tasty in a mixed wild fruit salad. Prefers acidic conditions.", "Much like yoghurts in some parts of the world, these foods mostly come with vanilla and fruit flavoring (Früchtequark, fruit quark), and are often also simply referred to as quark.", "Dessert. Large fruits which have true black skin. The flesh is very firm, and the eating quality is superb. Its season of use is mid-July. (Canada 1944) Pollinated by Lapins Cherokee, Stella, and Vega.", "A very unique fruit with a distinct gherkin flavor. Great for pickling. These are one of the old-time favorites among heirloom gardeners because of their productivity and multiple uses in the kitchen, plus their pest-free maintenance.", "Two widespread cultivars of the Moravian variety are 'Konzentra' and 'Rosina', which were selected beginning in 1946 by the Institut für Gartenbau Dresden-Pillnitz, an agricultural research institute in Saxony, from 75 specimen found mostly in the Ore Mountains, and made available in 1954. Fruit of the more widely used 'Konzentra' are small to medium-sized, mildly aromatic and tart, easier to transport because of their thicker peel, and used for juicing, while fruit of 'Rosina' are larger, sweet and tart, and aromatic, and candied or used in compote. The two cultivars are self-pollinating, yield fruit early, and the sugar content increases while the acid content decreases as the fruit ripen. 'Beissneri' is a cultivar with reddish foliage and bark and serrated leaves. Other edible varieties originate in and are named after Klosterneuburg, Lower Austria. ", "Kumquats (or cumquats in Australian English;; or ) are a group of small fruit-bearing trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, either forming the genus Fortunella, or placed within Citrus sensu lato." ]

[ 5.65234375, 5.234375, 4.9296875, 4.28515625, 3.611328125, 2.8671875, 2.58984375, 2.537109375, 2.509765625, 2.494140625, 2.439453125, 2.3046875, 2.052734375, 1.9453125, 1.3447265625, 1.2421875, 0.734375, 0.54150390625, 0.1173095703125, -0.7197265625, -1.61328125, -2.783203125, -4.1796875, -5.04296875, -5.10546875, -5.28515625, -6.19921875, -7.88671875, -8.2734375, -8.4296875, -8.4375, -8.578125 ]

[ "Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany-occupied puppet state and an Allies-friendly state in the South; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered, marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945.", "The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu. It was a defensive military alliance that was eventually joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Bulgaria (1 March 1941) and Yugoslavia (25 March 1941), as well as by the German client state of Slovakia (24 November 1940). Yugoslavia's adherence provoked a coup d'état in Belgrade, and Italy and Germany responded by invading Yugoslavia (with Bulgarian, Hungarian and Romanian assistance) and partitioning the country. The resulting Italo-German client state of Croatia joined the pact on 15 June 1941.", "The Tripartite Pact, also called the Three-Power Pact, Axis Pact, Three-way Pact or Tripartite Treaty was a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Germany (Adolf Hitler), Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano) and Japan (ambassador Saburo Kurusu). (wikipedia.org.  Accessed August 23, 2011.)", "1940 – World War II: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan signed the Tripartite Pact in Berlin, officially forming a military alliance known as the Axis powers.", "At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact united Japan, Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary, Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact. Romania would make a major contribution (as did Hungary) to the Axis war against the USSR, partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR, partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu’s desire to combat communism.", "At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact united Japan, Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country, with the exception of the Soviet Union, not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary, Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact. Romania would make a major contribution (as did Hungary) to the Axis war against the USSR, partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR, partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu's desire to combat communism.", "The \"Axis powers\" formally took the name after the Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy and Japan on September 27, 1940 in Berlin , Germany. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, 1940), Slovakia (November 24, 1940) and Bulgaria (March 1, 1941). The Italian name Roberto briefly acquired a new meaning from \"Rome-Berlin-Tokyo\" between 1940 and 1945. Its most militarily powerful members were Germany and Japan. These two nations had also signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with each other as allies before the Tripartite Pact in 1936.", "Despite continuing to occupy much of China's territory, Japan eventually surrendered on September 2, 1945 to Allied forces following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. The remaining Japanese occupation troops in China (excluding Manchuria) formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China, including Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, to the Republic of China, and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula. China was recognized as one of the Big Four of Allies during the war and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.", "Despite continuing to occupy much of China's territory, Japan eventually surrendered on September 2, 1945 to Allied forces following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Japanese-held Manchuria. The remaining Japanese occupation troops in China (excluding Manchuria) formally surrendered on September 9, 1945 with the following International Military Tribunal for the Far East convened on April 29, 1946. At the outcome of the Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, the Allies of World War II decided to restrain and punish the aggression of Japan by restoring all the territories that Japan annexed from China, including Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, to the Republic of China, and to expel Japan from the Korean Peninsula. China was recognized as one of the Big Four of Allies during the war and became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. ", "By late March 1941, following  Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece. Plans were changed, however, due to developments in neighbouring  Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the  Tripartite Pact  on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a  British-encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it. On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both  Yugoslavia  and  Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month. The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany  conquered the Greek island of Crete  by the end of May. [103]  Although the Axis victory was swift,  bitter partisan warfare  subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.", "By late March 1941, following Bulgaria's signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece. Plans were changed, however, because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a British-encouraged coup. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it. On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece, making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month. The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May. Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.", "On 1 September 1939, Germany attacked Poland and the Second World War began in Europe. The Yugoslav government proclaimed its neutrality. Despite that, Adolph Hitler asked Yugoslavia to join the Tripartite Pact (Germany-Italy-Japan) at the beginning of 1941. At first, the government resisted: Great Britain asked Yugoslavia not to break its traditional friendship with the Western democracies. Additionally, influenced by the Communists, there were demands for increased cooperation with the Soviet Union. Yet, when Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania signed the Pact, the Yugoslav government yielded, signing in Vienna on 25 March 1941. This provoked mass demonstrations and a coup d��tat by the army under the leadership of General Mirkovic, helped by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE). Although the new prime minister, General Du�an Simovic, did not cancel the Tripartite Pact, Germany, Italy and their allies attacked Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 45.", "In 1939 Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940 and the Danish government quickly surrendered. World War II in Denmark was characterized by economic co-operation with Germany until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent many of its officers to Sweden, which was neutral. The Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to evacuate several thousand Jews and their families to safety in Sweden before the Germans could send them to death camps. Some Danes supported Nazism by joining the Danish Nazi Party or volunteering to fight with Germany as part of the Frikorps Danmark. Iceland severed ties to Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944; Germany surrendered in May 1945; in 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule; in 1949, Denmark became a founding member of NATO.", "the war between the Axis and the Allies, beginning on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland and ending with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, and of Japan on August 14, 1945.", "On 27 September 1940 the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano. The agreement was later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. They were collectively known as the Axis powers. The purpose of the pact was to deter the United States from supporting the British. By the end of October 1940, air superiority for the invasion of Britain—Operation Sea Lion—could not be achieved, and Hitler ordered the nightly air raids of British cities, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry.", "After 1942, Axis forces began to falter. By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, the complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, the Allied invasion of Italy, and the corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested on the order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side. Mussolini was rescued from arrest by German forces and led the German client state, the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany faced multiple losses and steady Soviet and Western Allied offensives from 1943 to 1945.", "The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. After the Yalta Conference of February 1945, Stalin, Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had agreed to meet following the surrender of Germany to determine the postwar borders in Europe. Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, and the Allied leaders agreed to meet over the summer at Potsdam to continue the discussions that had begun at Yalta. Although the Allies remained committed to fighting a joint war in the Pacific, the lack of a common enemy in Europe led to difficulties reaching consensus concerning postwar reconstruction on the European continent.", "Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day or VE Day) commemorates May 8, 1945, the date when the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until May 9, 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The administration headed by Dönitz was known as the Flensburg government. The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany.", "On May 7, 1945, Germany officially surrendered to the Allies , bringing an end to the European conflict in World War II. General Alfred Jodl, representing the German High Command, signed the unconditional surrender of both east and west forces in Reims, France, which would take effect the following day. As a result, May 8 was declared Victory in Europe (VE) Day , a holiday still celebrated by many European countries.", "In August 1939, Hitler's government signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact with Stalin that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Following the agreement, on 1 September 1939 Germany invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. In response to Hitler's actions, Britain and France declared war on Germany. In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France forcing the French government to sign an armistice after German troops occupied most of the country. The British repelled German air attacks in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and other Axis powers controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet Union's victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In June 1944, the Western allies landed in France and the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe. By late 1944, the Western allies had entered Germany despite one final German counter offensive in the Ardennes Forest. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, German armed forces surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe. ", "September 12. The two Germanies and the four former allies sign a treaty whereby the obligations in Germany of the four powers are terminated. Correspondingly Germany is given full sovereignty in its domestic and foreign affairs.", "A Soviet counter-offensive saved Moscow, but in June, 1942, the Germans launched a new drive directed against Stalingrad (now called Volgograd) and the Caucasus petroleum fields. Stalingrad held out, and the surrender (Feb. 2, 1943) of 330,000 Axis troops there marked a turning point in the war. The Soviets drove the invaders back in an almost uninterrupted offensive and in 1944 entered Poland and the Balkan Peninsula. Early in 1945, German resistance in Hungary was overcome, and Soviet troops marched into East Prussia. The converging Soviet armies then closed in on Berlin in a climactic drive. On May 2, 1945, Berlin fell; on May 7 the USSR together with the Western Allies accepted the surrender of Germany.", "Hungary was a significant German ally. It signed the Tripartite Pact in November 20 1940 , and joined in the invasion of the Soviet Union the next year. When, in 1944 , the government of Regent Miklós Horthy wished to sign a ceasefire with the allies, he was overthrown by the Nazis and replaced by a government run by the fascist Arrow Cross movement, which ruled the country until it was overrun by the Soviets.", "In August 1939, after failed attempts to conclude anti-Hitler pacts with other major European powers, Stalin entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany that divided their influence and territory within Eastern Europe, resulting in their invasion of Poland in September of that year, but Germany later violated the agreement and launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Despite heavy human and territorial losses, Soviet forces managed to halt the Nazi incursion after the decisive Battles of Moscow and Stalingrad. After defeating the Axis powers on the Eastern Front, the Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945, effectively ending the war in Europe for the Allies. The Soviet Union subsequently emerged as one of two recognized world superpowers, the other being the United States. Communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union were established in most countries freed from German occupation by the Red Army, which later constituted the Eastern Bloc. Stalin also had close relations with Mao Zedong in China and Kim Il-sung in North Korea.", "* February 10 – In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland. Italy cedes most of Istria to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Croatia).", "Czechoslovakia was dismembered by Nazi Germany, starting with Neville Chamberlain 's Munich Agreement with Hitler in 1938 and the German–Italian Vienna Awards . The Czech portion of the nation became the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia under President Emil Hácha . A Nazi-dependent puppet regime led by Jozef Tiso was ultimately inserted in Slovakia. Part of southern Slovakia was annexed by Hungary . From 1940, a government-in-exile in London under former Czechoslovak president Edvard Beneš was recognized as an allied power. The Slovak National Uprising , commenced in August 1944, was put down by German forces at the end of October, however partisans continued fighting in the hills till the end of the war. In April, 1945, the Red Army defeated the Germans and ousted Tiso's government, annexing Carpathia Ruthenia to the USSR.", "1945 (May 9th) - Field Marshal Keitel and Marshal Georgi K Zhukov sign the documents of Germany�s unconditional surrender to the Allied powers (Just War, the exact date is given on p.218). (MG)", "1943 German 6th Army surrenders after Battle of Stalingrad in a major turning point in Europe during World War II", "In 1955 the Federal Republic of Germany became a sovereign state and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In response the government of German Democratic Republic signed the Warsaw Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with Albania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Poland , Romania and the Soviet Union .", "On 2 February 1943, in what is considered the turning point of the Second World War in Europe, the final remnants of the German Sixth Army surrendered at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "The surrender of the German forces in northwestern Europe was signed at Montgomery's headquarters on L�neburg Heath on May 4; and a further document, covering all the German forces, was signed with more ceremony at Eisenhower's headquarters at Reims , in the presence of Soviet as well as U.S. , British , and French delegations. At midnight on May 8, 1945, the war in Europe was officially over.", "February 2, 1943 — The last German troops surrendered in the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II." ]

[ 3.470703125, 1.755859375, 1.712890625, 1.1494140625, 1.0947265625, 1.0712890625, 0.78271484375, 0.73046875, 0.73046875, 0.6142578125, 0.432373046875, 0.2432861328125, -0.242919921875, -0.370849609375, -0.5888671875, -0.95654296875, -1.1279296875, -1.158203125, -1.2177734375, -1.2861328125, -1.6044921875, -1.6142578125, -1.7353515625, -2.353515625, -2.44921875, -2.64453125, -3.0078125, -3.84765625, -3.93359375, -4.3828125, -4.5546875, -4.9921875 ]

[ "Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. In Spanish, Mexicans pronounce the \"x\" in Mexico as a hard \"h.\"", "Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico. When the rebels' victory became certain, the Viceroy resigned. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba , which recognized Mexican independence under the Plan of Iguala . [19] On September 27, 1821 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire , as New Spain was henceforth to be called. The Treaty of Córdoba was not ratified by the Spanish Cortes . Iturbide included a special clause in the treaty that left open the possibility for a criollo monarch to be appointed by a Mexican congress if no suitable member of the European royalty would accept the Mexican crown. Half of the new government employees appointed were Iturbide's followers. [20]", "The Mexican War of Independence ( Spanish : Guerra de Independencia de México) was an armed conflict, and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain . The war had its antecedent in the French invasion of Spain in 1808; it extended from the Grito de Dolores by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees led by Augustín de Iturbide to Mexico City on September 27, 1821. September 16 is celebrated as Mexican Independence Day .", "The Mexican War of Independence () was an armed conflict, and the culmination of a political and social process which ended the rule of Spain in 1821 in the territory of New Spain. The war had its antecedent in the French invasion of Spain in 1808; it extended from the Grito de Dolores by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on September 16, 1810, to the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees led by Augustín de Iturbide to Mexico City on September 27, 1821. September 16 is celebrated as Mexican Independence Day.", "September 16: Independence day (celebrates the start of the fight for the independence from Spain in 1810, achieved until September 27, 1821)", "Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small guerrilla bands in the countryside. The coup in Spain did not change the centralized policies of the government of Trieno Liberal in Madrid and many Mexicans were disappointed. In 1821, Mexico led by Agustin de Iturbide and Vincente Guerrero presented the Plan de Iguala, calling for an independent Mexican monarchy, in response to the centralism and fears of the liberalism and anticlericalism in Spain. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in the military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed Treaty of Córdoba. The last bastion of San Juan de Ulúa resisted to 1825, and Isidro Barradas tried to recapture Mexico from Cuba in 1829. With the king's death in 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest.", "From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short-lived First Mexican Empire. When the Emperor of Mexico was overthrown on 19 March 1823, Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed the Federal Republic of Central America.", "Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876), often known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna and sometimes called \"the Napoleon of the West\", was an American-born Spaniard (creole) who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence. He served as a Mexican politician and general. He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government, a skillful soldier and cunning politician, who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the \"Age of Santa Anna\". He was called \"the Man of Destiny\", who \"loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus, the uncrowned monarch.\" Santa Anna first opposed the movement for Mexican independence from Spain, but then fought in support of it. Though not the first caudillo (military leader) of modern Mexico, he \"represents the stereotypical caudillo in Mexican history,\" and among the earliest. Conservative historian, intellectual, and politician Lucas Alamán wrote that \"The history of Mexico since 1822 might accurately be called the history of Santa Anna's revolutions.... His name plays the major role in all the political events of the country and its destiny has become intertwined with his.\" ", "New Mexico, or ' in Spanish, is often incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. However, Spanish explorers recorded this region as New Mexico in 1563, and again in 1581. They believed it contained wealthy Indian cultures similar to those of the Aztec Empire. Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent federal republic of Mexico for 12 years, 1836 through 1848. During the colonial period, the two had developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule and with relatively independent histories.", "The area was under the Spanish rule and when Napoleon acquired Spain in 1808, the people of Mexico started to act for the self-rule under a Catholic priest named Father Miguel de Hidalgo Y Costilla. He led an armed revolution in 1810. This war of independence ended as Mexico became the host of the first ruler of the Mexican Empire, Agustin de Iturbide and the nation became a republic in March 1823. Then in 1824, the new government was established, the Mexican Federal District by the signing of their new constitution. The two-year war with the United States ended in 1848, after losing half of the country to the United States.", "On the other hand, Mexico won its independence in 1821, forty years after the United States. The war was a complex and fragmented process. It was not only a search for freedom from Spain but also a genuine social and political revolution. Mexicans did not have favorable external conditions. When the war began in 1810, Europe was immersed in the Napoleonic wars and when Mexicans finally achieved their goal eleven years later, a conservative movement had begun which did not favor recognition of new countries in the Americas. Finally, between the Mexican leaders who had survived the bloody fight for independence, there were men of great talent but little practical experience in politics.", "Central America gained its independence along with New Spain. The regional elites supported the terms of the Plan of Iguala and orchestrated the union of Central America with the Mexican Empire in 1821. Two years later, following Iturbide's downfall, the region, with the exception of Chiapas, peacefully seceded from Mexico in July 1823, establishing the Federal Republic of Central America. The new state existed for the next seventeen years.", "If the seeds of Mexican independence had not already been planted in the soil,  then they were planted when Napoleon conquered Spain in 1808 When the French conqueror placed his brother on the Spanish throne, Mexico's elite began to talk of self-rule. The man who turned talk into action was a Catholic priest named Father Miguel de Hidalgo y Costilla, who led an armed rebellion in 1810. Though  he was eventually captured and executed, Hidalgo's leadership began a war of independence that culminated on September 27, 1821, when the rebel leader Vicente Guerrero and the royalist Agustin de Iturbide signed the Treaty of  Cordoba. Unfortunately, with independence Mexico's troubles were just beginning.", "New Spain achieves independence from Spain , bringing three hundred years of governance of the colonies to an end. On 3 October 1821, the captaincy general of Guatemala (modern Chiapas, Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Nicaragua ) is annexed to the Mexican empire. However, just two years later the southern Central American states form their own federal republic.", "Another priest, Jose Maria Morelos took over and was more successful in his quest for republicanism and independence. Spain's monarchy was restored in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat, and it fought back and executed Morelos in 1815. The scattered insurgents formed guerrilla bands. In 1820, creoles, led by Agustín de Iturbide, joined the rebellion. The rebels formulated the \"Plan of Iguala\", demanding an independent constitutional monarchy, a religious monopoly for the Catholic Church, and equality for Spaniards and creoles. On September 27, 1821, Iturbide and the viceroy signed the Treaty of Cordoba whereby Spain granted the demands and withdrew.", "Mexico’s political future changed dramatically on September 16, 1810, when a priest named Miguel Hidalgo launched a movement for independence from Spain. Rebel forces in Jalisco quickly took up the cause, defeating the loyalist militia at Zacoalco on November 4 and opening the way for Hidalgo’s new army to take the city of Guadalajara a few weeks later. Royalist forces under General Félix María Calleja del Rey soon responded, marching toward Guadalajara and engaging Hidalgo’s troops east of the city on January 17, 1811. Although the rebel force outnumbered the loyalists, Calleja del Rey’s artillery happened to strike Hidalgo’s ammunition supply, starting a grass fire and panicking the rebels. Hidalgo lost the battle, was captured two months later and was executed on July 30.", "Mexico , United Mexican States - a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810", "After revolt in Spain ushers in a new era of liberal reforms there, conservative Mexican leaders begin plans to end the viceregal system and separate their country from the mother land on their own terms. On their behalf, Iturbide meets with Guerrero and issues the Plan of Iguala, by which Mexico would become an independent country ruled as a limited monarchy, with the Roman Catholic Church as the official state church and equal rights and upper-class status for the Spanish and mestizo populations, as opposed to the majority of the population, which was of Native American or African descent, or mulato (mixed). In August 1821, the last Spanish viceroy is forced to sign the Treaty of Córdoba, marking the official beginning of Mexican independence.", "Sept. 16: Mexican Independence Day. This date marks the start in 1810 of the Mexican War of Independence that ended Spanish dictatorship. The Mexican people began planning an uprising against Spanish colonizers after Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and imprisoned King Ferdinand the Seventh. It was an ideal opportunity to set up local governments in Mexico since Spain was in turmoil without clear leadership. This day is celebrated throughout the nation with feasts, festivals, fireworks, and parades.", "Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on 12 July 1822 as Agustín I. Agustín de Iturbide was the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, but was overthrown by the Plan of Casa Mata.", "In 1861, when president Benito Juarez (see below) suspended the payment of Mexico's debt, France decided to invade the country in order to regain some or all of its money. This was only possible because the United States, which had declared in its Monroe Doctrine that it wouldn't tolerate any European intervention in the sovereign states of the Americas, started its Civil War that same year. After overthrowing the government (though Mexican resistance against the occupiers never ceased) the French installed a Hapsburg prince as emperor Maximilian I to act as their puppet. While the Mexican monarchy had some support among conservatives its days were numbered when the French troops were withdrawn after the end of the American Civil war, and in 1867, Maximilian was executed by firing squad. Cinco de Mayo, which in the US is often mistaken to be \"Mexican independence day\", is celebrated in remembrance of the battle of Puebla that occurred during the French occupation and was decisively won by Mexican republican forces.", "In North America, Mexico , led by Agustin de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero , declared its independence in 1821.", "Mexico remained under Spanish colonial rule until 1821 when it declared independence under the terms of \"Plan of Iguala\". After the short lived Mexican empire of 1821-1823 (former Spanish general and independence hero Augustin de Iturbide brievly declared himself emperor but was overthrown after two years) Mexico became a republic with a fragile balance of powers between liberals (allied mostly with urban merchants) and conservatives (allied with the church and big landholders) and Antonio López de Santa Anna became president several times while also being overthrown by his opponents several times thus having eight non-consecutive terms as president as well as five \"permanent\" exiles.", "In the 1860s, during the Second Mexican Empire ruled by Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico—which was part of Napoleon III's scheme to create a Latin empire in the New World (indeed responsible for coining the term of \"Amérique latine\", \"Latin America\" in English)-- many French soldiers, merchants, and families set foot upon Mexican soil. Emperor Maximilian's consort, Carlota of Mexico, a Belgian princess, was a granddaughter of Louis-Philippe of France.", "Hidalgo led his growing militia from village to village en route to Mexico City, leaving in their wake a bloodbath that he later came to deeply regret. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, Hidalgo fled north but was captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua . Others took the helm of the rebellion, including José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros and Vicente Guerrero , who all led armies of indigenous and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish royalists. Known as the Mexican War Of Independence, the conflict dragged on until 1821, when the Treaty of Córdoba established Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy under Agustín de Iturbide. Just 18 months later, the republican insurgents Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria ousted the emperor and established the first Mexican Republic.", "Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence, and the new Spanish viceroy, lacking money, provisions, and troops, was forced to accept Mexican independence. On August 24, 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O’Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. However, his empire was short-lived, and in 1823 republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria deposed Iturbide and set up a republic, with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.", "   It is noted that the  “Día de la Armada de México” is not June 1st, but rather it is November 23rd, since the year 1991, when this commemorative day was instituted. (June 1 is Dia de los Marinos. Marinos are members of the Navy). Consolidation of National Independence occurred in 1825, thanks to the Navy of Mexico. ", "Mexico celebrates its independence every September 16 with parades, festivals, feasts, parties and more. Mexican flags are everywhere and the main plaza in Mexico City is packed. But what’s the history behind the date of September 16?", "* The Republic of the Rio Grande seceded from Mexico on January 17, 1840, it rejoined Mexico on November 6 the same year.", "In 1834, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist dictator of Mexico, abandoning the federal system. He decided to quash the semi-independence of Texas, having succeeded in doing so in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the massive state of Coahuila y Tejas). Finally, Stephen F. Austin called Texians to arms; they declared independence from Mexico in 1836, and after Santa Anna defeated the Texians at the Alamo, he was defeated by the Texian Army commanded by General Sam Houston and captured at the Battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas' independence. ", "Learn about the history and significance of Mexico's path to becoming an independent nation. Show transcript Hide transcript", "Independent sovereign nation in N. America after it seceded from Mexico as the result of strict rule of Santa Anna" ]

[ 4.97265625, 4.1484375, 3.998046875, 3.46484375, 1.853515625, 1.556640625, 1.4296875, 1.154296875, 0.8271484375, 0.515625, 0.450927734375, 0.402099609375, 0.1832275390625, 0.160888671875, 0.058013916015625, -0.1563720703125, -0.5947265625, -0.69970703125, -0.94091796875, -1.2998046875, -1.71875, -3.734375, -3.75390625, -4.3828125, -4.96484375, -5.13671875, -6.1640625, -6.875, -6.94921875, -7.4921875, -7.703125, -7.8984375 ]

[ "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz's death), continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is considered to be one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, with 17,897 strips published in all, [1] making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\", according to Professor Robert Thompson of Syracuse University . At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. [2] It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, [3] and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. [1] Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in many newspapers.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". [2] At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "1950 – The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in nine US newspapers. Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz’s death), continuing in reruns afterward.", "Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000), nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Peanuts (which featured the characters Charlie Brown and Snoopy, among others). He is widely regarded as one of the most influential cartoonists of all time, cited as a major influence by many later cartoonists, including Calvin and Hobbes creator Bill Watterson.", "Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000), nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist, best known for the comic strip Peanuts .", "The world's richest cartoonist; the world's most popular cartoonist: which rates first? To Charles Schulz, who has died of cancer aged 77, it was definitely the second. His comic strip creation, Peanuts, a catch-all title for a group of knee-high kids in a world no taller than their heads (one of the secrets of the strip's success was that adults were only apparent in the odd off-panel speech balloon), never changed beyond a certain shakiness of line, after it made its debut in American newspapers on October 2, 1950.", "Charles Schulz, born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on November 26, 1922, launched his comic strip Peanuts in 1950. Featuring hero Charlie Brown, over the years the strip would run in more than 2,000 newspapers and in many languages. Peanuts also expanded into TV specials like the Emmy-winning A Charlie Brown Christmas, as well as books and a huge merchandise collection. Schulz died on February 12, 2000.", "Charles M. Schulz, the barber's son from Minnesota who sketched his way to international fame as the creator of \"Peanuts,'' the most popular comic strip in the history of newspapers, died of a heart attack Saturday. He was 77.", "Charles M. Schulz, the creator of ''Peanuts,'' the tender and sage comic strip starring Charlie Brown and Snoopy that is read by 355 million people around the world, died in his sleep on Saturday night at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., just hours before his last cartoon ran in the Sunday newspapers. He was 77.", "SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - \"Peanuts'' creator Charles M. Schulz has died of a heart attack, ending an era spanning nearly half-a-century in which the daily trials of an anxious round-faced kid and his dog Snoopy became probably the world's most popular comic strip.", "LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Charles M. Schulz, the creator of ''Peanuts,'' a cartoon world of tiny angst-ridden stick figures and a bold beagle that captured the whole world's fancy, died at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., on Saturday  night after a three-month battle with colon cancer that had forced him to give up drawing the strip.", "Schulz died in his sleep at home on February 12, 2000 at around 9:45 pm, from colon cancer. The last original Peanuts strip was published the very next day, on Sunday, February 13. Schulz had previously predicted that the strip would outlive him, with his reason being that his comic strips were usually drawn weeks before their publication. Schulz was buried at Pleasant Hills Cemetery in Sebastopol, California. ", "Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Charles Schulz developed an early interest in cartooning. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Schulz returned to Minnesota to pursue his artistic ambition. After several small comic strip appearances (1945-1950) in papers such as the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Saturday Evening Post, Schulz landed his first nationally-syndicated spot in seven national papers on October 2, 1950. Peanuts was a hit. Over the next decade, Peanuts would become an international success and earn Schulz several honorary cartoonist awards.", "At around 9:45 pm, Schulz died in his sleep at home on February 12, 2000. Although he was dying of cancer, he suffered a fatal heart attack. The last original Peanuts strip was published the very next day, on Sunday, February 13. Schulz had previously predicted that the strip would outlive him, with his reason being that his comic strips were usually drawn weeks before their publication. Schulz was buried at Pleasant Hills Cemetery in Sebastopol, California.", "Charles M. Schulz, 77, whose \"Peanuts\" comic strip ran for 49 years and featured an immensely popular repertory of blithely neurotic children and a beguiling beagle whose antics were resolved in wistful but distinctly adult punch lines, died Saturday at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., after a heart attack.", "2000: The last original \"Peanuts\" comic strip appeared in newspapers one day after its creator Charles M. Schulz died of colon cancer. The popular comic strip debuted 50 years earlier.", "With those plain words, cartoonist Charles Schulz ended his \"Peanuts\" comic strip in its 50th year, February 2000. He died just before his last Sunday page appeared in the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette and about 2,600 other newspapers worldwide.", "2000 – The last original “Peanuts” comic strip appears in newspapers one day after Charles M. Schulz dies.", "The last original \"Peanuts\" comic strip appears in newspapers one day after Charles M. Schulz dies, 2000", "Millions of people around the world who loved the comic strip \"Peanuts\" were sad when Charles Schulz died in February, two thousand. He was seventy-seven years old. The artist who created Charlie Brown and his dog Snoopy had retired a month earlier because of poor health.  The last new daily \"Peanuts\" appeared January third in two thousand six hundred newspapers in seventy-five countries.", "Schulz was 77 when he died Saturday at his Santa Rosa home of complications of colon cancer. His death came as newspapers across the country were preparing to distribute the final new \"Peanuts\" strip.", "Charles M. Schulz, Charles Schulz, Creator of `Peanuts’ Retires, by Rick Lyman, The New York Times, December 15, 1999", "\"Peanuts\" creator Charles Schulz, the most beloved and successful cartoonist of the 20th century, died of colon cancer Saturday, hours after his final strip appeared in early editions of Sunday's paper.", "Today we celebrate Charles Schulz (1922-2000) for his accomplishments in the world of syndicated comic strips - namely his \"Peanuts\" cartoons.", "Peanuts had its origin in Li'l Folks , a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulz's hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press , from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, although he applied the name in four gags to three different boys and one buried in sand. The series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy . In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to The Saturday Evening Post which published 17 single-panel cartoons by Schulz. The first of these was of a boy sitting with his feet on an ottoman.", "The final daily original Peanuts comic strip was published on Monday, January 3, 2000. The strip contained a note to the readers of the strip from Schulz and a drawing of Snoopy, with his trusty typewriter, sitting atop his doghouse deep in thought. Beginning the next day, a rerun package premiered in papers that had elected to pick it up (see below). Although Schulz did not draw any daily strips that were to run past January 3, he had drawn five extra Sunday strips and these had yet to run. The first of these strips appeared six days after the last daily on January 9.", "Schulz, 77, died of a heart attack late Saturday, the day before his final strip ran in newspapers. Schulz had given up the strip to battle colon cancer.", "In nineteen forty-seven, a newspaper in Saint Paul, Minnesota, began publishing a comic written and drawn by Charles Schulz. It was called “L’il Folks.” It showed a little boy with a round face named Charlie Brown.", "Schulz created characters with all-too-human foibles -- ostensibly children -- with whom people all over the world could identify. The most widely syndicated comic strip artist in history died Saturday evening in his sleep at his home in Santa Rosa, California. He was 77.", "On this day in 1954 one of the shortest-lived daily strips since the early days, when cartoonists like George Herriman ( Baron Mooch ) and Winsor McCay ( Little Sammy Sneeze ) would flit at will from one comic to another, began. The Lone Spaceman, by Warren Tufts ( Casey Ruggles started 55 years ago today.", "On this day in 1950 Mitzi McCoy, a Sunday strip star from Newspaper Enterprise Association ( Alley Oop, The Born Loser ) first mentioned a 15th century ancestor, and a week later he'd taken over the series. Kevin the Bold made his first appearance 60 years ago today.", "Q: With whom did Charles Schulz sign his first 5-year contract, starting his career as a full-time cartoonist?" ]

[ 9.296875, 9.0234375, 8.2109375, 7.64453125, 7.125, 6.26171875, 6.0625, 5.84375, 5.734375, 5.65234375, 5.39453125, 5.2734375, 5.1953125, 5.09375, 4.84375, 4.81640625, 4.33984375, 4, 2.486328125, 2.302734375, 1.7822265625, 1.4716796875, 1.0224609375, 0.334716796875, -0.10748291015625, -0.228759765625, -3.197265625, -3.302734375, -3.75, -4.390625, -4.6640625, -8.5625 ]

[ "Chess, one of the oldest and most popular board games, played by two opponents on a checkered board with specially designed pieces of contrasting colours, commonly white and black. White moves first, after which the players alternate turns in accordance with fixed rules, each player attempting to force the opponent’s principal piece, the King, into checkmate—a position where it is unable to avoid capture.", "Start the game. The player with the black checkers moves first. Checkers may only move one diagonal space forward (toward your opponent’s checkers) in the beginning of the game. Remember that checkers must stay on the dark squares. [5]", "Chapter 17: Got Notation? Reading and Writing about Chess White moves first, followed by black, so it follows that white’s first move was to e4, and black’s was to e5. Remember, the absence of a piece designation (a capital letter) indicates a pawn move. Only one pawn can move to e4 for white and only one to e5 for black, because pawns must move straight forward. (Chapter 2 tells you all about a pawn’s available moves.) Figure 17-1 shows where white and then black moved their pawns.", "Each player starts out with twelve colored disks called checkers. The first player controls the Red checkers, and the second player controls the White ones. The pieces may only move one space diagonally forward, so that they always remain on the dark colored squares.", "Find two checkers of different colours. Usually, checkers are red and black. If you're in this position, White can use the red checkers.", "Moving and capturing: White moves first followed by black. The players continue taking turns using only their own pieces until the game ends. A turn consists of a single act of either moving or capturing. When a piece is moved, it is relocated in the center of a different square. A player can only capture an opponent's piece, not their own. When a chess piece is captured, it is removed from the board and replaced by the attacking piece. Unlike checkers, multiple captures are not allowed during the same move. Captures are also optional. The exception is when the king is in jeopardy and the only way to save him is to capture a threatening piece.", "The player with the white pieces always moves first. Therefore, players generally decide who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other player's hand. White then makes a move, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game.", "The most widely available sets of checkers consist of black and red boards and pieces. In tournament play, however, the colors of the pieces are red and white instead of red and black and the colors of the checkerboard squares are usually olive green and buff, where \"buff\" is a color variously defined as a moderate orange yellow or a light to moderate yellow. (The colors of the squares are, however, are still referred to as \"black\" and \"red.\")", "The first illustration shows the setup when you are plaing White and your checkers move counterclockwise around the board. Red's checkers go in the opposite direction. Both players bear off to the right; you at the lower-right, your opponent at the upper-right.", "That was easy, but what if white has to move first from the Magic position. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still a win for white. From this same position, white begins by sliding the King to d6 or f6, making way to push the pawn forward. Whichever direction the white King selects, black will move in the same direction, attempting to prevent the white King from moving forward and capturing easy control over the e8-Queening square.", "The designation for the player who moves first, even though the corresponding pieces, referred to as \"the white pieces\", are sometimes actually some other (usually light) color. Similarly, the light-colored squares on the chessboard are often referred to as \"the white squares\" even though they often are not literally white. See also Black, First-move advantage in chess.", "The second illustration shows the setup when your checkers move clockwise around the board. Red's checkers go in the opposite direction, and both players bear off to the left.", "The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets. The players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\", and each begins the game with sixteen pieces of the specified color. These consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns.", "Why does White go first in chess? Did someone get it wrong a long time ago, and Black really should go first?", "At the beginning of the game the chessboard is laid out so that each player has the white (or light) color square in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then arranged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with pawns. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights next to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who always goes on her own matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square.", "The goal of the game is to checkmate the other King. When white checkmates the black King, White wins the game: 1-0. When black checkmates the white King, Black wins: 0-1", "A chessboard is the type of checkerboard used in the classic board game chess, and consists of 64 squares (eight rows and eight columns) and 32 pieces.The squares are arranged in two alternating colors (light and dark). Wooden boards may use naturally light and dark brown woods, while plastic and vinyl boards often use brown or green for the dark squares and shades such as buff or cream for the light squares. Materials vary widely; while wooden boards are generally used in high-level games; vinyl, plastic, and cardboard are common for low-level and informal play. Decorative glass and marble boards are available but rarely accepted for games rated by national or international chess federations. Each square on the board has a name from a1 to h8.", "Chess is a two-person board game which simulates a battle between two opposing armies. The board has sixty-four squares of alternating colors. Each player has a set of sixteen pieces as shown below. One player will have a set of dark or black pieces and the other a light or white set. These symbolize opposing armies.", "Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: each player's pieces comprise one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights and eight pawns. One player, referred to as White, controls the white pieces and the other player, Black, controls the black pieces; White is always the first player to move. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance or by a tournament director. The players alternate moving one piece at a time (with the exception of castling, when two pieces are moved at the same time). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square, or one occupied by an opponent's piece, capturing it and removing it from play. With one exception (en passant), all pieces capture opponent's pieces by moving to the square that the opponent's piece occupies.", "Chess is a game, played by two players. One player plays with the white pieces, and the other player plays with the black pieces. Each player has sixteen pieces in the beginning of the game: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.", "The points are numbered for either player starting in that player's home board. The outermost point is the twenty-four point, which is also the opponent's one point. Each player has fifteen checkers of his own color. The initial arrangement of checkers is: two on each player's twenty-four point, five on each player's thirteen point, three on each player's eight point, and five on each player's six point.", "The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a Swiss system tournament or Round-robin tournament) or, in the case of non-competitive play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice is often employed. A common method is for one player to conceal a piece (usually a pawn) of each color in either hand; the other player chooses a hand to open and reveal their color. Play then commences with white.", "In this version the order in which you move the checkers also counts. Your first checker must pass the starting point of the opponent before you can move to the next checker.", "The king is said to be 'in check' if it is attacked by one or more of the opponent's pieces, even if such pieces are constrained from moving to that square because they would then leave or place their own king in check. No piece can be moved that will either expose the king of the same colour to check or leave that king in check.", "The king can move to any of the squares pointed to by an arrow in the diagram on the left. The king is the main chess piece. The side whose king is captured loses. This capture is called 'checkmate'. Checkmate happens once the king is under attack, cannot move and cannot be helped by its own army of chessmen.", "The objective is to be first to race one's pieces across the hexagram-shaped board into \"home\"—the corner of the star opposite one's starting corner—using single-step moves or moves that jump over other pieces. The remaining players continue the game to establish second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and last-place finishers. Like other skill-based games, Chinese Checkers involves strategy. The rules are simple, so even young children can play. ", "Some checkers sets have a crown on the back of the checkers, so you can just flip a piece over once it is crowned to designate it as the king.", "A check is a condition in chess, shogi and xiangqi that occurs when a player's king (or general in xiangqi) is under threat of capture on their opponent's next turn. A king so threatened is said to be in check. A player must get out of check, if possible, by interposing a piece between the threatening piece and the king, capturing the threatening piece, or moving the king to a square where it is no longer in check. If the player cannot move out of check, the game ends in checkmate and the player loses. Players cannot make any move that puts their own king in check.", "king - a checker that has been moved to the opponent's first row where it is promoted to a piece that is free to move either forward or backward", "A king can move one square in any direction (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally) unless the square is already occupied by a friendly piece or the move would place the king in check. As a result, the opposing kings may never occupy adjacent squares (see opposition), but the king can give discovered check by unmasking a bishop, rook, or queen. The king is also involved in the special move of castling. ", "What happens when a piece is kinged in checkers? - Board & Card Games Stack Exchange", "In checkers, what is supposed to happen when a piece gets to the other side of the board and becomes a king? Does the move end? Can the piece continue to skip in the same turn it becomes a king? Can it choose not to be kinged and skip again? I've looked up a couple of different rules and I can't really find any sort of set rules for this. What is the actual rule?" ]

[ 3.330078125, 2.0859375, 2.076171875, 1.7314453125, 1.546875, 1.318359375, 1.16796875, 1.0830078125, 0.27587890625, -0.8212890625, -0.96728515625, -1.060546875, -1.060546875, -1.2587890625, -1.2724609375, -1.2880859375, -1.533203125, -1.8779296875, -2.025390625, -2.26953125, -3.26171875, -3.462890625, -4.140625, -4.27734375, -4.44140625, -4.7421875, -4.80859375, -5.140625, -5.21875, -5.59765625, -6.3046875, -6.73046875 ]

[ "Grand Coulee Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington. It is the largest electric power-producing facility and the largest concrete structure in the United States. It is the fifth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, as of the year 2008.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States and one of the largest concrete structures in the world.", "Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation water. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States. ", "Grand Coulee ( map ) is the largest dam in the Columbia River Basin and one of the largest in the world. Everything about the dam is large: it is 550 feet (167.6 meters) tall, measured from its foundation in solid granite, or approximately 350 feet (106.7 meters) from the downstream river surface to the top of the dam. It is 5,223 feet (1,592 meters) long, or 57 feet short of a mile.", "In the United States, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in the state of Washington is the sixth largest electric power plant in the world (and the largest in the US) with a generating capacity of about 6,800 MW.", "Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River west of Spokane, Washington, is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind--a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long, or just shy of a mile. Grand Coulee contains 12 million cubic yards of concrete, or enough to build a highway from Seattle to Miami. More massive than the Great Pyramid of Giza, Grand Coulee is listed by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven civil engineering wonders of the United States. Grand Coulee's reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, stretches 150 miles north, almost to the Canadian border.", "The construction of Grand Coulee Dam drastically changed the salmon-based culture of the native peoples. It blocked spawning salmon from returning to the upper Columbia River. Rising waters behind the dam submerged landforms like Kettle Falls. This loss of resources greatly impacted the tribes who centered their life on seasonal runs of migratory fish. The dam and resulting reservoir also impacted orchard-based agriculture. Towns like Peach and Plum, originally build along the Columbia River to take advantage of the river irrigation, disappeared beneath the rising water of Lake Roosevelt .", "            The most well known and best example for this topic is the Grand Coulee Dam. I discovered this tragic construction and event from my women studies class this semester. The Grand Coulee Dam is a gravity dam on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington built to produce hydroelectric power and provide irrigation. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942, originally with two power plants. A third power station was completed in 1974 to increase its energy production. It is the largest electric power-producing facility in the United States and is one of the largest concrete structures in the world. Power from the dam fueled the growing industries of the Northwest United States during World War II.", "Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River west of Spokane, Washington, is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind--a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long--or just shy of a mile.", "In the United States, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Washington, is the largest, with a generating capacity of about 6,800 MW (5th overall worldwide).", "\"The Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River has brought many benefits to the people of the West Coast. This program shows the operation of the dam and how water and power is supplied to the West Coast.\"", "In short, Grand Coulee Dam stopped the natural migratory runs of fish on the upper Columbia River. This included the second most important salmon fishery on the Columbia River at Kettle Falls, located about 100 miles upstream from the dam. To mitigate for the loss of fish to the upper Columbia, Grand Coulee Dam built, and continues to fund, three fish hatcheries ( Leavenworth, Winthrop, and Entiat ) downstream of the dam.", "The Grand Coulee dam was built to irrigate 1 million acres in the and Columbia River basin. This scene is near Vantage, Washington. AP/Wide World Photos", "The success of irrigation was noteworthy and as early as 1918, locals began proposing two different plans for irrigating central eastern Washington with water from the Columbia River. One plan, the “gravity plan,” involved transporting water by a canal system from Lake Pend Oreille. The other plan advocated building a dam at the head of the Grand Coulee, a large canyon that resulted from the Ice Age Floods , and pumping the water from the Columbia River into the northern half of the Grand Coulee. The federal government chose to pursue the latter “pumping plan” and the Bureau of Reclamation began construction of Grand Coulee Dam in 1933.", "Individual penstocks carry water to each generator at Grand Coulee. The largest of these, at the Third Power Plant, are 40 feet in diameter and carry up to 35,000 cubic feet per second of water, or more than twice the average annual flow of the Colorado River. The dam complex includes three switchyards to transmit electricity into the regional power grid.", "After World War II, the growing demand for electricity sparked interest in constructing another power plant supported by the Grand Coulee Dam. One obstacle to an additional power plant was the great seasonality of the Columbia River's streamflow. Today the flow is closely managed—there is almost no seasonality. Historically, about 75% of the river's annual flow occurred between April and September. During low flow periods, the river's discharge was between and while maximum spring runoff flows were around . Only nine out of the dam's eighteen generators could run year-round. The remaining nine operated for less than six months a year. In 1952, Congress authorized $125,000 for Reclamation to conduct a feasibility study on the Third Powerplant which was completed in 1953 and recommended two locations. Nine identical 108 MW generators were recommended, but as matters stood, they would be able to operate only in periods of high water.", "Grand Coulee impounds a reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, named for the president who authorized construction of the dam, which began in 1933 (see construction photos ). Lake Roosevelt backs up the river almost to the Canadian border, a distance of 151 miles.", "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area (now called Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area) was established in 1946, under an agreement with the Bureau of Reclamation patterned after Lake Mead. Construction of Grand Coulee Dam began in 1933 and the dam went into operation in 1941. It impounds a huge body of water named Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, 151 mi long with 660 mi of shoreline.", "Grand Coulee has its defenders, among them the Bureau of Reclamation. \"We're still quite proud of the dam,\" said Diana Cross, a spokeswoman for the bureau. \"We feel strongly that the dam and the whole Columbia Basin project brought so much to the Pacific Northwest and was an overall benefit. That's not to say there weren't some trade-offs\" (The Seattle Times, 2000).", "Grand Coulee Dam provides water to irrigate about 670,000 acres. The Columbia Basin Project was originally planned to have the capacity to irrigate 1.1 million acres, however the project has not yet been completed.", "The Grand Coulee Dam is almost a mile long at 5223 feet (1586 m). The spillway is 1,650 feet (503 m) wide. At 550 feet (168 m), it is taller than the Great Pyramid of Giza; all the pyramids at Giza could fit within the total area of its base. Its hydraulic height of 380 feet (115 m) is more than twice that of Niagara Falls. There is enough concrete to build a four-foot wide, four-inch deep sidewalk twice around the equator.", "Under the 1935 River and Harbors Act, Congress officially authorizes construction of Grand Coulee Dam, making it a federally funded project and ultimately providing millions of dollars to increase the height of the dam to 550 feet. Unlike the \"low dam,\" at 290 feet, the upgraded \"high dam\" will support an irrigation system originating from the Grand Coulee.", "(built in 1953). Chinook, Steelhead, Sockeye and Coho salmon (as well as other important species including Lamprey) are now unable to spawn in the reaches of the Upper Columbia Basin. The extinction of the spawning grounds upstream from the dam has prevented the Spokane and other tribes from holding the first salmon ceremony since 1940. Grand Coulee Dam flooded over 21,000 acres (85 km²) of prime bottom land where Native Americans had been living and hunting for thousands of years, forcing the relocation of settlements and graveyards. Kettle Falls", "Before and during construction, workers and engineers experienced problems. Contracts for companies to construct the various parts of the dam were difficult to award as few companies were sizable enough to fill them. This forced companies to consolidate. In addition, Native American graves had to be relocated and temporary fish ladders had to be constructed. During construction additional problems included landslides and the need to protect newly poured concrete from freezing. Construction on the downstream Grand Coulee Bridge began in and more considerable earth-moving began in August. Excavation for the dam's foundation required the removal of of dirt and stone. To reduce the amount of trucking required in the excavation, a conveyor belt nearly long was built. To further secure the foundation, workers drilled 660 - holes into the granite and filled any fissures with grout, creating a grout curtain. At times, excavated areas collapsed from overburden. In order to secure these areas from further movement and continue excavation, 3-inch (76 mm) diameter pipes were inserted into the mass and chilled with cold liquid from a refrigeration plant. This froze the earth and secured it so construction could continue.", "Eight years after beginning construction, the Grand Coulee Dam is formally dedicated in front of a crowd of 8,000. The Grand Coulee High School marching band leads a parade to celebrate the official start of the dam's in-house generators. Harold Ickes venerates the dam, calling it \"the greatest single structure man has built.\"", "Holter Dam, about 45 mi downstream of Helena, was the third hydroelectric dam built on this stretch of the Missouri River. When completed in 1918 by the Montana Power Company and the United Missouri River Power Company, its reservoir flooded the Gates of the Mountains, a limestone canyon which Meriwether Lewis described as \"the most remarkable clifts that we have yet seen… the tow[er]ing and projecting rocks in many places seem ready to tumble on us.\" In 1949, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) began construction on the modern Canyon Ferry Dam to provide flood control to the Great Falls area. By 1954, the rising waters of Canyon Ferry Lake submerged the old 1898 dam, whose powerhouse still stands underwater about upstream of the present-day dam. ", ", 1999 Landsat photoFile:Grand Coulee Dam construction.jpg|Construction of the original dam. The left section would be demolished in the late sixties to make way for powerhouse #3File:Water turbine grandcoulee.jpg|One of six new Francis turbines , rated at nearly , being installed in powerhouse #3.File:Interior Powerhouse 3.JPG|The interior of powerhouse #3. Also pictured is a gantry crane , once the world's largest.", "Richard White, Historian: Grand Coulee is going to be the biggest thing on earth. These are not people who thought small. It's a very big dam and the dreams around it were as big as the dam itself. And what it's going to deliver to the United States is, first of all, jobs, which is the only thing they could be certain of, it's going to take a lot of people a long time to build this, but after that it's going to create farms, and beyond that, it's going to produce electricity. It can power pumps that can bring water into kitchens. It can provide electric lights so that people can extend their days and not sit around by kerosene and coal lamps. It can provide washing machines. It can make housewives' and farm wives' lives incredibly easier. There just seems to be no end of the good things that can come out of Grand Coulee Dam.", "Narrator: For some, the Grand Coulee Dam would be an engine of growth and prosperity, for others it would come to symbolize heartbreak and betrayal.", "A Colville Indian chief stands with government engineers on March 22, 1941 as the switch is turned at the opening of the Grand Coulee Dam. Department of the Interior U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Grand Coulee Project", "Grand Coulee Dam: \"Powering One Corner of the World\" 1987 US Bureau of Reclamation - YouTube", "Newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) included Grand Coulee in his public works program to ease joblessness. However, Roosevelt balked at the scale of the project. He suggested it be built in stages, beginning with a smaller, lower dam that could be enlarged later. His 1933 budget allocated $63 million for a 290-foot tall dam. Supporters of the irrigation scheme were disappointed, since a dam of that size would not support the kind of pumping system that had been envisioned. Still, it was a start." ]

[ 6.359375, 6.3515625, 6.26171875, 5.01171875, 4.98046875, 4.91796875, 4.91015625, 4.84375, 4.8359375, 4.453125, 3.91015625, 3.62890625, 3.232421875, 2.583984375, 2.3828125, 1.7861328125, 1.4501953125, 0.568359375, -0.5986328125, -1.1787109375, -2.142578125, -2.775390625, -2.830078125, -3.86328125, -4.3046875, -4.3359375, -4.703125, -5.14453125, -5.171875, -5.3359375, -5.359375, -5.44140625 ]

[ "Cats were domesticated long after dogs were. The current thinking is that they were first “tamed,” but not domesticated, out of the wild around 7500 BC along the Mediterranean.", "Wolves and, in consequence, dogs were actually domesticated over 30,000 years ago. Ancient humans used these canines and watchdogs and even as hunters. Cats, in contrast, were domesticated far later-if you can even call it domesticated.", "When debating which is superior, dogs or cats, I believe their behavior suggests the following: Man domesticated dogs - cats domesticated man.", "Egyptian probably first domesticated the cat, but dogs were most likely domesticated in other parts of the world. Notably, the first domestication of dogs from wolfs occurred in Persia, North America and possibly Northeast Africa.The earliest reference to dogs in Egypt comes to us from the predynastic period.", "The cat genome appears to have undergone less intense and more recent evolutionary pressure than the dog genome. Dogs have lived around humans for 30,000-ish years and the various breeds were developed for specific purposes. Cats, however, exploited humans from a much later date and were only intensely developed into fancy breeds from the 19th century (excepting those natural breeds that arose due to mutation in a geographical area e.g. Angora longhair, Siamese pattern). While housecats are thoroughly domesticated, they have kept their options open and most retain enough wild instincts to revert to the wild state as feral cats.", "It is not known when cats are first domesticated. But by the time of the earliest civilization they have already acquired in the human mind a characteristic which they have never lost - the quality of mystery.", "How Wild Cats First Became Domesticated and Why Dogs are Tamer : Nature & Environment : Science World Report", "Unlike dogs, which some researchers say began their association with humans roughly 30,000 years ago, archaeological evidence suggests that cats first entered our living space when we began to grow crops, about 10,000 years ago.", "Dogs have lived with humans for over 14,000 years. Cats have lived with people for only 7,000 years.", "Dogs were probably the first tame animals. They have accompanied humans for some 10,000 years. Some scientists assert that all dogs, domestic and wild, share a common ancestor in the small South Asian wolf.", "The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is thought by most scientists to have given rise to the domestic dog, a key event in the evolution of our species that may have occurred as early as 32,000 years ago and certainly by 14,000 years ago. Some scientists, however, have posited, due to a number of morphological differences between dogs and wolves, that dogs may actually be descended from an extinct wild ancestor that likely resembled contemporary pariah dogs and dingoes. Whatever its origins, the dog was the first animal to be domesticated by early humans.", "A cat was a type of predatory and usually small feline mammal . Cats came in a variety of colours and shapes and were commonly domesticated as pets. ( PROSE : Human Nature )", "Although not in the scope of this review, which is concentrating mainly on the role of dogs and wild canids as hosts for fleas and flea-transmitted diseases, the importance of domestic cats for the maintenance and transmission of fleas and flea-borne diseases should be mentioned. Several studies in different countries testing for or comparing the infestion of fleas on dogs and cats clearly show that domestic cats have similar or higher infestation rates with fleas than dogs [ 41 , 72 – 75 ]. These limited studies also underscore the great importance of cats as animal bridging hosts for the transmission of fleas (mainly C. felis) to humans.", "The early movement of cats along trade routes makes it difficult to determine exactly when and where the cat was first domesticated. Genetic studies published in Science journal in 2007 indicate origins in the Middle East's Fertile Crescent (present-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Israel), probably to early farming communities which attracted rodents. Archaeological studies indicate a single domestication event in the Near East approximately 9000�10,000 years ago. Scientists acknowledge that cats (perhaps in a semi-domesticated state) may have lived in close proximity to humans when humans formed permanent agricultural settlements around 10,000�11,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent. Modern domestic cats are descended from cats domesticated in the Mediterranean region.", "The pet ferret (Mustela putorias furo) was domesticated more than 500 years before the house cat.", "Cat, Domestic, small, mainly carnivorous animal, Felis catus, member of the family Felidae, popular as a household pet, and valuable for killing mice and rats.", "If we look into the etymology of the word cat, we’ll find that it’s lineage traces back quite a long ways. This should come as no great surprise, though, because cats, themselves, have been providing mankind with companionship for millennia. The word cat comes from the Old English word catt, which originates from the Late Latin word catus, meaning “domestic cat.” There is evidence to suggest that the Latin came from the Afro-Asiatic word kaddîska, which is said to mean “wild cat.” This might stand to reason, considering that the first cat to be domesticated must once have been wild, right?", "Cats have been our furry, purr-y companions for at least 9,000 years -- with breeds emerging around 150 years ago -- yet we know very little about their domestication. “Humans most likely welcomed cats because they controlled rodents that consumed their grain harvests,” Wesley Warren of Washington University says . “We hypothesized that humans would offer cats food as a reward to stick around.” Back in August, a team led by St. Petersburg State University researchers reported the whole genome of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) based on a female Abyssinian named Cinnamon who lives in Columbia, Missouri. ", "Tomb paintings with cats as part of family life began to show up during the New Kingdom-about 500 years after the first attempts at domestication. But the most direct evidence for domestication comes from cemeteries of mummified cats. These appear to be from around 1000 B.C. (the late Pharonic era). And they were most likely domesticated cats from ordinary households or temple catteries; it wouldn't make sense to go to such trouble for wild animals who died.", "The fact that cat remains have been found in various ancient cities and settlements in places other than Egypt suggests small cat species have always lived in or near human settlements, probably in a semi-tame state, attracted there by shelter and by food. This made the cat, particularly F s lybica, ripe for domestication. The apparent simultaneous domestication in several distinct regions (with Egypt being the best known example) supports the genetic evidence that domestication was in progress much earlier than originally believed and that domestic cats had already spread to other areas. Early spread seems more likely than multiple simultaneous domestication events.", "The initiation of the process of domestication would have been the change in lifestyle of people from hunters to farmers. The grain produced attracted rodents, which attracted the wild cats who then became beneficial to the farmers. A relationship started that ended in pure domestication and companionship beyond a functional role for the cat.", "Bones of F catus were found at some sites in the Indus valley in situations which indicate domestication. There is evidence of cat tracks in mud-and-straw bricks used at these sites (much like cat tracks from where cats walk across drying cement). Whether the F catus bones date back as far as 6000 BC wasn't reported. Studies of Asian sites dating back to 5000 BC shows the domestication of animals in this area well before 3000 BC. Archaeological studies of villages established on the coast of the Bay of Bengal have also shown cat remains associated with domestication.", "During the Palaeocene, carnivores diverged into two separate linages, a feliform or cat-like lineage and a caniform or dog-like lineage. Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago.", "Cats have always been a source of fascination for mankind throughout history. Today cats have become one of the world's most popular pets perfectly suited to the lifestyle of our day. They are beautiful, enigmatic and easy-to-care for pets. But where and when did the domestic cat originate? This page will give you some insight into this question.", "Direct evidence for the domestication of cats 5,300 years ago in Quanhucun, China has been published by archaeologists and paleontologists from the University of Washington and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cats are believed to have been attracted to the village by rodents, which in turn were attracted by grain cultivated and stored by humans. ", "During the Neolithic period, agriculture was beginning to spread from the Near East and grain storage would have attracted large mice populations. Cats may have been encouraged to settle in villages to control the mice. The cat resembled the African wildcat (F s lybica), a species whose kittens are amenable to taming if taken as kittens, so it is possible that an abandoned kitten, or a particularly attractive one, was adopted as a pet. This may be analogous to the keeping of exotic animals today (status symbol or novelty) rather than domestication of the species as a whole.", "There is the argument that they were imported with the Puritan settlers that landed near Boston. Although others argue that these cats were already there. However, it is now accepted that the domestic cat comes from the European and African-Asian, wildcats. This being the case it would mean that the importation theory must be correct.", "After comparing the genome of an Abyssinian cat named Cinnamon with those of humans, tigers, cows, dogs and another cat breed known as the Birman, the scientists found that cats retain many of the hunting, sensory and digestive traits of their wild kin.", "The saluki is the oldest known breed of domesticated dog. Carvings of animals resembling the saluki have been found in excavations of the Sumerian ", "Wastlhuber J, History of domestic cats and cat breeds, in: N.C. Pedersen (Ed.), Feline Husbandry, Am. Vet. Publ., Goleta, CA, 1991, pp. 1�59.", "Biologists consider cats to be \"exploitive captives\" - captives of humans, but exploiting this relationship to their own ends rather than suffering from it. Throughout its history, cats have also been symbiotes where both humans and cats gain from the relationship - humans gain rat-catchers while cats gain shelter and supplementary feeding. Elsewhere, where rodent control is not an issue, they are commensals - present alongside man and dining on man's leftovers or on garbage (on food scraps that would otherwise attract vermin or disease). Because of these roles, cats and humans have a long history together. The earliest archaeological evidence of this relationship dates comes from 10,000 years ago (clay figurines in Syria, Turkey and Israel) and 9,500 years ago (evidence of cats living alongside humans in Cyprus).", "Manuls or Pallas' Cats are the oldest living species of cat, traceable in the fossil record to 10 million years ago. They were once thought to be the ancestor of the domestic cat Persian breed because of their highly unusual face." ]

[ 4.73828125, 4.015625, 3.921875, 3.755859375, 2.10546875, 1.76171875, 1.2314453125, 1.0927734375, 0.93603515625, 0.81494140625, 0.62646484375, 0.3046875, 0.02764892578125, -0.004795074462890625, -0.03253173828125, -0.06268310546875, -0.412109375, -0.88134765625, -1.521484375, -1.7060546875, -1.9912109375, -2.09765625, -2.140625, -2.51171875, -2.5703125, -2.61328125, -3.71484375, -3.71875, -3.734375, -3.970703125, -4.3828125, -4.65625 ]

[ "1998 – Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded the company Google in Menlo Park, California, US, to promote the web search engine that they developed as a research project while attending Stanford University.", "Google Inc. ( NASDAQ :  GOOG ) is an American multinational internet corporation invested in internet search , cloud computing , and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, [5] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. [6] [7] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin , often dubbed the \"Google Guys\", [8] [9] [10] while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates.", "Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google, the Internet search engine, while they were graduate students at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Since its founding in 1998, Google has become one of the most successful dot-com businesses in history. Both Page and Brin were reluctant entrepreneurs who were committed to developing their company on their own terms, not those dictated by the prevailing business culture.", "Initially known as \"BackRub\", Google was founded by Page and Brin while they were students at Stanford University and was incorporated as a privately held company in 1998. They brought in Eric Schmidt – who topped the MediaGuardian 100 three years ago – as its chief executive in 2001.", "Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at Stanford University and the company was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. The initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004, raising $1.67 billion, implying a value for the entire corporation of $23 billion. Google has continued its growth through a series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships. Environmentalism, philanthropy and positive employee relations have been important tenets during the growth of Google. The company has been identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine's #1 Best Place to Work, and as the most powerful brand in the world. Alexa ranks Google as the most visited website on the Internet.", "Google was founded by two PhD candidates at Stanford University –Larry Page and Sergey Brin. It was incorporated on Sept. 4, 1998 and went public on Aug. 19, 2004. The company’s head courters are in Mountain View, California.", "Larry Page started Google with another Stanford student, Sergey Brin, in 1998. He was the company’s first CEO, then took a role as president of products before becoming CEO again in 2011. In 2015, he moved to the role of CEO of Alphabet, Google’s publicly traded parent company.", "September 4 – Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University >Ph.D. candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin.[6]", "If you use the Internet, chances are you use Google every day. The search engine and the enormously successful company that shares its name were the creation of a pair of Stanford University graduate students still in their mid-20s, Larry Page and Sergey Brin.", "As Stanford Graduate students, Larry Page and Sergey Brin started whatâs now known as Google from Susan...", "September 4, 1998: Larry Page and Sergey Brin moved into a garage in Menlo Park to develop their business: Google", "We use Google almost everyday ! But how many of us know the names of the persons who bought it to us ? I Removed some time to find their names on Google ha ha. they are Larry Page and Sergey Brin Founded in Menlo Park (california) on sep 4th 1998.", "In 1998, Brin and Page incorporated Google, Inc. with the initial domain name of \"Googol,\" derived from a number that consists of one followed by one hundred zeros—this represented the vast amount of data that the search engine was intended to explore. Following inception, Page appointed himself as CEO, while Brin, named Google's co-founder, served as Google's president. Writer Nicholas Carlson wrote in 2014:", "Google incorporated on Sept. 4, 1998 — two years after the idea of ranking Web pages by their inbound links came to Page in a dream. He made himself CEO, and his best friend, Sergey Brin, was named co-founder.", "It was Larry Page who first hit on the idea of analyzing Internet links to rate their relevance to a given information search. At first Page was only interested in writing a fun and interesting dissertation, but he soon realized his idea had far greater potential. With his classmate Sergey Brin, he presented his work to acclaim at the World Wide Web conference in 1998. Within a year they had raised over $30 million to start a company, Google Inc., providing a free Web search service that can return an ordered list of results in a fraction of a second. The simple white page with the multi-colored logo was an immediate hit with Web surfers around the world. The website generates enormous revenue by providing advertising space linked by content to the results of a given search.", "The home where Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin rented the garage in 1998 to set up Google is seen October 2, 2006 in Menlo Park, California. Reportedly, Google purchased the 1,900 square foot house, where they used to rent out the garage from Susan Wojcicki for $1,700 a month. Today, Larry and Sergey are worth $72 billion.", "The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. Early in 1999, while graduate students, Brin and Page decided that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much time and distracting their academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, after he negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced, with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.", "Lawrence Larry Page (born March 26, 1973) is an American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur who, with Sergey Brin, is best known as the co-founder of Google. Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (born August 21, 1973) is an American computer scientist and Internet entrepreneur who, with Larry Page, co-founded Google, one of the most profitable Internet companies. 5.0/5", "Google started in March as a research project carried out by the students Larry Page and Sergey Brin at Stanford University", "Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin met at Stanford University in 1995. By 1996, they had built a search engine...", "Page and Brin used the former's basic HTML programming skills to set up a simple search page for users, as they did not have a web page developer to create anything visually elaborate. They also began using any computer part they could find to assemble the necessary computing power to handle searches by multiple users. As their search engine grew in popularity among Stanford users, it required additional servers to process the queries. In August 1996, the initial version of Google, still on the Stanford University website, was made available to Internet users.", "Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine \"BackRub\", because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word \"googol\", the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information. Originally, Google ran under Stanford University's website, with the domains google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu. ", "In 1997, they registered the domain google.com. The company was legally incorporated on September 4, 1998 at a friendâs garage in Menlo Park, California.", "Massimo Marchiori could have been one of the wealthiest Silicon Valley billionaires. Instead, he's a $3,000 per-month computer-science professor and mathematician at University of Padua, Italy. It was 17 years ago that he showed the world his Internet search engine. Sitting in the audience at an Internet conference in Santa Clara , California, when Marchiori unveiled the breakthrough, was a student, four years younger than the speaker, who listened with rapt attention. That guy was Larry Page, and he hadn't yet invented Google with his Stanford University friend, Sergey Brin.", "In 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin , both Stanford University graduate students, partnered in building BackRub, a search engine that determined the importance of individual web pages. This search engine operated for more than a year at Stanford servers until it took too much bandwith to suit the university. [5]", "Since 1998, Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998. The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed \"Doodlers\". ", "Together, Page and Brin wrote the paper “Dynamic Data Mining: A New Architecture for Data with High Dimensionality,” and followed it with “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine.” The latter paper quickly became one of the most downloaded scientific documents in the history of the Internet. For a time, Page and Brin ran the prototype of their search engine, which they named “BackRub,” on an assortment of inexpensive personal computers stored in Larry Page’s dorm room. Word quickly spread beyond the walls of Stanford that the two graduate students had created something far more useful than existing search technology.", "Page and Brin went on to raise more money from friends, family, and then from venture capital firms that funded new businesses. By the end of 1999 they had set up headquarters in an office park in Mountain View, and had officially launched the site. In June of 2000, Google reached an important hallmark: it had indexed one billion Internet URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators. A URL is the World Wide Web address of a site on the Internet. Reaching the one-billion mark made Google the most comprehensive search engine on the Web.", "Page and Brin went on to raise more money from friends, family, and then from venture capital firms that funded new businesses. By the end of 1999 they had set up headquarters in an office park in Mountain View, and had officially launched the site. In June of 2000, Google reached an important hallmark: it had indexed one billion Internet URLs, or Uniform Resource Locators. A URL is the World Wide Web address of a site on the Internet. Reaching the one-billion mark made Google the most comprehensive search engine on the Web.", "2003: Larry Page, Co-founder and President, Products, and Sergey Brin, Co-founder and President, Technology, pose inside the server room at Google’s campus headquarters in Mountain View, California. (Getty Images)", "One day in late 1998, Google’s first HR boss, Heather Cairns, walked into the company’s garage office and caught Larry Page and Sergey Brin playing with Legos.", "In 2001, Google was available in 26 languages. Eric Schmidt was appointed Chairman and Wayne Rosing was hired as VP for Engineering. [51] The following year, Schmidt was elected CEO while Page assumed the position of president for products and Brin became president for technology. [52]" ]

[ 5.40625, 5.19140625, 5.078125, 3.8125, 3.51171875, 2.9375, 2.2421875, 0.64990234375, -0.08477783203125, -0.1917724609375, -0.31591796875, -0.37353515625, -0.64404296875, -0.873046875, -1.8203125, -1.8623046875, -2.294921875, -2.490234375, -2.859375, -2.962890625, -2.9765625, -3, -3.23828125, -3.650390625, -4.14453125, -4.15625, -4.23046875, -5.63671875, -5.63671875, -6.109375, -6.6953125, -7.45703125 ]

[ "Standard Oil’s John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), scion of the Rockefeller family, becomes the world’s first billionaire. Rockefeller’s fortunes were accumulated in the oil industry.", "John D. Rockefeller is held to be the world's first official billionaire, achieving that status in 1916 largely through his ownership of Standard Oil. From that point nearly a century ago, wealth has multiplied to the point where the richest men in the world top out at around $50 billion (by comparison, Rockefeller's wealth in modern inflation-adjusted terms would amount to about $400 billion). The question then, is how long it will be before the world sees its first trillionaire. (More than 70 years after his death, this man remains one of the great figures of Wall Street . See J.D. Rockefeller: From Oil Baron To Billionaire .)", "1911 - John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil is broken up under antitrust laws. After the breakup of Standard Oil, Rockefeller's wealth rises until he becomes the world's first billionaire.", "John Davison Rockefeller, industrialist, philanthropist, and founder of The Standard Oil Company became the world’s first billionaire on this day in 1916.", "John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839, in... Richford, New York. He built his first oil refinery near Cleveland and in 1870 incorporated the Standard Oil Company, a dominating force in the American economy that propelled its founder to become the world's richest man. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry with his oil refinery. One of the wealthiest men of all times also used his wealth to help society. His fortune was mainly used to define the structure of targeted...", "John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839, in Richford, New York. He built his first oil... refinery near Cleveland and in 1870 incorporated the Standard Oil Company, a dominating force in the American economy that propelled its founder to become the world's richest man. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry with his oil refinery. One of the wealthiest men of all times also used his wealth to help society. His fortune was mainly used to define the structure of targeted...", "Davison Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839 in southern New York. Rockefeller’s first job was as a bookkeeper, later he formed a partnership with... two others in the produce business proving him that he was an intense negotiator. It wasn’t until 1863 that Rockefeller made the best investment of his life. He founded the Cleveland Petroleum refinery (Standard Oil Trust). This investment did not only have an impact in his life, but also in the United States’ business, government and society. The Standard Oil...", "Introduction: John Davison Rockefeller was born July 8, 1839 in southern New York. Rockefeller’s first job was as a... bookkeeper, later he formed a partnership with two others in the produce business proving him that he was an intense negotiator. It wasn’t until 1863 that Rockefeller made the best investment of his life. He founded the Cleveland Petroleum refinery (Standard Oil Trust). This investment did not only have an impact in his life, but also in the United States’ business, government and...", "John D. Rockefeller is remembered for his deep association with the Big Apple, where buildings bear his name and museums exist thanks to his generosity. One of his grandsons, Nelson A. Rockefeller, would one day become governor of New York. But although he was born in the Empire State, the oil tycoon actually cut his teeth in Cleveland, where his family moved during his teenage years. Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Trust there in 1870. It wasn’t until the 1880s that he moved his life and business headquarters to New York, establishing his family’s close ties to the city.", "Rockefeller founded Standard Oil as an Ohio partnership with his brother William along with Henry Flagler, Jabez A. Bostwick, chemist Samuel Andrews, and a silent partner, Stephen V. Harkness. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefeller's wealth soared and he became the world's richest man and the first American worth more than a billion dollars, controlling 90% of all oil in the United States at his peak. His fortune upon his death in 1937 stood at US$1.4 billion (equivalent to $ in dollars). At the time, his fortune accounted for more than 1.5% of the national economy, equivalent to $253 billion in 2013. His peak net worth was estimated at $336 billion or almost 2% of the American economy (in 2007 USD; inflation-adjusted) in 1913, at 74 years of age, making him arguably the richest person in modern history. ", "That young man was John Davison Rockefeller in 1855, who in 25 years would become the wealthiest man of his time, and arguably the wealthiest in history, reigning over a monopoly that refined as much as 90 percent of America’s oil. His flagship company, Standard Oil, was broken up in 1911 by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but Rockefeller’s greatest legacy – his family – lives on, spanning more than 200 surviving individuals and possessing a collective net worth of about $10 billion, according to Forbes’ list of America’s wealthiest families.", "When the Supreme Court broke up the Standard Oil Trust in 1911, electric lights were rapidly replacing kerosene lamps. But the gasoline-driven automobile was just beginning to appear. Gasoline, up to that time a useless byproduct of oil refining, made the companies formed from the trust wealthier than they had ever been. Rockefeller, owning a 25 percent share in each of the new companies, was worth $900 million in 1913 ($13 billion in today's dollars). This made him the richest man in the world.", "In 1866, his brother William Rockefeller Jr. built another refinery in Cleveland and brought John into the partnership. In 1867, Henry M. Flagler became a partner, and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was established. By 1868, with Rockefeller continuing practices of borrowing and reinvesting profits, controlling costs, and using refineries' waste, the company owned two Cleveland refineries and a marketing subsidiary in New York; it was the largest oil refinery in the world. Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler was the predecessor of the Standard Oil Company.", "In the early years, John D. Rockefeller dominated the combine; he was the single most important figure in shaping the new oil industry.One of the world's first and biggest multinationals—see Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991, p.35. He quickly distributed power and the tasks of policy formation to a system of committees, but always remained the largest shareholder. Authority was centralized in the company's main office in Cleveland, but decisions in the office were made in a cooperative way. ", "Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. The company was an innovator in the development of the business trust. The Standard Oil trust streamlined production and logistics, lowered costs, and undercut competitors. \"Trust-busting\" critics accused Standard Oil of using aggressive pricing to destroy competitors and form a monopoly that threatened consumers. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard was an illegal monopoly. The Standard Oil trust was dissolved into 33 smaller companies; two of its surviving \"child\" companies are ExxonMobil and the Chevron Corporation.", "4/30/98 John D. Rockefeller ( July 8, 1939- May 23, 1937) Summary John D.... Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company and one of the world’s richest men. He used his fortune to fund ongoing philanthropic causes. He lived in his mansion, Kykuit, in Tarrytown. His success as a businessman and his humanitarian values make him an obvious inductee into the Hall of Fame. John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller the founder of the Standard Oil Company became...", "Controlled almost all oil refining and distribution in the US and much of the world. Ohio SC dissolved in 1892. Rockefeller simply created a holding company, the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.", "1979: Arbusto Energy (sometimes referred to as Arbusto Oil was a petroleum and energy company formed in Midland, Texas, for George W. Bush by a group of investors which included Dorothy Bush, Lewis Lehrman, William Henry Draper III, Bill Gammell, and James R. Bath. The company’s chief financial officer was K. Michael Conaway, now a United States Congressman from Texas. Bush made an investment of $50,000 while representing Salem bin Laden of the Saudi Binladin Group. Salem bin Laden being an older, half-brother of Osama bin Laden. Salem bin Laden died in a 1988 airplane crash, in Texas. In 1987 the Saudi investor Abdullah Taha Bakhsh bought most of Union Bank of Switzerland’s shares in Harken becoming its third largest investor owning 17% of the company. ", "Rockefeller was born in 1839 as the second of six children. He began his career as a bookkeeper in a produce commission firm in September 1855 before starting his own firm with Maurice B. Clark in 1859. In 1866, Rockefeller went into partnership with his brother at an oil refinery in Cleveland. In 1870, Rockefeller then moved on to his own refinery in Ohio, Standard Oil, which made him his billions.", "\"After the American Civil War, the petroleum industry made continual technological advances that allowed it to emerge as society's major source of energy and lubrication during the twentieth century. The immense potential of petroleum resources and applications became evermore apparent, attracting the interest of one of the most effective businessmen in history, John D. Rockefeller. Working within the South Improvement Company for much of the late 1860s, Rockefeller laid the groundwork for his effort to gain absolute control of the industry, covering each phase of the process. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870. In the early 1870s, oil exploration in Pennsylvania's Oil Creek region grew significantly, and the effort would expand to other states and nations during the next decade. By 1879, Standard controlled 90 percent of U.S. refining capacity, as well as the majority of rail lines between urban centers in the northeastern U.S. and many leasing companies at various sites of oil speculation throughout the country. Due to Rockefeller's efforts and developments, petroleum became the primary energy source not only in the U.S., but for societies around the world.\"", "NEW YORK, N.Y. – Bill Gates, the founder of technology company Microsoft Corp., topped Forbes’ 2015 list of the world’s top billionaires for the second straight year. In 2013, Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim Helu was on top. He ranked second this time.", "Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, added $9 billion to his fortune since 2013 and topped the 2014 billionaire list. He has topped the list 15 of the previous 20 years, but was last number one in 2009. Mexican telecommunication mogul Carlos Slim came in second place after being number one the previous four years. Zara founder Amancio Ortega placed third for the second consecutive year. American investor Warren Buffett was in the top five for the 20th consecutive year, placing fourth. America's Christy Walton was the highest ranking female, placing ninth overall. Aliko Dangote of Nigeria became the first African ever to enter the top 25, with an estimated net worth of $25 billion.", "John D. Rockefeller, a Trustee for what is now known as Exxon Corporation (formerly Standard Oil of New Jersey), first became interested in oil in 1863 when he was sent to Pennsylvania by a group of Cleveland. Ohio businessmen to investigate oil operations. At that time he was not impressed with, the producing end of the business, but he did see a future for the refining and marketing side. And on this premise he and his associates developed their holdings until Standard Oil Company was incorporated in 1877.", "John D. Rockefeller, third on the list, is the richest American to have ever lived. At the time of his death in 1937, he was worth $340billion in today's dollars - he was also the first American acquire a net worth over $1billion.", "Beginning in 1949, Getty paid Ibn Saud $9.5 million in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. No oil had ever been discovered there, and none appeared until four years had passed, and $30 million had been spent. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced 16000000 oilbbl a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune responsible for making him one of the richest people in the world.", "Rockefeller was born in 1839 and died in 1937. His oil company was eventually broken up by antitrust laws. By then he had practically abandoned his oil company and gone into charity work, establishing the Rockefeller foundation which supported such organizations as schools, community works, and health organizations. This institution has donated millions of dollars to worthy causes of many kinds over the years and still exists today.", "   As to the source of his wealth, Getty writes, his father diedin 1930, worth $15,478,137. As early as 1916 the elder Getty was a millionaire oilprospector. He left the bulk of his estate to his wife but by 1916 he had enteredinto a 70-30 partnership with his son, allotting the latter, gratis, 300 of 1,000newly issued shares of the Getty Oil Company. By the terms of his father's will Gettygot only $500,000; \"but I had no real need for more money; I had several millionsof my own.\"9 He owned, in fact, more than 30 per cent of Getty Oil.", "He spent the last part of his life giving away much of his fortune, including money to found the University of Chicago and the Rockefeller Foundation. The companies that sprung from Standard Oil's breakup -- including ExxonMobil ( XOM ), Chevron ( CVX ), ConocoPhillips ( COP ) and a big chunk of what are now BP's ( BP ) U.S. operations -- remain among the world's largest.", "The Octogenarian American business magnate has been named the most successful investor of the 20th century. He first became interested in making money as a child, going round selling chewing gum, coca cola and weekly magazines door to door.  Whilst at high school he successfully made money delivering newspapers, selling golf balls, stamps and other things he could find to  make him rich. Also at high school he and a friend bought a second-hand pinball machine for $25 and put it in a local barber’s shop. It was so successful that within months they had a range of machines in various barbers’ shops. He worked for a time in his father’s grocery store. But he became a millionaire in 1962 after entering various partnerships which he eventually merged into one,  before taking control of the textile manufacturing firm Berkshire Hathaway which made him a billionaire. Married twice, he has three children and in 1989 he bought a private jet. He has given away 99 per cent of his fortune to philanthropic causes through the Bill Gates Foundation.", "The first oil well was mechanically drilled in the Bibi-Heybat suburb of Baku in 1846, though a number of hand-dug wells predate it. Large-scale oil exploration started in 1872, when Russian imperial authorities auctioned the parcels of oil-rich land around Baku to private investors. The pioneer of oil extracting from the bottom of the sea was Polish geologist Witold Zglenicki. Soon after that Swiss, British, French, Belgian, German, Swedish and American investors appeared in Baku. Among them were the firms of the Nobel brothers together with the family von Börtzell-Szuch (Carl Knut Börtzell, who also owned the Livadia Palace) and the Rothschild family. An industrial oil belt, better known as Black City, was established near Baku.", "This jovial 83 year-old widower from Omaha is a self-made billionaire who is known as the most successful investor of the twentieth century. This has earned the son of US Congressman Howard Buffett the nickname the Sage of Omaha.", "Co-founder of the Standard Oil Company which dominated the oil industry (first great US business trust)" ]

[ 4.72265625, 4.36328125, 3.953125, 3.265625, 2.42578125, 2.404296875, 0.74365234375, 0.74267578125, 0.65673828125, 0.25341796875, -0.14599609375, -0.44677734375, -1.0693359375, -1.6923828125, -1.859375, -2.1953125, -2.646484375, -2.677734375, -2.826171875, -2.828125, -2.84765625, -2.853515625, -3.078125, -3.083984375, -3.5078125, -3.546875, -3.978515625, -4.76953125, -4.7734375, -5.41015625, -7.01171875, -8.4296875 ]

[ "Honeycrisp (Malus domestica 'Honeycrisp') is an apple cultivar (cultivated variety) developed at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station's Horticultural Research Center at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Designated in 1960 as the MN 1711, patented in 1988, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp, once slated to be discarded, has rapidly become a prized commercial commodity, as its sweetness, firmness, and tartness make it an ideal apple for eating raw. It has much larger cells than most apples, which rupture when bitten to fill the mouth with juice. The Honeycrisp also retains its pigment well and boasts a relatively long shelf life when stored in cool, dry conditions. The name Honeycrisp was trademarked by the University of Minnesota, but university officials were unsure of its protection status in 2007.", "Gravenstein () is a variety of apple native to Gråsten in South Jutland, Denmark. The cultivar was discovered in 1669 as a chance seedling.", "We grow 22 different varieties of apples, most of which are available to u-pick , as well as in our country store.  Popular varieties include: Gingergold, Gala, Elstar, Honeycrisp, Ambrosia, McIntosh and Jonagold.  We grow limited amounts of heritage varieties, including Gravenstein, Boskoop, Northern Spy, and Cox's Orange Pippin.  See our u-pick page for more information and availability.", "Gravenstein, Lobo, Wealthy, Cox Orange Pippin, Red and Golden Delicious, Ambrosia, Honeycrisp, McIntosh, Gala, Northern Spy, Nova Spy, Greensleeves, Bramley, Spartan, Ida Red, Empire, Jonagold, Wolf River, Geneva and Dolgo Crabapple, Gingergold, Sandow, Russet and more.....Pears: Clapp, Bartlett, Harrovin Sundown Plums: Stanley, Shiro, Italian Prune, Early Golden and more", "Developed by the University of Minnesota in the 1960s and introduced commercially in 1991. Honeycrisp's skin is a distinctive mottled scarlet red over a yellow background with characteristic shallow dimples and small lenticels over its surface. Lenticels are the pores of the apple that allow an exceptional juicy, crisp texture. A juicy and instantly refreshing apple, Honeycrisp have a honeyed, sweet tart flavor.", "Apple experts at the University of Minnesota discovered Honeycrisp by cross-pollinating two exceptional apple varieties, Macoun and Honeygold", "The popular Honeycrisp apple is mildly aromatic with a juicy flavor and crisp flesh. Its skin is two-thirds mottled red with a straw background. The Honeycrisp, which is available in September, is a cross between the Macoun and Honeygold and developed at the University of Minnesota.", "The Honeycrisp earned its name from being sweet as honey and extraordinarily crisp. A cross between Macoun and Honey Gold, Honeycrisps are jumbo sized, with mostly red colouring over a yellow background.", "Numerous varieties are grown in Michigan including: Blondee, Braeburn, Cameo, Cortland, Double Red Stamen, Early Gold, Empire, Fuji, Gala, Ginger Gold, Golden Delicious, Golden Supreme, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, Honeycrisp, Ida Red, Jersey Mac, Jonagold, Jona-Mac, Jonathon, McIntosh, Mollie Delicious, Mutsu, Newtown Pippin, Northern Spy, Paula Red, Pink Lady, Red Delicious, Red Haralson, Rome, Runkel, Snow Apples, Spartan, State Fair, Sweet 16, Tydeman Red, Wealthy, Winesap, Whitney Crab, Wolf River and York.", "The fruit has a very deep red blush over a bright yellow background; its flavor is juicy sweet with hints of cinnamon and the clean crunch associated with its parent, the Honeycrisp. The name refers to the close dance of unique flavors this fruit offers.", "After the many attributes of McIntosh were discovered, plant breeders began crossing it with other varieties to enhance its traits. One of the earliest was the 'Cortland'. Its flavor is sweet compared to McIntosh, and it has a flush of crimson against a pale yellow background sprinkled with short, dark red stripes and gray-green dots.", "Newtown Pippin apples: A tart green apple, this variety is generally used for cooking, but is also suitable for eating fresh.", "Description: Large nearly solid red or red striped over green fruit. Very sweet with crisp juicy flesh. Fine flavor. Core smaller than McIntosh. Excellent eating quality.", "Summerland, B.C. cross of McIntosh and Newtown. Dark red skin and high dessert quality put this variety strongly in the McIntosh camp. Ripens after McIntosh with firm, medium to large fruit. It is a reasonably good shipper.", "The variety sprang from a seed in Newtown, Long Island. The original tree died when too many scions were cut from it for grafting. A greener version is known as Albemarle Pippin, named for the Virginia county, and Virginians claim it is more flavorful than Newtown.", "* Cherry, sweet, black, sour, and wild species (Prunus avium, Prunus serotina, Prunus cerasus, and others)", "Blackcurrants: a small, very dark purple berry with a sharp, sweet taste, often used in preserves, syrups, and liqueurs such as Cassis.", "The specific epithet persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia, whence it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry, apricot, almond and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell.", "A member of the Rubus genus (as are raspberries and blackberries, as well as a dozen or so", "Native American made much use of the related Mountain Ashes for food. The Algonquin, Quebec, Montagnais and Ojibwa ate Sorbus americana berries, the Thompson, Sorbus sitchensis and the Heiltzuk, Sorbus sitchensis var. grayi. Usually the berries were dried then ground and added to four or soups and the like. To that North American list Lee Peterson also adds Sorbus decora, called the Northern Mountain Ash; Cornucopia II adds the Western Mountain Ash, Sorbus scopulina. Across the Atlantic the European Mountain Ash, Sorbus aucuparia, was used for food as well as the Sorbus latifolia which oddly has yellow fruit with black dots. In Eurasia there’s Sorbus domestica, Sorbus aria, which has brown berries with red spots, and Scorbus torminalis which looks similar to S. aria. There are also several cultivars of the various species: Rabina, Rosina, Edulis, Moravica, Rossica, Apple, Pear, and Devoneinsis. These tend to have larger, better tasting fruit.", "James Grieve is a justifiably popular dual-purpose apple variety, raised in Scotland, which is highly valued for its cooking and eating qualities. James Grieve is a mid-season variety that is picked in early-mid September. After a few weeks the flavour sweetens and becomes quite mild, and it is then an excellent apple to eat in slices along with a cheese course. The apples also hold their shape well when cooked and have a light and juicy flavour. The flesh is soft and similar to a firm pear in texture.", "'Dropmore Scarlet'. The most valuable of all Brown's Honeysuckle cultivars, obtained in 1950 in Canada. Orange-red flowers are borne profusely from June to October. Decorative fruits similar to those of the species. Very frost hardy.", "The darkish berries of the juniper tree provide the main flavouring for gin. These spicy, aromatic berries are also used, fresh or dried, crushed or whole, to flavour casseroles, marinades and stuffings, and complement pork, rabbit and beef, especially pork pates. They can also be used in sweet dishes such as fruit cake.", "If you only have space for one Hybrid berry, the Tayberry is the one to go for as it has such a divine sweet and aromatic taste when picked fully ripe, is large in size, fruits prolifically, and is reliable. Bred in Scotland, this is basically a cross between a Raspberry and a Bramble or Blackberry, and is very thorny. A thorn-less variant is the Buckingham Tayberry, but it seems to be less prolific than the original Tayberry.", "Beauty Seedless: Reddish black, sultana size berries that matures early-mid season. Black Hamburg: Large soft berries, with a muscat flavour. Early-mid season.", "Fruit of these ornamentals is not edible fresh, being quite bitter, except for some cultivars selected from its native Europe and Asia.  ’Rabina’ is a cultivar from native stands in Russia, selected for its tart but sweet, bright orange fruit.  ‘Rosina’ is a cultivar from the east of Germany, selected for its reddish-orange fruit that sweeten after frosted in fall. ", "Malus is a genus of about 35 species of deciduous trees and shrubs from Europe, Asia and North America. Some eating apples are hybrids but others are attributed to the species M. pumila. Pumila means dwarf.", "Red-fleshed peaches are rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin glucosides in six peach and six nectarine cultivars and malvin glycosides in clingstone peaches.", "The least fruit-like of all dark fruits. When writers mention cassis, they are often thinking of the seedy and gritty character of actual black currants. Homework assignment: try a black currant and report back.", "A variety developed from a chance seedling in New Zealand introduced in 1952, Braeburn has a tangy flavor that straddles sweet and tart.  Skin color varies from orange to red over a yellow background.  Braeburn may have Lady Hamilton & Granny Smith in its parentage. It is available starting in late-October.", "Baneberry (Actaea spicata) is a nationally scarce species in Great Britain, with mostly small populations restricted to a band of localities across northern England. It is intolerant of competition but highly shade tolerant (Abbott in Stewart et al., 1994) and is frequent in the grikes of a few limestone pavements. Photograph: near Ingleborough, Yorkshire, 1972.", "My cousin has a tree that produces fruits that have large black pits. Is this a different variety?" ]

[ 4.56640625, 4.48046875, 4.44140625, 1.4052734375, 1.3837890625, 1.2587890625, 1.1455078125, 1.0078125, 0.78662109375, -1.7099609375, -1.880859375, -2.1328125, -2.248046875, -2.75390625, -2.828125, -4.81640625, -5.34375, -5.53515625, -5.54296875, -5.72265625, -5.83984375, -5.94921875, -6.21484375, -6.2265625, -6.2890625, -6.61328125, -6.6796875, -6.95703125, -7.1171875, -7.1328125, -7.40234375, -8.40625 ]

[ "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981, and the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate and as the 76th Governor of Georgia, from 1971 to 1975.[1]", "James Earl Carter Jr. (commonly known as Jimmy Carter, born October 1, 1924 ) was the thirty-ninth President of the United States from 1977 to 1981, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate, and was the 76th Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize . Prior to becoming president, Carter served two terms in the Georgia Senate and as the 76th Governor of Georgia , from 1971 to 1975. [1]", "James Earl Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924), was the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and the Nobel Peace laureate in 2002. Previously, he was the Governor of Georgia (1971–1975). Carter won the Democratic nomination as a dark horse candidate, and went on to defeat incumbent Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election.", "James Earl \"Jimmy\" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and author who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center.  ", "Former US President Jimmy Carter delivers the last speech at the first session of the 1988 Democratic National Convention 18 July 1988 in Atlanta. Carter on Friday 11 October 2002 won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for years of tireless effort as an international mediator. Carter, 78, was honored for \"his decades of untiring effort to fin peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\", the Norwegian Nobel Committee said. (Photo BOB PEARSON/AFP/Getty Images)", "In 2002, President Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work \"to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development\" through The Carter Center. Three sitting presidents, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Barack Obama, have received the prize; Carter is unique in receiving the award for his actions after leaving the presidency. He is, along with Martin Luther King Jr., one of only two native Georgians to receive the Nobel. ", "Obama was the fourth U.S. President to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, after Theodore Roosevelt (1906) and Woodrow Wilson (1919)—both of whom received the award during their terms—and Jimmy Carter (2002), who received the award 21 years after leaving office. In addition, then-sitting Vice President Charles Dawes was a co-winner with Austen Chamberlain (1925), and former Vice President Al Gore was a co-winner with the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007)", "According to the Nobel Foundation, three is the number of US presidents who have received the Nobel Peace Prize. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, who were awarded the Peace Prize in 1906 and 1919, respectively, received their prizes as sitting presidents. In 2002, 21 years after his presidency ended, Jimmy Carter became the third US president to win the award.", "Jimmy Carter (volunteer/our greatest former President) -- Alive. Born October 1, 1924. A so-so president who went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize , has participated as an election observer in many places where elections aren't always fair and honest (Where was he in November 2004?).  ", "Former US presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson won the award in 1906 and 1919 respectively. Former president Jimmy Carter won the award in 2002 for his \"decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflict\".", "Jimmy Carter is the only president to have won the Nobel following his time in office. His was awarded in 2002, for “his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development,” in the words of the Norwegian Nobel Committee .", "(born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977�1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971�1975),[2] and was a peanut farmer and naval officer.As President, Carter created two new cabinet-level departments: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama.", "After religious leaders, this is the profession best represented by peace prize winners. Four US presidents have won the award, Theodore Roosevelt (1906) for his work mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese war; Woodrow Wilson (1919) for his work setting up the League of Nations; Jimmy Carter (2002) for his work campaigning for international peace and the improvement of lives in developing countries, and Barack Obama (2009), for… well, no one’s quite sure.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.", "John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, JFK, or Jack Kennedy, was the 35th President of the United States. He served from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. A member of the prominent Kennedy political family, he is considered an icon of American liberalism. During World War II, he served as a naval lieutenant in the Pacific theater and was cited for exceptional bravery for the rescue of his men. Kennedy is the youngest person ever to have been elected president of the United States, at the age of 43. (Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to serve as President of the United States.)", "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (JFK), (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , the establishment of the Peace Corps , developments in the Space Race , the building of the Berlin Wall , the Civil Rights Movement , and increased U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War all took place during his presidency.", "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States , serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–33). He was a professional mining engineer and was raised as a Quaker. A Republican, Hoover served as head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War I, and became internationally known for humanitarian relief efforts in war-time Belgium. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric \"economic modernization.\"", "Theodore Roosevelt  The 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). Roosevelt was 42 years old when sworn in as President of the United States in 1901, making him the youngest president ever; he beat out the youngest elected president, John F. Kennedy, by only one year. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became President. Roosevelt was also the first of only three sitting presidents to have won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt coined the phrase ‘Square Deal’ to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. Roosevelt’s policies were characterized by his slogan, ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick’. Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to demonstrate American power; and negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "1. President Woodrow Wilson (1919). Wilson was honored for his role in peace talks after World War I concluded. He actually received his award in 1920 after the committee waited for year to find a candidate that met the conditions of Alfred Nobel’s will.", "Ralph Johnson Bunche was an American political scientist and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his late 1940s mediation in Palestine. He was the first person of color to be so honored in the history of the Prize.[6] He was involved in the formation and administration of the United Nations and in 1963, received the Medal of Freedom from President John F. Kennedy. [WIKIPEDIA]", "4. 1961 January 20th John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy becomes the 35th President of the United States", "*October 8 – Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1913)", "1906 — President Theodore Roosevelt in recognition of his mediation of the Russo-Japanese War is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.", "* October 7 – Norman Angell, British politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1872)", "1900: Birth of Adlai Ewing Stevenson, US statesman and UN ambassador. His strong liberal views were once labelled red by Senator McCarthy during the anti-communist witch-hunts.", "He is also the 12th American to receive the peace Prize. The first, in 1950, was Dr. Ralph J. Bunche, Under Secretary of the United Nations. In 1960 the former leader of the African National Congress in South Africa, Chief Albert Luthuli, received the award.", "Dr. Ralph Bunche was named as the winner of the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first African-American to win the award. Bunche was honored for his work in brokering ceasefire agreements between Israel and her Arab neighbors. [63]", "King, born on January 15, 1929, was the movement’s most important figure — having led both the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and, at a seminal moment in the fight for racial justice, delivered his “I Have A Dream” speech in 1963 as part of the massive March on Washington. He’d become, in 1964, the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Honored for his work to end discrimination through nonviolent means, King’s work came to a shocking end when he was murdered by a lone gunman on April 4, 1968.", "* February 1 – Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1902)" ]

[ 10.71875, 10.3828125, 10.375, 9.3046875, 9.1796875, 7.66015625, 7.015625, 6.28125, 5.99609375, 5.9140625, 5.8671875, 4.8984375, 4.51953125, 2.78515625, -0.9267578125, -1.033203125, -1.4365234375, -1.8212890625, -2.255859375, -2.51953125, -2.83203125, -3.23046875, -3.853515625, -4.546875, -6.28515625, -6.609375, -7.19140625, -7.2109375, -7.54296875, -7.90234375, -7.94140625, -8.5703125 ]

[ "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes. ", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a federal criminal investigative, intelligence agency, and the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes and thus has the broadest investigative authority of any U.S. federal law enforcement agency. The motto of the bureau is \"Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity.\"", "The FBI is part of the U.S. Department of Justice, which is headed by the U.S. Attorney General. The FBI exists under the Attorney General's authority to create investigative agents for the enforcement of federal laws (Sections 533 and 534, Title 28 of the U.S. Code ). However, the Attorney General doesn't exercise direct authority over the FBI itself -- that's the job of the Inspector General. Prior to 2002, the Inspector General could investigate the FBI, but only with the permission of the Attorney General. In the wake of several scandals in 2001, including the revelation that FBI agent Robert Hanssen had been selling U.S. secrets to the Soviets for 15 years, Congress gave the Inspector General more oversight power [ ref ].", "FBI funding is part of the Department of Justice and comes from the overall federal budget. In 2003, the FBI's total budget was $4.298 billion [ ref ].", "The Department of Justice represents the U.S. government in legal matters and courts of law, and renders legal advice and opinions upon request to the president and to the heads of the executive departments. The Justice Department is headed by the attorney general of the United States, the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government. Its Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal law enforcement body for federal crimes. Another major agency within the department is the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which enforces narcotics and controlled substances laws, and tracks down major illicit drug trafficking organizations.", "On July 26, 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is born when U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte orders a group of newly hired federal investigators to report to Chief Examiner Stanley W. Finch of the Department of Justice. One year later, the Office of the Chief Examiner was renamed the Bureau of Investigation, and in 1935 it became the Federal Bureau of Investigation.", "Since their inception nearly 30 years ago, one of the principal legal constraints under which the FBI has operated has been the Attorney General Guidelines. The FBI does not operate under a general statutory charter but, rather, under Attorney General Guidelines that have been revised from time to time pursuant to the authorities set forth in 28 U.S.C. �� 509, 510, and 533.", "The FBI often works in conjunction with other Federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security, and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative man power as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force.", "Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's departments, with state police providing broader services. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is the largest in the country. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws. At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a common law. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. Plea bargaining in the United States is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial.", "Several bureaus within the DOJ are concerned with various aspects of law enforcement. The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) is the country's oldest law enforcement agency, having begun as a group of 13 marshals appointed by George Washington ; today the USMS has 95 marshals and is primarily responsible for providing court security, transporting prisoners, apprehending fugitives, protecting witnesses, and executing federal court orders. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the government's major investigatory agency and the largest unit within the DOJ; the FBI pursues information concerning federal violations, collects evidence in cases involving the United States, and performs other duties assigned by law or by the president. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) combats drug trafficking, investigating major drug dealers, helping to prepare cases against them, and helping foreign governments pursue drug dealers. Also under the DOJ's umbrella are the Bureau of Prisons (BOP), which oversees the federal prison system, and the Office of Justice Programs (OJP), which administers crime prevention and deterrence programs.", "(dee-ee-ay) Drug Enforcement Administration [not \"Agency\"], which has jurisdiction on federal installations, also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the FBI for domestic enforcement of controlled substance laws, and bears sole responsibility for investigating illegal drugs abroad. The Drug Enforcement Administration was reorganized in the Department of Justice on 1 July 1973 from its predecessor, the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, which had been formed as a subsidiary agency of the Department of Justice in 1968 by merging the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, an agency of the Treasury Department, with the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control, an agency of the Food and Drug Administration under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics had been established in June 1930, and maintained foreign offices in France, Italy, Turkey, Lebanon, and Thailand. The DEA has grown to encompass 21 domestic Field Divisions and 80 Foreign Offices in 58 countries. Although the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center is a separate facility, the DEA Academy is colocated with the Marine installation at Quantico Virginia. See POLICE, CID, BABY 007, STICK, CAN SA, DOPE, STONED, SMACK, HOT SHOT, CHINA WHITE, GOLDEN TRIANGLE, SILVER TRIANGLE, GOLDEN CRESCENT; compare FBI, REVENUER, DIS, DHS.", "The mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners. Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, authorizes the Attorney General to \"appoint officials to detect... crimes against the United States,\" and other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.", "In the decades leading up to the 1980s, the FBI had not yet begun to structure its resources in terrorism-specific terms. Following two significant anarchist bombing attacks in the spring of 1919, the U.S. Department of Justice established a General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, to gather and analyze intelligence concerning communist, anarchist, and other radical threats in the United States. In 1920, the General Intelligence Division was incorporated into what was then known as the Bureau of Investigation. Hoover continued to head the division and was appointed the Bureau’s Assistant Director under Director William Burns (1922-24), a position he held until his own appointment as Director, a position he held from 1924 to 1972. Discontinued at that time, the division was re-established in 1935 to monitor communist and fascist activities.", "The US Department of Justice confirmed in its April 2014 court filings that the national security criminal investigation and \"pending prosecution\" proceed. The FBI is leading the investigation. A dozen other agencies have been involved. See here .", "From its inception, the FBI has had as part of its mission the collection of domestic intelligence and the investigation of domestic security matters. Attorney General Charles J. Bonaparte established the Bureau of Investigation within DOJ in 1908. During the post-World War I period, the Bureau of Investigation was charged with the investigation of suspected anarchists, Bolsheviks, socialists, and other radicals in contemplation of prosecution under the Espionage Act and the Immigration Act.", "In 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was established to investigate violations of federal laws not assigned to other federal agencies. The FBI is charged with solving crimes such as Kidnapping , Espionage , sabotage, bank Robbery , Extortion , interstate transportation of stolen property, Civil Rights violations, interstate gambling violations, Fraud against the government, and the assault or killing of a federal officer or the president. As an agency concerned with criminal apprehension, the FBI is considered an arm of the government, and its directorship is subject to presidential approval. However, the FBI carries out its investigations independent of political influence. It can, for example, probe the actions of presidents and legislators, the very persons responsible for its existence.", "The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors. Within these sub-branches there are various sections headed by section chiefs. Section chiefs are ranked analogous to special agents in charge.", "Since 1954, Federal law has protected the FBI seal against unauthorized commercial use. The unauthorized use of the seal is subject to prosecution under federal criminal law, including Sections 701 and 709 of Title 18 of the United States Code. The latter Section prohibits the use of the words “Federal Bureau of Investigation” or the initialism \"F.B.I.\",", "Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection. Though it is not the only U.S. government agency specializing in HUMINT, CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT activities across the entire intelligence community. Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is better suited for carrying out such action. It can, for example, exert foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. ", "The Department of Justice (DOJ) is the Executive Branch department responsible for handling the legal work of the federal government. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the DOJ is the largest legal organization in the United States, with more than 100,000 employees nationwide and a budget of approximately $30 billion.", "The Department of Justice – commonly referred to as the ‘DOJ’, is a federal agency within the Executive Branch of the government responsible for the supervision of all sub divisions, agencies, and department existing under the United States Department of Justic; amongst the most primary objectives of the Department of Justice include the regulation and administration of legal activity, statutory legislation, and lawful behavior with regard Federal government. The USDOJ not only serves to ensure that the Federal government acts in accordance with the law, which includes all branches of the Federal Government:", "J. Edgar Hoover was the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1935 until 1972. Hoover and the FBI were responsible for the intelligence in the United States and South America during the war. Hoover had success in shutting down of a Nazi Spy Network in the United States.", "The Department of Justice was established in 1870. It provides the means for enforcement of federal laws, furnishes legal counsel in federal cases, affords legal opinions to the president and heads of departments, and directs federal prisons. The head of the department is the attorney general, a Cabinet member since 1789.", "With months after the September 11th, 2001 attacks, current FBI Director Robert Mueller, who was only sworn in three days before the attacks, called for a re-engineering of FBI structure and operations. In turn he made every federal crime a top priority, including prevention of terrorist attacks, countering foreign intelligence operations, addressing cyber crime-based attacks, other high-technology crimes, protecting civil rights, combating public corruption, organized crime, white-collar crime, and major acts of violent crime all of which now fall under the top investigative priorities of the FBI mission.", "The current Director of the FBI is James Comey, who assumed office on September 4, 2013.", "In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers. After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who might fall under the Act.", "Hooverfirst became involved in law enforcement as a special assistant to the attorney general, overseeing the mass roundups and deportations of suspected communists during the Red Scare abuses of the late 1910s. After taking over the FBI in 1924, Hoover began secretly monitoring any activities that did not conform to his American ideal.", "On July 19, 1993, following allegations of ethics violations committed by Director Sessions, President Clinton removed him from office and appointed Deputy Director Floyd I. Clarke as Acting FBI Director. The President noted that Director Sessions' most significant achievement was broadening the FBI to include more women and minorities.", "Compare that to today’s FBI—a threat-based, intelligence-driven, technologically-supported agency of over 30,000 employees—employees who are working in 56 field offices and 61 offices overseas. Employees who are combatting crimes as diverse as terrorism, corporate fraud, cyber crime, human trafficking, and money laundering. J. Edgar Hoover would have been proud.", "The mission of the FAU is to support all FBI investigative matters requiring a forensic financial investigation and to ensure the FBI’s financial investigative priorities are continually addressed.  The FAU seeks to provide the highest caliber of financial investigative work-product and support as well as contributing to the FBI’s Intelligence Cycle. The FAU is developing and implementing a rigorous training curriculum and partnering with an array of public and private organizations in an effort to cultivate a workforce that provides superior results both in the field offices and at FBIHQ.", "J. Edgar Hoover , director of the FBI , photographed in 1961. Hoover appointed Felt the third-ranking official in the Bureau in 1971.", "If a crime is committed that is a violation of local, state, and federal laws, does the FBI “take over” the investigation?" ]

[ 7.4453125, 5.00390625, 4.83203125, 2.662109375, 2.474609375, 2.345703125, 1.9814453125, 1.7333984375, 1.0341796875, 0.83056640625, 0.607421875, 0.439208984375, 0.036529541015625, -0.156982421875, -0.1964111328125, -1.12890625, -1.2783203125, -1.30859375, -1.73046875, -2.439453125, -2.560546875, -2.849609375, -3.099609375, -3.326171875, -3.794921875, -3.873046875, -4.73828125, -5.0078125, -5.6796875, -5.8046875, -5.8828125, -6.59765625 ]

[ "The laryngeal prominence (commonly referred to as Adam's apple), a feature of the human neck, is the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx.", "laryngeal prominence a subcutaneous prominence at the front of the throat produced by the thyroid cartilage of the larynx; popularly known as Adam's apple .", "The thyroid cartilage is a cartilage that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. The cartilage is composed of two halves, which meet in the middle at a peak called the laryngeal prominence, also called the Adam's apple. In the midline above the prominence is the superior thyroid notch. A counterpart notch at the bottom of the cartilage is called the inferior thyroid notch.", "The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below (inferior to) the thyroid cartilage (which forms the laryngeal prominence, or ‘Adam’s Apple’) and at approximately the same level as the cricoid cartilage.", "Adam's apple:  A familiar anatomic feature in the front of the neck that is due to the forward protrusion of the thyroid cartilage, the largest and most prominent cartilage of the larynx.", "There are a number of factors that affect how large the laryngeal prominence appears. Obviously, when there is a relative excess of laryngeal prominence cartilage there will be a more prominent Adam's Apple noted over the skin. The figure below illustrates how this variation in thyroid cartilage configuration can lead to a more projecting Adam's Apple.", "the laryngeal prominence is the line of fusion of the two laminae; each lamina is connected superiorly to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane (Latin, lamina = a thin plate)", "The larynx (voice box) is composed primarily of muscles and cartilages that are bound together by elastic tissues. The thyroid cartilage was named for the thyroid gland that covers its lower part. This cartilage is the shieldlike structure that protrudes in the front of the neck and is sometimes called the “Adam’s apple.” The protrusion is usually more prominent in males than in females because of the effect of male sex hormones on the development of the larynx.", "The epiglottis is a flexible, leaflike, elastic, cartilaginous structure that tapers inferiorly to become a stalklike extension called the petiole. The petiole is the attachment site for the thyroepiglottic ligament, which connects the epiglottis to the laryngeal prominence. The superior part of the epiglottis is located posterior to the tongue and anterior to the laryngeal aditus and is not protected by the thyroid cartilage. Laterally, the aryepiglottic folds attach the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage. The hyoepiglottic and thyroepiglottic ligaments help stabilize the epiglottic cartilage.", "thyroid cartilage the shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx, underlying the laryngeal prominence on the surface of the neck.", "The main limitation when it comes to reducing the prominence of the thyroid cartilage is the need to avoid injury to the vocal cords. This is related to the fact that the vocal cords insert into the laryngeal cartilage (voice box) just below the Adam's Apple. Too aggressive of a reduction may disrupt this insertion point.", "The larynx , also known as the voice box, is a short section of the airway that connects the laryngopharynx and the trachea. The larynx is located in the anterior portion of the neck, just inferior to the hyoid bone and superior to the trachea. Several cartilage structures make up the larynx and give it its structure. The epiglottis is one of the cartilage pieces of the larynx and serves as the cover of the larynx during swallowing. Inferior to the epiglottis is the thyroid cartilage , which is often referred to as the Adam’s apple as it is most commonly enlarged and visible in adult males. The thyroid holds open the anterior end of the larynx and protects the vocal folds. Inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ring-shaped cricoid cartilage which holds the larynx open and supports its posterior end. In addition to cartilage, the larynx contains special structures known as vocal folds, which allow the body to produce the sounds of speech and singing. The vocal folds are folds of mucous membrane that vibrate to produce vocal sounds. The tension and vibration speed of the vocal folds can be changed to change the pitch that they produce.", "A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam's apple.", "thyroid cartilage (thi´roid kar´tu1-lij) The largest cartilage in the larynx that supports and protects the vocal cords; commonly called the Adam's apple.", "The structure of the laryngeal prominence forms a bump under the skin. It is larger in adult men, in whom it is usually clearly visible and palpable. In women, the bump is much less visible and is hardly perceived on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage. ", "The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx; only the cricoid cartilage does.", "The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the front wall of the larynx. It protects the vocal folds (\"vocal cords\"), which are located directly behind it.", "In the larynx, a thin fibrous band attached anteriorly to the lamina of the thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to the anterior portion of the arytenoid cartilage.", "The cricoid cartilage is the most inferior structure of the larynx and forms the transition between the larynx and the trachea. It is ring-shaped, with its widest portion facing posteriorly and its narrowest portion facing anteriorly. The cricothyroid ligament connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage along most of its superior surface, while the cricotracheal ligament connects it to the trachea along its inferior surface. The wide posterior of the cricoid cartilage almost touches the thyroid cartilage and forms the cricothyroid joint. Sound pitch is modified by adjustment of the angle of the cricothyroid joint, which helps to control the tension of the vocal folds.", "Superior and inferior cornua project from the posterior margin of each side. The lower cornu articulates with the lateral edges of the cricoid cartilage and forms the cricothyroid joint. The thyrohyoid ligament connects the upper thyroid cornu to the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The thyrohyoid membrane extends between the hyoid bone and the upper surface of the thyroid cartilage. The cricothyroid membrane extends between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The oblique line, the attachment site for the sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, is located on the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage.", "Figure 53-9 The larynx. A, B, and C, Anterior, posterior, and right lateral views of cartilages. D, Right anterolateral aspect, showing the planes of section of figure 53-10 . Note the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and the hyoid bone and epiglottic cartilage in A to D and the arytenoid cartilages in B.", "thyrohyoid muscle  origin , lamina of thyroid cartilage; insertion , greater cornu of hyoid bone; innervation , first cervical; action, raises and changes form of larynx.", "the largest cartilage of the larynx, consisting of two laminae fused together at an acute angle in the midline of the anterior neck to form the Adam's apple. Compare cricoid .", "The thyroid cartilage is here, below the hyoid bone. The cricoid cartilage is here, just below the thyroid cartilage.", "Two synovial joints are present on each side. The cricothyroid joint, between the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage and the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage, allows mainly rotation of the thyroid cartilage around a horizontal axis through the joints of the two sides. This produces a tipping motion where the anterior part of the thyroid cartilage moves anterior and inferior. The cricoarytenoid joint, between the superior border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and the base of the arytenoid cartilages, allows gliding and rotation of the arytenoid cartilages.", "The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage at the cricothyroid joint. Unlike the thyroid cartilage, which is open at the back, the cricoid cartilage forms a complete ring. Let’s look at the cricoid cartilage by itself. It’s much taller behind, than in front.", "Thyroarytenoids . Scientific term for the vocal cords, named for the cartilages to which they attach.", "a broad flat plate of cartilage forming one side of the thyroid cartilage; two laminae fuse anteriorly in the midline to form the thyroid cartilage", "a broad flat plate of cartilage forming one side of the thyroid cartilage; two laminae fuse anteriorly in the midline to form the thyroid cartilage", "A triangular-shaped cartilage that lies at the base of the airway just in front of the arytenoid cartilages which cover the airway during swallowing. It is normally located above (dorsal) the soft palate.", "The Cricoid cartilage has a circular ring-like structure. The word “Cricoid” is derived from the Greek term “krikoeides” which means “ring-shaped”.", "The arytenoid cartilages (fig. 53-9 B) articulate with the superior border of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage. Each has a superiorly-positioned apex (which supports the corniculate cartilage) and a base that comprises its inferior part. The base sends a vocal process anteriorward (for attachment to the vocal ligament) and a lateral, muscular process (for muscular attachments). The corniculate and (inconstant) cuneiform cartilages are nodules in the aryepiglottic folds (figs. 53-10 B and 53-12 )." ]

[ 7.7421875, 4.984375, 4.859375, 3.65625, 1.8974609375, 1.845703125, 1.7685546875, 1.44140625, 1.35546875, 1.19140625, 0.830078125, 0.5732421875, 0.39892578125, 0.327392578125, 0.1768798828125, -0.7001953125, -1.26171875, -1.900390625, -1.923828125, -2.2890625, -2.462890625, -2.787109375, -3.875, -4.16015625, -4.25390625, -4.36328125, -4.515625, -5.0859375, -5.0859375, -6.03125, -6.203125, -6.21484375 ]

[ "The first ten Amendments to the U.S. Constitution are more commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights. These ten Amendments were introduced to the American Congress in 1789. The purpose of these 10 Amendments is to protect the individuals of the United States–protect their rights to property, their natural rights as individuals, and limit the Government’s power over the citizens. ", "The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787–88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution, and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents, including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689, along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta (1215).", "1791 – The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, collectively known as the United States Bill of Rights, were ratified.", "The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. Originally the amendments applied only to the federal government, however, most were subsequently applied to the government of each state by way of the Fourteenth Amendment , through a process known as incorporation .", "1789 - George Washington transmits the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.", "Some of the original framers and many delegates in the state ratifying conventions were very troubled that the original Constitution lacked a description of individual rights. In 1791, Americans added a list of rights to the Constitution. The first ten amendments became known as The Bill of Rights.", "The Constitution has a total of 27 amendments. The first ten, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified simultaneously. The following seventeen were ratified separately.", "The Bill of Rights is a term that refers to the first 10 amendments of the Constitution of the United States. The lack of a Bill of Rights was one of the main points of disagreement between federalists and anti-federalists. James Madison wrote the 10 amendments as a response to calls from several states for constitutional protection for individual liberties. The end result, approved by the House and ratified in 1791, is a list of limits on the powers of government. According to the Third Amendment, no soldier can be quartered in a private house in a time of peace without the consent of the owner. The Fourth Amendment prohibits the government from intruding in a citizen's home. According to the Fifth Amendment, no one can be held to answer for a capital crime in the absence of a grand jury. The Eighth Amendment prevents the government from imposing excessive bail or fines on citizens and from inflicting cruel and unusual punishments.", "Following ratification by the state of Virginia, the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, become the law of the land.", "The U.S. Constitution established America’s national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, presided over by George Washington. Under America’s first governing document, the Articles of Confederation, the national government was weak and states operated like independent countries. At the 1787 convention, delegates devised a plan for a stronger federal government with three branches–executive, legislative and judicial–along with a system of checks and balances to ensure no single branch would have too much power. The Bill of Rights–10 amendments guaranteeing basic individual protections such as freedom of speech and religion–became part of the Constitution in 1791. To date, there have been a total of 27 constitutional amendments.", "James Madison led the new Congress in proposing amendments. He suggested 15 amendments, and the Congress accepted 12 of them to be submitted for ratification by the state legislatures under the amending process outlined in the Fifth Article of the Constitution. By December 15, 1791,the necessary legislatures in three-fourths of the states had approved 10 of the 12 amendments. These 10 amendments are known as the Bill of Rights. One of the two rejected amendments dealt with the size of the House of Representatives. It would have changed representation from no more than one representative for every 30,000 persons to no more than one for every 50,000 persons. The other rejected amendment provided that Congress could not change the salaries of its members until after an election of representatives had been held. It was ratified 202 years later and it became the 27th Amendment.", "The Constitution of the United States (1787-1788; 1st TenAmendments [\"Bill of Rights\"] ratified 1791; no reference to anygod is to be found in the body or in the amendments to theConstitution)", "During the Constitution's ratification process, from 1787 to 1789, state ratifying conventions pointed out the lack of such fundamental guarantees in the Constitution and submitted lists of proposed constitutional amendments. The Federalists, who supported ratification of the Constitution, eventually conceded and promised to attach a bill of rights to the document. The leading contributors to the creation of these amendments—which came collectively to be called the Bill of Rights—were George Mason, Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison , with Madison serving as their principal author and sponsor on the floor of the U.S. House during the First Congress.", "The U.S. Constitution took effect and the first session of the U.S. Congress was held in New York City. In September 1787, at the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, the new Constitution was signed by 38 of 41 delegates but would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states. Five states—Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia and Connecticut—ratified it quickly. Others opposed the document for its lack of constitutional protection for such basic political rights as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and the right to bear arms. In February 1788, a compromise was reached in which the other states agreed to ratify the document with the assurance that amendments would immediately be adopted. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the document, making it binding. On September 25, 1789 the first Congress of the United States adopted 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution—the Bill of Rights—and sent them to the states for ratification.", "On this day in 1791, The US adopted the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution.   The government's search for loopholes began on December 16, 1791.", "The- - - is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.", "1791 — The Virginia General Assembly ratifies the United States Bill of Rights which was created on September 25, 1789 and authored by James Madison. The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution of which Madison authored and introduced the first nine in the House of Representatives on June 8, 1798.", "On September 25th, Congress proposed the Bill of Rights. The amendments were introduced by James Madison as a series of legislative articles. They were adopted by the House of Representatives on August 21, 1789, formally proposed by joint resolution of Congress on September 25, 1789, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process of ratification by three-fourths of the states. While twelve amendments were proposed by Congress, only ten were originally ratified by the states. Of the remaining two, one was adopted 203 years later as the Twenty-seventh Amendment, and the other, Article the First ,  technically remains pending before the states.", "The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational, and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789, there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations. That September, Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution. These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution, such as freedom of religion, freedom of speech, a free press, and free assembly; the right to keep and bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure, security in personal effects, and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or \"infamous crime\"; guarantee of a speedy, public trial with an impartial jury; and prohibition of double jeopardy. In addition, the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States.", "The Senate edited the slate of amendments still further, making 26 changes of its own, and condensing their number to twelve. Madison's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated, as was the last of his proposed change to the preamble. A House–Senate Conference Committee then convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals. On September 24, 1789, the committee issued this report, which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for the House and Senate to consider. This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25, 1789. ", "Having been approved by the requisite three–fourths of the several states, there being 14 States in the Union at the time (as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4, 1791), the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson certified their adoption on March 1, 1792. ", "On June 8, 1789, Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives. Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One, Section 9. Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments. Ultimately, on September 25, 1789, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution, they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 7, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is technically still pending before the states.", "Dec. 15, 1791: Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights, and 10 of the 12 proposed amendments become part of the U.S. Constitution.", "On September 25, 1789, Congress transmitted to the state Legislatures twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution. Numbers three through twelve were adopted by the states to become the United States (U.S.) Bill of Rights, effective December 15, 1791.", "This language was greatly condensed by Congress, and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate, complicating future discussion of the Amendment's intent. The First Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25, 1789, and adopted on December 15, 1791. ", "DURING and after the Revolution, the loosely allied States were governed by the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, which delegated severely limited powers to the central government, and reserved the rest to the states. The lack of central authority, combined with economic chaos and political confusion, spurred the call for a convention to consider a new form of government. On September 17, 1787, a new Constitution was drawn up, and was ratified by all the States of the Union by May 29, 1790. The Constitution outlined the machinery of government, defining the relationship of the central government to the Several States, and of the States to each other, but did not address the issues defining the relationship of those governments to their individual citizens. To remedy this, the first Ten Amendments to the Constitution were adopted in 1791. They were patterned on the British \"Bill of Rights,\" of 1689, which we should examine before proceeding.", "In 1789, James Madison, then an elected member from Virginia of the First Congress's House of Representatives, proposed 19 amendments meant to answer the objections already raised in the states. The Senate consolidated and trimmed these down to 12, which were approved by Congress and sent out to the states by President Washington in October, 1789.", "Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced . On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to “be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.”", "Original Manuscript Journal of the First Session of the Senate of the United States, viz; New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia  being the Eleven States that have respectively ratified the Constitution of Government for the United States proposed by the Convention held at Philadelphia on the 17th.  September 1787 - ", "Thomas Jefferson, then U.S. secretary of state, announced the adoption of the 10 successfully ratified amendments on March 1, 1792.", "July 2, 1788 - A formal announcement is made by the president of Congress that the Constitution of the United States is now in effect, having been ratified by the required nine states.", "James Madison proposed 12 amendments to the Constitution, but only 10 were approved. What were the two that were not?" ]

[ 8.1015625, 7.30859375, 7.28515625, 6.09765625, 5.953125, 5.859375, 4.828125, 4.6953125, 4.43359375, 3.990234375, 3.3671875, 2.982421875, 2.876953125, 2.669921875, 2.40625, 1.9072265625, 1.8876953125, 1.7587890625, 1.2900390625, 1.1748046875, 0.68896484375, 0.65185546875, 0.5908203125, 0.0751953125, -0.1087646484375, -0.40673828125, -1.8369140625, -4.0390625, -4.42578125, -5.109375, -5.35546875, -6.65625 ]

[ "For millions of people who recall the slaughter unleashed by Palestinian terrorists at the 1972 Olympics in Munich , those words are indelible. They were spoken by ABC’s Jim Mckay—the man behind the famous “thrill of victory, agony of defeat” introduction to the network’s long-running show, Wide World of Sports—when he learned that Israeli athletes and coaches taken hostage by terrorists from the group Black September had been murdered.", "The anthology show, which promised to bring viewers \"the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat\" was canceled in 1997 after a record run of 37 seasons. ABC said it is planning to resurrect the show next year.", "1961 - �Spanning the globe ... to bring you the constant variety of sport, the constant variety of human competition, the thrill of victory and the agony of defeat. This is ABC�s Wide World of Sports.� A Saturday afternoon sports program began its long run on ABC-TV. The show, featuring Jim McKay as host, along with Howard Cosell, Frank Gifford, Al Michaels, Jack Whitaker, Heywood Hale Brun and others, was not an immediate hit. Although Roone Arledge�s vision of a worldwide window on televised sports got off to a slow start, ABC�s Wide World of Sports became one of TV�s most popular and enduring programs.", "Monday Night Football (MNF) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League (NFL) games on ESPN in the United States. From to , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC. Monday Night Football was, along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series, one of the longest-running prime time programs ever on commercial network television, and one of the highest-rated, particularly among male viewers.", "In later years, with the rise of cable television offering more outlets for sports programming, Wide World of Sports lost many of the events that had been staples of the program for many years (many, although not all, of them ended up on ESPN, a sister network to ABC for most of its existence). Ultimately, on January 3, 1998, Jim McKay announced that Wide World of Sports, in its traditional anthology series, had been cancelled after a 37-year run. The Wide World of Sports name remained in use afterward as an umbrella title for ABC's weekend sports programming.", "ABC's Wide World of Sports is an American sports anthology television program that aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) from April 29, 1961 to January 3, 1998, primarily on Saturday afternoons. Hosted by Jim McKay, with a succession of co-hosts beginning in 1987, the title continued to be used for general sports programs on the network until 2006. In 2007, Wide World of Sports was named by Time Magazine on its list of the 100 best television programs of all-time.", "During the first half of his career, Mr. Arledge built ABC Sports into the most important division of that network. One of his most significant achievements was leading sports programming out of the limited window of weekend television and into the prime-time hours, which he did first with the Olympics from Mexico City in 1968 and then with ''Monday Night Football'' in 1970.", "As part of an agreement with the National Football League (which completed its merger with the American Football League that year), Monday Night Football debuted on ABC in September 1970, which served as the NFL's premier game of the week until 2006, when Sunday Night Football, which moved to NBC that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw MNF move to ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game. Although it suffered a decline in ratings toward the end of its ABC run, the program was a hit for the network; according to ABC president Leonard Goldenson, Monday Night Football helped regularly score ABC an audience share of 15%–16%.", "ABC's Olympic broadcasts focused on track and field, gymnastics and figure skating to lure women and casual sports fans into the tent, and were sprinkled with a steady stream of Up Close and Personals, the two-minute profiles of medal hopefuls who were more often than not Americans. But there was still plenty of air time for the unexpected, like Franz Klammer's wild, gold-medal ride in the downhill at Innsbruck in 1976, the U.S. hockey team upsetting the Russians in 1980 and, of course, the tragedy at Munich in 1972.", "Two of the signature touches that Mr. Arledge brought to the programs he later produced he learned in these courses: the importance of narrative and the role of the hero. Years later the announcers of ABC Sports were taught to emphasize what Mr. Arledge called the story line of whatever game they were covering and to focus on a star whose personal story could transcend the outcome of the events itself. The 'up close and personal' biography of an athlete, which ABC's Olympic coverage invented to introduce viewers to obscure foreign athletes, became the template for personalizing the stories of stars in every sport.", "That talent was never more in evidence than during the 1972 Olympic Games from Munich, when ABC Sports, led by Mr. Arledge, was forced to shift from covering the games to bringing to the world the most dramatic news story of that year -- the invasion of the Olympic Village by Arab terrorists, who took 11 Israeli athletes hostage.", "ABC began showing taped highlights of the Wimbledon Gentlemen’s Singles Final in the 1960s on its Wide World of Sports series. NBC began covering Wimbledon in 1969, with same-day taped (and often edited) coverage of the Gentlemen’s Singles Final. In 1979, the network began carrying the Gentlemen’s and Ladies’ Singles Finals live. For the next few decades, Americans made a tradition of NBC’s “Breakfast at Wimbledon” specials at weekends. Live coverage started early in the morning (the US being a minimum of 5 hours behind the UK) and continued well into the afternoon, interspersed with commentary and interviews from Bud Collins, whose tennis acumen and (in)famous patterned trousers were well-known to tennis fans in the USA. Collins was sacked by NBC in 2007, but was promptly hired by ESPN, the cable home for The Championships in the States. For many years NBC’s primary Wimbledon host was veteran broadcaster Dick Enberg.", "When the network launched, Fox management, having seen the critical role that sports programming – soccer events, in particular – had played in the growth of the British satellite service BSkyB, believed that sports – and specifically, professional football – would be the engine that would make Fox a major network the quickest. In 1987, after ABC initially hedged on renewing its contract to broadcast Monday Night Football, Fox made an offer to the National Football League to acquire the rights for the same amount that ABC had been paying, about $13 million per game at the time. However, partly due to the fact that Fox had not yet established itself as a major network, the NFL chose to renew its contract with ABC (where Monday Night Football remained until its move to sister cable channel ESPN in September 2006).", "The NFL also adapted how the AFL used the growing power of televised football games, which were bolstered with the help of major network contracts (first with ABC and later with NBC ). With that first contract with ABC, the AFL adopted the first-ever cooperative television plan for professional football, in which the proceeds were divided equally among member clubs. It featured many outstanding games, such as the classic 1962 double-overtime American Football League championship game between the Dallas Texans and the defending champion Houston Oilers . At the time it was the longest professional football championship game ever played. The AFL also appealed to fans by offering a flashier style of play (just like the ABA in basketball), compared to the more conservative game of the NFL. Long passes (\"bombs\") were commonplace in AFL offenses, led by such talented quarterbacks as John Hadl , Daryle Lamonica and Len Dawson .", "Like Edison's invention factory at Menlo Park in the late 1800s, Arledge's shop of free-wheeling innovators came up with one novel gadget after another to make whatever event ABC Sports was covering seem more interesting on television than it was in person. Instant replays, slow motion, freeze-frame, split screen, field microphones, hand-held cameras, end zone cameras, cameras in blimps, on cranes, under water; many were called gimmicks when they first appeared, but all have long since become production staples. That technology, combined with a scene-setting story line, bold graphics, lots of crowd shots and close-ups of everyone from angry coaches to nervous mothers to face-painted drunks, gave ABC events a unique look and feel. And at the center of it all was Arledge.", "The network is betting the show can survive in a much different television landscape from its heyday in the 1970s. Now such events as barrel jumping, motorcycle stunts and prize fights are on cable channels or more profitable pay-per-view television. ABC is even bringing back the former host, 77-year-old Jim McKay, to do a weekly essay on sports.", "The NFL also adapted how the AFL used the growing power of televised football games, which were bolstered with the help of major network contracts, first with ABC and later with NBC ). With that first contract with ABC, the AFL adopted the first-ever cooperative television plan for professional football, in which the proceeds were divided equally among member clubs. It featured many outstanding games, such as the classic 1962 double-overtime American Football League championship game between the Dallas Texans and the defending champion Houston Oilers . At the time it was the longest professional football championship game ever played. The AFL also appealed to fans by offering a flashier style of play (just like the ABA in basketball), compared to the more conservative game of the NFL. Long passes (\"bombs\") were commonplace in AFL offenses, led by such talented quarterbacks as John Hadl , Daryle Lamonica and Len Dawson .", "Like its longtime competitors CBS Sports and NBC Sports, ABC Sports was originally part of the news division of the ABC network, and, after 1961, was spun off into a separate sports division.", "Sports arrived in primetime as NBC aired the first ever World Series night game.  Tragically, ABC's coverage of the summer 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Germany turned grim as Palestinians held Israeli athletes hostage.  Broadcaster Jim McKay covered the terrifying events live – even as the hostages were killed. ", "Wide World of Sports was intended to be a fill-in show for a single summer season, until the start of fall sports seasons, but became unexpectedly popular. The goal of the program was to showcase sports from around the globe that were seldom, if ever, broadcast on American television. It originally ran for two hours on Saturday afternoons, but was later reduced to 90 minutes.", "In 1968, Arledge was formally appointed as president of ABC Sports. As the sports division's president for the succeeding 18 years, his job was his hobby; as he described it, it was good because he watched sports for work rather than leisure, but had a downside as he had no time left for leisure activities. He made sportsmen into stars, a trend he would later bring to the news division where he lured established anchors and correspondents such as David Brinkley and Diane Sawyer and paid unheard-of salaries, including the first million-dollar contract to Barbara Walters. ", "The first network in the United States to produce a score bug was ABC , which used one on the telecast of the 1994 Purolator 500 NASCAR event. A transparent digit counted down the number of laps remaining in the race. A similar bug was used during ABC's telecast of the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 Brickyard 400 . ABC also incorporated the Sports Bug for their 1994 World Cup coverage, providing the time and score on the game as well as enabling advertiser sponsorship to broadcast games without interruptions. Later that fall, Fox introduced a full-score bug for its NFL coverage , known as the \" FoxBox \", as did cable network ESPN . ABC expanded theirs to Monday Night Football in 1996 . CBS introduced theirs upon returning to the NFL in the fall of 1998 , and NBC in 2001 during its coverage of the XFL .", "In 1969, the year after ABC had carried both the winter and summer Olympics for the first time, NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle approached Arledge about a Monday night game of the week. CBS and NBC had already turned down Rozelle, citing their well-established prime time line-ups, but ABC was a ratings wasteland on Monday nights. Arledge paid a hefty $25.5 million for the three-year, 39-game package, but it was easily the best buy of his career.", "His search led him to Wide World of Sports, which as an anthology show is inexpensive to produce but can deliver big profits if a lot of people watch. During the peak of its popularity, the show was one of the network's highest rated and turned a profit of as much as $180-million a year.", "The major professional sports leagues began regular television broadcasts in the 1950s. The National Football League (NFL)'s embrace of television broadcasting at the early onset of the medium helped boost its popularity as a sport, and by the 1960s, the combined success of NFL and American Football League (AFL) telecasts helped earn professional football a status as a mainstay of the major television networks. American television pays the NFL billions of dollars each year to maintain their television rights; the Super Bowl, in return, is a cash windfall for the network which airs it as the broadcaster which holds the rights in a given year (which is rotated annually among the broadcast networks that hold rights to the league's regular season and playoff games) can make hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue from advertising sales alone. The National Hockey League (NHL), in contrast, was much slower to embrace television, due to its initially regional nature and greater reliance on Canadian television, though it would begin broadcasting its events nationally on a wider basis after Fox acquired the rights to the league's game broadcasts in 1995; the NHL has struggled to gain competitive ratings for most of its time on television. Major League Baseball (MLB) has been televised to some extent on U.S. television since the inception of the medium, most notably by way of a \"Game of the Week\" that has usually aired on Saturdays on various broadcasters since 1954.", "Coverage was previously televised by NBC and ESPN through 2014. NBC's most recent period as rightsholder began in 1995; ABC held the broadcast rights from 1966 through 1994.", "“Looking back at 1983, Australia was coming out of a tough recession, we had been severely affected by bushfires and floods,” Bertrand said recently. “I think the way we were able to come back from 3-1 down, with our backs to the wall, to break the 132-year winning streak by the Americans captured the imagination of the Australian population, and in many ways that continues today.", "1979 – The cable television network ESPN made its debut, broadcasting and producing sports-related programming 24 hours a day.", "F.A. Cup Soccer Final from London marks the first telecast of an overseas event on Wide World of Sports. The show also produces one of its first heroes. Just 20 minutes into the match, Len Chalmers is tackled and breaks his right leg, but Chalmers struggles to his feet and plays the remainder of the match. \"Poor old Chalmers\" became a famous phrase among Wide World of Sports fans.", "This game is the only Super Bowl to have been broadcast in the United States by two television networks simultaneously. At the time, CBS held the rights to nationally televise NFL games while NBC had the rights to broadcast AFL games. It was decided to have both of them cover the game. The CBS telecast featured announcers Ray Scott, Jack Whitaker and Frank Gifford, while Curt Gowdy and Paul Christman provided commentary on NBC. Much to the dismay of television historians, the broadcast tapes were subsequently destroyed by both networks. This has prevented contrast and compare studies of how each network handled their respective coverage.", "With the game postponed a week to Dec. 7, CBS decided to use it as a trial for the new videotape instant-replay system. Tony Verna, a 29-year-old TV producer, was at the helm of the production. Having already made his mark directing the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Verna felt he was up to the job.", "The postwar period witnessed an increasing American influence on Australian sports and sporting culture, especially after the introduction of television in 1956. Immigrants also began to make their mark on a number of sports and ethnically based soccer clubs emerged from the 1950s." ]

[ 6.30859375, 5.9140625, 4.83203125, -0.374755859375, -1.9765625, -2.1953125, -3.5234375, -3.5703125, -4.4296875, -4.74609375, -4.8515625, -4.890625, -5.31640625, -5.39453125, -5.421875, -5.44140625, -5.5859375, -5.64453125, -5.86328125, -5.953125, -6.19921875, -6.3046875, -6.60546875, -7.10546875, -7.296875, -7.44140625, -8.4921875, -8.890625, -9.015625, -9.171875, -9.6640625, -9.9921875 ]

[ "On Sept. 30, 1955, 24-year-old actor James Dean, whose career had just begun to take off, died in a tragic car accident while en route to an upcoming auto race in Salinas, California , on Oct 1, 1955. The actor, who had made his name as a rebel on-screen and off, had already garnered acclaim for his performance in 1955’s East of Eden, which was based on the novel by John Steinbeck . It was the first of his three leading roles and the only film released prior to his untimely death . The actor died when his Porsche Spyder convertible struck another vehicle near the small town of Cholame, CA. On the 60th Anniversary of Dean’s tragic death, it is important to review the details of the iconic actor’s life, death , and his all-too-brief career.", "On September 30, 1955, actor James Dean was driving his brand new Porsche 550 Spyder to an auto rally in Salinas, California when he was involved in a head-on collision with a 1950 Ford Tutor. James Dean, only 24 years old, died in the crash.", "Tragically, James Dean -- the prototype of a rebellious adolescent -- was killed in a car accident at age 24, driving his new 550 Porsche Spyder. On September 30, 1955, his car collided with a 1950 Ford at 5:45 p.m. at the intersection of Routes 466 and 41 near Cholame, California. He had appeared in only three films: East of Eden (1955) , Rebel Without a Cause (1955) , and Giant (1956) - released posthumously. Both of his Best Actor Oscar nominations - for East of Eden (1955) and Giant - were also given posthumously. He was the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and remains the only person to have two posthumous acting nominations.", "Poignant: This is the last official photograph of movie legend James Dean snapped on the morning of his fatal car crash on 30th Sept 1955. Dean is in the driving seat with mechanic Rolf Wutherich alongside him", "On this day in 1955, celebrated actor James Dean died in a car crash just outside of Paso Robles wine country on Highway 46. After only three films, including Giant and Rebel Without A Cause, Dean was considered one of the greatest actors of his generation. His untimely death at the age of 24, catapulted him into cultural icon status, where he remains to this day.", "James Dean, who ostensibly died in a near head-on collision on September 30, 1955, at the tender age of twenty-four", "James Dean, who ostensibly died in a near head-on collision on September 30, 1955, at the tender age of twenty-four", "John Wayne (May 26, 1907 - June 11, 1979), nicknamed \"Duke\", was an American film actor whose career spanned the evolutionary phase of American cinema, appearing in silent movies and \"talkies\" alike. He remains, by many accounts, the most popular star in the history of American film.", "1955 – Film actor James Dean suffered fatal injuries in a head-on car accident near Cholame, California, US.", "Personal Life: (1931-1955) Born in Marion, Indiana. Father was a farmer and dental technician. Moved to Santa Monica, California at 6. Mother died of uterine cancer when he was 9 years old and was sent back to Fairmount, Indiana to live with his sister. Moved back to California after graduating high school. Attended Santa Monica College for pre-law but transferred to UCLA for drama leading to estrangement from his father. Yet, he dropped out to pursue acting full time. Got his start through acting on television and bit parts. Studied method acting under James Whitmore and Lee Strasberg. Starred in only 3 films. Sexual orientation was a contested subject among his contemporaries and is still debated to this day though his best remembered relationship was with Pier Angeli. Known for his extreme mood swings and might’ve been bipolar. Died when he wrecked his Porsche 550 Spyder called, “Lil’ Bastard” at the junction of California State Routes 46 and 41 at 24.", "Steve McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie actor, nicknamed \"The King of Cool\". His \"anti-hero\" persona, which he developed at the height of the Vietnam counterculture, made him one of the top box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s. After appearing in the 1974 film The Towering Inferno, he became the highest paid movie star in the world. He was also an avid racer of both motorcycles and cars.", "Francis Ford (born Francis Feeney, August 14, 1881 – September 5, 1953) was a prolific American film actor, writer and director. He was the mentor and elder brother of the film director John Ford. He also appeared in many of the latter's movies, including Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) and The Quiet Man (1952).", "1955 — Actor Kirk Douglas portraying the artist Vincent Van Gogh in the film “Lust For Life”.", "Best known for: All-American leading man whose most successful period was the 1950s and 60s in romantic comedies with Doris Day. His legacy is perhaps a little overshadowed by his high profile death from AIDS at a time when the disease was little understood, but his bravery in being open about his diagnosis helped pave the way for more reasoned discussion of how to tackle the disease. Rock was nominated for an Oscar in 1957 for his part in the previous year's Giant (Yul Brynner won for The King and I). However, he did win four Henrietta Awards at the Golden Globes for Male World Film Favourite between 1959-63 (with a fifth nomination in 1966, losing to Paul Newman), and was voted America's biggest box office star in both 1957 and 1959.", "Actor Charlton Heston (b.1924) died on April 5. Heston appeared in numerous movies, including \"Soylent Green,\" \"Planet of the Apes,\" \"The Three Musketeers,\" \"The Omega Man,\" . Heston appeared in \"The Outer Limits\" and provided voice work for the Disney film \"Hercules.\" Over the course of his career he played several major characters, from Moses to Cardinal Richelieu, to El Cid, Sherlock Holmes, Josef Mengele, John the Baptist, Thomas Jefferson, Judah Ben-Hur, and Thomas More. For the last several years, Heston has been suffering from Alzheimer's Disease.", "Death of Ray Milland, Academy Award-winning Welsh-born American film actor (‘The Lost Weekend’, ‘Dial M for Murder’, and others)", "Terence Steven \"Steve\" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American actor. Called \"The King of Cool\", his \"anti-hero\" persona, developed at the height of the Vietnam War-era counterculture, made him a top box-office draw of the 1960s and 1970s. McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Blob, The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, and Papillon, as well as the all-star ensemble films The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world, although he did not act in films again for four years. McQueen was combative with directors and producers, but his popularity placed him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.", "Ford's first film of 1935 (made for Columbia) was the mistaken-identity comedy The Whole Town's Talking with Edward G. Robinson and Jean Arthur, released in the UK as Passport to Fame, and it drew critical praise. Steamboat Round The Bend was his third and final film with Will Rogers; it is probable they would have continued working together, but their collaboration was cut short by Rogers' untimely death in a plane crash in May 1935, which devastated Ford.", "\"King of the Cowboys\" Tom Mix, the first major western film star, died at the age of 60, in a freakish car accident in Arizona. Traveling at a high speed, he suddenly braked to avoid a construction zone and his car rolled over - he was instantly killed by a large aluminum suitcase (placed behind him) that struck him in the head.", "The Fresno-born driver of Serbian descent was considered by his colleagues to be one of the greatest of his era — maybe of all time. Rodger Ward told ESPN “Bill Vukovich was probably the greatest actual driver we have ever known in terms of his skill and his determination.” “Vuky” took the pole position and the checkered flag in ’53 and won again in 1954, dominating both races. In 1955, as he was leading on lap 57, a three-car crash ahead of Vukovich proved disastrous — as he tried to avoid the wreck, Vuckovich was collected by a chain reaction and the impact propelled his car up and over the wall. The car tumbled and eventually burst into flames. Footage of the race shows another driver who wasn’t involved, Ed Elisian, pulling over and dashing across the track, dodging other cars to try and help his friend, but Vukovich had been killed instantly.", "Personal Life: (1914-1990) Born in Worcester, Massachusetts. Father was a dentist. Attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh where he received a B. A. in drama in 1934. Joined the Group Theatre in New York in 1937. Discovered by James Cagney and made his first movie in 1940. Married to Mary Cheffrey for 37 years and had 2 children. Had problems with alcoholism, failing eyesight, and thyroid cancer in his later life. Died of a brain tumor in Branford, Connecticut at 75.", "DEAN, an enthusiastic amateur sports car racer, was the second young Hollywood leading man killed recently. ROBERT FRANCIS the \"Willie Keith\" of \"The Caine Mutiny,\" died July 31 in a plane crash at Burbank, Calif.", "The actor died at age 83.  He worked in film, theater and television for over 64 years.", "McQueen spent the final months of his life in a clinic in Mexico, seeking alternative therapies for his cancer. He died on November 7, 1980, in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, after undergoing surgery to remove several tumors. McGraw once described McQueen as a \"combination of farm boy and street tough,\" and it was the mysterious mixture that helped him leave an indelible impression on the world of the film.", "(1930-1980) American actor. Best known movie roles in \"The Blob\" (1958), \"The Magnificent Seven\" (1960), \"The Great Escape\" (1963), \"Papillon\" (1973) and \"The Towering Inferno\" (1974).", "actor: The Rainmaker, Sorry Wrong Number, Rear Window, Buckskin, The Astro-Zombies, The Light in the Forest; died Nov 8, 1968", "His film, stage and television career spanned more than 60 years. The actor died on Tuesday.", "He was a hard-drinker all his life and had a tendency to live recklessly.  He began an affair in 1956 which led to separation from his wife.  On 10 August 1956, he was killed instantly when the car he was driving crashed on the road near his home.  Another passenger in the car also died but his girlfriend survived.", "(1925- ) American actor. Films include \"Some Like It Hot\" (1959), \"Spartacus\" (1960) and \"The Great Race\" (1965).", "From the late 1920s, and for the next two decades, Ford sustained a career as a grizzled character actor and bit player. He is often uncredited, as in his appearance in James Whale's 1931 Frankenstein. Among his most memorable roles was that of the demented old man in The Ox-Bow Incident (1943).", "aka The Michigan Madman died of ilness at age 71. Potter was well known for his V-8 and jet powered drag racers.", "On October 12, 1940, while driving his 1937 Cord Sportsman through the Arizona desert he took a turn too fast, a suitcase broke loose and struck him in the head and his car plunged into a ravine. The ravine was later named \"The Tom Mix Wash\" in his honor. A plaque at the location reads: \"TOM MIX January 6, 1880 - October 12, 1940 Whose spirit left his body on this spot and whose characterization and portrayals in life served to better fix memories of the old west in the minds of living men.\"." ]

[ 7.78515625, 7.50390625, 7.078125, 3.5546875, 2.025390625, 1.9765625, 1.9765625, 0.4248046875, 0.421875, -1.0634765625, -2.2421875, -3.224609375, -4.62890625, -4.7265625, -5, -5.6171875, -5.6328125, -5.83203125, -6.1875, -6.42578125, -6.9296875, -7.7265625, -7.7578125, -7.91796875, -8.1328125, -8.390625, -8.421875, -8.65625, -9.171875, -9.2265625, -9.8046875, -9.8984375 ]

[ "The island of Guam is about 30 miles long. Shaped like a footprint, Guam was formed by the union of two volcanoes. Guam is the westernmost U.S. territory. West of the International Dateline, it is one day ahead of the U.S. mainland. Because of this, Guam's motto is \"Where America's Day Begins.\"", "WAKE ISLAND’S MOTTO—“Where America’s Day Really Begins”—is a response to Guam, which claims that it is where America’s day begins. In fact, the rising sun first shines on America at Peacock Point, the easternmost tip of Wake Island, which is just west of the international date line. If the motto sounds a bit defensive, that’s only natural, for defense has always been the main purpose of Wake. The storied atoll is only about two and a half square miles (1,826 acres) of real estate, with historical importance...", "Guam's motto, \"Where America's Day Begins,\" refers to its geographic location—it is on the other side of the International Dateline from Hawaii, and therefore is a day ahead of the rest of the United States.", "By 1956, the U.S. Navy-appointed governor was replaced by Peter Tali Coleman, who was locally elected. Although technically considered \"unorganized\" since the US Congress has not passed an Organic Act for the territory, American Samoa is self-governing under a constitution that became effective on July 1, 1967. The US Territory of American Samoa is on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories, a listing which is disputed by the territorial government officials, who do consider themselves to be self-governing.", "The modern state is called the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, a self governing entity which is an unincorporated territory of the USA . The term 'territory' was used to describe thirty-one areas of North America which applied to become states between 1789-1959, such as Florida and Louisiana . Since 1898 and the Spanish -American War, the US has also administered unincorporated territories, these being overseas possessions which are under US jurisdiction but to which only selected parts of the US constitution are applied. The local name which is sometimes applied to the island, Borinquen, originates from the native Taino name of Boriken.", "Originally entitled Yankee Doodle, this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of '76. Often imitated or parodied, it is a familiar symbol of American patriotismHeld since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.", "On this day in 1776, the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution, proposed by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, that ''these United Colonies are, and of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States�and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.''   And so the United States of America was born.   July 2 is the day that John Adams was \"�apt to believe�will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival�solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations�\".   But it is actually July 4, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted, that is celebrated as Independence Day.", "Although Americans generally do not consider themselves an imperial or colonial power, the country has a number of commonwealths and territories, most of which were acquired through military conquest. These territories include Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean basin, and Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, and Wake island in the Pacific.", "Today is Alaska Day, a legal holiday in the state of Alaska.   It is the anniversary of the formal transfer of the Alaska territory from Russia to the US following the Alaska Purchase, which took place at a flag-raising ceremony at Sitka on this day in 1867.   The price paid was 7.2 million dollars, or 2 cents per acre.   Nowadays, a house in Frost Street, Sitka, can cost you half a million bucks.   In area, Sitka is the largest city in the US, at 2,874 square miles.   The population density is about 3 people per square mile.   So, plenty of room to hoist a flag.   Talking of which...", "The October 12, 1892 Columbus Day celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the discovery of America was planned for years in advance, and anticipated much as modern Americans look forward to and plan for the advent of a new century. The United States had recovered from most of the effects of its Civil War that began thirty years earlier, and people from around the world were flocking to the \"Land of Opportunity.\" The previous year almost a half million immigrants had entered the United States through the Barge Office in Battery Park, New York; and on New Years day of 1892 the new Federal Bureau of Receiving's station at Ellis Island had opened.", "A New Era for the Territories. We welcome greater participation in all aspects of the political process by Americans residing in Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, the Northern Marianas, and Puerto Rico. Because territorial America is far-flung and divergent, we know that any single approach to the future will not necessarily meet the needs of all. Republicans therefore emphasize respect for the wishes of those who reside in the territories regarding their relationship to the rest of the Union.", "Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States of America. With its name which translates to Spanish as \"Rich Port\", Puerto Rico has a population of 3,674,209 (2013 est).", "The United States bought the land, adopted the name and adjusted the calendar. But it was not until statehood, nearly a century later, that the people of Alaska would have the representative government that Sumner imagined.", "�on this day in 1898, US troops fighting the Spanish-American War raised the American flag in Puerto Rico, formalizing control of the former Spanish colony.   Puerto Rico never gained its independence, and remains a Commonwealth territory of the United States.", "March 2, 1836 Texas declared herself independent from Mexico. It is this date that we have just commemorated. Do we the citizens, the younger of citizens of the United States realize that we are the only ones who can enjoy such a State holiday, for Texas is the only State in the Union of the forty-eight that can boast of an Independence Day. All of us celebrate July 4. This is a national holiday which commemorates the colonies declaration of independence from England in 1776. There is not a boy in the public schools of Texas whose blood does not come to the surface when he reads of Sam Houston and his men at the San Jacinto battle grounds. Folks, let us not forget what our Lone Star State has done. We have good reasons for being proud of her. Rah! Rah! Rah! Texas.", "Emergence of the Nation. The first European settlements date from the early sixteenth century and included Spanish towns in Florida and California, French outposts in Louisiana, and British settlements in New England. The United States of America was declared in 1776 by colonists from England who wanted independence from that country and its elite representatives in the colonies.", "July 7, 1898 - President William McKinley signed a resolution annexing Hawaii. In 1900, Congress made Hawaii an incorporated territory of the U.S., which it remained until becoming a state in 1959.", "Independence Day of the United States, also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth in the U.S., is a federal holiday commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 on July 4 by the Continental Congress. It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. ", "U.S. involvement with Hawaii reached a new plateau after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The islands were placed under martial law for the duration of the war and were used extensively as bases, bombing practice sites, and rest and recreation spots for soldiers and sailors. The memorial at the site of the sunken battleship Arizona attracts many visitors each year, as does the national cemetery at Punchbowl (an extinct volcanic crater), with its spectacular view of Honolulu and the harbor. Hawaii joined the union in 1959, thus becoming the fiftieth state. The current flag of the State of Hawaii has eight horizontal stripes (red, white, and blue), to symbolize the eight major islands, and a Union Jack in the upper left corner, to symbolize the occupation of the islands by the British.", "Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the area became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the mission system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, near a boat anchorage around what is today Portsmouth Square. Together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican–American War, and Captain John B. Montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, and Mexico officially ceded the territory to the United States at the end of the war. Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. ", "It was on this day in 1959 that the citizens of the United States said aloha to their new, fellow Americans. The Hawaiian Islands became the State of Hawaii by a proclamation signed by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "1867 - United States takes possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day.", "On 16 November 1776, the West Indian port of St. Eustatius returned a 9-gun salute for the 13-gun salute given by the American brigantine Andrew Doria. At the time, nine guns was the customary salute to an independent republic. This First Salute was specifically ordered by the Dutch governor of the island, and marks the first formal international recognition of the United States as an independent republic. The flag flown by the Andrew Doria was the Grand Union Flag, 13 alternating red and white stripes with the British Flag in the union. The Stars and Stripes received its first salute when John Paul Jones saluted France with 13 guns at Quiberon Bay in 1778 (the Stars and Stripes was not adopted as the national flag until 14 June 1777).", "On April 22, 1500, Pedro Alvarez Cabral landed in Brazil, which he claimed for Portugal. In 1509 Henry VIII ascended the throne of England following the death of his father, Henry VII. In 1724 Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant was born in Konigsburg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). In 1864 Congress authorized the use of the phrase \"In God We Trust\" on U.S. coins. In 1889 the Oklahoma Land Rush began at noon as thousands of homesteaders staked claims. In 1898 Congress authorized creation of...", "The corner of Leidesdorff and Clay streets recalls many happenings of the past. Here the low cliff which went by the Spanish name of \"cantil\" reached its maximum height of ten feet. North and south from this point it gradually lessened. Between it and the waters of the bay was a strip of sandy beach and here Juan Fuller erected his washhouse, close to an \"ojo de agua\" or spring which gushed forth from the cantil with a plentiful supply of water. Here, too, was a tiny wharf where ship's boats could land at high tide and on the solid ground above Juan Fuller had put up a gallows-frame where as butcher he slaughtered cattle for the town's use. And here, on the memorable July 9, 1846, Captain John B. Montgomery landed his seventy sailors and marines to march to the Plaza, to take possession in the name of the United States of America and to raise the Stars and Stripes.", "11.10.1892: For the four hundredth anniversary of Christopher Columbus crossing the Atlantic, children throughout the United States took part in a ceremony which included reciting together \"I pledge allegiance to my Flag, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all\". After the celebrations it became a popular national custom in schools. In 1942 it became official .", "For the original 13 colonies, their date of statehood comes from the date on which the state ratified the U.S. Constitution.", "The Spanish in 1775 were the first to arrive among the European explorers. Countries which have laid claim to the land include Britain and Russia as well as the newly formed United States. The land was granted statehood of the United States on November 11, 1889.", "Discovered by the US early in the 19th century, the island was officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British companies mined for guano until about 1890. Earhart Light, a day beacon near the middle of the west coast, was partially destroyed during World War II, but subsequently rebuilt; it is named in memory of the famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island is administered by the US Department of the Interior as a National Wildlife Refuge.", "Each star and stripe represented a Colony of which there were thirteen, united nearly one year earlier by the Declaration of Independence. The thirteen Colonies are listed below with the date that each ratified the Constitution and became a State.", "Discovered by the US early in the 19th century, the island was officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British companies mined for guano until about 1890. Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt; it is named in memory of the famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island is administered by the US Department of the Interior as a National Wildlife Refuge.", "If the District were to achieve statehood, what name has been suggested for the new state?" ]

[ 7.640625, 7.08984375, 6.81640625, -0.394775390625, -1.359375, -3.2890625, -3.2890625, -3.6875, -3.697265625, -3.810546875, -3.826171875, -3.84375, -3.890625, -3.890625, -3.8984375, -4.0546875, -4.16015625, -4.3515625, -4.41796875, -4.46484375, -4.8828125, -5.12109375, -5.18359375, -5.5, -7, -7.46875, -7.484375, -7.9765625, -8.0703125, -8.0859375, -8.0859375, -9.9765625 ]

[ "It is a phrase only too familiar to youngsters slaving away at their studies - and now 'practice makes perfect' has been revealed as the most influential saying.", "Frequently doing something makes one better at doing it, as in I've knit at least a hundred sweaters, but in my case practice hasn't made perfect. This proverbial expression was once put as Use makes mastery, but by 1560 the present form had become established.", "1. Regular practice – They say that “practice makes perfect,” but whilst perfection is an elusive target you can certainly hone your skills and confidence with plenty of regular practice.", "“If you do something for long enough you get experienced and the practice of doing it every day is what keeps you sharp.”", "In “The Making of an Expert,” an article that appeared in the July–August 2007 issue of Harvard Business Review, K. Anders Ericsson, Michael J. Prietula, and Edward T. Cokely share several important revelations from decades of research on peak performance. They could not have anticipated (but may have suspected) that one of the concepts, the so-called “10,000” Rule,” would become so widely and so durably misunderstood. In essence, the idea is that if you spend (on average) about 10,000 hours of practice on a sport such as golf, a musical instrument such as a violin, or a game such as chess, you can master the skills needed to become peak performer. Ericsson, Prietula, and Cokely acknowledge the potential value of practice. However, \"Not all practice makes perfect. You need a particular kind of practice—deliberate practice—to develop expertise. When most people practice, they focus on the things they already know how to do. Deliberate practice is different. It entails considerable, specific, and sustained efforts to do something you can’t do well—or even at all. Research across domains shows that it is only by working at what you can’t do that you turn into the expert you want to become.”", "The same is true with learning how to innovate on the job, how to run effective brainstorm sessions, or how to do anything, as Levitin reminds us. If we want to master anything in this world, we have to consistently practice that skill, art, craft, science, behavior, thought process, what have you...AND make lots and lots of \"mistakes\" on our way to mastery. There is no getting around this truth.", "In the years to come a young Tiger Woods was asked while being interviewed on television as to what he attributed his skill to and replied, “PRACTICE!” With one word this young boy captured the essence of what it takes to become good in any endeavor in life. Commitment, dedication, and hard work most of the time results in success, if not – maybe welfare.", "practice - knowledge of how something is usually done; \"it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner\"", "More helpers make a task easier, as in We need a few more volunteers to move the furniture—many hands make light work, you know . This proverb was first recorded in English in the early 1300s in a knightly romance known as Sir Bevis of Hampton . It appeared in practically all proverb collections from 1546 on. For the converse, see too many cooks spoil the broth", "The chief ingredients which go to make a true proverb are: sense, shortness, and salt. ~James Howell, Paroimiografia, 1659", " It is not how deep or how hard we fall in life, but the ability for one to help others, including one's own self, to get back up once again, which abides in the very core of our being. To nurture this quality is to constantly practice it in vivo. How an individual implements this art effectively, to ensure a positive outcome for all parties concerned, is an art of Love and Wisdom in its own right... a daily life-challenge. ", "This proverb means that however binding the ties of friendship, those of family are stronger. It dates from the middle ages and the first recorded use is in 1670", "So far then, a craft is defined by its goal and is a kind of knowledge. Fully developed, this knowledge is knowing how to accomplish a goal on the basis of an understanding of the goal; the understanding can be articulated in an account. The account informs and guides the skilled practice. A craftsman's being able to articulate the goal is most fully developed, perhaps, in the Laws. The Athenian Stranger describes the distinction between the slave doctor and the doctor of free men as resting on the ability to give an account. The slave doctor relies on experience (empeiria) and has no account to give for his procedure. The free doctor not only has an account, he communicates it to his patients as a way of eliciting their cooperation in the course of treatment (720 b-d). Presumably, the patients come to appreciate the reasons for the actions the doctor undertakes as well as the regimen he prescribes because they better understand the nature of health and the way the treatments produce health. In fact, the empiric doctor laughs at the free doctor for instructing his patients — as though he were trying to make them into doctors themselves (857 d-e).", "To a certain extent, we improve subconsciously. Through repetition, we learn how to perform a function more swiftly and more efficiently; through observation, we internalize better practices and adopt them, often without even realizing it. Through sheer muscle memory, I was able to make some strides as a martial artist. But it wasn’t until I took the time to perform the same move over and over in front of a mirror that I showed real improvement.", "This is the first half of a well-known proverb, si jeunesse savait, si vieillesse pouvait! i.e. \"if only the young knew [how to...], if only the old could [...] !\" - which makes sense, I think, even though it's French. The young have inexhaustible energy, but no knowledge / technique / savoir-faire, whereas it's the opposite for the old.", "The proverbs of Solomon son of David, king of Israel: for attaining wisdom and discipline; for understanding words of insight; for acquiring a disciplined and prudent life, doing what is right and just and fair; for giving prudence to the simple, knowledge and discretion to the young- let the wise listen and add to their learning, and let the discerning get guidance- for understanding proverbs and parables, the sayings and riddles of the wise.", "Apparently, though, this common saying goes back even further. It's believed that James Howell, a historian and writer, used the phrase in one of his literary works in 1659, called Paramoigraphy (Proverbs). I don't have access to the book to see the quote for myself, but supposedly it reads:", "Also,a little learning is a dangerous thing. Knowing a little about something tempts one to overestimate one's abilities. For example, I know you've assembled furniture, but that doesn't mean you can build an entire wall system; remember, a little knowledge. This maxim, originally a line from Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism (1709), has been repeated with slight variations ever since. It is still heard, although less frequently, and sometimes shortened, as in the example.", "\"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, therefore, is not an act, but a habit.\" - Aristotle", "The reason we are viewing our Proverbs 31 man as a mirror is to see areas in our lives that need improvement.� This is not entertainment.� This is truth.� Truth is a challenge we are to apply in our daily lives! I have a long way to go...so my jewel assures me.", "This is not a gentle portrait of wisdom. But then again, wisdom is the skill for living well. And that skill requires the knowledge of cause and effect. If you do good, you will do well. But if you do bad, you will come to a bad end. According to verses 32-33 :", "train , educate , prepare , develop - create by training and teaching; \"The old master is training world-class violinists\"; \"we develop the leaders for the future\"", "No matter the vocation it's a struggle to achieve quality or to be the best. Well, imagine trying to define it. Some write complex tomes containing various recipes which is fine for a Debate Team but hardly applicable to everyday life. Others like philosopher Robert Pirsig take a sleeker, more modern day approach. He believes the best or highest quality can be defined simply as producing whatever by \"the result of care.\"", "e. The Wise Saying is a generalization about the way of wisdom based on the insight of experience or a folk expression of plain common sense (Prov. 18:18)", "The definition of a proverb is a short saying that is widely used to express an obvious truth.", "\"The secret of the whole matter is that a habit is not the mere tendency to repeat a certain act, nor is it established by the mere repetition of the act. Habit is a fixed tendency to react or respond in a certain way to a given stimulus; and the formation of habit always involves the two elements, the stimulus and the response or reaction. The indolent lad goes to school not in response to any stimulus in the school itself, but to the pressure of his father's will; when that stimulus is absent, the reaction as a matter of course does not occur.\"", "They say that the Law of Karma is in constant operation all through our lives, that we reap what we sow, not as a punishment for what we have done wrong, but because the effect must always follow the cause. The masters of wisdom always affirmed that even accident is the result of ignorance, and is due to the working of laws whose presence was unknown or overlooked.", "And it’s true. It takes time — sometimes years — to master a skill, craft, or habit. And while it’s good to keep perspective on your dreams, I think it’s better to remember the other side of this story:", "And it's true. It takes time -- sometimes years -- to master a skill, craft, or habit. And while it's good to keep perspective on your dreams, I think it's better to remember the other side of this story:", "2. a person, action, thing, etc, that is worthy of imitation; pattern: you must set an example to the younger children.", "\"We must use time wisely and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right.\"", "“One of the lessons that I grew up with was to always stay true to yourself and never let what somebody else says distract you from your goals.”" ]

[ 1.447265625, 1.3037109375, 1.12109375, -1.5478515625, -1.7333984375, -2.646484375, -2.685546875, -3.09765625, -4.109375, -4.12109375, -4.515625, -4.65625, -4.92578125, -4.9375, -5.015625, -5.03515625, -5.6640625, -5.71484375, -5.80859375, -5.8203125, -5.8515625, -6.21484375, -6.67578125, -6.80859375, -6.91796875, -7.26953125, -7.51953125, -7.92578125, -7.95703125, -8.921875, -9.3046875, -10.234375 ]

[ "The southernmost tip of South Africa’s Cape Peninsula is called the Cape of Good Hope. It is known for the stormy weather and rough seas encountered there. One of the southernmost points in Africa, it is among the most famous capes in maritime history. Its discovery by Europeans in the 15th century opened the first all-water route from Europe to Asia.", "There is a misconception that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa, because it was once believed to be the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In fact, the southernmost point is Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast. The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm-water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself—a point that fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres east of the Cape of Good Hope).", "The southernmost point on the continent of Africa is Cape Agulhas. The cape is located in South Africa, 109 miles (176 kilometers) southeast of Cape Town. It marks the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Portuguese seafarers were among the first Europeans to visit the place. Agulhas means \"needles\" in their language. Some people think that the name refers to the sharp rocks that protrude near the shore. According to another explanation, the name was given because the cape is a place where compass needles point straight north.", "Cape Town competes with Alexandria for recognition as the most famous port in Africa and is certainly one of the most beautiful harbors in the world with its magnificent backdrop of Table Mountain. The port is situated on one of the world's busiest trade routes and will always retain strategic and economic importance for that reason alone. The port is located in Table Bay at Latitude 33� 54' S and Longitude 18� 26' E and lies 120 nm northwest of Cape Agulhas (the most southerly point in Africa).", "In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias led the first European voyage to land in southern Africa. On 4 December, he landed at Walfisch Bay (now known as Walvis Bay in present-day Namibia). This was south of the furthest point reached in 1485 by his predecessor, the Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão (Cape Cross, north of the bay). Dias continued down the western coast of southern Africa. After 8 January 1488, prevented by storms from proceeding along the coast, he sailed out of sight of land and passed the southernmost point of Africa without seeing it. He reached as far up the eastern coast of Africa as, what he called, Rio do Infante, probably the present-day Groot River, in May 1488, but on his return he saw the Cape, which he first named Cabo das Tormentas (Cape of Storms). His King, John II, renamed the point Cabo da Boa Esperança, or Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of the East Indies. Dias' feat of navigation was later immortalised in Luís de Camões' Portuguese epic poem, The Lusiads (1572).", "In most cases, the Captain's name is Vanderdecken and there may actually have been a late seventeenth century Dutch captain of that name whose ship was lost as he tried to round the Cape of Good Hope from east to west. In any event, the fictional Vanderdecken swears to either God or the Devil that he will succeed in rounding the Cape if it takes him until eternity. God (or the devil) takes him at his word and dooms him to keep trying forever. Other details differ, but in many versions the sailors on the phantom ship try to give letters to their loved ones back home to be mailed. They are invariably addressed to people who are long dead.", "Cape Agulhas (; , \"Cape of the Needles\") is a rocky headland in Western Cape, South Africa.", "Point of land in southern South Africa , south of Cape Town . It is the southernmost tip of Africa.", "The real most southwestern point of the African continent is actually situated several kilometers away — it's an unremarkable place by the water, with a small parking lot nearby and an official plate that reads \"The Most South-Western Point of The African Continent\" (see photo below). This location is hardly known and is visited by less than 10% of all tourists that come to the Cape of Good Hope :)", "L’Agulhas is not only the southernmost town on the continent, it is also the official tip of Africa and the place where the Atlantic and Indian oceans come together. On a barren strip of coastline just below the Pharos-style Cape Agulhas Lighthouse, a cairn with an inlaid brass plaque marks the spot.", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost sovereign state in Africa. It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 53 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. ", "The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa , with a 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) coastline [7] [8] on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . [9] To the north lie Namibia , Botswana and Zimbabwe ; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland ; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory. [10] Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for more than 100,000 years. At the time of European contact, the dominant indigenous peoples were tribes who had migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before. From the 4th-5th century CE , Bantu -speaking tribes had steadily moved south, where they displaced, conquered and assimilated original Khoikhoi and San peoples of southern Africa. At the time of European contact, the two major groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples.", "South Africa is located at the southernmost tip of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than 2,500 km (1,553 mi) and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian).", "The Flying Dutchman () is a legendary ghost ship that can never make port and is doomed to sail the oceans forever. The myth is likely to have originated from 17th-century nautical folklore. The oldest extant version dates to the late 18th century. Sightings in the 19th and 20th centuries reported the ship to be glowing with ghostly light. If hailed by another ship, the crew of the Flying Dutchman will try to send messages to land, or to people long dead. In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship is a portent of doom.", "A black ram with a legendary name is an eternal witness of this fascinating natural phenomenon: Cape Horn. The nightmare of all seamen, and the dream of irresponsible travelers and suicidal adventurers, it is spoken of in a hushed voice in all ports worldwide. They tell that whoever has not navigated these waters is not an authentic seaman; and that those who have roamed through its labyrinth of waves will never forget.", "most southwesterly tip of Africa. Visit the whale-watching capital of Hermanus and the brightly painted Georgian terraces and narrow cobbled streets of Bo Kaap, lounge on city beaches, and stroll around the African craft markets in Cape Town Central, or visit the V&A Waterfront with its shops, restaurants, and luxurious hotels.", "The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. The South African coast stretches 2,798 kilometres and borders both the Atlantic and Indian oceans. To the north of South Africa lie Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, while ...", "Along its 3 000km-long coastline, South Africa has eight commercial seaports: Richards Bay, Durban, East London, Ngqura, Port Elizabeth, Mossel Bay, Cape Town and Saldanha.", "Beaches of KwaZulu-Natal are of world-class quality. The warm coastal climate means that visitors are attracted to them all year round. Some of the visitors, however, come for the annual late-autumn or early-winter \"sardine run\" along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, south of Durban. Referred to as \"the greatest shoal on earth\", the sardine run occurs when millions of sardines migrate from their spawning grounds south of the southern tip of Africa northward along the Eastern Cape coastline toward KwaZulu-Natal. They follow a route close inshore, often resulting in many fish washing up on beaches. The huge shoal of tiny fish can stretch for many kilometres; it is preyed upon by thousands of predators, including game fish, sharks, dolphins and seabirds. Usually the shoals break up and the fish disappear into deeper water around Durban. Scientists have been unable to answer many questions surrounding this exceptional seasonal event.", "stretches 160 miles southwards from Cape Agulhas. It’s a spectacular sight of sea and air creatures that feed off the shoals, which can stretch over seven kilometres long and one-and-half kilometres wide. In terms of biomass, the sardine run is comparable to the great migration of wildebeest across East Africa’s plains. If navigated in the UK, the distance between Cape Town and Knysna would have hundreds of anchorages to define a cruise, but here there are far less safe or comfortable spots to duck into when the wind starts to blow. Ideally you should set off to round Cape Point in a westerly or north-westerly. There are many tales of harrowing roundings with crew standing on the foredeck able to hear Bellows Rock but, in the spray and chaotic chop, unsure of their position. False Bay is a good destination to cruise in winter, providing flat seas with the northwester and two good moorings in Simon’s Town and at the friendly Gordons Bay Yacht Club. After Gordons Bay, there are places to anchor that are well documented in the Almanac and SA Sailing Directions, but generally the next stop would be Mossel Bay and then Knysna. In-between you have Struisbaai, Stilbaai and the Breede River mouth, which can be used when the southwester is blowing but become dangerous in a southeaster. Entry through the Knysna Heads should only be attempted when", "Willem van der Decken  ( nl ) - Captain of the flying Dutchman . In ocean lore, the sight of this phantom ship is a portent of doom.", "On 18 June 2001, SAS Outeniqua and Umhloti sailed to St Helena, on the one hand, to show the South African flag in this British territory, but also to restore the graves of Boer prisoners of war from the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The ships were back in Simon's Town again on 4 July. \"Operation Desert Dune\" (11-22 July 2001) took SAS Ren� Sethren and Galeshewe on a flag-showing cruise to the Namibian ports of Walvis Bay and L�deritz. \"Operation Migrant\" was supposed to take SAS Outeniqua all the way to Australia (on the first SAN visit to this country in 30 years), but after the ship left Simon's Town on 10 September 2001 and took in fuel in Port Elizabeth, the visit to Australia was cancelled on 20 September because the Australian naval revue that was going to take place at the start of October was cancelled due to the terror attacks on the USA (on 11 September). For this reason, the ship changed course and sailed to La R�union. (En route, a sailor who had taken ill, was airlifted from a Greek freighter by means of the ship's Oryx helicopter, and he was later flown to the island of La R�union). Exercises with the French Navy took place and on the return voyage the ship visited Durban. The Outeniqua was back in Simon's Town on 12 October.", "City at the southern tip of Africa; became the first permanent European settlement in Africa in 1652; built by Dutch immigrants to supply ships sailing to or from the East Indies.", "Admiralty House on St. George’s, originally a private dwelling, dates from 1814 as does the Wesleyan Chapel which was built in 1828 and represents the oldest of its type of church in South Africa. Both are said to be haunted by several different ghosts!", "The ship stops at South Africa by the Cape of Good Hope.  The ship continues its journey eastward through the Indian Ocean. ", "The Skeleton Coast runs from the Swakop River in the south to the Kunene River in the north. Namibian Bushmen called it the \"The Land God Made in Anger\", while Portuguese sailors used to refer to the Skeleton Coast as \"The Gates of Hell\". It is a very hostile stretch of coastline and its unpredictability has claimed many lives and sea going vessels.", "The government of the Cape Colony finally commissioned the construction of a lighthouse at this notorious junction in 1847. The light was lit for the first time in 1849 with a torch burning sheep fat. The light has been upgraded through the centuries and today the beam can be seen 30 nautical miles out to sea, flashing once every five seconds. The lighthouse itself, which is one of the oldest in the country, has been declared a national monument and houses Africa’s only lighthouse museum as well as a small, rustic restaurant. The climb up the 71 steps of the tower is rewarded with spectacular panoramic views.", "# The point 0 degrees latitude 0 degrees longitude lies due south of which African country?", "South of Lousa Bay lies the Maatsuyker Island group, across a strait that takes the full force of the frequent southerly gales and is dangerous even for modern craft. yet Aborigines in their frail, paperbark vessels braved these dangers to hunt seal on Maatsuykr. Maatsuyker is 15 kilometres from the mainland, although it is likely that the neighbouring De Witt island, which lies between the mainland and Maatsuyker, was used as a staging place. This would then involve two voyages of 10 and 7 kilometres. Middens and seals have been found on Maatsuker but none on De Witt, so a direct voyage ma have been made. Given the wind and current directions, embarkation was probably from west of Louisa Bay, making a voyage of 20 kilometres. And there are sufficient remains of prehistoric camps on Maatsuyker to show that such visits to hunt seals and nesting muttonbirds were reasonably commonplace in summer. These voyages to the Maatsuyker Island group mark the most southerly penetration by hunter-gatherers in Australia.", "Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning \"south\", is a colloquial name for South Africa. ", "In 1623 Dutch East India Company captain Willem van Colster sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria. Cape Arnhem is named after his ship, the Arnhem, which itself was named after the city of Arnhem.", "JOHANNESBURG, South Africa — The brightly painted ferry sailed to the island prison like a dazzling bird swooping down to land. The prisoner caught sight of the vessel, far off on the shimmering sea." ]

[ 5.875, 5.01171875, 4.93359375, 2.5859375, 1.4453125, 0.439453125, 0.068359375, -0.1805419921875, -0.4267578125, -0.9931640625, -1.0859375, -1.119140625, -1.931640625, -2.078125, -2.94140625, -3.013671875, -3.056640625, -3.578125, -3.62109375, -4.0234375, -4.4296875, -4.828125, -4.91796875, -5.1328125, -5.4375, -6.10546875, -6.171875, -6.51953125, -6.765625, -6.80078125, -6.81640625, -7.421875 ]

[ "The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Flivver, T‑Model Ford, or T) is an automobile that was produced by Henry Ford’s Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford’s innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan. The Model T was the first automobile mass produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class.", "The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan.", "The Ford Model T (Colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Flivver and Mrelm) was an Automobile produced by Henry Ford 's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile came into popular usage. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that \"put America on wheels\"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including Assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market. [1] The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.", "August 12, 1908: The first production Model T Ford is produced. The car was also called by other names: Tin Lizzie, Flivver, T-Model Ford, and T. With the production of this inexpensive car, automobiles became popular in the US. Suddenly, these horseless carriages were affordable for middle class Americans and they purchased them in droves. The first Model T left the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan on September 27, 1908.", "The Ford Model T was important in the way that it was the world's first affordable car. At the time of release, it cost only $240. It was also the first car to be mass produced on a moving assembly line. In 1925, there were more than 15 million Model Ts in the world (this meant that over half the cars in the world were Model Ts) and they were being manufactured at a rate of 9000 to 10000 cars a day.", "The first Model T was produced on September 27th, 1908 at the Piquette Plant in Detoit, Michigan. There are two classes of the Model T, those that were produced before 1919 and after 1919. The pre-1919 Model T's are known as veteran cars while the later models are called vintage cars. Even though the name Model T was used for almost twenty years, it was much improved both visually and mechanically over the years. At all times, the vehicle could be had in a wide variety of bodystyles. The open touring cars and roadsters were cheaper to produced and thus, produced in greater numbers. The Volkswagen 'Beetle' is the only car model to outsell the Model T Ford.", "The Model T Ford was built from 1908 until 1927 with only minor changes over those years. Over 15 million were built. It put America on wheels. The touring car cost $950 in 1910, but by 1926/1927, the price was only $290, made possible by Ford's introduction of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production.", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T’s. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black\". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T’s were available in other colors, including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. This record was achieved in just 19 years from the introduction of the first Model T (1908).", "In 1908 Henry Ford began production of the Model T automobile. Based on his original Model A design first manufactured in 1903, the Model T took five years to develop. Its creation inaugurated what we know today as the mass production assembly line. This revolutionary idea was based on the concept of simply assembling interchangeable component parts. Prior to this time, coaches and buggies had been hand-built in small numbers by specialized craftspeople who rarely duplicated any particular unit. Ford's innovative design reduced the number of parts needed as well as the number of skilled fitters who had always formed the bulk of the assembly operation, giving Ford a tremendous advantage over his competition.", "The Ford Model T car was designed by Childe Harold Wills and two Hungarian immigrants, Joseph A. Galamb and Eugene Farkas. Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team. Production of the Model T began in the third quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as \"model years\", thus labeling the first Model Ts as 1909 models. This is a retroactive classification scheme; the concept of model years as we conceive it today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was \"Model T\", although design revisions did occur during the car's two decades of production.", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black\". [13] Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years.", "Three cars have been widely acknowledged as the \"bestselling automobile in the world\" since Ford built its millionth Model T on December 10, 1915. The Model T itself remained the highest seller until forty five years after production ceased in 1927. On February 17, 1972 Volkswagen claimed that the Ford had been superseded by the Beetle, when the 15,007,034th was manufactured. Although The Model T has subsequently been credited with 16.5 million units sold, this anomaly is moot in light of the Beetle reaching 21 million. ", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts. However, it was a monolithic bloc; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black\". [26] Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model Ts were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued into 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record was achieved in just 19 years from the introduction of the Model T and stood for the next 45 years.", "The first production Model T was “announced for release” on 1 October 1908 in Detroit, USA. It was priced at $850.   ", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black\". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years.", "May 28, Henry and Edsel Ford drive the 15-millionth Model T off the assembly line at Highland Park, officially ending Model T production. Total the world production of Model T reaching 15,458,781. The legendary Tin Lizzy remained sales leader until 1972.", "1908 - The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.", "1908 – The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built at the Piquette Plant in Detroit.", "Henry Ford's 'Model T' was developed in America in 1909, and by 1913 he was manufacturing factory produced cars. Between 1909 and 1913 four-wheel brakes, the electric starter and four-wheel steering for off-road vehicles had been introduced, with mechanical wipers being developed in 1916.", "But by the 1920s, many Americans wanted more than just a sturdy, affordable car. They wanted style (for many years, the Model T famously came in just one color: black), speed and luxury too. As tastes changed, the era of the Model T came to an end and the last one rolled off the assembly line on May 26, 1927.", "In February 1914, he added a mechanized belt that chugged along at a speed of six feet per minute. As the pace accelerated, Ford produced more and more cars, and on June 4, 1924, the 10-millionth Model T rolled off the Highland Park assembly line. Though the Model T did not last much longer--by the middle of the 1920s, customers wanted a car that was inexpensive and had all the bells and whistles that the Model T scorned--it had ushered in the era of the automobile for everyone.", "6. The final Model T rolls off the assembly line in 1927 , and new vehicles are introduced and designed.", "A total of 14,689,520 Model T vehicles were manufactured in the USA from 1908 to 1927.", "Unless stated otherwise the US Model T production figures that follow are based on those complied by R E Houston of the US Ford Production Dept. on 3 August 1927. www.mtfca.com/encyclo/fdprod.htm", "The first four-door Model T was produced in 1912. Later models had removable front doors. When?", "Australia: 75,699 plus 24,301 assembled in country. In what year did the first Model T arrive ?                                                              ", "• Was the first car to be produced on the revolutionary \"moving assembly line.\" The Ford Model T", "Ford is the company that famously modernised the use of the assembly line for cars. The Model T is widely considered the first massively available car.", "Work began at one end of the assembly line, starting with an empty chassis. From there, the chassis moved slowly down the assembly line. Workers on the assembly line added parts to the chassis. Before long, a new Model T rolled off the other end of the line. Different body styles were available, even a truck, or Model TT. At first, the only color available was black. Black paint was used because it was cheaper than other paints and Ford was obsessed with increasing profit. As car paint got better over the years, Ford began offering other colors. The time it took a chassis to become a finished car was over twelve hours when the first Model T's were built. By the time the last Model T came off of the line, Ford had so many auto plants it was making one car every 40 seconds!", "With 16,500,000 sold cars, T model is the second best selling car in the world, but also much more than that. This is the first car manufactured by the so called assembly line manufacturing, which simplified the car making, and more importantly, made it cheaper and started more massive production. The famous line of the founder Henry Ford refers to T model: “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black” since, due to express production, no other color could dry as fast as black.", "Americans loved the Model T. They wrote stories and songs about it. Thousands of Model Ts were built in the first few years. The public wanted the car. And Henry Ford made more and more.", "Vehicles other than cars represented about 11% of all Model T production in the US. In Great Britain the percentage was about 55%.Canadian % figures required." ]

[ 7.2578125, 7.1875, 6.84375, 5.5234375, 5.3984375, 4.46484375, 3.833984375, 3.677734375, 3.36328125, 3.23046875, 2.796875, 2.78515625, 2.65625, 2.556640625, 2.447265625, 2.298828125, 2.279296875, 2.107421875, 2.021484375, 1.8115234375, 1.62109375, 1.595703125, 1.1923828125, 1.150390625, 1.046875, 0.280029296875, -1.396484375, -3.15234375, -4.30078125, -4.44921875, -5.16015625, -5.33203125 ]

[ "Mayberry is a community that was the setting for two popular American television sitcoms, The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. Mayberry was also the setting for a 1986 reunion television movie titled Return to Mayberry. Mayberry was set in North Carolina and is said to be based on Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Mount Airy is also known as Mayberry and this town is known by both names to the people that reside there.", "Mount Airy is the quintessential small town located in the upper Yadkin Valley near the Virginia state line, surrounded by views of both the Sauratown and Blue Ridge Mountains. A former stagecoach stop along the Ararat River, this designated “Friendly City” is thought to have inspired Mayberry, the fictional North Carolina town where The Andy Griffith Show was set. The town was incorporated in 1885 and was once among the state’s largest producers of tobacco, furniture, and textiles.", "The Andy Griffith Show is an American sitcom first televised on CBS between October 3, 1960 and April 1, 1968, which partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show. It stars Andy Griffith, who portrays the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry, North Carolina. His life is complicated by an inept but well-meaning deputy, Barney Fife (Don Knotts), Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier), a spinster aunt and housekeeper, and Opie (Ron Howard), a precocious young son. Local bumbling pals, and temperamental girlfriends further complicate his life. Regarding the tone of the show, Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting, the show attempted to emulate nostalgia, stating in a Today Show interview: \"Well, though we never said it, and though it was shot in the 1960s, it had a feeling of the 1930s. It was, when we were doing it, of a time gone by.\" ", "The backdrop for The Andy Griffith Show (TAGS) was the sleepy little fictional town of Mayberry, North Carolina (population 1800).", "The series plot revolves around Sheriff Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith) and his life in sleepy, slow-paced fictional Mayberry, North Carolina. Sheriff Taylor's level-headed approach to law enforcement makes him the scourge of local moonshiners and out-of-town criminals, while his abilities to settle community problems with common-sense advice, mediation, and conciliation make him popular with his fellow citizens. His professional life, however, is complicated by the repeated gaffes of his inept deputy, Barney Fife (Don Knotts). Barney is portrayed as Andy's cousin in the first, second, and sixth episodes, but is never again referred to as such. Andy socializes with male friends in the Main Street barber shop and dates various ladies until a schoolteacher becomes his steady interest in season three. At home, Andy enjoys fishing trips with his son, Opie (Ronny Howard), and quiet evenings on the front porch with his maiden aunt and housekeeper, Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier). Opie tests his father's parenting skills season after season, and Aunt Bee's ill-considered romances and adventures cause her nephew concern.", "Griffith plays a widowed sheriff in the fictional community of Mayberry, North Carolina. In the sitcom, he deals with everyday complications from his goofy deputy Barney Fife, spinster aunt, and housekeeper Aunt Bee, and son Opie, as well as troublemakers and volatile girlfriends.", "While perceived to be hometown, USA, the actual location of Mayberry was not in North Carolina, but in Culver City, California - just down the street from the 1965 Los Angeles race riots.  But who cares.  Many still enjoy in reruns, the wholesomeness of a make-believe world that has yet to be duplicated.", "According to show episodes, the community of Mayberry was named for fictional founder Lord Mayberry. Historically, the word Mayberry is of ancient Anglo-Saxon origin and is a locational name, a dialectical variant of the placename Maesbury in Shropshire.[http://www.surnamedb.com/surname.aspx?name=Mayberry SurnameDB: Mayberry surname meaning] Purportedly, Andy Griffith himself chose the name of the fictional community. Griffith, however, told Larry King in 2003 that Artie Stander is the person who thought of the name Mayberry; Stander was one of the show's creators and writers.[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/27/lkl.00.html CNN.com - Transcripts - CNN LARRY KING LIVE - A Mayberry Reunion With Andy Griffith and Don Knotts - Aired November 27, 2003 - 21:00 ET]", "Located 40 minutes northwest of Winston-Salem and just minutes from the Virginia state line, Mount Airy has embraced its role as the real-life Mayberry and boasts a number of sights and attractions that honor its native son and the show.", "Dell Comics published two The Andy Griffith Show comic books during the show's first run. In 2004, copies in near-mint condition were priced in excess of $500 each. The show's enduring popularity has spawned considerable merchandise since its first run, including board games, bobblehead dolls, kitchenware, books, and other items. In 2007, a line of canned foods inspired by the series was made available in grocery stores across America. Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina annually hosts a week-long \"Mayberry Days\" celebration featuring concerts, parades, and appearances by the show's players.", "There are plenty of Mayberry, NC sights and sounds to see in Mount Airy and surrounding areas. But there’s more that extends beyond The Andy Griffith Show, from the Round Peak-style of old-time string music and old-time dances to a new emerging viticulture scene, which is quickly becoming the Napa of the East known as Yadkin Valley wine country.", "Mayberry originated in an episode of The Danny Thomas Show and was the setting for The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry RFD, and the 1986 reunion movie Return to Mayberry. Although the county seat of an agricultural county, black people were sometimes seen in the original series, but more often seen on RFD.", "In Andy Griffith Show --set in the idyllic town of Mayberry-- the sheriff doesn`t have much crime to solve, but he has his hands full with his adorable son Opie (Ron Howard), his cousin Barney (the great Don Knotts), and various other gently eccentric loc", "* The Mayberry Courthouse was where Sheriff Andy Taylor and Deputy Barney Fife maintained law and order. It also contained the county jail—two cells, a back room, and the mayor's office upstairs. No inside stairs are seen, although there is an outside fire escape. Aside from Andy Taylor's home, this was the main setting for The Andy Griffith Show.", "As you can see, most of the Mayberry buildings are much taller than they appear on The Andy Griffith Show. Andy and the producers felt that, by keeping the camera angles low, viewers would get more of a 'small-town feel' rather than showing the taller buildings - such as the four-story Mayberry Hotel1 (top right).", "A replica of the jail and courthouse sit nearby, as does Andy Griffith’s childhood home, which is Andy’s Homeplace , a bed and breakfast owned and operated by the Hampton Inn of Mount Airy . Overnight accommodations also are available at the Mayberry Motor Inn , where guests can request the Aunt Bee room, furnished with items once owned by the late actress, Frances Bavier, who played beloved Aunt Bee.", "Another must-see sight is the bronze TV Land statue of Sheriff Taylor and Opie outside the Andy Griffith Playhouse , where Griffith completed his own early acting training. Those interested in learning even more about Griffith’s life can visit the Andy Griffith Museum , which features hundreds of items from the career of the actor, producer, singer and writer, all collected by his friend Emmett Forrest. A Mayberry-themed mural spanning three walls was completed in summer 2013 by Greensboro’s Chip Holton, artist in residence at the O. Henry and Proximity hotels. Betty Lynn, the actress who played Barney Fife’s girlfriend, Thelma Lou, stops by the museum the third Friday of every month to sign autographs and chat with fans.", "There is significant history to the Mayberry set.  The Culver City studio opened in the early 1920's by Thomas H. Ince - his second studio in the city. ", "Lindsey appeared as the grinning Goober Pyle on television for nearly 30 years. He got his big break in television in 1964 when he guest starred as the slow-witted but kindly Goober Beasley in the fifth season of The Andy Griffith Show. The character's name was later changed to Goober Pyle. It was established that he was the cousin of Gomer Pyle played by Jim Nabors. Jim Nabors and George Lindsey appeared in only one episode of The Andy Griffith Show together: Fun Girls. When Jim Nabors left to do the spin-off series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. in 1964, the beanie-wearing Goober became a regular character. Lindsey appeared in 86 episodes of the show from 1964 until 1968 when it left the air. In 1965, he appeared in an episode of Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. called A Visit from Cousin Goober. He continued to appear as the character in 44 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show spin-off series Mayberry R.F.D. from 1968-1971. In 1971, he appeared in an episode of The New Andy Griffith Show on CBS. From 1972-1992 he appeared as Goober Pyle in 44 episodes of the country music variety program Hee Haw. His other Goober Pyle portrayals included the 1978 television movie Goober & the Truckers Paradise and the 1986 television reunion movie Return to Mayberry.", "While Granny frequently mentioned that she was from Tennessee, the series never specified the state from which the Clampetts moved to California. However, they often referred to nearby towns such as Joplin, Branson, Springfield, Tulsa, Silver Dollar City, all of which are in or near southwest Missouri. In the eighth episode of season 8, named \"Manhattan Hillbillies,\" Granny tells the police officer in Central Park that her family comes from Taney County (which is in southwest Missouri). Early episodes also contained several references to Eureka Springs, which is in northwest Arkansas. All of the communities are in the Ozark Mountains. The show's creator was Hamilton (Buddy) Morgan, a television technician from NYC. Producer Paul Henning is from Independence, Missouri, and donated 1,534 acres (621 ha) for the Ruth and Paul Henning Conservation Area near Branson. [4]", "In the episode \" Poppa's Got a Brand New Badge \", the character Fat Tony drives into downtown Springfield past a highway identification sign that very closely resembles United States Interstate signs, and bears the route number 95. The real I-95 is a major north-south route along the east coast of the United States. It should be noted however, that this was a parody of The Sopranos, which takes place in New Jersey, through which I-95 runs. However, The Simpsons cannot take place in New Jersey, as Homer and Bart must drive extensively to reach the Edison National Historic Site. In the episode \" Old Yeller-Belly \", the Amish build a treehouse for the Simpsons, indicating that Springfield is in either Ohio or Pennsylvania. Also, Milhouse's mother mentions Mechanicsburg; there is a Mechanicsburg in both Ohio and Pennsylvania.", "Actor and comedian Rich Koz has portrayed Floyd Lawson on WCIU-TV's \"Svengoolie\" which is now seen nationally on the Me-TV Network. Koz appeared as Floyd during the program's showing of Return to Mayberry, the 1986 NBC TV movie reuniting the surviving characters of The Andy Griffith Show. Koz also portrayed Floyd Lawson during a mini-marathon of The Munsters as part of \"Svengoolie's TV Graveyard\".", "Myers Lake was named after Frank E. Myers, the production manager for The Andy Griffith Show.  His name was also used in episode 39, where Andy is forced to evict Frank Myers from his home only to find that Myers had kept an old Mayberry bond that is first believed to be worth over $300,000.", "To many people, Elliott will always be remembered as Mayor Pike in \"The Andy Griffith Show.\" Sadly, Elliott died during the second season of the show, on December 22, 1961, in Burbank, California.", "The book treats Mayberry as a real place (and why not!) with biographies of each of the major citizens, alphabetical listings of residents and businesses, town history, and much more. Lots of fun trivia quizzes in all levels of difficulty. Includes a map of Mayberry County. Useful as a reference, but it's primarily just a fun book about Mayberry and its people and visitors. Includes brief episode summaries of all 249 episodes and a list of all TAGSRWC chapters founded through 1999.", "* An episode of The Andy Griffith Show titled \"Howard the Bowler\" features a bowling match between Mayberry and neighboring Mt. Pilot. Howard is one strike away from a perfect game, only to have the lights go out due to a power overload. He has a day to think about it before he tries for the final strike. They make bets on him bowling a perfect game, and when he returns he gets two practice frames before making his final attempt. Both are gutter balls, so Andy gets the guys to relinquish the bets. With the pressure relieved, Howard makes the final strike for a perfect game.", "In the opening scene of season 8, episode 30 (the last episode), a sign at the railroad station lists the population and elevation of Mayberry:", "In the episode \" Duffless \", Homer's driver's license shows an address of \"Springfield NT 49007\". ZIP code 49007 belongs to Kalamazoo, Michigan.", "This is a slightly more \"dressy\" version of the original gray T-shirt design that Mayberry fans have been enjoying for a long time. It's the biggest thing to happen in Mayberry since the firetruck jackknifed on Main Street. Add this to your t-shirt collection saluting the world's most beloved barber.", "It is also reputed to be the birthday of Ernest T. Bass , of the Andy Griffith Show", "Some impersonators chose other Mayberry characters to mimic such. as: Otis Campbell, Barney Fife, and Ernest T. Bass. Why did he pick Floyd to impersonate?", "People we've lost in 2012 – George Lindsey , the actor who portrayed the country-bumpkin mechanic Goober Pyle on \"The Andy Griffith Show,\" died May 6 after a brief illness, his family said. He was 83." ]

[ 5.609375, 5.5625, 5.4140625, 4.34375, 4.1953125, 4.1328125, 3.53125, 1.83984375, 1.53125, 0.978515625, 0.420654296875, -0.8701171875, -2.037109375, -2.06640625, -2.876953125, -3.19921875, -3.35546875, -3.375, -3.55859375, -3.681640625, -3.693359375, -3.76953125, -4.1875, -4.25, -4.25390625, -4.34765625, -4.58984375, -6.875, -7.7265625, -8.1171875, -8.59375, -8.8828125 ]

[ "A Denver omelette, also known as a Western omelette, is an omelette filled with diced ham, onions, and green bell peppers, though there are many variations on fillings. Often served in the midwestern United States and sometimes has a topping of cheese and a sidedish of hashbrowns or fried potatoes .", "A Denver omelette, also known as a Western omelette, is an omelette filled with diced ham, onions, and green bell peppers, though there are many variations on fillings. Often served in the midwestern United States and sometimes has a topping of cheese and a side dish of hashbrowns or fried potatoes .[citation needed]", "* A Denver omelette, also known as a Southwest omelette or Western omelette, is an omelette filled with diced ham, onions, and green bell peppers, though there are many variations on fillings. Often served in the Southwestern United States, this omelette sometimes has a topping of cheese and a side dish of hash browns or fried potatoes. ", "There are various ways of making the omelette. Omelette may also be filled with ham, onions and green bell peppers or with cheese and mushrooms etc. Omelette are usually partially cooked on the top side and not flipped, even prior to folding. You can also make an egg white omelette which omits the yolks to remove fat and cholesterol. Omelette is called by various names like French omelette, Spanish omelette, Frittata (an open faced Italian omelette that contains cheese, vegetables or even leftover pasta) and Indian Omelette usually made with the addition of spices which vary by region. Most commonly used are finely chopped green chilies, chopped onions, coriander leaf or powder, cumin and a pinch of turmeric, all of which are added to the egg before it is whisked. An exception to this is the tomato omelette which doesn't contain egg, but is called an omelette simply because of its resemblance to an omelette.", "One part cheeseburger and one part omelet, The Denver can play nice with either a side of French fries or hash browns. Loaded with sliced ham, sautéed onions, and sweet bell peppers, The Denver is the perfect way for your mouth to start or end the day.", "* In Japan, tamagoyaki is a traditional omelette in which eggs are beaten with mirin, soy sauce, bonito flakes, sugar and water, and cooked in a special rectangular frying pan. The omelette is cooked by frying a thin layer of egg mixture and then rolling it up quickly with a pair of chopsticks to form a sausage shape in one end of the pan. Another thin layer of egg is then added to the bottom of the pan and is again rolled, with the original rolled, cooked egg at the centre, over to the other end of the pan. This is repeated until all the egg has been used up, resulting in a dense cylindrical omelette containing many thin layers. This is then squeezed into a rectangular or circular cross-section using a sushi mat, and sliced into segments for serving. Omelette (pronounced omuretsu) can mean a Western omelette. Omurice (from the English words \"omelette\" and \"rice\") is an omelette filled with rice and usually served with a large amount of tomato ketchup. Omu-soba is an omelette with yakisoba as its filling.", "* An Indian omelette, often called a Masala omelette, is usually made with the addition of spices, which vary by region. Those most commonly used are finely chopped green chilies, chopped onions, coriander leaf or powder, cumin and a pinch of turmeric, all of which are added to the egg before it is whisked. An exception to this is the tomato omelette, which does not contain egg, but is called an omelette simply because of its resemblance to an omelette.", "* In Dutch cuisine, a boerenomelet - literally \"farmer's omelet\"- is a popular omelet containing many leafy vegetables, mushrooms and often ham or bacon.", "In the Netherlands , a \" Boerenomelet \" (literally: farmers omelet) is most favored. It usually consists of: eggs (2 to 3), a mixture of onions (baked), mushrooms, bell peppers , leek , seed-pod peas (or in Dutch: doperwten ), salt and pepper (for seasoning ). Some folk prefer their own variation on this recipe.", "In the Netherlands , a \"[http://www.google.nl/search?hl=nl&q=boerenomelet Boerenomelet]\" (literally: farmers omelet) is most favored. It usually consists of: eggs (2 to 3), a mixture of onions (baked), mushrooms, bell peppers , leek , seed-pod peas (or in Dutch: [http://images.google.nl/images?hl=nl&q=doperwten doperwten]), salt and pepper (for seasoning ). Some folk prefer their own variation on this recipe.", "Omelette curry is an exotic dish made with omelette cut into pieces and cooked in tangy and spicy tomato, mustard paste gravy. Omelette or Omelet is dish made from beaten eggs quickly cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. It is also folded around a filling of cheese, vegetables, meat (often ham) or in combination. To make a wonderful fluffy texture, whole eggs or sometimes egg whites are beaten with a small amount of milk or cream (the idea being to have bubbles of water vapor trapped within the rapidly cooked egg). The bubbles are what make the omelette light and fluffy.", "Along with paella, the ubiquitous Spanish omelette - tortilla de patatas - is perhaps one of the best-known Spanish dishes. It is impossible to find a self-respecting tapas bar that does not feature tortilla in its repertoire.", "1 chicken 2 medium onions 4 cloves garlic 4 oz (125 ml) brandy 5-7 tbsp olive oil 4 thin slices Serrano ham 1 lb (450 gr) tomatoes salt to taste flat leaf parsley for garnish (optional)", "Roughly translated: Put a small spoonful of coulis with chopped ham into some eggs. Beat (the eggs), and make an omelet. Put it on a plate. Serve with a sauce of sweet coulis and chopped ham.", "Gumbo is a stew or soup originating in Louisiana which is popular across the Gulf Coast of the United States and into the U.S. South . It consists primarily of a strong stock , meat and/or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable \" holy trinity \" of celery , bell peppers , and onion . The key ingredient is okra, the African plant okingumbo, from which the dish (and in some regions the plant) takes its name.  Gumbo is traditionally served over rice . There is also a traditional meatless lenten variety called gumbo z'herbes (from the French gumbo aux herbes), essentially a gumbo of smothered greens thickened with roux . Having originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, created by the French, but enhanced by additions from other cultures, gumbo is the result of the melting of cultures in Louisianan history. For example, the dish itself is based on the French soup bouillabaisse , along with the \"Holy Trinity,\" which is of Spanish origin—the ingredients are similar to a sofrito —and the use of filé powder (ground sassafras leaves) which is Native American. But the dish got its name from the French interpretation of the West African name of okra . Currently the dish is very common in Louisiana , Southeast Texas , Mississippi ,southern Arkansas and Alabama , and the Lowcountry around Charleston, South Carolina , near Brunswick, Georgia and by native Louisianians wherever they live. It is eaten all through the year, but more often in winter.", ", on the other hand, many people are squeamish about eating offal. In these countries, organ meats that are considered edible in other cultures are more often regarded as fit only for processing into pet food under the euphemism \" meat by-products \". Except for heart, tongue (beef), liver (chicken, beef, or pork), and intestines used as natural sausage casings, organ meats consumed in the U.S. tend to be regional or ethnic specialties; for example, tripe as menudo or mondongo among Latinos , chitterlings in the southern states, scrapple in the Mid-Atlantic region, and beef testicles called Rocky Mountain oysters or \"prairie oysters\" in the west.", "Gumbo is a stew or soup originating in Louisiana which is popular across the Gulf Coast of the United States and into the U.S. South . It consists primarily of a strong stock , meat and/or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable \" holy trinity \" of celery , bell peppers , and onion . The soup is traditionally served over rice . A traditional lenten variety called gumbo z'herbes (from the French gumbo aux herbes), essentially a gumbo of smothered greens thickened with roux , also exists.", "5. Using the spatula, carefully slide the omelet onto a plate and garnish it with the parsley leaves. It should be slightly crescent-shaped with pointed ends. If you like, sprinkle the omelet with very tiny squares of chopped tomato.", "Gumbo is a dish that originated in southern Louisiana during the 18th century. It typically consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, meat or shellfish, a thickener, and seasoning vegetables, which can include celery, bell peppers and onions (a trio known in Cajun cuisine as the “holy trinity”). Gumbo is often categorized by the type of thickener used: the African vegetable okra, the Choctaw spice filé powder (dried and ground sassafras leaves), or roux, the French base made of flour and fat.", "Warm roasted red peppers and chevre in alternating layers served with lightly dressed lettuce in one corner of the plate and thinly sliced jambon de Vendée (ham from the Vendée).", "; Steak tartare or tartar steak: Finely chopped raw fillet of beef, onion, parsley, capers, a hot sauce (usually Worcestershire) and raw egg.", "A Hangtown fry, containing bacon and breaded oysters, is an unusual omelette which originated in Placerville, California during the gold rush .", "Cooked and cured hams are frequently seen in French charcuterie, but different regions are known for different types. Jambon de Paris is a three-muscle, lean, low-fat ham wrapped in its own skin and cooked in its own juices. It's flavored with nothing but salt—with little else to distract from that flavor, it's important that the meat be high-quality. Jambon de Paris is the perfect slicing ham, typically cut thin and served with butter on baguettes, or on croques monsieurs and croques madames .", "This dish can be served in many ways – fried or thrown in as a garnish with omelets and tacos. ( Source 1 | Source 2 | Photo )", "\"If you want a nice dish, take two tablespoonsful Tobin's Chili Con Carne to four eggs, beat up well together, and make into omelette.\"", "Tagine -- Tagine is a casserole or stew traditionally cooked over a smoldering charcoal fire in a two-piece, cone-shape, earthenware vessel, which is also called a tagine and from where the dish gets its name. Tagines come in many delectable combinations such as beef with prunes, chicken with preserved lemon, and lamb with dates, but can also consist of kefta topped with egg, seafood, or purely vegetables.", "Egg-based tapas are also popular in Spain. Deviled eggs, topped with green olives or anchovy fillets, are another commonly eaten tapa in the south of Spain. Called huevos rellenos, these hard-boiled beauties have shrimp, chilies or olives added to the yolk mixture in Spain for tapas. No tapas meal would be complete without a tortilla espanola, a cooked egg-and-potato mixture seasoned with onions, olive oil and parsley.", "It’s like the tenderloin sandwich, but with beef, because it’s in the South. And while Texan law dictates that it’s served with sausage gravy and eggs, at Norman, OK’s Sonic-esque Del Rancho, it’s just a regular ol’ oversized hunk of fried meat on a bun. And it’s perfect.", "Served on an English muffin, a poached egg laid on a slice of ham sautéed in butter coated with hollandaise sauce and garnished with truffle", "In Cantabria, one of the most popular sausage is to Potes. The ingredients used in their manufacture are lean pork, bacon, salt, pepper, paprika, garlic, oregano and thyme. Stresses in the healing process in the natural environment and oak wood-smoked for 25 days, giving it a distinctive and rich flavor. It comes in a horseshoe shape (string), tied with a continuous string of one unit to another. Its use can be raw, fried or boiled.", "Serve garnished with fried onions. Hard-boiled eggs cut in slices may also be used as a garnish", "The HANGTOWN FRY, a curiously appealing concoction of oysters, bacon and eggs, was allegedly born in 1849 when a prospector tossed a satchel full of gold dust onto the bar in the EL DORADO" ]

[ 7.67578125, 7.46875, 6.390625, 1.4912109375, -0.99755859375, -1.0224609375, -1.7890625, -2.841796875, -3.072265625, -3.234375, -3.396484375, -3.724609375, -3.8046875, -4.12890625, -4.39453125, -4.7578125, -5, -5.1171875, -5.31640625, -5.5, -5.828125, -6.1875, -6.30078125, -6.484375, -6.5546875, -7.00390625, -7.1484375, -7.71875, -7.734375, -7.82421875, -7.98828125, -8.8828125 ]

[ "Pandora's box is an artifact in Greek mythology, taken from the myth of Pandora's creation in Hesiod's Works and Days. The \"box\" was actually a large jar (πίθος pithos) given to Pandora (Πανδώρα, \"all-gifted\", \"all-giving\"), which contained all the evils of the world. Pandora opened the jar and all the evils flew out, leaving only \"Hope\" inside once she had closed it again.", "In Greek mythology , Pandora ( ancient Greek , Πανδώρα, derived from πᾶς \"all\" and δῶρον \"gift\", thus \"all-gifted\" or \"all-giving\") [1] was allegedly the first woman, who was made out of clay. [2] As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mold her out of earth as part of the punishment of mankind for Prometheus ' theft of the secret of fire , and all the gods joined in offering her \"seductive gifts\". Her other name, inscribed against her figure on a white-ground kylix in the British Museum, [3] is Anesidora, \"she who sends up gifts,\" [4] up implying \"from below\" within the earth. According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar ( pithos ), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as \" Pandora's box \" (see below), releasing all the evils of mankind — although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod — leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. [5] She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act. [6]", "Prometheus had warned Epimetheus not to accept gifts from Zeus , but Pandora 's beauty was too great; so, he let her stay. Eventually, Pandora 's curiosity about the forbidden jar overwhelmed her; she opened it, releasing all evils upon the earth. Only one thing was left in the jar when Pandora managed to close the lid again - hope.", "According to Greek mythology, the first woman on Earth , Pandora, was given a box that she was not to open under any circumstance. Too curious to resist, she opened it, and all of the evils of the world flew out: hate, pain, destructiveness, starvation. When Pandora saw what she had done, she closed the box before the last thing in there could escape. That last thing was hope.", "However, Pandora had a flaw.  She was curious.  When she encountered a jar that belonged to Epimetheus, she could not resist learning about its mysterious contents, and so she therefore opened it.  This jar contained all of the evils, which were then released into the world.  The only thing that remained in the jar was hope.", "According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar ( pithos ), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as \" Pandora's box \" (see below ), releasing all the evils of humanity—although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod—leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. [6] She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act. [7]", "In Greek mythology, Pandora (ancient Greek, Πανδώρα, derived from πᾶς \"all\" and δῶρον \"gift\", thus \"all-gifted\" or \"all-giving\") was the first woman. As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mold her out of earth as part of the punishment of mankind for Prometheus' theft of the secret of fire, and all the gods joined in offering her \"seductive gifts\". Her other name, inscribed against her figure on a white-ground kylix in the British Museum, is Anesidora, \"she who sends up gifts,\" up implying \"from below\" within the earth. According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as \"Pandora's box\" (see below), releasing all the evils of mankind — although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod — leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act.", "According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos), in modern accounts sometimes mistranslated as \"Pandora's box\", releasing all the evils of humanity—although the particular evils, aside from plagues and diseases, are not specified in detail by Hesiod—leaving only Hope inside once she had closed it again. She opened the jar out of simple curiosity and not as a malicious act.", "Pandora was given to Epimetheus, Prometheus’s brother for revenge against stealing fire from heaven. With Pandora was a box, which she was never supposed to open. Curiosity getting the better of her, Pandora opened it to release all the evil contained onto the Earth. Quickly shutting it, Pandora only managed to keep one thing in the box, hope.", "Epimetheus and Pandora were married. Pandora had been given a box by Hermes and was instructed never to open it. However, Hermes also gave her curiosity, and she opened it anyway releasing all the misfortunes of mankind. She shut it in time to keep one thing in the box: hope. Thus mankind always has hope in times of evil.", "In Greek mythology, Pandora (“all gifted”) was the first woman, fashioned by Zeus as part of the punishment of mankind for Prometheus’ theft of the secret of fire.  According to the myth, Pandora opened a container releasing all the miseries of mankind – greed, vanity, slander, envy, pining – leaving only hope inside.", "When Prometheus stole fire from heaven, Zeus took vengeance by presenting Pandora to Prometheus' brother Epimetheus. Pandora was given a wedding gift of a beautiful jar, with instructions to not open it under any circumstance. Impelled by her curiosity (given to her by the deities), Pandora opened it and all evil contained therein escaped and spread over the earth. She hastened to close the container, but the whole contents had escaped; Apate and all the others, except for one thing that lay at the bottom – the Spirit of Hope, named Elpis. Pandora, deeply saddened by what she had done, feared she would have to face Zeus' wrath, since she had failed her duty. However, Zeus did not punish Pandora because he knew this would happen.", "In Greek mythology Pandora was the first woman on earth. She was given to Prometheus, bearing a jar which she was not to open. When she did, all evil contained escaped, except for one thing: Hope.", "Technically, it wasn't even a box; it was actually more of a jar. According to Greek myth, the \"box\" was given to Pandora, the first woman, and contained all the evils in the world bottled up inside. Pandora (whose name means \"all gifts\") had an insatiable curiosity and opened the jar despite being told not to, releasing all the evils of the world. Depending on which version of the myth you read, either Hope remains inside the jar and thus still in humanity's possession, or Hope is also released into the world (either way, humanity gets it).", "To understand Pandora's Box, you first need to understand who Pandora is. Pandora's was a woman, created by the gods and given to Epimetheus (Prometheus's brother) as a gift. Pandora was gifted with insane beauty, incredible curiosity and a box. This box was actually a jar, called a pithos. In this jar was contained the ills and troubles of the world, including the deadly sins. One day when her husband was out of the house, Pandora's curiosity got the better of her. She opened the jar, and out flew the evils of the world. She shut the jar, and leaving only one thing inside. Hope.", "      \"Opened up a Pandora's box\" -  Refers to a person's action leading to a number of unforeseen problems.  After Pandora who according to Greek myth opened up a box (more accurately a jar) inadvertantly releasing all of the world's problems: death, suffering, disease, etc.  Like Biblical Eve's eating of the forbidden fruit, a convenient scapegoating of women for everything bad that happens.", "Pandora is a mortal (?) woman who was made by all of the Gods, and given a box that she was instructed not to open. But, the Gods also installed curiosity in the poor girl, and once she was placed on Earth, what could she do but open the box. All at once all of these nasties flew out and started plaguing mankind. Luckily she closed the box in time to keep Hope in there, who would have perished against such odds. After the great flood brought by Zeus, the nasties laid off a little more. This is painting of Pandora is by Erika Meriaux.", "The other part of the story of Pandora is what she did after being given to Epimetheus, another brother of Prometheus. Epimetheus was slow-witted, and not able to see what trouble she would cause, for Pandora opened a forbidden container (usually called Pandora's Box, although in ancient Greece, the container was described as more of a jar or vase with a lid). Inside this box were all the troubles of the world: old age, disease, hard work, et al. Because of Pandora, humanity is forever cursed by trouble-making women and the evils she released (a highly male chauvinistic view, obviously).", "In Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice, Jack Holland argues that there is evidence of misogyny in the mythology of the ancient world. In Greek mythology according to Hesiod, the human race had already experienced a peaceful, autonomous existence as a companion to the gods before the creation of women. When Prometheus decides to steal the secret of fire from the gods, Zeus becomes infuriated and decides to punish humankind with an \"evil thing for their delight\". This \"evil thing\" is Pandora, the first woman, who carried a jar (usually described—incorrectly—as a box) which she was told to never open. Epimetheus (the brother of Prometheus) is overwhelmed by her beauty, disregards Prometheus' warnings about her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it she unleashes into the world all evil; labour, sickness, old age, and death. ", "Some scholars 2 contend that Pandora's \"box\" may have been a mistranslation, and her \"box\" may have been a large jar or vase, forged from the earth. In fact, there is evidence 3 that suggests Pandora herself was the jar. In Ancient Greece jars commonly bore images of women. The jar was said 4 to have been in a jar form because of the similarites between a jar and a woman's uterus.", "The strange, unfortunate, and mysterious death of a man who opened Pandora�s Box. Pandora�s Box, of Greek mythology, contained all the evils in the world. If one dared to open the box, the evils would escape and spread over the earth. --- Death of 37-year-old Carlisle man still a mystery By Victoria Brenan | News & Star Jason Airey was found slumped ...", "Forbidden Fruit : Pandora and the box she was told never to open. The Greek Gods, who were huge bastards at the best of times, gave her the box, told her not to open it, then gave her a huge amount of curiosity, so that eventually she WOULD open the box. And this was to punish mankind for accepting Prometheus' gift of fire. She opened it, and the world has been suffering for it ever since, though surprisingly, there wasn't a large line of angry Greeks ready to kill her. Since they were the first evils, maybe the typical reaction was: \"Hmm. I wonder what this i—OHMYGODAAAAAHHH!\"", "As mentioned previously, the conclusion of the Great War also marked the birth of the Evils, ethereal manifestations of all of the world's vices and corruption. Zeus, realizing the danger they posed if left free, commissioned Hephaestus to construct a vessel to contain them - Pandora's Box - which would be placed within the Flame of Olympus to ensure that no one could ever release the Evils within.", "Artifact of Doom : Several, including Pandora's Box , the box Venus gave to Psyche for Persephone to fill, the necklace of Harmonia...", "According to Greek mythology, Pandora was the first mortal woman. Pandora was created by the gods to punish mankind for receiving the fire that was stolen by Prometheus. She is the person responsible for unleashing all the evils to the world, suggesting that ancient Greeks believed that women were the source and reason for all evil. In the epic poem,", "Zeus, pleased that his trap was working, gave Pandora a wedding gift of a beautiful box. There was one very, very important condition however, that she must never opened the box. Pandora was very curious about the contents of the box but she had promised that she would never open it.", "In Greek mythology, Pandora (Greek: , derived from , pān, i.e. \"all\" and , dōron, i.e. \"gift\", thus \"the all-endowed\", \"the all-gifted\" or \"the all-giving\") was the first human woman created by the gods, specifically by Hephaestus and Athena on the instructions of Zeus. As Hesiod related it, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mold her out of earth as part of the punishment of humanity for Prometheus' theft of the secret of fire, and all the gods joined in offering her \"seductive gifts\". Her other name—inscribed against her figure on a white-ground kylix in the British Museum —is Anesidora, \"she who sends up gifts\" (up implying \"from below\" within the earth).", "The story of Pandora and her box comes from Ancient Greece and is very old. Because of this, there are several versions of the myth.", "Do you meen the Greek myth? Pandora's given a box by a God, told not to open it - she does and unleashes pain into the world?", "PANDORA \"every gift\" from Greek pan \"all\" or \"every\" combined with doron \"gift\". In Greek mythology Pandora was the woman who unleashed hardship into the world.", "The Pandora’s Box has come to represent something that holds or releases evil. That is why opening Pandora’s Box implies creating serious trouble.", "PANDORA A princess of the Hellenes, one of the daughters of King Deukalion, surviver of the Great Deluge. She was loved by Zeus and bore him sons Latinos and Graikos. [see Family ]" ]

[ 7.25, 7.05859375, 6.34765625, 6.125, 6.03515625, 5.671875, 5.59375, 5.28515625, 5.0234375, 5.01953125, 4.578125, 4.41796875, 3.958984375, 3.50390625, 3.455078125, 0.88330078125, 0.40234375, 0.203857421875, 0.1240234375, -1.0322265625, -1.1025390625, -1.2314453125, -1.810546875, -2.525390625, -2.9609375, -3.25390625, -3.53125, -3.59375, -3.833984375, -3.966796875, -4.19140625, -6.01171875 ]

[ "The 747 was born from the explosion of air travel in the 1960s. The era of commercial jet transportation, led by the enormous popularity of the Boeing 707, had revolutionized long distance travel and made possible the concept of the \" global village.\" Boeing had already developed a study for a very large fixed-wing aircraft while bidding on a US military contract for a huge cargo plane. Boeing lost the contract to Lockheed's C-5 Galaxy but came under pressure from its most loyal airline customer, Pan Am, to develop a giant passenger plane that would be over twice the size of the 707. In 1966 Boeing proposed a preliminary configuration for the airliner, to be called the 747. Pan Am ordered 25 of the initial 100 series for US$550 million, becoming its launch customer. The original design was a full-length double-decker fuselage. Issues with evacuation routes caused this idea to be scrapped in favour of a wide-body design.", "The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. Its iconic \"hump\" upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft make it among the world's most recognizable aircraft [5] and was the first wide-body produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times larger in capacity than the Boeing 707, [6] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [7]", "The Boeing 747 is a wide-body commercial airliner and cargo transport aircraft, often referred to by its original nickname, Jumbo Jet, or Queen of the Skies. It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft, [1] and was the first wide-body ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707, [2] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [3]", "In 1967, Boeing introduced another short- and medium-range airliner, the twin-engine 737. It has become since then the best-selling commercial jet aircraft in aviation history. The 737 is still being produced, and continuous improvements are made. Several versions have been developed, mainly to increase seating capacity and range.", "The Boeing 747 is a widebody commercial airliner , often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet . [5] [6] It is among the world's most recognizable aircraft , [7] and was the first widebody ever produced. Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States, the original version of the 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707 , [8] one of the common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s. First flown commercially in 1970, the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years. [9]", "On September 30, 1968, Boeing rolls out the first 747 \"Jumbo Jet\" in Everett, Washington. The aircraft, originally designed to haul both cargo and passengers for Pan Am Airways, was more than twice the size of the Boeing 707. In order to assemble the flying behemoth, Boeing built the world's largest structure by volume, enclosing 291 million cubic feet, at Paine Field in Everett.", "Developed as Boeing's first jet airliner, the 707 is a swept-wing design with podded engines. Although it was not the first jetliner in service, the 707 was the first to be commercially successful. Dominating passenger air transport in the 1960s and remaining common through the 1970s, the 707 is generally credited with ushering in the Jet Age. It established Boeing as one of the largest manufacturers of passenger aircraft, and led to the later series of airliners with \"7x7\" designations. The later 720, 727, 737, and 757 share elements of the 707's fuselage design.", "The Boeing 777 is a family of long-range wide-body twin-engine jet airliners developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It is the world's largest twinjet and has a typical seating capacity for 314 to 451 passengers, with a range of 5235 to. Commonly referred to as the \"Triple Seven\", its distinguishing features include the largest-diameter turbofan engines of any aircraft, six wheels on each main landing gear, fully circular fuselage cross-section, and a blade-shaped tail cone. Developed in consultation with eight major airlines, the 777 was designed to replace older wide-body airliners and bridge the capacity difference between Boeing's 767 and 747. As Boeing's first fly-by-wire airliner, it has computer-mediated controls. It was also the first commercial aircraft to be designed entirely with computer-aided design.", "During and after World War II, Boeing was known for its military aircraft. The company had produced innovative and important bombers, from the B-17 Flying Fortress and B-29 Superfortress, to the jet-powered B-47 Stratojet and B-52 Stratofortress. The company's civil aviation department lagged far behind Douglas and other competitors, the only noteworthy airliners being the Boeing 314 Clipper and 307 Stratoliner. During 1949–1950, Boeing embarked on studies for a new jet transport, realizing that any design must be aimed at both the military and civilian markets. At the time, aerial refueling was becoming a standard technique for military aircraft, with over 800 KC-97 Stratofreighters on order. With the advent of the Jet Age, a new tanker was required to meet the USAF's fleet of jet-powered bombers; this was where Boeing's new design would potentially win military orders. ", "Boeing, which changed its name to The Boeing Company in 1961, enjoyed a large degree of success and profitability with the 707. The company devoted its resources to the development of a number of other passenger jet models, including the 720 (a modified 707) and the 727, which was introduced in 1964. The 727 was Boeing's response to a successful French model called the Caravelle. The Caravelle's engines were located in the rear of the fuselage, uncluttering the wings and reducing cabin noise. Boeing adopted this design for its three-engine 727, which carried 143 passengers. Douglas, unwilling to be passed by, introduced a similar two-engine model called the DC-9 in 1965.", "In 1970, Boeing received only 37 orders. Facing financial difficulties, Boeing considered closing the 737 production-line and selling the design to Japanese aviation companies. After the cancellation of the Boeing Supersonic Transport, and the scaling back of 747 production, enough funds were freed up to continue the project. In a bid to increase sales by offering a variety of options, Boeing offered a ''737C'' (Convertible) model in both -100 and -200 lengths. This model featured a freight door just behind the cockpit, and a strengthened floor with rollers which allowed for palletized cargo. A ''737QC'' (Quick Change) version with palletized seating allowed for faster configuration changes between cargo and passenger flights. With the improved short-field capabilities of the 737, Boeing offered the option on the -200 of the gravel kit, which enables this aircraft to operate on remote, unpaved runways. Until retiring its -200 fleet in 2007, Alaska Airlines used this option for some of its rural operations in Alaska. With the retirement of these aircraft, some airports, such as Red Dog Airport, have upgraded runway facilities from gravel to paved.", "The Boeing 787 Dreamliner or simply Boeing 787 is a long-range, mid-size wide-body, twin-engine jet airliner developed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Its variants seat 210 to 290 passengers. Boeing states that it is the company's most fuel-efficient airliner and the world's first major airliner to use composite materials as the primary material in the construction of its airframe. The 787 has been designed to be 20% more fuel efficient than the 767 it is to replace. The Dreamliner's distinguishing features include mostly electrical flight systems, a four-panel windshield, noise-reducing chevrons on its engine nacelles, and a smoother nose contour. It shares a common type rating with the larger 777 twinjet, allowing qualified pilots to operate both models, due to related design features.", "At the time, the United States enjoyed 80 percent of the commercial airplane market and more than half of that was from the Douglas Company. The DC-6 had replaced the DC-4 and it was in turn replaced by the DC-7, the definitive prop model of the line. Donald Douglas watched and waited to see how the Comet fiasco would be resolved before leaping into jet transport. This was the opening Boeing was looking for. In 1954 Boeing introduced its new passenger jet aircraft, the Boeing 707, an airplane that used the same basic design specifications as the B-52 the company was building for the U.S. Air Force. The initial reaction to the 707 was not enthusiastic; its first orders were not received until a year after the prototype was unveiled. But with the support of a large  order from Pan Am, by the time the 707 began commercial service in 1959, the orders had rolled in, and Boeing took the lead in the market. Douglas countered with the DC- 8, and the Convair Company entered the market with the 880/990 series built for Delta Airlines and TWA, but neither could shake Boeing�s dominance of the market.", "The Boeing Business Jet is a customized version of the 737. Plans for a business jet version of the 737 are not new. In the late 1980s, Boeing marketed the 77-33 jet, a business jet version of the 737-300. The name was short-lived. After the introduction of the next generation series, Boeing introduced the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) series. The BBJ1 was similar in dimensions to the 737-700 but had additional features, including stronger wings and landing gear from the 737-800, and has increased range (through the use of extra fuel tanks) over the other 737 models. The first BBJ rolled out on 11 August 1998 and flew for the first time on September 4.", "During this time the company also recognized a demand for a smaller 100-passenger jetliner for shorter routes. As a result, Boeing developed the 737 model. The 737 seemed to run counter to the general trend at Boeing of building larger, more technologically advanced jetliners, but it did have a place in the market and made a profit.", "The Boeing Business Jet is a customized version of the 737. Plans for a business jet version of the 737 are not new. In the late 1980s, Boeing marketed the 77-33 jet, a business jet version of the 737-300. The name was short-lived. After the introduction of the next generation series, Boeing introduced the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) series. The BBJ1 was similar in dimensions to the 737-700 but had additional features, including stronger wings and landing gear from the 737-800, and had increased range (through the use of extra fuel tanks) over the other 737 models. The first BBJ rolled out on August 11, 1998 and flew for the first time on September 4. ", "In 1967, Boeing built its Everett manufacturing facility to produce the jumbo jet. The first 747 rolled out the factory door just 16 months from the start of production, making world headlines and landing a page in the history books. It paved the way for the 767, 777 and the 787 Dreamliner. Over 150,000 people visit the Everett Site each year to see how wide-body jets with millions of parts and miles of wiring synchronize like a symphony to produce a work of art in flight.", "In April 1994, Boeing introduced the most modern commercial jet aircraft at the time, the twin-engine 777 , with a seating capacity of approximately 300 to 370 passengers in a typical three-class layout, in between the 767 and the 747. The longest range twin-engined aircraft in the world, the 777 was the first Boeing airliner to feature a \" fly-by-wire \" system and was conceived partly in response to the inroads being made by the European Airbus into Boeing's traditional market. This aircraft reached an important milestone by being the first airliner to be designed entirely by using computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. [32] The 777 was also the first airplane to be certified for 180 minute ETOPS at entry into service by the FAA . [33] Also in the mid-1990s, the company developed the revamped version of the 737, known as the 737 \"Next-Generation\" , or 737NG. It has since become the fastest-selling version of the 737 in history, and on April 20, 2006 sales passed those of the \"Classic 737\" , with a follow-up order for 79 aircraft from Southwest Airlines .", "Boeing planes built for the military are best remembered by their military designations, such as the B-17 Flying Fortress or the B-52 Stratofortress. These airplanes also had Boeing model numbers assigned to them-the B-17 is the Boeing Model 299 and the B-52 is the Boeing Model 454.", "Boeing, the oldest major aircraft manufacturer, entered the jet airliner business third, after the British and Russians. Success long eluded Boeing in the art and science of building and selling airliners (non-military airplanes for commercial air travel) at a profit. Beginning in 1928 with the model 80 trimotor airliner (a biplane with fabric covering), Boeing labored hard at producing a handful of innovative airliner designs in small, unrewarding quantities. In 1958, Boeing’s first jet airliner, the 707, proved to be the vehicle that finally changed the commercial side of the ledger from red to black ink. The 707, based on the prototype Dash-80 (1954), was the first truly successful jet airliner in service that was built in large numbers (almost twice that of the runner up Douglas DC-8) and which returned a profit to its maker.", "The 1960s also saw Boeing active in the defense and NASA contracting sectors. As the Cold War continued, Boeing was selected to develop the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile system. The company completed the first test launch of a Minuteman missile at Cape Canaveral, Florida, in February 1961. The Minuteman II and Minuteman III followed later in the decade. In 1966 Boeing was selected to design, develop, and test the short-range attack missile (SRAM); by the early 1970s the company had produced 1,000 SRAMs.", "All three of the airframe proposals shared a number of features. As the CX-HLS needed to be able to be loaded from the front, a door had to be included where the cockpit usually was. All of the companies solved this problem by moving the cockpit to above the cargo area; Douglas had a small \"pod\" just forward and above the wing, Lockheed used a long \"spine\" running the length of the aircraft with the wing spar passing through it, while Boeing blended the two, with a longer pod that ran from just behind the nose to just behind the wing. [11] In 1965 Lockheed's aircraft design and General Electric's engine design were selected for the new C-5 Galaxy transport, which was the largest military aircraft in the world at the time. [10] The nose door and raised cockpit concepts would be carried over to the design of the 747. [12]", "On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737. So Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 cm ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing. The longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100.", "On April 5, 1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original design; therefore, Boeing stretched the fuselage an extra 36 in. ahead of, and 40 in. behind the wing. The longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short body aircraft becoming the 737-100.", "Subsequently, in November 1946, the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development, General Curtis LeMay, expressed the desire for a cruise speed of 400 miles per hour (345 kn, 645 km/h), to which Boeing responded with a 300,000 lb (136,000 kg) aircraft. In December 1946, Boeing was asked to change their design to a four-engine bomber with a top speed of 400 miles per hour, range of 12,000 miles (10,000 nmi, 19,300 km), and the ability to carry a nuclear weapon; in total, the aircraft could weigh up to 480,000 pounds (220,000 kg).Tagg 2004, p. 23. Boeing responded with two models powered by the T-35 turboprops. The Model 464-16 was a \"nuclear only\" bomber with a 10,000 pound (4,500 kg) payload, while the Model 464-17 was a general purpose bomber with a 9,000 pound (4,000 kg) payload. Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft, the air force selected Model 464-17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes.Knaack 1988, p. 209.", "After several decades of success, Boeing lost ground to Airbus and subsequently lost its lead in the airliner market in 2003. Multiple Boeing projects were pursued and then canceled, notably the Sonic Cruiser, a proposed jetliner that would travel just under the speed of sound, cutting intercontinental travel times by as much as 20 percent. It was launched in 2001 along with a new advertising campaign to promote the company's new motto, \"Forever New Frontiers\", and to rehabilitate its image. However, the plane's fate was sealed by the changes in the commercial aviation market following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent weak economy and increase in fuel prices.", "Oct. 16, 1946 caption: \"Shown in flight, this the the versatile new XF8B-1, the new Boeing fighter-bomber delivered by the company yesterday. The type already has been nicknamed the 'five-in-one' because of ... more", "\"The Model 40B-4, which first flew on October 5, 1928, was the major production model of Boeings mail plane series. The plane had space for four passengers and 500 pounds of mail.\" -MOHAI. The plane is seen here August 24, 1929 outside the Boeing factory. Photo courtesy MOHAI, Boeing Airplane Company Production Photographs, image number 1953.345.44.", "Boeing was a major producer of small turbine engines during the 1950s and 1960s. The engines represented one of the company's major efforts to expand its product base beyond military aircraft after World War II. Development on the gasoline turbine engine started in 1943 and Boeing's gas turbines were designated models 502, 520, 540, 551 and 553. Boeing built 2,461 engines before production ceased in April 1968. Many applications of the Boeing gas turbine engines were considered to be firsts, including the first turbine-powered helicopter and boat. ", "After World War II, Boeing was a military airplane company. William Allen, Boeing president at the time, decided that the company needed to expand back into commercial airplanes and pursue the new fields of missiles and spacecraft. To support this diversification strategy, the engineering department divided the model numbers into blocks of 100 for each of the new product areas: 300s and 400s continued to represent aircraft, 500s would be used on turbine engines, 600s for rockets and missiles and 700s were set aside for jet transport aircraft.", "In 1963 Boeing was among a group of plane makers that were competing for a military contract to build a very large transport. One of the main requirements for the military transport design was for a nose loading cargo door with clear access to the main deck. The Boeing design featured a bubble atop the fuselage forward of the wing leading edge.", "(1982)* - Photograph caption dated February 11, 1982 reads, \"Spruce Goose, Howard Hughes' 210-foot-long flying machine that flew only once, found a new home yesterday: a vast aluminum exhibition dome next to the Queen Mary's berth in Long Beach. As hundreds watched from the stern of the ocean liner, the $25 million plane was moved into the 130-foot-high dome, ending a 4 1/2-mile barge trip. Designed by Hughes to carry troops during World War II, the Goose flew one mile in 1947 and has been resting ever since. Now she'll star in a Wrather Corp. exhibit simulating her long-avoided flight.\"" ]

[ 2.796875, 1.0888671875, 1.056640625, 0.436767578125, 0.338623046875, 0.2841796875, -0.364013671875, -0.493896484375, -0.5078125, -0.57275390625, -0.71484375, -0.71533203125, -0.8525390625, -0.919921875, -0.93505859375, -0.94921875, -1.1181640625, -1.1767578125, -1.4365234375, -1.6630859375, -1.6875, -2.068359375, -2.24609375, -2.828125, -2.99609375, -3.34375, -3.490234375, -4.8125, -5.078125, -6.1015625, -6.80859375, -7.671875 ]

[ "In August of 2008, Pepsi Center played host to the Democratic National Convention. Tens of thousands of delegates, journalists, volunteers and patrons descended on Denver and the Pepsi Center for the Convention. The landmark event ranks as one of the most important in KSE and Colorado history. Millions of people around the world watched the Convention, which city officials estimated boosted the local economy by nearly $270 million.", "The United States 2008 Democratic National Convention was a quadrennial presidential nominating convention of the Democratic Party where it adopted its national platform and officially nominated its candidates for President and Vice President. The convention was held in Denver, Colorado, from August 25 to August 28, 2008, at Pepsi Center. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois gave his acceptance speech on August 28 at Invesco Field in what the party called an \"Open Convention\". Denver last hosted the Democratic National Convention in 1908. Obama became the party's first African-American nominee for President. Senator Joe Biden of Delaware was nominated for Vice President.", "Pepsi Center is an American multi-purpose arena located in Denver, Colorado. The arena is home to the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). When not in use by one of Denver's sports teams, the building frequently serves as a concert venue. \"...Affectionately referred to as \"The Can\" by some...\"", "Pepsi Center was constructed as part of a large six-year sporting venue upgrade in Denver along with Coors Field, home of the Colorado Rockies, and Sports Authority Field at Mile High (formerly Invesco Field at Mile High), home of the Denver Broncos. The complex was constructed to be readily accessible. The arena is situated at Speer Boulevard, a main thoroughfare in downtown Denver, and is served by 2 nearby exits off Interstate 25. A light rail station is on the western side of the complex.", "Only three cities submitted final proposals to host the convention: Denver, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and New York. New Orleans had submitted an initial bid, but on July 12, the city dropped out. The cities were visited by a 10-member Technical Advisory Committee in June 2006. On September 27, the Republicans announced they would have their 2008 convention in St. Paul, removing it from consideration and leaving only Denver and New York as potential hosts. Despite hard lobbying by New York party boosters, then-Republican Mayor Michael Bloomberg dealt the campaign a major blow when he announced the city lacked the financial means to support a convention. Denver was chosen as the host on January 11, 2007, as Democrats looked to make gains in the \"Purple West\" states of Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico.", "Denver is also home to the Colorado Avalanche, a National Hockey League team that relocated from Quebec City in 1995. While in Denver, they have won two Stanley Cups in 1996 and in 2001, and they play at Pepsi Center. The Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association also play at the Pepsi Center. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick's Sporting Goods Park, an 18,000 seat soccer-specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season, located in the Denver suburb of Commerce City. The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010.", "Denver has been home to two National Hockey League teams. The Colorado Rockies played from 1976 to 1982, but became the New Jersey Devils . The Colorado Avalanche joined in 1995, after relocating from Quebec City. While in Denver, they have won two Stanley Cups in 1996 and in 2001. The Denver Nuggets joined the American Basketball Association in 1967 and the National Basketball Association in 1976. The Avalanche and Nuggets have played at Pepsi Center since 1999. The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick’s Sporting Goods Park , an 18,000 seat soccer-specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season, located in the Denver suburb of Commerce City. [99] The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010.", "Before the construction of Pepsi Center, the Denver Nuggets and Colorado Avalanche played in McNichols Sports Arena, a building that has since been torn down to serve as a parking lot for nearby Sports Authority Field at Mile High. Coincidentally, prior to the Avalanche relocating to Denver, the then-Quebec Nordiques played at another arena to which Pepsi owned naming rights: the Colisée Pepsi.", "Madison Square Garden (often called MSG or simply The Garden) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. It is the fourth venue to bear the name \"Madison Square Garden\", the first two (1879 and 1890) of which were located on Madison Square, on East 26th Street and Madison Avenue, with the third Madison Square Garden further uptown at Eighth Avenue and 50th Street. The Garden is used for professional basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports and entertainment. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and Macy's at Herald Square. It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. ", "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse.", "The city's National Basketball Association team is the New York Knicks and the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty . Also within the metro area is the NBA team New Jersey Nets Who will move to nearby Brooklyn to the Barclays Center as early as 2012. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. [113] Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league.", "The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city. The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA.", "Madison Square Garden hosts approximately 320 events a year. It is the home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and the New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association. The New York Rangers, New York Knicks, New York Liberty, and the Madison Square Garden arena itself are all owned by the Madison Square Garden Company. The arena is also host to the Big East Men's Basketball Conference Tournament and the finals of the National Invitation Tournament. Other regular events at the arena include the Cirque du Soleil when it comes to New York City (although the Prudential Center (and formerly the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum) also hosts the circus each year), selected home games for the St. John's men's Red Storm (college basketball), the annual pre- and postseason NIT tournaments, the Millrose Games track and field meet, and almost any other kind of indoor activity that draws large audiences, such as the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show and the 2004 Republican National Convention. The Garden is the former home of the NBA Draft and the former New York City home of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus and Disney on Ice; all three events are now held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn.", "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles, California. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member club of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships, their last being in 2010. As of 2015, the Lakers are the second most valuable franchise in the NBA according to Forbes, having an estimated value of $2.7 billion. ", "Opening on February 11, 1968, it is the oldest and most active major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area. It is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales, behind The O2 Arena, the Manchester Arena and The SSE Hydro in the United Kingdom. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion, MSG has been ranked as one of the 10 most expensive stadium venues ever built. It is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name.", "The Toronto Rock are the city's National Lacrosse League team. They won five Champion's Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are currently first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock share the Air Canada Centre with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors.", "The 2016 Democratic National Convention  was held July 25–28, 2016, in Philadelphia, PA. (Visit the Democrats’ youtube page )", "The Seattle SuperSonics, commonly known as the Sonics, were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington. They played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until 2008. After the 2007–08 season ended, the team relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "The TD Garden is a multi-purpose arena in Boston, Massachusetts. It is named after its sponsor, TD Bank, a subsidiary of Canada's Toronto-Dominion Bank. TD Garden is the home arena for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League and Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association. It is owned by Delaware North, whose CEO, Jeremy Jacobs, also owns the Bruins. It is the site of the annual Beanpot college hockey tournament, and hosts the annual Hockey East Championships. The arena has also hosted many major national sporting events including the 1999, 2003, and 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball regional first and second rounds, the 2009 and 2012 Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight, the 1998 Frozen Four, the 2004 Frozen Four, and the 2006 Women's Final Four. It hosted the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals and the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals for the Bruins, and the home games of the 2008 NBA Finals and 2010 NBA Finals for the Celtics.", "During November 1973, while waiting for the completion of their new arena in Landover, the Bullets played their home games at Cole Field House on the campus of the University of Maryland in College Park. The Capital Centre (later known as the USAir/US Airways Arena) opened on December 2, 1973, with the Bullets defeating the SuperSonics. Through the mid-1990s, the Bullets still played a few games per season in Baltimore.", "tus, Oklahoma City’s rise was meteoric. Less than 13 years after the MAPS vote of 1992 that spawned the building of the Ford Center, the likes of Dwight Howard and Dirk Nowitzki were playing ball in downtown Oklahoma City. Mayors like Ron Norick and Kirk Humphreys and Mick Cornett have kept that sports vision burning, and we see it still in", "STAPLES Center 1101 S. Figueroa St. ( Downtown Los Angeles ) While primarily a sports venue, Staples Center also hosts a large number of major-name concerts with its 19,000-seat capacity. Built in 1999, the multi-purpose venue in downtown Los Angeles is home to the country’s biggest musical event – The Grammy Awards. The Staples Center also draws big name performers and has hosted Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, the Rolling Stones, Beyonce and Paul McCartney to name a few.", "Civic Arena (formerly the Civic Auditorium and later Mellon Arena) was an arena located in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Civic Arena primarily served as the home to the Pittsburgh Penguins, the city's National Hockey League (NHL) franchise, from 1967 to 2010. It was the first retractable roof major-sports venue in the world, covering 170,000 sq. feet, constructed with nearly 3,000 tons of Pittsburgh steel and supported solely by a massive 260-foot-long cantilevered arm on the exterior. Even though it was designed and engineered as a retractable-roof dome, the operating cost and repairs to the hydraulic jacks halted all full retractions after 1995, and the roof stayed permanently closed after 2001. The first roof opening was during a July 4, 1962 Carol Burnett show to which she exclaimed \"Ladies and Gentlemen...I present the sky!\" ", "Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome) is a multi-purpose stadium, in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, situated next to the CN Tower, near the shores of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball and the American League, and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). From 2008–2012, the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) are scheduled to play at the stadium for eight games (five regular-season and two pre-season) as part of the Bills Toronto Series. While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, funfairs, and monster truck shows.", "Rogers Centre (originally named SkyDome) is a multi-purpose stadium in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada situated just southwest of the CN Tower near the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989 on the former Railway Lands, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League . Previously, the stadium served as home to the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, and the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League played an annual game at the stadium as part of the Bills Toronto Series . While it is primarily a sports venue, it also hosts other large-scale events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, traveling carnivals, and monster truck shows.", "Wells Fargo Center This venue also hosts live shows and concerts such as Lady Gaga, Taylor Swift, and Justin Bieber. Address: 3601 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19148", "Olympic Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Canada, located at Olympic Park in the Hochelaga-Maisonneuve district of Montreal, Quebec. Built in the mid-1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics, it is nicknamed \"The Big O\", a reference to both its name and to the doughnut-shape of the permanent component of the stadium's roof. It is also called \"The Big Owe\" to reference the astronomical cost of the stadium and the 1976 Olympics as a whole.", "Dick’s Sporting Goods Park (Commerce City, Colo.): The Colorado Rapids’ stadium opened in 2007 and is the centerpiece of a 24-field soccer complex believed to be one of the world’s largest, and hosted the 2015 AT&T MLS All-Star Game.", "What city did Barack Obama formally accept the Democratic nomination for the US presidential election in 2008?", "Civic Arena (formerly the Civic Auditorium and Mellon Arena, nicknamed The Igloo) is a covered arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Constructed in 1961, for use by the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera (CLO), the Civic Arena hosted numerous concerts, as well as hockey, basketball, tennis, boxing, wrestling and soccer matches. It primarily served as the home to the Pittsburgh Penguins, the city's National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. The arena was the world's first major indoor sports stadium with a retractable roof. It was formerly named for Mellon Financial, which purchased the naming rights in 1999. Naming rights expired on August 1, 2010 and the arena once again is known as the Civic Arena. The Civic Arena closed on June 26, 2010. The former Mellon naming rights expired soon after, and the Penguins and all other events moved across the street to the new Consol Energy Center. The arena's owner, the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County, initially voted in September 2010 to demolish the building in 2011. However, in November 2010, the arena was nominated for historic status at the last minute, and demolition has been delayed. A final vote by the Pittsburgh Historic Review Commission on the nomination was held on March 2, 2011. The result was the HRC declining the arena for historic status.", "42.648611 -73.754722 6 The Times Union Arena (formerly the Pepsi Arena and Knickerbocker Arena), S. Pearl St.  ", "In August 2015 the Penguins and the UPMC opened UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex, combining a new team practice and training facility with a UPMC Sports Medicine treatment and research complex, in suburban Cranberry Township near the interchange between Interstate 79 and Pennsylvania Route 228. The twin rink facility replaced both the IceoPlex at Southpointe and the 84 Lumber Arena as the Penguins' regular practice facility, freeing up the Consol Energy Center for other events on days the Penguins are not scheduled to play. " ]

[ 10.34375, 10.1015625, 9.421875, 4.70703125, 2.818359375, 2.244140625, 1.3828125, 0.51611328125, -1.15625, -1.6328125, -2.146484375, -2.595703125, -2.658203125, -2.703125, -2.794921875, -3.099609375, -3.435546875, -3.626953125, -4.05859375, -4.1171875, -4.39453125, -4.59375, -4.80078125, -4.953125, -5.56640625, -5.6796875, -5.93359375, -6.19921875, -6.35546875, -6.3984375, -7.1953125, -7.6796875 ]

[ "Twenty-seven states have national parks, as do the territories of American Samoa and the United States Virgin Islands. California has the most (nine), followed by Alaska (eight), Utah (five), and Colorado (four). The largest national park is Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska: at over 8 e6acre, it is larger than each of the nine smallest states. The next three largest parks are also in Alaska. The smallest park is Hot Springs, Arkansas, at less than 6 e3acre. The total area protected by national parks is approximately , for an average of 895 e3acre but a median of only 317 e3acre. The most-visited national park is Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee, with over ten million visitors in 2014, followed by Arizona's Grand Canyon, with over 4.7 million. In contrast, only 12,669 people visited the remote Gates of the Arctic in Alaska in the same year. Fourteen national parks are designated World Heritage Sites. ", "5. Great Smoky Mountains National Park, in North Carolina and Tennessee, is the most-visited national park; Yellowstone National Park, which is mostly in Wyoming, but spills over into Montana and Idaho, is the oldest; Death Valley is the lowest. (Death Valley's eastern border mostly follows the California-Nevada state line, but a little bit of it pokes into Nevada.)", "The USA has 59 officially-designated National Parks spread over the 50 states. Here is a list of US National Parks .", "Of the 55 national parks in North America, 19 are in Canada, 27 in the USA, six in Mexico, and three in Cuba. In addition to protecting flora and fauna, they are major tourist attractions. The most famous national parks are Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, Yosemite, Banff, Jasper, Sequoia, and Everglades.", "America�s historic sites and national parks draw many visitors. In 1998, 287 million visits were made to the more than 350 areas administered by the National Park Service. Millions of people each year visit the national monuments, buildings, and museums in the Washington, D.C., area. More than 14 million visits are made annually to Golden Gate National Recreation Area in the San Francisco region. More than 19 million people per year travel on the Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia, and about 6 million visit the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. Located within a day�s drive from most parts of the eastern United States, Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most popular national park in the United States, receiving nearly 10 million visitors annually.", "The U.S. National Park System controls a large and diverse group of parks in northern California. The best known is Yosemite National Park, which is displayed on the reverse side of the California state quarter. Other prominent parks are the Kings Canyon-Sequoia National Park complex, Redwood National Park, Pinnacles National Park, Lassen Volcanic National Park and the largest in the contiguous forty-eight states, Death Valley National Park.", "The increased visitation is not confined to one region or type of park. Parks across the United States, from iconic “crown jewel” sites to lesser-known gems already exceed prior records for visitation. By the end of October 2015, the world’s first national park, Yellowstone in Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, had smashed its previous annual high (2010) with more than 4 million visits, which represents a 17 percent increase over last year’s visitation to date. Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, which is celebrating its own park centennial this year, also may pass 4 million visits in 2015. It already has broken the mark it set last year, with more than 3.9 million visits through October 2015. Each of Rocky Mountain’s 10 busiest days this year saw more than 10,000 vehicles enter the park.", "The 13.2-million-acre (53,418-square-kilometer) Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is the United States' largest national park. The 0.02-acre (80-square-meter) Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial in Pennsylvania is the smallest.", "Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a United States National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site that straddles the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are a division of the larger Appalachian Mountain chain. The border between Tennessee and North Carolina runs northeast to southwest through the centerline of the park. It is the most visited national park in the United States.", "America's National Parks are a great place to start. Yellowstone National Park was the first true National Park in the world, and it remains one of the most famous, but there are 57 others. The Grand Canyon is possibly the world's most spectacular gorge; Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park are both home to the world's tallest living organisms; Glacier National Park is a great place to see huge sheets of ice; Canyonlands National Park could easily be mistaken for Mars; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park features abundant wildlife among beautifully forested mountains. And the national parks aren't just for sightseeing, either; each has plenty of outdoors activities as well.", "Early in 1872, Congress moved to set aside 1,221,773 acres of public land straddling the future states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho as America’s first national park. President Grant signed the bill into law on this day in 1872. The Yellowstone Act of 1872 designated the region as a public “pleasuring-ground,” which would be preserved “from injury or spoilation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within.”", "3. Great Smoky Mountains National Park – Great Smoky Mountains National Park, No. 3 on the list of most-visited park sites, is in North Carolina and Tennessee. It is also the No. 1 most-visited national park.", "By the Act of March 1, 1872 , Congress established Yellowstone National Park in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming \"as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people\" and placed it \"under exclusive control of the Secretary of the Interior.\" The founding of Yellowstone National Park began a worldwide national park movement. Today more than 100 nations contain some 1,200 national parks or equivalent preserves.", "Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872, is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, though it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone was the first national park in the world, and is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is dominant.", "Our favorite National Park (or National Park Service site) in every state is just a curated sample of the hundreds of other worthwhile destinations in the United States. And the guardians of these lands and memorials know that no matter how small or little known, every last inch of the 84 million acres they surveil is as important as the Grand Canyon. ", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the World , is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming , although it also extends into Montana and Idaho . It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features , especially Old Faithful Geyser , one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems , but the subalpine forest is dominant.", "US National Parks - The National Parks Service of the United States is an agency that controls the 58 national parks across the country. These national parks are places of natural significance that are protected by the government against development, and are visited by many tourists every year.", "And it is.  The 412 square miles of Rocky Mountain National Park have preserved some of America’s most pristine natural beauty.  America’s fifth most popular national park has 147 lakes, 50 miles of streams, 360 miles of trails and more than 100 peaks that soar 11,000 feet or higher into the Colorado blue sky – many of them with snow year-round. ", "The Wrangell-St.Elias National Park in Southern Alaska was established in 1980 by the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. It is the largest national park in the United States covering an area of over 13 million acres (53,000 km²). Some of the animals that live in the park and are protected include Bears, Wolves and Moose.", "Mount Rainier National Park in Washington was the next of its kind, reserved in 1899. Nine more parks were established through 1916, including such scenic gems as Crater Lake in Oregon, Glacier in Montana, Rocky Mountain in Colorado, and Hawaii in the Hawaiian Islands. There were as yet no clear standards for national parks, however, and a few suffered by comparison. Among them was Sullys Hill, an undistinguished tract in North Dakota that was later transferred to the Agriculture Department as a game preserve.", "Locations are varied. Parks exist in the nation's larger cities like New York City (Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site), Atlanta (Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site), and San Diego (Cabrillo National Monument) to some of the remotest areas of the continent like Hovenweep National Monument in southeastern Utah, to Aniakchak National Monument in King Salmon, Alaska. ", "located in the northwestern USA in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Founded in 1872, it is the oldest national park in the country. Area, about 9, 000 sq km (1970). It is located in the Rocky Mountains on a volcanic plateau at an elevation of 2, 200–2, 500 m.", "In addition to administering its units and other properties, the National Park Service also provides technical and financial assistance to several \"affiliated areas\" authorized by Congress. The largest affiliated area is New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve at 1,164,025 acres (4711 km²). The smallest is Benjamin Franklin National Memorial at less than .", "Two national park areas in the lower 48 states have adjoining national preserves that are separate units of the National Park System but managed jointly. They are Great Sand Dunes and Craters of the Moon.", "North Cascades National Park in the state of Washington embraces nearly 505,000 acres of wild alpine country with jagged peaks, mountain lakes, and glaciers. The park proposal was surrounded by intense controversy involving timber and mining interests, conservationists, local governments, the Forest Service, and the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation as well as the NPS. Congress finally authorized the park in 1968 simultaneously with Redwood National Park, California.", "Badlands National Park ( ) is a national park in southwestern South Dakota that protects 242756 acre of sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the National Park Service.", "In the following website you can have a look at more than 6,000 pictures from the 58 US National Parks grouped in:", "On June 10, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6166 which consolidated all National Parks and National Monuments, National Military Parks, the eleven National Cemeteries, National Memorials, and the National Capital Parks into a single National Park System. The National Park Service was directed to oversee all of these areas. ", "Harpers Ferry National Park---Places Reflecting America's Diverse Cultures Explore their Stories in the National Park System: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary", "NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using park boundary geographic data (GIS) provided the U.S. National Park Servce and Innovative Technology Administration’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and Landsat data provided by the United States Geological Survey. Caption by Michon Scott.", "President Theodore Roosevelt was one of the park system’s greatest patrons. During his administration (1901-09) five new parks were created, as well as 18 national monuments, four national game refuges, 51 bird sanctuaries, and over 100 million acres (40 million hectares) of national forest." ]

[ 3.615234375, 2.373046875, 1.4326171875, 0.99365234375, 0.8076171875, 0.5595703125, 0.1365966796875, 0.01708984375, -0.39306640625, -0.54541015625, -0.8349609375, -1.0771484375, -1.0859375, -1.1298828125, -1.349609375, -1.361328125, -1.4140625, -1.6484375, -1.7958984375, -1.927734375, -2.53125, -2.998046875, -3.328125, -3.369140625, -3.822265625, -4.3046875, -4.3671875, -6.03125, -6.37109375, -6.8828125, -6.9140625, -8.3515625 ]

[ "The Indian Ocean happens to be the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. This ocean is bounded on the north by Asia, including the Indian subcontinent, after which it is named. On the west it is surrounded by Africa, on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica.", "The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface. It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica . It is named after India . The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara ( Sanskrit : रत्नाकर), \"the mine of gems\", in ancient Sanskrit literature and as Hind Mahāsāgar ( Devanāgarī : हिन्द महासागर) in Hindi .", "Indian Ocean - the 3rd largest ocean; bounded by Africa on the west, Asia on the north, Australia on the east and merging with the Antarctic Ocean to the south", "Asia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, the Red Sea (as well as the inland seas of the Atlantic Ocean —the Mediterranean and the Black ) to the southwest, and Europe to the west. Asia is separated from North America to the northeast by the Bering Strait and from Australia to the southeast by the seas and straits connecting the Indian and Pacific oceans. The Isthmus of Suez unites Asia with Africa , and it is generally agreed that the Suez Canal forms the border between them. Two narrow straits, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles , separate Anatolia from the Balkan Peninsula .", "The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.", "The Indian Ocean is the world's third-largest ocean and it has an area of 26,469,900 square miles (68,566,000 sq km). It is located between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia and Australia. The Indian Ocean has an average depth of 13,002 feet (3,963 m) and the Java Trench is its deepest point at -23,812 feet (-7,258 m). The waters of the Indian Ocean also include water bodies such as the Andaman, Arabian, Flores, Java and Red Seas as well as the Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel and the Persian Gulf. The Indian Ocean is known for causing the monsoonal weather patterns that dominate much of southeast Asia and for having waters that have been historical chokepoints . More »", "The Indian Ocean separates the continent of Africa to it's west, from the continent of Australia to it's east and borders the continent of Asia to it's north and the Antarctic to it's south. The waters of the Indian Ocean meet the Atlantic Ocean at the point of the 20th meridian east - the nearest land point being Cape Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa - and from the waters of the Pacific Ocean at 146.55 meridian east, the nearest land point being the Indonesian Archipelago.", "The 7,686,850 km² Australian landmass is on the Indo-Australian Plate and is surrounded by the Indian, Southern and Pacific oceans, and separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with total of 25,760 km of coastline. Climate is highly influenced by ocean currents, including the El Niño southern oscillation, which causes periodic drought, and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.", "The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran , Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh to the north; the Malay Peninsula , the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east; Antarctica to the south; and Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to the west. In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle with those of the Pacific Ocean .", ", island continent located between the Indian and South Pacific oceans south-east of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of Tasmania, the Commonwealth of Australia, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The continent is bounded on the north by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea, and the Torres Strait; on the east by the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea; on the south by the Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean; and on the west by the Indian Ocean. The Commonwealth of Australia extends about 4,000 km (2,485 mi) from Cape Byrne in the east to Western Australia, and about 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from Cape York in the north to Tasmania in the south. Its coastline measures some 36,735 km (22,826 mi). The area of Australia, including Tasmania, is 7,682,300 sq km (2,966,151 sq mi). The area of the continent alone is 7,614,500 sq km (2,939,974 sq mi), making Australia the smallest continent and one of the largest countries in the world.", "Oceania was originally conceived as the lands of the Pacific Ocean, stretching from the Strait of Malacca to the coast of the Americas. It comprised four regions: Polynesia, Micronesia, Malaysia (now called the Malay Archipelago), and Melanesia (now called Australasia). Today, parts of three geological continents are included in the term \"Oceania\": Eurasia, Australia, and Zealandia, as well the non-continental volcanic islands of the Philippines, Wallacea, and the open Pacific. The area extends to Sumatra in the west, the Bonin Islands in the northwest, the Hawaiian Islands in the northeast, Rapa Nui and Sala y Gómez Island in the east, and Macquarie Island in the south. Not included are the Pacific islands of Taiwan, the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese archipelago, all on the margins of Asia, and the Aleutian Islands of North America. ", "Australia, one of the Oceania countries is located between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. This developed and one of the wealthiest countries of the world covers a total of 7, 741, 220 sq. km of area, making it the sixth largest countries of the world. Australian territory beside its mainland include Tasmania Island and many other smaller islands on the Pacific Ocean. Timor and Arafura Seas separate Australia from Asia and Tasman Sea separates it from New Zealand. The neighboring countries of Australia are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor in the north, Vanuatu and Solomon Islands in the northeast and New Zealand in the south east. Australia is an island country, with no land boundary, and also occasionally called an island continent due to its size. In fact, it is sometimes referred as the smallest continent of the world. The world’s largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef is located in the north east side of the country. Australia is located between 27° 00' S latitude and 133° 00' E longitude. Canberra is the capital city of the country and the popular tourist destination Sydney is its largest city. The vast size of Australia is home to varied beautiful landscapes.", "According to DFAT, Australia’s coastline astride the Indian Ocean is longer than its Pacific coastline. [7]", "Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the second-largest country subdivision in the world – however, a significant part of it is sparsely populated. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the population lives in the south-west corner of the state.", "An arm of the southwest Pacific Ocean bounded by northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. It was the scene of a U.S. World War II naval victory in May 1942. Part of the South Pacific Ocean. It is located between Queensland, Australia, on the west and Vanuatu and New Caledonia on the east, and bordered on the north by Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Occupying an area of 1,849,800 sq mi (4,791,000 sq km), it merges with the Tasman Sea and Solomon Sea and is connected to the Arafura Sea via the Torres Strait. It was named for its many coral formations, including the Great Barrier Reef. During World War II it was the scene of a strategic U.S. naval and air victory over the Japanese (1942)", "Australia is a continent and a country in the Southern Hemisphere, lying to the south of Southeast Asia, and dividing the Indian and South Pa cific Oceans. The total area of Australia is 7,686,850 square kilometers (2,967,892 square miles), with land constituting 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,942,282 square miles) and water 68,920 square kilometers (26,610 square miles).", "A spring 2000 the International Hydrographic Organisation decided to de-eliminate a fifth world ocean, stripping the southern portions of the Indian Ocean. The new ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60° south latitude, which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Indian Ocean remains the third largest of the world's five oceans. Major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Malacca, Strait of Hormuz, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait. Seas in Indian Ocean include Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Great Australian Bight, Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Laccadive Sea, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, and other tributary water bodies.", "In 2000, the International Hydrographic Organization created the fifth and newest world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The new Southern Ocean completely surrounds Antarctica.", "Australia the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural...", "A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean - the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude, which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean).", "Almost all of Antarctica rests south of the Antarctic Circle. Antarctica is a continent surrounded by the Southern Ocean. The next nearest continent is South America. Many countries have laid claim to sections of Antarctica, but the continent remains off limits to industrial development and many other activities. The hundreds of islands of the South Pacific are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and make up the largest geographic area in the world. The primary realm includes the island groups in the tropics between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. There has been little industrial development in the South Pacific. Just as Antarctica has been divided up and claimed by other countries, though it was not colonized by them, most of the islands in the South Pacific were claimed or colonized by the imperial powers of Europe, Japan, or the United States. Both areas are considered to be peripheral realms in the overall scheme of the global economy. Tourism is the major activity in the South Pacific, and research and tourism are the major activities in Antarctica. Both areas have opportunities for greater economic development in the future. However, the difference is that Antarctica is not a country, and any benefit will go to the countries with claims on the continent or to the businesses taking tourists there.", "The continent of Australia shares marine territorial boundaries with its nearest neighbouring countries. The nearest of these countries include Indonesia, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, which are all island nations or territories in the South-East Asian and Asia-Pacific regions. Australia also shares a contested overland border in the Australian Antarctic Territory which adjoins territories claimed by several nations. See image 3", "The Southern Ocean consists of the ocean surrounding Antarctica across all degrees of longitude and up to a northern boundary at 60° South latitude (which is also the limit of the United Nations' Antarctic Treaty).", "The continent of Australia shares marine territorial boundaries with its nearest neighbouring countries. The nearest of these countries include Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, which are all island nations or territories in the South-East Asian and Asia-Pacific regions. Australia also shares a contested overland border in the Australian Antarctic Territory which adjoins territories claimed by several nations.", "body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the world. It is the smallest, geologically youngest, and physically most complex of the world’s three major oceans. It stretches for more than 6,200 miles (10,000 km) between the southern tips of Africa and Australia and, without its marginal seas, has an area of about...", "Australia is a continent in the Southern Hemisphere, which comprises the countries of Australia, Tasmania, Seram, New Guinea, Timor, and other neighbouring islands. It is the smallest among the seven continents of the world, and lies on a continental shelf. Shallow seas divide the continent in to the different landmasses. The Torres Strait and Arafura Sea separate the mainland of Australia and New Guinea, and the Bass Strait lies between Tasmania and mainland Australia. They were actually connected by dry land in earlier times during the time around 18,000 BC, when the sea levels were lower. It was the Pleistocene ice age then. The sea levels have risen in the past ten thousand years, and that overflowed the lands and separated the different landmasses. New Zealand is not a part of the continent of Australia, but of the separate continent of Zealandia which is submerged. Both New Zealand and Australia are parts of the wider regions well known by Oceania or Australasia.", "As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans. ", "Australia has an approximately oval shape, with the country wider east to west than north to south. At the north and south of the continent are two areas of water that cut into the Australian mainland, the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north and the Great Australian Bight in the south.", "Australia is the name of the continent on which the. is a region. which includes Australia, Christmas Islands, Cocos Islands, New Guinea, New Zealand, Norfolk Island and is.", "The term is often used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands ", "What is the largest country (in terms of land area as well as population) in the region encompassing Australia and Oceania?", "Why, when they group things on geography does Asia go with Australiasia (what is that?). Shouldn't Asia stand along and Australia/Oceana stand alone?  WHY?" ]

[ 4.5, 4.32421875, 4.25390625, 3.662109375, 3.39453125, 3.001953125, 2.71875, 2.65625, 2.12109375, 2.078125, 1.9951171875, 1.5322265625, 0.93896484375, 0.77685546875, 0.64697265625, 0.53466796875, 0.210693359375, 0.149658203125, 0.01502227783203125, -0.53857421875, -0.69287109375, -0.95458984375, -1.0166015625, -1.2861328125, -2.88671875, -3.21875, -4.515625, -5.23828125, -5.734375, -6.828125, -7.421875, -7.64453125 ]

[ "As if being a Time Lord wasn't enough, The Doctor uses his extensive expertise in various fields of science, technology and history while outsmarting a cornucopia of monsters, gods, demigods, and demons of all kinds while he travels through time and space. Being a Time Lord though, The Doctor also has the unique ability to magically regenerate his body whenever he's near death. This is an ability especially useful in keeping Dr. Who as longest-running science fiction television show in the world", "Like all Time Lords, the Doctor has the ability to \" regenerate\" his body when near death, allowing for the convenient recasting of the lead actor. While a Time Lord can regenerate twelve times, the Doctor has gone through this process and its resulting after-effects on nine occasions, with each of his incarnations having his own quirks and abilities:", "As a Time Lord, he has the ability to regenerate, to change his appearance when near death. This mechanism has allowed the show to change lead actor every few years while retaining the same main character.", "The Doctor, like all Time Lords, has the ability to \" regenerate \" his body when he dies, something he can do twelve times. The production team created this concept to allow for re-casting of the part when an actor wanted to leave or otherwise needed to be replaced. So far, ten actors have played the part for television (including the 1996 television movie and the 2005 revival). The actors to play the Doctor, and their tenures, are as follows:", "So far, 12 British  actors have played Doctor Who in this iconic British Sci-Fi series. This has been possible because in the plot, if the Doctor is critically injured, he can regenerate his body but if he does so, he gains a new physical appearance and, with it, a distinct new personality. We made a selection of the actors generally considered as the best doctors:", "BAFTA / Marc HobermanFor fifty years, the two-hearted Time Lord has been battling Daleks, thwarting Cybermen and taking audiences on a multitude of adventures through time and space. Through the ingenious method of regeneration - when the Doctor becomes too old or wounded, he transforms into a new physical form – various actors have been able to play the same role, allowing the show to remain as consistently popular today as when it first began.", "Three years into the series, it was revealed that, in times of physical crisis, the Doctor can regenerate his body into a new form - effectively, he becomes a new person with the memories of his previous selves. To date, this has happened nine times, producing ten very different, yet similar, Doctors.", "During its long run, the Doctor was played by seven different actors, each time regenerating after death into a different body with a different personality but with all his memories and knowledge intact.", "Regeneration, regardless of how many regenerations the individual Time Lord has already undergone, is a conditional and non-inevitable phenomenon. This is stated in The End of Time when the Tenth Doctor explains to Wilfred Mott that a Time Lord can die before they have a chance to regenerate, in which case they die outright. In The Deadly Assassin at least one of the murders was carried out with a 'staser', possibly a weapon designed to both kill and prevent regeneration (stasers are also stated to have little effect on non-living tissue). In the Series 4 episode \"Turn Left\", the Tenth Doctor's body is shown on a stretcher following the parallel events of \"The Runaway Bride\". A UNIT officer states that the Doctor's death must have been too quick to allow for regeneration.", "The series debuted on Showtime on July 27, 1997, and moved to the Sci-Fi Channel after its fifth season. It starred Richard Dean Anderson (as O'Neill) and Michael Shanks (as Jackson), alongside Amanda Tapping, Christopher Judge and Don S. Davis respectively playing the new characters Samantha Carter, Teal'c and George Hammond. The cast remained fairly regular for most of SG-1s run, but experienced some changes. Michael Shanks left the show at the end of Season 5 and was replaced by Corin Nemec as Jonas Quinn. Shanks returned at the beginning of Season 7 and Nemec was written out. At the end of Season 7 Davis left the show and Anderson filled the gap he left in the story. Season 9 saw the departure of Anderson, but added new regulars Beau Bridges and Ben Browder. After a debut episode in Season 8, followed by appearances in eight episodes of Season 9, Claudia Black's popular reception earned her a position in the regular cast in Season 10. ", "Ansara is beloved by Star Trek fans as one of only seven actors to play the same character -- in his case legendary Klingon warrior Kang -- on three versions of the sci-fi series: the original (in the 1968 episode \"Day of the Dove\"), Deep Space Nine (1994's \"Blood Oath\") and Voyager (1996's \"Flashback\").", "Before Arnold became a Terminator, Lee Majors was everyone's favorite cyborg. For any sci-fi or adventure show fan, this was THE show of the 70's. The 60's had Kirk, Spock, Tribbles, and Klingons; the 70's had Steve Austin, Oscar Goldman, Jamie Summers, and Bigfoot.", "Three million years later, Holly finally revives Lister, who is now almost certainly the last human being in existence. To keep Lister sane, Holly revives his old bunkmate Arnold Rimmer (Chris Barrie) as a hologram, despite the fact that Rimmer is an unpleasant, unlikeable bastard—a total smeghead, in the show’s parlance. Joining them is The Cat (Danny John-Jules), a fashion-obsessed humanoid who evolved from Lister’s cat. With nothing better to do, the crew decides to return to Earth, and en route they pick up a fussy but loveable android named Kryten (Robert Llewellyn, originally David Ross). The show observes a strict no-aliens policy, and the crew has technically never made it back to Earth, though it flouts both rules via technicalities (a robot here; some time-travel there).", "The first episode of the series reveals that, in the present day, Drake has been studying records of the events seen in Life on Mars through reports made by Sam Tyler after he regained consciousness in the present. Upon waking in the past she is surprised to meet the returning characters of Gene Hunt (Philip Glenister), Ray Carling (Dean Andrews) and Chris Skelton (Marshall Lancaster), all of whom she has learned about from her research, the trio having transferred from the Manchester setting of Life on Mars (Manchester and Salford Police) to London.", "s every Doctor Who the same man with each new regeneration? In onscreen fictional terms, it would appear not. As the Ninth Doctor tells Rose in The Parting of the Ways, “Every cell in my body’s dying.” Of course, as human beings the same process happens to us – except it takes seven years for the body to undergo a complete cellular renewal, and it’s a gradual procedure. If all the cells were to die at once, we would be dead; and if all the cells were replaced at the same time, we’d be a different person. If all the cells were to be born anew at the same time, a new man would be born – with the memories, triggers and instincts of the old man, maybe, but a new man nevertheless. (This reminds me a little of matter transmission, as seen in the likes of Star Trek and The Sontaran Experiment. It helps to facilitate the drama without bogging it down in detail, but basically a transmat involves tearing the body apart cell by cell at one end of the process – thus killing the person you’re transmatting – before rebuilding a new body at the further end of", "Star Trek: The Next Generation, also known as \"TNG\", is set approximately a century after The Original Series (2364–2370). It features a new starship, the Enterprise-D, and a new crew led by Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) and Commander William Riker (Jonathan Frakes). The series introduced alien races new to the Federation as crew members, including Deanna Troi, a half-Betazoid counselor played by Marina Sirtis, and Worf as the first Klingon officer in Starfleet, played by Michael Dorn. It also featured Gates McFadden as Dr. Beverly Crusher, LeVar Burton as chief engineer Geordi La Forge, the android Data portrayed by Brent Spiner, and Dr. Crusher's son Wesley Crusher played by Wil Wheaton. The show premiered on September 28, 1987, and ran for seven seasons, ending on May 23, 1994. Unlike the previous television outings, the program was syndicated instead of airing on network television. It had the highest ratings of any of the Star Trek series and was the #1 syndicated show during the last few years of its original run, allowing it to act as a springboard for ideas in other series. Many relationships and races introduced in TNG became the basis of episodes in Deep Space 9 and Voyager. It was nominated for an Emmy for Best Dramatic Series during its final season. It also received a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for the episode \"The Big Goodbye\".", "In many episodes, at least one individual, often a key figure such as a USAF intelligence officer ('The Innocent'), a police officer ('Genesis', 'The Spores'), a U.S. Army major ('Doomsday Minus One'), or a NASA official ('Moonshot') would become aware of the alien threat and survive the episode in which he or she was introduced. In 'The Leeches' a millionaire (Arthur Hill) survives an alien abduction after being rescued by Vincent, while in 'Quantity: Unknown' a scientist (Susan Strasberg) is convinced of alien technology. In 'The Saucer' guest stars Anne Francis and Charles Drake witness an alien saucer's landing. In the second season, larger groups of surviving witnesses were featured, as in episodes 'Dark Outpost' and 'The Pursued', and three scientists in 'Labyrinth'. Most significant of these is millionaire industrialist Edgar Scoville (Kent Smith) who became a semi-regular character as of December 1967, heading a small but influential group from the episode 'The Believers'. Later episodes saw the military involved ('The Peacemaker') as Vincent's claims were now clearly being taken more seriously. In 'The Miracle' (guest star Barbara Hershey), after an alien encounter Vincent manages to retain a piece of alien technology both as evidence and for examination by both his group and the authorities.", "The process used to make pointed ears for David McCallum in \"The Sixth Finger\" was reused in Star Trek as well. Lead actors who would later appear in the regular cast of Star Trek included Leonard Nimoy, who appeared in two episodes (\"Production and Decay of Strange Particles\" and \"I, Robot\") and William Shatner who appeared (in the episode \"Cold Hands, Warm Heart\") as an astronaut working on a Project Vulcan. Actors who would subsequently appear in the regular supporting cast of Star Trek were Grace Lee Whitney (episode \"Controlled Experiment\") and James Doohan (episode \"Expanding Human\"). Roddenberry was often present in The Outer Limits studios, and hired several of its staff, among them Robert Justman and Wah Chang for the production of Star Trek. ", "Due to prior engagements, Claudia Black of Farscape fame could not accept the offers to guest-star on Stargate SG-1 until the season 8 episode \"Prometheus Unbound\". The producers liked the on-screen chemistry between Black's Vala Mal Doran and Shanks's Daniel so much that they re-introduced her in a six-episode story arc to cover for the maternity leave of Amanda Tapping at the beginning of season 9. At the same time, Richard Dean Anderson left the show to spend more time with his daughter (his schedule had been reduced incrementally since season 6). The role of the leading man was filled with Ben Browder (also of Farscape fame), who had met with the Stargate producers as soon as the introduction of new main characters for season 9 was discussed. The producers had met him during sci-fi conventions and had previously discussed casting him in other Stargate roles. The producers approached Emmy Award-winning actor Beau Bridges directly to play the role of Hank Landry. Claudia Black's guest appearances were so popular with the cast, crew and audience that the actress returned for the last two season 9 episodes (with her pregnancy worked into the plot), and she joined the cast full-time in season 10.", "* Brent Spiner as Dr. Brackish Okun, the unkempt and highly excitable scientist in charge of research at Area 51. Dr. Okun appeared to have been killed by an alien but returned in the sequel, where it was revealed that the character had merely been in a coma. The character's appearance and verbal style are based upon those of visual effects supervisor Jeffrey A. Okun, with whom Emmerich had worked on Stargate. ", "Actors playing two of the crewmen who died on screen later appeared in other episodes of Star Trek. Michael Zaslow, seen in \"The Man Trap\" as Darnell, appeared in \"I, Mudd\", and later had a long-running role in the soap opera Guiding Light as Roger Thorpe. John Arndt appeared in four further episodes of The Original Series.", "Reginald Barclay , Deanna Troi , Q , William Riker and LaForge appear in Voyager. [30] Tom Paris , a main character in Voyager, was based on the Next Generation character Nicholas Locarno; Robert Duncan McNeill , who played Locarno, went on to play Paris. [30]", "Besides the above examples, there have been numerous non-canon novels and comic books published over the years in which The Original Series era crew are depicted in the The Next Generation era, either through time-travel or other means. In addition, many actors who appeared on The Original Series later made guest appearances as different characters in later series, most notably Majel Barrett, who not only provided the voice for most Starfleet computers in episodes of every spin-off series (including a single appearance on Star Trek: Enterprise, where the computers normally did not speak at all), but also had the recurring role of Lwaxana Troi in The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine. Diana Muldaur, a guest star in the episodes \"Return to Tomorrow\" and \"Is There in Truth No Beauty?\" of the original Star Trek series, played series regular Dr. Katherine Pulaski in the second season of Star Trek: The Next Generation.", "Likewise, the Vorta (especially Weyoun) fill this role in Star Trek Deep Space Nine , being repeatedly cloned.", "William Shatner is the only actor to appear in every episode of the series. Heather Locklear appeared in the second highest number of episode, appearing in 84 of the 90 episodes, after joining the cast's second season.[citation needed]", "Captain Hollister appears but twice in Series 1 and again in \"Stasis Leak\" before returning as a regular in Series 8. Captain Hollister went the most time between his last appearance as a guest and his debut as a regular (11 years), his is the only case in which the actor who played him ascended as well.", "At the end of the seventh season Duchovny was fighting for a \"better\" contract with the Fox network, saying he wanted more money (while not saying how much) and a better scheduled work hour. After settling his contract dispute, portraying actor Duchovny quit full-time participation in the show after the seventh season. This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season. Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny's departure, but it was decided Mulder would be abducted at the end of the seventh season, leaving things open for the actor's return in 12 episodes the following year. Duchovny's character Mulder was replaced by John Jay Doggett (portrayed by Robert Patrick). In season nine, Duchovny wasn't available for shooting, so he only appeared in three episodes with small cameos, the first being an archive footage only in \"Trust No 1\", a brief cameo in \"William\", which he also directed and appeared full-time in the series finale, \"The Truth\". ", "For the first eight seasons, the series featured seven main cast members, with numerous other characters recurring throughout the course of the series. Starting with the ninth season, many of the original cast left as regular characters, while four new additions were made to the main cast.", "For the first eight seasons, the series featured seven main cast members, with numerous other characters recurring throughout the course of the series. Starting with the ninth season, much of the original cast left as regular characters, while four new additions were made to the main cast.", "The following actors from other Star Trek productions have appeared in guest spots on The Next Generation as other characters.", "One of 32 actors or actresses to have starred in both the original Star Trek (1966) up to and including Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) and then in one of the spin-offs.", "The following Next Generation cast members have appeared as various other characters in other Star Trek productions." ]

[ 3.50390625, 2.439453125, 1.9599609375, 0.420654296875, -0.5986328125, -0.75537109375, -1.501953125, -1.599609375, -1.65625, -3.0625, -3.248046875, -3.615234375, -4.15234375, -4.640625, -4.7890625, -5, -5.046875, -5.125, -5.17578125, -5.34375, -5.5703125, -5.5703125, -5.62890625, -5.6796875, -6.34765625, -6.625, -6.859375, -8.171875, -8.1953125, -8.3359375, -8.9375, -9.2421875 ]

[ "The comic strip \"Little Orphan Annie\" made its newspaper debut on August 5, 1924, first written and illustrated by creator Harold Gray. The strip later was renamed simply \"Annie.\" The spunky orphan was adopted by Daddy Warbucks and later joined by her lovable dog Sandy. ....", "But a recap in one sentence: Little orphan Annie goes to live with grumpy Oliver Warbucks as a PR stunt to soften his image; and in the mean time, she melts his heart and He ends up adopting her and becoming Daddy Warbucks.", "Just when we thought the trials and tribulations of Orphan Annie were over after she was adopted by billionaire Daddy Warbucks — along comes yet another crisis!", "It’s Christmas morning, 1933; Warbucks’ adoption of Annie seems complete, and a holiday celebration is under way. But the festivities are interrupted by New York City child welfare commissioner Harriet Doyle, a comic villainess easily the rival of Miss Hannigan and played with shlumpy, grumpy relish by Alene Robertson. She directs Daddy to find a wife within 60 days or it’s back to the orphanage for Annie.", "The dog that was cast to play Annie's dog Sandy in the 2014 film was adopted from a shelter in New York, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA). The film shows Annie and her adoptive father, Daddy Warbucks, adopting Sandy from a shelter, mirroring the way in which Daddy Warbucks rescued Annie from an orphanage. Sandy features in several scenes in the film and can be recognized by her tan fur and pointy ears.", "Cynical, tough-guy director John Huston (The Maltese Falcon, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, The Asphalt Jungle) made a surprising departure in 1982 with this film adaptation of the Tony Award-winning hit Broadway musical  — music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin, and the book by Thomas Meehan — based on the popular 1924 Harold Gray comic strip. Annie (Aileen Quinn) a little orphan in Great Depression New York City, is hoping to find her long-lost parents, but meantime she’s trying to find a family that will take her out of the orphanage run by the cruel Miss Hannigan (Carol Burnett). Enter moody, unhappy billionaire Oliver “Daddy” Warbucks (Albert Finney) who, in a gesture of kindness, instructs his secretary to take one orphan to his mansion for the Christmas holidays. But Annie soon charms the billionaire, melting his hard exterior, so that soon he is helping Annie to search for her parents and even takes her to Washington, DC to meet the president, Franklin D. Roosevelt  (Edward Herrmann). Meanwhile, frustrated Miss Hannigan plots to get a piece of Daddy Warbucks’ dough. . .", "After Mrs. Warbucks brings home another orphan, a snobby little boy (who has facial features similar to Mrs. Warbucks) named Selby Adelbert Piffleberry, she blatantly shows her favoritism by giving him Annie's old room and spiriting the girl to another part of the house.", "On Christmas morning in 1933, when Child Welfare Commissioner Harriet Doyle (replacing the original's Miss Hannigan as the villain of the piece) arrives on the scene to inform Daddy Warbucks he must marry within sixty days or else the child will be returned to the orphanage. Daddy Warbucks' whirlwind search for a fitting bride uncovers not only a plot by Doyle and her daughter Sheila Kelly to strip him of his fortune, but also his true feelings for his long-time assistant, Grace Farrell. A gaggle of cute little girls seeking parents and President Franklin D. Roosevelt return to take part in the shenanigans.", "It chokes me up every time I watch that show, because this little orphan, whose very existence communicated that she was  unwanted , found someone who loved her unconditionally. She had nothing to offer. No way to  earn  it. Hell, when she arrived at the mansion, she started doing chores, only to be stopped. She didn’t have to work in order to earn anything. Daddy Warbucks just loved her.", "On board the Staten Island Ferry celebrating Annie's return, the orphans are singing \"All Dolled Up.\" They are joined by President Roosevelt, the Patersons, Annie, Daddy Warbucks, Attorney Whitehead and Mrs. Kelly. Warbucks and Mrs. Kelly waltz romantically together and then include Annie in their dance. The Patersons report that they have invested their reward money in Warbucks's stock. Mrs. Kelly sings a lullaby to Annie. The song she sings happens to be the lullaby Daddy Warbucks's mother used to sing to him. (He has forgotten he mentioned that to Commissioner Doyle.) When Commissioner Doyle reminds him he is now violating his agreement to marry within 60 days, he quickly proposes to Mrs. Kelly. The wedding is set for Wednesday and Mrs. Kelly leaves the party. Daddy Warbucks and Grace are left alone. She wishes him happiness and goes inside to have dinner with Annie and his guests. Alone, Grace sings \"It Would Have Been Wonderful.\"", "Warbucks was born about 1894, near the small town of Supine. (In the 1982 film, he says he was born in Liverpool.) His father, a section boss on the railroad, was killed when he was a month old. His mother was left with only \"gumption\" and a house in which she was able to keep boarders. His early youth in Supine involved cornering all the marbles in town at age nine, serving as a messenger for the telegraph company, having a girlfriend named Millie, fishing, swimming and raiding melon patches with Spike Spangle and beating up the son of the banker who planned to foreclose on his mother's house. Then on June 7, 1905 when he was 11 years old, his mother died at age 30, of typhoid. On the night of the funeral he was put on the outbound Limited. Presumably he later spent some time in the city for he and Paddy Cairns were companions together in the old 8th Ward.", "Although the marriage of Dick and Tess would be forstalled until Christmas Day, 1949 by Tracy's marriage to his job as a cop, the Tracy family continued to grow with the adoption of Junior Tracy, aka \"The Kid\", in 1932. As portrayed in the 1990 movie, Tracy discovered the young orphan when he was a homeless pickpocket working for a bum named Steve the Tramp. Tracy rescued the boy from the brawling bum and took him as his own son. In 1951, two years after Dick and Tess married, Tess gave birth to a girl named Bonnie Braids, named so because she was born with growing blonde hair which a nurse braided into pigtails. Another son, named John, was born in 1979. Of the three children, Junior was the only one who followed his father's footsteps into police work. He used his gift for drawing to become a police sketch artist.", "The strip developed a series of formulas that ran over its course to facilitate a wide range of stories. The earlier strips relied on a formula by which Daddy Warbucks is called away on business and through a variety of contrivances, Annie is cast out of the Warbucks mansion, usually by her enemy, the nasty Mrs. Warbucks. Annie then wanders the countryside and has adventures meeting and helping new people in their daily struggles. Early stories dealt with political corruption, criminal gangs and corrupt institutions, which Annie would confront. Annie ultimately would encounter troubles with the villain, who would be vanquished by the returning Daddy Warbucks. Annie and Daddy would then be reunited, at which point, after several weeks, the formula would play out again. In the series, each strip represented a single day in the life of the characters. This device was dropped by the end of the '20s.", "Annie appears on the radio on a show by Bert Healy (\"Maybe\" Reprise) where Warbucks announces that he is offering $50,000 to the couple who can prove they are her parents. Healy then sings a song with the Boylan Sisters (\"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile\"). The orphans are listening, and decide to dance and sing to the song they have just heard (\"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile\" Reprise). When Miss Hannigan hears, she barges in and demands to know what was happening. Molly announces that Annie was on the radio, and that there is a $50,000 reward for her parents. Miss Hannigan is anything but pleased. Shortly after, a couple named Ralph and Shirley Mudge arrive, saying they left a little girl here eleven years ago and have come back for her. Miss Hannigan is shocked. They soon reveal themselves to be Rooster and Lily, and explain their plan for the reward. They request information about Annie from Miss Hannigan for one third of the money, though she demands one half for this service, and tells them about the note and the locket. (\"Easy Street\" Reprise).", "Martin Chuzzlewit was raised by his grandfather and namesake. Years before, Martin senior takes the precaution of raising an orphaned girl, Mary. She is to be his nursemaid, with the understanding that she would be well cared for only for as long as he lived. She would thus have great motivation to care for his well-being, in contrast to his relatives, who only want to inherit his money. However, his grandson Martin, falls in love with Mary and wishes to marry her, ruining senior Martin's plans. When Martin refuses to give up the engagement, his grandfather disinherits him.", "Diane made some revealing comments when she said, he didn�t spoil us. Like a lot of adolescent girls, I was crazy about horses, and I got quite good at riding. I yearned for my own horse, but Dad wouldn�t buy one. And we didn�t have a lot of clothes and other things.\" For being one of the richest men in the nation, Walt can�t be accused of having spoiled his children. He was also famous for his ten cent tips at restaurants, which became the talk of the town. Sharon Mae was adopted and arrived at the Disney home 12/31/36. (She died in �93.) The adoption was kept very secret. The newspapers around the country announced that Lillian had given birth to Sharon, and the Disney family kept up this lie for years. The reason given for Sharon�s adoption was that Diane needed a playmate. For years, Walt Disney didn�t care much for Sharon and seldom acted like he even knew her name. Walt had wanted a son, but his wife wanted to adopt a girl, so it was a beautiful girl that Lillian picked out to be a companion for her first daughter. When Sharon was kindergarten age, Walt would take her to the carousels in Griffith Park on Sunday afternoons. Sharon was sent to private schools. She went to Westlake School for Girls, and later was shipped off to Switzerland to a girls� boarding school.", "Despite his immense wealth, Warbucks is, occasionally, reduced to such poverty as to be forced to raid Annie's piggy bank. He always leaves an I.O.U., and he is always restored to his wealth and repays Annie.", "Farrow adopted Moses \"Misha\" Farrow and, in 1985, Dylan Farrow (born July 1985, adopted at two weeks old). Dylan was known as \"Eliza\" for a while and also as \"Malone\". In December 1991 a New York City court allowed Woody Allen to co-adopt Dylan and Moses. ", "Daisy Hill Puppy Farm is perhaps best known to the world as the place where the cartoon dog Snoopy was born, and from which he was eventually purchased by his owner Charlie Brown.  It was referenced from time-to-time in Peanuts comic strips and played a larger role in the storylines of the movie Snoopy, Come Home and the TV special Snoopy’s Reunion.", "Yes, right before his comic strip became beloved by the world, Donna was beloved by “Sparky” Schulz. But then Donna chose another man over Charles, and so Schulz not only gave the world Charlie Brown, but also the iconic Little Red-Haired Girl. She is the one “Peanuts” character who comes to stand more for an unshakable idea and an unattainable ideal than she does real and knowable human qualities.", "*\"You Won't Be an Orphan for Long\" w. Martin Charnin m. Charles Strouse from the musical Annie", "Red (also known as Bertha [55] and Rebecca [56] ) is a girl who, as her name suggests, has dark red hair. She is frequently featured as Bebe and Wendy's friend. [57] [58]", "Highlights of the 1950s included the much-heralded marriage of Abner and Daisy Mae in 1952, the birth of their son, \"Honest Abe\" Yokum, and the introduction of Abner's enormous long lost brother, Tiny Yokum, who filled Abner's place as a bachelor in the annual Sadie Hawkins Day race. 1956 saw the introduction of \"Loverboynik\" (a devastating spoof of Liberace); as well as Mammy's revelatory encounter with the \"Square eyes\" family - Capp’s thinly-veiled appeal for racial tolerance. (This fable-like story was collected into an educational comic book called Mammy Yokum and the Great Dogpatch Mystery!, and distributed by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith later that year.)", "In \"Married to Money\" (aired May 3, 2016), after Mr. Krabs tells his daughter Pearl that he has found her a new mom, Pearl replies with, \"No way! I have seen stepmoms in movies, Dad. She'll make me sweep up the cinders, and then she won't let me go to the ball! And then I'll never meet my Prince Charming !\" This is an obvious reference to Cinderella .", "Walt had wanted a son, but his wife wanted to adopt a girl, so it was a beautiful girl that Lillian picked out to be a companion for her first daughter. When Sharon was kindergarten age, Walt would take her to the carousels in Griffith Park on Sunday afternoons. Sharon was sent to private schools.", "Colonel Antoine \"Tex\" O'Hara, also known as (the) Rich Texan, is the owner of many a sports team or investment opportunity, and a dude ranch called \"Lazy-I-Ranch\". In place of a catchphrase, he is often seen jumping and tossing his hat while shouting, \"Yee-haw!\" and firing pistols into the air. He is also the owner of the Omni-Pave Corporation, which is \"sensitive to all your (our) eco-concerns\", and a member of the Republican Party. He was also the owner of a female greyhound, She's The Fastest, who fell in love with Santa's Little Helper . An oil tycoon, O'Hara owns a travelling carnival which Homer and Bart had to work at after Bart wrecked Hitler's car. When Springfield mistakenly assumed that Lisa died from a freak tree accident, Tex dedicated a forest reserve in her honor. However, he later changed his mind and converted his plans into building a theme park (\"Lisa Land\") over the forestland.", "Silas Pewterschmidt's daughter. Fell in love and started an inter-racial family in secret with Nate Griffin, Peter's black slave ancestor. Fled with her family to Quahog after being discovered by her father. Bears an obvious resemblance to her descendant Lois.", "Billy Bob Thornton was born on August 4, 1955, in Hot Springs (Garland County) , the oldest son of high school basketball coach Billy Ray Thornton and Virginia Faulkner, a psychic. At seven months of age, he set the Clark County record for heaviest infant, at thirty pounds. He has two younger brothers, Jimmy Don and John David.", "Ancestor of the Pewterschmidt family. One of the first to colonize America. Bartered with Native Americans by holding a knife to a baby's throat, presumably sparing its life in exchange for maize. Owned Peter's ancestor Nate Griffin. Bears an obvious resemblance to his descendant Carter.", "He was an only child, born Nov. 26, 1922, to Carl and Dena Schulz. He grew up in St. Paul in an apartment above his father's barbershop (Charlie Brown's father was a barber too). All of his life, people called him \"Sparky,\" a nickname based on a character in the \"Barney Google\" comic strip.", "302 Wavie Circle:  Grandma’s older sister, (Minnie) Alice Archer (b:15 Sep 1872; m: Sep 1987; d: 8 Jan 1950) married James Madison (Matt) Circle (b: 8 Apr 1869; d: 1 May 1929). Wavie Irene was one of their five children (Verna Mae (b: 3 Nov 1898; d: 29 Feb 1984), Wavie Irene (b:17 Mar 1900; d: 20 May, 1979), Suzie Alice (née Circle) Harris (b: 1 Sep 1901); (James) Cecil (b: 16 Sep 1909; d: 8 Aug 1970), and Homer Madison (b: 13 Feb 1911; m: Lula Wilson, 25 Nov 1933; d: 9 May 1982) and Mom’s first cousins. Homer and Lula’s son, (Roy) Dale was one of 7 kids. He was born 9 Aug 1937, killed by lightning on 13 June 1946. Mom’s Aunt Eva Archer was also struck by lightning in 1913. See Notes on a Family History: Meigs County, Ohio. All but Suzie Alice are buried in Carmel Cemetery, Meigs County, Ohio. ↑", "The second ticket is found on the day before Charlie’s birthday. The newspaper reports that the finder is a girl named Veruca Salt. Her father is the wealthy owner of a peanut shelling factory, which is the key to Veruca’s find. After Veruca demands a golden ticket of her father, he demands that all of his employees stop shelling peanuts and begin shelling candy bars until someone finds a golden ticket for his daughter. Mr. Salt purchases truckloads of candy bars and his employees unwrap them every day and every night. Veruca gets more and more angry with each day that passes, throwing temper tantrums and demanding her ticket. On the fourth day of the candy bar shelling, one of Mr. Salt’s employees finally unwraps a golden ticket, which Mr. Salt uses to coax a smile from his daughter. Grandma Josephine and Grandma Georgina remark what a hideous girl Veruca must be. Even Charlie thinks Mr. Salt’s behavior is unfair. Grandpa Joe explains to Charlie that Mr. Salt spoils Veruca and that nothing good comes from spoiling a child. Mrs. Bucket calls Charlie to bed, reminding him that tomorrow is his birthday and that he will get his own chocolate bar to unwrap. Grandpa Joe asks Charlie to unwrap the bar in front of his grandparents." ]

[ 4.2109375, 3.81640625, 3.251953125, 1.4453125, 0.90771484375, 0.410888671875, -0.228759765625, -2.423828125, -2.630859375, -2.865234375, -3.021484375, -3.923828125, -4.23828125, -4.91796875, -6.234375, -6.59375, -6.875, -7.375, -7.6171875, -7.63671875, -7.921875, -7.97265625, -8.65625, -9, -9.2421875, -9.3828125, -9.484375, -9.828125, -9.9375, -10.140625, -10.140625, -10.46875 ]

[ "Meat eaters will typically try all kinds of meat dishes to ascertain their tastes. Only then would they finally arrive at a final decision about their favourite kind of meat. When it comes to meat, chicken, turkey, lamb, goat, beef and pork are the most common kinds of meat that people consume. However, of late, another variety of meat has become increasingly popular. This is venison – more commonly known as deer meat.", "Deer have long had economic significance to humans. Deer meat, known as venison, is produced in small amounts compared to beef, but still represents a significant trade. By 2012, some 25,000 tons of red deer were raised on farms in North America. The major deer-producing countries are New Zealand, the market leader, with Ireland, Great Britain and Germany. The trade earns over $100 million annually for these countries. ", "Commonly known as deer meat, venison has almost no saturated fat or carbohydrates. Compared to beef, venison has fewer calories and less fat than beef.  Watching your cholesterol?  Beef has three times more than venison.", "A large member of the deer family. Elk meat is called \"venison.\" Antelope, caribou, elk, deer, moose and reindeer meat is also classified as venison, the most popular large animal game meat in the U.S.", "Recently, this type of meat has risen in popularity among consumers as well, due to its delicious flavor and low fat content. Venison, which refers to meat from deer, can be bought through mail order shops and in numerous stores around the United States. Bison, or buffalo, meat is also rising in popularity; today, it is possible to purchase bison steaks or burgers at most grocery stores, and to order bison dishes at many restaurants around the country.", "Of the cervids hunted as venison, moose are the largest. They can yield over 900 pounds of meat. Both elk and moose have a beef-like taste, while whitetail deer, a much more common and wider ranged species, has a mild flavor heavily dependent on the animal's diet. Although mule deer meat is considered to be venison, mule deer are not often hunted as food due to their unpleasant flavor.", "Beef, pork, wild deer (venison) and mutton was the most common meats consumed up and until the eight century, as venison became scarce due to over hunting, beef, pork and mutton then predominated. The meat, which was usually tough, was cooked in the cauldron for many hours. Younger animals were cooked on a spit over an open fire or stone roasted, calf meat was usually spit roasted over the open fire. It appears that horses were also eaten but how widespread this practice was, is unknown (Danaher, K 1992).", "Venison is a general term pertaining to the meat of a deer. Venison can be used to refer to any part of the deer, so long as it can be consumed, including the flesh and internal organs. Venison, much like beef, is categorized into specific cuts, including roast, sirloin, and ribs.", "- Deer Sausage: The sausage made from meat from the deer, has a refined taste. Deer meat is tender, natural and clean, smooth taste and distinctive, with a fine texture. With little fat, low calorie, low-cholesterol, has the advantage of being extremely healthy without thereby reducing its flavor. With a good dose of iron and protein, has been called the red meat of the new millennium.", "Much has been made recently of the increase in deer poaching as a response to Britain’s entry into the global recession and, coupled with the bad weather of recent months, there has been an estimated 50% rise in deer poaching in the UK. Invariably, some of this poached meat makes it into local butcher shops. It should also be mentioned that not all venison available in the UK is from Britain and there is a considerable farming operation in New Zealand, the produce of which make it into some UK supermarkets. Nonetheless, many local butchers obtain their venison, freshly shot, from licensed stalkers or deer parks. If one considers that the deer may have lived all its life in an open park or forest before being dispatched by a trained and licensed stalker, it certainly seems to me to offer a potential source of meat to vegetarians who chose the diet solely on animal welfare (based around intensive farming and slaughterhouse conditions) grounds.", "You have found America's Value leader in Elk meat (Venison), Buffalo meat, Goat Meat, Wild Boar meat and Deer meat or Whitetail Venison.  We sell only the highest-quality USDA-FDA Elk meat, Whitetail Meat , rabbit meat, wild boar, Jerky, Elk Steaks, Buffalo Steaks Elk jerky and delicious venison products to restaurants, retail stores and the public via our ranch-based elk and buffalo meat store, and now via the internet...nationwide!  We also have Deer meat like Whitetail Venison, Fallow deer or Sika Venison. Try our various Buffalo & Elk meat (Venison), Wild Boar or Bison meat products, frozen meats, sausage, bratwurst or our famous bison jerky, elk Jerky or buffalo jerky.... and we are sure you'll agree, feasting on GRANDE NATURAL Elk Meat, Buffalo Meat, Rabbit Meat, Goat Meat, Wild boar and Venison is a great way to eat heart-healthy.  We now even have Smoked Salmon and Smoke Trout for a health conscience treat! So limit your fats and cholesterol with either elk or buffalo or even Deer, but still get a great, no-gamey taste! Check out all our new Elk Meat and Whitetail Venison,   Give us a try.", "This term covers the meat from antelope, caribou, elk, deer, moose, and reindeer. Venison is probably the most popular large game meat eaten today.", "A large, deer-like animal that inhabits Asia, Africa, and Europe. Their meat is called \"venison\" and may be cooked by roasting. Plenty of fat is recommended to prevent the meat from becoming too dry.", "Sika Deer meat is probably the strongest flavored venison meat, which leaves much interpretation to be made. The Chinese fancy the meat, while many Americans dislike its strong gamey taste. Book your hunt with Texas Hunt Lodge today and get your beautiful trophy Sika deer!", "Venison is widely considered by modern nutritionists to be a very healthy meat. Since wild deer are not confined to limited spaces and eat a natural diet, their meat is natural and hormone free. Venison is higher in moisture, similar in protein and lower in calories, cholesterol and fat than most cuts of grain-fed beef, pork, or lamb. When considering the environmental effects that result from raising livestock, deer meat is also a low-impact food. ", "Venison originally described meat of any game animal killed by hunting, and was applied to any animal from the families Cervidae (deer), Leporidae (hares), and Suidae (wild pigs), and certain species of the genus Capra (goats and ibex); however, in the northern hemisphere, the word's usage is now almost entirely restricted to the flesh of various species of deer.", "Horse meat (or horse beef) is the culinary name for meat cut from a horse. It is a major meat in only a few countries, notably in Tonga and Central Asia, but it forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many others, from Europe to South America to Asia. The top eight countries consume about 4.7 million horses a year. For the majority of humanity's early existence, wild horses were hunted as a source of protein. It is slightly sweet, tender and low in fat.", "In northeastern North America, the Eastern moose's history is very well documented: moose meat was often a staple in the diet of Native Americans going back centuries, and it is a tribe that occupied present day coastal Rhode Island that gave this deer its distinctive name in American English. The Native Americans often used moose hides for leather and its meat as an ingredient in pemmican, a type of dried jerky used as a source of sustenance in winter or on long journeys. Eastern tribes also valued moose leather as a source for moccasins and other decorations.", "Deer appear to be unlikely candidates for livestock, but reindeer were probably among the first domesticated animals and have been draft animals for perhaps 2O,OOO years. Even today, tens of thousands of reindeer pull sleighs in the European arctic. On military expeditions, the ancient Romans took along herds of fallow deer as a source of meat, and more than 1,000 years ago deer were annually herded off the Scottish Highlands for winter meat supplies.", "Venison can be kosher, as deer are ruminants and possess completely split hooves, two of the requirements for mammals, and indeed is available kosher in places such as Israel, New York, and Chicago. However, kosher venison is not available in the UK .", "The traditional diet featured over 30 types of meat, including deer, bear, beaver, rabbit, and squirrel. Fresh meat was enjoyed during the hunting season, and some was smoked or dried and used to embellish corn dishes during the rest of the year. The Iroquois used the region's waterways extensively for transportation, but fish was relatively unimportant as food.", "grease                   fat of a boar, hare, or deer, though a fat deer was said to be �in high grease� (M, 46 (r)); boar�s grease was considered medicinal (BG 214-15 and 265). See also �bevy grease�, �suet", "The meat is usually eaten smoked, and is so much in demand that grasscutters are hunted in organized drives with spears, dogs, and sometimes fire. It is considered excellent, especially when cooked in soups and stews or barbecued.7 It has been described as resembling venison in flavor, but it is dark like the meat of wild duck.", "The faster a deer hits the ground and can be field-dressed, the better the meat will be. Some of the best-tasting deer I’ve ever had have been shot in the head with a gun. The animal is killed instantly, and the meat is uncontaminated by blood and entrails from the chest cavity. That said, head shots are risky. The lungs remain the best place to aim.", "Death on the roads is a problem affecting both deer and motorists, although as some authors point out, it is often difficult to get a handle on how many collisions there are because many carcasses disappear in the boots of cars as venison – such carcasses are presumably either sold to local butchers or consumed by whoever found it. (Back to Menu )", "I’ve eaten a lot of good deer meat. But I’ve eaten some really bad deer meat, too. I’m only a self-trained butcher, but I process five or six animals each fall, and have been doing so for a decade or more.", "The fallow deer () is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. This common species is native to western Eurasia, but has been introduced to South Africa, Fernando Pó, São Tomé, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Seychelles, Comoro Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Cyprus, Israel, Cape Verde, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, the Falkland Islands and Peru. Some taxonomers include the rarer Persian fallow deer as a subspecies (D. d. mesopotamica), while others treat it as an entirely different species (D. mesopotamica).", "Venison is widely available in European supermarkets through the traditional hunting season, October to December. The main cuts available to European consumers are derived from the saddle and the hind leg.", "The sika deer is native to Japan other parts of east Asia, but it will be familiar to many visitors as it’s been introduced to many other parts of the world, including Europe, the USA and Australia. Since the extinction of its main predator, the wolf, more than a hundred years ago, its numbers have risen sharply, and there are now around a hundred thousand living in the wild. This deer is seen by a river in Hokkaido’s Shiretoko Peninsula world heritage area.", "Animal innards have long been treasured foods around the world Scotland has their national dish of haggis (sheep’s stomach stuffed with animal’s minced heart, liver, and lungs); Throughout Europe, tripe (cow or ox stomach) is popular, and French chefs in upscale restaurants serve dishes based on cow’s brains and kidneys.", "Gray squirrels were eaten in earlier times by Native Americans and their meat is still popular with hunters across most of their range in North America. Today, it is still available for human consumption and is occasionally sold in the United Kingdom.", "For some 65 years, I’ve known this weed to be called,morel. Old timers and 0ld deer hunters pointed out this plant to me. Deers will find this plant and eat the leaves ,one of their favorate food in South Louisiana." ]

[ 4.68359375, 3.640625, 3.5078125, 1.6455078125, 1.41796875, 0.52490234375, 0.50634765625, 0.09881591796875, 0.08526611328125, -0.0145263671875, -0.285888671875, -0.54052734375, -0.64306640625, -0.73291015625, -1.0654296875, -1.4501953125, -2.0546875, -2.09375, -2.53125, -2.841796875, -2.908203125, -3.720703125, -4.56640625, -4.984375, -5.06640625, -5.3203125, -6.25, -6.45703125, -6.54296875, -6.56640625, -6.65625, -6.82421875 ]

[ "Willow bark has been used for thousands of years to treat aches, pains, fevers, and other flu-like symptoms. Today many people take aspirin for relief from pain and fever and as a preventive measure against heart disease and stroke. Salicin, a chemical closely related to aspirin, naturally occurs in willow bark and some other plants. This active ingredient was first discovered in 1828, and soon afterward pure salicylic acid was distilled in the laboratory. Salicylic acid was a very effective pain-relieving drug, but also brought with it the risk of stomach upset and ulcers.", "The therapeutic properties of willow tree bark have been known for at least 2,400 years, with Hippocrates prescribing it for headaches. Salicylic acid, the active ingredient of aspirin, was first isolated from the bark of the willow tree in 1763 by Edward Stone of Wadham College, University of Oxford. Felix Hoffmann, a chemist at Bayer, is credited with the synthesis of aspirin in 1897, though whether this was of his own initiative or under the direction of Arthur Eichengrün is controversial. Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications in the world with an estimated 40,000 tonnes of it being consumed each year. In countries where \"Aspirin\" is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. As of 2015 the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US$25.", "Analgesia is the relief of pain, and an analgesic is something designed to relieve pain, usually in some drug used to combat swelling or aches. There has long been a quest for substances or treatments that will help make pain recede. Ancient analgesics included things like the leaves and bark of willow trees, which had a substance called salicin. Salicin derivatives ultimately became one of the common pain relievers called aspirin .", "In ancient times, doctors gave powdered willow tree bark to women giving birth. It helped relieve their pain. Scientists discovered how to make medicine from the willow bark. They called it aspirin. Today, aspirin is sold everywhere in the world.", "The father of modern medicine was Hippocrates, who lived sometime between 460 B.C and 377 B.C. Hippocrates left historical records of pain relief treatments, including the use of powder made from the bark and leaves of the willow tree to help heal headaches, pains and fevers. However, it took wasn’t until 1829 that scientists discovered that it was a compound called salicin in willow plants that relieved the pain.", "Some of the oldest natural product based drugs are analgesics. The bark of the willow tree has been known from antiquity to have pain relieving properties. This is due to presence of the natural product salicin which in turn may be hydrolyzed into salicylic acid. A synthetic derivative acetylsalicylic acid better known as aspirin is a widely used pain reliever. Its mechanism of action is inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Another notable example is opium is extracted from the latex from Papaver somniferous (a flowering poppy plant). The most potent narcotic component of opium is the alkaloid morphine which acts as an opioid receptor agonist. A more recent example is the N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide analgesic which is based on a cyclic peptide cone snail toxin (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) from the species Conus magus. ", "Salicylic acid, the analgesic component of trolamine salicylate, was originally isolated from willow bark and has been used for its analgesic (pain relieving), antipyretic (fever reducing), and anti-inflammatory properties for thousands of years. It is used today in prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) products. ", "The bark of the common Willow tree, also known as the Pussy Willow, is the source of a wide range of phenolic glycosides, of which the most important is is salicin. Like Aspirin, indications for Willow bark include mile feverish colds and infections (influenza), acute and chronic rheumatic disorders, mild headaches, and pain caused by inflammation.", "Knowing plants and there medicinal properties is an excellent skill to have. For instance willow bark acts a lot like aspirin, so it can be used to relieve pain and even fevers. You can use the bark from several varieties of the willow tree, including white willow, european willow, black willow, pussy willow, crack willow, purple willow, and others. So give the video below a watch and learn how to make aspirin from willow bark.", "Willow bark acts a lot like aspirin , so it is used for pain, including headache, muscle pain, menstrual cramps, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, gout, and a disease of the spine called ankylosing spondylitis.", "Plant extracts, including willow bark and spiraea, of which salicylic acid was the active ingredient, had been known to help alleviate headaches, pains, and fevers since antiquity. The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, who lived sometime between 460 BC and 377 BC, left historical records describing the use of powder made from the bark and leaves of the willow tree to help these symptoms.", "Hippocrates , a Greek physician, wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from [willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. This remedy is also mentioned in texts from ancient Sumer, Lebanon, and Assyria. The Cherokee and other Native Americans used an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes for centuries. [2] The medicinal part of the plant is the inner bark and was used as a pain reliever for a variety of ailments. The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever. [3]", "6/3/1899, The painkiller Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was patented by Felix Hoffman. The active ingredient is derived from willow.", "However, willow bark contains other powerful anti-inflammatory compounds that give it an even longer lasting pain-relief effect than aspirin.", "Willow tree meanings includes magic, healing, inner vision and dreams. The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt as a remedy for aches and fever. Native Americans across the continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. This is because they contain acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin. The willow grows in hardiness zones 2-9.", "When used on people with lower back pain, willow bark was found to be more effective than placebo in a recent herbal medicine review. Conclusive data that contrasts willow bark to traditional aspirin is needed. However, if you’re looking for an alternative to aspirin, you could consider willow bark.", "Medicines containing derivatives of salicylic acid, structurally similar to aspirin, have been in medical use since ancient times. Salicylate-rich willow bark extract became recognized for its specific effects on fever, pain and inflammation in the mid-eighteenth century. By the nineteenth century pharmacists were experimenting with and prescribing a variety of chemicals related to salicylic acid, the active component of willow extract.", "A deciduous shrub native to Britain, Central and Southern Europe, Asia and North America. Willow bark was used in the Middle Ages to relieve fevers and pain. The glycosidic constituent salicylic acid is related to acetylsalicylic acid and is similar in biological activities, exerting analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects.", "Eighty-two patients with chronic arthritic pain were randomly assigned to receive a willow bark preparation or placebo for 2 months. Mild efficacy for improvement in pain symptoms with few adverse reactions were reported. 40 Analysis of blood samples from a small study of 3 patients receiving a single dose of willow bark extract equivalent to salicin 240 mg found only moderate inhibition of cyclooxygenase. 41", "Willow bark is the bark from several varieties of the willow tree, including white willow or European willow, black willow or pussy willow, crack willow, purple willow, and others. The bark is used to make medicine.", "The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt as a remedy for aches and fever, and in Ancient Greece the physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the fifth century BC. Native Americans across the Americas relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. It provides temporary pain relief.", "Willow bark's pain relieving potential has been recognized throughout history. Willow bark was commonly used during the time of Hippocrates, when people were advised to chew on the bark to relieve pain and fever.", "Chrubasik S, Kunzel O, Model A, et al. Treatment of low back pain with a herbal or synthetic anti-rheumatic: a randomized controlled study. Willow bark extract for low back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:1388-93. View abstract.", "Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the effectiveness of willow bark for musculoskeletal pain. Phytother Res. 2009 Jul;23(7):897-900. View abstract.", "The medicinal use of willow dates back 6,000 years. Ancient civilizations used willow tree extracts to treat pain, inflammation, and musculoskeletal conditions.", "43. Chrubasik S , Eisenberg E , Balan E , Weinberger T , Luzzati R , Conradt C . Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomized double-blind study . Am J Med . 2000 ; 109 ( 1 ): 9-14 .", "Chrubasik S, Eisenberg E, Balan E, et al. Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomized double-blind study. Am J Med 2000;109:9-14. View abstract.", "Chrubasik, S., Kunzel, O., Black, A., Conradt, C., and Kerschbaumer, F. Potential economic impact of using a proprietary willow bark extract in outpatient treatment of low back pain: an open non-randomized study. Phytomedicine 2001;8(4):241-251. View abstract.", "This is why I started looking for other ways to help me relieve of the pain. What I found is pretty amazing and I am going to share it with you. The answer is willow bark tree. Wondering how a simple tree can help? I will tell you right away, but first it is important to recognize willow trees among other type of trees.", "The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Willow Bark may help with toothache. Simply, chew on a small piece of White Willow Bark or rub its powder on to the affected area. Drinking Willow Bark tea may add to the effectiveness of the herb. For inflamed gums gargling with Willow Bark tea every night before going to bed may be beneficial.", "32. Kaul R , et al. Willow bark. Renaissance of a phyto-analgesic . Dtsch Apoth Ztg . 1999 ; 139 : 3439 .", "Factoid:   Americans were the first to extract the oil from the clove and it was used on gums to relieve toothaches." ]

[ 5.765625, 4.6953125, 4.55859375, 4.125, 3.884765625, 3.65234375, 3.3671875, 3.23046875, 2.4296875, 2.13671875, 2.037109375, 1.8310546875, 1.8076171875, 1.7763671875, 1.5849609375, 1.259765625, 1.1826171875, 0.290771484375, 0.2435302734375, 0.0533447265625, 0.0160064697265625, -0.60400390625, -1.75, -2.45703125, -2.533203125, -2.841796875, -2.970703125, -3.736328125, -3.751953125, -3.767578125, -4.54296875, -7.3359375 ]

[ "Evel Knievel ( / ˈ iː v əl k ɨ ˈ n iː v əl / ; [1] October 17, 1938 – November 30, 2007), born Robert Craig Knievel, was an American daredevil and entertainer. In his career he attempted over 75 ramp-to-ramp motorcycle jumps between 1965 and 1980 , and in 1974, a failed jump across Snake River Canyon in the Skycycle X-2 , a steam-powered rocket. The 433 broken bones he suffered during his career earned him an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of \"most bones broken in a lifetime\". [2] Knievel died of pulmonary disease in Clearwater, Florida , aged 69. According to The Times writing his obituary, Knievel was one of the greatest American icons of the 1970s. Knievel was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999. [2]", "Evel Knievel (October 17, 1938 - November 30, 2007), born Robert Craig Knievel, was an American daredevil, painter, entertainer, and international icon. In his career, he attempted over 75 ramp-to-ramp motorcycle jumps between 1965 and 1980, and in 1974, a failed jump across Snake River Canyon in a steam-powered rocket. The over 433 broken bones he suffered during his career earned him an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of \"most bones broken in a lifetime.\" Knievel was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999.", "ˈ n iː v əl / ; [1] October 17, 1938 – November 30, 2007), born Robert Craig Knievel, was an American daredevil and entertainer. In his career he attempted over 75 ramp-to-ramp motorcycle jumps between 1965 and 1980 , and in 1974, a failed jump across Snake River Canyon in the Skycycle X-2 , a steam-powered rocket. The 433 broken bones he suffered during his career earned an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the survivor of \"most bones broken in a lifetime.\" [2] Knievel died of pulmonary disease in Clearwater, Florida , aged 69. According to The Times writing his obituary, Knievel was one of the greatest American icons of the 1970s. Knievel was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1999. [2]", "Evel Knievel brought the spirit of P.T. Barnum to daredevil motorcycle jumps in the 1970s. Dressed in his signature red, white and blue jumpsuit, Knievel would race his motorcycle up steep ramps and over obstacles, including the fountains in front of Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas (in 1968) and a row of 13 double-decker buses at London's Wembley Stadium (in 1975). Often he crash-landed, thrilling viewers while breaking dozens of bones. His most famous stunt was an attempted jump over Idaho's Snake River Canyon in a rocket-powered \"motorcycle\" on 8 September 1974. The attempt failed when the craft's parachute opened prematurely, but Evel Knievel survived. He retired in 1981; his son Robbie Knievel succeeded him as the family motorcycle daredevil. Evel Knievel received a liver transplant in 1999, due to hepatitis C presumably contracted through blood transfusions after his many crashes. He was in poor health in his last years, thanks to a combination of hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis, diabetes and the remnants of his daredevil injuries, and he died in 2007.", "However, Evel Knievel's fame as a motorcycle daredevil has come at a terrible price: multiple fractures of almost every one of his bones over his career.", "In 1965 he began his daredevil career when he formed a troupe called Evel Knievel's Motorcycle Daredevils, a touring show in which he performed stunts such as riding through fire walls, jumping over live rattlesnakes and mountain lions and being towed at 200 miles an hour behind dragster race cars holding on to a parachute. In 1966 he began touring alone, barnstorming the Western states. Evel did everything himself, including truck driving, ramp erecting, promoting and performing his ever longer and more dangerous motorcycle jumps. In the beginning he charged $500 for a jump over two cars parked between ramps. He steadily increased the length of the jumps and then on New Years Day 1968, he jumped 151 feet across the fountains in front of Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas. Successfully clearing the fountains, his landing was a disaster, and his injuries put him in the hospital in a coma for 30 days. While recovering, he decided to make it his goal to jump the Grand Canyon. In the next few years the payment for his performances increased to $1 million for his jump over 13 buses at Wembley Stadium in London and over $6 million for the Snake River Canyon jump.", "Knievel moved into the entertainment business in 1966 by setting up his own daredevil show, initially using a variety of performers and touring several US states, and later converting it to a solo show focused entirely on his jumps as the center-piece. He came to national attention when he persuaded the owners of Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to let him jump their fountain on New Year's Eve 1967, which was filmed for ABC. After a failed landing, he spent 29 days in a coma. On his recovery, he continued to make high profile and lucrative jumps, and began lobbying the government for permission to jump the Grand Canyon . When this failed, he settled on the Snake River jump in Twin Falls , Idaho . Knievel attempted to jump it on September 8, 1974 in the X-2 Skycycle . Immediately after launch, the arresting parachute deployed, and the vehicle floated down on the near side crashing just a few feet away from the river's edge, with Knievel suffering minor injuries and avoiding drowning had he fallen into the water instead (since a jumpsuit/harness malfunction kept him strapped in the vehicle). Knievel then traveled to Britain, and on May 26, 1975, attempted to jump 13 buses in front of 90,000 people at Wembley Stadium , again crashing but with severe injuries. His longest completed career jump came at Kings Island theme park in Ohio on October 25, 1975, jumping 14 buses, marking his peak television audience.", "The Caesars Palace crash would represent Knievel's longest attempted motorcycle jump at 141 feet. After his crash and recovery Knievel was more famous than ever. ABC-TV bought the rights to the film of the jump paying far more than they originally would have had they televised the original jump live. Ironically, when Knievel finally achieved the fame and possible fortune that he always wanted, his doctors were telling him that he might never walk without the aid of crutches, let alone ride and jump motorcycles.", "On March 3, 1972, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California , after making a successful jump, he tried to come to a quick stop because of a short landing area. Knievel suffered a broken back and a concussion after getting thrown off and run over by his motorcycle, a Harley-Davidson. Knievel returned to jumping in November, 1973, where he successfully jumped over 50 stacked cars at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . [15] For 35 years, Knievel held the record for successfully jumping the most stacked cars on a Harley-Davidson XR-750 (the record was broken in October 2008. [16] His historic XR-750 is now part of the collection of the Smithsonian 's National Museum of American History . Made of steel, aluminum and fiberglass, the customized motorcycle weighs about 300 pounds. [17]", "The Caesars Palace crash was Knievel's longest attempted motorcycle jump at 141 feet (43 m). After his crash and recovery, Knievel was more famous than ever. ABC-TV bought the rights to the film of the jump; paying far more than they originally would have had they televised the original jump live. Ironically, when Knievel finally achieved the fame he had always wanted, and fortune now a distinct possibility, his doctors were telling him that he might never walk without the aid of crutches, let alone ride and jump motorcycles again.", "Evel Knievel (USA, b. Robert Craig Knievel), the pioneer of motorcycle long jumping exhibitions, had suffered 433 bone fractures by end of 1975. In the winter of 1976 he was seriously injured during a televised attempt to jump a tank full of sharks at the Chicago Ampitheater. For the first time a bystander was also injured when a cameraman was struck and lost an eye. Knievel, who suffered brain concussion and two broken arms, decided to retire from major performances as a result. He, however continued to do smaller exhibitions around the country with his son Robbie, establishing him as his successor.", "The Caesars Palace crash was Knievel's longest attempted motorcycle jump at 141 feet (43 m). After his crash and recovery, Knievel was more famous than ever. ABC-TV bought the rights to the film of the jump, paying far more than it originally would have had it televised the original jump live.", "1967 - Daredevil Evel Knievel jumped 16 automobiles in a row in a motorcycle stunt at Ascot Speedway in Gardena, CA.", "In 1965 he formed a troupe called Evel Knievel’s Motorcycle Daredevils and began barnstorming Western states. He later began performing alone and hit the big time in 1968 with his much-publicized jump over the fountains at Caesars Palace. “It was terrible,” he said afterward. “I lost control of the bike. Everything seemed to come apart. I kept smashing over and over and ended up against a brick wall, 165 feet away.”", "To keep his name in the news, Knievel started describing his biggest stunt ever, a motorcycle jump across the  Grand Canyon . Just five months after his near-fatal crash in Las Vegas, Knievel performed another jump. On May 25, 1968, in  Scottsdale, Arizona , Knievel crashed while attempting to jump fifteen  Ford Mustangs . Knievel ended up breaking his right leg and foot as a result of the crash.", "On January 31, 1977, Knievel was scheduled for a major jump in Chicago, Illinois. The jump was inspired by the film Jaws. Knievel was scheduled to jump a tank full of live sharks and would be televised live nationally. However, during his rehearsal, Knievel lost control of the motorcycle and crashed into a cameraman. Although Knievel broke his arms, he was more distraught over what he claimed was a permanent eye injury to cameraman Thomas Geren. The cameraman was admitted to the hospital and received treatment for an injury near his eye, but received no permanent injury. The footage of this crash was so upsetting to Knievel that he did not show the clip for 19 years until the documentary Absolute Evel: The Evel Knievel Story.", "On March 3, 1972, at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California, after making a successful jump, he tried to come to a quick stop because of a short landing area. Knievel suffered a broken back and a concussion after getting thrown off and run over by his motorcycle, a Harley-Davidson. Knievel returned to jumping in February 1973, where he successfully jumped over 50 stacked cars at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For 35 years, Knievel held the record for successfully jumping the most stacked cars on a Harley-Davidson XR-750. His historic XR-750 is now part of the collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. Made of steel, aluminum and fiberglass, the customized motorcycle weighs about 300 pounds.", "Motorcycle Sport, November 1964, pp.411-418 \" Steve McQueen, last man on the course after a long stop to repair a broken chain, was speeding along to catch up when he collided with a motorcyclist; the Triumph was sadly mangled, the front fork doubled under the frame\". Accessed 2015-12-07", "After the Snake River jump, Knievel returned to motorcycle jumping with ABC's Wide World of Sports televising several jumps. On May 26, 1975, in front of 90,000 people at Wembley Stadium in London, Knievel crashed while trying to land a jump over 13 redundant single-deck AEC Merlin buses (the term \"London Buses\" used in earlier publicity had led to the belief that the attempt was to be made over the higher and more traditional Routemaster double-decker type). After the crash, despite breaking his pelvis, Knievel addressed the audience and announced his retirement by stating, \"Ladies and gentlemen of this wonderful country, I've got to tell you that you are the last people in the world who will ever see me jump. Because I will never, ever, ever jump again. I'm through.\" Near shock and not yielding to Frank Gifford's (of ABC's Wide World of Sports) plea to use a stretcher, Knievel walked off the Wembley pitch stating, \"I came in walking, I went out walking!\" ", "Former world boxing champion Naseem Hamed was stripped of his MBE after being jailed over a high-speed crash in his sports car, which left the person in the other car with fractures to every major bone in his body.", "2. MARCO PANTANI (1997). The pirate won 19 months after an accident at Milan–Turin which would have ended the career of many riders – he suffered multiple compound fractures to his left leg.", "Unfortunately, throughout his lifetime, he had many injuries resulting from his stunts, including nearly dying from a launch over the fountains in front of Caesar’s Palace in 1965. This crash resulted in a crushed pelvis, a broken femur, and fractures to the hip, wrist, and both ankles. He was unconscious for 29 days following the accident. When he resumed performing, he continued to suffer multiple bone fractures until his retirement in 1981. ", "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was a Hungarian-born American stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice as Handcuff Harry, on a tour of Europe, where he would sensationally challenge different police-forces to try to keep him locked up. This revealed a talent for gimmickry and for audience involvement that would characterise all his work. Soon he was extending his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to hold his breath inside a sealed milk-can.", "1975: Evel Knievel, the US stuntman, suffered serious spinal injuries in Britain when his car crashed, attempting to leap 13 buses.", "A stunt rider re-enacted the famous motorcycle fence jump - I hope this link stays active for a long time! Here is a still from the jump.", "1998: Steve Fossett ended his fourth attempt to fly around the world in a balloon when a severe storm ruptured his high altitude balloon and sent him plunging 29,000 feet into the ocean 500 miles off the Australian coast. During the ten-minute descent, he attempted to ease the plunge by releasing fuel and oxygen tanks. At some point, he blacked out. The next moment he awoke to find himself upside down in a capsule half full of water and on fire. He escaped, scrambled into his emergency life raft, and set off emergency beacons. He was rescued a short time later amid shark-infested waters.", "Terence Steven \"Steve\" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American actor. Called \"The King of Cool\", his \"anti-hero\" persona, developed at the height of the Vietnam War-era counterculture, made him a top box-office draw of the 1960s and 1970s. McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Blob, The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, and Papillon, as well as the all-star ensemble films The Magnificent Seven, The Great Escape, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world, although he did not act in films again for four years. McQueen was combative with directors and producers, but his popularity placed him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.", "The former WBA world featherweight champion had his MBE stripped after he was jailed in 2006 for 15 months and disqualified from driving for four years after a crash in May 2005 that left another man with fractures to “every major bone in his body”.", "Terence Stephen \"Steve\" McQueen (March 24, 1930 – November 7, 1980) was an American actor. He was nicknamed \"The King of Cool.\" His \"anti-hero\" persona, which he developed at the height of the Vietnam counterculture, made him one of the top box-office draws of the 1960s and 1970s. McQueen received an Academy Award nomination for his role in The Sand Pebbles. His other popular films include The Magnificent Seven, The Blob, The Great Escape, The Thomas Crown Affair, Bullitt, The Getaway, Papillon, and The Towering Inferno. In 1974, he became the highest-paid movie star in the world. Although, McQueen was combative with directors and producers, his popularity put him in high demand and enabled him to command large salaries.", "In 1957, at the age of 34, he was thrown from his horse 'Faithful' and vowed to quit 'riding the range'. \"Posing as a super-fit cowboy to children has been rather a fraud\", he said after the accident. \"I'm the victim of an old man's disease - osteo-arthritis - following a plane crash in the South American jungle, and have to wear a spinal jacket\"", "In 1977, Mr. Knievel was convicted in California of beating his former press agent with a baseball bat and sentenced to six months in a jail. The agent, Sheldon Saltman, had written a book that Mr. Knievel felt had treated him unfairly. The conviction had a devastating effect on sales of Evel Knievel toys.", "Success hampered by drug addiction and was eventually imprisoned in the 60’s. Died from falling through a hotel window." ]

[ 10.734375, 10.515625, 10.3828125, 3.84765625, 2.705078125, 0.2314453125, -0.6787109375, -0.70068359375, -0.7158203125, -0.8837890625, -1.3984375, -1.5478515625, -2.296875, -2.634765625, -2.853515625, -3.06640625, -3.123046875, -3.2421875, -3.3125, -3.767578125, -4.046875, -4.53515625, -4.5703125, -5.5234375, -6.03125, -6.4921875, -6.91796875, -7.16796875, -7.2109375, -7.9453125, -9.421875, -10.2421875 ]

[ "The Thrilla in Manila was a boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, fought at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City of the Philippines on October 1, 1975. The bout is often ranked as one of the greatest fights of all-time and is the climax to the bitter rivalry between Ali and Frazier.", "The Thrilla in Manila was a boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier , fought at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City of the Philippines on October 1, 1975. The bout is often ranked as one of the greatest fights of all-time and is the climax to the bitter rivalry between Ali and Frazier.", "The Thrilla in Manila is the third and final famous boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier for the Heavyweight Boxing Championship of the World, fought at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines on October 1, 1975.", "The final installment in the bitter trilogy between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier took place on Oct. 1, 1975, in Manila, Philippines, and was known as “The Thrilla in Manila.” Ali coined the phrase during the pre-fight buildup, often taunting Frazier by saying “it will be a killer, and a thriller and a chiller when I beat the gorilla in Manila.”", "1975 – Thrilla in Manila : Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.", "* October 1 – Thrilla in Manila: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.", "Leroy Neiman. Thrilla in Manila Poster. 1975. Autographed by Ali & Frazier. Comes with Certificate of Authenticity. 30 x 22 Framed. The Thrilla in Manila was the third and final famous boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier for the Heavyweight Boxing Championship of the World, fought at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines on October 1, 1975. Frazier won the bout on points, knocking Ali down in the 15th round. Color LeRoy Nieman 14x22 closed circuit fight poster signed by Ali, Frazier and Nieman in black sharpie with Mint signatures.", "Joe Frazier handed Muhammad Ali his first loss as a professional boxer March 8, 1971, at New York's Madison Square Garden in what was dubbed the Fight of the Century. After Ali evened up the series Jan. 28, 1974, everything was lined up for a third fight to determine who was the best. In what would be known as the Thrilla in Manila, which Ali hyped with plenty of trash talk, the heavyweights squared off at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Philippines, Oct. 1, 1975.", "The Thrilla in Manila was the third and final boxing match between Ali and Frazier and took place in Metro Manila, Philippines on October 1, 1975. The bout is often ranked as one of the greatest fights of 20th century boxing. Ali won the fight when Eddie Futch ( Frazier’s trainer) stopped the fight before the 15th and final round with Frazier sitting on his stool.", "The Thrilla in Manila was the third and final boxing match between Ali and Frazier and took place in Metro Manila, Philippines on October 1, 1975.The bout is often ranked as one of the greatest fights of 20th century boxing. Ali won the fight when Eddie Futch (Frazier's trainer) stopped the fight before the 15th and final round with Frazier sitting on his stool.", "Sweat flies from the head of Joe Frazier as Muhammad Ali connects with a right in the ninth round of their title fight in Manila, Philippines, on Oct. 1, 1975. Ali won the fight on a decision to retain the title.", "Ali and Frazier locked horns for their grudge match in Quezon City, Philippines, in 1975. Dubbed the \"Thrilla in Manila,\" the bout nearly went the distance, with both men delivering and absorbing tremendous punishment. However, Frazier's trainer threw in the towel after the 14th round, giving the hard-fought victory to Ali.", "In October 1975, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the third time. The bout was promoted as the Thrilla in Manila by Don King, who had ascended to prominence following the Ali-Foreman fight. The anticipation was enormous for this final clash between two great heavyweights. Ali believed Frazier was “over the hill” by that point, and his overconfidence may have caused him to train less than he could have. Ali’s frequent insults, slurs and demeaning poems increased the anticipation and excitement for the fight, but also enraged a determined Frazier. Regarding the fight, Ali famously remarked, “It will be a killa… and a chilla… and a thrilla… when I get the gorilla in Manila.”", "On October 1, 1975, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the third time. [13] Taking place in the Philippines, the bout was promoted as the Thrilla in Manila [13] by Don King , who had ascended to prominence following the Ali-Foreman fight. The anticipation was enormous for this final clash between two great heavyweights. Ali believed Frazier was “over the hill” by that point. Ali’s frequent insults, slurs and demeaning poems increased the anticipation and excitement for the fight, but enraged a determined Frazier. Regarding the fight, Ali famously remarked, “It will be a killa… and a chilla… and a thrilla… when I get the gorilla in Manila.”", "Frazier won the first fight, but Ali came back to win both the second and third fights. The final battle in the trilogy was best known as the \"Thrilla in Manila.\"", "The third fight with Ali, known as the \"Thrilla in Manilla\" was one of the best fights ever. Ali later said it was the closest to death he had ever been.", "The two hall of fame champions met in the squared circle for the last time on October 1st, 1975 at the Araneta Coliseum, in Quezon City, Philippines. They split their two previous encounters, both unanimous decisions and each managed to lose just once more heading into the rubber match -- Ken Norton beat Ali via split decision, and George Foreman knocked out Frazier. Ali would reclaim his heavyweight title by defeating Foreman in \"The Rumble in the Jungle,\" thus setting the stage for one of the most anticipated boxing matches of all time.", "Ali returned to the ring and beat Jerry Quarry in 1970. Five months later he lost to Joe Frazier (1944–), who had replaced him as heavyweight champion when his title had been stripped. Ali regained the championship for the first time when he defeated George Foreman (1949–), who had beaten Frazier for the title, in a fight held in Zaire in 1974. Ali referred to this match as the \"Rumble in the Jungle.\" Ali fought Frazier several more times, including a fight in 1974 staged in New York City and a bout held in the Philippines in 1975, which Ali called the \"Thrilla in Manila.\" Ali won both matches to regain his title as the world heavyweight champion. In 1975 Sports Illustrated magazine named Ali its \"Sportsman of the Year.\"", "..... Click the link for more information.  in 1973, Frazier lost a nontitle 12-round decision to Ali in 1974, and then lost to Ali by a technical knockout in the brutal 1975 \"Thrilla in Manila\" championship bout. He retired in 1976 following another loss to Foreman.", "It was the first defeat for Ali, but the boxing world had not seen the last of him and Frazier in the ring. Ali won a second fight, and then came the “Thrilla in Manila” on Oct. 1, 1975, in the Philippines, a brutal bout that Ali said afterward was “the closest thing to dying” he had experienced.", "Ali and Frazier met for the third and final time in Quezon City (a district within the metropolitan area of Manila), the Philippines, on October 1, 1975: the \"Thrilla in Manila\". Prior to the fight, Ali took opportunities to mock Frazier by calling him a '\"gorilla\", and generally trying to irritate him.", "It was the first defeat for Ali, but the boxing world had not seen the last of him and Frazier in the ring. Ali won a second fight, and then came the \"Thrilla in Manila\" on Oct. 1, 1975, in the Philippines, a brutal bout that Ali said afterward was \"the closest thing to dying\" he had experienced.", "Ali strikes Joe Frazier with a right during the pair’s final bout, the Thrilla in Manila in 1975. Photograph: Mitsunori Chigita/AP", "Ali and Frazier met for the third and final time in Quezon City (a district within the metropolitan area of Manila ), the Philippines , on October 1, 1975: the \" Thrilla in Manila .\" Ali took every opportunity to mock Frazier, again calling him a \"Gorilla,\" and generally trying to irritate him, as he had with all his other opponents, only Frazier took it personally.", "Over the next 30 months, at the peak of his popularity as champion, Ali fought nine times in bouts that showed him to be a courageous fighter but a fighter on the decline. The most notable of these bouts occurred on October 1, 1975, when Ali and Joe Frazier met in the Philippines , 6 miles (9.5 km) outside Manila, to do battle for the third time. In what is regarded by many as the greatest prizefight of all time (the “ Thrilla in Manila ”), Ali was declared the victor when Frazier’s corner called a halt to the bout after 14 brutal rounds.", "THE HYPE: Ali had defeated Frazier in a largely forgettable rematch in 1974, so \"The Thrilla in Manila\" became the rubber match. The bout is ranked as one of the best in boxing history and Ali chronicled the battle in his memoir, \"The Greatest: My Own Story.\"", "Sweat spray flies from the head of Joe Frazier as Ali connects with a right in the ninth round of their heavyweight title fight in Manila, Philippines, in October 1975", "The skinny: “The Thrilla in Manila” might have been the greatest heavyweight fight of all time. Ali promised it would be “a killa and a thrilla and a chilla when I get the gorilla in Manila.” He mistakenly thought Frazier was over the hill. Ali attacked Frazier early, but Frazier took the momentum in the fifth round and pounded Ali for several rounds. Ali rallied in the 12th, and both men were exhausted by the end of 14 rounds. Frazier’s trainer, Eddie Futch, would not let his fighter come out for the 15th. Ali raised his arms in victory, then collapsed, saying later it was the closest thing to death he had ever experienced.", "Frazier recaptured his winning ways by outpointing Britain’s Joe Bugner at London’s Earl’s Court six months later, and in the run-up to his second fight with Ali ended up wrestling with his rival on the floor of a television studio. On January 28 1974 Ali emerged a clear points victor of their eagerly anticipated rematch at Madison Square Garden, but Frazier’s subsequent knockout victories over Quarry and Ellis set the stage for the “Thrilla in Manila”.", "Ali and Frazier met for the third and final time on Oct. 1, 1975 in the Philippines. Less than a year after King scheduled a fight in Zaire, Ali and Frazier traveled to Quezon City in Metro Manila. The rivalry between the two fighters reached a boiling point after Frazier felt Ali betrayed him after being such a vocal supporter for him during his three-plus years away from the ring. Ali stuck to what he knew best, trash-talking. He taunted Frazier by referring to him as a gorilla.", "Thursday marks the 40th anniversary of the Thrilla in Manila. Ali, now 73, seldom does interviews or makes public appearances. Frazier died of liver cancer in November 2011. He was 67. Jonathan Snowden covers combat sports for Bleacher Report.", "In March 1975, Ali faced Chuck Wepner in a bout that inspired the original Rocky . While it was largely thought that Ali would dominate, Wepner surprised everyone by not only knocking Ali down in the ninth round, but nearly going the distance. Ali eventually stopped Wepner in the fading minutes of the 15th round. Following a title defense with Ron Lyle , in July Ali faced Joe Bugner , winning a 15 round decision." ]

[ 8.234375, 8.2109375, 7.65234375, 7.31640625, 7.08203125, 5.65625, 5.46875, 5.14453125, 4.328125, 3.365234375, 3.17578125, 2.90625, 2.765625, 2.751953125, 2.626953125, 2.298828125, 2.294921875, 2.03515625, 1.951171875, 1.4208984375, 1.3203125, 1.1982421875, 1.0830078125, 1.037109375, 0.826171875, 0.53076171875, -0.377685546875, -0.426025390625, -0.463623046875, -1.134765625, -2.75, -5.8515625 ]

[ "John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 – March 6, 1941) was an American artist and sculptor . He is most associated with his creation of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota . He was associated with other public works of art, including a bust of Abraham Lincoln exhibited in the White House by Theodore Roosevelt and now held in the United States Capitol Crypt in Washington, D.C. .", "Borglum is most famous, however, for his monumental works. He designed the first of these, a Confederate memorial on Stone Mt., Ga., and began carving it in 1916. The work was interrupted by World War I but was resumed in 1924. As the result of an acrimonious controversy with the Stone Mountain Memorial Association, he ceased working and destroyed his models. Moving to South Dakota, Borglum began work on the gigantic Mount Rushmore National Memorial in 1927. One of the largest sculptural projects in existence, the memorial was also a great engineering feat. Borglum had nearly finished the 60-ft (18.3-m) heads of the four presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt) when he died. Plans for an even more ambitious composition were abandoned and the work was finished (1941) by his son Lincoln. Borglum was a man of tremendous vitality and decided opinions that led him into frequent confrontations. His brother Solon Hannibal Borglum, 1868–1922, was also a sculptor, noted especially for his portrayal of horses, cattle, Native Americans, and cowboys.", "John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 – March 6, 1941) was an American artist and sculptor. He is most associated with his creation of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota. He was associated with other public works of art, including a bust of Abraham Lincoln exhibited in the White House by Theodore Roosevelt and now held in the United States Capitol Crypt in Washington, D.C..", "Moving to South Dakota, Borglum began work on the gigantic Mount Rushmore National Memorial in 1927. One of the largest sculptural projects in existence, the memorial was also a great engineering feat. Borglum had nearly finished the 60-ft (18.3-m) heads of the four presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt) when he died. Plans for an even more ambitious composition were abandoned and the work was finished (1941) by his son Lincoln. Borglum is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale in the Memorial Court of Honor. His second wife, Mary Montgomery Williams Borglum, 1874�1955, is interred by his side. ", "Gutzon Borglum (John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum)  (1871-1941)  Sculptor and painter, born March 25, 1871 in Idaho and educated in public schools of Nebraska.  Studied art in San Francisco and Paris.  He received his Master of Arts from Princeton University and L.L.D., Oglethorpe University.  He painted, studied and traveled in Spain, Europe, and England until 1901 when he settled in New York.  Among his many marbles and bronzes are Sheridan Equestrian, Washington D.C. and Chicago, Illinois; colossal marble head of Lincoln in the rotunda of of the U.S. Capitol; bronze group, Mares of Diomeded in the Metropolitan Museum; Lincoln, Newark, New Jersey; Trudeau memorial, Saranac Lake; Trail Drivers Memorial, Texas.  He designed and began carving the Confederate Memorial on the face of Stone Mountain, Georgia, but a controversy arose with the association and he destroyed all the plans and models.  Borglum designed the Confederate half-dollar as well.  His greatest work, however, is the Black Hills carving which he designed and officially started on August 10, 1927, when President Coolidge dedicated it.  He lived to see the fourth head unveiled in 1939, but not to complete the work--which was done by his son Lincoln q.v. in 1941.", "American sculptor Gutzon Borglum is widely recognized as the mastermind behind one of the most famous national monuments in the United States, Mount Rushmore . Borglum, born in 1867, grew up in Idaho and Nebraska and was largely reputed to have a knack for all things art-related even at a very young age. He attended the Academie Julian in Paris, where he met and grew fond of the artist Auguste Rodin. With Rodin as a strong influence, he moved back to the United States and is credited for many of the sculptures at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York City, a sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and even a large sculpture of Lincoln's head in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington DC. Another notable work was the sculpture on Stone Mountain near Atlanta.", "The first actual work of sculpting Mt. Rushmore began on October 4, 1927 and continued for 14 long years. Gutzon Borglum was 60 when the work started. He had thought of carving a brief American history on the face of the cliff. But due to lack of funding, that could not come to reality.", "On this day in 1927, Mount Rushmore was begun by sculptor Gutzon Borglum. Talk about a HUGE project!!!", "Lisa continued to paint, using the name \"Elizabeth Borglum\" until she died in Venice, California on May 21, 1922. Gutzon Borglum gained famed as a sculptor and consummated his career with the remarkable series of Presidential portraits on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, which he and his assistants carved from 1927 until his death in 1941. At the time of his death, the monumental work was still in progress. His son, Lincoln Borglum, and his assistants completed the work, although it is still technically unfinished, when compared to Gutzon Borglum's models.", "The carving of the heads of four Presidents on Mt. Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, by Gutzon Borglum (d.1961), completed by his son, Lincoln Borglum (d.1986), is one of the great monumental sculptures in history. Conceived as a local project, it became national when Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission in 1925. President Coolidge, who vacationed in the Black Hills during his presidency, dedicated the project in 1927. Indeed, the son of Lincoln Borglum (who himself died in Texas), James, still lives in the valley watered by a stream that has been named after the First Lady -- Grace Coolidge Creek.", "Sculptor Gutzon Borglum began drilling into Mount Rushmore, the 5,725-foot peak rising above Harney National Forest, in 1927. Creation of the \"Shrine of Democracy\" took 14 years and cost approximately $1 million, though it is now deemed priceless.", "Mount Rushmore is a colossal memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The work of gifted sculptor Gutzon Borglum, it was to become the world's largest mountain sculpture. The memorial started as an idea to draw sightseers to the Black Hills. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge dedicated the site, and Borglum began 14 years of work designing, blasting, and carving the face of the mountain. Today, the 60 foot faces of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln gaze out from Mount Rushmore as a shrine to democracy.", "On this day in 1927, sculptor Gutzon Borglum began carving Mt. Rushmore in South Dakota 's Black Hills . ^AF", "Mt. Rushmore facts  – There are many interesting facts behind the faces of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial , and some are more well-known than others. Most of us know the when and the why behind the monument: carving began in 1927 and finally was completed in 1941. Obviously the sculptor, Gutzon Borglum wanted to create a lasting tribute in grand form of these 4 former presidents, which is as logical a reason as any for why it was constructed. It is believed that Borglum created the monument not just as a tribute to the four men depicted on it, but also to the high ideals they each brought to America and represented within themselves. They were chosen because they ‘commemorate the founding, growth, preservation, and development to the United States.’", "Confederate States of America icons Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis, along with their horses, are chiseled into the face of Stone Mountain, located just east of Atlanta, Georgia. Work on the carving began in 1916, but was abandoned in 1925. The sculptor who unexpectedly walked away from the Stone Mountain Carving, Gutzon Borglon, didn’t stay out of sight long — he began work on his signature achievement, Mount Rushmore, two years later. The Stone Mountain Carving was abandoned for nearly 40 years before resuming from 1963 until its completion in 1972. The carving, which is the largest bas-relief sculpture in the world, is 400 feet above the ground and measures 90 wide by 190 feet tall. In case you’re wondering, the heads of the four presidents on Mount Rushmore measure about 60 feet tall.", "Every year, the many visitors to Mount Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota draw inspiration from the colossal portraits of four outstanding presidents of the United States:  George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt.  Gutzon Borglum carved his gigantic Shrine of Democracy Sculpture into ancient granite high on the southeast face of Mount Rushmore “in commemoration of the foundation, preservation, and continental expansion of the United States.”  The faces of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt are about 60 feet high, and the grouping extends approximately 185 feet along the crest of Mount Rushmore.  Dark ponderosa pines and other evergreens set off the stark white sculpture.  Added at the time of the Bicentennial of the Declaration of Independence in 1976, a flag-lined formal Avenue of Flags creates an impressive approach.", "Among Newark’s gems, are the public works of  Gutzon Borglum , the extraordinary sculptor whose most famous work, of course, is  Mount Rushmore . In Newark, far from South Dakota, and situated downtown, just across from the  New Jersey Performing Arts Center , sits one of the most compelling of Borglum’s works:  Wars of America . He created this magnificent sculpture over the course of six years, completing it in 1926. It memorializes all the major conflicts in which Americans participated up to and including the First World War.", "John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in St. Charles, Idaho, on March 25, 1867. He began painting at an early age, and in his early twenties sales of his works enabled him to study art in France for several years. It was there, in 1890, that he began to sculpt. His final paintings were completed in 1903, and from that time on he worked only as a sculptor. His fame grew, as did the size of his works. In 1915 he was asked by the United Daughters of the Confederacy to carve a head of Gen. Robert E. Lee on Stone Mountain in Georgia. Work did not begin until 1923, but some demands made by Borglum soon led to his dismissal. The invitation to the Black Hills presented him with an opportunity to create a monument whose dimensions would be \"determined by the importance to civilization of the events commemorated\". For this purpose a location other than the Needles was needed. After much searching Borglum selected Mount Rushmore because:", "Gutzon Borglum (1867 â 1941) is best known for creating the iconic visage that is Mount Rushmore . This is a bronze he completed of Theodore Roosevelt in 1920. Previously on display in the Washington DC Offices of the Department of the Interior, it was loaned by Sagamore Hill National Historic Site to the NRA National Firearms Museum and will soon be joining the other artifacts in the Theodore Roosevelt Trappings of an Icon exhibit at the NFM.", "John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in St. Charles,Idaho, on March 25, 1867.  He began painting at an early age, and in his early twenties sales of his works enabled him to study art in France for several years.  It was there, in 1890, that he began to sculpt.  His final paintings were completed in 1903, and from that time on he worked only as a sculptor.  His fame grew, as did the size of his works. In 1915 he was asked by the United Daughters of the Confederacy to carve a head of Gen. Robert E. Lee on Stone Mountain in Georgia. Work did not begin until 1923, but some demands made by Borglum soon led to his dismissal.  The invitation to the Black Hills presented him with an opportunity to create a monument whose dimensions would be \"determined by the importance to civilization of the events commemorated\".  For this purpose a location other than the Needles was needed.  After much searching Borglum selected Mount Rushmore because:", "Gutzon Borglum (1867 â 1941) is best known for creating the iconic visage that is Mount Rushmore. This is a bronze he completed of Theodore Roosevelt in 1920. Previously on display in the Washington DC Offices of the Department of the Interior, it was loaned by Sagamore Hill National Historic Site to the NRA National Firearms Museum and will soon be joining the other artifacts in the Theodore Roosevelt Trappings of an Icon exhibit at the NFM.", "The colossal sculpted heads of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln were created under the direction of Gutzon Borglum. The memorial is one of the largest pieces of sculpture ever created. Mount Rushmore represents the distinctive achievements of the United States during its first 150 years as personified by four great national leaders.", "Borglum, Gutzon (John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum)gŭtˈsən dĕ lˈə mät bôrˈgləm, 1867–1941, American sculptor, b. Idaho; son of a Danish immigrant physician and rancher. He studied at the San Francisco Art Academy and in Paris at Julian's academy and the École des Beaux-Arts. His first commission after his return to New York in 1901 was the statue of Lincoln that stands in the rotunda of the Capitol, Washington, D.C. Other works of his earlier period include another figure of Lincoln (Newark), a statue of Henry Ward Beecher (Brooklyn), Mares of Diomedes (Metropolitan Mus.), and figures of the apostles created for the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, New York City.", "Sculptor Gutzon Borglum is best known for carving 4 presidents into Mount Rushmore in Rapid City, South Dakota. However, we should note that Borglum had deep racist convictions in Nordic superiority and was a member of the Klu Klux Klan.", "Initial planning and fund-raising began in August 1925.  The project was almost out of money in 1927 before carving even began. Borglum and the planners succeeded in getting the support of President Coolidge when he was vacationing in the Black Hills.  Coolidge dedicated the memorial in 1927.  In the closing days of his term in office, he signed a bill approving matching funds. The Federal Government would eventually cover almost all of the almost million-dollar cost of construction. On October 4, 1927, the carving process began.  Local gold miners carefully removed rock from the mountain using small charges of dynamite, leaving a three to six inch layer of granite. They used 75-pound jackhammers to remove the next layer and then the carvers took over.  First, they drilled a series of shallow holes and then removed the area between them, often by hand.  Hand tools smoothed the stone and added small details, like wrinkles and moles.  Four hundred people worked on the project.  Frequently suspended because of bad weather and money problems, the work was dangerous, but miraculously there were no fatal accidents.  During the Depression, it was welcome relief work for many, and for many others it came to be a labor of love.  As “Red” Anderson said, \"more and more we sensed that we were creating a truly great thing.\"", "In 1926, Borglum began carving the faces of four presidents out of a mountain in the Black Hills, land sacred to the Lakota people. The sculptor, who admired Manifest Destiny and saw the conquest of the Lakota and the theft of their sacred land as justifiable, dedicated the sculptures to the Expansion of the United States. From Borglum’s perspective, Manifest Destiny, an expression of racial superiority, was an expression of the rightful order of the world.", "President Calvin Collidge dedicated the memorial in 1927, commencing 14 years of work; only 6 � years were spent on actual carving. Money was the main problem in the Great Depression years. It was here that Gutzon Borglum�s self-appraisal as a \"one-man war\" was earned. He personally lobbied state officials, congressmen, cabinet members, and presidents. \"The work is purely a national memorial, \"he insisted at a congressional hearing in 1938. Pride in country � and the fact that public works created good jobs and good will � channeled $836,000 of federal money toward the total cost of nearly $1 million.", "MOVING A MOUNTAIN                It was Borglum’s bust of Lincoln that led to his first mountain carving.  He was invited by the Daughters of the Confederacy to carve a bust of Robert E. Lee in Stone Mountain, Georgia.  Upon visiting the site he declared that doing just the head of Lee would be as impressive as a postage stamp on a barn door.  Instead, he created a design of a more appropriate scale that incorporated Lee, Jefferson Davis and Stonewall Jackson on horseback in front of a row of soldiers.  He started carving the piece in 1923 with chisels and jackhammers until he learned the art of using dynamite for detail work from a Belgian engineer.   ", "Now let’s answer the question as to why the four faces were chosen. It was the actual sculptor Gutzon Borglum who selected what four faces would be carved into his masterpiece to represent the first 150 years of American history.", "After the death of Gutzon Borglum, it was his son Lincoln Borglum who added final touches and completed the memorial on October 31, 1941.", "Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the memorial was built between 1928 and 1932 and is the largest Commonwealth Memorial to the Missing in the world. It was inaugurated by the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) in the presence of Albert Lebrun, President of France, on 1 August 1932. The unveiling ceremony was attended by Lutyens. ", "Hoover Dam, once known as Boulder Dam, is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. The dam was controversially named after President Herbert Hoover." ]

[ 7.78515625, 7.78125, 7.77734375, 6.73828125, 6.2578125, 5.921875, 5.875, 5.765625, 5.27734375, 5.2109375, 5.1796875, 4.9296875, 4.86328125, 4.3203125, 3.86328125, 3.666015625, 3.478515625, 3.388671875, 3.236328125, 3.232421875, 3.166015625, 3.115234375, 2.966796875, 2.029296875, 1.2568359375, -0.79638671875, -2.060546875, -2.068359375, -3.552734375, -3.568359375, -5.91796875, -6.95703125 ]

[ "Steinway & Sons, also known as Steinway, is an American and German piano company, founded in 1853 in Manhattan, New York City, by German immigrant Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg (later known as Henry E. Steinway). The company's growth led to the opening of a factory in Queens, New York City, and a factory in Hamburg, Germany. The factory in Queens supplies the Americas and the factory in Hamburg supplies the rest of the world. ", "Founded in 1853, Steinway & Sons is a musical instrument dealer offering a variety of pianos throughout the world. The company offers various collections of pianos, such as art case, legendary, crown jewel and limited collection, and ebony grands and verticals. The company also markets other brands, such as Boston and Essex. The Boston brand is targeted for the traditional general piano markets. Boston pianos are designed by Steinway, using Steinway patents, and are manufactured by Kawai in Hamamatsu, Japan. Its Web site offers information on the technical aspects and maintenance of pianos. The company also offers maintenance, repair and servicing of pianos it sells. Steinway & Sons is headquartered in Long Island City, N.Y., and has locations in Germany, Japan, China and the United Kingdom.", "Since its founding in New York in 1853, Steinway & Sons has been considered the world's premier piano manufacturer.  Known for their exceptional craftsmanship, Steinway & Sons pianos are built in one of two company-owned and operated factories: Astoria, New York and Hamburg, Germany.  Steinway & Sons pianos are still constructed primarily by hand, using many of the techniques developed over 160 years ago. Today, Steinway & Sons also offers the Boston and Essex piano lines, Listen, a magazine for music and culture lovers, and the Steinway & Sons record label.  For more information, visit www.steinway.com .", "The company was founded on March 5, 1853 by Henry Engelhard Steinway. An immigrant from Germany, he had already built 482 pianos by the time he founded the new company in New York, New York. His first Steinway & Sons piano sold to a local family for the price of five hundred dollars.", "For over 160 years, Steinway & Sons has been dedicated to making the finest pianos in the world. Our pioneering handcrafted methods are still employed today to ensure our uncompromising standards of quality, in turn ensuring that the Steinway piano remains the peerless instrument of uncompromising expression.", "For over 160 years, steinway & sons has been dedicated to making the finest pianos in the world, setting the uncompromising standard for sound, touch, beauty, and investment value. From our flagship steinway model D — the best piano in the world, to the Boston Performance Edition for the serious student, to the Essex studio upright for those new to the steinway family, steinway & sons has an instrument for everyone.", "Welcome to Steinway & Sons - For 150 years, Steinway has been dedicated to the ideal of making the finest pianos in the world. Whether you are a professional artist, a student, or enthused listener, we hope you enjoy exploring the rich tradition of these beautiful instruments.", "Since 1853, Steinway pianos have set an uncompromising standard for sound, touch, beauty, and investment value. Handcrafting each Steinway requires up to one full year – creating an instrument of quality and global renown. Steinway pianos have 160 years of history in the piano world and industry. Currently Steinway pianos are one of the most sought out brand of piano because of the incredible craftsmanship.", "The Official Website of Steinway & Sons - Maker of the finest pianos in the world.", "The Piano has been part of musical history for centuries. When it comes to facts about the Piano the very first thing that comes to most people's minds is the large and incredibly impressive concert hall grand pianos. Christie's Auction House once sold a Victorian Steinway grand piano for a whopping $1.2 Million dollars. The piano is now part of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute of Williamstown, Massachusetts. Of course, it is hard to talk about any type of impressive grand piano without mentioning the name \"Steinway,\" but did you know that Steinway wasn't always the name of the original founder? That's right, that great piano brand name that most of us recognize today was originally founded by Englehard Steinweg. Steinweg wanted a name that sounded more American, so he changed his name to Steinway in 1853. They are still producing top quality pianos to this very day. From Steinway to Yamaha the piano is truly an impressive instrument, but why are we in such awe of this oddly shaped box?", "The 7’2” Steinway and Sons Model C was first manufactured in 1878 with Steinway #38675 being the first in the series to be completed on 8/24/1878. These seven-octave, 85-note pianos were based upon the earlier Parlor Grands built by Steinway. The Model C, 85-note piano was also known as the Style 3 in catalogues. The scale design featured a 21 note bass section and was redesigned from the earlier parlor grand piano by C.F. Theodore Steinway. The Model C was introduced during a time of advancement for the Steinway Company. The early Model C was first produced with a sectional case design, and in 1880 production of Model Cs with a more modern style bent-rim case began. The 85-note Model C/Style 3 was in production until 1886.", "Other than the expensive Steinway & Sons brand, Steinway markets two budget brands: Boston for the mid-level market and Essex for the entry-level market. Boston and Essex pianos are made using lower-cost components and labor. Pianos of these two brands, made with Steinway owned designs, are manufactured in Asia by suppliers. Steinway allows only its authorized Steinway dealers to carry new Boston and Essex pianos. ", "Steinway's factory in Queens, New York City, makes six models of grand piano and three models of upright piano.", "Improvements continued from 1825 to 1851 with over 1,000 patents in Europe and the United States for stronger, more deft pianos with greater control and repetitive motion. By the mid-nineteenth century, the modern piano had emerged based on the development of the cast iron plate for structural strength and cross-stringing by fanning bass strings over trebles. By 1870, Steinway & Sons had developed this fanning method called the over-strung scale, so that the strings crossed most closely in the center of the soundboard where the best sound is produced.", "By the 1860s, Steinway had built a new factory at Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street (the present site of the Seagram Building) where it covered a whole block. With a workforce of 350 men, production increased from 500 to nearly 1,800 pianos per year. The employees were mostly German immigrants and the official language of the company was German. The pianos themselves underwent numerous substantial improvements through innovations made both at the Steinway factory and elsewhere in the industry based on emerging engineering and scientific research, including developments in the understanding of acoustics. Almost half of the company's 126 patented inventions were developed by the first and second generations of the Steinway family. Steinway's pianos won prizes at exhibitions in New York City, London, and Paris. By 1862, Steinway pianos had received more than 35 medals. Part of Steinway's early reputation arose from its successes in trade fairs.", "Upon arriving in America, he and his sons worked in a piano factory. He then founded Steinway & Sons on March 5, 1853. The first factory was located at 81 Walker Street, in Manhattan.  A new factory was founded in 1859 at Park Avenue and 53rd Street, the present site of the Seagrams Building, where it covered a whole block. All the children, with the exception of Christian Friedrich Theodor (1825-1889), who had remained in Germany, worked in the business. Christian Friedrich Theodor came to the US in 1865 to help manage the family business, which shortly afterwards moved to Astoria, Long Island, where it now comprises an enormous complex on Steinway Street.  In 1871, Henry Sr. died and sons C.F. Theodor and William took over operations.", "At 5 feet 1 inch in length, this \"Baby\" grand piano was introduced in the 1930s. Don’t let its size fool you! Steinway & Sons’ patented \"Diaphragmatic Soundboard\"—now found in every Steinway piano produced today—was first developed because of this model. To insure that a powerful and rich tone could be produced by a piano of this size, Steinway redesigned its soundboard, resulting in a tone that greatly outperformed others. And it still does. Every inch a Steinway, this piano is a proud addition to any home.", "The Steinways were not only piano builders. They also had an impact on the culture and structural development of New York City.  In 1866 Steinway & Sons opened the first Steinway Hall on 14th Street. With a main auditorium of 2,000 seats, it became New York City's artistic and cultural center, housing the New York Philharmonic until Carnegie Hall opened in 1891.   William (1835-1896), president of Steinway & Sons (1876-96), was the first chairman of Rapid Transit Commission of New York City, which planned New York' s first subway.", "Sohmer & Co. was part of the booming nineteenth-century New York City piano industry. The fabrication of pianos and other musical instruments was one of New York CityÃ-s top ten manufactured products. In 1872, there were 171 piano manufacturers in New York City; now only Steinway remains. While Sohmer never achieved the celebrity of its more famous counterpart and Queens neighbor, with which it maintained a close informal association, Sohmer did have notable fans. Composer Victor Herbert owned several Sohmer pianos and the noted American songwriter Irving Berlin had three Sohmers with transposing keyboards that he used to write his music.", "* In 1855, Steinway exhibited at the American Institute Fair in the New York Crystal Palace in what is now Bryant Park in New York City. Steinway won a gold medal \"for excellent quality\". A reporter wrote the following: \"Their square pianos are characterized by great power of tone, a depth and richness in the bass, a full mellowness in the middle register and brilliant purity in the treble, making a scale perfectly equal and singularly melodious throughout its entire range. In touch, they are all that could be desired.\" ", "15. In 1867, Steinway became the first American manufacturer to receive the “Grand Gold Medal of Honor” at the Paris piano exhibition.", "* Patent No. 127,383 (May 28, 1872): In a Steinway piano, the cast iron plate rests on wooden dowels without actually touching the soundboard. It is lightly curved, creating a large hollow between the plate and the soundboard. This cavity acts as a reinforcement of existing resonant properties. An additional function of the plate is to counteract the pull of more than 20 tons of the string tension.", "* From 1855 to 1862, Steinway pianos received 35 medals in the United States alone, since which time Steinway entered their pianos at international exhibitions only.", "In 1963, Steinway introduced its Permafree action for Queens-made grand pianos, using Teflon parts in place of cloth bushings. The Teflon was intended to withstand wear and humidity changes better than cloth. The Teflon bushings resulted in certain unforeseen problems mainly during changes in weather; they were discontinued in 1982. Hamburg-made Steinway pianos never implemented the Teflon bushings.", "10. On December 20, 1859, Patent #26532 was granted to Henry Steinway Jr. for the Overstung Plate, where by the longer bass strings were drawn over sections of other strings.", "Founded in 1896 as a partnership between Charles Kohler and J. C. Campbell, in less than 20 years Kohler and Campbell became one of the world's leading manufacturers of upright and grand pianos, player pianos and automatic reproducing actions. First factory was in a small loft building on 14th Street in N.Y.C. After the company was established only a few years the business expanded to such a degree that it moved to much larger quarters, occupy-ing an entire building built for it at 50th Street and Eleventh Avenue, and continuing to expand into adjoining and nearby buildings until it occupied over one million feet of floor space. After Mr. Campbell's death in 1904, Charles Kohier became sole owner. Under his direction, Kohler & Campbell popularized the player piano in America, making available to the public for the first time the music of the world's leading artists through Welte-Mignon reproducing action.", "Established in 1857 and now a part of Kimball International, Inc. in Jasper, Indiana, the Kimball Piano Company is one of America's oldest and most distinguished keyboard instrument manufacturers. At one timethe largest keyboard instrument manufacturer in the United States, Kimball built a complete range of pianos from the magnificent 97-note 9'6\" Bosendorfer Imperial, one of the the world's finest concert grand piano, to the Kimball Whitney, a moderately priced piano and the Heinz an entry level inexpensive spinet piano.", "The very first Steinway & Sons patent was granted in 1857, and since that time, the company has been granted more than 125 additional patents. As a consumer shopping for a used Steinway, it is important to consider when these patents were implemented, how they", "13. Steinway & Sons opened the first Steinway Hall on 14th Street in 1866, which had an auditorium of 2,000 seats.", "59. 1955-Henry Z. Steinway became the 5th President of Steinway & Sons at the age of 40.", "Around 1870–80, William Steinway (born Wilhelm Steinweg, a son of Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg) established a professional community, the company town Steinway Village, in what is now the Astoria neighborhood of Queens in New York City. Steinway Village was built as its own town, and included a new factory (still used today) with its own foundry and sawmill, houses for employees, kindergarten, lending library, post office, volunteer fire department, and parks. Steinway Village later became part of Long Island City. Steinway Street, one of the major streets in the Astoria and Long Island City neighborhoods of Queens, is named after the company.", "In 1925, the Steinway Hall on East 14th Street was closed and a new Steinway Hall on West 57th Street was opened. In 2013, Steinway sold the Steinway Hall on West 57th Street for $46 million and moved out of the building at the end of 2014. In 2016, a new Steinway Hall opened on Sixth Avenue. " ]

[ 8.6328125, 8.125, 6.8203125, 5.0078125, 4.18359375, 4.140625, 3.90625, 3.361328125, 3.123046875, 2.66015625, 2.26953125, 2.2265625, 2.021484375, 1.9404296875, 1.7587890625, 1.642578125, 1.6318359375, 1.4072265625, 1.2314453125, 1.01171875, 0.46728515625, 0.09844970703125, -0.045257568359375, -0.626953125, -3.109375, -4.06640625, -4.86328125, -4.87109375, -5.33984375, -5.453125, -5.4609375, -7.15625 ]

[ "There are four commonly seen fractures in the dog: closed, compound, epiphyseal (growth plate), and greenstick (hairline). These first three types can be further characterized by whether they are simple fractures in which the bone breaks into only 2 or 3 pieces, or comminuted where the bone shatters into many pieces.", "A fracture usually results from traumatic injury to bones causing the continuity of bone tissues or bony cartilage to be disrupted or broken. Fracture classifications include simple, compound, incomplete and complete. Simple fractures (more recently called \"closed\") are not obvious as the skin has not been ruptured and remains intact. Compound fractures (now commonly called \"open\") break the skin, exposing bone and causing additional soft tissue injury and possible infection. A single fracture means that one fracture only has occurred and multiple fractures refer to more than one fracture occurring in the same bone. Fractures are termed complete if the break is completely through the bone and described as incomplete or \"greenstick\" if the fracture occurs partly across a bone shaft. This latter type of fracture is often the result of bending or crushing forces applied to a bone.", "Which of the following correctly describes a type of fracture? a. A compound fracture is the same as an open fracture and occurs when the bone protrudes through the skin. b. A comminuted fracture occurs when one bone fragment is driven into another. c. A greenstick fracture is most common in the elderly. d. A simple fracture occurs when the bone is splintered or crushed.", "Stress is the force applied to a rock, which may cause deformation. The three main types of stress go along with the three types of plate boundaries: compression is common at convergent boundaries, tension at divergent boundaries, and shear at transform boundaries.", "Greenstick: Bone has not been broken completely, but only partly across its shaft, similar to the way a green stick or twig breaks. Now often referred to an incomplete fracture.", "Greenstick fracture: an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent. This type of fracture occurs most often in children .", "A Greenstick Fracture is when the bone only cracks, and does not fully break. Because these do not break the skin, they should be treated as a Single Fracture. These fractures can be determined by using x-rays.", "A chemical compound (or just compound if used in the context of chemistry) is an entity consisting of two or more atoms, at least two from different elements, which associate via chemical bonds. There are four types of compounds, depending on how the constituent atoms are held together: molecules held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, and certain complexes held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number.", "Compounds, such as carbon dioxide, salt, and water, are made of combinations of the elements. Their molecules can be separated back into the elements that they are made of, or other, but simpler, compounds.", "Compounds coined in the U.S. are for instance foothill, flatlands, badlands, landslide (in all senses), overview (the noun), backdrop, teenager, brainstorm, bandwagon, hitchhike, smalltime, deadbeat, frontman, lowbrow and highbrow, hell-bent, foolproof, nitpick, about-face (later verbed), upfront (in all senses), fixer-upper, no-show; many of these are phrases used as adverbs or (often) hyphenated attributive adjectives: non-profit, for-profit, free-for-all, ready-to-wear, catchall, low-down, down-and-out, down and dirty, in-your-face, nip and tuck; many compound nouns and adjectives are open: happy hour, fall guy, capital gain, road trip, wheat pit, head start, plea bargain; some of these are colorful (empty nester, loan shark, ambulance chaser, buzz saw, ghetto blaster, dust bunny), others are euphemistic (differently abled (physically challenged), human resources, affirmative action, correctional facility).", "Compounds are made up of two base words: the first is the prefix, the latter is the suffix. A compound can be subordinative: the prefix is in logical connection with the suffix. If the prefix is the subject of the suffix, the compound is generally classified as a subjective one. There are objective, determinative, and adjunctive compounds as well. Some examples are given below:", "A compound used to extend or bulk a coating to provide extra body or hiding power.", "When a movie character breaks a bone, they usually end up with part of the bone poking out of their skin. This can happen, but doesn't happen every time a bone breaks. Fractures can be closed (simple) or open (compound). This tells you whether or not the bone has broken through the skin. A simple fracture, also known as a closed fracture, means that no part of the bone has broken through the skin. A compound fracture, also known as an open fracture, means that the bone has broken through the skin. There is a much higher risk of infection with compound fractures since the bone gets exposed to air, dirt, and bacteria from the environment. Because of this, compound fractures must be treated and watched much more carefully than simple fractures.", "Stress from the movement of tectonic plates can fracture continental crust. This stress or unequal pressure may be in different forms: tensional stress, which stretches or pulls rock; compressional stress, which squeezes and squashes rock; and shear stress, which changes the shape of rock by causing adjacent parts to slide past one another. When sudden stress near Earth's surface fractures brittle rock, it creates a fault in the crust.", "The typical problem in stress analysis is to determine these internal stresses, given the external forces that are acting on the system. The latter may be body forces (such as gravity or magnetic attraction), that act throughout the volume of a material; or concentrated loads (such as friction between an axle and a bearing, or the weight of a train wheel on a rail), that are imagined to act over a two-dimensional area, or along a line, or at single point.", "Compound fracture: A fracture in which a bone is sticking through the skin. Also known as ...", "A compound interval is an interval spanning more than one octave. Conversely, intervals spanning at most one octave are called simple intervals (see Main intervals above).", "An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals in solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and DTPA.", "refers to the length of time a compound, once introduced into the environment, stays there. A compound may persist for less than a second or indefinitely.", "An NH compound is a compound that contains both nitrogen and hydrogen. Two common NH compounds are ammonia and ammonium. The chemical formula for ammonium is NH4, and the chemical formula for ammonia is NH3.", "There are many compounds that have been named by an older system in which prefixes indicate the number of atoms present. These names have been in use for so long that these more common names are usually used. Examples are listed in Table 4-7.", "The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as \"Serpentine\", either a reference to Satan or to a common artillery piece that used it.Kelly 2004, p58 The ingredients were ground", "- Often used in high-strength low-alloy steels for increased yield and tensile strengths. Chemical symbol V.", "A salt of T-1105 includes a usually known salt formed at a hydroxyl group. The salt formed at a hydroxyl group includes, for example, a salt with an alkali metal, such as sodium and potassium; a salt with an alkaline earth metal, such as calcium and magnesium; an ammonium salt; as well as a salt with a nitrogen-containing organic base, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl-β-phenethylamine, 1-ephenamine and N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine. Among these salts described above, a preferable salt includes a pharmacologically acceptable salt, and a sodium salt is more preferable.", "Pyrophyllite: phyllosilicate mineral in the clay family. The compact variety is used to make slate pencils and tailor�s chalk. It is carved into figurines by the Chinese. Blocks of it are quarried and sold for sculpturing.", "Willow (Salix, various species), garlic (Album sativum) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Willow bark was the original herbal aspirin. It contains a chemical called salicin, which Bayer eventually transformed into little white tablets of acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin.", "Saltpeter, or niter, is the common name for potassium nitrate. Biringuccio tels us how to extract it in his Pirotechnia:", "A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or \"transition metals\"), and especially for the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.", "A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in the d-block (or \" transition metals \"), and especially for the f-block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.", "A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups are the most common way of classifying elements, there are some regions of the periodic table where the horizontal trends and similarities in properties are more significant than vertical group trends. This can be true in thedblock , and especially for the f block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.", "* Saturating, opening, or other changes to the bond between positions 7 and 8, as well as adding, removing, or modifying functional groups to these positions; saturating, reducing, eliminating, or otherwise modifying the 7–8 bond and attaching a functional group at 14 yields hydromorphinol; the oxidation of the hydroxyl group to a carbonyl and changing the 7–8 bond to single from double changes codeine into oxycodone.", "A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table. Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements. " ]

[ -0.45068359375, -1.013671875, -1.4521484375, -2.810546875, -2.85546875, -2.876953125, -3.88671875, -4.046875, -5.38671875, -5.86328125, -6.1015625, -6.1484375, -6.47265625, -6.65234375, -6.7109375, -6.7734375, -7.24609375, -7.53125, -7.5625, -7.5703125, -8.203125, -8.25, -8.546875, -8.7734375, -8.8046875, -9.234375, -9.7890625, -10, -10.015625, -10.1328125, -10.15625, -10.5 ]

[ "\"Ring Around the Rosie\" or \"Ring a Ring o' Roses\" is an English nursery rhyme and a playground or garden game as well. The rhyme was first recorded in 'Mother Goose or the Old Nursery Rhymes\" in 1881; but it is possible the song and its melody date back a further 100 hundred years. The rhyme is better known as \"Ring a Ring o\" Roses\" in the UK; also the words can differ region by region, although the tune remains consistent. There was also a German rhyme from 1796 that loosely resembled the words and actions of \"Ring Around the Rosie\".", "The last line is often followed by the singers, usually children, all falling down to the ground.", "and on \"we all fall down\" - we do indeed \"all fall down!\" to much giggling and laughter. This is a very old rhyme and is attributed to the Black Death of the 14th century : the \"ring o' roses\" is the rash which was a symptom, the \"pocket full o' posies\" the herbs carried in an attempt to ward off the disease, \"Atishoo!\" was the flu-like effects and \"we all fall down\" - dead!!", "London Bridge is Falling Down , another English nursery rhyme for playing a similar game to Oranges and Lemons", "The old nursery rhyme \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\" conjure up Merry Old England and the famous bridge that kept falling down.", "\"Oranges and Lemons\" is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game which refers to the bells of several churches, all within or close to the City of London. It is listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as No 13190.", "Don’t forget the grand old song, the Galloping Major. It’s not a nursery rhyme, but it’s a great song for bouncing the small child on your lap, unless you accidentally drop him or her of course! Our girls loved it.", "Q From Nigel Neve in the UK: Having a little rug rat, I am now at that stage where I find myself revising my knowledge of nursery rhymes. The one at the top of my mind currently is Pop Goes the Weasel. Most people remember the first two verses but there are three more. Can you help explain them?", "The other children go through the arch in a line, circling round behind the arch, and going through again, singing the rhyme as they go. At the last line of the rhyme the 'choppers' bring their arms up and down in a chopping motion over each child that goes through. The game can get quite nerve-racking for the children at this point, and they often run through as fast as they can. The child caught in the middle at the last word of the rhyme is out.", "BBC - School Radio - Nursery songs and rhymes - Nursery rhymes and songs: Three blind mice", "Many of our earliest childhood memories include learning, reciting, and singing nursery rhymes. In most cases, we've still got 'em all memorized. Over the years -- centuries, really -- the rhymes have varied ever so slightly as the wording was marginally updated with the times, but they have remained virtually unchanged. But what about the stories behind the rhymes? The nursery rhyme version of VH1's \"Behind the Music,\" if you will. Many nursery rhymes have their origins in historical events. Others have macabre backstories. Some have both! Let's peel back the facade and see what the Man in the Moon is hiding, shall we?", "Humpty Dumpty Sat On A Wall and Many More Nursery Rhymes for Children | Kids Songs by ChuChu TV - Duration: 1:52:36. ChuChu TV Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs 238,483,219 views", "Ending Too Here We Go Looby Loo And Then The Music For Here We Go Gathering Nuts In May From Way Back In 1990 From The Nursery Rhymes 2 Video - Duration: 1:21. MrHammadmossop1988 23,168 views", "If you're unfamiliar with the nursery rhyme, it goes something like this: \"Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall / Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. / All the king's horses and all the king's men / couldn't put Humpty together again.\"", "Alternative versions of the game include: children caught \"out\" by the last rhyme may stand on a pressure plate behind one of the children forming the original arch, instead of forming additional arches; and, children forming \"arches\" may bring their hands down for each word of the last line, while the children passing through the arches run as fast as they can to avoid being caught on the last word. It was often the case, in Scottish playgrounds, that children would pair into boy and girl and the ones \"caught\" would have to kiss.", "The other children go through the arch in a line, circling round behind the arch, and going through again, singing the rhyme as they go. At the last line of the rhyme the 'choppers' bring their arms up and down in a chopping motion over each child that goes through. The game can get quite nerve-racking for the children at this point, and they often run through as fast as they can. The child caught in the middle at the last word of the rhyme is out.  The captured child secretly chooses to be", "Nursery Rhymes are such a key part of childhood and some of our favourites are ones that I learnt as a child as well as some that we have learnt at library sessions with both the children as babies. This week’s #playfulpreschool theme is all about Nursery Rhymes, and we’re sharing activities and crafts that will help you to incorporate these fantastic childhood favourites into your home or classroom with your preschoolers. I’ve written about Nursery Rhymes before sharing our 10 favourite Rhymes for Tots , Rhymes to get tots moving and Rhymes for counting .", "The children all line up on one side of the road or playground (if played in the playground, a line must be drawn to mark the \"kerb\" with the area boundary as the \"wall\") and the child who is \"It\" uses the rhyme as a counting-out rhyme and selects a child on the final count of \"wall.\" This child is then given the option \"kerb or wall?\" Whichever s/he chooses, s/he must run to first, back to base, then back to the alternative and again back to base, while the one who is \"It\" races, but in the reverse order : thus if s/he chooses \"wall\" s/he runs wall - base - kerb - base and \"It\" runs kerb - base - wall - base. The winner of the race takes over as \"It\" for the next round.", "These days, centuries-old nursery rhymes about London are passed down from parent to child with less consistency and less accuracy. Today, these rhymes feel more like media commodities, propagated in Disney pastels, and it often comes as a surprise to those who delve into the lyrics that they can depict a world full full of death and disaster. Take this classic, probably of 17th-century origin:", "The words and lyrics to this song are often crooned to a baby in an effort to rock them to sleep. When repeating this song children often make a rocking motion with their hands and arms. The imagery conveyed appeals to a child's imagination! The origins and history of this nursery rhyme are said to originate from America and the habit of some Native Americans of placing a baby in the low branches of a tree allowing the young child or baby to be rocked to sleep.", "Children have their own folk music. Songs are an essential part of their games and activities, and some of their songs are ancient. Skipping and counting songs that children still sing can often be traced back to medieval British, Gaelic, and European game chants. The American skipping song that starts \"Rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief.\" has its roots in the English, \"Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor.\" The counting chant \"One-potato, two-potato\" goes back to an old English sheep-counting song that starts \"yan, tan, tethera, pethera\"-as the original language was lost, so \"pethera\" became \"potato.\"", "nursery rhymes playlist for children - nursery rhymes with lyrics and action and other kids favourites Play all", "A nonsense song using alliteration and allowing a small child or even a baby to mimic the sound of a clock chiming one at the appropriate point in the lyrics. Obviously intended to introduce children to the rudiments and importance of telling the time. The origins and history are unknown but the first publication date for this nursery rhyme is 1744.", "A traditional resource for children, teachers, child care providers, librarians, parents and grandparents, ESL, EFL or just nostalgia enthusiasts. Visit http://www.singinggamesforchildren.com to find many more songs including those from other countries.", "that melody repeats itself so we would end up singing it over and over and over...it became a favorite game of ours", "That being said, what are the events that our nursery rhymes mirror in their lyrics? Here are some answers from rhymes.org.uk .", "Description: A real look at the origin of nursery rhymes that we remember to this day, where they came from, and what they meant.", "My Mom grew up on a farm in Northwest Louisiana and had to have learned this there. Put the child on your knee facing outwards, hands holding their waist and begin softly “Little boy went to town, (Now start raising your heel up and down off the floor in a quick, slightly jarring motion) paaace pace pace pace pace.” (Now in a quick, gruff voice say…) “Along came an old man, (Now begin moving your entire leg up and down off the floor boldly to making a tapping noise as your foot lands and say…) “Hog-sha hog-sha, Watch out Little boy, (now extend your leg straight out and down to the floor to make your leg a slide then push the child down your leg slide and yell…) You’re gonna fall down!”", "A hit in 1961 for British comedian Tommy Cooper. Capo on 4 to play in right key (B) Verse C G C Daddy came home from work tired F C His boss had been driving him mad F C The kids were all shouting the dog bit him too Dm G His dinner was nothing but boiled over stew Verse 2 C G C I guess it was then he decided F C Up to the rooftop he'll go F C He was about to jump off when Dm G C The kids started howling below Chorus C G C 'Don't jump off the roof Dad F C You'll make a hole in the yard F C Mother's just planted petunias Dm G The weeding and seeding was hard C G C If you must end it all Dad F C Won't you please give us a break F C Just take a walk down the park Dad Dm G C And there you can jump in the lake.' Repeat chorus C G C 'Don't jump off the roof Dad F C You'll make a hole in the yard F C Mother's just planted petunias Dm G The weeding and seeding was hard C G C If you must end it all Dad F C Won't you please give us a break F C Just take a walk down the park Dad Dm G C And there you can jump in the lake", "A hit in 1961 for British comedian Tommy Cooper. Capo on 4 to play in right key (B) Verse C G C Daddy came home from work tired F C His boss had been driving him mad F C The kids were all shouting the dog bit him too Dm G His dinner was nothing but boiled over stew Verse 2 C G C I guess it was then he decided F C Up to the rooftop he'll go F C He was about to jump off when Dm G C The kids started howling below Chorus C G C 'Don't jump off the roof Dad F C You'll make a hole in the yard F C Mother's just planted petunias Dm G The weeding and seeding was hard C G C If you must end it all Dad F C Won't you please give us a break F C Just take a walk down the park Dad Dm G C And there you can jump in the lake.' Repeat chorus C G C 'Don't jump off the roof Dad F C You'll make a hole in the yard F C Mother's just planted petunias Dm G The weeding and seeding was hard C G C If you must end it all Dad F C Won't you please give us a break F C Just take a walk down the park Dad Dm G C And there you can jump in the lake", "Parachute: Fun for kids of all ages, this game involves a large round parachute, preferably with handles, with people holding the parachute all around the edges. It helps if someone is in charge telling people what to do. Players can just ruffle the parachute up and down a little bit, they can go all the way up and all the way down, or all the way up and then run underneath, sitting on the edge of the parachute, which can create a bubble of air with everyone inside. Players can also place light objects such as wiffle balls or beanbags on top of the parachute, and make them jump by ruffling the parachute. Also, one person can sit in the middle of the parachute and everyone ruffles it near the ground. If there is a smooth floor and a light child, the child can sit in the middle on top of the parachute and everyone else can walk partway around still holding the parachute edge. Then everyone pulls backward, spinning the child. There are countless variations.", "The words first appeared in the late 18th century and the tune in 1870. There are several theories as to what Humpty Dumpty was. One suggests that it was actually the nickname of a cannon used on the walls of Colchester by the Royalists during the Civil War. It was used to repel the Parliamentarian forces attacking the town, but was eventually blown up and came crashing down – never to be put back together again." ]

[ 1.8046875, 1.072265625, 0.2276611328125, -1.568359375, -1.978515625, -2.296875, -3.78125, -4.10546875, -4.34765625, -4.4609375, -4.48046875, -4.59375, -4.63671875, -4.796875, -5.12890625, -5.2890625, -5.34765625, -5.453125, -5.53515625, -5.85546875, -6.06640625, -6.22265625, -6.41796875, -6.8671875, -6.90625, -7.27734375, -7.58203125, -7.9453125, -8.0625, -8.0625, -8.1328125, -8.6484375 ]

[ "The purpose of a chronometer is to measure accurately the time of a known fixed location, for example Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). This is particularly important for navigation. Knowing GMT at local noon allows a navigator to use the time difference between the ship's position and the Greenwich Meridian to determine the ship's longitude. As the Earth rotates at a regular rate, the time difference between the chronometer and the ship's local time can be used to calculate the longitude of the ship relative to the Greenwich Meridian (defined as 0°) using spherical trigonometry. In modern practice, a nautical almanac and trigonometric sight-reduction tables permit navigators to measure the Sun, Moon, visible planets, or any of 57 selected stars for navigation at any time that the horizon is visible.", "Technically, a chronometer is a timepiece or timing device with a special mechanism for ensuring and adjusting its accuracy. Chronometers were developed to determine longitude at sea and for any other purpose where very exact measurement of time is required. Since the advent of chronometers, the science of measuring time accurately has continued to improve without letup; but the method for announcing time with bells has scarcely changed since its inception. It's used today almost exactly as it was in the British Navy of the 17th and 18th Centuries.", "Chronometer – A chronometer is a high-precision watch capable of displaying the seconds and housing a movement that has been tested over several days, in different positions and at different temperatures, by an official neutral body (COSC). Each chronometer is unique, identified by a number engraved on its movement and a certification number given by the COSC. Each movement is individually tested for several consecutive days, in 5 positions and at 3 temperatures. Each movement is individually measured. Any watch with the denomination “chronometer” is provided with a certified movement.  According to the Swiss law, a manufacture may put the word “chronometer” on a model only after each individual piece has passed a series of tests and obtained a running bulletin and a chronometer certificate by an acknowledged Swiss control authority, such as the COSC.", "Strictly speaking, anything that measures time is a chronometer (chronos = time, meter = measure). An hourglass or a sundial is technically a chronometer. However, in modern watchmaking the term \"chronometer\" is a specific designation of accuracy, assigned only to high-quality watch movements that have been tested by the COSC.", "Carefully constructed mechanical timepieces known as chronometers are precision devices used by navigators in the determination of their longitude at sea and by astronomers and jewelers for calibrating measuring devices. The first successful chronometer was constructed in 1761 by English horologist John Harrison. These portable instruments are mounted on a box on gimbals so as to maintain the delicate movements in a level position. The modern wrist chronometer is a precision watch regulated in different positions and at various temperatures and certified by testing bureaus in Switzerland.", "The considerably more popular method was (and still is) to use an accurate timepiece to directly measure the time of a sextant sight. The need for accurate navigation led to the development of progressively more accurate chronometers in the 18th century. (See John Harrison) Today, time is measured with a chronometer, a quartz watch, a shortwave radio time signal broadcast from an atomic clock, or the time displayed on a GPS. A quartz wristwatch normally keeps time within a half-second per day. If it is worn constantly, keeping it near body heat, its rate of drift can be measured with the radio, and by compensating for this drift, a navigator can keep time to better than a second per month. Traditionally, a navigator checked his chronometer from his sextant, at a geographic marker surveyed by a professional astronomer. This is now a rare skill, and most harbour masters cannot locate their harbour's marker.", "devices for measuring the passage of time in seconds, minutes, and hours. Clocks and watches are classified as timepieces, which category also includes chronometers, timing devices, timers, time-delay relays, and combination devices, such as a watch combined with a stopwatch. Time can be measured by means of regular translatory motion, rotary motion, or periodic oscillations; the measure of time will be, respectively, the distance traveled, the angle of rotation, or the number of oscillations.", "A chronograph is a timepiece or watch with both timekeeping and stopwatch functions. Pocket watch chronographs were produced as early as the 18th century but did not become popular until the 1820s. The term 'Chronograph' is often confused with the term 'Chronometer' which in some cases designates a watch that has received a precision certification. The Marine chronometer was an accurate timepiece used to enable celestial navigation.", "This Chronograph can measure the laps of events that start at the same time. It has two hands that can run at the same time with main chronograph hands. But it can be stopped while the chronograph continues its movements.", "A timepiece which measures and supports the immediate reading of the duration of brief intervals. By definition, such devices include stopwatches and chronographs.", "1. an instrument, normally larger than a watch, for measuring and recording time, usu. with hands or changing numbers to indicate the hour and minute.", "The chronograph is a time-recording machine, and it needs something to start and stop the clock. Skyscreens do that. They are light sensors that are in line with each other in the red aluminum Chrony box. Both the start and stop skyscreen point up toward the sky - hence the name. When a pellet passes overhead, they sense a decrease in the light caused by the pellet's shadow, and that triggers them. Screen one starts the clock; screen two stops it. Because the clock is a crystal oscillator that vibrates at an extremely uniform rate, the number of oscillations that are collected between the start and stop screens represents the time it takes the pellet to travel that distance. Velocity is then calculated by the onboard computer, and the number is displayed on the LCD screen.", "A stop watch, either spring wound or digital, may also be used for celestial observations. In this case, the watch is started at a known GMT by chronometer, and the elapsed time of each sight added to this to obtain GMT of the sight.", "A unique feature that contributed to the chronometer's accuracy was a device that enabled it to be rewound without temporarily stopping the mechanism. This was subsequently incorporated into other chronometers. His marine instruments are now exhibited at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.", "• A sundial is a device used to measure time by the position of the Sun.", "Counter – Additional hand on a chronograph, indicating the time elapsed since the beginning of the measuring. On modern watches the second counter is placed at the center, while minute and hour counters have off-center hands in special zones, also called subdials.", "Chronograph - An device with a set of sensors through which a bullet is made to pass, connected to an electronic instrument which calculates bullet velocity.   Photo", "The science of measuring time, often used to refer to the art and craft of making clocks and watches.", "The sundial is an instrument for measuring time, by means of location of a sun shadow, cast by a marker. A sundial consists of two parts; a gnomon and a dial plane. The gnomon is the shadow-producing device. The principal of the sundial was discovered about 1500 BC and allowed early man to divide the day into hours. The first hemispherical sundial was described about the 3rd Century BC by Chaldean astronomer Berossus. Sundials were used for determining the time until the 18th Century, when clocks and watches became available.", "The measurement of time necessarily involves a frame of reference, and any phenomenon which entails change with timee.g., the rotation of the earth or the swing of a pendulum. The earths daily rotation on its axis provides a time scale. The decay of radioactive elements can be used for measuring long time intervals. The measurement of time involves a subjective element. The Egyptians divided day and night into twelfths. The Sumerians had a numerical system based on 60, and thus divided the hour into 60 minutes and the minute into 60 seconds. The metre was defined as one 10 millionth of the distance from the earths pole to the equator (although this is not strictly accurate). The centimetre is 100th of a metre, and so on. At the beginning of this century, the investigation of the subatomic world led to the discovery of two natural units of measurement: the speed of light, c, and Plancks constant, h. These are not directly mass, length, or time, but the unity of all three.", "Chronograph: A timepiece or watch with both timekeeping and stopwatch functions. Pocket watch chronographs were made as early as the 18th century but did not become popular until the 1820s. There are many types of chronographs. An analog chronograph show both time and stopwatch functions with analog hands. Digital chronographs use a digital display for both timekeeping and stopwatch functions, either with separate displays or by switching modes on a single display. Analog-digital chronographs have a standard analog watch with permanent center seconds and a separate digital display that usually operates independently of the analog section.", "A large variety of devices has been invented to measure time. The study of these devices is called horology.", "In antiquity the main time-measuring devices were solar clocks and gnomons and later, mural quadrants, with whose help the time at which the sun or the stars crossed the meridian was determined. Modern astronomy uses transit instruments with photoelectric recording for this purpose. The most accurate pendulum devices for keeping time are the Short and Fedchenko clocks. However, today these have been replaced by quartz and molecular (or atomic) clocks.", "* Digital chronographs use a digital display for both timekeeping and stopwatch functions, either with separate displays or by switching modes on a single display.", "The timekeeping accuracy of the pendulum was exceeded by the quartz crystal oscillator, invented in 1921, and quartz clocks, invented in 1927, replaced pendulum clocks as the world's best timekeepers. Pendulum clocks were used as time standards until World War 2, although the French Time Service continued using them in their official time standard ensemble until 1954. Pendulum gravimeters were superseded by \"free fall\" gravimeters in the 1950s, but pendulum instruments continued to be used into the 1970s.", "You may not believe in astrology, but there's no question the planets rule our lives. We get up when the Sun rises (or some time after) and go to bed when it sets. We have a calendar based on days, months, and years—periods of time that relate to how the Moon and Earth move around the Sun in the sky. For most of history, people found this kind of \"astronomical timekeeping\" good enough for their needs. But as the world became ever more frantic and sophisticated, people needed to keep track of hours, minutes, and seconds as well as days, months, and years. That meant we needed accurate ways of keeping time. Pendulum clocks and mechanical watches used to be the best way of doing this. Today, many people use quartz clocks and watches instead—but what are they and how do they work?", "Special watches are used for keeping the sidereal time. These move four minutes slower than the conventional watches. A star is timed to reach the meridian at the same time.", "A quartz clock is an electronic clock that is regulated by a piezoelectric quartz crystal. Typically, a 32,768 Hz oscillator is used, which divided by 215 gives a 1 Hz \"tick.\" In a wristwatch, this \"tick\" drives the second hand directly through a small ratchet solenoid. The minutes and hour hands are driven by spur gears, as in a mechanical watch. Such a mechanism, made from off-the-shelf components, is accurate to better than 10 ppm, rivalling the best mechanical watches, which are very much more costly and troublesome.", "Chronographs with various screen devices - called 'lumiline', 'photo-electric pitching meters', 'gravity drop interval recorders', 'DuMont cathode-ray oscilloscope [with a] photoelectric eye'", "There are LOADS of important things you can do with a chronograph. Here are just a few.", "The most accurate mechanical timekeeper is the Shortt pendulum clock; it makes use of the movement described above for electric master clock systems. The Shortt pendulum clock consists of two separate clocks, one of which synchronizes the other. The timekeeping element is a pendulum that swings freely, except that once every half minute it receives an impulse from a gently falling lever. This lever is released by an electrical signal transmitted from its slave clock. After the impulse has been sent, a synchronizing signal is transmitted back to the slave clock that ensures that the impulse to the free pendulum will be released exactly a half minute later than the previous impulse. The pendulum swings in a sealed box in which the air is kept at a constant, low pressure. Shortt clocks in observatories are kept in a room, usually a basement, where the temperature remains nearly constant, and under these conditions they can maintain the correct time to within a few thousandths of a second per day.", "The most accurate mechanical timekeeper is the Shortt pendulum clock; it makes use of the movement described above for electric master clock systems. The Shortt pendulum clock consists of two separate clocks, one of which synchronizes the other. The timekeeping element is a pendulum that swings freely, except that once every half minute it receives an impulse from a gently falling lever. This lever is released by an electrical signal transmitted from its slave clock. After the impulse has been sent, a synchronizing signal is transmitted back to the slave clock that ensures that the impulse to the free pendulum will be released exactly a half minute later than the previous impulse. The pendulum swings in a sealed box in which the air is kept at a constant, low pressure. Shortt clocks in observatories are kept in a room, usually a basement, where the temperature remains nearly constant, and under these conditions they can maintain the correct time to within a few thousandths of a second per day." ]

[ 5.90625, 5.6796875, 5.60546875, 4.4921875, 3.134765625, 2.06640625, 1.7265625, -0.125732421875, -0.29296875, -1.3330078125, -1.4296875, -1.8564453125, -2.482421875, -2.52734375, -2.63671875, -2.716796875, -2.73046875, -3.087890625, -3.08984375, -3.392578125, -3.5546875, -3.775390625, -4.48046875, -5.0234375, -5.08984375, -5.14453125, -5.15234375, -5.25390625, -5.34375, -5.87109375, -6.19140625, -6.19140625 ]

[ "On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviets launched “Sputnik,” which was the world’s first artificial satellite and the first man-made object to be placed into the Earth’s orbit. Sputnik’s launch came as a surprise, and not a pleasant one, to most Americans. In the United States, space was seen as the next frontier, a logical extension of the grand American tradition of exploration, and it was crucial not to lose too much ground to the Soviets.", "Sputnik 1 (/ˈspʌtnɪk/; Russian: Спутник-1 [ˈsputnʲɪk] \"Satellite-1\", or ПС-1 [\"PS-1\", i.e., Russian: Простейший Спутник-1 \"Elementary Satellite 1\"]) was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses. It was visible all around the Earth and its radio pulses were detectable. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.", "Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to be put into Earth's orbit. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October, 1957. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1's success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the Space Age.", "On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. The name comes from a Russian word for \"traveling companion of the world.\" It was a smallish metal ball that weighed just 83 kg (184 lbs.), and was lofted into space by an R7 rocket. It carried a thermometer and two radio transmitters. Circling Earth once every 96.2 minutes, it transmitted atmospheric information by radio for 21 days. Just 57 days after its launch, Sputnik was destroyed while reentering the atmosphere. The whole mission was a major shock to the world, especially in the United States, and it triggered the start of the Space Age. ", "On this day in 1957, the Soviet Union began the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.", "* The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth on October 4, 1957.", "The earliest artificial satellite had an elliptical orbit. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the very first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Sergei Korolev designed it in such a way that the satellite rolled as it orbited the earth in an egg shape. Its orbit was low which allowed Sputnik to get as close to the earth's surface as 142 miles (228 km.) and as far from it as 589 miles (947 km.). Sputnik 1 was able to complete a single orbit in 96 minutes and 17 seconds. The success of Sputnik was a great accomplishment for the Soviet Union. It is because of this success that the United States quickly attempted to launch their first artificial satellite.", "The year 1957 saw the beginning of the \"Space Age\", and the beginning of the \"Space Race\" between the USA and the USSR. The Soviet Union became the first to launch an artificial satellite into orbit around the Earth, on 4 October 1957. The Sputnik spacecraft, meaning 'companion' or 'fellow traveller', weighed 83kg and was about the size of a basketball. It orbited the Earth approximately every 98 minutes at a speed of 32,000km per hour, 800km above the earth. Sputnik was launched from Kazakhstan, and stayed in orbit for three months, plunging to Earth on 4 January 1958.", "Sputnik 1 launched on a Soviet R-7 rocket to Earth orbit on October 4, 1957, the first artificial satellite in space.", "Becoming what was the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth, Sputnik 1 was carried into orbit on October 4, 1957. The mission launched the Space Race between the Soviets and Americans. Since Eisenhower and the American space industry had made such a priority out of placing a satellite into orbit, the Soviet success proved to be a public relations disaster. Additionally, the American public and media was so surprised by the technological breakthrough that a wave of paranoia and intrigue spread across the country. Unfortunately for the Soviets, the leadership of their space program failed to immediately capitalize on the success, instead focusing on the scientific advances of the mission's success.", "The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1 , launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program , with Sergei Korolev as chief designer (there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.", "The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer (there is a crater on the lunar far side which bears his name). This in turn triggered the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States.", "1957: Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 , the first Earth-orbiting satellite, on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 2 blasts off a month later, on November 3, with a canine cosmonaut, Laika the dog, onboard.", "The Soviet Union launched the Space Age and the space race with the successful launch of Sputnik I, the world's first satellite, on October 4, 1957. It orbited the Earth every 98 minutes.", "On October 4, 1957 the Russians placed the first successful satellite into orbit. It was called Sputnik I. The Russians had taken the lead in the Space Race. The Americans successfully launched their first satellite four months later called the Explorer I.", "History was made on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball and weighed only 183 pounds. It took about 98 minutes for Sputnik I to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological and scientific developments and marked the beginning of the space race between the U.S.and the U.S.S.R. ", "altitude of 22,300 mi (35,880 km) has a period of exactly 24 hr, the time it takes theearth to rotate once on its axis; such an orbit is called synchronous. If such an orbit alsolies in the equatorial plane, it is called geostationary, because the satellite will remainstationary over one point on the earth’s surface. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1,was launched by the USSR on Oct. 4, 1957. Explorer 1, the first American satellite, waslaunched on Jan. 31, 1958. The principal types of applications satellites areCommunications Satellites, Navigation Satellites, Reconnaissance Satellites and WeatherSatellites. Major U.S. scientific research satellites include the Orbiting AstronomicalObservatories (OAO), the Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (OGO), the Orbiting SolarObservatories (OSO), the High Energy Astronomical Observatories (HEAO), manyExplorer satellites, the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), and the forthcoming SpaceTelescope. Major Soviet space-science satellite programs include Elektron, Proton,Prognoz, and many Cosmos satellites. The U.S. has also launched several Landsatsatellites to survey the earth’s resources by means of special television cameras andradiometric scanners.", "History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball (58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.", "July 1957 marked the beginning of the International Geophysical Year, when scientists around the world planned to jointly observe various scientific phenomena. It was during this period of scientific cooperation that the Soviet Union stunned the world with the launch of Sputnik, the first satellite ever. On October 4, 1957, the USSR put into orbit a tiny sphere with a radio transmitter that beeped its way into history. The JPL community was surprised that the Soviets could have both a successful launch vehicle and the electronic technology to operate the satellite.", "\"No one knows who first had the idea of satellites, but the first human-made object put into space was called 'Sputnik,' which was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957 . 'Sputnik' means 'companion' or 'fellow traveler' in Russian. It was launched into a low-Earth orbit barely above the Earth's atmosphere.\"", "In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.  more from Wikipedia", "The Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik 1 satellite on October 4, 1957, surprising the world and starting the space race. The 183-pound (83-kilogram) spacecraft whipped around the Earth every 98 minutes, transmitting a series of beeps. Sputnik means \"companion\" in Russian.", "Soviet capability in space became clear to the world in October 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. The effect it produced in the United States varied between shock and panic. A month later, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2 - a much heavier satellite carrying a dog, Laika. Subsequent surveys revealed that within months nearly all Americans had heard of Sputnik. Press reaction discussed the Soviet satellites in terms of American prestige, and its scientific and military reputation being at stake. Watching for Sputnik was a world-wide event, and newspapers gave predictions on its passes.", "1957: The Soviet Union launches the Sputnik I and Sputnik II satellites, the world’s first manmade Earth satellites. Sputnik II carries a live dog.", "The first ever artificial satellite was launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union. What was its name?", "The beginning of the \"space race\" occurred when the ____________ launched the first artificial satellite in 1957.", "\"As a result of intensive work by the research institutes and design bureaus, the first artificial earth satellite in the world has now been created. This first satellite was successfully launched in the U. S. S. R. October four.\"", "1958 Explorer was the first Earth satellite of the United States. It was the first spacecraft to detect the Van Allen radiation belt,", "By the 1950s, scientists all over the world realized that it was becoming practical to launch an object into a circular path around the Earth. In mid-1955, the United States announced that it would launch the first satellite to commemorate the International Geophysical Year in 1957. The Soviet Union realized that 1957 was the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution.", "The federal government announced plans for launching earth-orbiting satellites. The projected date for these launchings was 1957.", "The initiative to launch the first artificial satellite into earth's orbit was stimulated by the developing need for communication outside of earth orbit. In the early 1950s, as both the Soviet Union and the United States endeavored to develop rocketry for the space program, launching an artificial satellite became a primary mission. Specifically, in May 1954, the head of the Soviet space program , Sergei Korolev, met with the Soviet Minister of Defense Industries, Dmitry Ustinov, with a plan to launch an artificial satellite into orbit. This was also prompted by the announcement by U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower on July 29, 1955, that his country would launch a satellite into orbit between 1957 and 1958.", "___________ was the first Earth satellite of the US and was launched in 1958 as part of the International Geophysical Year" ]

[ 8.1015625, 7.42578125, 7.2890625, 6.99609375, 6.87890625, 6.828125, 6.515625, 6.3984375, 6.3515625, 6.328125, 6.203125, 6.19921875, 6.0703125, 5.76171875, 5.6640625, 5.61328125, 5.1875, 5.09375, 5.05859375, 4.6015625, 4.49609375, 4.43359375, 4.3125, 3.91796875, 3.435546875, 0.7236328125, -0.1876220703125, -1.9189453125, -2.263671875, -2.40625, -2.421875, -4.79296875 ]

[ "Checkers is played by two players. Each player begins the game with 12 colored discs. (Typically, one set of pieces is black and the other red.)", "Checkers is played on a standard 64 square board. Only the 32 dark colored squares are used in play. Each player begins the game with 12 pieces, or checkers, placed in the three rows closest to him or her.", "Checkers is a tabletop game for two players. The players sit on opposite sides of a board that comprises 64 alternating light and dark squares. Each player begins the game with 12 pieces, which si... Read More »", "Simply put, each player has 15 pieces or checkers as they are referred to and get all of them home before the other person. You can only start bearing off if all of your pieces are first in your home board. This is the same in online backgammon. Infact most of the backgammon rules are the same for online backgammon.", "Each player begins with 50 value pieces (Dollar Signs) which are apportioned five to each bank and two special pieces (1 K and 1+) which are placed in the last two \"loaded\" banks on each side. Thus each player initially \"controls\" 52 pieces. It must be remembered that the two special pieces (K and +) count as pieces, but have no value.", "By convention, the  game pieces  are divided into  white and black sets , and the players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\" respectively. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces of the specified color, which consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are set out as shown in the  diagram  and photo, with each  queen  on a square of its own color, the white queen on a light square and the black queen on a dark.", "Checkers is played on a board consisting of 8 by 8 squares. Each player has 12 disc shaped (ordinary) pieces. The objective is to remove all of your opponent’s pieces from the board. Ordinary pieces can only be moved diagonally forwards and king pieces can be moved diagonally forwards or backwards. A king piece is created by moving an ordinary piece to the other side of the board. Each piece can move one space in a turn, unless it is jumping over an opponent’s piece. Multiple jumps can be made in a single turn. A player’s pieces are removed from the board if they are jumped over by their opponent’s pieces. Multiple jumps can be made Checkers is also known as draughts.", "Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces : one king , one queen , two rooks , two knights , two bishops , and eight pawns . Each of the six piece types moves differently. Pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, with the object of the game being to ' checkmate ' the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by the voluntary resignation of one's opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also result in a draw in several ways, where neither player wins. The course of the game is divided into three phases: opening , middlegame and endgame .", "The Chinese Checkers board has 121 indentations arranged to form a six-pointed star much like a regular hexagram, with ten such spots within each triangular star-point of the hexagram, and 61 within its hexagon . The game pieces are usually six sets of colored pieces (typically marbles ), ten of each color. Each set of ten pieces begins placed in the spots of one of the star-points. [1] Play rotates amongst contestants in fixed order, each player making one move before the next player. A piece moves either to an adjacent spot or, by a “jump” over another piece, to a spot two places removed. The objective of the game is to place one's pieces in the opposite corner.", "The way the checkers are initially set up for play is known as the starting position. Two checkers are on each players 24pt. , five on each players 13pt. , three on each 8pt. , and five on each players 6pt. . The direction of a backgammon play is from your opponents home board to their outer board, to your outer board to your home board.", "The pieces are divided, by convention, into white and black sets. The players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\" , and each begins the game with sixteen pieces of the specified color. These consist of one king , one queen , two rooks , two bishops , two knights , and eight pawns .", "Backgammon has thirty pieces, or fifteen for each of the two players. The pieces in Backgammon are also known as checkers, draughts, pieces, men, stones or counters.", "Each player controls sixteen pieces: 8 Pawns (♙♙♙♙♙♙♙♙,♟♟♟♟♟♟♟♟), 2 Knights (♘♘,♞♞), 2 Bishops (♗♗,♝♝), 2 Rooks (♖♖,♜♜), 1 Queen (♕,♛), 1 King (♔,♚).", "Chess is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: 1 king, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate the other king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture.", "In a two-player game, each player plays one, two, or three sets of pieces. If one set is played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corner, and the number of pieces per side is often increased to 15 (instead of the usual 10). If two sets are played, the pieces can either go into the opponent's starting corners, or one of the players' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner. If three sets are played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corners.", " Players take turns dropping large checker like objects in a slot. The object of the game is to get four of your color checkers in a row. This can be either vertical, horizontal, or diagonal. The first player to get four in a row wins.", "The gameboard is checkered and divided into 16×16 squares. Pieces may be small checkers or counters, or wooden or plastic cones or men resembling small chess pawns. Piece colors are typically black and white for two-player games, and various colors or other distinction in games for four players.", "At the end of the game, the player with the most captured pieces is the winner. The board is tightly packed at the start of the game; as more pieces are captured, the board frees up and multiple captures can often take place in one move. In this game, two or more players can participate. There is no upper limit to the number of players in this game, but if there are more than six players, not everyone will get a fair turn.", "The players compete to create rows, columns or diagonals of 5 connected checkers placed on the cards that the player has laid down. Two-eyed Jacks are wild, while one-eyed Jacks allow an opponent's checker to be removed. The game ends when someone has reached a specified number of connections.", "Players then take turns at rolling their dice and moving their checkers around the board.  The object of a game is for players to move all their checkers to their home-board.  One player moves their checkers in a clockwise direction around the board while the other moves in an anticlockwise direction. Players may move their checker from its current point to a subsequent point in sequence around the board by counting along the points by the value of numbers rolled with the dice.  Players may move 1, 2, 3, or 4 checkers in a turn depending on the dice values thrown and the player's choice of available moves.  For a move to be allowed the destination point must have no more than one of the opponent's checkers on it. Players may have any number of their checkers on a single point.", "At the beginning of the game, both payers throw a single die. The player throwing the higher number moves first using both theri number and the number of the opponent to move teh checkers. If the same number comes up on both dice, the players re-roll until they are different. After the first move, players alternate turns by rolling their own dice.", "2, 3, 4, or 6 players can play a game. Each player chooses the color of his or her pieces and fills one of the points of the star with his or her pieces as follows: Two (2) players begin at the opposit ends of the star, across from each other. Three (3) players set up occupying every other point. Four (4) players set up with two on one side, across from the other two players.", "Checkers is one of the oldest board games in the world. It is uncertain how old the game is, though scholars widely assume that checkers predates chess. Like chess, it is a game of two players in which both sides attempt to eliminate the other's game pieces.", "The objective is to be first to race one's pieces across the hexagram-shaped board into \"home\"—the corner of the star opposite one's starting corner—using single-step moves or moves that jump over other pieces. The remaining players continue the game to establish second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and last-place finishers. Like other skill-based games, Chinese Checkers involves strategy. The rules are simple, so even young children can play. ", "The winner of the game is the one who succeeds to bear off first all his/her checkers. Online, on the other hand, the one with white checkers starts.", "Each player must move their men according to the numbers whown on each throw of their dice. Checkers are moved around the board by the players into their home boards. Once all of the checkers are in the home board, players can begin the bear off. The player who bears off all of their checkers first, wins the game.", "III The object of the game is to prevent the opponent from being able to move when it is his turn to do so. This is accomplished either by capturing all of the opponent's Checkers, or by blocking those that remain so that none of them can be moved. If neither player can accomplish this, the game is a draw.", "All pieces start off the board in this game, and all of a player's pieces must be on the board before that player's pieces on the board can be moved.", "Determine who will have the first turn. Before you set up the board, you should determine who goes first. You can do this based on who won the last game, a coin toss, or by any other method. The person who will go first will take the black checkers and the other will take the white. [1]", "Playing pieces in checkers are referred to as \"men\". Other names include checkers or draughts, though I will refer to playing pieces as men for the remainder of this article to avoid confusion.", "As can be seen, the players move their checkers against each other in opposite directions, clockwise and counter-clockwise, leading to encounters along the way.", "In the latter country, however, it is called Checkers and the rules are a somewhat different." ]

[ 6.00390625, 5.93359375, 5.578125, 4.01171875, 3.62890625, 2.939453125, 2.650390625, 2.451171875, 2.017578125, 1.947265625, 1.9130859375, 0.6396484375, 0.4189453125, -0.381103515625, -0.406982421875, -0.607421875, -0.64208984375, -0.8056640625, -0.927734375, -1.16015625, -1.1796875, -1.1865234375, -1.70703125, -3.17578125, -3.5546875, -3.64453125, -4.36328125, -4.42578125, -4.49609375, -4.90625, -5.9609375, -6.578125 ]

[ "Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film by Ridley Scott, based on the book of the same name by Mark Bowden. It depicts the Battle of Mogadishu, which was part of the U.S. military's 1993 campaign to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. The movie stars an ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Ewan McGregor, Tom Sizemore, Eric Bana, Ewen Bremner, William Fichtner, Sam Shepherd and Orlando Bloom. Several of the main cast members had previously worked together with producer Jerry Bruckheimer in Pearl Harbor.[1] The film won two Academy Awards, for Film Editing and Sound in 2001.", "1993 - Battle of Mogadishu: In an attempt to capture officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid's organisation in Mogadishu, Somalia, 18 US Soldiers and about 1,000 Somalis are killed in heavy fighting.", "Black Hawk Down is a 2001 American war drama film directed by Ridley Scott. It is an adaptation of the 1999 book of the same name by Mark Bowden, which chronicles the events of the Battle of Mogadishu, a raid integral to the United States' effort to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.", "Black Hawk Down is a 2001 American war film directed by Ridley Scott . It is an adaptation of the 1999 book by Mark Bowden, which chronicles the events of the Battle of Mogadishu, a raid by the United States' to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.", "U.S. Special Forces stage a raid on a hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia in an effort to capture local warlord Mohamed Farah Aidid and his top lieutenants. The raid was part of \"Operation Restore Hope,\" a U.N.-sanctioned humanitarian effort in Somalia. During the course of the mission two Blackhawk helicopters are shot down and a firefight ensues, killing 18 Americans and wounding at least 74. It is the largest firefight involving Americans since the Vietnam War. Afterward, Somali citizens drag the body of a dead American soldier through the streets of Mogadishu. Clinton will withdraw U.S. troops from Somalia in March 1994.", "Description : This book tells the story of Task Force Ranger – a unit of US Rangers and Special Forces – and their attempt to capture the lieutenants of the Somali warlord Muhamed Farrah Aideed, during the 1993 United Nations' humanitarian relief mission. What started as a simple snatch-and-grab mission quickly degenerated into a desperate battle for survival when US Black Hawk helicopters were struck by rocket-propelled grenades and crashed into the streets of Mogadishu. Racing to save the crew, Task Force Ranger was surrounded by mobs of hostile Somali gunmen. The battle in the city raged all night as the better-equipped and better-trained US forces kept the nearly overwhelming numbers of Somalis at bay. Finally, battered, bloodied, and low on ammunition, the Task Force was rescued by a combined UN and US relief force and extracted to safety. Containing detailed maps and declassified information, this is a dramatic retelling of a brutal battle that had a far-reaching impact on US military policy.", "A war movie entitled \"Black Hawk Down,\" recently opened in U.S. theaters to rave reviews in part because it captures in excruciating detail the 1999 best-selling book of the same name. The book tells the true story of the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia in 1993. VOA's Andrew Baroch talked with the author, Mark Bowden.", "Ridley Scott’s Black Hawk Down sets out to tell the story of a US military debacle. On October 3, 1993, Somali gunmen brought down two Black Hawk helicopters as American Special Forces tried to seize the warlord Farah Aideed. During a night of fighting 18 US soldiers died and 73 were wounded. One pilot was taken hostage and CNN showed scenes of American dead being paraded through the streets of Mogadishu. Within months the Clinton administration pulled US forces out of Somalia.", "Starring McGregor, Josh Hartnett and Tom Sizemore, Black Hawk Down revisits the fraught events of the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, in which a crack team of American soldiers were stranded behind enemy lines after their helicopter support went down.", "Description : On the afternoon of October 3, 1993, two Black Hawk helicopters were shot down over the Somali capital of Mogadishu, leaving a handful of U.S. Army Rangers and Delta Force operators at the mercy of several thousand approaching militants. Ordered to \"go find the glow\"—the burning wreckage—hard-charging Capt. Mike Whetstone, commander of a Quick Reaction Company in the 10th Mountain Division, led part of the convoy sent to rescue the survivors. This powerfully vivid story of modern war is the intense firsthand account of the mission to find the crash site and retrieve the downed soldiers. • Raw descriptions of urban combat in the labyrinthine streets and shantytowns of Mogadishu • Complements the bestselling book and Oscar-winning movie Black Hawk Down, which recounts these events primarily from the perspective of the Rangers and Delta Force • Presents battle-tested lessons for young leaders", "Action/war drama based on the best-selling book detailing a near-disastrous mission in Somalia on October 3, 1993. On this date nearly 100 U.S. Army Rangers, commanded by Capt. Mike Steele, were dropped by helicopter deep into the capital city of Mogadishu to capture two top lieutenants of a Somali warlord. This led to a large and drawn-out firefight between the Army Ranges, US Special Forces, and hundreds of Somali gunmen; resulting in the destruction of two U.S. Black Hawk helicopters. The film focuses on the heroic efforts of various Rangers to get to the downed black hawks, centering on SSG. Eversmann, leading the Ranger unit Chalk Four to the first black hawk crash site, Chief Warrant Officer Durant who was captured after being the only survivor of the second black hawk crash, as well as many others who were involved. Written by Matthew Patay: revised by Corbin L.", "* Master Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. First Class Randy Shughart (Somalia: Operation Gothic Serpent) - were Delta Force snipers who were awarded the Medal of Honor for their fatal attempt to protect the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the Battle of Mogadishu. This action was later dramatized in the film Black Hawk Down.", "This is the only picture taken during the Battle of Mogadishu (more commonly referred to as Black Hawk Down or, for Somalis, the Day of the Rangers, it shows Rangers near the Target Building. - October 3, 1993 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Battle_of_Mogadishu", "Battle of Mogadishu (1993)—Task Force Ranger, a combined force of Delta operators, Rangers from the 3rd Ranger Battalion, Air Force combat controllers and pararescuemen, and a few SEALs, hit a house where two of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid's top lieutenants had been meeting. The raid went as planned and the people inside were rounded up for transport but in the ensuing counterattack, Somali militiamen managed to shoot down two of the US helicopters . The ensuing battle became an all-out fight to secure the crash sites and rescue the pilots involving Pakistani and Malaysian forces seconded to the UN relief effort. Even though the mission was successful, popular perception was that America got its ass kicked and the US government became significantly more risk-averse in the aftermath. Incidentally, a certain major terrorist leader took notice of what he perceived to be the softness of American soldiers as a result of events in Mogadishu.", "l. On October 3 and 4, 1993, members of Al Qaeda participated with Somali tribesmen in an attack on United States military personnel serving in Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope, which attack killed a total of 18 United States soldiers and wounded 73 others in Mogadishu;", "In 1993, during fighting in Somalia, two helicopters piloted by Night Stalkers were shot down in Mogadishu. The subsequent rescue was made famous by the book and movie “Black Hawk Down.”", "Description : A first-hand chronicle of the October 1993 battle fought by U.S. Army Rangers and the Delta Force in Mogadishu recounts how the planned ninety-minute mission to capture a Somali warlord escalated into a deadly firefight that left countless people dead or injured. Reprint. 25,000 first printing.", "3-4 Oct – 160 US Special Operations soldiers in Mogadishu, Somalia beat off thousands of attacking Somali militiamen, losing 18 while killing hundreds of Somalis. As a result, however, the US and UN forces withdraw from Somalia, thus achieving the goal of the militiamen (1993).", "From June 12 through June 16 of 1993, US and UN troops attacked targets in Mogadishu related to Aidid. On July 12 US Cobra helicopters attacked a house in Mogadishu where clan leaders were meeting. They destroyed several buildings and many Somalis were killed. When four Western journalists went to investigate the scene they were beaten to death by a mob of Somalis. On August 8, four US military police were killed when a land mine was remote-detonated by Somalis. Two weeks later, six more US soldiers were wounded. It was at this point that Task Force Ranger, an assault force made up of US troops from different military branches, was deployed to Somalia.", "Aidid saw UNOSOM II as a threat to his power and in June 1993 his militia attacked Pakistan Army troops, attached to UNOSOM II, (see Somalia (March 1992 to February 1996)) in Mogadishu inflicting over 80 casualties. Fighting escalated until 19 American troops and more than 1,000 civilians and militia were killed in a raid in Mogadishu during October 1993. The UN withdrew Operation United Shield on 3 March 1995, having suffered significant casualties, and with the rule of government still not restored. In August 1996, Aidid was killed in Mogadishu. Former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali and Ahmedou Ould Abdallah, UN special envoy to Somalia have referred to the killing of civilians during the conflict as a \"genocide\". ", "Black Hawk Down, the fact-based war movie from director Ridley Scott and producer Jerry Bruckheimer, stands accused of changing the names to protect the guilty. The film tells of heroic American soldiers in 1990s Somalia. But it was revealed this week that the inspiration behind one of the leading characters is currently serving a 30-year sentence for child abuse.", "The film, which was No. 1 at the U.S. box office over the weekend, depicts the ill-fated 1993 Battle of Mogadishu in which 18 American soldiers were killed.", " 2001 Black Hawk Down (performer: \"Ul Iyo Dirkeed\", \"Dhibic Roob\") / (writer: \"Ul Iyo Dirkeed\", \"Dhibic Roob\")", "The more the CIA supported the warlords — including the son of Mohamed Farrah Aidid, villain of Bill Clinton’s Somalia misadventure — the worse they abused people. More abuse spurred more local resistance to the warlords and then more support from the Americans to counter it. The cycle of violence continued until the Somali public was finally motivated to support the rise of a new government, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), to protect them in 2005. The combined forces of the 13 groups in the Courts Union drove the warlords and the Transitional Federal Government out of the country and established themselves in power in the capital by the summer of 2006.", "President Clinton supported the UN mandate and ordered the number of US troops in Somalia reduced to be replaced by UN troops. By June 1993, only 1,200 US troops remained in Somalia, but on June 5, 1993, 24 Pakistani soldiers were ambushed and killed during the inspection of a Somali arms weapons storage site. The UN responded with an emergency resolution to apprehend those responsible. While it was not specifically stated, General Farrah Aidid, a Somali warlord, and his loyal militia fighters were believed to be responsible.", "The Ridley Scott film tells the true story of the disastrous American special forces operation in Somalia in 1993, when US soldiers were sent into Mogadishu with the UN.", "The action drama is about an ill-fated battle in Somalia in 1993, in which 18 American soldiers were killed.", "Oct. 3, 1993 -- Eighteen U.S. soldiers, part of a peacekeeping and humanitarian force sent to Somalia by President Bush, are killed after coming under fire.", "On July 12, al-Shabaab struck an AMISOM convoy near Mogadishu International Airport. Al-Shabaab later publicly admitted that they had tried to target U.S. intelligence officials.", "The author describes how it all ended. \"The men who were trapped in the city basically dug in and set up perimeters that enabled them to hold off the Somali militia through a very long night. They probably wouldn't have been able to do so if not for the helicopters of 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, who fly these little MH-6 AH-6 helicopters, that are capable of coming down even below roof level to run gun runs,\" he says. \"The helicopters basically prevented the Somalis from amassing in sufficient numbers to really overrun the position held by the Rangers and Delta Force. They held out until very early in the morning, when a mile-long column made up soldiers from the [U.S.] Tenth Mountain Division, Rangers, Delta Force, Pakistani and Malaysian tanks and armored personnel carriers basically fought their way into the city and rescued them.\"", "The army of the Christian Ethiopians, historic rivals of the Somalis, took the opportunity to ravage the helpless country for two years. They were accused of numerous war crimes against civilians, including rape and mass murder on a grand scale, and the “renditioning” of approximately 85 Somalis and others to Ethiopia to be tortured. At least one American citizen, Amir Mohamed Meshal, caught at the Kenyan border, was presumed guilty of terrorism, threatened with torture and death, and denied all access to the American consulate or other legal representation while he was repeatedly interrogated by the FBI and CIA.", "SAD sent in teams of Paramilitary Operations Officers into Somalia prior to the U.S. intervention in 1992. On December 23, 1992, Paramilitary Officer Larry Freedman became the first casualty of the conflict in Somalia. Freedman was a former Army Delta Force operator who had served in every conflict that the U.S. was involved in, both officially and unofficially, since Vietnam. Freedman was killed while conducting special reconnaissance in advance of the entry of U.S. military forces. His mission was completely voluntary, as it required entry into a very hostile area without any support. Freedman was awarded the Intelligence Star on January 5, 1993 for his \"extraordinary heroism\". " ]

[ 8.7109375, 8.1953125, 8.1328125, 7.8359375, 5.1328125, 4.15625, 3.875, 3.791015625, 2.66015625, 2.576171875, 2.26171875, 2.244140625, 1.6328125, 1.2060546875, 0.5615234375, 0.548828125, 0.311767578125, -0.0289306640625, -0.217041015625, -0.476318359375, -2.052734375, -2.26953125, -3.56640625, -3.833984375, -3.9453125, -4.12890625, -4.1875, -5.80078125, -6.1796875, -6.50390625, -7.125, -8.375 ]

[ "Monty Python (nicknamed The Pythons) was a British surreal comedy group founded in 1969. The group consisted of Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Terry Gilliam and Michael Palin. They are credited with creating, writing, and starring in the sketch comedy show Monty Python’s Flying Circus (1969) as well as a string of successful comedy films in the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "Broadcast by the BBC between 1969 and 1974, Flying Circus was conceived, written, and performed by its members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons had creative control which allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America, it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of Saturday Night Live through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. \"Pythonesque\" has entered the English lexicon as a result.", "*)    \"Monty Python's Flying Circus,\" a weekly British television program that started in 1969 and ended in 1974, took its title from a six-man comedy act. Graham Chapman specialised in drag and military roles; Terry Jones, disguises; Michael Palin, innocent types; John Cleese, invective; and Eric Idle, fatuous bores. The only American in the group, Terry Gilliam, provided the animated cartoons. The program became a cult and was also successful in the United States, and the six members of the group have made several films, including Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974), The Life of Brian (1979), and Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983).", "Monty Python’s Flying Circus was a British comedy sketch show featuring surreal, risque and innuendo-laden humour, the show format allowed the team of ( (Terry Jones, Michael Palin, Eric Idle, John Cleese, Graham Chapman American-born member Terry Gilliam ) to create a different kind of genre of comedy that still stands today. Many TV sketch shows do not translate to later audiences but Monty Python gains new followers from each new generation and still pull in large audiences today when shown. \"And Now for Something Completely Different\" Series ran from 1969 till 1974 with 45 episodes.", "The 1969 British sketch-comedy series Monty Python’s Flying Circus was a guaranteed success from the beginning: commissioned by the much-loved David Attenborough and created by the renowned Monty Python comedy troupe, how could it possibly fail? The 45 episodes revolve around the idiosyncrasies of British life, expressed through observational sketches and clever, surreal risqué humour that is at times politically loaded. The five cast members Terry Jones, Michael Palin, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle and  John Cleese  were all educated at prestigious universities and bring an intellectuality to their humour which can only be described as ‘Pythonesque’.", "1969: The first Monty Python�s Flying Circus was screened by the BBC with John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Terry Gilliam, and Graham Chapman who died from cancer on the eve of the twentieth anniversary celebration.", "Monty Python's Flying Circus went on the air on the BBC in 1968, bringing together the talents of Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin...", "Terry Gilliam, an American by birth, is the only member of the troupe of non-British origin. He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the US to England, he animated features for Do Not Adjust Your Set and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: Monty Python's Flying Circus. He co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance \"The Crimson Permanent Assurance\", the short film that appears before The Meaning of Life).", "Monty Python's Flying Circus ran for four seasons from October 1969 to December 1974 on BBC Television, though Cleese quit the show after the third. Cleese's two primary characterisations were as a sophisticate and a stressed-out loony. He portrayed the former as a series of announcers, TV show hosts, and government officials (for example, \"The Ministry of Silly Walks\"). The latter is perhaps best represented in the \"Cheese Shop\" and by Cleese's Mr Praline character, the man with a dead Norwegian Blue parrot and a menagerie of other animals all named \"Eric\". He was also known for his working class \"Sergeant Major\" character, who worked as a Police Sergeant, Roman Centurion, etc. He is also seen as the opening announcer with the now famous line \"And now for something completely different\", although in its premiere in the sketch \"Man with Three Buttocks\", the phrase was spoken by Eric Idle.", "In 1972, the Government lifted the restrictions on TV broadcasting hours, prompting ITV to increase its output of children's programmes. The Basil Brush Show (1968), The Sooty Show (1955), Rainbow (1972) and Pipkins (1973) followed, both mixing puppets and presenters, Other favourites included Jamie and the Magic Torch and Chorlton and the Wheelies (both 1976). Back on BBC1, the serials were increasingly reflecting pop culture. Fingerbobs (1972) sat long-haired 'Yoffy' (Play School presenter Rick Jones) to work in a studio accompanied by his paper creations, while Bod (1975) - narrated in supremely measured tones by John Le Mesurier - sported jazzy songs courtesy of Derek Griffiths (another talented Play School Presenter), Other favourites from the 60s and 70s are The Clangers (1969), Mr Benn (1971), Roobarb (1974), The Wombles (1973), Ivor the Engine (1959), Bagpuss (1974), Paddington Bear (1975), Crystal Tipps and Alistair (1972) and Joe (1966).", "Monty Python’s Flying Circus was a comedy show which first aired on BBC TV in 1969. Its surreal and unique approach to humor created a phenomenon that developed into movies, record albums, several books, and stage shows.", "*Tim Brooke-Taylor (later one of the three members of The Goodies). He has written humorous books on various subjects, including cricket and golf. He was a member of the cast of the television comedy series At Last the 1948 Show with John Cleese (and Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman), and later appeared in Feldman's television comedy series Marty. He has acted in many other television sitcoms, and appeared in the 1970s BBC radio sketch show Hello, Cheeky! with John Junkin and Barry Cryer, later translated to ITV.", "Terrence Vance Gilliam (November 22, 1940-) was the only American in the Monty Python troupe (although he does have British citizenship) and added the most surreal elements of the show through his many animations. As the series progressed, he also did many small roles the other actors didn't want to perform for various reasons, and had very few speaking parts, if you forget his voice acting during the animated segments (one of his most notable lines is \"I want more beans!\"; he was also Cardinal Fang of the Spanish Inquisition). He wrote a number of the sketches, and from there co-wrote the troupe's three films based on original material with the rest of the troupe, on which he also played much more parts than he usually would in the series. He co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail and directed the opening segment of Monty Python's The Meaning of Life , \"The Crimson Permanent Assurance\".", "Sidney James (as Sid James was then billed) featured heavily in both the radio and TV versions, while the radio version also included regulars Bill Kerr , Kenneth Williams and over the years Moira Lister , Andrée Melly [4] and Hattie Jacques . The series rejected the variety format then dominant in British radio comedy and instead pioneered a style drawn more from everyday life: the situation comedy , with the humour coming from the characters and the circumstances in which they found themselves. Hancock also made an ITV series, The Tony Hancock Show , during this period, which ran for two series in 1956–57 either side of the first BBC television series.", "Spike Milligan�s Q was one of the most surreal sketch shows ever made and a huge influence on Monty Python�s Flying Circus, which launched six months after Q first aired in 1969. Considered one of the best examples of the British Comedy Award winner�s eccentricity and �stream-of-consciousness� humour, Spike Milligan�s sketches in Q make outrageous leaps from one subject matter or location to another, stopping with no apparent conclusion, and not shying away from controversial matters. Filled with invention and taking huge risks, Q provides the perfect showcase for Milligan�s off-the-wall wit. The Monty Python crew were quick to hire Q director Ian MacNaughton for their own show. As well as the genius of Spike, the series features regular appearances from the excellent John Bluthal, John D. Collins, Peter Jones, Margaret Nolan, Cardew Robinson, Alan Clare (pianist and �amnesiac actor�), Stella Tanner, Sheila Steafel, the admirable Robert Dorning, stoic Stella Tanner (formerly one of the Tanner Sisters), David �Cockleshell Heroes� Lodge, raucous Rita Webb, and the voluptuous Julia Breck. Musical interventions include jazz greats Stan Tracey and Ronnie Scott, and seasoned satirists Richard Ingrams and John Wells appear in the early episodes. The inspired tomfoolery of Q has rarely been seen since it was first broadcast, perhaps because of its political incorrectness and occasional gratuitous nudity. Now this highly sought-after BAFTA-nominated series gets its first home entertainment release in this three-DVD set, which contains all surviving episodes from series one, plus the complete series two and three. Essential viewing.", "Sound track of Llef - O Iesu Mawr, from the BBC TV recording 1969 click below:", "* 1979: Michael Ancram, Sydney Chapman, David Clark, Eric Cockeram, Ednyfed Hudson Davies, Terry Davis, Dick Douglas, Peggy Fenner, Peter Griffiths, John Gummer, Barry Henderson, James Hill, John Wilkinson, David Winnick", "* The Bed-Sitting Room (1969), post-apocalyptic comedy with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore and also Arthur Lowe; written by John Antrobus based on the Milligan/Antrobus play. Milligan had a small role as a postman named \"Mate\", which was also the name of a Goon Show character.", "Hilarious, ridiculous, close to the bone comedy series based at Luxton and District bus company, featuring Reg Varney as bus driver Stan Butler and Bob Grant as his conductor. Not enough that his life was plagued by Inspector Blake (brilliantly portrayed by Stephen Lewis - 'I 'ate you Butler!), his home life was equally manic, living with mother Cicely Courtenidge (later Doris Hare) along with sister Anna Karen (Olive) and brother-in law Michael Robbins (Arthur) who constantly managed to thwart his attempts to connect with the opposite sex, usually in the form of long-legged, short-skirted, large-chested clippies. 73 x 30 minute episodes were made, plus three feature films - 'On The Buses' (1971), 'Mutiny On The Buses' (1972) and 'Holiday On The Buses (1973), all produced by Hammer films. Brilliant script writers were Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney", "In 1999, the BBC televised the show, with 20 episodes recorded during a single week in Birmingham. Nicholas Parsons was again the chairman. There were no regular panellists but those appearing were Pam Ayres, Clare Balding , Isla Blair , Jo Brand, Gyles Brandreth, Ken Bruce , Michael Cashman , Barry Cryer, Stephen Frost, Liza Goddard, Tony Hawks, Peter Jones, Maria McErlane, Richard Morton, Tom O'Connor , Su Pollard, Steve Punt , Wendy Richard, John Sergeant, Brian Sewell , Linda Smith, Richard Vranch and Gary Wilmot . The series was produced by Helena Taylor.", "The series was filmed in 1969. The opening credits pictured the actor-comedian Stanley Unwin ‘live’, while the action scenes used a puppet modelled on Unwin and given his face. This was essentially an experimental format for the following live action series with human actors that Anderson was to break into next with his ground-breaking adventure, “UFO”, about a secret Earth-based organisation repelling another invader.", "The series was broadcast on BBC2 from January 1969 to 1974. Some episodes from seasons 1, 2 and 3 were re-transmitted during late 1983 and early 1984.", "Spinning off from Granada s phenomenally successful sitcom The Army Game, Bootsie and Snudge charts the Civvy Street misadventures of former National Serviceman Excused Boots Bisley and his bullying sergeant, Claude Snudge, now employed within the august environs of a gentlemen s club. Alfie Bass and Bill Fraser reprise their Army Game roles, along with Clive Dunn as decrepit barman Henry Beerbohm Old Johnson and Robert Dorning as the irascible Rt. Hon. Sec. Hesketh Pendleton. This much-loved series, penned by the Round the Horne team of Barry Took and Marty Feldman, was originally screened between 1960 and 1963 (enjoying a new lease of life in 1974), and this release contains all 39 episodes of the first series. Bootsie Bisley and his former tormentor Claude Snudge are now working together - not exactly by choice - at the Imperial Club, a gentlemen s establishment in London. While boot boy Bootsie continues to play dogsbody to Snudge, now the club s major-domo, Old Johnson bumbles along in his own determined fashion, dodging retirement and attempting to help his disaster-prone colleagues deal with the inevitable consequences of their actions...", "Rowan Atkinson, Griff Rhys Jones, Mel Smith and Pamela Stephenson star in highlights from the groundbreaking BBC TV comedy sketch series, presented with original album sleeve notes.", "Running from late 1976 to early 1977, Chris Tarrant, Peter Tomlinson and Trevor East were the main presenters. Almost all these shows were produced by Sid Kilbey. The 2 April 1977 show was a landmark edition, as part of the programme was broadcast outside the Midlands for the first time, on HTV Cymru Wales and HTV West, filling up their 'round-the-regions' compilation of Saturday morning programmes called Ten On Saturday.", "Other regular performers were David Battley, Henry Woolf, Gwen Taylor and Terence Bayler. George Harrison made a guest appearance on one episode, subverting an attempt to play My Sweet Lord by turning it into a comic song about pirates.", "The Goodies are a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s combining sketches and situation comedy.", "The Goodies are a trio of British comedians: Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. They wrote for and performed in their eponymous surreal comedy show during the 1970s and early 1980s, combining sketches and situation comedy.", "The programme, made by Thames Television, was first transmitted on 30 July 1968 which was Thames Television's first day of broadcasting, and was shown weekly until 1969. From that point, until it ended on 6 June 1980, it went out twice a week with approximately 1,000 episodes being made, each 25 minutes in duration. It was not fully networked to all other ITV companies until the autumn of 1969.", "The programme, made by Thames Television , was first transmitted on 30 July 1968 which was Thames Television's first day of broadcasting, and was shown weekly until 1969. From that point, until it ended on 6 June 1980, it went out twice a week with approximately 1,000 episodes being made, each 25 minutes in duration. It was not fully networked to all other ITV companies until the autumn of 1969.", "DID YOU KNOW THAT DAVID BUSSEY (aka BUFFEY) MADE HIS FIRST LIVE BROADCAST ON BBC RADIO 2 42 YEARS AGO ON 26TH JULY 1971?", "The Radio 2 programme, presented by Tony Blackburn, spanned the period from January 1 1960 to December 31 1969." ]

[ 5.51171875, 5.38671875, 5.2734375, 4.1953125, 2.615234375, 1.9873046875, -1.421875, -1.6044921875, -1.9638671875, -2.5234375, -2.681640625, -3.908203125, -4.578125, -4.81640625, -5.02734375, -6.80859375, -6.90625, -6.94140625, -7.25, -7.41796875, -7.45703125, -7.4921875, -7.51953125, -7.78125, -8.0234375, -8.5078125, -8.96875, -9.1640625, -9.2109375, -9.2421875, -9.78125, -9.859375 ]

[ "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz's death), continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is considered to be one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, with 17,897 strips published in all, [1] making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\", according to Professor Robert Thompson of Syracuse University . At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. [2] It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, [3] and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. [1] Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in many newspapers.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". [2] At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "On October 2, 1950, the four-panel comic strip by 27-year-old Charles M. Schulz made its debut. Known as Peanuts, it eventually became one of the world’s most widely read comic strip turning its characters—Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy, Peppermint Patty and Schroeder—into American pop culture icons. Get the facts about the famous comic strip Peanuts and its creator.", "\"Peanuts\" debuted on October 2, 1950. The travails of Charlie Brown, the \"little round-headed kid,\" and his pals eventually ran in more than 2,600 newspapers, reaching millions of readers in 75 countries.", "Peanuts is a comic strip drawn by Charles M. Schulz from 1950 until 2000. It was also developed into several TV animated specials and four animated theatrical features. The strip's most recognizable icons are born-loser Charlie Brown and his anthropomorphic dog Snoopy, who always sleeps on top of his dog house instead of inside it.", "The comic strip Peanuts was originally called Li'l Folks. The great Charles M Schulz created it in 1950, and it soon became the most popular comic strip in history. Like so many of the great cartoon characters we all love, the main characters went through a metamorphosis before they became the characters we are all so familiar with.", "1950 – Peanuts, the syndicated comic strip by Charles M. Schulz, featuring Charlie Brown and his pet Snoopy, was first published in major newspapers.", "Charles Shults - PEANUTS &#9;The comic strip PEANUTS has always been a favorite of mine, and most of America’s. It’s been a hit ever since the first PEANUTS comic strip was printed on October 2nd 1950 in seven U.S. daily newspapers. Charles Shultz, the inventor of this imaginative comic strip, still comes up with every PEANUTS strip for the Sunday papers. He leaped from job to job after completing his art’s program, he was even an art teacher for a while, but finally made it to the top. His original comic strip was called &quot;Lil’ Folks&quot; but because of political issues he was forced to change it to PEANUTS....   [tags: essays research papers]", "* October 2 – The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven U.S. newspapers.", "It's the end of an era: Charles Schulz, creator of the world-famous Peanuts comic strip, is retiring. The 77-year-old cartoonist, who was recently diagnosed with colon cancer, issued a statement on Tuesday saying he wants to focus on his health and his family. For nearly five decades, Schulz drew the escapades of Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Lucy and a host of other lovable and quirky characters. Peanuts debuted on October 2, 1950, and now appears in more than 2,600 newspapers around the world. Schulz has drawn enough strips to last until mid-February.", "First published in 1947 under the name Li’l Folks, the strip, renamed Peanuts in 1950, featured a cast of children led by Charlie Brown , Schulz’s alter ego in the strip. On the surface, Peanuts did not differ radically from other newspaper comics of its era: the four-panel daily strips featured a simple, almost spare, artistic style and routinely concluded with a joke of some kind, often at Charlie Brown’s expense. The strength of Peanuts lay in the depth of its characters and in Schulz’s ability to connect with his readers through them.", "Debuting in just seven newspapers in 1950, Peanuts has since been enjoyed by millions of readers and viewers worldwide. Today the popular strip can be read in over 2400 newspapers in 75 countries and 21 languages worldwide. Charles M. Schulzs unique art style and endearing characters have inspired an entire generation of cartoonists, while becoming a perennial favorite with both parents and children through compilation books, television specials, and countless consumer products.", "Charles Schulz, (born November 26, 1922, Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S.—died February 12, 2000, Santa Rosa , California ), creator of Peanuts , one of the most successful American comic strips of the mid-20th century.", "Peanuts is often regarded as one of the most influential and well-written comic strips of all time. Schulz received the National Cartoonist Society Humor Comic Strip Award for Peanuts in 1962, the Elzie Segar Award in 1980, the Reuben Award in 1955 and 1964, and the Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999. A Charlie Brown Christmas won a Peabody Award and an Emmy ; Peanuts cartoon specials have received a total of 2 Peabody Awards and 4 Emmys . For his work on the strip, Charles Schulz is credited with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a place in the William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame. Peanuts was featured on the cover of Time Magazine on April 9, 1965, with the accompanying article praising the strip as being \"the leader of a refreshing new breed that takes an unprecedented interest in the basics of life.\" [15]", "Peanuts is regarded as one of the most influential and well-written comic strips of all time. Schulz received the National Cartoonist Society Humor Comic Strip Award for Peanuts in 1962, the Reuben Award in 1955 and 1964 (the first cartoonist to receive the honor twice), the Elzie Segar Award in 1980, and the Milton Caniff Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999. A Charlie Brown Christmas won a Peabody Award and an Emmy; Peanuts cartoon specials have received a total of two Peabody Awards and four Emmys. For his work on the strip, Charles Schulz (along with Snoopy) are credited with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a place in the William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame. Peanuts was featured on the cover of Time on April 9, 1965, with the accompanying article praising the strip as being \"the leader of a refreshing new breed that takes an unprecedented interest in the basics of life.\" ", "On October 2, 1950, the first Peanuts comic strip debuted in a four-panel format in seven newspapers nationwide – The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Star-Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, and The Seattle Times. Schulz was paid $90 for his first month of strips, which consisted of a six day per week, Monday through Saturday, format until 1952.", "Peanuts had its origin in Li'l Folks , a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulz's hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press , from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, although he applied the name in four gags to three different boys and one buried in sand. The series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy . [7] In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to the Saturday Evening Post ; seventeen single-panel cartoons by Schulz would be published there. The first of these was of a boy who resembled Charlie Brown sitting with his feet on an ottoman.", "In 1950 the United Feature Syndicate of New York decided to publish Schulz's new comic strip, which he had wanted to call Li'l Folks but which was named Peanuts by the company. In 1950 the cartoon began appearing in seven newspapers with the characters Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty, and Snoopy. Within a year the strip appeared in thirty-five papers, and by 1956 it was in over a hundred. The Peanuts cartoons were centered on the simple and touching figures of a boy, Charlie Brown, and his dog, Snoopy and their family and school friends. Adults were never seen, only hinted at, and the action involved ordinary, everyday happenings.", "The following is a list of all notable secondary characters in the American comic strip Peanuts. Begun in 1950 by Charles M. Schulz, Peanuts saw several secondary characters come and go throughout the strip's fifty-year run.", "Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Charles Schulz developed an early interest in cartooning. After serving in the U.S. Army during World War II, Schulz returned to Minnesota to pursue his artistic ambition. After several small comic strip appearances (1945-1950) in papers such as the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Saturday Evening Post, Schulz landed his first nationally-syndicated spot in seven national papers on October 2, 1950. Peanuts was a hit. Over the next decade, Peanuts would become an international success and earn Schulz several honorary cartoonist awards.", "The strip, which made its debut Oct. 2, 1950, currently appears in more than 2,600 newspapers worldwide. It reaches 355 million readers in 75 countries and 21 languages, making \"Peanuts\" truly a global phenomenon, an American export akin to Coca-Cola and bluejeans.", "Peanuts had its origin in Li'l Folks , a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulz's hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, although he used the name on four different occasions in Li'l Folks for different boys. The series also featured a dog that looked a lot like Snoopy . In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to the Saturday Evening Post; seventeen single-panel cartoons by Schulz would be published there.", "Schulz put his artistic ambitions on hold during World War II while serving as a machine-gun squad leader, though he regularly sketched episodes of daily army life in his sketchbook. Following his discharge in 1945, Schulz returned to St. Paul, Minn., to pursue a cartooning career. Between 1947 and 1950, he drew a weekly comic panel for the St. Paul Pioneer Press and also sold 17 comic gags to The Saturday Evening Post. After many rejection slips, Schulz finally realized his dream of creating a nationally syndicated daily comic strip when Peanuts debuted in seven newspapers on Oct. 2, 1950. By 1965, Schulz was twice honored with the Reuben Award by the National Cartoonists Society for his talents, and Peanuts was an international success.", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe. It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "Originally wanted to name his now-famous strip \"Li'l Folks.\" United Features Syndicate balked at this because there had once been a strip titled \"Little Folks.\" After some brainstorming, a United Features executive came up with the title \"Peanuts.\" Schulz accepted the new title because the first date of publication was fast approaching, but he disliked the title to his dying day. \"Peanuts\" debuted in seven newspapers on 2 October 1950. It went on to be the most-syndicated strip in history.", "In 1950, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate with his comic strip Li'l Folks. The syndication company accepted Schulz work but decided that the name \"Li'l Folks\" was too close to the names of two other comics of the time: Al Capp's \"Li'l Abner\" and a strip titled \"Little Folks.\" So, to avoid confusion, United Feature Syndicate settled on the name \"Peanuts\" after the peanut gallery featured in the \"Howdy Doody\" TV show. In the end, Schulz did not name his famous work.", "Charles Schulz always resisted publication of early Peanuts strips, as they did not reflect the characters as he eventually developed them. However, in 1997 he began talks with Fantagraphics Books to have the entire run of the strip, almost 18,000 cartoons, published chronologically in book form. The first volume in the collection, The Complete Peanuts ': 1950 to 1952, was published in April 2004. Peanuts is in a unique situation compared to other comics in that archive quality masters of most strips are still owned by the syndicate. All strips, including Sundays, are in black and white.", "Peanuts is one of the literate strips with philosophical, psychological, and sociological overtones that flourished in the 1950s. The strip's humor (at least during its '60s peak) is psychologically complex, and the characters' interactions formed a tangle of relationships that drove the strip.", "Peanuts is one of the literate strips with philosophical, psychological, and sociological overtones that flourished in the 1950s. [3] The strip's humor (at least during its '60s peak) is psychologically complex, and the characters' interactions formed a tangle of relationships that drove the strip.", "In the late 1940s, he contributed drawings to the Saturday Evening Post and started a once-weekly cartoon called \"Li'l Folks\" for the St. Paul Pioneer Press. Although it was in single-panel format, \"Li'l Folks\" was a precursor to \"Peanuts\" in its content: It presented children who make sophisticated observations, and there was a character called Charlie Brown, named after one of Mr. Schulz's friends from art school.", "The most widely syndicated comic strip in history, Peanuts inspired many television specials, starting with the 1965 CBS-TV special \"A Charlie Brown Christmas.\" Books of Peanuts were also published to widespread success.", "The entire run of Peanuts, covering nearly 50 years of comic strips, is being reprinted in Fantagraphics ' The Complete Peanuts , a 25-volume set to be released over a 12-year period, two volumes per year, published every May and October. The first volume (collecting strips from 1950 to 1952) was published in May 2004; the final volume (which will include all the strips from 1999 and seven strips from 2000, along with the complete run of Lil' Folks [51] ) is expected to be published in May 2016. [53] A companion series, titled Peanuts Every Sunday and presenting the complete Sunday strips in color (as the main Complete Peanuts books reproduce them in black and white only), was launched in December 2013; this series will run ten volumes, with the last expected to be published in 2022." ]

[ 7.69921875, 7.1875, 6.60546875, 5.70703125, 4.890625, 4.859375, 4.38671875, 3.912109375, 3.724609375, 3.64453125, 3.46875, 3.357421875, 2.775390625, 2.728515625, 2.494140625, 1.271484375, 1.2509765625, 1.2236328125, 1.037109375, 0.9951171875, 0.541015625, 0.489990234375, 0.313232421875, 0.27099609375, 0.0169830322265625, -0.1553955078125, -1.0888671875, -1.4248046875, -1.5087890625, -1.7529296875, -1.8935546875, -3.06640625 ]

[ "A note that is neither sharp nor flat. A natural is also the sign used to cancel a preceding sharp or flat.", "SHARP! When you listen to music, you often hear sharp and flat notes without even knowing it. Notes that are sharp or flat are called accidental notes, and they help composers give some variety to music, communicate with musicians who play different instruments and sometimes use them to bring tension and release to music. Nearly all instruments can play accidentals. In fact, if you've seen the keys of a piano, you've seen sharp and flat notes. Most sharp and flat notes are the black keys of the piano, as opposed to the white keys, which are called natural. The natural notes are the 'regular notes' we call A, B, C, D, E, F, G.", "2. in music (a sign ( ) indicating) a note which is not to be played sharp or flat. natuurlik نَغَمَه أصْلِيَّه قبل تَغْييرها، لا عاليَه ولا مُنْخَفِضَه бекар bequadro odrážka das Auflösungszeichen node uden fortegn αναίρεση (μουσ.) becuadro bekarr عادی tasoitettu bécarre , note naturelle בקר पियानो की सफे़द कुंजी nota bez predznaka előjegyzés nélküli hang(jegy) nada naturel óbreyttur tónn bequadro , nota naturale 本位記号 제자리표 bekaras bekars natural herstellingsteken note uten fortegn , hvit tangent kasownik عادى becar бекар odrážka razvezaj obična nota stamton ตัวโน๊ตธรรมดา sadelik işareti, bekar işareti 本位音，本位記號 бекар معتدل nốt thường 本位，本位号", "A song might use notes other than these. When this happens, (such as using a D natural in the E example above) a natural sign will be placed next to that particular note in the music to show that it is not sharp. We call this an accidental. This D will remain natural until the next measure.", "A flat note is basically the opposite of a sharp note, in that it is a lowered pitch, or more specifically, a natural pitch that is lowered to the next consecutive pitch. Much like a flat tire, a flatted note goes down. The flat symbol looks like a pointy lower-case letter B or almost like an arrow pointing down.", "There is one exception to the rule of accidentals within a measure. A sharp or flat can be canceled out by a special symbol called the natural sign. If we add a natural sign to the last note of our previous example, it would look like this. This would mean that the last note would be played as B natural because the flat sign is no longer in effect. A famous real-life example that uses this is Beethoven's 'Fur Elise'. In this example, the first D of the measure is sharped and is played as D#, but the second D has a natural symbol, so it is played as D natural.", "Because these are the note names in these languages, in these countries fixed *do* solfège is taught, which means that the note names are sung regardless of key. Thus, C, C-sharp, C-flat, C double sharp or double flat are always do, no matter their harmonic context. Similarly, D, D-sharp, D-flat, D double sharp or double flat are always re, regardless of what key the music may be in.", "In fact, you can think of B# as being another name for C, and E# as another name for F. But, it�s rare to see B or E written with a sharp, and rare to see C or F written with a flat. But, you can think of the two accidentals I've introduced as 'operators' or 'functions'�their function is to raise (or lower) the note by a semitone.", "In music, flat, or Bemolle, means \"lower in pitch\"; the flat symbol lowers a note by a half step. Intonation may be flat, sharp, or both, successively or simultaneously. More specifically, in music notation, flat means, \"lower in pitch by a semitone,\" and has an associated symbol, which is a stylised lowercase \"b\" that may be found in key signatures or as an accidental, as may sharps. The Unicode character ♭ is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is ♭. Under twelve tone equal temperament, C flat for instance is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B natural, and G flat is the same as F sharp. In any other tuning system, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist. To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp as an accidental to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents, or a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents. Double flats also exist, which look like and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often one will encounter half, or three-quarter, or otherwise altered flats. The Unicode character '", "Each line and space must represent a consistent letter name for its Note, which may be designated to be sharp or flat, depending on the Scale. For example, the second line from the bottom can only represent a G, Gb, or G# Note. If the Key of F were to use sharp designations and the Key of A were to use flats, those Scales would have ambiguous Note name references, as is shown in the following diagram:", "vibrations. 2. Pitch- sounds highness or lowness. 3. Octave- the interval of an eighth 4. Unison- The combination of parts at the same pitch or in octaves. 5. Staff- set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch. 6. Clef- is a musical symbol used to indicate the pitch of written notes. 7. Tonic/key note- the first and last note of either the major or minor scale. 8. Scale- A melody is built on tones selected from an ascending or descending pattern of tones, within a range of an octave. 9. Major Scale- whole, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half 10. Minor Scale- Whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole 11. Key- the tonic on which a composition is based 12. Accidental- is a note whose pitch is not a member of the scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. Flat- lower in pitch Sharp- higher in pitch Natural- cancels previous accidentals and represents the unaltered pitch of a note. 13. Motive- very short melodic phrase that sounds fragmentary or incompletion itself but is suitable for many kinds of variation and development 14. Phrase- concepts and practices related to grouping consecutive melodic notes, both in their composition and performance 15. Chromatic- the scale where there are twelve consecutive half steps within the range of an octive 16. Penatonic- this is the five note scale 17. Whole-tone- this scale has six consecutive whole steps within the range of an octive", "A good rule of thumb is if you are going up the scale, that note is the sharp version of the beginning note. When moving down the scale, that note would be the flat version of the beginning note. Thus, if you are moving from C to D with the black key, it would be written using a sharp (♯).", "In music, a whole note (American) or semibreve (British) is a note represented by a hollow oval note head, like a half note (or minim), and no note stem (see Figure 1). Its length is equal to four beats in 4/4 time, that is the whole 4/4 measure (or bar). Most other notes are fractions of the whole note; half notes are played for one half the duration of the whole note, quarter notes (or crotchets) are each played for one quarter the duration, etc.", "a sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note", "flat – a symbol placed to the left of a “note” indicating to perform the “pitch” one “half step” lower than the “natural” “pitch” that is notated. The symbol itself looks like: b. A double flat (bb) indicates to perform the pitch two half steps lower. See also: “interval”, “sharp”, “natural”, “half step”.", "Also known as a breve or a double note, it is twice as long as a semibreve. It is the longest note value that is still in use in modern music notation. Like the whole note, it is represented by a hollow oval with double stems on either sides.", "In the examples above, the number represents a note.  In the case of Gmin7b5, the 5th note of a G minor chord is a D.  The flat symbol or ‘b’ preceding the number 5 indicates that the 5th note should be lowered one half step or “flatted.”  So a Gmin7b5 chord would be understood as a G minor chord with an added seventh and with a flat fifth.  ", "After the unison, the octave is the simplest interval in music. The human ear tends to hear both notes as being essentially \"the same\", due to closely related harmonics. Notes separated by an octave \"ring\" together, adding a pleasing sound to music. For this reason, notes an octave apart are given the same note name in the Western system of music notation—the name of a note an octave above A is also A. This is called octave equivalency, the assumption that pitches one or more octaves apart are musically equivalent in many ways, leading to the convention \"that scales are uniquely defined by specifying the intervals within an octave\". The conceptualization of pitch as having two dimensions, pitch height (absolute frequency) and pitch class (relative position within the octave), inherently include octave circularity. Thus all Cs, or all 1s (if C ", "Played for 1/256 of the duration of a single whole note, the demisemihemidemisemiquaver or the two hundred fifty-sixth note is used very rarely in musical notations. It is represented in music notes with a filled-in note head with six flags attached to the main stem. It is also known as the semigarrapatea note, and it is used to denote rapid sections of music.", "musical interval smaller than a semitone; prevalent in some non Western musics and in some 20th century art musics", "Symbols which are used to raised or lower the pitch of a note by one half step. Ex: sharps, flats, and naturals.", "Non Harmonic Note -- In part writing, a non-harmonic note is a note that is dissonant with other notes in the same chord, usually resolved in the next chord. Usually, but not always, a non-harmonic note is a style of ornamentation, such as an appoggiatura, anticipation, auxiliary tone, etc", "For example, the most common type of clarinet or trumpet, when playing a note written in their part as C, sounds a pitch that is called B on a non-transposing instrument like a violin (which indicates that at one time these wind instruments played at a standard pitch a tone lower than violin pitch). To refer to that pitch unambiguously, a musician calls it concert B, meaning, \"...the pitch that someone playing a non-transposing instrument like a violin calls B.\"", "(Very rarely used in pop songs, but often in film scores for its menacing dissonant feel. Note that B to F is NOT a perfect fifth, the only mode that does not have the fifth member \"perfect\".)", "A symbol, placed before a notehead on staff-notation, or placed after a nominal in text, which indicates a change in pitch of one chromatic semitone lower than that of the plain nominal. The flat is a specific type of accidental.", "Another system known as scientific pitch assigns a frequency of 256 Hz but, while numerically convenient, this is not used by orchestras. Other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60.", "This is most often found in tenor parts in SATB settings, in which a treble clef is written with the numeral eight below it, indicating that the pitches sound an octave below the written value. As the true tenor clef has fallen into disuse in vocal writings, this \"octave-dropped\" treble clef is often called the tenor clef. The same clef is sometimes used for the octave mandolin. In some scores, the same concept is construed by using a double clef—two G-clefs overlapping one another.", "Instruments in this group are sometimes referred to as \"non-pitched\", \"unpitched\", or \"untuned\". Traditionally these instruments are thought of as making a sound that contains such complex frequencies that no discernible pitch can be heard.", "The note-naming convention specifies a letter, any accidentals, and an octave number. Each note is an integer number of half-steps away from middle A (A4). Let this distance be denoted n. If the note is above A4, then n is positive; if it is below A4, then n is negative. The frequency of the note (f) (assuming equal temperament) is then:", "When the A440 pitch standard is used to tune a musical instrument, Middle C has a frequency around 261.6 Hz. Middle C is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation because of the note's position as the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard. ", "a symbol in music notation that indicates the characteristics (in particular, the pitch and duration ) of a sound to be played on an instrument.", "As explained in a previous Piano Quickie tutorial, the distance between notes is measured in semitones. Music theory has simply given different names to different distances, often more than one name. These are:" ]

[ 4.296875, 2.28125, 2.158203125, 1.072265625, 0.66259765625, 0.463623046875, 0.185302734375, 0.0182037353515625, -0.2491455078125, -0.39111328125, -0.475341796875, -0.7421875, -1.0703125, -1.623046875, -1.6904296875, -1.732421875, -1.8642578125, -2.130859375, -2.4609375, -2.544921875, -2.556640625, -3.462890625, -3.53515625, -3.607421875, -3.771484375, -3.828125, -3.87109375, -4.52734375, -4.58203125, -4.703125, -5.09765625, -5.20703125 ]

[ "\"Bingo\", also known as \"Bingo Was His Name-O\", \"There Was a Farmer Who Had a Dog\", and \"C'era un contadino che aveva un cagnolino di nome Bingolino\" in Italy, is an English language children's song of obscure origin. Additional verses are sung by omitting the first letter sung in the previous verse and clapping instead of actually saying the word. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 589. ", "sung to the tune of \"Bingo\" (there was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name O )", "[Verse] C F C There was a farmer had a dog, C G C And Bingo was his name-o. C F B-I-N-G-O G C B-I-N-G-O Am F B-I-N-G-O G C And Bingo was his name-o.", "In the United Kingdom the first line is frequently changed to \"The Farmer's in his den\". The rhyme progresses through the farmer being in the dell/his den, his desire for a wife, hers for a child, its for a nurse, a dog, ending with a bone, ending in: \"we all pat the dog\".Every player then pats the one picked as the dog. The 'Hi-Ho, the derry-o' is variously replaced with \"Ee-i, tiddly-i\" in London, 'Ee-i, adio', 'Ee-i, andio' or 'Ee-i, entio', (in Northern England), and 'Ee-i, ee-i' (for instance in the West Country).", "Then there is of course the song \"Old MacDonald had a farm\", about farmer MacDonald and the animals he keeps on his farm. In the version commonly sung today, the lyrics allow for a substitutable animal and its respective sound:", "#12 Old MacDonald Had A Farm | Dino Friends Sing Along Show | Childern songs and Nursery Rhymes - Duration: 2:09. Kids And Friends - Kids Songs & Stories 2,374 views", "The only reason why Old MacDonald and his farm animals (from the 1946 cartoon short Old MacDonald had a Farm), the characters from Cow & Chicken, Kidsongs: A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm, Rock-a-Doodle, and the two Babe films are guest starring in this film is because they all involve farm animals and Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo are animals.", "When I was in preschool, (my Dad ended up telling me this), my friend made a mondegreen that made more sense than the real lyrics. She would sing “The Farmer in the Dell” with everyone else in class, but when they got to the “Hi-Ho the Derry-o” part, (what is that supposed to mean…? honestly?), she would sing, “I’m on the stereo!” Ohhh, mondegreens… how I love you", "Old MacDonald Had a Farm | Nursery Rhyme | Children Songs with Lyrics - Duration: 2:59. Flickbox Kids Songs and Rhymes 25,856,465 views", "The players form a circle holding hands around one who is designated as the farmer, singing the first verse while moving around. When the verse is over they stop and the farmer makes his choice of a wife (sometimes without looking). The wife joins him in the center for her verse and so through the verses until either the cheese or dog is selected or only one person is left to become the last character. They usually become the farmer for the next round.", "a. the name of a town b. the name of a girl c. the name of a man d. the name of a cat e. the name of a month f. the name of a state g. the name of a woman h. the name of a day of the week i. the name of a city Last Tuesday, which was the third of November, Simone and her brother, Jarrod, left their home in the city of Springfield. They traveled by train to a small town in Indiana called Richmond. When they arrived they were met by their grandparents, John and Mary Jones, who live on a farm beside Spoon River. After lunch Simone and Jarrod helped their grandfather put some bales of hay into the back of the new pickup. Rover, the dog, hopped on top of the hay. Cuddles, the cat, tried to come too but ran away when Rover barked. 2. Find twelve words used as common nouns in the story above. Write them on the lines.", "Description : The story deals with a slob named Larry and his companion, the talking dog, Steve. Larry worries that distance is forming between himself and his son Milt, so together with Steve, he looks for a way to bond with the boy.", "When I was a little girl, I always thought this song sort of silly.  Yankee Doodle.  First of all, ridiculous name.  Split it into a noun and a verb and it becomes positively mystifying.  Yank was how my Georgia-born grandfather referred to me when I asked him about the “aggressor” in the American Civil War and doodle was what I did when I absolutely, for the dozenth time, feigned total lack of spelling comprehension so I wouldn’t have to partake in the spelling bee.   ", "Variations such as \"Uncle Mike\" are common in oral, local cultures. Note how in America the pig became a milk cow, and the distance travelled by the drunkard expands considerably. \"Four Nights Drunk\" and \"Five Nights Drunk\" are just two of the many versions of this song (Cray 1999).", "A donkey's loud musical instruments annoy Farmer Gruff - until he discovers that the music keeps away the pesky crows that have been eating his corn crop. Ages 4-8. 28 pages", "While the other animals feast, Ash and Kristofferson begin to reconcile after Kristofferson defends Ash from Beaver's son. The cousins return to Bean's farm, intending to reclaim Mr. Fox's tail. When they are interrupted by the arrival of Bean's wife, Ash escapes, but Kristofferson is captured. Discovering that Fox has stolen their produce, the farmers flood the animals' tunnel network with cider.", "Ending Too The Farmers In His Den And Then The Animals Went In Too By Two And Then The Theme Tune Too Poor Jenny Sits A Weeping - Duration: 1:51. MrHammadmossop1988 11,444 views", "At one time, Santa's Little Helper was shortly abandoned by Bart for Laddie , a purebred and very well-trained dog he bought from a mail-order catalog together with various other expensive gifts and gadgets. To do that, Bart used a credit card he applied for under the name of his dog, yet the credit card company misread the form and issued a card to Mr. \"Santos L. Halper\". Laddie learned many tricks that Santa's Little Helper was completely unable to perform (most notably a back flip, CPR and using a toilet). The Simpson family nearly forgot about their old pet, and Bart eventually gave him away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased. Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog, Bart tried to get Santa's Little Helper back. When he finally found him, Santa's Little Helper was serving as a guide dog for a blind man named Mr. Mitchell, but eventually chose to return to his former owner, Bart. [9]", "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm.... For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called \"files,\" \"reports,\" \"minutes,\" and \"memoranda.\"...", "I’m surprised no one came up with the old classic – first one I ever knew about. That is, “Mairzy Doats.” The entire jingle is one. As a kid, I heard, “Mairzy doats, and lamseydoats, and little lamsey divey. A kiddeley divey too, wouldn’t you?” It’s “Mares eat oats and lambs eat oats, and little lambs eat ivy. A kid will eat ivy too” and so forth.", "\"Gary loved our song and decided to call it 'The Mean Monster Mashed Potato.' But after talking it over, we decided that just 'Monster Mash\" was fine. Then Gary told me, 'From now on, you're Bobby 'Boris' Pickett.'", "He is a typical farmer, but not very smart, even though he has solved quite a few problems during the show. He goes about his daily business unaware that his sheep are anything but normal animals - and Bitzer is determined to keep it that way. However, there have been many close calls. He was a re-sculpt of Mr. Hugh from Stage Fright. The Farmer is described like a every-day farmer who tries to survive with his farm and all the animals on it. Strangely, he seems to be able to fix any damage made to the farm because of Shaun and the Flock , though he does show outrage over the damages caused sometimes. He always tries to shear his sheep and when he does, they run away from him (seen in Fleeced)", "Hank thinks that \"King Harvest\" is a pro-trade-union song. I don't agree. I think the song is deeply ambigious about the ability of a union to do anything for the individual farmer who is the narrator. The farmer sings words of hope and trust, but the music denies them, and the singer's tone is one of desperate hope rather than confidence.", "It was a rural district and he listened to hillbilly music (now called country) while milking the cows. He learned how to yodel in imitation of country stars like Hank Snow. At the age of 13 he recorded \"Did You See My Daddy Over There?\", and by 19 was the No. 1 recording star in Australia and New Zealand. Read Less", "A word made up by Mr. Burns in \" Last Exit to Springfield \" for a song parodying Dr. Seuss's \"The Grinch\":", "A word made up by Mr. Burns in \" Last Exit to Springfield \" for a song parodying Dr. Seuss's The Grinch:", "*In the Simpsons episode \"Bart Gets An Elephant\", Ernie Ford's cover plays on the radio while Bart Simpson is doing chores.", "Animal Sounds: Make picture cards and sound cards for the farm animals.  Students match the animals to the sounds that they make. < duck/quack, cow/moo, etc. >", "\"When I was a kid on a farm in Ohio, somewhere we were told when we picked up a Daddy Long Legs to ask it \"Where are the cows?\" and it would point (with it's feelers) in the direction of the cows. I remember thinking this usually worked!\"", "The name Bambi has become a part of our language and is often used as a synonym for \"deer.\" Examples abound. \"Look,\" a parent will tell his or her child on spotting a deer, \"there's Bambi!\" When an orphan fawn wandered into an Iowa barnyard, the family raised it and named it Bambi. A Los Angeles Times article about radio tagging deer was titled, \"Now, Bambi has a Beeper.\" When a Virginia game warden placed a stuffed deer beside a road to catch hunters illegally shooting from their cars, newspapers dubbed the operation \"Bambi scam.\" Esquire gave a \"Dubious Achievement of 1990\" award to the hunter whose shotgun fired, killing him, while he was clubbing a deer with it. The magazine announced this honor under the score, \"Bambi 1, Asshole 0.\"(47)", "Chris applies for a job working for Quagmire. When Quagmire asks him what his references are, Chris' references are literally references to movies and TV shows. One of which was Bart Simpson's catchphrase, \"Cowabunga\". From the episode The Boys in the Band .", "A tale of woe about the financial hardships faced by farmers released as a single in 1971. I don't know when or where this was recorded." ]

[ 6.55078125, 5.94921875, 5.8203125, -2.0546875, -2.525390625, -3.41796875, -3.58984375, -3.90234375, -3.98046875, -4.046875, -4.12109375, -4.5546875, -4.6328125, -5.03125, -5.203125, -5.21875, -5.25390625, -5.5234375, -5.5390625, -6.01953125, -6.05078125, -6.2890625, -6.3828125, -6.5, -6.91796875, -6.984375, -7.27734375, -7.5625, -7.59375, -7.73828125, -7.79296875, -8.015625 ]

[ "Norman L. \"Norm\" Abram (born October 3, 1949) is an American carpenter known for his work on the PBS television programs This Old House and The New Yankee Workshop. He is referred to on these shows as a \"master carpenter\". ", "With 16 Emmy Awards and 79 nominations under its belt for This Old House , and five nominations ts companion series Ask This Old House , the No. 1 rated home improvement series still has audiences turning to America's favorite team of experts-host Kevin O'Connor, master carpenter Norm Abram, general contractor Tom Silva, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey, and landscape contractor Roger Cook for a trusted and formidable source of expertise, along with wit, humor, and a great sense of camaraderie.", "Tom Silva is a contractor notable for his long-running participation in the PBS show This Old House. He is co-owner of Silva Brothers' Construction, based in Lexington, Massachusetts. ", "After 21 seasons on the air bringing woodworking and home improvement education to millions of homes around the country (and around the world), Norm Abram and the crew behind the venerable PBS series The New Yankee Workshop are calling it quits.", "Landscaping contractor Roger Cook takes host Kevin O'Connor on a tour of a local cemetery that is full of century old trees. Master carpenter Norm Abram explains some of the engineering challenges facing the crew in the master suite and bathroom. Then, Kevin helps general contractor Tom Silva build a deck off the third story guest room.", "Episode #2516 · Host Kevin O'Connor arrives to find general contractor Tom Silva meeting with building inspector Michael Grover. At the front door, Tom shows Kevin how he's installing the brushed nickel mortise lockset on the custom oak door. In the basement, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey shows master carpenter Norm Abram the mechanical room - highlights include a gas fired boiler, three different temperatures of radiant heat (for ice melt, under floor, and over floor), an HRV for fresh air, and a fine mist humidifier to add a touch of moisture to the building. In the kitchen, Norm finds carpenter Charlie Silva installing the custom cabinetry and scribing the base trim to the irregular bluestone floor. Out back, irrigation system specialist Ed Marchant shows landscape contractor Roger Cook the features of the new irrigation system. Kevin sees the new modern closet systems from Italy being installed in the master suite. Norm travels to a fine furniture shop in Auburn, Maine to see some of the modern cherry furniture being made for the house. In the basement, Kevin finds master electrician Allen Gallant and audio/visual specialist Dan Chadwick installing a complex electrical landscape that employs more than 6 miles of wire to support whole house automation and lighting control.", "Episode #2505 · Master carpenter Norm Abram shows host Kevin O'Connor the newly discovered problems at the project house, most of them caused by the poor workmanship of a previous contractor. Pest management expert Dan Fleicher shows Kevin the extent of the termite and carpenter ant damage, and suggests possible treatment options. Landscape contractor Roger Cook reveals the anatomy of new landscape walls; they'll be natural stone veneer over reinforced concrete. Kevin visits Six Moon Hill, a utopian neighborhood of modern houses created by The Architects Collaborative in 1948. Plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey shows Kevin on of the challenges he's fcing in this minimalist modern house - no place to hide necessary ductwork.", "Episode #2510 · Host Kevin O'Connor and heating and plumbing expert Richard Trethewey visit a local restaurant and discover the \"This Old House\" hamburger. Master carpenter Norm Abram meets with exterior coatings specialist Dan Rourke who explains the stucco application process. Then, general contractor Tom Silva discusses the difficulties associated with the chimney installation, and Kevin helps him with the demolition of the old staircase.", "The New Yankee Workshop is ending after 21 seasons. Fine Woodworking featured host Norm Abram on the cover twice, once in 2008 when the series celebrated its 20th anniversary.", "Episode #2604 · Landscape architect Stephanie Hubbard shares her strategies for creating a \"bold and simple\" urban landscape in East Boston. Abatement contractor Brian Fitzsimons and crew remove the asbestos-laden flooring and mastic from the first floor kitchen. Upstairs on the second floor, general contractor Tom Silva and master carpenter Norm Abram carefully remove the original mouldings that will be saved and, hopefully, reused. Then, host Kevin O'Connor lends a hand knocking down the partition wall that currently separates two bedrooms in order to make space for the new kitchen. City contractors arrive outside to excavate the sewer main and lateral to the house: both are chronically choked by tree roots, and in dire need of repair.", "Episode #2502 · Host Kevin O'Connor arrives to find homeowner George Mabry moving out and general contractor Tom Silva moving in. With a building permit in hand, Tom starts with the carport, dismantling it piece by piece on order to gain better access to the house. Kevin meets landscape architect Gregory Lombardi to evaluate the existing landscape. Master carpenter Norm Abram meets project architect Will Ruhl at another modern house he recently designed on the island of Martha's Vineyard off the coast of Massachusetts. Will presents his design for George's house with the help of computer renderings and a 3-D model. The new house will still be modern, but tempered by a warm palette of natural materials. Certified arborist Greg Carbone arrives to begin clearing the lot of the overgrown and dying trees.", "Episode #2507 · Host Kevin O'Connor finds master carpenter Norm Abram and homeowner George Mabry discussing the recent water damage in the old kitchen, and George's new inclination to renovate the entire space. Master mason Lenny Belliveau gives Kevin a lesson in block work while he builds up the lower landscape wall to the proper height. Kevin travels to the west coast to see a classic Los Angeles home that once belonged to Hollywood legend Gary Cooper. Back in Cambridge, in the entry to the library, general contractor Tom Silva shows Kevin how he's using fir two-by-fours turned sideways to frame for the future pocket door.", "Host Kevin O'Connor finds master carpenter Norm Abram and homeowner George Mabry discussing the recent water damage in the old kitchen, and George's new inclination to renovate the entire space. Master mason Lenny Belliveau gives Kevin a lesson in block work while he builds up the lower landscape wall to the proper height. Kevin travels to the west coast to see a classic Los Angeles home that once belonged to Hollywood legend Gary Cooper. Back in Cambridge, in the entry to the library, general contractor Tom Silva shows Kevin how he's using fir two-by-fours turned sideways to frame for the future pocket door.", "* ''This Old House'' (PBS home improvement show, airing since 1980. Its spinoff program ''The New Yankee Workshop'' had a 20-year run in its own right, 1989-2009.)", "This Old House (PBS home improvement show, airing since 1980. Its spinoff program The New Yankee Workshop had a 20-year run in its own right, 1989-09.)", "In 1988, Russell Morash planned to launch a spinoff of This Old House called The New Yankee Workshop, and he needed a convenient place to videotape so they used the shop in the small barn that Abram built in 1979 in Morash's backyard. The shop's layout and equipment were mostly Abram's preferences. The New Yankee Workshop first aired in 1989 with Abram as the host. The New Yankee Workshop showcased furniture or other projects over the course of one or more episodes, and emphasized the use of power tools and equipment. The show aired for 21 seasons on PBS. ", "Hey Norm, let me tell you from the OLD country, I am now 58, disabled and my working life is at an end, however, I woke up early one morning in pain several years ago now, so I made a cup of English tea, switch on the TV, nothing on to tried a bit of zapping, I came across a program called the NEW YANKEE WORKSHOP it was at 5 o clock in the morning on Discovery channel. FROM that day onwards I never missed a program, I was up every day at 5 AM to watch this amazing carpenter and avidly enjoyed the projects that y6ou did on that program. I was also an avid watcher of this old house; if Norm Abram was on the tube I would watch , I didn't care how early or late, I would watch. I would like to thank you so much to introducing me to the beauty of wood, the love of working it and the pleasure of using what I make, you gave me a reason to continue and believe that maybe my useful life wasn't over after all, I am absolutely certain that you will be missed by millions of viewers. Thanks Norm, for giving me something to do with what remains of my life. May you enjoy yours forever. Ian Staley, from the UK", "What will I do on Saturday now that my all time favorite show is going out of production? Seriously Norm, I wish you the best and thank you for all that I've learned from you. I've followed your career from 1979 (TOH-Meeting House Hill, Dorchester)and rarely missed an episode of NYW. I recall that a leading WW magazine named Gustave Stickley as the \"Most Influential Woodworker of the 20th Century\" and Norm Abrams as the same for the 21st Century. A reader from Nebraska took exception to that which in turn caused an avalanche of mail from readers who thought otherwise. It happened to be the greatest response this magazine ever experienced.", "Norm and Russell You changed my life I got hooked way back when BV was the host of this old house I always had the feeling that he was more of a host than an expert. I then started watching The New Yankee workshop I soon started gathering tools for my shop and a year or so latter went into the contracting business, This scared the daylights out of my wife who would always say have you done this before and of course the answer was No. With the help of this old house ,The New Yankee workshop and Fine Homebuilding and Fine Woodworking plus a great number of Taunton press books I was self taught with all the experts on the shows and magazines and books. I'm now a 20 year contractor and own my own furniture/cabinet shop. I'm sorry to see your show end but thank you all for all the help and entertainment through the years.", "In 1979, Abram took a construction job building a small barn in the backyard of the television producer Russell Morash, the creator of public television's This Old House. Impressed by Abram's small scrap pile ...", "Mr. Cooke became a familiar fixture to American audiences in the 1950s as host of the network television program \"Omnibus,\" a much-honored show that aired news documentaries and literary adaptations. He narrated the BBC-produced series \"America: A Personal History of the United States\" in 1972 and 1973. The program, a wise and witty exploration of American culture and history, won four Emmy Awards and provided the basis for his best-selling written account, \"Alistair Cooke's America\" (1973).", "Russell Morash, credited for introducing the master of cooking, Julia Child, knew that his suburban home in Boston, Massachusetts was in need of a major renovation. In the midst of remodeling his 1851 farmhouse, he conceived the idea for This Old House . \"House will be more than a working model of rehab hints for homeowners and do-it yourselfers,\" he explained back in 1982. \"This Old House will expand viewers\" perceptions of what a home can be.\" Morash, whose forebears were carpenters and shipwrights, unknowingly had the idea that the series would launch a new genre of programming.", "The Celebrity Apprentice is an American television reality game show. It is a variation of The Apprentice series which was previously hosted by real estate magnate, businessman and television personality Donald Trump. Also like its precursor, the show's opening theme song is \"For the Love of Money\" by The O'Jays. Unlike its precursor, however, Celebrity Apprentice consists of famous people as competing apprentices rather than unknowns. Some of the celebrities are relatively current while others tend to be those who have been out of the public eye for some time. All of them are competing to win money for a charitable organization of their choice. The celebrities come from a wide variety of different fields in the media: sitcoms, professional sports, music industry, reality television, radio, and other backgrounds.", "11:00pm DIY SOS: The Big Build: Maidstone: Inspirational home renovations. Nick Knowles and the team join forces with the community of Maidstone to transform the home of former royal engineer, Mo Morris. (1 hour)", "Season 3, Episode 25, \"The Joshua Gilliam Story\": Dan Duryea (starred in The Little Foxes, The Pride of the Yankees, Scarlet Street, and Winchester '73 and who played China Smith in China Smith and The New Adventures of China Smith and Eddie Jacks on Peyton Place) plays alleged educator Joshua Gilliam. Irene Tedrow (Mrs. Elkins on Dennis the Menace) plays his conquest's mother Mrs. Halstadt.", "Series helping homeowners take their next step on the property ladder. Dan and Voula must overhaul their cramped suburban home before they can afford to find a bigger place. S2 Ep1", "Dream property renovations. Plasterer Chris and wife Jemma join forces with her father to renovate a faded grade II listed house into something more beautiful. S1 Ep15", "Home Improvement is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen, that aired on ABC from September 17, 1991 to May 25, 1999, with 204 approx. 20 minute episodes produced spanning 8 seasons.", "Tim Allen, Richard Karn, Casey Sander, and Debbe Dunning had a reunion in a television special named Tim Allen Presents: A User's Guide to Home Improvement in 2003 (a terminally ill Earl Hindman did voice-overs, befitting his never-seen persona of Wilson). Allen presented his own favorite clips from the show, insider's tips, personal reflections and a question and answer session with the live audience. The special is included on the season 8 DVD set.", "An early episode had the crew doing a massive remodeling job on the Taylors home installing a Jacuzzi. A five day project ended up taking nearly a month because of set-backs and poor planning, starting off with Ted busting a gas line doing demolition with a 20 pound sledgehammer.", "Richard Karn is most well known for his role of Al Borland on the television series Home Improvement, where he starred next to Tim Allen. He also hosted the show Bingo America in 2008.", "Engvall played a family counselor who can't always figure out his own family in this sit-com. Cancelled due to a ratings drop-off. Lasted 2 Seasons. Cancelled in September, 2009. Discuss \"The Bill Engvall Show\" In Our Forum - Click Here!" ]

[ 8.6171875, 7.51171875, 6.98046875, 4.5078125, 4.23046875, 3.498046875, 3.49609375, 3.060546875, 2.09375, 0.90185546875, 0.7421875, 0.288330078125, -0.16357421875, -1.14453125, -1.38671875, -2.26171875, -2.796875, -3.21484375, -4.79296875, -6.375, -6.6328125, -6.875, -6.89453125, -7.765625, -7.78125, -8.2578125, -8.5703125, -8.609375, -8.71875, -9.3046875, -9.4140625, -9.4765625 ]

[ "Just in case you were wondering, the word 'olfactory' refers to our sense of smell, technically called olfaction.", "Olfactory perception or Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, and, by analogy, sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. For air-breathing animals, the olfactory system detects volatile or, in the case of the accessory olfactory system , fluid-phase chemicals. For water-dwelling organisms, e.g., fish or crustaceans, the chemicals are present in the surrounding aqueous medium. Olfaction, along with taste , is a form of chemoreception . The chemicals themselves which activate the olfactory system, generally at very low concentrations, are called odors .", "    Target indicators are grouped into the four areas or senses of olfactory, tactile, auditory, and visual.  Olfactory is what you do, or fail to do, that allows the enemy to smell your presence.  Tactile is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to touch an object that gives away your presence.  Auditory is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to hear your presence.  Visual is what you do or fail to do that allows the enemy to see you or indications that you are present.", "The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.", "Smell or olfaction is the other \"chemical\" sense. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors (388 according to one source[9]), each binding to a particular molecular feature. Odor molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule's smell. In the brain, olfaction is processed by the olfactory system. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called anosmia. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect pheromones.[10]", "Olfaction, also known as olfactics, is the sense of smell. This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity of vertebrates, which can be considered analogous to sensory cells of the antennae of invertebrates. In humans, olfaction occurs when odorant molecules bind to specific sites on the olfactory receptors. These receptors are used to detect the presence of smell. They come together at the glomerulus, a structure which transmits signals to the olfactory bulb (a brain structure directly above the nasal cavity and below the frontal lobe). Many vertebrates, including most mammals and reptiles, have two distinct olfactory systems—the main olfactory system, and the accessory olfactory system (used mainly to detect pheromones). For air-breathing animals, the main olfactory system detects volatile chemicals, and the accessory olfactory system detects fluid-phase chemicals. Olfaction, along with taste, is a form of chemoreception. The chemicals themselves that activate the olfactory system, in general at very low concentrations, are called odorants. Although taste and smell are separate sensory systems in land animals, water-dwelling organisms often have one chemical sense. ", "The sensory details or figuratively English used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent obstructions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory , and olfactory. On the broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing", "When the signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, sending a signal traveling along the axon to the olfactory bulb, part of the limbic system of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) emitted. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and projected through a pathway to the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes.", " Odorants are volatile chemical compounds that are carried by inhaled air to the Regio olfactoria (olfactory epithelium) located at the roof of the two nasal cavities of the human nose. The olfactory region of each of the two nasal passages in humans is a small area of about 2.5 square centimeters containing in total approximately 50 million primary sensory receptor cells. This is not so many in comparison to a rabbit : 100 million of these olfactory receptors, or a dog: 220 million. Humans are nonetheless capable of detecting certain substances in dilutions of less than one part in several billion parts of air. An odorant must possess certain molecular properties in order to provide sensory properties. It must have some water solubility, a sufficiently high vapor pressure, low polarity, an ability to dissolve in fat (lipophilicity), and surface activity (these are all physical terms) The sense of smell is able to distinguish among a practically infinite number of chemical compounds at very low concentrations .", "Smell: Olfactory Sense W hile the sensation of taste is limited to a few basic (and important) sensations, smell is a cornucopia of data. We’re wired to detect somewhere around 1,000 distinct compounds and are able to discern somewhere over 10,000 odors. Like taste, our sense of smell is based on sensory cells (chemoreceptors) being “turned on” by chemical compounds. In smell, these compounds are called odorants. In the case of olfaction, the receptor cells are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity and respond to volatile chemicals–that is, compounds that evaporate and can be suspended in air such that they pass through the nasal cavity where the chemoreceptors have a chance to detect them. Our sense of smell is much more acute than our sense of taste; for some 42 / 43", "The process of olfaction begins with inhaling. Air is pulled through the nostrils and into the nasal cavity. The top side of your nasal cavity is directly under your brain and is separated from it by a very thin wall of bone and mucus membrane. That membrane is the location for a small area that contains millions of olfactory receptor nerves. These can differentiate between thousands of individual smells. Some people have an excellent sense of smell, but others suffer from anosmia, a loss of the sense of smell, which can impair their quality of life. Others suffer from phantom nasty smells, the olfactory version of hallucinations.", "The entire collection of chemoreceptors, in our specific case called olfactory receptor neurons, as well as their projections called axons are known as the olfactory nerve. The olfactory nerve, one on either side of your body, is also known as cranial nerve I. The olfactory nerve is the most important nerve involved in the sensation of smell.", "It is through the aromas of wine that wine is tasted. The human tongue is limited to the 5 primary tastes perceived by taste receptors on the tongue: sour, sweet, salty, bitter and Umami, so if an orange is sweet and sour and a strawberry is also sweet and sour, it is the “sweet and sour” with an orange or a strawberry aroma that distinguishes between the two. Taste and aroma together – Flavour, is the final interpretation of consumed food or beverage in our brain. Of the five senses, smell is of the highest sensitivity, approximately 10,000 times more sensitive than the sense of taste. The part of smell in what we define as flavour is 75% smell (olfaction) and 25% taste. Since smell is 10,000 times more sensitive than taste it requires that amount less Chemical Stimuli to be manifested clearly in the brain.", "Located in the temporal lobe, the primary olfactory cortex is the primary receptive area for olfaction, or smell. Unique to the olfactory and gustatory systems, at least in mammals, is the implementation of both peripheral and central mechanisms of action. The peripheral mechanisms involve olfactory receptor neurons which transduce a chemical signal along the olfactory nerve, which terminates in the olfactory bulb. The chemo-receptors involved in olfactory nervous cascade involve using G-protein receptors to send their chemical signals down said cascade. The central mechanisms include the convergence of olfactory nerve axons into glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, where the signal is then transmitted to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, the medial amygdala, and the entorhinal cortex, all of which make up the primary olfactory cortex.", "The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell. The cavity of the nose is lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve. The smells themselves consist of vapors of various substances. The smell receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain. The nose also has a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has not been determined, but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones that influence the reproductive cycle. The smell receptors are sensitive to seven types of sensations that can be characterized as camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or putrid. The sense of smell is sometimes temporarily lost when a person has a cold. Dogs have a sense of smell that is many times more sensitive than man's.", "From the olfactory bulb, odor information travels to the limbic system, an ancient part of the brain involved with emotion and memory. Other connections go to olfactory cortex, which is where concious awareness of an odor takes place. Cross-connections between cortex and the limbic system may be essential in forming lifelong, emotionally-laden, olfactory memories. Olfactory information also travels to orbitofrontal cortex, which receives input from other sensory systems. Monell scientists now are investigating how the brain integrates information to know that a certain set of odorants is a tomato… or a wet dog… or your baby.", "6) In most species, olfactory clues are used in conjunction with tactile, visual, and auditory signals", "Historically, culture has considered the senses of sight and hearing as \"higher\" senses, delighting them to the arts: dance, poetry and music among other forms. The senses of smell, taste and touch have been considered the \"lower\" senses for their connection to primal instincts: survival, nutrition and mating. However, the sense of smell has been underestimated, as well as the desire for mankind to cater to his/her vanity.", "During the process of olfaction, odor molecules entering your nose will latch onto the chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium. However, there's a small catch.", "olfactory tract The olfactory sensory tract of axons that conveys impulses from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory portion of the cerebral cortex.", "E.     Olfactory receptors convey nerve impulses to olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, and the cerebral cortex and limbic system.", "Odors.—So with odors. The sense of smell is merely the force set in motion by the vibration of the elements. An instrument called the odophone demonstrates that a scale or gamut exists in flowers; that sharp smells indicate high tones and heavy smells low tones. Over fifty odors have thus been analyzed.", "Anosmia is the inability to perceive odor or a lack of functioning olfaction—the loss of the sense of smell. Anosmia may be temporary, but some anosmia (including traumatic anosmia) can be permanent. Anosmia is due to a number of factors, including an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, blockage of nasal passages or a destruction of one temporal lobe. Inflammation is due to chronic mucosa changes in the paranasal sinus lining and the middle and superior turbinates. ", "Our sense of smell is our sensitivity to the inner, often unconscious, emotions and motives of ourselves and others. Smell is considered the most evocative, the most inner, and the most primitive of our senses. Not only does it penetrate the innerness of the object, it also penetrates to our own innerness. Of all the senses, only smell is perceived internally, as thought the smell is inside us. So of all our senses, smell creates the most direct connection between the innerness of the object we perceive and our own inner selves. While the body appreciates decoration, the enjoyment of the soul is to encounter something directly, as it truly is. All the other senses appear to us as external to our body.", "smell - v. to sense through the nose; n. something sensed by the nose (\"the smell of food cooking\")", "The human sense of smell has long been maligned -- its sensitivity is often unfavorably compared to that of animals. Smell even came in dead last in a HowStuffWorks battle of favorite senses.", "The description of a sense impression (smell, touch, sound etc) but in terms of another seemingly inappropriate sense e.g", "Our noses are trying to tell us something — a lot of things, in fact, says Dr. Paul Moore, biology. The problem is that we often aren’t getting the message because, as humans, we don’t process smell the way we do sight and sound. Nevertheless, smells are having a powerful, unconscious influence on us every day.", "odour the property of certain substances, in very small concentrations, to stimulate chemical sense receptors that sample the air or water surrounding an animal. In insects and other invertebrates and in aquatic animals, the perception of small chemical concentrations...", "In the United Kingdom, odour refers to scents in general. In the United States and for many non-native English speakers around the world, odor generally has a negative connotation, as a synonym for stink; on the other hand, scent or aroma are used by those people to indicate \"pleasant smells\". ", "The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.", "Anosmia is the inability to perceive odor, or in other words a lack of functioning olfaction.Anosmia may be temporary but traumatic anosmia can be permanent." ]

[ 5.37890625, 3.2578125, 2.8359375, 2.25, 1.765625, 1.48828125, 0.73583984375, 0.37939453125, 0.25048828125, -0.038360595703125, -0.48388671875, -0.69970703125, -0.94140625, -1.06640625, -1.087890625, -1.28125, -1.3623046875, -1.6279296875, -1.771484375, -1.861328125, -2.416015625, -2.587890625, -3.11328125, -3.341796875, -3.423828125, -3.982421875, -4.18359375, -4.78515625, -4.8984375, -5.08984375, -5.328125, -5.68359375 ]

[ "The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1960s musicians such as Jerry Lee Lewis , Elvis Presley , The Beatles , The Supremes , The Beach Boys , The Jackson 5 , The Rolling Stones , The Lovin' Spoonful and The Doors . The Canadian comedy troupe Wayne & Shuster , however, appeared on the program 67 times, a record for any performer. [8]", "The Ed Sullivan Show was the quintessential variety show. Whether it was Broadway for the parents, rock ‘n’ roll for the teenagers or Topo Gigio for the kids, the show had something for everyone. From 1948 to 1971, The Ed Sullivan Show was special in that it brought people and families together every Sunday evening. The Ed Sullivan Show was the longest-running variety show in TV history, and an undisputed institution. Towards the end of that long run, with the country divided by Vietnam and shifting value systems, Sullivan’s catchall format didn’t cross the demographic lines like it used to. Time slot rivals The Walt Disney Show and The F.B.I. were gaining momentum, and CBS, eager for youth-oriented programming and fearful that Sullivan was a vestige of older generations, canceled the show.", "From 1948 to 1971, The Ed Sullivan Show was one of CBS's most popular television series. Using his no-nonsense approach, Ed Sullivan allowed many acts from several different mediums to get their \"fifteen minutes of fame\". Sullivan was also partially responsible for bringing Elvis Presley and The Beatles to prominence in the United States.", "The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1950s and 1960s musicians such as Elvis Presley , The Beatles , The Supremes , The Dave Clark Five , The Beach Boys , The Jackson 5 , Janis Joplin , The Rolling Stones , The Mamas & the Papas , The Lovin' Spoonful , Herman's Hermits , The Doors , and The Band . The Canadian comedy duo Wayne and Shuster appeared on the program 58 times, a record for any performer. [17]", "Ed Sullivan started in 1948 and left the air in 1971. Our family would sit down to watch the Ed Sullivan Show on CBS every Sunday night. He was a newspaper columnist who's peculiar diction and weird gesture were made fun of by all even comedians that appeared on his show. There were all kind of acts world wide from opera to rock singers to the unusual. Even circus acts found their way on the Sullivan Show. Because of the variety of acts, The Ed Sullivan Show was the longest running variety show in TV history, surely never to be surpassed. He offered top acts such as Elvis Presley, The Animals, and The Beatles. The show was originally titled \"The Toast of the Town\" but in the beginning of the 1955 season the name", "The Ed Sullivan Show is especially known to the World War II and baby boomer generations for introducing acts and airing breakthrough performances by popular 1960s musicians such as Elvis Presley , The Beatles, The Supremes, The Beach Boys, The Jackson 5, Janis Joplin , The Rolling Stones, The Mamas & the Papas, The Lovin' Spoonful, The Doors and Topo Gigio. The Canadian comedy troupe Wayne & Shuster, however, appeared on the program 58 times, a record for any performer.", "The Ed Sullivan Show aired from 1948 until 1971 and changed the landscape of American television. Sullivan’s stage was home to iconic performances by groundbreaking artists from rock ‘n’ roll, comedy, novelty, pop music, politics, sports, opera and more.", "Ed's Sunday Night Program ran from 1948 through 1971 ... an incredible 23 years as literally \"The Toast Of The Town\" of variety entertainment television (which, ironically enough, is what the show was first called when it debuted back in 1948!)  Through the years, Sullivan brought into our homes the full gamut of pop culture ... you'd catch \"something for the kids\" like The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits or The Dave Clark Five ... the era's hottest comedians (like George Carlin and George Gobel ... Joan Rivers and Carol Burnett ... ", "The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that originally ran on CBS from Sunday June 20, 1948 to Sunday June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, which ran only one season and was eventually replaced by other shows.", "Elvis Presley’s first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, in September 1956, was actually one of his most restrained and least thrilling. It was notable, however, given Ed Sullivan’s assertion earlier that year that he’d never allow “The King” on his show. By the time the Beatles rolled around, Sullivan was far more comfortable with the hysteria young Elvis had caused. In fact, it was Ed Sullivan personally witnessing Beatlemania up close at London’s Heathrow airport in 1963 that led the Beatles being booked for their historic February 1964 American television debut. Through the rest of the 60s, The Ed Sullivan Show continued to host the day’s biggest rock acts: The Rolling Stones, The Supremes, The Doors, The Mamas and the Papas, Janis Joplin and more.", "The Beatles appear on Ed Sullivan's TV variety show and immediately become the most popular band in America.", "On television, variety reached its peak during the period of the 1960s and 1970s. With a turn of the television dial, viewers around the globe could variously have seen shows and occasional specials featuring Dinah Shore, Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Perry Como, Andy Williams, Julie Andrews, The Carpenters, Olivia Newton-John, John Denver, John Davidson, Mac Davis, Bobby Goldsboro, Lynda Carter, Johnny Cash, Sonny and Cher, Bob Monkhouse, Carol Burnett, Rod Hull and Emu, Flip Wilson, Lawrence Welk, Glen Campbell, Donny & Marie Osmond, Barbara Mandrell, Judy Garland, The Captain & Tennille, The Jacksons, The Keane Brothers, Bobby Darin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Mary Tyler Moore, Dean Martin, Tony Orlando and Dawn, The Smothers Brothers, Danny Kaye, Buck and Roy, Roy Hudd, Billy Dainty Max Wall or The Muppet Show. Even \"The Brady Bunch\" had a variety show. Variety shows were once as common on television as Westerns, courtroom dramas, suspense thrillers, sitcoms, or (in more modern times) reality shows.", "Spencer Davis Group: \"I Can't Stand It\" / \"Midnight Train\" [Fontana release]   China explodes its first atomic bomb   Rediffusion ITV. Ready Steady Go! [episode 64]: Dionne Warwick (\"Reach Out for Me\"); Mick Jagger (interview by Ellen Grehan) 17 ABC. Thank Your Lucky Stars: Brian Matthew (host) with The Supremes (Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, & Mary Wilson), Manred Mann, Mike Berry, Diana Dors, Tommy Quickly, and The Honeycombs 18 CBS. The Ed Sullivan Show: The Animals 19 London: American Blues Festival tour begins at Fairfield Hall, Croydon with Howlin' Wolf, Lightin' Hopkins, Sleepy John Estes, Sonny Boy Williamson, Willie Dixon, Hubert Sumlin, Hammie Nixon, John Henry Barbee, and Sugar Pie Desanto   BBC-2. The Beat Room: The Honeycombs, The Nashville Teens, Carl Perkins, Dionne Warwick 21 ABC. Shindig!: The Honeycombs 22 Sandie Shaw: \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" [UK #1 for 3 weeks]   Dusty Springfield: \"Losing You\" [Philips BF 1369, charts, UK #9]", "1958: The Alan Freed’s Big Beat Show played two shows at the Memorial Hall in Canton, Ohio, It featured Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly and the Crickets, Frankie Lymon, The Diamonds, Billy Ford, Danny & The Juniors, The Chantels, Larry Williams, Screaming Jay Hawkins and The Pastels.", "The early months of 1961 saw The Avengers debut on TV, the UK opening of Frank Sinatra’s new project, Reprise Records, and The Beatles’ first-ever gig at the Cavern Club. In April, ITV unveiled Thank Your Lucky Stars, hosted by Pete Murray, and in May Spurs beat Leicester City to win the double. June brought the weddings of both Shirley Bassey and Petula Clark, as well as the defection to the West of Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev.Chart-toppers in the first half of 1961 included Are You Lonesome Tonight? (Elvis Presley), Sailor (Petula Clark), Walk Right Back (The Everly Brothers), Blue Moon (The Marcels), On The Rebound (Floyd Cramer), Runaway (Del Shannon), Well I Ask You (Eden Kane) and You Don’t Know (Helen Shapiro). Among the many other hits which are now regarded as golden oldies were You’re Sixteen (Johnny Burnette), Calendar Girl (Neil Sedaka), My Kind of Girl (Matt Monro), Will You Love Me Tomorrow (The Shirelles), Rubber Ball (Bobby Vee), Runnin’ Scared (Roy Orbison), Hello Mary Lou (Ricky Nelson) and Stand By Me (Ben E King).", "When the show debuted nationwide, The Lawrence Welk Show was billed as the Dodge Dancing Party in 1955 and 1956. During 1956–59, Lawrence Welk was broadcast two nights per week. The second show's title was Lawrence Welk Presents Top Tunes and New Talent (1956–58) and then Lawrence Welk's Plymouth Show, after another Chrysler vehicle (1958–59). The Plymouth show was the first American television program to air in stereophonic sound. Due to the fact that stereophonic television had not yet been invented (it would be 25 more years before it would become standard), ABC instead simulcast the show on its radio network, with the TV side airing one audio channel and the radio side airing the other; viewers would tune in both the TV and the radio to achieve the stereophonic effect. Starting with the 1959–60 season the two shows were merged into The Lawrence Welk Show, reverting to monophonic broadcasts. The name stuck, and it became the most popular variety show ever.", "September 9, 1956 – Elvis makes his first appearance on the Sullivan show. Charles Laughton fills in for an ailing Sullivan. Presley sings “Don’t Be Cruel”, “Love Me Tender”, “Ready Teddy”, and “Hound Dog” to an estimated TV audience of 54 million viewers.", "The Cher Show debuted as an elaborate, all-star television special on February 16 , 1975 featuring Flip Wilson , Bette Midler and special guest Elton John . [15] Cloris Leachman and Jack Albertson both won Emmy Awards for their appearances as guest stars a few weeks later, [15] and the series received four additional Emmy nominations that year. Other guests included Pat Boone , David Bowie , Ray Charles , Dion , Patti Labelle , Cheryl Ladd , Wayne Newton , Linda Ronstadt , Lily Tomlin and Frankie Valli . The variety series' debut season ranked 22nd in the year-end Nielsen ratings .", "Another television classic that’s been sliced and diced over the years is “The Midnight Special,” a late-night show that took rock, pop, R&B and country acts as seriously as the producers of the Sullivan show.  The latest permutation of last fall’s comprehensive gift box is a three-disc set that includes such timeless acts as Glen Campbell, Earth, Wind & Fire, ELO, Donna Summer, Dolly Parton, Aretha Franklin, Etta James & Dr. John, Heart, Santana, Linda Ronstadt, and Van Morrison, and such barely remembered performers as the Bay City Rollers, Captain & Tennille, Eddie Rabbit, Mac Davis, Albert Hammond, Peaches & Herb and Chic. Among the comedians represented are Billy Crystal, George Carlin, Freddie Prinze, Richard Pryor, Joan Rivers and Steve Martin. Bonus features include an interview with guitarist George Benson and a featurette with series creator and producer Burt Sugarman.", "I was a very young child but I remember the DJ's from WABC, Cousin Brucie, Dan Ingram and Harry Harrison introducing many great pop tunes from that early pre-Beatle era. Some of these tunes were \"Traveling Man\" in 1961 by Ricky Nelson, who was the son of two famous TV parents \"Ozzie and Harriet\". That year, another beautiful tune \"Runaway\" was performed by Del Shannon.", "The \"Stranger In Paradise\" ballad from the musical 'Kismet' was covered by many top artistes of the 1950s, and in the UK no less than 6 versions were placed in the Top Twenty best sellers, including Bing Crosby, Eddie Calvert, Don Cornell, Tony Martin, Tony Bennett and the only vocal group to chart - The Four Aces. Tony Bennett's version was the highest placed, but this group - led by Al Alberts - were also high in the UK's Top Ten (1955), as they had already been in the USA (1953). This rare TV performance must at the time have greatly contributed to the success of their version. [1]", "Ed Sullivan's show was straight out of old vaudeville; brief acts of every description, from slapstick comedy to operatic arias. At least once, he showed a film, the only known film of Anna Pavlova (doing her Swan Dance). The Muppets' first TV appearance was on Ed Sullivan. Stiff and expressionless, with a peculiar voice and a talent for mispronunciation, Sullivan was at least as recognizable as Cronkite to early 60's viewers. Written by Molly Malloy <mailcall@intersource.com>", "He hosted The Dick Clark Show (1958) on ABC, from New York City's Little Theater (renamed, in 1983, The Helen Hayes Theater). The half-hour weekly show headlined five top pop/rock acts each week. Many of the regular teens who appeared on New American Bandstand 1965 (1952) made the trip from Philadelphia to New York City and were seated in the audience.", "Hosted by Dan Rowan and Dick Martin, this unique variety show was a fast moving barage of jokes, one-liners, running skits, musical numbers as well as making fun of social and political issues of the late 1960's. It was the group of regulars, particularly those from 1968-1970, that made it memorable. Gary Owens, Judy Carne, Arte Johnson, Ruth Buzzi, Alan Sues, Goldie Hawn, Chelsea Brown, Henry Gibson and Jo Anne Worley seemed to make the most lasting impressions with viewers. Lily Tomlin joined the cast in 1970 at a point when most of these original regulars were leaving.", "1956 - Perry Como became the first major TV variety-show host to book a rock and roll act on his program. The act was Carl Perkins.", "I Love Lucy is a popular comedy, starring Lucille Ball , Desi Arnaz , Vivian Vance and William Frawley . The black-and-white series originally ran from October 15, 1951 to May 6, 1957 on CBS. The show continued on for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials, running from 1957 to 1960, known as The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour .", "In addition to the rock n roll performances; there is also interesting banter between the guests host(s) and the artists. Of particular note: Don Adams intellectually embarrasses Janis Joplin, Milton Berle gets weird with Spanky and Our Gang, Mike Douglas gets philosophical with Donovan and many other golden TV moments!", "Scores of Italian Americans became well known singers in the post-war period, including: Frank Sinatra, Mario Lanza, Perry Como, Dean Martin, Tony Bennett, Frankie Laine, Bobby Darin, Julius La Rosa, and Connie Francis. Italian Americans who hosted popular musical/variety TV shows in the post-war decades included: Perry Como (1949 to 1967), piano virtuoso Liberace (1952–56), Jimmy Durante (1954-56), Frank Sinatra (1957–58) and Dean Martin (1965-74). Broadway, musical stars included Carol Lawrence, Anna Maria Alberghetti, Sergio Franchi, Patti LuPone, Ezio Pinza and Liza Minnelli.", "The Bevs, as everyone called them, appeared on numerous programmes and had Top 10 singles with \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" (1953) and \"Little Drummer Boy\" (1959). The public loved the way they did everything together and the way they would complete each other's sentences: if you play an old radio interview, it is impossible to tell who is saying what.", "The show was first broadcast on the BBC on 14 June 1958. It began as a one-off special in 1957 called The 1957 Television Minstrels featuring the male Mitchell Minstrels (after George Mitchell, the musical director) and the female Television Toppers dancers. It was popular and soon developed into a regular 45-minute show on Saturday evening prime time television, featuring a sing-along format with both solo and minstrel pieces (often with extended segueing), some country and western and music derived from other foreign folk cultures. The show included \"comedy interludes\" performed by Leslie Crowther, George Chisholm and Stan Stennett. It was initially produced by George Inns with George Mitchell. The Minstrels' main soloists were baritone Dai Francis, tenor John Boulter, and bass Tony Mercer. During the nine years that the show was broadcast in black and white, the black-face makeup was actually red as black did not film very well.", "He left Milwaukee and developed his unique act throughout the 1940s, first in New York, then Las Vegas and Hollywood. By 1950 he was a star live attraction and his national TV show that first aired in 1952 sealed his fame. He deliberately broke an established TV rule by looking directly into the camera as he played; he knew he could convince each one of his fans that he was playing specifically for her.", "Williams’ songs of the 1950s have been recorded by many artists and are still popular today.  Transcript of radio broadcast:" ]

[ 8.1484375, 8.0390625, 7.5, 6.56640625, 5.92578125, 5.77734375, 5.19921875, 3.8828125, 2.583984375, 2.451171875, 0.1693115234375, -1.4677734375, -1.8271484375, -2.416015625, -2.740234375, -2.86328125, -2.87890625, -3.59765625, -3.912109375, -4.60546875, -5.23046875, -5.53125, -5.53125, -5.73046875, -6.12109375, -6.4140625, -6.63671875, -6.8671875, -7.2421875, -7.5546875, -7.63671875, -9.2265625 ]

[ "This has to be one of the funniest series ever made on British Television. With its memorable characters and memorable phrases it is a series you can watch and then forget about. The famous Hyacinth Bucket is a fantastic hilarious character that the whole village is afraid to go anywhere near. Her husband Richard is a down to earth man who everyone feels sorry for because he lives with Hyacinth. Hyacinth's neighbors try to stay in doors so she does not start singing at them or invite them for candle light supper. This is a memorable series that will remain in television history for a long time.", "Monty Python’s Flying Circus [1] is a sketch comedy show which ran for four seasons from 1969-1974. The series premiered on October 5th, 1969 on BBC One, and the finale aired on December 5th, 1974. It was nominated for seven BAFTA Awards during its run, winning three. Classic sketches to come out of the series include “The Parrot Sketch” (below, left) and “The Ministry of Silly Walks” (below, right).", "Monty Python’s Flying Circus (known during the final series as just Monty Python) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The shows were composed of surreality, risqué or innuendo-laden humour, sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines. It also featured animations by Terry Gilliam, often sequenced or merged with live action. The first episode was recorded on 7 September and premiered on 5 October 1969 on BBC One, with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974, plus two episodes for German TV.", "In the 1960s Comedy Playhouse (BBC, 1961-74) was created. This was a premiere comedy showcase in which pilots were written by writers such as Alan Simpson and Ray Galton. A number of the pilots went on to become some of the best loved comedy series on British TV. They included Steptoe and Son (BBC, 1962-65; 1970; 1972, 1974) and Till Death Us Do Part (BBC, 1966-68; 1972; 1974-75 which later became In Sickness and in Health BBC 1985- ). In the 1960s there was a rise of satirical shows such as That Was The Week That Was (BBC, 1962-63) and Not Only - But Also... (BBC, 1965-66; 1970), innovative shows such as Monty Python's Flying Circus (BBC, 1969-70; 1972-73), and the enduring favourite Dad's Army (BBC, 1968-77)--a sitcom about a partially geriatric Home Guard in the early days of the World War II. A number of Gerry Anderson's puppet productions were also produced: Supercar (ATV/AP/ITC, 1961-62) Fireball XL5 (AP/ATV/ITC, 1962-63); Stingray (AP/ATV/ITC, 1964-65), Thunderbirds (ATV/AP/ITC, 1965-66) and Captain Scarlett and The Mysterons (ITC/Century 21 TV Prod, 1967-68).", "(Monty Python’s Flying Circus (known during the final series as just Monty Python) is a British sketch comedy series created by the comedy group Monty Python and broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The shows were composed of surreality, risqué or innuendo-laden humour, sight gags and observational sketches without punchlines. It also featured Terry Gilliam's animations, often sequenced or merged with live action. The first episode was recorded on 7 September and broadcast on 5 October 1969 on BBC One, with 45 episodes airing over four series from 1969 to 1974, plus two episodes for German TV.)", "`Only Fools and Horses' is by far the most funniest, original, and well developed British Comedy ever. Myself being a British citizen, I have to say that there is no other funnier show. Derrick \"DelBoy\" Trotter and his brother Rodney are put together, two of the funniest British actors to ever grace the Television screen. While there were many visual jokes on-screen, there were also many verbal assaults and comments that made this show legendary. Famous mostly for it's Cockney accents and truly original characters, this show was the Best of the Best. Even though it ended sadly in 1991, you can still buy the shows on video and watch them over and over again. They never grow old.", "Monty Python's Flying Circus is a British sketch comedy television series featuring the comedy troupe Monty Python that originally aired on the BBC from 1969 to 1974. The success of its uniquely surreal lunacy has also generated four spinoff films to date, each featuring the same troupe in multiple roles before and behind the camera.", "Considered to be one of the finest and funniest examples of British situation comedy, Fawlty Towers has become a critical and popular success throughout the world to the extent that all twelve of its episodes can stand as classics in their own right. The series succeeded in combining the fundamentals of British sitcom both with the traditions of British theatrical farce and with the kind of licensed craziness for which John Cleese had already gained an international reputation in Monty Python's Flying Circus. Comic writing of the highest quality, allied to painstaking attention to structure and detail, enabled Fawlty Towers to depict an extraordinarily zany world without departing from the crucial requirement of sitcom--the maintenance of a plausible and internally consistent setting.", "The mid 1970s was the period during which the BBC started to make real inroads in the comedy viewing figures. 1975 was the first year that' Fawlty Towers' was shown and that show is arguably, Britain's greatest comedy. 'The Good Life' also made its debut in 1975 and was also on the BBC. Thereafter, the BBC went from strength to strength.", "The Morecambe and Wise Show, one of almost the greatest comedy hits ever to be screened by the BBC, first reached Cotton's stable in 1968. Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise were already considerable stars on ITV but yearned to be seen in colour, which they were convinced was the key to the future of TV. They had also fallen out with ITV's Lew (later Lord) Grade over money.", "This was my favorite BBC sitcom. Even though there was only 30 episodes, it ranks as my favorite among all comedies. I was so fortunate to have had access to public television growing up. Channel 13 in Dallas, Texas was the first public TV station to air \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" in the U. S. (Three cheers to Eric Idle).", "In the 1940s and 1950s variety dominated the schedules, and popular series included ITMA and Much Binding in the Marsh . In the mid 1950s , however, two notable series emerged which would help to shape the future of radio and television comedy in Britain . The Goons ( Peter Sellers , Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe ) starred in their own anarchic series The Goon Show which ran throughout the 1950s. At the same time, the BBC was also running Hancock's Half Hour starring Tony Hancock , the first of a new generation of comedies based around believable characters and situations. Hancock's Half Hour later transferred to TV and was phenomenally successful throughout the '50s, running concurrently on radio and television until 1960 .", "Basil! Often voted the best British sitcom of all time, John Cleese and Connie Booth’s Seventies Torquay hotel farce still stands up to repeated viewings. Back in 1975, Clive James wrote that it had him “retching with laughter” and 25 years later, “Farty Towels” was voted the best British TV series of all time in a BFI poll. Just 12 episodes were made but they’re near-perfect and left us wanting more. Just don’t mention the war. Que?", "\"Not The 9 O'clock News\" took the baton from \"Monty Python's Flying Circus\" in the world of British comedy in the early 1980s. Like \"Python,\" the show features fast paced sketch comedy intermixed with real footage and musical numbers, and blends them into an amalgam that is sometimes very original, yet occasionally noticeably derivative of earlier work (notably of \"Python\" and Peter Cook.) Of the four principals involved here, Rowan Atkinson, of course, became the standout, and in fact already was even at this early stage. Atkinson excels at quirky roles, and is a wonderfully visual performer. His portrayal of the performance artist mime \"Alternative Car Park\" is the funniest single sketch of the series by far.", "The Goodies was a BBC TV series starring a trio of British comedians that aired between 1970-1980. The comedy series starred Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden, and Bill Oddie. ", "Band Waggon debuted on 5 January 1938, and was the first BBC variety show to go out in a fixed weekly slot with a fixed cast. As well as dance band The Bandwaggoners, organist Charles Smart and veteran comedian Syd Walker, the show also featured slots such as What Do You Think? and New Voices, a kind of Opportunity Knocks. After the first three shows were poorly received the script writer was dismissed, and Askey, Murdoch, Crier and Vernon Harris took charge themselves. The new format cast 'Big Hearted' Arthur and 'Stinker' Murdoch as supposed caretakers of the Greenwich time-pips, living in a fictional flat on top of Broadcasting House together with a goat named Lewis, and pigeons Basil and Lucy. Thus Band Waggon can lay claim to being the first British situation comedy.", "The very first episode, for the record, was Trapped in the Sky, written by Gerry Anderson and his then wife Sylvia, who also voiced Lady Penelope. In the show the Hood sabotages a new super-aircraft, forcing the International Rescue team to come to its aid so he can steal their secrets. It was only kids in the ATV Midlands region who got to enjoy that first September 30 broadcast; London only joined the jerky-armed party on Christmas Day that year.", "Hello Cheeky brought Radio Two's long-running 1970s comedy show to television, featuring the legendary talents of Goodies star Tim Brooke-Taylor, fellow I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue stalwart and comedy writer Barry Cryer, and writer and actor John Junkin; composer Denis King provided musical accompaniment (and frequently became the object of ridicule for the other three). The half-hour shows were pre-recorded in front of a live audience and replicated the original series' trademark mix of preposterous sketches, appalling jokes, raillery and general silliness. Improvisation abounded, with the occasional blunder retained in an irreverent approach summed up by Cryer as 'Laugh-In without the gloss, only desperation and rot'. A typical show might feature advice on looking after an armadillo, teaching your dog to samba or making your very own space rocket from a yard of lint, an operation on a false moustache, or even a gala dinner with the officers and crew of the Nancie Celeste. The first television series, containing eight episodes, was broadcast between 19 January and 22 March 1976. The second series, containing five episodes, was broadcast between 26 May and 23 June of the same year. (Network DVD).", "Having seen every episode of The Young Ones and most of Bottom which was almost like a spin off from this I have to say that this was my favourite and is something of a cult classic nowadays. It was first broadcast in 1982 on BBC2 and ran for a couple of years over 2 series and just twelve episodes but was very popular when it was on at the time.", "Hancock's highly strung personality made the demands of live broadcasts a constant worry, with the result that, starting from the autumn 1959 series, all episodes of the series were recorded before transmission. Up until then, every British television comedy show had been performed live owing to the technical limitations of the time. He was also the first performer to receive a £1,000 fee for his performances in a half-hour show.", "Fawlty Towers is a British sitcom produced by BBC Television and first broadcast on BBC2 in 1975 and 1979. Twelve episodes were made (two series, each of six episodes). The show was written by John Cleese and his then wife Connie Booth , both of whom also starred in the show. The first series was produced and directed by John Howard Davies ; the second was produced by Douglas Argent and directed by Bob Spiers .", "The first BBC broadcasts were shown at 5.55 pm every weekday on BBC1 , [1] just before the early evening news. This was the first time an entertainment programme had been transmitted in this way in the UK. The original series, which was a serial, was made in black-and-white . From the second series onwards it was made in colour, although the series was still broadcast in black-and-white by the BBC; the first colour episode was transmitted on 5 October 1970.", "Doctor in the House is a British television comedy series based on a set of books and a film of the same name by Richard Gordon about the misadventures of a group of medical students. It was produced by London Weekend Television from 1969 to 1970.", "The ITV sitcom began in 1969 and ran for seven series - even resulting in three spin-off films.", "Fawlty Towers is a BBC television sitcom that was first broadcast on BBC2 in 1975 and 1979. Twelve episodes were made (two series, each of six episodes). The show was written by John Cleese and his then-wife Connie Booth, both of whom also starred in the show.", "The first BBC broadcasts were stripped across the week and shown at 5.40pm, just before the early evening news each day on BBC 1 . This was the first time an entertainment programme had been transmitted in this way in the UK. The original series, which was a serial, was made in black-and-white . It was made in colour from series 2 - the first colour programme was transmitted 5 October 1970.", "This much-loved sitcom quickly became a real ratings winner for the BBC when it was first aired in 1979. Three series (22 episodes) were created in total, and it was certainly one of my childhood favourites.", "The first series was entirely produced and directed by Croft, making its debut on 31 July 1968. Eventually a total of 80 episodes were filmed, in addition to several Christmas specials, and the programme ran until 1977.", "An early example of British situation comedy (1954-9) starring Tony Hancock and written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. Other regulars were Sid James, Hattie Jacques, Bill Kerr and Kenneth Williams. In addition to the radio shows there were seven TV series, ending in 1961.", "A majour comedy series from the 50' and 60's that influenced others like the Monty Python team.", "This classic British TV series is presented here in the complete box set. It is an interesting set with some excellent episodes.", "This is the 6th show of the first series and was broadcast on 1st September 1968." ]

[ 2.1015625, 2.078125, 1.7255859375, 1.0869140625, 1.044921875, 0.308349609375, -0.58203125, -2.33984375, -2.478515625, -2.498046875, -3.1640625, -3.42578125, -3.58984375, -3.69921875, -5.125, -5.45703125, -5.77734375, -5.90234375, -5.921875, -5.9296875, -5.9375, -6.00390625, -6.06640625, -6.1875, -6.22265625, -7.32421875, -7.7109375, -8.5546875, -8.6640625, -8.734375, -9.40625, -10.328125 ]

[ "Aquila is a loose triangular-shaped constellation covering 652 square degrees in the fourth quadrant of the Northern hemisphere (near the celestial equator). It can be viewed at latitudes between +90° and -75°. Aquila represents the eagle of the Roman god, Jupiter and, in fact, gets its name from the Latin word meaning “eagle.”", "Aquila is Latin and means eagle. The constellation is said to represent the eagle which, in classical Greek mythology , carried the thunderbolts of Zeus and was sent by him to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede , represented by the neighbouring Aquarius , to Mount Olympus where he became the wine-pourer for all the gods. This explains why the largest moon of Jupiter was called Ganymede , Jupiter being the Roman name of Zeus.", "Aquila is a constellation in the northern sky. Its name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird who carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology.", "At the beginning of the sign Aquarius can be found the zodiacal position of Altair, the main star of the constellation Aquila, the Eagle.  This is a star of ambition, as befits the mighty symbolism of the eagle, and generally the power to achieve the noble aims.   Artistic talent is often associated with Altair, too.", "The constellation Aquila, the Eagle has been recognized as early as 1,200 B.C.E. The Euphratean uraanographic stone, dating from the Mesopotamian cultures, depicts this constellation. The constellation lies just a few degrees north of the celestial equator. Many ancient cultures such as the Persians, Hebrews, Arabs, Greeks and Romans all saw an eagle represented in this constellation.", "It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union. The constellation was also known as Vultur volans (the flying vulture) to the Romans, not to be confused with Vultur cadens which was their name for Lyra. It is often held to represent the eagle who held Zeus's/Jupiter's thunderbolts in Greco-Roman mythology. Aquila is also associated with the eagle who kidnapped Ganymede, a son of one of the kings of Troy (associated with Aquarius), to Mount Olympus to serve as cup-bearer to the gods.", "Aquila, the celestial eagle, is one of the three constellations which have bright stars forming the Summer Triangle. A nearly perfectly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings extend further to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest. A challenging open cluster can be found in Aquila, a few degrees southwest of the northernmost wingtip of the eagle. The stars in this cluster are so faint that they cannot be resolved with binoculars, but instead appear as only a light smudge. Two dark nebulae form a shape known as \"Fish on the Platter\". They are located about 1.5 degrees west of the star just north of Altair. To the ancient Greeks, Aquila was the servant of Zeus who held the god's thunderbolts and performed errands for him. He may also be the great eagle who devours Prometheus' liver as punishment for giving fire to humans. The line of three stars which includes Altair is revered by Indians as the footprints of the god Vishnu. Some Asian traditions see the bright star Vega as the Weaving-Princess star who marries a shepherd, the star Altair.", "In illustrations of Aquila that represent it as an eagle, a nearly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings extend further to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest.[ citation needed ]", "Aquila Latin “Eagle” constellation in the northern sky, at about 20 hours right ascension and on the celestial equator in declination. The brightest star in Aquila is Altair (Arabic: “Flying Eagle”), the 12th brightest star in the sky. With the nearby bright...", "Aquila is a constellation in the northern sky. Its name is Latin for 'eagle'. Aquila lies just a few degrees North of the celestial equator. The constellation is best seen in the summer as it is located along the Milky Way.", "Aquila is the eagle who carried Zeus's thunderbolts of Zeus and occasionally aided the god in his seductions. Like Cygnus, Aquila is an ancient constellation described by Ptolemy.", "Actually, Altair is a sun, the brightest star in the constellation Aquila and located 16.8 light-years (5.14 parsecs) from Earth. It is the 12th brightest star visible in the night sky. The planetary designation of Altair 4 means that the story is set on the fourth planet in the Altairan solar system.", "Aquila lies astride the celestial equator . The alpha star, Altair , is a vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism . The constellation is best seen in the summer as it is located along the Milky Way . Because of this location along the line of our galaxy, many clusters and nebulae are found within its borders, but they are dim and there are few galaxies.", "Together with the bright stars Altair in the constellation Aquila (the Eagle) and Vega in Lyra , Deneb forms the Summer Triangle , a prominent asterism in the summer sky.", "If you don't know how to do during a warm Summer night, then try to watch above your head from 23 o'clock until midnight: if the sky is moon-less and clean of clouds you'll easily find a wide right-angled triangle of bright bluish stars. Astro-lovers nickname it the Summer Triangle; the stars making it are the famous Vega and the less-famous Deneb and Altair, each belonging to its own constellation: Lyra, Cygnus, and Aquila respectively. The brightest star is that in the right-angle, Vega (whose name is of uncertain meaning), but the rest of Lyra (Lyre in Latin) is small and quite uncospicuous. The lyre is an excellent example of those constellations that can be easily found in the sky thanks to only one of their stars: such constellations are quite common in the celestial sphere (see other examples in the next chapters), but Lyra takes this to an extreme — without Vega it would become one of the least-luminous figures of the northern sky. Aquila (meaning Eagle in latin) is the most southern figure of the Summer Triangle, to the point it's crossed by the celestial Equator; this is another good example of \"one-bright-star\" constellation, having one single luminous 1st magnitude star (Altair), several of 3rd forming together a sort of polygon, but no \"intermediate\" stars of 2nd.", "Stars from three constellations in the northern hemisphere form an imaginary triangle - the Summer Triangle, which is an asterism. The constellations Aquila, Cygnus, and Lyra contain the stars Altair, Deneb, and Vega. Together these stars create a nightly picture of a triangle in space.", "The name of the constellation’s brightest star, Altair, comes from the Arabic al-nasr al-ta’ir, meaning ‘flying eagle’ or ‘vulture’. The Greeks, including Aratus and Ptolemy, called this star Aetos (Ἀετός), the eagle, the same as the whole constellation. The German scholar Paul Kunitzsch notes that the Babylonians and Sumerians referred to Altair as the eagle star, testimony to an even more ancient origin of the name. Altair’s neighbouring stars Beta and Gamma Aquilae lie in the eagle’s neck and in its left shoulder respectively, according to Ptolemy’s description. These two stars have their own names, Alshain and Tarazed, which come from a Persian translation of an old Arabic word meaning ‘the balance’.", "Some \"parazodiacal\" constellations are also touched by the paths of the planets. The MUL.APIN lists Orion, Perseus, Auriga, and Andromeda. Furthermore, there are a number of constellations mythologically associated with the zodiacal ones : Piscis Austrinus, The Southern Fish, is attached to Aquarius. In classical maps, it swallows the stream poured out of Aquarius' pitcher, but perhaps it formerly just swam in it. Aquila, The Eagle, was possibly associated with the zodiac by virtue of its main star, Altair. Hydra in the Early Bronze Age marked the celestial equator and was associated with Leo, which is shown standing on the serpent on the Dendera zodiac. Corvus is the Crow or Raven mysteriously perched on the tail of Hydra.", "\"[Constellation] Aquila. This is the eagle which is said to have snatched Ganymede up and given him to his lover, Jove [Zeus] . . . And so it seems to fly above Aquarius, who, as many imagine is Ganymede.\"", "Aquila, the Eagle, is the French Aigle, the German Adler, and the Italian Aquila, next to and westward from the Dolphin, is shown flying toward the east and across {Page 56} the Milky Way; its southern stars constituting the now discarded Antinous. Early representations added an arrow held in the Eagle's talons; and Hevelius included a bow and arrow in his description; but on the Heis map the Youth is held by Aquila, for the Germans still continue this association in their combined title der Adier mit dem Antinous.", "The star Altair and the two stars to either side of it, Beta and Gamma Aquilae form the asterism known as Hegu, a battle drum.", "The Greek Aquila is probably based on the Babylonian constellation of the Eagle (MUL.A.MUSHEN), which is located in the same area as the Greek constellation. ", "The Aquila constellation has seven stars with known planets and has no Messier objects, according to Constellation Guide. Altair, or Alpha Aquilae is the brightest star in Aquila and the 12th brightest star in the sky,", "*α Aql (Altair) is the brightest star in this constellation and one of the closest naked-eye stars to Earth at a distance of 17 light-years. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase \"al-nasr al-tair\", meaning \"the flying eagle\". Altair has a magnitude of 0.76.", "Aquila was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy . It had been earlier mentioned by Eudoxus in the 4th century BC and Aratus in the 3rd century BC. [3]", "This constellation is the 22nd biggest constellation and occupies 652 square degrees in the northern hemisphere's fourth quadrant. Aquila is located at latitudes between 90 degrees and negative 75 degrees. Nearby constellations include Capricornus, Aquarius, Sagittarius, Hercules, Sagitta, Serpens Cauda, Ophiuchus, Scutum and Delphinus.", "In China, Altair and its two flanking stars, Beta and Gamma Aquilae, were known as Hegu, a large battle drum – beating the drum was a signal for the army to attack. The line to the south formed by Theta, 62, 58, and Eta Aquilae was Tianfu, the drumstick. Delta Aquilae and surrounding stars including Mu, Sigma, and Iota were Youqi, a banner flying on the right side of the drum, while the stars of Sagitta to the north were a banner on the left of the drum.", "The star Zeta Aquilae is located in a part of the night sky seen as Tiān Shì Yuán or the Heavenly Market Enclosure. The rest of Aquila’s stars are found in the area of the night sky ruled by Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ, the Black Tortoise of the North.", "This is one of the four key stars in the heavens, also called archangel stars. Michael ( Aldebaran ) watcher of the East. Gabriel ( Fomalhaut ) watcher of the South. Raphael ( Regulus ) Watcher of the North. Oriel (Antares) Watcher of the West. At one time they marked the two Equinoxes and two Solstices. Aldebaran marked the zero Aries point in 3044 BC, Antares marked zero Libra 3052 BC, Fomalhaut marked zero Capricorn, 2582 BC, Regulus marked zero Cancer 2345 BC. As one of the four Royal stars of Persia its name was Satevis; but, as their lunar asterism, it was Gel, the \"Red\" the Sogdians changing this to Maghan sadwis, the \"Great One\" saffron-colored. [The angel associations come from Eric Morse, The Living Stars , p.35. Allen's explanation of these four stars on page 256 of Star Names]", "Note the bright orange star at the end of the lower arm of the V, which represents the angry, fiery eye of the constellation of Taurus , the Bull. This colorful star is Aldebaran, \"the Follower;\" for it rises soon after the Pleiades and seems to pursue them across the sky.    ", "In the north, you’ll see the Great Square of Pegasus and the attached constellation Andromeda.  Cygnus and little Delphinus and Sagitta lie off to the northwest.  The winding constellation Eridanus winds nearly overhead from the eastern horizon, leading the constellations of a southern summer into the eastern sky.  Pisces and its pentagonal head lies just above Pegasus.  Cetus, the sea monster, looms in the east between Pisces and Eridanus.", "Low on the southern horizon lies the crown jewel of spring equatorial skies. There are now six constellations among these stars. They are Puppis the Poop, Vela the Sails, Pyxis the Compass, Carina the Keel, Volans the Flying Fish and Columba the Dove. These six constellations are the dismembered parts of a much larger constellation outlined by the ancient Greeks. They called it the Great Ship Argo Navis." ]

[ 7.6484375, 7.140625, 7.01171875, 4.59375, 4.296875, 3.431640625, 3.416015625, 3.107421875, 2.80859375, 2.412109375, 2.400390625, 2.341796875, 2.2421875, 2.134765625, 2.072265625, 1.4072265625, 1.1357421875, 1.044921875, 0.9794921875, -0.019378662109375, -0.235595703125, -0.379150390625, -0.515625, -0.5341796875, -0.75244140625, -1.3203125, -1.5859375, -3.4140625, -4.484375, -5.234375, -5.87890625, -6.078125 ]

[ "Because it is a work of fiction, it can be wherever it is convenient for the writers.", "(1) The expression “literary and artistic works” shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature; dramatic or dramatico-musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; works of applied art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science.", "(1) The expression “literary and artistic works” shall include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression, such as books, pamphlets and other writings; lectures, addresses, sermons and other works of the same nature; dramatic or dramatico-musical works; choreographic works and entertainments in dumb show; musical compositions with or without words; cinematographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to cinematography; works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving and lithography; photographic works to which are assimilated works expressed by a process analogous to photography; works of applied art; illustrations, maps, plans, sketches and three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture or science.", "Perusing famous works of literature, one would be hard pressed to find a volume that does not concern itself with the relationship of a creation to its creator. It is a central concern of most religious texts, as well as much of the narrative literature that the academic world deems to be above the realm of escapism. This is hardly surprising in that creation is inherent in existence; moreover, it is central to the subsidiary themes that often drive stories: family relationships, the nature of art, the role of society for the individual, the role of the individual in society, and so on. More specifically, creation is the central fact of the novel: the author gives life to novel in the hopes that the novel will give life to itself.1", "The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction . It contains elements of many types of popular 18th and 19th century literature, especially the romance novel . War and Peace attains its literary status by transcending genres. Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its \"god-like\" ability to hover over and within events, but also to swiftly and seamlessly take a particular character's point of view. [6] His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. There are mental flashbacks, as when Napoleon reconstructs some of his previous victories. There are other temporal devices, such as a future Napoleon writing about the events that are unfolding. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new novel that is arising in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proves himself a master. [7]", "Bizzy: Plus it's a novel. It's scary, isn't it, how some people can't distinguish between fact and fiction? The Da Vinci Code is a work of the human imagination!", "From its ancient beginnings in magic, then religious, ritual and drama, fiction was characterized by closed endings: victories, sacred marriages, births, and deaths. If the hero lost, his defeat grew out of some tragic flaw—some misunderstanding with the gods which alienated their affections. If he won, his victory came from the gods as a reward for his virtue. For centuries, fiction's closed endings assured the accomplishment of divine justice—however miraculous and improbable the deus ex machina necessary to bring it about. Even well into the Victorian Age, the novel's closed ending remained a function of divine intervention—although often, at this stage, a sort of secularized version in which the hero was rewarded with the girl and the wealth. However materialistically, the novelist-god gave the protagonist justice—at least until Dickens dropped Stephen Blackpool down a mineshaft and Hardy's heroes began to suffer from their author's deterministic views.", "(2) The adaptation into any other artistic form of a cinematographic production derived from literary or artistic works shall, without prejudice to the authorization of the author of the cinematographic production, remain subject to the authorization of the authors of the original works.", "The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction . It contains elements of many types of popular 18th and 19th Century literature, especially the romance novel . War and Peace attains its literary status by transcending genres. Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its \"god-like\" ability to hover over and within events, but also to swiftly and seamlessly take a particular character's point of view.[ citation needed ] His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. There are mental flashbacks, as when Napoleon reconstructs some of his previous victories. There are other temporal devices, such as a future Napoleon writing about the events that are unfolding. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new novel that is arising in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proves himself a master.[ citation needed ]", "Relation to major genres and art: it is not fiction, it can be seen as belonging to one of the main genres of rhetoric: judicial, epideictic or political. It may be highly artistic and poetic, but seems more like art with a purpose than art for art's own sake. Epics, lyrics and drama seem to serve the didactic aspect.", "Art historians, curators and the public systematically greet the new with suspicion and bafflement, then, ultimately, embrace it. Photography, invented in the early 1800s, was considered a useful, if simple, record of reality. In the late 1800s, its advocates began to argue that it was art. This was generally dismissed. Then Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Dorothea Lange, Brassai, Robert Mapplethorpe and Cindy Sherman did their work; museums acquired and exhibited photographs; Sotheby's sold a photograph for $1m; and the issue was closed. Since the late 20th century, photography has been accepted as a true art form.", "In his memoirs, Man Ray tells how Alice Prin, known as Kiki of Montparnasse, refused to pose for him because, as she said, \"a photograph was too factual\". He goes on: \"Not mine, I replied, I photographed as I painted, transforming the subject as a painter would, idealising or deforming as freely as does a painter.\" (Man Ray, Self-portrait). The Violon d'Ingres precisely illustrates these ideas, with its intimations of a photographer halfway between painting and mechanical reproduction.", "\"is directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance\"", "A genre of revelatory literature with a narrative framework, in which a revelation is mediated by an otherworldly being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent reality which is both temporal, insofar as it envisages eschatological salvation, and spatial insofar as it involves another, supernatural world (italics his). 679", "Through the use of the written word mental images of places and landscapes (real and not real) are developed in books. These worlds can then be presented in a visual/aural medium such as film. 2001: A Space Odyssey directed by Stanley Kubrick is based on the book, The Sentinel, written by Arthur C. Clarke. Clarke’s use of descriptive words, mental images of landscape & elements, all assist in the journey of the story. Kubrick uses the combination of visual images, music, graphics and technology which allows the not real to become real. The film takes the viewer on the journey described by the author but with the use of other creative means to expand, elaborate and embellish the story told by Clarke.", "But in an age where characters and works survive for longer and in more media than ever before, copyright cut-off points are increasingly coming into question, he adds.", "Perhaps most interesting, the argument has had some debating about the purpose of fiction and its bounds.", "The film features a narrative set in an alternative reality in which there is no such thing as lying and everything said is the absolute truth. In this world people make blunt, often unintentionally cruel statements. Not being able to lie has resulted in this alternative reality having no religions. The absence of fiction results in a movie industry limited to lecture-style historical readings and advertisements as bluntly truthful as the people are.", "one of the three major genres of imaginative literature, which has its origins in music and oral performance and is characterized by controlled patterns of rhythm and syntax (often using meter and rhyme); compression and compactness and an allowance for ambiguity; a particularly concentrated emphasis on the sensual, especially visual and aural, qualities and effects of words and word order; and especially vivid, often figurative language.", "The aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images \"written with light\"; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, but some questioned if their work met the definitions and purposes of art.", "29 Realism, too, has a historical association with modern rational scientific models of knowledge. As Darcy Kirkham points out, “the foundational assumption within realism … is that fiction can … move to-ward an objective description of reality” (5). Pi, as we know, challenges the view that linguistic constructs can provide an accurate reflection of reality: “The world isn’t just the way it is. It is how we understand it, no?” he says to Mr. Okamoto (335). What, then, is the motive underlying the realism of Pi’s first story? Kirkham argues that much contemporary realist fiction does not conform to the theoretical assumptions of realism, that rather than attempting “to move toward the Real,” it strives “to keep the Real at bay” (6). One of the reasons Kirkham offers for this reversal in the direction realist texts move is the traumatic nature of reality which makes it “something to be hidden from or escaped” (7). Like the fiction Kirkham examines, Life of Pi deals with traumatic events. Perhaps this explains the purpose of Pi’s first story: to provide a means of coping with trauma, to offer a defence against traumatic reality.", "Yet despite its serious subject matter , the novel remains imaginative, witty, and often sexually explicit . Numerous amusing stories, many of which seem to be based on actual folk tales with their ordinary themes of simple-minded husbands, adulterous wives, and clever lovers, as well as the magical transformations that characterize the entire novel, are included within the main narrative. -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Golden_Ass [Feb 2005]", "The novel has been parodied or used as source material in a variety of media, such as films, TV, stage works, literature, and games: ", "The purpose of this essay is to evaluate a modern movie, The Dead Poets Society, in light of the principles of transcendentalism. These principles, and indeed their definition, are much too extensive and varied to deal with in their entirety here, so the essay will accordingly limit the principles of transcendentalism to three major transcendentalist authors, appling them to the characters in the movie and their respective unfolding destinies. The fundamental argument is that the tenets of transcendentalism from the 19th century remain firmly in the hearts and minds of American people, as is manifest in this movie. More than one transcendental principle often applies to each character, particularly when in regard to individualism. Finally some positive and negative consequences of transcendentalism and its implementation will be assessed.", "Screenwriters Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald said that they read many accounts of Christ's Passion for inspiration, including the devotional writings of Roman Catholic mystics. A principal source is The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ the visions of the stigmatic German nun Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824), as written by the poet Clemens Brentano. A careful reading of Emmerich's book shows the film's high level of dependence on it. ", "Thousands of years before motion picture technology existed, the idea of artificial reality, of a dream world built for men, informed the lives of thousands of men and women throughout the Near East and beyond. The scene above is a composite drawn from the experiences of those men and women, whose philosophy seriously threatened Christianity almost from her birth. Now Hollywood has imported this dangerously false view of the world into an increasing number of its movies, showing us what it looks like when it's placed firmly into our time.", "Film is a uniquely powerful medium.  With its visual and audial capacity to depict vivid slices of life, it can inspire, haunt, instruct, inform, amuse, depress, distract, model, and simply entertain like nothing else.  With this power, film can serve distinctly good or evil roles in the life of a society and culture.", "How does the return of the hieroglyph affect everyday life? Writers from diverse ideological positions have described ways in which the media that supposedly “records” events have come to play a central role in shaping those events—sometimes initiating the event in the first place. From Daniel Boorstin’s “pseudo-event” to Jean Baudrillard’s “simulacrum” to Stuart Ewen’s All Consuming Images, critics of culture have noted that representation has come to inhabit reality, not content to document it after the fact.7 This by-now familiar critique has attacked network television, mass-market publishing, advertising, and Hollywood film for substituting an endless stream of superficial images for the lost fullness of experience.", "We begin with the human experience of reality. The Hindu will say that everything humans see and experience is real. But because it is in a constant pattern of flux and change, it is ultimately an illusion (maya). The book you hold in your hand seems very solid and permanent. Drop it on your foot and you will experience that fact with painful consequences. But that experience is not the only reality, because the truth is that the book is made up of atoms, constantly in motion and never at rest, as is the foot you dropped the book on. All is motion. Nothing is solid at all. It just appears that way. If you leave the book out in the rain for a few years, you will see a different reality. Bury it in the earth and come back a thousand years from now and you will discover that what it appears to be now is only one stage on a journey that lasts forever. On a totally different level, does the reality of the book consist of material elements at all? Is it paper and ink, or the essence of the ideas that are written on the paper with the ink? In other words, does the book continue long after it is destroyed? Are the paper and ink simply one incarnation of eternal ideas that may someday take the form of governments or corporations that the words of the book define?", "Counter to the idea, inherited from the nineteenth century, of a radical separation between the written word and other forms of communication, and against Cade's dream or nightmare, we must underline the strong and durable presence of the powers of the image and the voice in writing itself. As Fernando Bouza wrote, in the time of Cervantes or Shakespeare, \"Images and speech remained present also in that specific realization of writing which is reading. Writing continued to maintain a lively and intense relationship with those two other forms of communication, knowledge and memory, perhaps because in writing, too, resided something of that essential creativity which was manifested in a voice that upbraids or blesses and in the powerful images whose contemplation was propitiatory.\" (31)", "Given that many best-selling books have been made into motion pictures, it makes sense that there would be a film based on the most significant and influential book of all time (No, not 'Lord of the Rings')", "Because of the book's notoriety (and public domain status), numerous adaptations have been produced. Some of them are:" ]

[ -2.525390625, -3.275390625, -3.275390625, -5.078125, -6.34375, -6.35546875, -6.6484375, -6.74609375, -6.74609375, -6.84765625, -6.9296875, -7.2734375, -7.6015625, -7.8359375, -7.94140625, -8.5703125, -8.6953125, -8.9140625, -9.0546875, -9.1484375, -9.1484375, -9.1875, -9.203125, -9.421875, -9.625, -9.71875, -9.8125, -9.84375, -10.015625, -10.34375, -10.53125, -10.9375 ]

[ "Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor, and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre , Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. [1] He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career. [2]", "Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe, January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.  He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective-fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "Edgar Allen Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.", "Edgar Allan Poe (/po_/; born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 - October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction.", "The greatest and most famous mystery grave of all could be that of Edgar Allan Poe, who was found going out of his mind on Baltimore's streets in 1849 and died of either delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, syphilis, cholera or rabies (all have been posited as theories). For more than 20 years, Poe lay in an unmarked grave, until he was moved to Charm City's Westminster Cemetery, on the southeast corner of Fayette and Greene Streets, in 1875.", "A Look into the Dark Side of Edgar Allan Poe - Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809 and was found barely conscious on a Baltimore street in 1949 two years after his wife’s death. Three days later Poe was dead at the age of forty. Just like the way he lived his life and died, many of his stories and poems were a mystery. Two of his most famous works “The Cask of Amontillado” and “The Raven” were dark and mysterious fictions with dark characters and mysterious plots. “The Cask of Amontillado” was a story about the dark act of satanic pursuit of revenge, unlike “The Raven” which invited us into the soul of a grieving man....   [tags: Biography, Writing Styles, Poems]", "1849 - American author Edgar Allan Poe is found delirious in a gutter in Baltimore, Maryland under mysterious circumstances; it is the last time he is seen in public before his death.", "On October 3, 1849, Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, “in great distress, and… in need of immediate assistance”, according to the man who found him, Joseph W. Walker. He was taken to the Washington Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning (at the age of 40). Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name “Reynolds” on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say Poe’s final words were “Lord help my poor soul.” All medical records, including his death certificate, have been lost. Newspapers at the time reported Poe’s death as “congestion of the brain” or “cerebral inflammation”, common euphemisms for deaths from disreputable causes such as alcoholism. The actual cause of death remains a mystery. A fitting end for the master of the macabre. Yet . . .", "1849 – Destined to write nevermore, Edgar Allan Poe dies while traveling in Baltimore. He is laid to rest at a memorial grave in the Westminster Burying Ground in Baltimore.", "In the United States, at least by 1818 with William Cullen Bryant's \"To a Waterfowl\", Romantic poetry was being published. American Romantic Gothic literature made an early appearance with Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) and Rip Van Winkle (1819), followed from 1823 onwards by the Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper, with their emphasis on heroic simplicity and their fervent landscape descriptions of an already-exotic mythicized frontier peopled by \"noble savages\", similar to the philosophical theory of Rousseau, exemplified by Uncas, from The Last of the Mohicans. There are picturesque \"local color\" elements in Washington Irving's essays and especially his travel books. Edgar Allan Poe's tales of the macabre and his balladic poetry were more influential in France than at home, but the romantic American novel developed fully with the atmosphere and melodrama of Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850). Later Transcendentalist writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson still show elements of its influence and imagination, as does the romantic realism of Walt Whitman. The poetry of Emily Dickinson—nearly unread in her own time—and Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick can be taken as epitomes of American Romantic literature. By the 1880s, however, psychological and social realism were competing with Romanticism in the novel.", "Themes in the Writing of Edgar Allan Poe that Mirror his Personal Life - This essay will discuss the themes in Poe’s writing that mirror his personal life and, in addition, the fear and supernatural motivators for his characters. First, I will discuss Poe’s background and explore how he became best known as a poet for his tales of mystery and macabre. In retrospect he was born January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father an actor abandoned the family when he was one years old and his mother an actress died of tuberculosis when 2 yrs old. His foster parents cared for him as a young child and their last names were Allan....   [tags: Edgar Allan Poe]", "On October 3, 1849, Poe was found on the streets of Baltimore delirious, \"in great distress, and... in need of immediate assistance\", according to the man who found him, Joseph W. Walker. [69] He was taken to the Washington Medical College , where he died on Sunday, October 7, 1849, at 5:00 in the morning. [70] Poe was never coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition, and, oddly, was wearing clothes that were not his own. Poe is said to have repeatedly called out the name \"Reynolds\" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say Poe's final words were \"Lord help my poor soul.\" [70] All medical records, including his death certificate, have been lost. [71] Newspapers at the time reported Poe's death as \"congestion of the brain\" or \"cerebral inflammation\", common euphemisms for deaths from disreputable causes such as alcoholism. [72] The actual cause of death remains a mystery. [73] Speculation has included delirium tremens , heart disease , epilepsy , syphilis , meningeal inflammation , [3] cholera [74] and rabies . [75] One theory, dating from 1872, indicates that cooping —in which unwilling citizens who were forced to vote for a particular candidate were occasionally killed—was the cause of Poe's death. [76]", "In his 2000 book  Midnight Dreary: The Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe , author John Evangelist Walsh presents yet another theory about Poe's death: that Poe was murdered by the brothers of his wealthy fiancée, Elmira Shelton. Using evidence from newspapers, letters and memoirs, Walsh argues that Poe actually made it to Philadelphia, where he was ambushed by Shelton's three brothers, who warned Poe against marrying their sister. Frightened by the experience, Poe disguised himself in new clothes (accounting for, in Walsh's mind, his second-hand clothing) and hid in Philadelphia for nearly a week, before heading back to Richmond to marry Shelton. Shelton's brothers intercepted Poe in Baltimore, Walsh postulates, beat him, and forced him to drink whiskey, which they knew would send Poe into a deathly sickness. Walsh's theory has gained little traction among Poe historians—or book reviewers; Edwin J. Barton, in a review for the journal American Literature, called Walsh's story \"only plausible, not wholly persuasive.\" \"Midnight Dreary is interesting and entertaining,\" he concluded, \"but its value to literary scholars is limited and oblique.\"", "Poe, Edgar Allan, an American poet, born in Boston, Massachusetts; a youth of wonderful genius, but of reckless habits, and who came to an unhappy and untimely end; left behind him tales and poems, which, though they were not appreciated when he lived, have received the recognition they deserve since his death; his poetical masterpiece, “The Raven,” is well known; died at Baltimore of inflammation of the brain, insensible from which he was picked up in a street one evening (1809-1849).", "POE, EDGAR ALLAN (1809-1849). Major American poet and writer of sensational and detective stories, associated with Baltimore, Maryland.", "Bohannon October 23, 2012 The Raven Edgar Allan Poe was born January 19, 1809 and became a famous American author and poet. He is most... known for his mysterious and gruesome horror stories but one of his most famous is The Raven. First published in January 1845, the poem is known for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. The story is about a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The Raven was first credited to Poe...", "The Peculiar Edgar Allan Poe - “Men have called me mad; but the question is not yet settled, whether mad is or is not the loftiest intelligence—whether much that is glorious—whether all that is profound—does not spring from disease of thought—from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect” (Poe); these are the words of a man born on January 19, 1809. As a child Poe’s parents had passed on making him an orphan. He then went on to live with the family of John Allan who was originally from Richmond, Virginia....   [tags: the raven, the tell-tale heart]", "Percy Bysshe Shelley (; 4 August 1792 - 8 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as epic, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a close circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron; Leigh Hunt; Thomas Love Peacock; and his own second wife, Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein.", "Edgar Allan Poe is buried in Baltimore, Maryland (Lat: 39.29027; Long: -76.62333). The circumstances and cause of his death remain uncertain.", "His prose collection, The Necessary Angel, released when the author was 72, asserted that poetry was “the supreme fiction.” In his 60s he echoed Baudelaire’s notion that beauty is inextricably linked with evil in “Esthétique du Mal.” Later poems include “The Plain Sense of Things” and “A Quiet Normal Life,” but he’s better known for early works like “The Snow Man,” “The Idea of Order at Key West,” and “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.” FTP, name this American author of the poems “Sunday Morning,” “Peter Quince at the Clavier,” and “The Emperor of Ice Cream.”", "In 1836 Hawthorne served as the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge . During this time he boarded with the poet Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Street in Beacon Hill in Boston .[citation needed] He was offered an appointment as weighter and gauger at the Boston Custom House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted on January 17, 1839. [18] During his time there, he rented a room from George Stillman Hillard , business partner of Charles Sumner . [19] Hawthorne wrote in the comparative obscurity of what he called his \"owl's nest\" in the family home. As he looked back on this period of his life, he wrote: \"I have not lived, but only dreamed about living\". [20] He contributed short stories, including \" Young Goodman Brown \" and \" The Minister's Black Veil \", to various magazines and annuals, though none drew major attention to the author. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk of collecting these stories in the spring of 1837 into one volume, Twice-Told Tales , which made Hawthorne known locally. [21]", "      n   (Joseph) Sheridan. 1814--73, Irish writer, best known for his stories of mystery and the supernatural, esp. Uncle Silas (1864) and the collection In a Glass Darkly (1872)  ", "once upon a midnight dreary - “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary”, is one of the most famous poetry lines in America. Edgar Allan Poe had a life most people would think of as crazy. He wrote a famous poem called “The Raven” that is very strange like most of the poems he wrote. Edgar Allan Poe had a devastating childhood and a dark life as an adult. He was born January 19,1809, under the name of Edgar Poe. His father soon abandoned Poe and his fate is unknown. When Poe was two years old his mother died....   [tags: essays research papers]", "Biography of Edgar Allan Poe - Biography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is a man who is considered to be a true American genius of our time, and by many, the personification of death. His works have been collected and celebrated for over a hundred years from this day. He was a man who’s dreary horror tales captured and frightened the minds of millions. Poe differed from most other acclaimed writers though. The readers of his work do not admire him because they fall in love with his characters or because his writing touches their hearts....   [tags: Edgar Allan Poe Writers Literature Essays]", "Edgar Allan Poe - Edgar Allan Poe was an early to mid 19th century writer, poet and artist. Unlike most of his fellow writers Poe had very depressing and morbid stories to tell, and until later on after his death not many people knew why this was so. As other writers and poets told of the make believe or how things could be better, he focused on the supernatural and making sure his true emotions would show through his words. He was not a believer of covering up the truth as he saw it just to appeal to the faint hearted....   [tags: Biography Poet Biographical Poe]", "University of Virginia English professor Jerome McGann illuminates Edgar Allan Poe’s well-known, spooky poem, “The Raven,” and others in his new book, “The Poet Edgar Allan Poe: Alien Angel,” published just in time for Halloween by Harvard University Press.", "Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud ( or;; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism. Born in Charleville-Mézières, he started writing at a very young age and was a prodigious student, but abandoned his formal education in his teenage years to run away from home amidst the Franco-Prussian War. After running away, during his late adolescence and early adulthood, he began the bulk of his literary output, but completely stopped writing at the age of 21, after assembling one of his major works, Illuminations. ", "“The Fall of the House of Usher” possesses the quintessential -features of the Gothic tale: a haunted house, dreary landscape, mysterious sickness, and doubled personality. For all its easily identifiable Gothic elements, however, part of the terror of this story is its vagueness. We cannot say for sure where in the world or exactly when the story takes place. Instead of standard narrative markers of place and time, Poe uses traditional Gothic elements such as inclement weather and a barren landscape. We are alone with the narrator in this haunted space, and neither we nor the -narrator know why. Although he is Roderick’s most intimate boyhood friend, the narrator apparently does not know much about him—like the basic fact that Roderick has a twin sister. Poe asks us to question the reasons both for Roderick’s decision to contact the narrator in this time of need and the bizarre tenacity of narrator’s response. While Poe provides the recognizable building blocks of the Gothic tale, he contrasts this standard form with a plot that is inexplicable, sudden, and full of unexpected disruptions. The story begins without complete explanation of the narrator’s motives for arriving at the house of Usher, and this ambiguity sets the tone for a plot that continually blurs the real and the fantastic.", "Abraham \"Bram\" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author known today for his 1897 Gothic novel, Dracula. During his lifetime, he was better known as personal assistant of actor Henry Irving and business manager of the Lyceum Theatre in London, which Irving owned.", "Nathaniel Hawthorne born Nathaniel Hathorne (July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.", "A lawyer and a poet. Quite a combo. But it seems he was always in many magazines of the period and always could be found in monthly periodicals such as Century, Harper's, Knickerbocker, and many others. He seemed highly prolific till his death in 1887." ]

[ 10.109375, 10.0546875, 10.015625, 9.359375, 9.1875, 6.59375, 5.125, 4.328125, 4.06640625, 3.16796875, 2.974609375, 2.470703125, 2.359375, 0.7138671875, 0.30859375, -0.51904296875, -2.029296875, -2.958984375, -3.025390625, -3.3046875, -3.45703125, -3.61328125, -3.72265625, -4.90234375, -5.00390625, -5.25, -5.86328125, -7.50390625, -7.83203125, -8.6953125, -9.5234375, -9.640625 ]

[ "One wonders what they think about Canadian Football, which has twelve men per team on the field. The 13th man is the extra defender that cost the Saskatchewan Roughriders the Grey Cup in 2009 .", "The present sport of Canadian football closely resembles the American, with some significant differences: the Canadian playing field is much larger (9 m longer, 6 m wider and with end zones 13 m deeper); the Canadian game allows 12 players per side, compared to 11 in the US, and allows much more movement of players before the ball is put into play; only 3 downs, compared to 4 in the US, are allowed for the offensive team to make 10 yards and retain control of the ball; the team receiving a punt must run it back - there is no option to call the ball dead by a \"fair catch\"; any member of the offensive backfield may be in motion prior to the snap of the ball.", "In Canadian football, a team starts with 12 players on offense, 12 players on defense, and a special teams squad of 12 players for punts, kickoffs, and extra point attempts. As in American football, most of the special teams players are starters or bench players for offence or defence.", "Each team consists of 12 players, but only 9 players take the field for a contest.", "Canadian football – played almost exclusively in Canada. The game is played on a 110-yard field, has only three downs and twelve men per team. Unlike most versions of American football, the Canadian game allows players to move toward the line of scrimmage prior to the snap, and also has a “single” score-one point for a ball kicked into the end zone and not returned by the receiving team.", "Teams can be a minimum of 6 players and a maximum of 15 players. 9 players are on the field for each team at any one time.", "The Canadian Football League or CFL is the second professional league of the sport, albeit with significantly different rules (three downs instead of four, more players etc.) and larger playing fields (110 yards long + two 20-yard end zones, and 65 yards wide), which cause football to be more of a passing game in Canada than the United States. The Canadian rules are actually closer to the \"Ur-Football\" Walter Camp envisioned way back when, with most differences originating with innovations on the US side of the border.", "The teams are made up of 5 in-field players, 7 replacements are admitted and interchangeable at times during the match without any need to call for the referee’s permission, although only during a standstill. In this event, players may enter the field a single time approx. 1 meter from the enclosure in a central position, although they may exit from whatever position. As soon as the referee becomes aware that a team has more than 5 players on the field, he may disallow any action that has taken place in the meantime, unless the opponent team have gained an advantage (Ex. 1: a try is scored and the defending team has 6 players on the field: the score stands. Ex. 2: a try is scored and the attacking team has 6 players on the field: the goal is disallowed)", "Canadian football is played at several levels in Canada; the top league is the professional nine-team Canadian Football League (CFL). The CFL regular season begins in June, and playoffs for the Grey Cup are completed by mid-November. In cities with outdoor stadiums such as Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Regina, low temperatures and icy field conditions can seriously affect the outcome of a game.", "MLL teams are allowed to dress 19 players per game, while 10 players are permitted to be on the field at a time. The positional breakdown of those 10 players includes one goalie, three defensemen, three midfielders and three attackmen.", "Canadian football - Very similar to American football played south of the border, though with rule differences that are more than trivial, making them distinct codes. In Canada, the term \"football\" usually refers to Canadian football, while association football is known as \"soccer\". The top tier professional tournament is the Canadian Football League (CFL) , which has nine teams, with the season finale to decide the champion being the Grey Cup.", "On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a \"direct snap\" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:", "The Edmonton Eskimos are a professional Canadian football team based in Edmonton, Alberta, competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The Eskimos play their home games at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium and are the third-youngest franchise in the CFL. The Eskimos were founded in 1949, although there were clubs with the name Edmonton Eskimos as early as 1895. The Eskimos are the most successful CFL franchise of the modern era (since 1954) having won the league's Grey Cup championship fourteen times, second overall only to the Toronto Argonauts who have won sixteen. This includes a three-peat between 1954 and 1956 and an unmatched five consecutive wins between 1978 and 1982, and most recently in 2015.", "There are two halves, each consisting of two quarters for a total of four (4) quarters of 15 minutes each in a CFL game . Halves and quarters are self-explanatory, they represent dividing the game by two (or in half) and four (or in quarters). Overtime , if necessary, is not timed and can take up to 30-45 minutes of real time to complete the maximum two possessions per team in the Regular Season.", "Indoor football – played on a 50-yard indoor field with seven or eight players to a side. Each indoor football league typically has its own rulebook.", "*Canadian Football League: Packed in 53,208 into the stadium for the 100th Grey Cup between the Toronto Argonauts and the Calgary Stampeders", "The Toronto Argonauts are a Canadian Football League team based in Toronto. Founded in 1873, they are one of the oldest extant professional sports teams in North America. The Argonauts have won the Grey Cup championship a record fifteen times, most recently in 2004. They play their home games at Rogers Centre.", "The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts, who have won 16 Grey Cup titles. Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007, the first held in the city since 1992. Later in 2012, while hosting and participating in the 100th Grey Cup, they won the game to the delight of the home fans. In addition, the city has hosted several National Football League exhibition games. Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2013. The Argonauts play their home games at BMO Field, while NFL exhibition games have been traditionally held at Rogers Centre.", "Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in three divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl. The Quebec Junior Football League includes teams from Ontario and Quebec who battle for the Manson Cup.", "*Nine-man football, eight-man football and six-man football are varieties of gridiron football played with fewer players. They are played with four downs (often with a 15-yard requirement for a new set of downs, as opposed to 10 in other codes), fewer offensive linemen, and an 80-yard field. These games are generally based on the high school rulebooks, which have an addendum devoted to the play of these codes.", "The CFL field is 65 yards wide by 150 yards long (110 yards between the goal lines plus two 20-yard end zones). Up to 1985 the field was 160 yards long. The end zones were 25 yards each until the 1986 season when they were reduced to 20 yards. The field is divided into two 55-yard halves, so centre field is at the 55-yard line.", "Because of substantial differences between the two codes—most notably the larger field and only having three downs to advance the ball 10 yards instead of four—offensive formations are somewhat different in the Canadian game. Most notably, tight ends are almost completely absent in Canada.", "Canadian football is also played at the high school, junior, collegiate, and semi-professional levels: the Canadian Junior Football League and Quebec Junior Football League are for players aged 18–22, many post-secondary institutions compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport for the Vanier Cup, and senior leagues such as the Alberta Football League have grown in popularity in recent years. Great achievements in Canadian football are recognized by the Canadian Football Hall of Fame which is located in Hamilton, Ontario.", "; Touchdown : Achieved when the ball is in possession of a player in the opponent's end zone, or when the ball in the possession of a player crosses or touches the plane of the opponent's goal-line, worth 6 points (5 points until 1956). A touchdown in Canadian football is often referred to as a \"major score\" or simply a \"major.\"", "( Canada , uncountable ) Canadian football : a game played on a wide field in which two teams attempt to get an ovoid ball to the end of each other's territory.", "The Hamilton Tiger-Cats are a professional Canadian football team based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1950 with the merger of the Hamilton Tigers and the Hamilton Wildcats. They are currently members of the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL). The Tiger-Cats play their home games at Tim Hortons Field. ", "Canadian football, which parallels American football, is played by collegiate teams in Canada under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport. (Unlike in the United States, no junior colleges play football in Canada, and the sanctioning body for junior college athletics in Canada, CCAA, does not sanction the sport.) However, amateur football outside of colleges is played in Canada, such as in the Canadian Junior Football League. Organized competition in American football also exists at the collegiate level in Mexico (ONEFA), the UK (British Universities American Football League), Japan (Japan American Football Association, Koshien Bowl), and South Korea (Korea American Football Association).", "A history of the Canadian Football League's Grey Cup. Lists Grey Cup players and teams and their statistics.", "Semi-professional leagues have grown in popularity in recent years, with the Alberta Football League becoming especially popular. The Northern Football Conference formed in Ontario in 1954 has also surged in popularity for former college players who do not continue to professional football. The Ontario champion plays against the Alberta champion for the \"National Championship\". The Canadian Major Football League is the governing body for the semi-professional game.", "Canadian football fields share many of the same characteristics as NFL fields, including the various types of markings found both on and outside the field, as well as the size and dimensions of the uprights.  However, there are a few significant differences:", "Though many Canadians actively follow the National Football League (NFL) and its Super Bowl playoffs, there are actually no Canadian teams in it, making it the only major professional sport in which Canada and the United States are not integrated into a single league. This is due to the fact that the rules of so-called Canadian Football are slightly different than its American counterpart, meaning that Canadians have to compete in a different league all their own: the Canadian Football League , or CFL.", "Why did the CFL change the rules of football? Why are Canadian football rules different? What rules did the CFL change?" ]

[ 3.9765625, 3.482421875, 3.263671875, 1.8544921875, 1.8046875, 1.5078125, 1.205078125, 0.54443359375, 0.53466796875, 0.390869140625, 0.163330078125, -0.82958984375, -1.80078125, -1.9970703125, -2.001953125, -2.181640625, -2.396484375, -2.42578125, -2.4375, -2.603515625, -3.134765625, -3.333984375, -3.37890625, -3.619140625, -4.0234375, -5.21875, -5.33984375, -6.01171875, -6.0703125, -6.2578125, -6.453125, -7.265625 ]

[ "Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word χρῶμα, chrōma, meaning color, because many of the compounds are intensely colored.", "Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word χρῶμα, chrōma, meaning colour, because many of its compounds are intensely coloured.", "\"Chromium\" is a chemical element with symbol \"Cr\" and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word χρῶμα, \"chrōma\", meaning color, because many of its compounds are intensely colored.", "Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word \"chrōma\" (χρώμα), meaning colour because many of its compounds are intensely coloured. It was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in the mineral crocoite (lead chromate) in 1797. Crocoite was used as a pigment, and after the discovery that the mineral chromite also contains chromium, this latter mineral was used to produce pigments as well.", "Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a h", "Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr. Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago to coat metal weapons found with the Terracotta Army.", "Chromium was discovered by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin in 1797 at France. Origin of name : from the Greek word \"chroma\" meaning \"colour\", named for the many coloured compounds known for chromium..", "Chromium is responsible for the many different colours of its compounds - its name is derived from the Greek word chroma for 'colour.' Chromium was obtained as a metal for the first time in 1798 by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, and in its pure form by Hans Goldschmidt in 1894.", "Named from the Greek word meaning “color”, chromium is a lustrous, hard, bluish-gray metal. It can be polished to a mirror-like finish and is often used as a decorative and protective plating or finish. Like vanadium, chromium hardens steel, so it is frequently used in alloys, especially stainless steel. Chromium compounds are all strongly colored, and this characteristic gives chromium its name. Chromium compounds are used as a yellow coloring agent in the textiles industry. It also is used in the tanning of leather. Rubies and emeralds gain their color from chromium impurities.", "Chromium forms many colorful compounds that have industrial uses. Lead chromate (PbCrO4), also known as chrome yellow, has been used as a yellow pigment in paints. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3), also known as chrome green, is the ninth most abundant compound in the earth's crust and is a widely used green pigment. Rubies and emeralds also owe their colors to chromium compounds. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used in the tanning of leather while other chromium compounds are used as mordants, materials which permanently fix dyes to fabrics. Chromium compounds are also used to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide. Chromite, chromium's primary ore, is used to make molds for the firing of bricks because of its high melting point, moderate thermal expansion and stable crystal structure.", "Chromium is a comparatively rare element, never occurring by itself in nature but always in compounds. Its chief source is the mineral chromite, which is composed of iron, chromium, and oxygen and is found principally in the nations of the former Soviet Union, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turkey, and the Philippines. The element, in the form of chromic oxide, gives the greenish tint to the emerald and the aquamarine. Metallic chromium is prepared by reduction of the oxide by aluminum or by carbon. It is used in plating other metals because of its hardness and nontarnishing properties. Chromium was discovered in 1797 by L. N. Vauquelin.", "Many elements on the periodic table have names derived from Latin, including aluminum, calcium, cesium, chlorine, fluorine, gallium, iridium, radium, rubidium and scandium. Other element names are derived from languages such as Greek, Arabic and Anglo-Saxon. Some elements have been named for the cities in which they were discovered or after scientists.", "Chromium(III) oxide is the inorganic compound of the formula Cr2O3. It is one of principal oxides of chromium and is used as a pigment. In nature, it occurs as the rare mineral eskolaite.", "Chromium oxide was used by the Chinese in the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago to coat metal weapons found with the Terracotta Army. Chromium was discovered as an element after it came to the attention of the western world in the red crystalline mineral crocoite (lead(II) chromate), discovered in 1761 and initially used as a pigment. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin first isolated chromium metal from this mineral in 1797. Since Vauquelin's first production of metallic chromium, small amounts of native (free) chromium metal have been discovered in rare minerals, but these are not used commercially. Instead, nearly all chromium is commercially extracted from the single commercially viable ore chromite, which is iron chromium oxide (FeCr2O4). Chromite is also now the chief source of chromium for chromium pigments.", "In 1803, Tennant attempted to dissolve platinum in aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of two strong acids—nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. He found that most of the platinum metal dissolved, leaving a small amount of black powder. Other chemists had not bothered to study the powder. But Tennant did. He discovered that it had properties very different from those of platinum. He realized he had discovered a new element. He named it iridium, from the Greek goddess Iris, whose symbol is a rainbow. Tennant chose this name because the compounds of iridium have so many different colors. For example, iridium potassium chloride (K 2 IrCl 6 ) is dark red, iridium tri-bromide (IrBr 3 ) is olive-green, and iridium trichloride (IrCl 3 ) is dark green to blue-black.", "Word History The symbols that scientists use for the chemical elements are usually abbreviations of the elements' names. Thus the symbol for hydrogen is H, and the symbol for oxygen is O, both from the first letter of the name. But if you look at the Periodic Table at Periodic Table , you'll notice that some symbols are entirely different from the corresponding element names. The symbol for iron is Fe, and the symbol for tin is Sn, for example. Why is this? It happens that some elements were already known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as familiar metals like iron, copper, silver, gold, tin, and lead. For these elements scientists use abbreviations of the Greek and Latin words for them. The Latin words for the six metals listed above are ferrum, cuprum, argentum, aurum, stannum, and plumbum. From these names come, quite straightforwardly, the chemical symbols Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, and Pb.", "An alternative, rejected name was niton (Nt), from Latin nitens \"shining\", because of the radioluminescence of radon. 75 Rhenium Re Latin Rhenus Rhine toponym From Latin Rhenus, the river Rhine . 45 Rhodium Rh Greek ῥόδον (rhodon) rose descriptive (colour) From Greek ῥόδον (rhodon), which means \"rose\". From rose-red compounds . 111 Roentgenium Rg Röntgen,", "In Greek the metal was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). Copper was a very important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium (aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus ). From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite / Venus in mythology and alchemy , owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus , which was sacred to the goddess. In astrology, alchemy the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper. [14]", "The element was named for the color of its primary oxide. In 1841, Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander extracted a rare earth oxide residue he called \"didymium\" from a residue he called \"lanthana\", in turn separated from cerium salts. In 1885, the Austrian chemist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach separated didymium into two salts of different colors, which he named praseodymium and neodymium. The name praseodymium comes from the Greek prasinos (πράσινος), meaning \"green\", and didymos (δίδυμος), \"twin\".", "A year or two after Vauquelin's discovery, a German chemist named Tassaert working in Paris found chromium in an ore now called chromite. This ore, Fe(CrO2)2, is now an important source of chromium.", "Facts Date of Discovery: Known to the ancients Discoverer: Unknown Name Origin: Latin Symbol Origin: From the Latin word ferrum (iron) Uses: steel, hemoglobin ...", "We propose to give this new metal the name Cesium (symbol Cs) from Caesius (Latin), which the ancients used to designate the blue of the upper part of the firmament. This name seems to us to be justified...  by the beautiful blue color of the incandescent vapor of this new element.", "Rhenium ( ) is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has the third-highest melting point and highest boiling point of any element. Rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is obtained as a by-product of molybdenum and copper ore's extraction and refinement. Rhenium shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7.", "Among them we may mention two remarkable red lines...  located at the extreme red end of the spectrum...  (which) led us to give this element the name Rubidium and the symbol Rb from Rubidus (Latin) which, with the ancients, served to designate the deepest red.", "Vanadium is the chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a soft, silvery grey, ductile transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation.", "On the ELEMENT PERIODIC TABLE, #22 through #30 are the coloring elements that give color to crystal compounds. Element's color in harmony.", "Its Atomic Number is 26. The symbol Fe comes from the Latin name for the metal, Ferrum.", "Named after the planet Uranus. The element was discovered in 1789, shortly after the discovery of the planet.", "ἀργήντος - argēntos, gen. of ἀργήεις - argēeis, \"white, shining\" ) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it", "Ununtrium Uut systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium. [25]", "The symbol for the planet with the same name has been used since ancient times to represent the element.", "Each element has been assigned a number, called its atomic number. In the Chem Time clock, the numbers have been replaced by the symbols of the corresponding element." ]

[ 7.92578125, 7.8125, 7.71875, 7.1015625, 5.296875, 2.302734375, 1.685546875, 1.3720703125, 1.2158203125, -0.8232421875, -0.94482421875, -1.5224609375, -1.8212890625, -1.8525390625, -1.859375, -2.001953125, -2.1875, -2.736328125, -2.822265625, -3.056640625, -4.40234375, -4.61328125, -4.87109375, -5.18359375, -6.08203125, -6.1875, -6.7265625, -6.87890625, -6.93359375, -7.39453125, -7.83203125, -8.7578125 ]

[ "Frigg (sometimes anglicized as Frigga) is a major goddess in Norse paganism , a subset of Germanic paganism . She is said to be the wife of Odin , and is the \"foremost among the goddesses\" and the queen of Asgard. [1] Frigg appears primarily in Norse mythological stories as a wife and a mother. She is also described as having the power of prophecy yet she does not reveal what she knows. [2] Frigg is described as the only one other than Odin who is permitted to sit on his high seat Hlidskjalf and look out over the universe. The English term Friday derives from the Anglo-Saxon name for Frigg, Frigga. [3]", "Frigg (pronounced “FRIG;” Old Norse Frigg, “Beloved”[1]), sometimes Anglicized as “Frigga,” is the highest-ranking of the Aesir goddesses. She’s the wife of Odin , the chief of the gods, and the mother of Baldur .", "As the wife of Odin, Frigg is one of the foremost goddesses of Norse mythology. She is the patron of marriage and motherhood, and the goddess of love and fertility. In that aspect she shows many similarities with Freya, of whom she possibly is a different form.", "Derived from Germanic, Frigga (name of the Norse god Odin’s wife) Frigga is considered to be the mother of all, and the goddess who presides over marriage In Norse mythology, Frigg (Eddas) or Frigga (Gesta Danorum) was said 1 to be \"foremost among the goddesses,\" the wife of Odin, queen of the Æsir, and goddess of the sky. One of the Ásynjur, she is a goddess of marriage, motherhood, fertility, love, household management, and domestic arts. Her primary functions in the Norse mythological stories are as wife and mother, but these are not her only functions. She has the 2 power of prophecy although she does not tell what she knows , and is the only one other than Odin who is permitted to sit on his high seat Hlidskjalf and look out over the universe. Corresponding Latin name is Dies Veneris (a day dedicated to Venus, the goddess of love", "Frigg - Wife of Odin and the goddess of marriage and fertility. - Norse Goddess. She is said to be the wife of Odin and is the foremost among the goddesses and the queen of Asgard.", "Frigg was Odin's wife and Queen of the gods. She as a Mother goddess and cared for all humans though she was especially concerned with women and children. Frigg and Odin had a son Balder. He died tragically and Frigg mourned him terribly. Frigg was very beautiful and very faithful to Odin. Like Odin, Frigg could see what the future held for humans and what their fate would be. She would never tell what she knew though.", "ODIN is the greatest and oldest of the Aesir and governs all things; however mighty the other gods are, they all serve him as children their father. Frigg is his wife, and she knows exactly the fate of every man, but yet does not occupy herself with divination. Odin is called All-father, because he is father of all the gods, but is called also Valfathir, because all those are his chosen sons who fall on the field of battle. He gives them places in Valhalla and Vingolf, and there they are called Einherjar. Odin is also called God of the Hanged, and has many more names, which can be read in the Eddic Poem Grimnismal.", "The AESIR goddesses, the female form of the word Aesir. The most prominent Asynjur was FRIGG, wife of ODIN, who was goddess of love, marriage, and motherhood. The 13th-century chronicler of NORSE myths SNORRI STURLUSON named 20 Asynjur in two separate lists. They are Bil, EIR, FREYA, Frigg, FULLA, GEFION, GERDA, GNA, HLIN, IDDUN, LOFN, NANNA, SAGA (2), SIGYN, SJOFN, SNOTRA, SOL, SYN, VAR, and VOR. Many of these goddesses are considered by scholars to be handmaidens of Frigg. Snorri does not include among the Asynjur the more dominant goddesses, SIF, wife of THOR, or SKADE, wife of NIORD.", "Besides Odin, the major deities of Scandinavian mythology were his wife, Frigg, goddess of the home; Thor, god of thunder, who protected humans and the other gods from the giants and who was especially popular among the Scandinavian peasantry; Frey, a god of prosperity; and Freya, sister of Frey, a fertility goddess. Other, lesser gods were Balder, Hermod, Tyr, Bragi, and Forseti; Idun, Nanna, and Sif were among the goddesses. The principle of evil among the gods was represented by the trickster Loki. Many of these deities do not seem to have had special functions; they merely appear as characters in legendary tales.", "Odin was the father of many Aesir deities. His wife and consort was Frigg . By Frigg, Odin was father of Baldr , Höd and Hermod . Odin was the father of his eldest son, Thor , by Jörd (Jord or Fjörgyn (Fjorgyn)), a giantess (some say Frigg was Thor's mother). By another giantess named Grid , Odin was the father of Vidar . Odin was also the father of Vali by Rind , daughter of King Billing.", "In the next section of the Prose Edda, Gylfaginning, High tells Gangleri (the king Gylfi in disguise) that Frigg, daughter of Fjörgynn (Old Norse Fjörgynsdóttir) is married to Odin and that the Æsir are descended from the couple, and adds that \"the earth [Jörðin] was [Odin's] daughter and his wife\". According to High, the two had many sons, the first of which was the mighty god Thor.", "Freyja was the proud owner of the Brising’s necklace, which she acquired by sleeping with it’s makers four dwarfs, with her great beauty she won the heart of Ottar then changed him into a boar. Freyja had the ability to fly in a falcon’s skin, and with her gifts as a sorceress she taught the gods the spells and charms of the Vanir, after she arrived in the home of the gods, Asgard. Due to their interest in the dead, Freyja and Odin divided the heroic dead between them after each battle. Freyja’s share lived in her hall, Sessrumnir, Odin’s share lived in Valhalla. It is thought that Freyja’s lost husband was the god Odin, not much is known about her husband other than his name, Odur, or Od. Odin was the father of battles, lover of destruction and Freyja the goddess of lust and love, perfect partners with their particular proclivities.", "He is a son of Odin and Jord, and one of the most powerful gods. He is married to Sif, a fertility goddess. His mistress is the giantess Jarnsaxa (\"iron cutlass\"), and their sons are Magni and Modi and his daughter is Thrud.", "in Scandinavian mythology, either of two main groups of deities, four of whom were common to the Germanic nations: Odin, chief of the Aesir; Frigg, Odin’s wife; Tyr, god of war; and Thor, whose name was the Teutonic word for thunder. Some of the other important Aesir were Balder,...", "Odin is the chief divinity of the Norse pantheon, the foremost of the Aesir. Odin is a son of Bor and Bestla. He is called Alfadir, Allfather, for he is indeed father of the gods. With Frigg he is the father of Balder, Hod, and Hermod. He fathered Thor on the goddess Jord; and the giantess Grid became the mother of Vidar.", "Norse mother goddess deity of marriage and other household order including domestic arts, love and destiny. She is partron of matrons provides protection to women and children, and as a wife of Odin she rules the gods. She is also a sky goddess responsible for weaving the fates.", "Odin is usually given as the father of Thor, a thunder god in Norse mythology. Less controversially, Thor's mother was a female giant named Jord, according to Motz (see references below).", "In Norse mythology, Freyja (; Old Norse for \"(the) Lady\") is a goddess associated with love, sex, beauty, fertility, gold, seiðr, war, and death. Freyja is the owner of the necklace Brísingamen, rides a chariot pulled by two cats, keeps the boar Hildisvíni by her side, possesses a cloak of falcon feathers, and, by her husband Óðr, is the mother of two daughters, Hnoss and Gersemi. Along with her brother Freyr (Old Norse the \"Lord\"), her father Njörðr, and her mother (Njörðr's sister, unnamed in sources), she is a member of the Vanir. Stemming from Old Norse Freyja, modern forms of the name include Freya, Freija, Frejya, Freyia, Fröja, Frøya, Frøjya, Freia, Freja, Frua and Freiya.", "Odin (Old Norse Óðinn), All-Father, Oath-Breaker, and Lord of the Slain, wisest and chieftain of the Aesir (battle gods). His obsession with Ragnarök causes many of his actions, and is one of his most defining characteristics. Was identified as Mercury by the Romans, which may or may not be the case. Inventor of the runes (and rune magic and writing), he sacrificed one of his eyes at the well of the Norns and hung himself from the world tree Yggdrasil for many days to gain the secret of knowledge. Is the god of prophecy, poetry, and magic, but also of war and murder. In fact, he taught war to mankind, so that they would kill one another and swell the ranks of the gods with Cannon Fodder for the battle at Vigrid. He sometimes wields a spear named Gungnir, the spear of the never-ceasing thrust . He is accompanied by two ravens, called Huginn (\"thought\") and Muninn (\"mind\"), whom he sends out across the worlds as messengers and as eyes and ears to spy for him.", "Odin, the one-eyed allfather-god in Norse mythology with his spear Gungnir, ring Draupnir, and two ravens Huginn and Muninn (Thought and Memory).", "Loki, the son of 2 giants, was the trickster god in Norse mythology who was always doing his best to cause trouble. His wife was Sigyn, who bore him 2 sons, Vali and Nari (or Narvi), though he had an affair with the giantess, Angrboda, who bore him Fenrir , Hel , and Jormungand .", "Sigyn - (Norse mythology) wife of Loki; held a cup over him during his punishment to spare him the pain of drops of poison", "Sigyn: wife of Loki; \"Woman of Victory.\" She holds a bowl to catch venom dripped by a poisonous serpent into Loki's face after the giant Skadi and the gods bound him as punishment (compare the story of Prometheus) for arranging Baldur's death. His writhings when she turns away to empty the bowl cause earthquakes.", "Odin is the head of the Aesir gods. Odin is the Norse god of war, poetry, wisdom, and death. He gathers his portion of the slain warriors in Valhalla. Odin has a spear, Grungir, that never misses. He makes sacrifices, including his eye, for the sake of knowledge. More »", "Sigyn was the wife of Loki in the Norse mythology. She was the goddess of fidelity. Her name means ‘victorious’.", "She was a giantess and Loki's wife in Jotunheim. With Loki she had three monstrous children; Hel, Fenris and the Midgard serpent.", "SIGYN, in Germanic mythology, as Sigunn or Sigryn, was the devoted wife of the fire god Loki, mother of his sons, Narvi and Vali. The gods bound Loki in a cave once they realised they had let the growth of evil take place in their midst. After taking three slabs of rock and standing them on end, then boring a hole through each of them. The gods used the entrails of Loki’s son Narvi as a rope which they used to bind Loki to the stones. The entrails became as hard as stone once the gods had tied the last knot. The frost giantess Skadi, Njord’s wife, fastened a snake above Loki’s head to ensure added discomfort, Loki was to remain there until Ragnarok, the doom of the gods. Loki’s faithful wife Sigyn tried of offer the god comfort, by holding a wooden bowl under the snake to catch the dripping venom. Each time she walked away to empty the bowl, some of the poison fell on Loki’s head, causing violent twitching. The Vikings believed that earthquakes were the result of the god’s violent movements whenever he twitched.", "Sif - The second wife of Thor, Sif has the gift of prophecy. Sif is a swan maiden and can assume that form. She signifies summer fertility and corn. Having been married once to Orvandil, she is one of the elder race of Gods. Ullr was her son from that union. Her golden hair was cut off by Loki as a trick, and replaced with hair of gold made by the Dwarves. She gave Thor two sons, Magni (\"Might\") and Modi (\"Wrath\") who survive Ragnarök.", "She was called \"mother of the brave one\" and described as the goddess of the moon. She was married to Baldur and joined him after his death. Their son was Forseti.", "Sigyn, Siguna, Signy - (\"The Faithful\") Goddess wife of Loki, whose two sons are Vali and Narfi. When Loki is punished, she stays with him holding a bowl over his face to save him from the snake venom dripping onto him.", "Sif: seeress wife of Thor and mother of his daughter Thruo (\"Strength\") and his sons Magni (\"Strong\") and Modi (\"Angry\").", "The golden-haired wife of the god Thor. There is not much known about her, except that she could originally have been a fertility goddess. Neither does she appear often in the myths." ]

[ 8.8828125, 8.0859375, 7.3984375, 6.3828125, 5.18359375, 4.3828125, 4.2734375, 4.05859375, 3.447265625, 3.15234375, 3.123046875, 2.798828125, 2.60546875, 2.517578125, 1.69140625, 1.5234375, -0.8603515625, -1.0458984375, -2.228515625, -2.466796875, -3.263671875, -3.3046875, -3.78515625, -4.04296875, -4.1640625, -4.2890625, -4.36328125, -4.59375, -4.921875, -5.02734375, -5.23828125, -6.23046875 ]

[ "The War in Afghanistan is an ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7th, 2001, as the US military's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) that was launched, along with the British military, in response to the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the US. The UK has, since 2002, led its own military operation, Operation Herrick, as part of the same war in Afghanistan. The character of the war evolved from a violent struggle against Al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters to a complex counterinsurgency effort.", "2001 – Afghanistan. War in Afghanistan . The War on Terrorism begins with Operation Enduring Freedom . On October 7, 2001, US Armed Forces invade Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks and \"begin combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaeda terrorists and their Taliban supporters.\" [RL30172]", "On September 11, 2001, members of an Islamic terrorist network known as Al’ Qaeda carried out a series of devastating attacks against the United States. In response, President George W. Bush launched Operation Enduring Freedom, also known as the Global War on Terror. On October 7, The United States led an international Coalition into Afghanistan, Al’ Qaeda’s main base of operations. The terrorist network was crippled, and the ruling Taliban Regime that harbored Al’ Qaeda was overthrown. Soon after the Fall of the Taliban in December 2001, the Bush administration turned its attention to Iraq. ", "October 7 War in Afghanistan (2001�present): The United States began an aerial bombing campaign against the Taliban.", "The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signaled the start of the Iraq War, which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States (prior to 19 March, the mission in Iraq was called Operation Enduring Freedom, a carryover from the War in Afghanistan). The invasion consisted of 21 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and deposed the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The invasion phase consisted primarily of a conventionally fought war which included the capture of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad by American forces with the implicit assistance of the United Kingdom alongside Australia and Poland.", "Operation Enduring Freedom, the American-led international effort to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy Osama bin Laden’s terrorist network based there, began on October 7. Within two months, U.S. forces had effectively removed the Taliban from operational power, but the war continued, as U.S. and coalition forces attempted to defeat a Taliban insurgency campaign based in neighboring Pakistan. Osama bin Laden , the mastermind behind the September 11th attacks, remained at large until May 2, 2011, when he was finally tracked down and killed by U.S. forces at a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan. In June 2011, President Barack Obama announced the beginning of large-scale troop withdrawals from Afghanistan.", "October 2001: The U.S. begins Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11. USAREUR units deploy continuously in support of OEF in the ensuing years.", "In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, Operation Enduring Freedom began in October 2001. Incirlik served as a main hub for missions in support for the war in Afghanistan, including humanitarian airlift operations, MC-130 special operations missions, KC-135 refueling missions and sustainment operations for deployed forces. The aerial port managed a 6-fold increase in airflow during the height of OEF. When the main bases in Afghanistan ( Bagram Airfield ) and the Uzbekistan air base ( Karshi-Khanabad Air Base ) were in use the Incirlik's airflow supporting OEF decreased to a baseline sustainment level.", "America holds back longer than many have feared, but on October 7 missile attacks are launched against Taliban and al-Qaeda targets in Afghanistan (in an operation code-named Enduring Freedom). It is the start of a bombing campaign which lasts into the early weeks of 2002.", "As the United States committed to eliminate the terrorist threat, it was evident that the Virginia National Guard would become involved in what was dubbed the “Global War on Terror.” The first theater of the conflict was Afghanistan, where the Al Qaida network was given sanctuary by the Taliban rulers of that country. In October 2001 the U.S., later supported by NATO, invaded Afghanistan in “Operation Enduring Freedom” (OEF) and quickly destroyed the Taliban’s authority over most of the country. But it failed to kill or capture the key leadership of Al Qaida.  In early 2002 approximately 70 soldiers of Virginia’s Company B, 3rd Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group were mobilized and deployed to Afghanistan. They captured several important enemy leaders and a large amount of arms and ammunition before all safely returned home in November 2002.  ", "Soon after 9/11, the US and the world ascertained it was an Al Qaeda attack and the Taliban were sheltering them in Afghanistan. Military preparations for Operation Enduring Freedom began just days after the World Trade Centre towers fell;  Kabul fell on 12 November 2001. Many thought the war was over, but they were, of course, wrong; the war in Afghanistan is still very much on.", "During the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the ongoing support of the International Security Assistance Force (Operation Enduring Freedom), the C-130 Hercules has been used operationally by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, the UK and the United States.", "In response to the September 11th terrorist attacks, President Bush declared a War on Terror, which became a wide-ranging assault on terrorists and those entities that support terrorism around the globe. As part of this effort, the War in Afghanistan began in October 2001 and the War in Iraq in March 2003. President Bush initiated a reorganization of the federal government, established the National Counterterrorism Center, the Department of Homeland Security, the Homeland Security Council, and created the position of Director of National Intelligence. The USA Freedom Corps, also created following September 11th, aimed to inspire American citizens to serve humanitarian causes greater than themselves.", "After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Massoud's United Front troops and United Front troops of Abdul Rashid Dostum (who returned from exile) ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul with American air support in Operation Enduring Freedom . From October to December 2001, the United Front gained control of much of the country and played a crucial role in establishing the post-Taliban interim government under Hamid Karzai.", "The CIA team was soon joined by U.S. and British special forces contingents , and together they provided arms, equipment, and advice to the Afghans. They also helped coordinate targeting for the air campaign, which began on Oct. 7, 2001, with U.S. and British war planes pounding Taliban targets, thus marking the public start of Operation Enduring Freedom. In late October, Northern Alliance forces began to overtake a series of towns formerly held by the Taliban. The forces worked with U.S. assistance, but they defied U.S. wishes when, on November 13, they marched into Kabul as the Taliban retreated without a fight.", "After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Massoud's United Front troops and United Front troops of Abdul Rashid Dostum (who returned from exile) ousted the Taliban from power in Kabul with American air support in Operation Enduring Freedom. From October to December 2001, the United Front gained control of much of the country and played a crucial role in establishing the post-Taliban interim government under Hamid Karzai.", "On October 7, 2001, the United States sent warplanes and cruise missiles to Afghanistan to attack al Qaeda military installations and terrorist camps supported by the Taliban regime of that country. Great Britain joined the strikes, with intelligence efforts and logistical support provided by France, Germany, Australia, Canada, and others. In all, about 40 nations joined in a coalition with the United States, President Bush reported in an address to the country shortly after the strikes began.", "Newsweek  reported  on October 7, 2001 that three US Aegic cruisers and one destroyer in the Arabian Sea launched over 50 missiles against Taliban positions in Afghanistan. These attacks were complemented by the launch of Tomahawk cruise missiles from British and American submarines. Simultaneously, F/A-18s, B-1s, B-2s, and B-52s conducted bombing runs over Taliban positions. ", "2001 – War on Terrorism: The War in Afghanistan (2001–present) began at 16:30 UTC with an aerial bombing campaign targeting Taliban and Al-Qaida forces.", "The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom (US), Operation TELIC (UK) or the occupation of Iraq, was a conflict which began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Poland, and other nations. Four service members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Iraq; two from the Army, one from the Marine Corps and one from the Navy. Paul R. Smith was the first to receive it for his actions on April 4, 2003 when he held enemy forces back, allowing other wounded soldiers to be evacuated to safety. The other three, Corporal Jason Dunham of the Marine Corps, Specialist Ross A. McGinnis of the Army and Master-at-Arms Second Class Michael A. Monsoor of the Navy received it after being killed while using their own bodies to smother grenades to protect their comrades.", "In October 2001, the US and the UK invaded Afghanistan to try and destroy al-Qaeda and bring down the government which sheltered its leaders. Troops from other countries became involved too.", "Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States government declared a \"Global War on Terrorism.\"", "On September 11, 2001, in the deadliest case of domestic Terrorism in the history of the United States, a group of 19 terrorists hijacked four U.S. airliners for use as missiles against targets in New York City and Washington, D.C. The events shocked the country and the world and focused the U.S. government on a worldwide War on Terrorism . During the 18 months following the attacks, the United States engaged in military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, causing changes in the regimes of both countries.", "October 2001 - Following the 9/11 attacks, the US accuses the Taliban, the ruling power in Afghanistan, of harbouring terrorist Osama Bin Laden. Britain becomes involved soon after, deploying ground troops", "Burhannudin Rabbani, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Abdul Rashid Dostum, Ahmad Shah Massoud, and the rest all escaped from the city. In October of 2001, after the 9/11 attack in New York and Pentagon, the United States invaded Afghanistan by merging from the air by bombarding the Taliban bases until they withdrew in the same year. The Afghan Northern Alliance (former Mujahideen or militias) came and recaptured and took control of the city. On December 20, 2001, the city became the capital of the Afghan Transitional Administration, which transformed to the present government of Afghanistan which is currently led by President Hamid Karzai.", "Delta Force was also involved in the offensive against the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001 [12] .", "2001 – Team Alpha, TF DAGGER, traveling on horseback in support of Dostum’s cavalry, decisively demonstrated to the Afghans the U.S. commitment to their cause. From an OP near the villages of Cobaki and Oimatan, team members began systematically calling in CAS missions. In one eighteen-hour period they destroyed over twenty armored and twenty support vehicles using close air support. At first the Taliban responded by reinforcing its troops, sending reserves into the area from Sholgara, Mazar-e Sharif, and Kholm. All that did was provide more targets for the CAS aircraft circling overhead and called into action by the SF team on the ground. Numerous key command posts, armored vehicles, troop concentrations, and antiaircraft artillery pieces were destroyed.", "After the attack on our nation on September 11, 2001, the entire American military focused its might on defeating Al-Qaeda. Two months later, Marines were the first major ground forces in Afghanistan . In mid-December, 2001, Marines from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit captured Kandahar Airport and converted it into one of the first coalition command centers in the country.", "2002 – Seven American Special Operations Forces soldiers are killed as they attempt to infiltrate the Shahi Kot Valley in Afghanistan on a low-flying helicopter reconnaissance mission.", "1993 - \"Black Hawks Down\" / Somalia - October 3-4th, 1993: \"Eighteen US soldiers are attacked and killed in Mogadishu, Somalia in a spontaneous gun battle [later the subject of the movie 'Black Hawk Down'). A 1998 US indictment charges bin Laden and his followers with training the attackers.\" [PBS Frontline, 10/3/02] [Link Source: 1 ]", "In October 2000, the USS Cole was attacked by suicide bombers, while in port in Aden, Yemen, for refueling. The attack was attributed to al Qaeda and foreshadowed the attack on the US less than one year later on September 11, 2001 .", " 2001 Black Hawk Down (performer: \"Ul Iyo Dirkeed\", \"Dhibic Roob\") / (writer: \"Ul Iyo Dirkeed\", \"Dhibic Roob\")" ]

[ 7.66796875, 6.0625, 5.7421875, 3.5859375, 3.365234375, 2.1953125, 1.7958984375, 1.60546875, 1.4326171875, 1.33984375, 1.173828125, 0.99560546875, 0.51171875, 0.024658203125, -0.0102996826171875, -0.0740966796875, -0.88720703125, -2.314453125, -2.94921875, -3.51171875, -3.5625, -3.912109375, -4.58984375, -4.72265625, -4.9296875, -5.44140625, -6.203125, -6.640625, -6.98046875, -7.21484375, -7.484375, -8.3125 ]

[ "Dig’em Frog was the mascot of Kellogg’s sweetened, puffed wheat breakfast cereal originally called Sugar Smacks and later changed to Honey Smack because mothers had reservations for the sugar labeled product. The product practically contained about 50 percent sugar. The mascot Dig’em Frog wears a baseball cap in an oblique position. The mascot was changed to a bear when the name of product was changed from Sugar Smacks to Honey Smacks, but it was soon reverted to Dig’em Frog on account of its popularity.  Some people think that the mascot and related advertisement has deliberately ignored the African-American culture as indicated by the prominent ending with ‘g’ in Dig’em which is unlike the African-American convention, and the complete absence of any African-American throughout the campaign.", "Dig 'Em - A green animated spokes frog for Kellogg's Sugar Smack's cereal introduced in the mid 1970s.  Gifted with a very loud voice. Dig 'Em wore a large-brim baseball cap, green jacket, light blue shoes and an orange turtleneck sweater with the words \"Dig 'Em\" on it. Dig'Em's name was also his catchphrase (\"Dig'Em! Dig'Em!\"), which he used to promote his cereal.  In 1986, Kellogg's retired the Dig'Em character, but due to popular demand, he returned a year later. Kellogg's renamed Sugar Smacks cereal to Honey Smacks in 1983.  ", "Honey Smacks cereal was introduced in 1953, and since then it’s been represented by more cereal mascots than any other brand. The first mascot (in 1957) was Smaxey the Seal. Hanna Barbera’s cartoon horse sheriff Quick Draw McGraw took over in 1961. 1965 saw the introduction of The Smackin’ Bandit, a half-horse-half-kangaroo who kissed everybody. In the early 70’s, an Indian Chief mascot was introduced, but this character was quickly replaced by Dig’Em the Frog, who proved to be the most successful mascot to date. Dig’Em was temporarily replaced by a cartoon bear (which was more relatable to honey than a frog), Wally the Bear. Commercials featured Wally basically copying the Trix rabbit and trying to get a kid’s Honey Smacks. After a year, Dig’Em was brought back. In the 1990’s, Dig’Em was given a nemesis: a cartoon cat named Kitty. In 2007, Consumer Reports published a study of 27 cereals and found that Honey Smacks had the highest sugar content of any of them (over 50% sugar). Because of this, many countries stopped selling Honey Smacks cereal. While the cereal is still sold in the U.S., commercials for Honey Smacks do not appear on U.S. television. In other countries, where the cereal is still advertised on television, Dig’Em is portrayed as a Smacks addict who’s frantically obsessed with the cereal.", "When the 90s arrived, Dig ‘Em was soon resurrected, although he was no longer hand-drawn, nor did he sport the same attire. Still, it was the welcome return of a friend, although those days are gone now. Manufacturers rarely make breakfast cereal commercials anymore, now that Saturday mornings are a thing of the past. Still, it is his smiling mug that continues to grace every box of Honey Smacks in the cereal aisle. There is that, at least.", "Before Dig'Em Frog debuted in 1972, there were other mascots for the cereal. They included: Cliffy the Clown, Smaxey the Seal, Quick Draw McGraw, The Smackin' Bandit, The Smackin Brothers and Wally Bear who replaced Dig'Em for a short time in 1986.", "Lucky Charms is a brand of cereal produced by the General Mills food company since 1964. [1] The cereal consists of toasted oat pieces and multi-colored marshmallow shapes (\"marbits\" or marshmallow bits). The label features a leprechaun mascot, Lucky, animated in commercials.", "Various clowns served as the advertising mascot from 1953 to 1956, including Cliffy the Clown. In 1957, a sailor-suit-wearing seal named Smaxey became the mascot. The Hanna-Barbera cartoon horse sheriff, Quick Draw McGraw took over in 1961, followed by The Smackin' Bandit in 1965, a half-mule, half-kangaroo who kissed everyone in sight. He was replaced in 1966 by the Smackin' Brothers, two boys dressed in boxing shorts and boxing gloves. In the early 1970s an Indian Chief appeared briefly, replaced by Dig 'Em Frog in 1972. He continued as spokesfrog as the cereal was rechristened Honey Smacks. Dig 'Em was replaced by an animal more associated with honey, Wally the Bear in 1986, but was brought back by popular demand in 1987. During the 1990s, advertising campaigns for the cereal featured Dig 'Em attempting to have a bowl of Smacks while trying to outsmart his nemesis, Kitty. By 1997, these commercials were discontinued.", "Snap, Crackle, and Pop are cereal mascots relating to Kellogg’s cereal Rice Krispies.The trio looks like brothers; Snap being the eldest and problem solver, Crackle is the middle one, while Pop is the youngest and mischievous. The characters were developed by an illustrator Vernon Grant in 1930. These characters first appeared in the Children’s TV program the Howdy Doody Show. The gnomes had been voiced by different people, and in 2009 Snap, Crackle, and Pop were voiced consecutively by Andy Hirsch, Danny Cooksey, and Mark Ballou.", "Dig 'em was replaced by an animal more associated with honey, Wally the Bear, in 1986 (1984 in France ). These ads would feature Wally (not to be confused with the Wally Bear from Wally Bear and the NO! Gang) pestering a kid eating a bowl of Honey Smacks and doing anything to get some, and the kid would always refuse or just ignore Wally completely. These commercials didn't do too well since they seemed too much like the Trix commercials, plus Wally was not a very attractive character, and Dig'em Frog was brought back the following year by popular demand. ", "Tony the Tiger is a cereal mascot cartoon representing Kellogg’s breakfast cereal Frosted Flakes better known as Frosties. Tony the Tiger appeared for the first time in radio and television advertisements in 1951. It also appeared on the packaging and has been attracting kids one after another generation. The mascot is iconic to breakfast cereals, and different personalities of radio and television like Garry Moore and Thurl Ravenscroft have portrayed and voiced this character. The mascot was created and named by the graphic artist and art director Eugene Kolkey in 1951.", "Lucky Charms is a popular brand of breakfast cereal produced by the General Mills cereal company. The cereal consists of toasted bits of oat and multicolored marshmallows in various shapes.", "\"Yellow moons, pink hearts, green clovers...\" - The cartoon mascot for General Mills' Lucky Charms cereal is Lucky the Leprechaun, a small man dressed in green who capers about constantly (much like Dropo). Lucky Charms was various coloured marshmallows in its cereal (including the ones listed above), which Lucky lists in every Charms ad.", "The Trix Rabbit is a mascot for a breakfast cereal brand called Trix produced by General Mills and Nestle. The Trix Rabbit cartoon, having human characteristics, was created by Joe Harris and voiced by Delo States, Mort Marshall, and Russel Horton at different times. The rabbit appeared for the first time in the Trix Television commercial in 1959. He played tricks with children to get their bowl of cereal. The product contains fruit-flavored ground corn pieces mixed with sugar. The product was later on changed to puffed fruit-shaped pieces. Trix has many flavors including: orange, strawberry, raspberry, grape, lime, watermelon, and wild berry.", "A puffed rice cereal introduced by Kelloggs in 1953, Sugar Smacks was an immediate success, thanks in part to a steady string of popular mascots who used words like “Satis-Smack-tion!” to proclaim their supreme status in the breakfast world. In the early years, a clown named Cliffy and a seal named Smaxey served as their spokes-creatures.", "The series of television commercials debuted in 1959 and depicted the cartoon rabbit using various disguises in order to obtain the Trix cereal that he loved so much. No matter what he tried, the children would discover he was a rabbit and deny him his fruit-flavored Trix cereal. The cereal has been manufactured by the General Mills company since 1955.", "One of the most beloved of breakfast mascots is Cap'n Crunch, introduced by Quaker Oats in 1963. As popular as that cereal has been, there have been other offshoots on whose boxes the Cap'n's visage has been featured, including Jean LaFoote's Cinnamon Crunch (left); Crunch Berries (featuring the Crunch Berry Beast); Choco Crunch (with Chockle the Blob); Peanut Butter Crunch (starring Smedley the elephant); and Vanilly Crunch (featuring the canine Seadog).", "Cocoa Puffs is a brand of chocolate-flavored puffed grain breakfast cereal, manufactured by General Mills. Introduced in 1958, the cereal consists of small orbs of corn, oats, and rice flavored with cocoa. Essentially, Cocoa Puffs are Kix cereal with chocolate flavoring; similarly, Trix has been, for most of its existence, fruit-flavored Kix.", "The sponsor was General Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out. One could also send in ten cents and a box-top to get each of the four map sections of the town. These, as well as nine different boxes, were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town.", "This tagline was part of a short jingle that went \"Frosted Lucky Charms... they're magically delicious!\" It was sung by Lucky The Leprechaun, the cereal's mascot since Lucky Charms debuted in 1964. Lucky is responsible for another famous catchphrase, \"They're Always After Me Lucky Charms!\"", "When General Foods introduced Crispy Critters in its line of Post Cereals back in 1963, its spokescharacter, Linus the Lionhearted, would get stampeded by the cereal's animal shapes whenever he said \"Cripsy Critters.\" Similarly in 1966, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops, and Toucan Sam (voiced then by Mel Blanc ) insisted that it be verbally called out in Pig Latin (\"Oot-fray Oops-lay\"). Not doing so gave him conniptions, and one of his nephews would yank Sam's chain by deliberately saying \"Froot Loops.\"", "Blue Gnu was the mascot for Kellogg's Strawberry Combos. Cocoa Krispies have featured various animals, from the anonymous elephant (pictured left) to the TV star Snagglepuss. The Triple Snack Giraffe graced the box of a cereal that - containing peanuts - was more of a snack.", "In the UK Tony the Tiger is the icon for Frosties. Same cereal, different name but same catchphrase.", "Lucky the Leprechaun is the mascot for Lucky Charms. He has magic powers to change plain white marshmallows into mystical shapes. When he was introduced in 1964, this character was known as \"L.C. Leprechaun\", but his name was eventually changed to Lucky. In addition to appearing on the Lucky Charms cereal box, Lucky also stars in each animated Lucky Charms commercial. In these advertisements (long a staple of American children's television), Lucky is usually chased by several children who want his cereal, a fact which prompts him to utter his famous catch phrase (in a highly exaggerated Irish accent), \"They're always after me Lucky Charms!\" The commercials usually end with Lucky singing the cereal's slogan: \"Frosted Lucky Charms, they're magically delicious!\" (This has since been changed, with \"frosted Lucky Charms\" being replaced with \"that's me Lucky Charms\").", "For a brief period of time in 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was replaced as the cereal's mascot by Waldo the Wizard, who performed better in focus groups and initial market tests than Lucky. Waldo was quickly retired, and Lucky once again reinstated a year later.", "In 1972 Ralston launched Freakies, a presweetened cereal that was \"grown\" at the site of the legendary Freakies Tree. Helping youngsters dig into their Freakies were seven freaky creatures named BossMoss, Cowmumble, Gargle, Grumble, Goody-Goody, Hamhose and Snorkeldorf.", "A look into the era when the cereal mascots were more than just Snap!, Crackle! and Pop!", "Kellogg has invented especially for their young consumers cartoon characters as the cock for Cornflakes. The advertising for children uses jingles to talk about faster growing, health and strength through eating Cornflakes and good taste.", "When Post sponsored the \"Pink Panther\" cartoon series, they produced a tie-in breakfast cereal -- pink, of course. Add milk, and you get bowls full of pink milk!", "Allen's produces its own line of spinach called, 'Popeye Spinach' and comes in various canned varieties. The cartoon Popeye serves as the mascot on the can.", "Frau: It's a television commercial. With this cartoon leprechaun, and all of these children are trying to chase him, \"Hey, leprechaun, leprechaun man, we want to get your lucky charms.\" Oh! And there are these little tiny pieces of marshmallow just stuck right in the cereal. So when the kids eat them they think, \"Oooh, this is candy, I'm having fun!\".", "First appearing on cereal boxes in 1957, the Trix Rabbit was always chasing after those fruit-flavored treats with the tagline: \"Silly Rabbit, Trix are for kids!\" The box's first cereal-fixated bunny was modeled after a hand puppet. But in the ensuing years, he was destined to become an older, more expressive cartoon—and one of the most lasting, successful stars of a food advertising campaign. Photo: Courtesy of General Mills", "Elmer J. Fudd/Egghead is a fictional cartoon character and one of the most famous Looney Tunes characters, and the archenemy of Bugs Bunny. He has one of the more disputed origins in the Warner Bros. cartoon pantheon (second only to Bugs himself). His aim is to hunt Bugs, but he usually ends up seriously injuring himself and other antagonizing characters. He speaks in an unusual way, Replacing his Rs with Ls and Ws, so \"Watch the road, Rabbit,\" is replaced with \"Watch the woad, wabbit!\" Elmer's signature catchphrase is, \"Be vewy vewy quiet, I'm hunting wabbits\", as well as his trademark laughter, \"huh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh\"." ]

[ 6.98828125, 5.11328125, 3.919921875, 1.0498046875, 1.0068359375, 0.335205078125, 0.09942626953125, -0.7275390625, -1.775390625, -2.013671875, -2.09765625, -2.263671875, -2.34765625, -2.419921875, -2.712890625, -2.8984375, -3.1015625, -3.18359375, -3.21875, -3.314453125, -3.369140625, -3.5546875, -4.08984375, -4.41015625, -4.8984375, -5.43359375, -6.23828125, -7.40234375, -7.60546875, -7.9453125, -8.0234375, -8.671875 ]

[ "The iconic science fiction television series \"The Twilight Zone\" airs for the first time on October 2nd, 1959 on the CBS television network. The Twilight Zone was created and hosted by the talented screenwriter Rod Serling. The Twilight Zone still ranks as one of the most unique and best written television shows in TV history. It ran for five seasons until 1964 and had a total of 156 episodes. Of those 156 episodes, 92 were written by Serling himself and many of them contain some of the most memorable television moments. The show consisted of sci-fi and supernatural mysteries in an anthology setting and featured many then unknown actors who would later become famous, like Ron Howard, Dennis Hopper, Robert Redofrd and William Shatner.", "The Twilight Zone is an American science-fiction/fantasy anthology television series created by Rod Serling, which ran for five seasons on CBS from 1959 to 1964. The series consists of unrelated stories depicting paranormal, futuristic, kafkaesque, or otherwise disturbing or unusual events; each story typically features some sort of plot twist and a moral. The series is notable for featuring both established stars and younger actors who would become more famous later on such as William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, Robert Duvall, Burt Reynolds, and Robert Redford to name a few. Rod Serling served as executive producer and head writer; he wrote or co-wrote 92 of the show's 156 episodes. He was also the show's host and narrator, delivering monologues at the beginning and end of each episode. In 1997, the episodes \"To Serve Man\" and \"It's a Good Life\" were respectively ranked at 11 and 31 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2002, The Twilight Zone was ranked No. 26 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the third best written TV series ever.", "The Twilight Zone is an American science-fiction, fantasy, psychological horror, supernatural anthology television series created by Rod Serling, which ran for five seasons on CBS from 1959 to 1964. The series consists of unrelated dramas depicting characters dealing with paranormal, futuristic, Kafkaesque, or otherwise disturbing or unusual events; characters who find themselves dealing with these strange, sometimes inexplicable happenings are said to have crossed over into \"The Twilight Zone\". Each story typically features a moral and a surprise ending.", "\"The Twilight Zone...\" - The spooky chord and the rapid zoom-in on the frozen Mrs. Claus is reminiscent of episodes of the fantasy anthology series \"The Twilight Zone\" (1959-65). At the \"frozen\" point, series creator and host Rod Serling would often take the opportunity to introduce us to the characters and point out that they are trapped \"in... the Twilight Zone.\"", "When Rod Serling came up with The Twilight Zone (1959) , he couldn't have known that he was creating not only his masterpiece, but a multi-media franchise that would endure for decades after his untimely death.", "The Twilight Zone is a 2002 revival of Rod Serling's 1950/60s television series, The Twilight Zone. It aired for one season on the UPN network, with actor Forest Whitaker assuming Serling's role as narrator and on-screen host. The series was produced by New Line Television, which since 2008 is a di...", "Twilight Zone: The Movie is a 1983 film produced by Steven Spielberg and John Landis as a theatrical version of the 1960s TV series created by Rod Serling. The 1983 film remade three classic episodes of the original series and included one original story. John Landis directed the prologue and the first segment, Steven Spielberg directed the second, Joe Dante the third, and George Miller directed the final segment. On July 23, 1982, an accident occurred while director John Landis filmed the Time Out scene of the movie, with actor Vic Morrow and child performers Myca Dinh Le (age 7) and Renee Shin-Yi Chen (age 6). During the scene, a helicopter crashed into the actors.", "The ghost-like image of Rod Serling flashes across the screen during the opening credits. He is the only host, if a previous one, of The Twilight Zone to be seen, since this is the only series where no narrator showed himself on-screen at any point.", "The Twilight Zone (1959) . The show that started it all. It aired on CBS from 1959 to 1964.", "After the war, he went to Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio, under a GI Bill, earning his B.A. in 1950, and went to New York as a fledgling radio writer. Freelancing in radio and TV writing, he wrote ninety scripts before his contract to CBS . He wrote for Kraft Theatre, Playhouse 90, and The Hallmark Hall of Fame, from which came his Emmy-winning Patterns (1955), Requiem For A Heavyweight (1956), and The Comedian (1957) (the last two co-starring Kim Hunter ). Buoyed by the unprecedented acclaim his TV scripts had received, but disappointed at some of the compromises he had been forced to accept, Serling created his own TV show, The Twilight Zone, in 1959. The hugely influential show lasted five years, and came out with a Peabody Award, two Sylvania Awards, and four Writers Guild Awards. Serling wrote 92 of the 156 episodes for the show, and maintained a high standard among the writers and crew he assembled. Many of Serling's episodes contained subtle, and occasionally less-subtle, morals based on his progressive social and political beliefs, on themes like racism, gender-equality, civil rights and military aggression. Exhausted from the volume of work the series involved, he sold the rights to CBS in 1964 and moved on to other projects.", "In November 1962, CBS contracted Twilight Zone (now sans The) as a mid-season January replacement for Fair Exchange, the very show that replaced it in the September 1962 schedule. In order to fill the Fair Exchange time slot each episode had to be expanded to an hour, an idea which did not sit well with the production crew. \"Ours is the perfect half-hour show... If we went to an hour, we'd have to fleshen our stories, soap opera style. Viewers could watch fifteen minutes without knowing whether they were in a Twilight Zone or Desilu Playhouse\", Serling responded. Herbert Hirschman was hired to replace long-time producer Buck Houghton. One of Hirschman's first decisions was to direct a new opening sequence, this one illustrating a door, eye, window and other objects suspended in space. His second task was to find and produce quality scripts. Some sponsors included Johnson and Johnson.", "A new sponsor, Colgate-Palmolive, replaced the previous year's Kimberly-Clark (as Liggett & Myers would succeed General Foods, in April 1961), and a new network executive, James Aubrey, took over CBS. \"Jim Aubrey was a very, very difficult problem for the show\", said associate producer Del Reisman. \"He was particularly tough on The Twilight Zone because for its time it was a particularly costly half-hour show... Aubrey was real tough on [the show's budget] even when it was a small number of dollars.\" In a push to keep the show's expenses down, Aubrey ordered that seven fewer episodes be produced than last season and that six of those being produced would be shot on videotape rather than film, a move Serling disliked, calling it \"neither fish nor fowl\". Two additional episodes filmed in the second season (\"The Grave\" and \"Nothing in the Dark\") were held over to the third season.", "Although this was the first episode of The Twilight Zone to be aired, Rod Serling had written another proposal for the pilot, titled \" The Happy Place \". The plot centered on a society that executed its citizens when they reached the age of 60 because of their perceived obsolescence (a theme that would pop up again in other works of science fictions such as Logan's Run). The network rejected the story because of its dark subject matter. [11]", "In 1961 Rod Serling wrote The Twilight Zone (1959) episode \"The Big Tall Wish\" and cast black actors in all the major roles, which was completely unheard of at the time. Several future episodes followed suit and cast blacks in what would nowadays be considered \"token black\" roles, but back then, seeing black people on TV was so rare that even token inclusion was considered revolutionary.", "The Twilight Zone has been rerun, re-created and re-imagined since soon after it went off the air in 1964. It has been released in comic book form, as a magazine, a film , and two additional television series from 1985 to 1989 and again from 2002 to 2003 . In 1988, J. Michael Straczynski scripted Serling's outline \"Our Selena Is Dying\" for the 1980s Twilight Zone revival.", "Asher's career in television began as a writer and director for a filmed anthology series called Invitation Playhouse. He later started working for CBS Studios. His first directed TV pilot became Our Miss Brooks, which starred Eve Arden and aired on CBS from 1952-1956. In 1952, he was asked by Desi Arnaz to direct a few episodes of the second season of I Love Lucy. Asher went on to direct over 100 episodes of the series, including the classic Job Switching episode where Lucy and Ethel work at a candy factory. In 1955, he was nominated for the DGA award for the Lucy's Mother-in-Law episode. His other early directing credits included Racquet Squad, Big Town, The Danny Thomas Show, General Electic Theater, The Colgate Comedy Hour, December Bride, Sally, The Thin Man, Fibber McGee and Molly, The Twilight Zone, and The Patty Duke Show, which he co-created with writer Sidney Sheldon.", "The Twilight Zone has been rerun, recreated and re-imagined since soon after it went off the air in 1964. It has been released in comic book form, as a magazine, a movie, and two additional television series from 1985 to 1989 and again from 2002 to 2003. In 1988, J. Michael Straczynski scripted Serling's outline \"Our Selena Is Dying\" for the 1980s revival The New Twilight Zone.", "Serling had innovative peers at the outset of Twilight Zone and freewheeling geniuses like Ernie Kovacs doing mind blowing stuff that audiences hadn't seen before. Even where people resisted early Twilight Zone there were adult and kid sci fi fans and horror/fantasy fans hungry for it.", "Dahl had hosted a similar series for the American CBS network called Way Out in 1961. It was similar in concept and themes to The Twilight Zone, and ran for 14 episodes on Friday nights (ironically as the lead-in for The Twilight Zone). It used some stories which would later be adapted for Tales of the Unexpected.", "Before the Twilight Zone, Serling created a local television show in Cincinnati on WKRC-TV, \"The Storm\", in the early 1950s. Several of these scripts were re-written for later use on national network TV. [12] A copy of an episode is located in the Cincinnati Museum Center Historical Cincinnati Library on videotape. [13]", "The Twilight Zone: “The Man in the Bottle” (US television series episode, October 7, 1960), with Rod Serling, Luther Adler, Vivi Janiss, Jospeh Ruskin.  Directed by Don Medford.", "Produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS television , the show was initially called Occupation Unknown. [3] The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday February 2, 1950 at 8:00 p.m. ET. After airing alternate Wednesdays, then alternate Thursdays, finally on October 1, 1950 it had settled into its weekly Sunday 10:30 p.m. ET slot where it would remain until the end of its network run on September 3, 1967.", "The Twilight Zone: “The Chaser” (US television series episode, May 13, 1960), with Rod Serling, George Grizzard, John McIntire, Patricia Barry.  Directed by Douglas Heyes.", "Twilight Zone - the Movie (US, 1983), with Vic Morrow, Scatman Crothers, Bill Quinn, Selma Diamond.  Directed by John Landis, Steven Spielberg, Joe Dante, George Miller.", "The Twilight Zone (1985) . The first TV revival. It aired on CBS from 1985 to 1987, then was Un-Cancelled for a season of First-Run Syndication in 1988-1989 so it would have enough episodes to run as a daily strip.", "The Outer Limits is an American television series that aired on ABC from 1963 to 1965 at 7:30PM EST on Monday evenings. The series is often compared to The Twilight Zone, but with a greater emphasis on science fiction stories (rather than stories just dealing with fantasy or supernatural matters). The Outer Limits is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with a plot twist at the end.", "[quote]many Twilight Zone episodes, with the exception of special effects and technology, could almost be set today. Why the difference?", "In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled Douglas Edwards with the News, and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the CBS Evening News when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988.", "1956 - CBS broadcast the first network television show with videotape Nov. 30, Douglas Edwards and the News, for West Coast delayed broadcast.", "1948 - Toast of the Town premiered on CBS-TV. New York entertainment columnist and critic Ed Sullivan was the host. It started his TV career that would span 23 years on a weekly basis. Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis made their television debut on the show. Also on the guest list: Rodgers & Hammerstein and pianist Eugene List. The first show of Toast of the Town cost $1375 to produce, including just $375 for the talent.", "Bruce Cabot starred in a number of the Tales of Tomorrow episodes, television's first scifi/drama and an early hit for ABC. Tales of Tomorrow telecast live in New York and was seen by kinescope in other parts of the country. (1952-1953). Coast-to-coast television was not yet a possibility. ", "1957: The last episode of \"I Love Lucy\" airs on CBS. ( Watch \"I Love Lucy\" )" ]

[ 9.4921875, 8.15625, 7.79296875, 4.4765625, 3.271484375, 2.494140625, 1.46875, 0.8896484375, 0.6796875, 0.59033203125, -0.16650390625, -0.340087890625, -0.44091796875, -0.459228515625, -0.9580078125, -1.001953125, -1.23046875, -1.5322265625, -2.462890625, -2.63671875, -2.685546875, -2.703125, -2.94921875, -4.28515625, -4.88671875, -5.11328125, -7.41796875, -7.44921875, -7.63671875, -7.85546875, -9.9453125, -9.9765625 ]

[ "Printers : Types of Printers | Working & Differences between Daisy Wheel, Dot Matrix , Inkjet & Laser Printers - EngineersGarage", "By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high-quality print. Dot-matrix impact, thermal, or line printers were used where higher speed was required and poor print quality was acceptable. Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot-based printers—in particular laser printers—that could print any characters or graphics rather than being restricted to a limited character set became able to produce output of comparable quality. Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters.", "Dot Matrix Printer: An older type of printer that works by firing sets of pins in different combinations at an ink ribbon located against a sheet of paper. Such printers produce text that looks \"ragged\". Laser printers and ink-jet printers are now much more common.. See Printer .", "Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems. It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each with typically 96 glyphs, to generate high-quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric, but two to three times faster. Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters, word processors and computers from 1972. The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower. ", "Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly, without requiring an impact for every single dot. This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact, without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller. However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two-step process with a manual wheel change in-between. As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24-pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable laser printers in offices, it was never a popular approach.", "Oki is notable for its specialist printer products in two areas. First, Oki continues to make dot-matrix printers (both 9-pin and 24-pin) capable of printing multi-part tractor-feed forms. Printers of this kind remain in use for printing instant duplicates of invoices and receipts in some retail and service industries. Second, Oki makes xerographic printers whose optical image is formed by arrays of LEDs rather than by a scanning laser. The design and construction of these printers differs somewhat from that of conventional laser-printers, in that Oki's printers have fewer moving parts, and provide a straighter paper-path than conventional designs.", "Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing bitmap graphics, there were attempts to enable them to do so. Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots (formed by the \"period\" character). This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement, both horizontally and vertically, and low-end printers were incapable of it. Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images, but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter, all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element.", "A variation on the dot matrix printer was the cross hammer dot printer, patented by Seikosha in 1982. The smooth cylindrical roller of a conventional printer was replaced by a spinning, fluted cylinder. The print head was a simple hammer, with a vertical projecting edge, operated by an electromagnet. Where the vertical edge of the hammer intersected the horizontal flute of the cylinder, compressing the paper and ribbon between them, a single dot was marked on the paper. Characters were built up of multiple dots.", "Abstract | Introduction | Background | The Laser Concept | The Laser Race | More Lasers | Semiconductor Diode Lasers | First Laser Companies | Early Laser Applications | “The Incredible Laser” | Holography | Gas Laser Proliferation | Dye Lasers | Evolution Of Solid State Lasers | Diverse Application Requirements | Making Diode Lasers Practical | High-Energy Gas Lasers | Excimer Lasers | Free-Electron Lasers | Lasers For Research Applications | Ultrafast Research And Broadband Lasers | From Consumer Products To “Star Wars” | Higher Power And Shorter Wavelength Diodes | Fiber Amplifiers And Lasers | The Fiber-Optic Boom And Bust | The Solid State Laser Revolution | State-Of-The-Art Lasers In 2010 | Author Information | References", "Population inversion is also the concept behind the maser, which is similar in principle to a laser but works with microwaves. The first maser was built by Charles H. Townes and graduate students J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger in 1953. Townes later worked with Arthur L. Schawlow to describe the theory of the laser, or optical maser as it was then known. The word laser was coined in 1957 by Gordon Gould. Gordon also coined the words iraser, intending \"aser\" as the suffix and the spectra of light emitted at as the prefix (examples: X-ray laser = xaser, UltraViolet laser = uvaser) but these terms never became popular. Gordon was also credited with lucrative patent rights for a gas-discharge laser in 1987, following a protracted 30 year legal battle.", "Optical mice rely entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light.", "* A scroll wheel, or mouse wheel, is a hard plastic or rubbery disc on a computer mouse that is used for scrolling up or down on a web page. It is perpendicular to the mouse surface and is normally located between the left and right mouse buttons. The scroll wheel was invented by Eric Michelman in 1995.[22]", "The first use of lasers in the daily lives of the general population was the supermarket barcode scanner, introduced in 1974. The laserdisc player, introduced in 1978, was the first successful consumer product to include a laser but the compact disc player was the first laser-equipped device to become common, beginning in 1982 followed shortly by laser printers .", "Photo: Left: The diode laser and photocell move along a radial track so they can scan the entire surface of the CD as it rotates. Right: Here's the diode laser (bottom) and photocell (top) in closeup. WARNING! Don't try to fiddle with your CD player to see the laser lit-up inside. It could damage your eyes or blind you. All CD players are designed to stop you looking at the lasers by mistake. Don't ever fool around with them!", "Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals that possess unique optical properties. [57] Their emission color can be tuned from the visible throughout the infrared spectrum. This allows quantum dot LEDs to create almost any color on the CIE diagram. This provides more color options and better color rendering white LEDs. Quantum dot LEDs are available in the same package types as traditional phosphor based LEDs.", "By late 2000, holography kits with the inexpensive laser pointer diodes entered the mainstream consumer market. These kits enabled students, teachers, and hobbyists to make many kinds of holograms without specialized equipment, and became popular gift items by 2005. The introduction of holography kits with self-developing film plates in 2003 made it even possible for hobbyists to make holograms without using chemical developers. ", "The magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides. Typically, two glass slides, one with the stationary part of the picture and the other with the part that was to move, would be placed one on top of the other and projected together, then the moving slide would be hand-operated, either directly or by means of a lever or other mechanism. Chromotrope slides, which produced eye-dazzling displays of continuously cycling abstract geometrical patterns and colors, were operated by means of a small crank and pulley wheel that rotated a glass disc. ", "A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.", "A molded Holographic Optical Element (HOE) implements the diffraction grating to provide the auxiliary beams for tracking. These 1st order diffracted beams may be further split by a very small amount to aid in tracking. It's not possible to account for how terrible the 1st order spots look if this was not deliberate! The HOE may also have corrective optics to optimize the beam profile of the laser diodes. This is not yet conclusive as this beam correction could be inside the laser diode assembly, but the far field beam profile of the DVD (red, 650 nm) laser diode is nearly a perfect Gaussian.", "The techniques perfected by the integrated circuits industry over the last three decades have been used to create very small mechanical devices driven by electricity using a technology known as microelectromechanical systems. These devices are used in a variety of commercial and military applications. Example commercial applications include DLP projectors, inkjet printers, and accelerometers and MEMS gyroscopes used to deploy automobile airbags.", "The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction. Though similar in name and appearance to a standard ruler, the slide rule is not ordinarily used for measuring length or drawing straight lines.", "The present invention may also be embodied in alternate geometrical forms. For example, an alternate embodiment of the invention is shown in Figure 16. While this embodiment of the invention is substantially similar in design and operation to the apparatus 20 shown in Figure 1, the alternate embodiment uses a different physical configuration of light emitting and detecting elements, and therefore a different mathematical technique, to determine the position of an embedded dart.", "An optical keyboard technology utilizes light emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys. Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter, mounted on a small PCB. The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys. Most optical keyboards require at least 2 beams (most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam) to determine the actuated key. Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern, allowing only one beam per row of keys (most commonly horizontal beam).", "The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick,is a mechanical analog computer.The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not normally used for addition or subtraction. Though similar in name and appearance to a standard ruler, the slide rule is not ordinarily used for measuring length or drawing straight lines.", "The seventh and eighth photos shown below are of a complete mechanism mounted to a demonstration frame. This example has three time trippers on the dial instead of two, and a single-pole double throw switch. The countwheel disc has three slots, and the switch requires 1/3 turn for each operation. The way the switch is made it not like an ordinary SPDT switch. Please see my three videos on Youtube which demonstrate how these movements work. A variety of different switch and dial tripper arrangements were made. Dials could have 2, 3 or 4 trippers depending on the switch and desired operation. Additional details are covered in US patent 983,224.", "Some component CD players by Technics (Matsushita) and others (in addition to Sony) also used linear motor technology as early as 1983 (possibly even before) to provide fast (under 1/2 second) music seek times which is better performance than some of the early CDROM drives using screw or gear type actuators.", "In recent years, technology has affected a multitude of the products we use, and the seemingly simple yo-yo has been no exception. Beginning in the 1970s, yo-yo manufacturers, seeing the benefit of periphery weight distribution, began rim-weighting their products for a longer spin. In 1978, Tom Kuhn patented the �No Jive 3-in-1� yo-yo, the first take-apart by hand yo-yo and the first having a replaceable axle. In 1980, Michael Caffrey patented �The yo-yo with a Brain.� In addition to a free-spinning sleeve bearing for long spin times, �The Brain� has a centrifugal spring loaded clutch mechanism that causes an automatic return of the yo-yo to the hand when the rotational spin slows to a pre-determined rate. And by the 1990s, transaxle yo-yos were available with ball-bearing axles, increasing spin times once again. ", "The above, based on the Concise 270 model, was made to Ying Hum's design using an inkjet printer, stiff glossy photo paper and clear acetate for cursor. Using his supplied high quality scales and a compass cutter for central holes as well as borders gives a high degree of concentricity between the two scales and cursor, producing a precise and usable slide rule. The large central pivot reduces the wear cf smaller fastenings that can introduce errors with wear.", "Microvision was the first hand-held LCD-based game console commercially released. It was distributed by Milton-Bradley and featured interchangeable game cartridges. One of these, (Cosmic Hunter – 1981) featured a 4-way movement capability, manipulated by the player’s thumb on the four buttons. This was an early inspiration for the D-Pad, which was used on many future console controllers, as well, of course, as the GameBoy.", "In english—...I will describe the computer more precisely some other time, now I don't have enough time: aaa are the upper faces of vertical cylinders (see the upper figure), whose side surfaces are inscribed with multiplication tables. The digits of these tables can be looked out of the windows bbb of a sliding plate. From the inner side of the machine to the disks ddd are attached wheels with 10 cogs, and each wheel is clutched with a similar wheel in a manner that, provided some of the right wheels spins round ten revolutions, the left wheel will make one revolution, or provided the first wheel spins round 100 revolutions, the third wheel to the left will make one revolution. In order the revolutions of the wheels to be in the same direction, intermediate wheels h are necessary. [See the following sketch]. [A marginal note] Each intermediate wheel moves to the left needed carry, but not to the right, which made special caution measures necessary. [End of the note].", "We refer now to FIG. 3 in which a second modified target system is shown having an annular O-shaped backing 300 surrounding a annular shaped or circular shaped target 310, which latter rotates about an axis 312, the axis 312 being at the center of a central rotating target 314, also rotating about the axis 312.", "It should be noted that the components of the beam cartridge 20 and the beam choke 21 together comprise a transmitter system 25. Accordingly, one alternate embodiment includes the actuating beam 22 functioning as the emission beam that is sensed by the beam sensors 28. The beam choke 21 would be comprised of one or more optical lenses that could adjust the pattern of the actuating/emission beam. Alternately, no beam choke 21 would be needed if the beam pattern was not variable. Yet another embodiment could include a mechanical connection between the firing pin 19 and a beam choke 21." ]

[ 2.59765625, 1.9091796875, 1.1044921875, -0.0750732421875, -0.90087890625, -1.744140625, -2.01953125, -3.75, -4.890625, -4.94140625, -5.03125, -5.578125, -5.7265625, -6.21484375, -6.28515625, -6.64453125, -6.69921875, -6.93359375, -7.1171875, -7.52734375, -7.91796875, -7.98046875, -8.25, -8.6484375, -9.0703125, -9.390625, -9.4296875, -9.4375, -9.46875, -9.515625, -9.625, -9.734375 ]

[ "The Central Park Five, the newest Ken Burns documentary to hit PBS addresses his familiar, favored themes of race and place. But this time, making the movie was a family affair....", "Best of Antiques RoadshowIn markets underserved by PBS, including Los Angeles, it will come as good news that Ken Burns’ latest documentary project, “Prohibition,” already is available in DVD and Blu-ray. The mini-series, currently airing on many public-broadcasting outlets, exhaustively recalls one of the great failures of American democracy. Burns’ team examines the role played by demon rum and beer throughout the history of the U.S. – even before baseball became a pastime, alcohol was as American as mom, hot dogs and apple pie – and the disparate forces that convinced politicians that banning it was a good idea. As has been made clear in HBO’s complementary “Boardwalk Empire,” the most telling results of Prohibition were the growth of organized crime and widespread flaunting of the Volstead Act by otherwise law-abiding citizens. As is typical of any Burns project, “Prohibition” is as much a cultural portrait of the times as it is a study of a single divisive issue or pastime. The Blu-ray package contains more than two hours of interviews, scenes and studio material not included in the PBS presentation.", "Filmmaker Ken Burns (The Civil War, Baseball, Jazz) has produced a 14-hour major documentary that documents the heroic actions and experiences of U.S. Serviceman during World War 2. The series will air on PBS during September and October � National Hispanic History Month. What Mr. Burns did not include in his production, was any mention of the over 500,000 Latinos � Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexican Nationals, Spanish Americans, and Latinos from other Latin American countries � who served the United States in this war proudly and heroically. The documentary was made with public funds from the National Endowment Association, and PBS � money that comes from \"Viewers Like You.\"", "Kenneth Lauren \"Ken\" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American filmmaker, known for his style of using archival footage and photographs in documentary films. His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011), The Central Park Five (2012), and The Roosevelts (2014). Also widely known is his role as executive producer of The West (1996, directed by Stephen Ives), and Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies (2015, directed by Barak Goodman). ", "We don’t just enjoy a few games—we enjoy the history of it. In 1994, Ken Burns, the famous documentarian, chose Baseball as his next topic to focus on. The nine-part series covered the history of the game, dealing mostly with its past and less on its present. That’s what made it so interesting.", "Documentary maker Ken Burns joins Thinking Aloud in a conversation about his art, craft, and style. We ask him about some of the underlying premises of his career and his work. Burns is the PBS living legend of documentary history. Amongs his Herculean efforts are the three series that form a trilogy: “The Civil War,” “Baseball,” and “Jazz.” BYU student Hannah Richardson joins us for the conversation. Richardson is studying to be a documentary film producer herself.", "Ken Burns' documentary Baseball consists of 9 \"innings\", each of which begins with a rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner that is historically appropriate for the period covered in that episode of the series.", "\"I thought I had a good intellectual understanding of the intensity of racism [in American history], but until I wrote this book, I had no grasp of its depth,\" says Ward, a former American Heritage editor and Ken Burns' longtime collaborator. (A Burns documentary on Johnson, with Ward's script, premieres on PBS in January.)", "For example, in 2007 U.S. filmmaker Ken Burns showcased �The War�, a World War II program on PBS. Such epic presentations are nothing new and are a main staple of history aficionados throughout the country. As he presented yet another film with an all-white Anglo Saxon cast and perspective, Mr. Burns and his associates were expecting the typical applause from the general public. That was not be. For the first time ever, a group of concerned mostly Spanish-surnamed citizens said ��Ya Basta!� (Enough!). Accordingly, they formed an alliance (Defend the Honor) that dared to declare war on the mainstream one-sided version of �The War.�", "Ken Burns has revolutionized the art of making documentaries, bringing American history to life in a very personal way. In this program, he discusses the painstaking research, hands-on techniques and limitless energy that have won him fame. Biographical details such as how he got his start, who influenced him, and where he finds inspiration offer an illuminating glimpse of this remarkable artist. Film clips from his documentaries underscore the power of his methods and the passion of his vision. Originally aired on CBS Eye on People on September 3, 1998. 45 min. Video/C 7386", "In case anyone is wondering if Ken Burns’ exceedingly giftable The Civil War: 25th Anniversary Edition features a different outcome to our country’s most terrible conflagration, the answer is “no.” The good guys still win, but, sadly, a minority of loudmouths on the losing team continues to wage war against human decency, civil rights and common sense. Some of them are even running for president. Neither has Burns anything new to add in the way of history lessons, beyond what we learned in the comprehensive nine-episode mini-series that drew millions of viewers to PBS. What makes this volume valuable is the effort that went into preserving the original footage for optimal video and audio quality. Blessedly, very little was damaged while in storage for the last quarter-century. So, all that was needed was a good digital scrub to restore details and eliminate artifacts. It looks good as new … maybe better. The six-disc collector’s set also features more than two hours of new bonus video, including the featurettes, “Making ‘The Civil War’: 25 Years Later” and “Restoring ‘The Civil War’” and complete Shelby Foote interviews.", "Ken Burns Baseball could appear on a list like this involving the history of baseball and the history of documentaries.", "Ken Burns and his team have made some astoundingly instructive and entertaining nonfiction series for PBS. Their new epic, on the Roosevelts, is their best yet… I say th...", "The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1978 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge (1981), the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns. Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator. It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book.", "After Edward Snowden became Public Enemy No. 1 by revealing the extent of spying – or, perhaps, the tip of the espionage iceberg – on people who may or may not have anything to do with terrorism, Americans were given something homegrown to replace the Red Scare. Any sense of security we’d developed over access to our financial, political and personal information vanished overnight. PBS’ “The Human Face of Big Data” argues that not everything in the digital universe is an open secret. The massive gathering and analyzing of data in real time is allowing us to address some of humanity’s biggest challenges, not all of which have anything to do with national security. This film captures the promise and peril of this extraordinary knowledge revolution.", "Al Gore starred in the film An Inconvenient Truth produced by Paramount Pictures , released on May 24 , 2006 , and on DVD on 21 November 2006. It concerns global warming , an issue which Gore has followed since the 1970s. It shows some of Gore's more recent speeches, as well as him talking and performing research. Before August it surpassed Bowling for Columbine as the third-highest grossing documentary film in U.S. history. [50] Gore has also published a book of the same title.", "December 8, 2016 -- Stanley Nelson&rsquo;s work is known for examining the history and experiences of African Americans. His most notable films are <em>The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution</em>, <em>Freedom Riders</em>, <em>Wounded Knee</em>, <em>Jamestown: The Life &amp; Death of People&rsquo;s Temple</em>, <em>The Murder of Emmett Till</em>; and most recently <em>Beyond Brown: Pursuing the Promise</em>. With nine films at Sundance and multiple industry awards to his credit, Nelson is acknowledged as one of the premier documentary filmmakers working today. Firelight Media is a non-profit production company, which provides technical education and professional support to emerging documentarians.", "Airing weekly on Monday nights on PBS through ITVS, the Emmy Award-winning, Oscar-nominated series Independent Lens introduces new documentary films made by independent filmmakers like Eugene Jarecki, Kirby Dick, Connie Field, and Frederick Wiseman. Past seasons of Independent Lens have been present...", "Mainstream media tended to discount the critical views presented in early documentary films, because they were seen as coming from the political fringes of the right and left.[ citation needed ] This changed in 1997, when professional film makers Dan Gifford and Amy Sommer produced their Emmy Award winning documentary, Waco: The Rules of Engagement . [46] This film presents a history of the Branch Davidian movement and, most importantly, a critical examination of the conduct of law enforcement, both leading up to the raid and through the aftermath of the fire. The film features footage of the Congressional hearings on Waco, and juxtaposition of official government spokespeople with footage and evidence often directly contradicting the government spokespeople. The documentary also shows infra-red footage demonstrating that the FBI likely used incendiary devices to start the fire which consumed the building and that the FBI did indeed fire on, and kill, Branch Davidians attempting to flee the fire.", "Witness is the BBC World Service's 10-minute history programme. You can download a podcast of the programme or browse the archive.", "The nonfiction hit \"An Inconvenient Truth,\" a chronicle of Al Gore's campaign to warn the world about global warming, was picked as best documentary.", "Tonight, “Vice on HBO” is screening a documentary that captures the devastating human cost of this war. Every American should watch the documentary – to know about US involvement in a war that Washington never bothered to tell you about. It’s on at 11 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, and available to subscribers to HBO online – by Belkis Wille", "\"The Fog of War, the movie that finally won Errol Morris the best documentary Oscar, is a spellbinder. Morris interviews Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and finds a uniquely unsettling viewpoint on much of 20th-century American history. Employing a ton of archival material, including LBJ's fascinating taped conversations from the Oval Office, Morris probes the reasons behind the U.S. commitment to the Vietnam War -- and finds a depressingly inconsistent policy. McNamara himself emerges as -- well, not exactly apologetic, but clearly haunted by the what-ifs of Vietnam. He also mulls the bombing of Japan in World War II and the Cuban Missile Crisis, raising more questions than he answers. The Fog of War has the usual inexorable Morris momentum, aided by an uneasy Philip Glass score. This movie provides a glimpse inside government. It also encourages skepticism about same.\" (Robert Horton)", "* In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program Wide Angle. ", "In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program \" Wide Angle .\" [95]", "Simon Schama, who made the great BBC documentary series \"A History of Britain,\" made an outstanding eight episode documentary series in 2006 called the Power of Art. Episode four focuses on David and does an excellent job capturing the chaos of the Revolution. I highly recommend it as a companion to the podcast. I believe the full episode can be found on YouTube.", "\"On September 5, 1972, eight Palestinian terrorists killed two Israeli athletes and took nine others hostage at the Munich Olympic Village. The event stopped the games, gripped the world, and perhaps for the first time fully illustrated the volatile state of affairs in the Mideast to the world. Kevin Macdonald's 1999 Academy Award-winning documentary painstakingly reconstructs the events, shedding light on what the world saw on television with the exasperating revelation of behind-the-scenes blunders. This visceral, tense film uses riveting news footage to great effect, weaving in affecting interviews. Macdonald mourns the deaths of the innocent Olympic hostages and dutifully gives a voice to the Palestinian cause through interviews with Jamal al-Gashey, the only survivor of the eight terrorists, who briefly came out of hiding for the film. He earnestly but half-heartedly sketches a picture of the social and political situation that fueled the act, reserving his anger for the grossly unprepared German police force. The tragedy that erupted at the F�rstenfeldbruck air base becomes all the more upsetting in light of the incompetence and unforgivable mistakes: botched rescues, poor planning, bad intelligence, and lack of contingency plans. Even the irresponsibility of the media circus gets off lightly. It's a sobering, angering, often frustrating piece of non-fiction cinema, a thorough piece of historical research brought to life with an angry immediacy. Macdonald simply doesn't know what lessons to draw from it all.\" (Sean Axmaker)", "In July 2003, PBS broadcast a documentary, called Exclusive to al-Jazeera on its program Wide Angle.", "* The television series Biography produced and aired a documentary episode titled Claus von Bülow: A Reasonable Doubt featuring interviews with Claus von Bülow and Prof. Dershowitz.", "The DVD has fascinating extras. The out takes and production stills are striking. But it is the interview with the director that crowns the DVD. We had no idea how far reaching and devastating was the influence of HUAC outside of the United States. Dassin reveals how it nearly destroyed his career even in France. Also, Dassin provides anecdotes about others in the US that further demonstrates the dehumanizing and destructive influence of HUAC.", "The first documentary film that was critical of the official reports was Waco: The Big Lie, [55] produced by Linda Thompson followed by Waco II: The Big Lie Continues. The Linda Thompson videos were controversial and made a number of allegations, the most famous of which was footage of a tank with what appears to be light reflected from it; Thompson's narration claimed this was a flame-thrower attached to the tank. Thompson's subsequent activities, such as declaring an armed march on Washington, D.C. and her denunciation of many other researchers into the Waco siege as part of a cover-up, limited her credibility in most circles.", "Dr. Piper reveals to David Cole, on camera, how walls were knocked down and holes with \"Zyklon B induction chimneys\" installed in the roof so that the building could be exhibited as a \"proof\" of the \"final solution.\" And he doesn't stop there. For a solid hour Dr. Piper talks about other \"proofs\" at Auschwitz for the \"final solution\" which are ALSO \"reconstructions,\" and discusses details of the camp that only a man such as he, who has worked at Auschwitz for a quarter century, would know. Then, in stunning footage, you'll see David Cole, while on the official tour of Auschwitz, being told by his guide that the Auschwitz main-camp \"gas chamber\" is in its ORIGINAL STATE, the same -- and there's no other word for it -- lie told to all tourists. The uncomfortable conclusion cannot be avoided: the people who run Auschwitz tell people things that THEY THEMSELVES KNOW ARE NOT TRUE!" ]

[ 5.45703125, 4.16796875, 3.314453125, 1.9248046875, 0.200439453125, -0.12335205078125, -0.57958984375, -0.88232421875, -1.4169921875, -1.6982421875, -1.73828125, -1.966796875, -2.634765625, -2.705078125, -3.232421875, -5.52734375, -5.71484375, -6.35546875, -6.36328125, -6.65625, -6.71875, -7.09375, -7.85546875, -7.921875, -8.109375, -8.171875, -8.1796875, -9.171875, -9.6953125, -9.7890625, -9.8125, -9.890625 ]

[ "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz's death), continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is considered to be one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, with 17,897 strips published in all, [1] making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\", according to Professor Robert Thompson of Syracuse University . At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. [2] It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, [3] and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. [1] Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in many newspapers.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". [2] At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "It's the end of an era: Charles Schulz, creator of the world-famous Peanuts comic strip, is retiring. The 77-year-old cartoonist, who was recently diagnosed with colon cancer, issued a statement on Tuesday saying he wants to focus on his health and his family. For nearly five decades, Schulz drew the escapades of Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Lucy and a host of other lovable and quirky characters. Peanuts debuted on October 2, 1950, and now appears in more than 2,600 newspapers around the world. Schulz has drawn enough strips to last until mid-February.", "October 2, 1950 — The “Peanuts” comic strip by Charles M. Schulz was published for the first time.", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post , The Chicago Tribune , The Minneapolis Tribune , The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post , The Seattle Times , The New York World-Telegram & Sun , and The Boston Globe . It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "On October 2, 1950, the first Peanuts comic strip debuted in a four-panel format in seven newspapers nationwide – The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Star-Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, and The Seattle Times. Schulz was paid $90 for his first month of strips, which consisted of a six day per week, Monday through Saturday, format until 1952.", "\"Peanuts\" debuted on October 2, 1950. The travails of Charlie Brown, the \"little round-headed kid,\" and his pals eventually ran in more than 2,600 newspapers, reaching millions of readers in 75 countries.", "{1950}: The popular comic-strip 'Peanuts', created by Charles M. Schultz, was published for the first time in seven U.S. newspapers in early October of 1950.<br/>After many television appearances, the first theatrical feature-film, 'A Boy Named Charlie Brown'-(1969), was released.", "The strip, which made its debut Oct. 2, 1950, currently appears in more than 2,600 newspapers worldwide. It reaches 355 million readers in 75 countries and 21 languages, making \"Peanuts\" truly a global phenomenon, an American export akin to Coca-Cola and bluejeans.", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in eight newspapers: The Washington Post , The Chicago Tribune , The Minneapolis Tribune , The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post , The Seattle Times and The Boston Globe . It began as a daily strip; its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip.The very first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. (Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, but he did not appear in the very first one.)", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950 in seven newspapers nationwide: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post and The Seattle Times. It began as a daily strip; its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip.", "October 2, 1950 : The first Peanuts comic strip, and the first time Charlie Brown is called, \"Good ol' Charlie Brown\". The other characters in that day's strip are Shermy and Patty.", "With those plain words, cartoonist Charles Schulz ended his \"Peanuts\" comic strip in its 50th year, February 2000. He died just before his last Sunday page appeared in the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette and about 2,600 other newspapers worldwide.", "The cartoon strip, which made its debut Oct. 2, 1950, was distributed by Scripps Howard-owned United Feature Syndicate. It was syndicated to more than 2,600 newspapers around the world, appeared in about 25 languages and reach an estimated audience of 355 million. The Washington Post, which was among the first newspapers to carry the strip, ran it until the end.", "Charlie Brown is the only character to appear in the first Peanuts comic strip from October 2, 1950 and the last one from February 13, 2000.", "Peanuts had its origin in Li'l Folks , a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulz's hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press , from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, although he applied the name in four gags to three different boys and one buried in sand. The series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy . In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to The Saturday Evening Post which published 17 single-panel cartoons by Schulz. The first of these was of a boy sitting with his feet on an ottoman.", "Blondie is an American comic strip created by Murat Bernard \"Chic\" Young and syndicated by King Features Syndicate . It has been published in newspapers since September 8, 1930. The success of the comic strip led to a long-run Blondie film series (1938-1950) and a popular Blondie radio program (1939-1950).", "� Charles Schulz's \"Peanuts\" released as a comic strip. Previously the strip appeared in a magazine and was called \"Lil Folks\".", "Charlie Brown made his final comic strip appearance on the final original Peanuts strip, which was published on February 13, 2000--the day after Schultz' death.", "The strip first appeared in issue 452, dated 17 March 1951, and is the longest-running strip in the comic. From issue 1678 onwards (dated 14 September 1974) Dennis the Menace replaced Biffo the Bear on the front cover, and has been there ever since.", "The strip survived for decades under a succession of artists, the last of whom was Frank Johnson (Boner's Ark). An attempt was made to adhere to the surface elements of McManus's style, but without his artistry and design sense, it was like an empty shell. Finally, it gave up the ghost. The last one appeared on May 28, 2000. By that time, it had become the longest-running daily strip in the world.\"", "Li'l Abner is a satirical American comic strip that appeared in many newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe, featuring a fictional clan of hillbillies in the impoverished mountain village of Dogpatch, USA. Written and drawn by Al Capp (1909–1979), the strip ran for 43 years, from August 13, 1934 through November 13, 1977. It was distributed by United Feature Syndicate. Comic strips typically dealt with northern urban experiences before Capp introduced Li'l Abner, the first strip based in the South. Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years writing about a fictional southern town. The comic strip had 60 million readers in over 900 American newspapers and 100 foreign papers in 28 countries. Author M. Thomas Inge says Capp \"had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South.\" ", "Mirror Enterprises Syndicate distributed a Hopalong Cassidy comic strip starting in 1949; it was bought out by King Features in 1951, running until 1955. The strip was drawn by Dan Spiegle.", "Fifty-five years after that 1957 debut, then, Andy is still as unrepentantly alive as ever. That�s a remarkable achievement for any newspaper strip, but all the more so for one that�s not been able to rely on the cute children and animals of a Peanuts or a Garfield for any part of its success.", "Alfred Gerald Caplin (September 28, 1909 – November 5, 1979), better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip Li'l Abner. He also wrote the comic strips Abbie an' Slats and Long Sam. He won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1947 for Cartoonist of the Year, and their 1979 Elzie Segar Award (posthumously) for his \"unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning.\"", "Garfield is a comic strip created by Jim Davis . Published since June 19, 1978 , it chronicles the life of the title character, the cat Garfield (named after Davis's grandfather); his owner, Jon Arbuckle ; and Arbuckle's dog, Odie. As of 2007, it was syndicated in roughly 2,580 newspapers and journals, and held the Guinness World Record for being the world's most widely syndicated comic strip.", "Dennis the Menace is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written, and illustrated by Hank Ketcham. It debuted on March 12, 1951, in 16 newspapers and was originally distributed by Post-Hall Syndicate. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand, and distributed to at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and in 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip, but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [4]", "In 1992, following a financial reorganization of their comic strip holdings, Max Allan Collins was fired from the strip, and Tribune staff writer and columnist Mike Kilian took over the writing. Kilian was paid less than half of what Collins was making per strip[ citation needed ], but continued until his death on October 27, 2005. Locher was both author and artist for over three years, beginning on January 9, 2006. On March 16, 2009, Jim Brozman began collaborating with Locher, taking over the drawing duties while Locher continued to write the strip. [7]", "On this day in 1921 a classic \"working girl\" comic strip, in the tradition of Cathy Guisewite's much later Cathy, began from King Features Syndicate. Tillie the Toiler, by cartoonist Russ Westover, started 89 years ago today.", "His longtime assistant George Olesen remained on the strip as penciller, with Keith Williams inking the daily strip. The Sunday strip was inked by Eric Doescher until Fred Fredericks succeeded him in 1995." ]

[ 9.3984375, 8.953125, 8.3515625, 5.91796875, 5.5546875, 4.8984375, 4.35546875, 4.28125, 3.78515625, 3.30859375, 3.298828125, 3.25, 3.1875, 2.12890625, 1.16015625, 0.45068359375, 0.0293731689453125, -0.7939453125, -1.4052734375, -1.4169921875, -1.7763671875, -3.46484375, -3.912109375, -4.8515625, -5.63671875, -5.8828125, -6.3984375, -7.0859375, -7.19921875, -7.2890625, -7.31640625, -7.8515625 ]

[ "Lapis lazuli is a relatively rare semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense blue color. used as pigment in middle ages, Stone of Laz, the Arabian goddess of love. The old masters created the pigment ultramarine by crushing this 2-word blue gemstone", "Lapis Lazuli is an opaque to translucent blue, violet-blue or greenish-blue gemstone composed mainly of Lazurite , Calcite , Pyrite and Sodalite . The rich blue color is due to the sulfur inherent within the structure of lazurite .", "Lapis lazuli (sometimes abbreviated to lapis) is a deep blue semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. Lapis is the Latin word for “stone” and lazuli is the genitive form of the Medieval Latin lazulum, which is taken from the Arabic لازورد lāzaward, itself from the Persian لاژورد lāžaward for “blue”, which is the name of the stone in Persian and also of a place where lapis lazuli was mined.", "Lapis Lazuli is a blue rock made of several different minerals with an average hardness of about 5.5. One of the world's most historically important gems, it's royal blue color often with specks of golden pyrite is highly prized. An opaque stone, it is most often used for cabochons, beads and carvings. Sources include Afghanistan and Chile. Most true lapis is unenhanced, but synthetic lapis and various simulants do exist in the marketplace.", "Deep blue colored, semi-precious stone, Lapis lazuli or Lapis is venerated and highly prized for its extremely intense color since ancient times. This marvellous piece of stone has been the favourite of royals, monarchs and spiritualists, and why not? The deep cobalt blue color of this stone with flecks of gold in between truly epitomises royalty and grandeur.", "Lapis lazuli is a deep blue gemstone that is a complex copper silicate mineral varying widely in composition. It often contains sparkles of iron pyrite or calcite. The best source is probably Afghanistan. A pale blue variety is found in Chile. Some material sold as lapis lazuli is actually artificially colored jasper from Germany.", "Lapis lazuli, also known simply as \"lapis,\" is a blue metamorphic rock that has been used by people as a gemstone , sculpting material, and ornamental material for thousands of years.", "Lapis lazuli is a gemstone of the kind that might have come straight out of the Arabian Nights: a deep blue with golden inclusions of pyrites which shimmer like little stars.", "Lapis lazuli gets its brilliant blue color from its sulfur content.  The more evenly the color is distributed throughout the stone, the higher  the quality, and the greater the value.  Lapis generally occurs with a speckled and strained consistency, with glittering inclusions of iron pyrite.  If the pyrite is well distributed, the stones  beauty may be  enhanced adding to its genuineness.", "Lapis lazuli is an opaque gem stone  that may range in color from brilliant, to medium royal, to dark blue.  Its composition consists of a mixture of several different minerals including,  the predominance of lazurite (25-40%), hüaynite, sodalite, noselite, calcite and pyrite.  Small amounts of  diopside, augite, mica and hornblende  may also be present.  Lapis lazuli generally occurs in crystalline limestone as the result of contact metamorphism.", "The color of Lapis Lazuli is natural, and it is generally not treated or enhanced, though occasionally lighter colored stones may be dyed a deeper blue.", "Lapis Lazuli Gemstones: As a general rule, solid blue lapis or solid blue with a few grains of gold pyrite are the most desirable colors. In the photo above the bottom two cabochons approach that ideal. The large cabochon on the top right has a few thin veins of calcite and some calcite mottling. This stone is attractive and some people might prefer it, but the calcite reduces its desirability for most people. The top left cabochon has large patches of calcite that are intergrown with blue lazurite to yield a faded denim color. It also contains many visible grains of pyrite. For most people, it would be the least desirable stone in the photo; however, some people will enjoy it. Desirability in lapis varies from stone to stone and from person to person.", "In addition to lazurite, specimens of lapis lazuli usually contain calcite and pyrite . Sodalite , hauyne, wollastonite , afghanite, mica, dolomite , diopside , and a diversity of other minerals might also be present. To be called \"lapis lazuli,\" a rock must have a distinctly blue color and contain at least 25% blue lazurite.", "Lapis Lazuli: Actually a rock as opposed to a mineral, lapis is mostly made up of lazurite, giving it a characteristic blue coloring. Most highly prized as intense blue with gold flecking from pyrite, the common calcite veins seen in the stone bring down its value. In architecture it has been used for cladding walls and columns of palaces and churches. The stone takes an excellent polish and is made into jewelry, carvings, boxes, mosaics, ornaments, and vases. Lapis lazuli is ground to make ultramarine pigment for tempera and oil paints, and was a highly desired pigment for painters�costs reflected this.. The stone was a favorite in Egypt for making scarabs and amulets, and it was used by Assyrians and Babylonians for seals. Powdered lapis was used as eyeshadow. In the Book of the Dead, a lapis amulet in the shape of an eye set in gold gave great power. In the most ancient times, lapis was called �sapphire� and this is likely the sapphire referred to by ancient texts, including the bible. The Romans believed lapis was an aphrodisiac, and medieval figures thought it kept limbs healthy and the soul free from error, envy, and fear. It was often ground and mixed with milk to be applied to boils and ulcers.", "Lapis lazuli is an aggregate of several minerals. Lazurite grains provide its characteristic color. The higher the percentage of lazurite grains in the aggregate, the darker the blue color. - John Koivula", "Known to man as early as 400B.C., Lapis Lazuli has been a long time treasured gemstone. Used to create the beautiful ocean blues as well as the vibrant sky blues in pantings during the Renaissance, Lapis Lazuli is a colored gemstone that has been revered for centuries.", "The components of lapis lazuli include sodalite minerals , calcite , and pyrite. The sodalite minerals are the blue part, the calcite is white, and the pyrite is the \" gold flecks\" commonly visible in lapis lazuli .", "Chemical Properties: A complex sulfur-containing sodium aluminum silicate, Na8-10Al6Si6O24S2-4. Chemically, the mineral lapis lazuli from which the pigment is made is an extremely hard and complex rock mixture: a mineralized limestone containing grains of the blue cubic mineral called lazurite, which is the essential constituent of the pigment. Also present, however, are two isomorphous minerals, one containing sulphate and the other, chloride, both of which sometimes occur in a blue form, as well as other colors. There are other silicates which may also be present, creating variables in the quality and appearance of the stone. The best are of a uniform deep blue, but can be paler as there is a great deal of white calcite and iron pyrites in it that sparkle like gold; there is also the possible intermingling with white crystalline materials. ", "In ancient Persia and pre-Columbian America, Lapis Lazuli was a symbol of the starry night, and a favorite stone of the Islamic Orient for protection from the evil eye. Lapis was much used in Greek and Roman times as an ornamental stone, and in medieval Europe, Lapis Lazuli, resembling the blue of the heavens, was believed to counteract the wiles of the spirits of darkness and procure the aid and favor of the spirits of light and wisdom. Buddhists recommended Lapis as a stone to bring inner peace and freedom from negative thought, and during the Renaissance, Catherine the Great adorned an entire room in her palace with Lapis Lazuli walls, fireplaces, doors and mirror frames.", "Lapis Lazuli or Lapis - Lapis may contain other minerals , such as calcite , pyrite, amphibole , apatite , diopside , feldspar , sphene , and zircon . The name comes from Arabic \"allazward\" meaning sky or blue. At one time it was valued on an equal level, in weight, with gold .", "Lapis lazuli is a rock whose most important mineral component is lazurite (25% to 40%), a feldspathoid silicate mineral with the formula (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2. Most lapis lazuli also contains calcite (white), sodalite (blue), and pyrite (metallic yellow). Other possible constituents: augite; diopside; enstatite; mica; hauynite; hornblende, and nosean. Some lapis lazuli contains trace amounts of the sulfur-rich löllingite variety geyerite.", "Lapis lazuli is frequently treated after it is cut and before it is sold as finished gemstones, sculptures, or ornaments. Lapis lazuli is slightly porous and that allows it to accept and hold dye. Much of the material that enters the market has been treated with a blue dye to remove the visibility of white calcite. It is then frequently treated with wax or oil that improve the luster of polished surfaces and seal the dyed calcite.", "Lapis lazuli is very similar in appearance to a variety of gems such as sodalite, azurite, turquoise, pietersite, hawk's eye, charoite and opal.", "Lapis lazuli is often referred to as just 'lapis' or 'lazurite' for short. It is technically not related to any single mineral due to its varying composition, however, it does have many close gem and mineral associations since it forms with and alongside many other popular gems, including calcite, pyrite, hauyne and sodalite.", "USES: Jewelry, carvings, ... etc.  In addition, lapis lazuli, along with other gemrocks such as malachite, rhodochrosite and sugilite, has been used in mosaics and high quality intarsias (gemstone inlays) used in pendants, box panels, etc.;  these uses have noteworthy ancient precedents -- e.g., lapis lazuli, along with nacre, was used in marquetry found in an ancient tomb in Ur, Chaldea (now southern Iraq). -- See the illustrations at the top of the plate opposite page 64 in Da Cunha (1989).  Special attention is directed to the well-illustrated article \"The celestial stone\" (Covington, 2013):  Several fine pieces made of or featuring lapis are shown, and  the description the \"Making Lapis Paint\" (op. cit., p. 4) serves to emphasize another use of this GemRock.   ", "Afghanistan lapis -  high quality lapis lazuli from Ladjward-jui, a stream in Badakhshan, northeastern Afghanistan.  Other names indicating mideastern sources or markets have also been applied to this lapis lazuli -- e.g., Armenian stone, Badakhshan lapis, Iranian lapis, Landward-jui, Oriental lapis and Persian lapis.", "Lapis lazuli is commercially synthesized or simulated by the Gilson process, which is used to make artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. It may also be substituted by spinel or sodalite, or by dyed jasper or howlite. ", "Lapis Lazuli is a powerful crystal for activating the higher mind and enhancing intellectual ability. It stimulates the desire for knowledge, truth and understanding, and aids the process of learning. It is excellent for enhancing memory. [Simmons, 227][Ahsian, 228]", "Lapis lazuli is believed to be a great gemstone for people who are in the field of journalism, management, and psychology. It stimulates wisdom and intelligence in a person and guides him towards taking better decisions. Lapis lazuli creates innovative ideas for those who are in the profession of writing, enhances intellectual skills of historians and archaeologists, and helps in boosting astuteness in lawyers.", "Lapis Lazuli is considered as being a solid stone, as it is engraved into beads and cabochons, and used mostly in jewelries such as bracelets, necklaces, and pendants. With fact, utensils and ornate carvings are also produced from Lapis, particularly the snuff boxes, animal carvings, and charm.", "Lapis Lazuli is a rock, not a mineral. Lapis lazuli is formed from more than one mineral.", "Lapis lazuli started to be seen in Europe during the Middle Ages. It arrived in the form of jewelry, cutting rough, and finely ground pigment." ]

[ 6.44140625, 6.42578125, 6.3203125, 5.7890625, 5.66796875, 5, 4.8515625, 4.66015625, 4.50390625, 3.75390625, 3.48046875, 2.947265625, 2.638671875, 2.6015625, 2.158203125, 1.9365234375, 1.84375, 1.59375, 1.5869140625, 1.5517578125, 1.439453125, 0.74609375, -2.158203125, -2.779296875, -3.24609375, -3.470703125, -4.37890625, -4.41015625, -4.48828125, -4.921875, -5.0859375, -5.3203125 ]

[ "The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome, since a female only has X sex chromosomes. In sperm, about half the sperm have an X chromosome and half have a Y chromosome. If an egg fuses with a sperm with a Y chromosome, the resulting individual is male. If an egg fuses with a sperm with an X chromosome, the resulting individual is female. There are rare exceptions to this rule in which, for example, XX individuals develop as males or XY individuals develop as females. Chromosomes are not the final determinant of sex. In some cases, for example, chromosomally female babies that have been exposed to high levels of androgens before birth can develop masculinized genitals by the time they are born. There are other variations of sex chromosomes that lead to a variety of different physical expressions. ", "What does biology say? Human cells contain pairs of chromosomes - which are long, stringy aggregates of genes. The gender determining or 'sex' chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes; normally males have one X and one Y chromosome (the XY male) and females have two X chromosomes (the XX female). It is generally accepted that gender determination is due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome i.e. this is the determining factor of a person's \"true\" biological sex. The Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male. Sexual variation arises when someone is born with only one sex chromosome or with three sex chromosomes. Also, damage of the SRY gene can lead to an XX male or to an XY female. For the XX male, it has been suggested that one of the X chromosomes has obtained a small piece of Y chromosome which is sufficient to produce 'maleness'. But in extreme cases sexuality is not easily determined. In general, sex chromosome abnormalities can affect a person's sexuality e.g their sterility.", "Genes are bundled together on structures called chromosomes. One copy of each chromosome is passed by a parent at conception through egg and sperm cells. The X and Y chromosomes, known as sex chromosomes, determine whether a person is born female (XX) or male (XY) and also carry other traits not related to gender.", "The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the XY sex-determination system where males have X and Y (as opposed to X and X) sex chromosomes. During reproduction, the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW) sex chromosomes, is found in birds, reptiles and some insects and other organisms. Members of Hymenoptera, such as ants and bees, are determined by haplodiploidy, where most males are haploid and females and some sterile males are diploid. ", "Most mammals, including humans, are genetically determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY (as opposed to XX) sex chromosome. It is also possible in a variety of species, including human beings, to be XXY or have other intersex/hermaphroditic qualities, though one would still be considered genotypically (if not necessarily phenotypically) male so long as one has a Y-chromosome. During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female.", "Many species have so-called sex chromosomes that determine the gender of each organism. In humans and many other animals, the Y chromosome contains the gene that triggers the development of the specifically male characteristics. In evolution, this chromosome has lost most of its content and also most of its genes, while the X chromosome is similar to the other chromosomes and contains many genes. The X and Y chromosomes form a strongly heterogeneous pair.", "In 1959, chromosomal analysis of two human disorders, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome, demonstrated for the first time that genetic factors on the Y chromosomes of mammals are important determinants in male sex. (7) The sex determining region on the Y chromosome, referred to as the SRY, has a fundamental role in sex determination and is believed to be the switch that initiates testis development. It is, therefore, responsible for the initiation of male sex determination during embryo development. (8) SRY-box-related (SOX) genes have been identified on autosomes (9) and mutations in the SRY or SOX gene have been implicated in sex reversal. (10) In other words, individuals with SRY mutations should develop as females. (11) However, it is likely that there are other sex determining genes involved in phenotypic sex. (12) The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome and male-specific region of the Y chromosome have recently been published, enabling further research into sex-specific genes. (13)", "Humans have an additional pair of sex chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are referred to as X and Y, and their combination determines a person’s sex. Human females have two XX chromosomes while males possess an XY pairing. This XY sex-determination system is found in most mammals as well as some reptiles and plants.", "True hermaphrodism means the person has both X and Y chromosomes.  This is not the same genetically as the XY-chromosome combination of genetic males, but means the person carries both male and female genetic material manifesting itself by having testicular and ovarian tissue.  Such people also have external genitalia that are ambiguous enough to warrant closer inspection to cast him or her into a “proper” gender identity.  The causes of this are purely by chance genetic mutation or by an irregularly dividing ovum.", "sex chromosome: The chromosome or chromosomes that influence sex determination. In mammals, including humans, the X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes (females are XX, males XY). Compare with autosome .", "In fact, there’s a whole lot more to maleness and femaleness than X or Y chromosomes. About 1 in 20,000 men has no Y chromosome, instead having 2 Xs. This means that in the United States there are about 7,500 men without a Y chromosome. The equivalent situation - females who have XY instead of XX chromosomes - can occur for a variety of reasons and overall is similar in frequency.", "typical of human males possessing one X and two Y chromosomes (XYY); most XYY males are phenotypically normal, but have higher than average incidence of high testosterone levels, severe acne, and above-average height", "In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.", "Grasshoppers, roaches, and other insects have a similar system for determining the sex of an individual. Adult males lack a Y sex chromosome and have only an X chromosome. They produce sperm cells that contain either an X chromosome or no sex chromosome, which is designated as O. The females are XX and produce egg cells that contain an X chromosome. If an X sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX or female. If a sperm cell containing no sex chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XO or male.", "1 pair of chromosomes is different in males and females. These are the sex chromosomes, and are non-homologous in one of the sexes. In humans sex chromosomes are homologous in females (XX) and non-homologous in males (XY). (In birds it is the other way round!) The non-sex chromosomes are sometimes called autosomes, so humans have 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.", "Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells. This phenomenon is called X-inactivation or Lyonization. X-inactivation ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell. Because X-inactivation is random, in normal females the X chromosome inherited from the mother is active in some cells, and the X chromosome inherited from the father is active in other cells.", "Parthenogenetic offspring in species that use either the XY or the X0 sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female. In species that use the ZW sex-determination system, they have either two Z chromosomes (male) or two W chromosomes (mostly non-viable but rarely a female), or they could have one Z and one W chromosome (female).", "20 Chromosomes Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes (non sex chromosomes) One pair of Sex chromosomes Females are XX Males are XY Show using a punnett square why there is always a 50% chance of having a boy and 50% chance of having a girl.", "About 8 percent of males, and 0.5 percent of females, are color blind in some way or another, whether it is one color, a color combination, or another mutation. The reason males are at a greater risk of inheriting an X linked mutation is that males only have one X chromosome (XY, with the Y chromosome carrying altogether different genes than the X chromosome), and females have two (XX); if a woman inherits a normal X chromosome in addition to the one that carries the mutation, she will not display the mutation. Men do not have a second X chromosome to override the chromosome that carries the mutation. If 5% of variants of a given gene are defective, the probability of a single copy being defective is 5%, but the probability that two copies are both defective is 0.05 × 0.05 = 0.0025, or just 0.25%.", "Because of a range of genetic conditions, people who look like women may have a Y chromosome, while people who look like men may not, she said. Many times, the people do not learn of the defects until they reach adulthood. “It gets really complicated very quickly,” McGinn said.", "Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY or XY/XXY mosaic) with male phenotype is the most pervasive sex chromosomal anomaly (26) affecting approximately 1:600 males. (27) Males with Klinefelter syndrome carry two or more X chromosomes which results in abnormal development of the testis, leading to hypogonadism and infertility. (28) Affected individuals are often tall and produce relatively small amounts of testosterone. As a result of this hormone imbalance, affected males have incompletely developed secondary male sex characteristics.", "The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the Y chromosome). The sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell. The X chromosome spans about 155 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 5 percent of the total DNA in cells.", "The 22 autosomes are numbered by size. The other two chromosomes, X and Y, are the sex chromosomes. This picture of the human chromosomes lined up in pairs is called a karyotype.", "X chromosome A chromosome associated with sex determination. In most animals, the male has one and the female has two X chromosomes.", "Inheriting too many or not enough copies of sex chromosomes can lead to serious problems. For example, females who have extra copies of the X chromosome are usually taller than average and some have mental retardation. Males with more than one X chromosome have Klinefelter syndrome, which is a condition characterized by tall stature and, often, impaired fertility. Another syndrome caused by imbalance in the number of sex chromosomes is Turner syndrome. Women with Turner have one X chromosome only. They are very short, usually do not undergo puberty and some may have kidney or heart problems.", "In a human, the normal chromosomes complement is 46, 44 of which are autosomes while 2 distinct chromosomes are deemed sex chromosomes , which determine the sex of an organism and various sex linked characteristics.", "Birds, insects like butterflies, and some species of fish have a different system for determining gender. In these animals it is the female gamete that determines the sex of an individual. Female gametes can either contain a Z chromosome or a W chromosome. Male gametes contain only the Z chromosome. Females of these species are ZW and males are ZZ.", "n.pr presence in men of an abnormal sex-chromosome constitution. Persons with XXY constitution show the clinical signs of sterility, aspermatogenesis, variable gynecomastia, and often mental retardation. About 50% of subjects with XXXXY variant have cleft palate.", "Autosomal chromosome:  Any chromosome except for the sex chromosomes. Humans have 44 autosomal chromosomes, or autosomes and two sex chromosomes.", "The majority of known types of chromosomal abnormalities involve sex chromosomes .  In frequency of occurrence, they are only slightly less common than autosomal abnormalities.  However, they are usually much less severe in their effects.  The high frequency of people with sex chromosome aberrations is partly due to the fact that they are rarely lethal conditions.  Like Down syndrome and other autosomal problems, sex chromosome gross abnormalities can be diagnosed before birth by amniocentesis and chorionic villi sampling.", "Trisomy (47,XXX) and other multiple X-chromosome abnormalities. Usually phenotypically normal. May see menstrual abnormalities or mild mental retardation in some cases.", "Running a special utility at GedMatch that compared Anzick’s X chromosome to mine, I find that we share a startlingly large X segment.  Sometimes, the X chromosome is passed for generations intact ." ]

[ 3.951171875, 3.603515625, 3.189453125, 2.248046875, 2.232421875, 1.6181640625, 1.53125, 1.4384765625, 1.3662109375, 1.0126953125, 0.744140625, 0.4609375, 0.3720703125, 0.316162109375, -0.0237579345703125, -0.255615234375, -0.56396484375, -0.8447265625, -1.0107421875, -1.3134765625, -1.9052734375, -2.171875, -2.583984375, -2.640625, -2.7734375, -2.939453125, -3.779296875, -5.16796875, -5.49609375, -5.94921875, -6.5625, -7.265625 ]

[ "As a college student, B. F. Skinner gave little thought to psychology. He had hoped to become a novelist, and majored in English. Then, in 1927, when he was twenty-three, he read an essay by H. G. Wells about the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. The piece, which appeared in the Times Magazine, was ostensibly a review of the English translation of Pavlov’s “Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex.” But, as Wells pointed out, it was “not an easy book to read,” and he didn’t spend much time on it. Instead, Wells described Pavlov, whose systematic approach to physiology had revolutionized the study of medicine, as “a star which lights the world, shining down a vista hitherto unexplored.”", "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was an eminent Russian physiologist and psychologist who devised the concept of the conditioned reflex. He conducted a legendary experiment in which he provided training to a hungry dog to drool at the sound of a bell, something which was related to the sight of food.", "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system.  Pavlov contributed to many areas of physiology, neurology and psychology. Most of his work involved research in temperament, conditioning and involuntary reflex actions.", "Experiments carried out by Pavlov and his pupils showed that conditioned reflexes originate in the cerebral cortex, which acts as the «prime distributor and organizer of all activity of the organism» and which is responsible for the very delicate equilibrium of an animal with its environment. In 1905 it was established that any external agent could, by coinciding in time with an ordinary reflex, become the conditioned signal for the formation of a new conditioned reflex. In connection with the discovery of this general postulate Pavlov proceeded to investigate \"artificial conditioned reflexes\".   Research in Pavlov's laboratories over a number of years revealed for the first time the basic laws governing the functioning of the cortex of the great hemispheres. Many physiologists were drawn to the problem of developing Pavlov's basic laws governing the activity of the cerebrum. As a result of all this research there emerged an integrated Pavlovian theory on higher nervous activity.", "Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (; - 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated intellectual brilliance along with an unusual energy which he named \"the instinct for research\". Inspired by the progressive ideas which D. I. Pisarev, the most eminent of the Russian literary critics of the 1860s, and I. M. Sechenov, the father of Russian physiology, were spreading, Pavlov abandoned his religious career and devoted his life to science. In 1870 he enrolled in the physics and mathematics faculty at the University of Saint Petersburg to take the course in natural science. Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904, becoming the first Russian Nobel laureate. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Pavlov as the 24th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Pavlov's principles of classical conditioning have been found to operate across a variety of experimental and clinical settings, including educational classrooms.", "In 1913, Watson published what is sometimes considered his most important work, the article \"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It\"--sometimes called \"The Behaviorist Manifesto.\" The following year, 1914, he published the book, \"Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology\", and in 1915 he became President of the American Psychological Association. The following year he extended behaviorism to the study of mental illness. Soon after, came one of his most important books , \"Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (1919). Watson was influenced by the Nobel Prize-winning (1904) work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) on conditioned reflexes. Soon after, Watson began adopting and adapting Pavlov's \"reflexological\" terminology to human behavior. In 1920 he published his most famous conditioning experiment; the \"Little Albert\" study in which he produced, in a small child, conditioned fear of a white rabbit by repeatedly pairing it with the loud \"clang\" of a metal bar. This conditioned fear was then shown to generalize to other white furry objects. The controversy about this experiment is actually a modern development. There seemed to be little concern about it in Watson's time.", "At the turn of the century, Pavlov had begun focussing his research on “psychic secretions”: drool produced by anything other than direct exposure to food. He spent most of the next three decades exploring the ways conditional reflexes could be created, refined, and extinguished. Before feeding a dog, Pavlov might set a metronome at, say, sixty beats a minute. The next time the dog heard a metronome at any speed, it would salivate. But when only that particular metronome setting was reinforced with food the dog became more discriminating. Pavlov deduced that there were colliding forces of “excitation” and “inhibition” at play—so that, at first, the stimulus spreads across the cerebral cortex and then, in the second phase, it concentrates at one specific spot.", "1849-1936 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov – Russian psychologist who actually was more focused on the study of the digestive process. He is known primarily for his development of the concept of the conditioned reflex (or Stimulus Response Theory). In his classic experiment, he trained hungry dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with the sight of food. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology in 1904 for his work on digestive secretions. Though he had nothing to do with hypnosis, his Stimulus Response Theory is a cornerstone in linking and anchoring behaviours, particularly in NLP.", "Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist whose work bridged the disciplines of physiology and psychology. Although he was by training a doctor, his most significant contribution lay in the field of behavioral psychology. After working as an experimental researcher, Pavlov became head of the department of physiology at Russia’s Institute of Experimental Medicine. Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his classic experiments in the role of conditioned reflexes in dogs’ neurophysiology.", "Pavlov's research into the physiology of digestion led him logically to create a science of conditioned reflexes. In his study of the reflex regulation of the activity of the digestive glands, Pavlov paid special attention to the phenomenon of «psychic secretion», which is caused by food stimuli at a distance from the animal. By employing the method - developed by his colleague D. D. Glinskii in 1895 - of establishing fistulas in the ducts of the salivary glands, Pavlov was able to carry out experiments on the nature of these glands. A series of these experiments caused Pavlov to reject the subjective interpretation of «psychic» salivary secretion and, on the basis of Sechenov's hypothesis that psychic activity was of a reflex nature, to conclude that even here a reflex - though not a permanent but a temporary or conditioned one - was involved.", "The basics of Pavlov's classical conditioning serve as a historical backdrop for current learning theories. However, the Russian physiologist's initial interest in classical conditioning occurred almost by accident during one of his experiments on digestion in dogs. Considering that Pavlov worked closely with animals throughout many of his experiments, his early contributions were primarily about animal learning. However, the fundamentals of classical conditioning have been examined across many different organisms, including humans. The basic underlying principles of Pavlov's classical conditioning have extended to a variety of settings, such as classrooms and learning environments.", "1904 Ivan Petrovich Russian physiologist best known for his work on the conditioned reflex. Regularly, over long periods, he rang a bell just before feeding dogs, and found that eventually they salivated on hearing the bell, even when there was no food forthcoming. He also studied the physiology of the digestive system, and for this received the 1904 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.", "The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the \"conditioned reflex\" (or in his own words the conditional reflex) he developed jointly with his assistant Ivan Filippovitch Tolochinov in 1901. He had come to learn this concept of conditioned reflex when examining the rates of salivations among dogs. Pavlov had learned that when a buzzer or metronome was sounded in subsequent time with food being presented to the dog in consecutive sequences, the dog would initially salivate when the food was presented. The dog would later come to associate the sound with the presentation of the food and salivate upon the presentation of that stimulus. ", "Wolfgang Kohler, Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka co-founded the school of Gestalt psychology (not to be confused with the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls). This approach is based upon the idea that individuals experience things as unified wholes. Rather than breaking down thoughts and behavior into smaller elements, as in structuralism, the Gestaltists maintained that whole of experience is important, and differs from the sum of its parts. Other 19th-century contributors to the field include the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneer in the experimental study of memory, who developed quantitative models of learning and forgetting at the University of Berlin, and the Russian-Soviet physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed \"classical conditioning\" and applied to human beings. ", "1891- Ivan Pavlov performed research on \"conditional reflexes\" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to a plethora of sounds and visual stimuli.", "The fundamental learning mechanism that Pavlov discovered through his experiments is known as ‘classical conditioning’. This involves pairing a natural combination of stimulus and response (i.e. food and salivation) with a new stimulus (i.e. a bell). In doing so, the new stimulus can only ever trigger an innate behaviour, though admittedly this can occur in almost any combination one could think of. On the other hand, the question of how new behaviours are learned was only investigated 30 years after Pavlov’s experiments by the American psychologist B.F. Skinner, using the socalled Skinner box.", "In 1903, at the 14th International Medical Congress in Madrid, Pavlov read a paper on \"The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology of Animals\".   In this paper the definition of conditioned and other reflexes was given and it was shown that a conditioned reflex should be regarded as an elementary psychological phenomenon, which at the same time is a physiological one. It followed from this that the conditioned reflex was a clue to the mechanism of the most highly developed forms of reaction in animals and humans to their environment and it made an objective study of their psychic activity possible.", "*Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of the classic work Reflexes of the Brain", "Pavlov proposed that conditioning involved a connection between brain centers for conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. His physiological account of conditioning has been abandoned, but classical conditioning continues to be studied in attempts to understand the neural structures and functions that underlie learning and memory. Forms of classical conditioning that are used for this purpose include, among others, fear conditioning, eyeblink conditioning, and the foot contraction conditioning of Hermissenda crassicornis, a sea-slug.", "*Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, a developer of reflexology, studied the Bekhterev's Disease", "Ivan Pavlov conducted neurophysiological experiments with animals for years after receiving his doctorate at the Academy of Medical Surgery. He became fully convinced that human behavior could be understood and explained best in physiological terms rather than in mentalist terms. The legendary experiment for which Pavlov is remembered was when he used the feeding of dogs to establish a number of his key ideas.", "Dvadtsatiletnii opyt ob'ektivnogo izucheniia vysshei nervnoi deiatel' nosti zhivotnykh (physiology) 1938 [Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, 1960]", "Ivan Pavlov is another notable influence. He is well known for his classical conditioning experiments involving dogs, which led him to discover the foundation of behaviorism.", "Biological psychology, also known as physiological psychology, or neuropsychology is the study of the biological substrates of behavior and mental processes. Key research topics in this field include comparative psychology, which studies humans in relation to other animals, and perception which involves the physical mechanics of sensation as well as neural and mental processing. For centuries, a leading question in biological psychology has been whether and how mental functions might be localized in the brain. From Phineas Gage to H. M. and Clive Wearing, individual people with mental issues traceable to physical damage have inspired new discoveries in this area.Richard F. Thompson & Stuart M. Zola, \"Biological Psychology\", in Weiner (ed.), Handbook of Psychology (2003), Volume 1: History of Psychology. Modern neuropsychology could be said to originate in the 1870s, when in France Paul Broca traced production of speech to the left frontal gyrus, thereby also demonstrating hemispheric lateralization of brain function. Soon after, Carl Wernicke identified a related area necessary for the understanding of speech. ", "Of the various investigations of animal behavior undertaken in Russia since the late 19th century, some (for example, those of V. A. Vagner and A. N. Promptov) were close to ethology in their concepts and methods. Nevertheless, the views of the traditional school of ethology were not speedily accepted and developed in the USSR. The situation changed in the 1960’s, largely as a result of translations of books by foreign ethologists.", "Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing The Work of the Digestive Glands in 1897, after 12 years of research. His experiments earned him the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. These experiments included surgically extracting portions of the digestive system from animals, severing nerve bundles to determine the effects, and implanting fistulas between digestive organs and an external pouch to examine the organ's contents. This research served as a base for broad research on the digestive system.", "A sequence of these three types of neurons constitutes the reflex arc -- described by Charles Sherrington (1857-1952), a British physiologist who won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1932 (shared with Edgar D. Adrian). Essentially, the reflex arc processes sensory inputs and generates motor outputs. Although things are actually more complicated than this, conceptually, at least, the reflex arc is the basic building block of behavior.", "Pavlov's second independent work centered around digestion. He started studying digestion as early as 1879, and it was his major focus from 1890 to 1897. His work was an accumulation of observations on the nervous control of one organ system through the method of chronic experiment. The study of digestion involved developing \"fistulas\" through which secretions from salivary glands, stomach, the pancreas, and small intestine could be collected. His technique was truly unique in that he did not cut the nerve supply nor contaminate the secretions with food.", "In later life he was particularly interested in trying to use conditioning to establish an experimental model of the induction of neuroses. He died in Leningrad. His laboratory in Saint Petersburg has been carefully preserved as a museum.", "Science in the Soviet Union was under strict ideological control by Stalin and his government, along with art and literature. There was significant progress in \"ideologically safe\" domains, owing to the free Soviet education system and state-financed research. However, the most notable legacy during Stalin's time was his public endorsement of the agronomist Trofim Lysenko, who rejected Mendelian genetics as \"bourgeois pseudoscience\" and instead advocated Lamarckian inheritance and hybridization theories (which had been discredited by most Western countries by the 1920s in favor of Darwinian Evolution), that caused widespread agricultural destruction and major setbacks in Soviet knowledge in biology. Many scientists came out publicly against his views, but the majority of them, including Nikolai Vavilov (who was later hailed as a pioneer in modern genetics), were imprisoned or executed. Some areas of physics were criticized. ", "* (1927) \"Motor consciousness as a basis for emotion.\" Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 22, 140–150.", "Which Russian-born American mathematical psychologist (1911-2007) contributed to general systems theory, mathematical biology and to the mathematical modeling of social interaction and stochastic models of contagion?" ]

[ 6.1875, 5.99609375, 5.796875, 4.4375, 4.125, 3.60546875, 2.478515625, 2.39453125, 1.78515625, 1.6416015625, 0.69580078125, 0.560546875, 0.49462890625, 0.1826171875, 0.13134765625, 0.11920166015625, -0.861328125, -1.634765625, -2.28515625, -3.349609375, -3.677734375, -3.734375, -3.912109375, -4.34375, -5.1953125, -5.28515625, -5.3671875, -5.59375, -5.69921875, -6.125, -6.59375, -7.19921875 ]

[ "Oct. 4, 1927-Sculpting begins on the face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills National Forest of South Dakota by Gutzon Borglum.", "On this day in 1927, sculptor Gutzon Borglum began carving Mt. Rushmore in South Dakota 's Black Hills . ^AF", "On this day in 1927, sculptor Gutzon Borglum began carving Mt. Rushmore in South Dakota's Black Hills . ^AF", "(John) Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 â March 6, 1941) was a Danish-American born artist and sculptor famous for creating the monumental presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota, the famous carving on Stone Mountain near Atlanta, as well as other public works of art.", "Lisa continued to paint, using the name \"Elizabeth Borglum\" until she died in Venice, California on May 21, 1922. Gutzon Borglum gained famed as a sculptor and consummated his career with the remarkable series of Presidential portraits on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, which he and his assistants carved from 1927 until his death in 1941. At the time of his death, the monumental work was still in progress. His son, Lincoln Borglum, and his assistants completed the work, although it is still technically unfinished, when compared to Gutzon Borglum's models.", "Mount Rushmore National Memorial, near Keystone, is known as America’s “Shrine of Democracy.” In 1927, sculptor Gutzon Borglum came to the Black Hills to carve his sculpture into the side of a granite mountain. Today, visitors from all over the world come to the Black Hills of South Dakota to see the four faces of Mount Rushmore National Memorial.", "(John) Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 â March 6, 1941) was a Danish-American artist and sculptor famous for creating the monumental presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore , South Dakota, the famous carving on Stone Mountain near Atlanta, as well as other public works of art.", "The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore near Keystone, South Dakota, in the United States . Sculpted by Danish-American Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum, Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington (1732â1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743â1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858â1919) and Abraham Lincoln (1809â1865).[2] The entire memorial covers 1,278.45 acres (5.17 km2)[3] and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.[4] South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles site because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on the Mount Rushmore location, which also has ...", "The carving of the heads of four Presidents on Mt. Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, by Gutzon Borglum (d.1961), completed by his son, Lincoln Borglum (d.1986), is one of the great monumental sculptures in history. Conceived as a local project, it became national when Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission in 1925. President Coolidge, who vacationed in the Black Hills during his presidency, dedicated the project in 1927. Indeed, the son of Lincoln Borglum (who himself died in Texas), James, still lives in the valley watered by a stream that has been named after the First Lady -- Grace Coolidge Creek.", "Mount Rushmore is a colossal memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The work of gifted sculptor Gutzon Borglum, it was to become the world's largest mountain sculpture. The memorial started as an idea to draw sightseers to the Black Hills. In 1927, President Calvin Coolidge dedicated the site, and Borglum began 14 years of work designing, blasting, and carving the face of the mountain. Today, the 60 foot faces of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln gaze out from Mount Rushmore as a shrine to democracy.", "Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as Six Grandfathers, the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927, and ended in 1941 with some injuries and no fatalities.", "The Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore near Keystone, South Dakota , in the United States . (John) Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (March 25, 1867 â March 6, 1941) was a Danish-American born artist and sculptor famous for creating the monumental presidents' heads at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota , the famous carving on Stone Mountain near Atlanta, as well as other public works of art. 5.0/5", "South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles site because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native American groups. They settled on the Mount Rushmore location, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature western heroes like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, but Borglum decided the sculpture should have a more national focus and chose the four presidents whose likenesses would be carved into the mountain. After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of \"Mount Rushmore's great political patron\", U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck, construction on the memorial began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon Borglum's death in March 1941, his son Lincoln Borglum took over construction. Although the initial concept called for each president to be depicted from head to waist, lack of funding forced construction to end in late October 1941. ", "The mountain itself was originally named after Charles E. Rushmore, a New York lawyer investigating mining claims in the Black Hills in 1885. Gutzon Borglum chose this mountain due to its height (5700' above sea level), the soft grainy consistency of the granite, and the fact that it catches the sun for the greatest bart of the day.  The presidents were selected on the basis of what each symbolized.  George Washington represents the struggle for independence, Thomas Jefferson the idea of government by the people.  Abraham Lincoln for his ideas on equality and the permanent union of the states, and Theodore Roosevelt for the 20th century role of the United States in world affairs.  The carving of Mt. Rushmore actually began on August 10, 1927, and spanned a length of 14 years.  Only about six and a half years were spent actually carving the mountain, with the rest of the time being spent on weather delays and Borglum's greatest enemy - the lack of funding. The total cost of the project was $900,000.  Work continued on the project until the death of Gutzon Borglum in 1941. No carving has been done on the mountain since that time and none is planned in the future.", "The son of Danish immigrant, Borglum is best remembered for two grand projects, the carving at Stone Mountain and the carving at Mount Rushmore.  Each story had vastly different outcomes.  The carving at Stone Mountain, a tribute to the Confederate leaders, was under the control of the Ku Klux Klan.  Borglum, who could be described as \"headstrong,\" went into the project with his own ideas of how the mountain should be carved.  While the Klan was willing to allow him control of how the carving was to be done they were not willing to cede creative control.  As a result, Borglum ended his relationship with the group by fleeing the state, never to return.  In 1927 work began on Mt. Rushmore and continued under Borglum's supervision for 13 years. It is considered an engineering marvel.", "From 1927 to 1941, sculptor Gutzon Borglum and nearly 400 workers diligently carved the faces of four U.S. presidents (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Teddy Roosevelt) into the southeastern, granite side of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Completed on October 31, 1941, Mount Rushmore took 14 years to create, removed 450,000 tons of granite, and cost $989,992.32.", "Construction of the granite rock faced mountain near Keystone South Dakota began in 1927 when Borglum was 60 and the sculptures of the Mount Rushmore presidents were not completed until Borglum’s death in 1941.", "As far back at 1923, the people of the Black Hills region of South Dakota were searching for an idea to bring tourists to their part of the country. After seeing samples of carvings done by Gutzon Borglum, he was invited by historian Doane Robinson, The Father of Mount Rushmore, to the Black Hills so they could find an acceptable place for a large carving.  After dismissing the idea of using the Needles range, they settled on the granite faced Mount Rushmore near Keystone, South Dakota. The granite was relatively free of fractures, and it also faced southeast for more sun exposure. When the selection was made, sixty year old Borglum remarked, “American history shall march along that skyline.”", "John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in St. Charles, Idaho, on March 25, 1867. He began painting at an early age, and in his early twenties sales of his works enabled him to study art in France for several years. It was there, in 1890, that he began to sculpt. His final paintings were completed in 1903, and from that time on he worked only as a sculptor. His fame grew, as did the size of his works. In 1915 he was asked by the United Daughters of the Confederacy to carve a head of Gen. Robert E. Lee on Stone Mountain in Georgia. Work did not begin until 1923, but some demands made by Borglum soon led to his dismissal. The invitation to the Black Hills presented him with an opportunity to create a monument whose dimensions would be \"determined by the importance to civilization of the events commemorated\". For this purpose a location other than the Needles was needed. After much searching Borglum selected Mount Rushmore because:", "1930- Gutzon Borgium's 60-foot face of George Washington carved on Mount Rushmore's granite cliff in South Dakota is unveiled; John H. Finley, associate editor of the", "The idea of having famous and inspirational faces carved on a mountainside was first conceptualized by Doane Robinson, who was the state historian of South Dakota. He conceived the thought in 1923, to attract more people to South Dakota with gigantic carvings of western heroes like Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, John Fremont and George Armstrong Custer near the area known as the Needles. Gutzon Borglum, who was to sculpt these heroes, inspected the area and found it to be unfit for carving, and convinced Robinson that the carvings of National heroes on Mount Rushmore would be ideal for both tourism and as a base for patriotism.", "Carving officially began on June 23, 1923, with Borglum making the first cut. At Stone Mountain he developed sympathetic connections with the reorganized Ku Klux Klan, who were major financial backers for the monument. Lee’s head was unveiled on Lee’s birthday January 19, 1924, to a large crowd, but soon thereafter Borglum was increasingly at odds with the officials of the organization. His domineering, perfectionist, authoritarian manner brought tensions to such a point that in March 1925 Borglum smashed his clay and plaster models. He left Georgia permanently, his tenure with the organization over. None of his work remains, as it was all cleared from the mountain’s face for the work of Borglum’s replacement Henry Augustus Lukeman . In in his abortive attempt, Borglum had developed necessary techniques for sculpting on a gigantic scale that made Mount Rushmore possible. [14]", "In South Dakota, Borglum found “The Needles” unsuitable for carving, and chose instead the Six Grandfathers. Naturalists attacked the plan, saying it desecrated the Black Hills’ “natural beauty.” Doane Robinson defended it, stating “God only makes a Michelangelo or a Gutzon Borglum once in a thousand years.”", "The mountain carving was begun in 1948 (69 years ago) by sculptor Korczak Zi�łkowski, who had worked on Mount Rushmore under Gutzon Borglum in 1924 (93 years ago). In 1939 (78 years ago), Ziolkowski had received a letter from Chief Henry Standing Bear, which stated in part \"My fellow chiefs and I would like the white man to know that the red man has great heroes, too.\"", "The idea of a mountain sculpture in the Black Hills originated with South Dakota historian Doane Robinson, who in 1923 enlisted the support of U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck for such a project. The next year, Robinson acquired the services of sculptor Borglum, who enthusiastically agreed to direct operations. He had been engaged in a similar endeavor at Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, Ga., where he had begun carving a huge Confederate memorial, but the undertaking had failed. Rejecting Robinson's conception of a monument to prominent western heroes, Borglum envisioned a national memorial on an immense scale. He initially considered carving into a mountainside the images of Presidents Washington and Lincoln complete from the waist up.", "In 1923 South Dakota historian Doane Robinson envisioned carving the likenesses of U.S. presidents into South Dakota’s Black Hills region. It took 14 years and 400 workers to complete Mount Rushmore, with the likenesses of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln intricately carved into the granite. Today, Mount Rushmore is South Dakota’s top tourist draw.", "The first blast on the mountain occurred in 1927. Under the direction of sculptor Gutzon Borglum, 400 men and women worked through hot summers and cold winters to create the 60-foot faces, nearly 500 feet up the side of the mountain. Over 90% of the mountain was carved using dynamite. The fine details of the faces were achieved, using jackhammers and hand chisels. Operators hung from the top of the mountain in bosun chairs held by steel cables. Despite the dangerous work, in the 14 years it took to carve the mountain, not a single person died. The memorial was officially declared complete on October 31, 1941.", "In August 1925, Borglum made a trip to South Dakota with his son, Lincoln, to search for the right mountain. Having determined that the Needles were unsuitable for carving, Borglum was searching for something much larger.", "2) is a huge mountain sculpture of four US Presidents, located near Keystone, in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Presidents depicted are: George Wshington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. These four Presidents were chosen to represent the founding, growth and preservation of the United States.", "The Monument also provokes controversy because some allege that underlying it is the theme of racial superiority legitimized by the idea of Manifest Destiny. The mountains were carved with Borglum’s choice of four presidents active during the time of the acquisition of Native American land. Gutzon Borglum himself excites controversy because he was an active member of the white supremacist organisation, the Ku Klux Klan.", "The Black Hills, called “Paha Sapa” by the Native Americans, is considered sacred ground to many tribes across the country. The Lakota Nation believes all life comes from “Paha Sapa,” and they fought fiercely to protect it during the Indian Wars of the 1800s. One of the most sacred places is Bear Butte in the northern Black Hills. This formation of magma never erupted and looks like a giant sleeping bear. Now a state park, Bear Butte is still used as a place of worship for more than 60 Native American tribes. More than 62,000 Native Americans currently live in South Dakota.", "Tribes including the Arapaho, Crow, Cheyenne, Kiowa, Lakota, and Shoshone had cultural and geographic ties to the monolith before non-Native Americans reached Wyoming. Their names for the monolith include: Aloft on a Rock (Kiowa), Bear's House (Cheyenne, Crow), Bear's Lair (Cheyenne, Crow), Daxpitcheeaasáao, \"Home of bears\" (Crow ), Bear's Lodge (Cheyenne, Lakota), Bear's Lodge Butte (Lakota), Bear's Tipi (Arapaho, Cheyenne), Tree Rock (Kiowa), and Grizzly Bear Lodge (Lakota)." ]

[ 9.6328125, 7.83203125, 7.81640625, 5.8515625, 5.82421875, 5.77734375, 5.71484375, 5.62890625, 5.19140625, 5.16796875, 4.94140625, 4.734375, 4.71875, 4.59765625, 4.58203125, 4.5078125, 4.48046875, 4.39453125, 3.271484375, 3.0859375, 2.927734375, 2.5234375, 1.94140625, 1.4921875, 0.6357421875, -1.76171875, -2.20703125, -2.87109375, -3.037109375, -3.60546875, -4.5234375, -6.28125 ]

[ "Pago Pago (; Samoan:) is the territorial capital of American Samoa. In 2010, its population was 3,656. The city is served by Pago Pago International Airport. Tourism, entertainment, food, and tuna canning are its main industries. It is on the island of Tutuila.", "Tutuila with its 140 km2 is the largest and the main island of American Samoa in the archipelago of Samoan Islands. It is the third largest island in the Samoan Islands chain of the Central Pacific located roughly 4000 km northeast of Brisbane, Australia and over 1200 km northeast of Fiji. It contains a large, natural harbor, Pago Pago Harbor, where Pago Pago, the capital of American Samoa is situated. Pago Pago International Airport is also located on Tutuila island. Its land expanse is about 68% of the total land area of American Samoa and with 56,000 people accounts for 95% of its population. The island has six terrestrial and three marine ecosystems.", "American Samoa is administratively divided into three districts—Eastern District, Western District, and Manu'a District—and two \"unorganized\" atolls, Swains Island and the uninhabited Rose Atoll. The districts and unorganized atolls are subdivided into 74 villages. Pago Pago—the capital of American Samoa—is one of the largest villages and is located on the eastern side of Tutuila island in Ma'oputasi County district #9. Fagatogo is listed in the Constitution of American Samoa as the official seat of government, but it is not the capital. (See the discussion \"What is the capital of X?\")", "..... Click the link for more information.  island. Pago Pago has an excellent, landlocked harbor and is the only port of call in American Samoa. Tourism and tuna canning are important industries. From 1878 to 1951 it was a coaling and repair station for the U.S. navy. The 2009 tsunami devastated parts of the city. Just south of the town is the Pago Pago International Airport.", "A major public works program on American Samoa from the 1970s to the ’90s increased the number of miles of paved roads, mostly on the island of Tutuila. Pago Pago is the only major port. An international airport is located on Tutuila, and smaller airstrips operate on other islands.", "American Samoa, officially Territory of American Samoa, unincorporated territory of the United States consisting of the eastern part of the Samoan archipelago, located in the south-central Pacific Ocean . It lies about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) northeast of New Zealand and 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest of the U.S. state of Hawaii .", "The country comprises the capital territory of Honiara and nine provinces, namely Central (provincial capital Tulagi), Choiseul (Taro Island), Guadalcanal (Honiara), Isabel (Buala), Makira and Ulawa (Kirakira), Malaita (Auki), Rennell and Bellona (Tigoa), Temotu (Lata), Western (Gizo).", "Easter Island , also called Rapa Nui, is a small island located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean that is considered a special territory of Chile . Easter Island is most famous for its large moai statues that were carved by native peoples between 1250 and 1500. The island is also considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site and much of the island's land belongs to the Rapa Nui National Park.", " /ˈtoʊkəlaʊ/) is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both island groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.", "The territory comprises five main groups: the Marquesas Islands; Austral Islands,  Tuamotu Archipelago, Gambier Islands and Society Islands. The capital is Papeete which is located in Tahiti.", "American Samoa unincorporated territory of the United States consisting of the eastern part of the Samoan archipelago, located in the south-central Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) northeast of New Zealand and 2,200 miles (3,500 km) southwest of...", "Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory of New Zealand consisting of three coral atolls in the South Pacific: Atafu, Nukunonu, and Fakaofo. These atolls lie approximately mid-way between Hawaii and New Zealand and about 500 km north of Samoa.", "The Feleti Barstow Public Library is located in Pago Pago. In 1991, Severe Tropical Cyclone Val hit Pago Pago, destroying the library that existed there. The current Barstow library, constructed in 1998, opened on April 17, 2000. ", "Area: 199 square kilometers, covering the eastern portion of the archipelago and the harbor of Pago Pago", "Solomon Islands is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island ofGuadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Solomon Islands are believed to have been inhabited by Melanesian people for many thousands of years. Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to arrive in Solomon Islands in 1568 and named them Islas Salomón. The United Kingdom established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in 1893. In the Second World War there was fierce fighting between the Americans and the Japanese in the Solomon Islands campaign of 1942–45, including the Battle of Guadalcanal. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence two years later. The Solomon Islands is a constitutional monarchy with the Queen of the Solomon Islands, at present Elizabeth II, as the head of state. Gordon Lilo Darcy is the eleventh and current Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands.", "In about 1810, Pōmare II married Teremo'emo'e daughter of the chief of Raiatea, in order to ally himself with the chiefdoms of the Leeward Islands. On 12 November 1815, thanks to these alliances, Pōmare II won a decisive battle at Fe’i Pī (Punaauia), notably against Opuhara, the chief of the powerful clan of Teva. This victory allowed Pōmare II to be styled Ari’i Rahi, or the king of Tahiti. It was the first time that Tahiti had been united under the control of a single family. It was the end of Tahitian feudalism and the military aristocracy, which were replaced by an absolute monarchy. At the same time, Protestantism quickly spread, thanks to the support of Pōmare II, and replaced the traditional beliefs. In 1816 the London Missionary Society sent John Williams as a missionary and teacher, and starting in 1817, the Gospels were translated into Tahitian (Reo Maohi) and taught in the religious schools. In 1818, the minister William Pascoe Crook founded the city of Papeete, which became the capital of the island.", "Tonga, an archipelago of more than 170 islands in the South Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and New Zealand , is the only remaining Polynesian monarchy. Formerly known as the Friendly Islands, the area united as a single kingdom in 1845 but became a British protectorate in 1900. Independence came in 1970. Its population is approximately 104,000. The official languages are English and Tongan, and the literacy rate is 98.5 percent. A monarch serves as the chief of state, and a Prime Minister heads the government, presiding over a unicameral, 30-seat Fale Alea, or Legislative Assembly. The position of Prime Minister is a life appointment made by the monarch. Tonga's small economy is anchored by agriculture, especially squash, coconuts, bananas and vanilla beans. Tourism is the country's main source of hard currency earnings.", "Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a sovereign state and an archipelago comprising 176 islands scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of the southern Pacific Ocean. Fifty-two of these islands are inhabited.", "The program is based in Apia, the capital of Samoa. Traditionally considered the cradle of Polynesia, Samoa was the launching point for the wider settlement of Polynesia, the last region to be settled in the Pacific. In 1962, Samoa was the first Pacific Island nation to achieve independence.", "Vanuatu ( or ; Bislama), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is a Pacific island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some 1750 km east of northern Australia, 540 km northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of the Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji.", "Almost 61% of the total population of French Polynesia lives on the island of  Tahiti , in and around the capital city of Papeete. Its lively port boasts Parisian-style cafés, a market, and plenty of places to dine. ", "Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of 28400 km2. The country's capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The country takes its name from the Solomon Islands archipelago, which is a collection of Melanesian islands that also includes the North Solomon Islands (part of Papua New Guinea), but excludes outlying islands, such as Rennell and Bellona, and the Santa Cruz Islands.", "Niue, internally self-governing island state in free association with New Zealand . It is the westernmost of the Cook Islands but is administratively separate from them. Niue lies some 1,340 miles (2,160 km) northeast of Auckland , New Zealand, and 240 miles (385 km) east of the Vavaʿu Group of Tonga , in the southwestern Pacific Ocean . Niue is sometimes called “the Rock of Polynesia,” or simply “the Rock.” The capital and largest settlement is Alofi . Area 100 square miles (260 square km). Pop. (2011) 1,613.", "Apia is the capital and the largest city of Samoa. From 1900 to 1919, it was the capital of the German Samoa. The city is located on the central north coast of Upolu, Samoa's second largest island. Apia is the only \"city\" in Samoa and falls within the political district (itūmālō) of Tuamasaga.", "Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia, lying east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (belonging to the Solomons), southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji. It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180°, west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 (2012 census). The total land area of the islands of Tuvalu is 26 km2.", "Funafuti, pronounced \"foo-NAH-footi\", is the capital of Tuvalu. Most administration offices are all located in Vaiaku Village on Fogafale (formerly spelled Fongafale) Islet, Funafuti atoll.", "Tuvalu, pronounced \"too-VAH-loo\", is an independent constitutional monarchy in the southwest Pacific Ocean between latitudes 5 degrees and 11 degrees south and longitudes 176 degrees and 180 degrees east. Formerly known as the Ellice Islands, they separated from the Gilbert Islands after a referendum in 1975, and achieved independence from Great Britain on October 1, 1978. The population of 11,636 (est 2005) live on Tuvalu's nine atolls, which have a total land area of 10 square miles, or 27 square kilometres. This ranks Tuvalu as the fourth smallest country in the world, in terms of land area.", "Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), and the island nation is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.", "Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Samoa and Fiji. Comprising 4 reef islands and 5 true atolls, with a total land area of just 26 square kilometers (10 sq mi), it is the second-least populated independent country in the world, Vatican City being the smallest. It is the smallest member by population of the United Nations.", "On the other hand, the island is also divided into five Land Districts. The Land District of Avarua is represented under vaka Te Au O Tonga, the Land Districts of Matavera, Ngatangiia and Titikaveka are represented under vaka Takitumu and the Land District Arorangi is represented under vaka Puaikura.", "Easter Island (Rapa Nui: Rapa Nui, Spanish: Isla de Pascua) is a Chilean island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle. Easter Island is famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai, created by the early Rapa Nui people. In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site, with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park.", "..... Click the link for more information. , the capital, is on Tutuila. Most of the islands are mountainous, heavily wooded, and surrounded by coral reefs." ]

[ 8.9296875, 6.453125, 6.3125, 3.296875, 1.556640625, -2.0546875, -2.1171875, -2.216796875, -2.40234375, -2.984375, -3.333984375, -3.45703125, -4.09765625, -4.23046875, -4.55078125, -4.56640625, -4.75, -4.84765625, -4.9375, -5.01171875, -5.125, -5.1484375, -5.390625, -5.4140625, -5.6953125, -5.828125, -6.046875, -6.44140625, -6.6640625, -7.26171875, -7.2734375, -8.1328125 ]

[ "The Walt Disney World Resort, informally known as Walt Disney World or simply Disney World, is an entertainment complex that opened October 1, 1971, in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, and is the most visited attraction in the world, with attendance of 52.5 million annually. It is owned by The Walt Disney Company through its division Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. The property covers 30,080 acres, in which it houses 24 themed resorts, four theme parks, two water parks, and several additional recreational and entertainment venues. Magic Kingdom is the original theme park on the complex, and Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom opened throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, Walt Disney developed the complex in the 1960s, though he died in 1966 before construction on \"The Florida Project\" began. After extensive lobbying, the Government of Florida created the Reedy Creek Improvement District, a special government district that essentially gave The Walt Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city. Original plans called for the inclusion of an \"Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow\", a planned city that would serve as a test bed for new innovations for city living.", "Sure, DisneyWorld is much bigger, encompassing four theme parks (Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Hollywood Studios and Animal Kingdom) in addition to the dining and entertainment complexes of Downtown Disney and Pleasure Island. But DisneyLand’s ‘greatest hits’ collection of rides and attractions and convenience sure won out for us this trip.", "Disney’s Magic Kingdom Park encompasses 107 acres and features a variety of attractions for all ages such as Splash Mountain, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Pirates of the Caribbean, The Haunted Mansion (a true Disney classic!) and Space Mountain at Main Street USA, Adventureland, Frontierland, Liberty Square, New Fantasyland and Tomorrowland. Disney’s Epcot offers Future World, which boasts popular attractions such as Mission: SPACE, Test Track and Soarin’, as well as the Disney’s World Showcase with its 11 pavilions: Mexico, Norway, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, Morocco, France, United Kingdom and Canada. Disney’s Hollywood Studios features attractions, thrill rides and live shows such as The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, Rock ‘n’ Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith, Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular, Toy Story Mania! and Beauty and the Beast – Live on Stage. Disney’s Animal Kingdom offers exotic animals, amazing live shows and thrilling attractions such as the incredible Expedition Everest roller coaster.", "Just to be clear, this post is comparing both Disney parks in California (Disneyland and Disney California Adventures) against the 4 main parks at Disney World in Florida (Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Animal Kingdom, and Hollywood Studios).", "The expansion of new attractions continued with the debut of Disney World's first water park, Typhoon Lagoon, in 1989. Also that year, an entertainment complex called Pleasure Island debuted. Pleasure Island ultimately became a major section of Downtown Disney, a 120-acre shopping, entertainment and restaurant area outside of the theme parks. In 1992 the Bonnett Creek Golf Courses opened, featuring two courses: Eagle Pines and Osprey Ridge. A second water park, Blizzard Beach, was completed in 1995. In 1996 construction was complete on the Disney World Speedway 200 race track.", "Disney’s Animal Kingdom is the fourth of four theme parks built at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida, opening on Earth Day, 22nd April, 1998. It is the second largest theme park in the world and it is the largest single Disney theme park in the world with an area covering 500 acres and the first Disney theme park to be themed entirely around animal conservation. Disney’s Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, meaning they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 10.19 million guests, ranking it the fourth most visited amusement park in the United States and seventh most visited in the world. The park is represented by The Tree of Life.", "At the Magic Kingdom, Mickey is found in Main Street, U.S.A. with Minnie inside the Town Square Theater. Mickey is sometimes found in Fantasyland. For entertainment, Mickey can be seen in Mickey's PhilharMagic , Dream Along with Mickey , Celebrate A Dreams Come True Parade , Main Street Electrical Parade and far more. Over at Disney's Hollywood Studios , Mickey has the starring role in Fantasmic! . Mickey also makes a cameo in Muppet*Vision 3D . In Animal Kingdom , Mickey and friends can be found in Camp Minnie Mickey for meet-and-greets as well as being featured in Mickey's Jammin' Jungle Parade. Mickey also appears at Disney's Contemporary Resort in the Chef Mickey's restaurant for breakfast meet-and-greets. Mickey has two spell cards in the attraction Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom known as \"Apprentice Mickey's Broomsticks\" and \"Mickey's Magic Beans\".", "Disney's plans for the futuristic city of EPCOT did not come to fruition. After Disney's death, his brother Roy deferred his retirement to take full control of the Disney companies. He changed the focus of the project from a town to an attraction. At the inauguration in 1971, Roy dedicated Walt Disney World to his brother. Walt Disney World expanded with the opening of Epcot Center in 1982; Walt Disney's vision of a functional city was replaced by a park more akin to a permanent world's fair. In 2009, the Walt Disney Family Museum, designed by Disney's daughter Diane and her son Walter E. D. Miller, opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including numerous awards that he received. In 2014, the Disney theme parks around the world hosted approximately 134 million guests.", "A whole new park, Disney’s Animal Kingdom opened at Walt Disney World in 1998. With a gigantic Tree of Life as its centerpiece, the park was Disney’s largest, spanning 500 acres. A major attraction was the Kilimanjaro Safaris, where Guests could experience live African animals in an amazingly accurate reproduction of the African savannah. An Asian area opened at Animal Kingdom in 1999. In California, Tomorrowland at Disneyland was redesigned.", "Walt Disney World received much of the company's attention through the 1970s and into the 1980s. In 1978, Disney executives announced plans for the second Walt Disney World theme park, EPCOT Center, which would open in October 1982. Inspired by Walt Disney's dream of a futuristic model city, EPCOT Center was built as a \"permanent World's Fair\", complete with exhibits sponsored by major American corporations, as well as pavilions based on the cultures of other nations. In Japan, the Oriental Land Company partnered with Walt Disney Productions to build the first Disney theme park outside of the United States, Tokyo Disneyland, which opened in April 1983.", "As one of the world's premier tourist destinations, Orlando's famous attractions form the backbone of its tourism industry: Walt Disney World, located approximately 21 mi southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake, opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971; the Universal Orlando Resort, opened in 1999 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida; SeaWorld; Gatorland; and Wet 'n Wild. With the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions, the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States.", "In addition to the above mentioned theme parks and resorts, Walt Disney's Parks and Resorts Division has plans to open additional parks in Europe and Asia. It also has plans to expand several existing parks such as the Hong Kong and Paris locations.", "Magic Kingdom Park, commonly known as Magic Kingdom, is the first-built of the four theme parks at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971. Designed and built by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are similar to Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. In 2015, the park hosted 20.49 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world for the tenth consecutive year and the most visited theme park in North America for at least the past fifteen years.", "Six Flags Magic Mountain is a 262-acre theme park located in Valencia, Santa Clarita, California, north of Los Angeles. It opened on Memorial Day weekend on May 30, 1971 as Magic Mountain, by the Newhall Land and Farming Company. In 1979, Six Flags purchased the park and added the name Six Flags to the park's title. In 2009, 2.5 million visitors visited the park. As of 2013, Six Flags Magic Mountain has the most roller coasters in the world with 18. Moreover, as of 2013, Six Flags Magic Mountain is currently the top 19 theme/amusement park in the world in terms of attendance, falling short behind Knott's Berry Farm.", "The Walt Disney World Resort is a Disney theme park resort located in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, comprised of four theme parks, two water parks, twenty-three hotels, and many more recreational venues. It opened on October 1, 1971 with the Magic Kingdom theme park, and two hotels: Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Resort.", "The Walt Disney World Resort is a Disney theme park resort located in Lake Buena Vista, Florida , comprised of four theme parks, two water parks, twenty-three hotels, and many more recreational venues. It opened on October 1 , 1971 with the Magic Kingdom theme park, and two hotels: Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Resort .", "dozens of different species of marine life, including dolphins, sea lions, walruses, polar bears and beluga whales. It also is one of only two places in the world where emperor penguins are kept in captivity. In the nearby community of Carlsbad, Legoland is dedicated to tiny plastic bricks (dubbed “Legos”), and boasts mind-boggling Lego replicas of famous architectural icons (the Statue of Liberty and the Taj Mahal among them) as well as dioramas of seven areas of the U.S. The park incorporates rides and eateries, and is home to the Model Shop, the headquarters for the", "Magic Kingdom lies more than a mile away from its parking lot, on the opposite side of the man-made Seven Seas Lagoon. Upon arrival, guests are taken by the parking lot trams to the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC), which sells tickets to the parks and provides transportation connections throughout the resort complex. It also has a small gift shop and the central lost-and-found facility for all four theme parks.", "What can we possibly say about Disney that hasn’t been said before? There’s a reason why when most people think of “theme park” they think of Disney. Nobody does it better. All four locations (Anaheim, Calif., Orlando, Fla., Tokyo and Paris) are staggeringly huge and have everything from rides, games, restaurants, animals and water parks to learning centers and spas, all with the backdrop of the ubiquitous mouse and kids clamoring for Disney-related merchandise.", "The one-and-only original! Wonders and memories abound in magical lands brimming with timeless attractions, outstanding entertainment, beloved Disney Characters and astonishing thrills galore! MUST-SEE: Indiana Jones™ Adventure/ Matterhorn Bobsleds | Haunted Mansion | Pirates of the Caribbean | ‘it’s a small world’ | Big Thunder Mountain Railroad | Fantasy Faire | Star Tours—The Adventures Continue.", "A Bug's Land is a section of Disney California Adventure that is inspired by A Bug's Life. One of the main attractions is the 3D show It's Tough to Be a Bug! which is also in Disney's Animal Kingdom. The Disney California Adventure nighttime show World of Color features a segment that includes Heimlich, the caterpillar from the film.", "The Jungle Cruise is an attraction located in Adventureland at many Disney Parks, including Disneyland , Magic Kingdom , and Tokyo Disneyland . At Hong Kong Disneyland , the attraction is named Jungle River Cruise. Disneyland Paris is the only Magic Kingdom-style Disney park that does not have the Jungle Cruise in its attraction roster.", "If I may quote from MEW in the introduction to his insanely epic Disneyland Australia resort thread (check it out here ), \"S.W. Wilson of Ideal Build-Out has a wonderful philosophy that the park should be the E-Ticket, not just the attractions. I share this same philosophy, so not only will my park have lands on the level of immersion and quality as...oh, say Cars Land, Tokyo DisneySea...or the Wizarding World of Harry Potter...each and every attraction will be of the highest-caliber, being perfect compliments to the immersion level of each land.\"", "Signature attractions: Cars Land, with its terrific Radiator Springs Racers, is only in Anaheim. The Magic Kingdom, meanwhile, recently debuted an expansion of Fantasyland, which includes a new Snow White-themed roller coaster and a terrific Beauty and the Beast dining area.", "(7) THE MAP OF LOST DISNEY ATTRACTIONS. Yahoo! Movies has a gallery of “22 Lost Disney Rides, From the Maelstrom to Mission To Mars” .", "* Walley World once again makes an appearance in the 2015 Vacation. In the film, the park appears to be updated with new attractions and modernized signage, including a statue of Marty Moose taking a selfie.", "In October 2014, the Oriental Land Company announced a large expansion of New Fantasyland. The expansion includes closing Star Jets and Grand Circuit Raceway and relocating It's A Small World. making Tomorrowland significantly smaller.", "Short is the host of a Disney World attraction, O Canada!, a Circle-Vision 360° film at Walt Disney World's Epcot theme park. He also hosted the now-defunct show \"The Making of Me\" at Epcot's Wonders of Life pavilion, a 15-minute movie about how pregnancy occurs. ", "Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney's America. The park was to have been located in Haymarket, Virginia, but local opposition to the idea persuaded Disney to abandon the idea in 1994. On September 28, 1994, Michael Eisner announced that Disney was cancelling its plans to build Disney's America after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups.", "Since 2012 , he has started to resurface at most of the Disney parks around the world after being absent for quite a few years. He reappeared at Disneyland in 2012 for the special 20th anniversary performances of Fantasmic! and again for the 2013 Easter Bunny Hop pre-parade. Also in 2013, he resurfaced at both Disneyland and Disneyland Paris during their respective portions of the Disney Dreamers Everywhere event.", "Behind the Marc Davis tikis is a large expanse. This is another example of the Imagineers greatly increasing the Magic Kingdom's version of Adventureland as compared to the original Disneyland edition.", "Two more images from 1957. First up is a nice view of the Chicken of the Sea restaurant in Fantasyland. Unfortunately the mermaid is obscured by the sail. In the background is the now extinct Fantasyland Skyway Chalet. The next image is of the great early Jungle Cruise ticket booth. This is a nice shot showing the extent of theming for the ticket booth. My favorite is the painted shield over the top of the booth. Also the amount of palm fronds covering the queue as well." ]

[ 1.6943359375, 0.5419921875, 0.416015625, -1.123046875, -1.4697265625, -2.060546875, -4.015625, -4.34375, -4.5859375, -5.3203125, -5.40234375, -5.51171875, -5.72265625, -6.16796875, -6.28125, -6.42578125, -6.609375, -7.04296875, -7.18359375, -7.19921875, -7.4765625, -7.72265625, -7.90234375, -7.9765625, -8.2421875, -8.703125, -9.0703125, -9.953125, -9.9609375, -9.9609375, -9.9921875, -10.890625 ]

[ "The genesis of KFC’s corporate motto “Finger Lickin’ Good” is remarkable, especially when considering that the slogan originated coincidentally from a spontaneous real-life situation and not from the labs of an advertising agency. The story tells, that the Founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken, Harland David Sanders (Colonel Sanders) noticed, back in the 1930s, how people were licking their fingers after finishing their dinner, as they couldn’t get enough of Colonel Sanders’ secret flavor recipe that included 11 herbs and spices, hence the “finger lickin’ good.” Nevertheless, it took nearly two decades until the corporate slogan was being introduced in the 1950s, after KFC’s manager Ken Harbough explained, “Well it’s finger lickin’ good”, as the sole reason why KFC showed a man eating his chicken and licking his fingers in an TV commercial that was broadcasted in the USA. From this point onwards, the slogan became one of the most recognized slogans in the world and was one of the most successful advertising mottos in the 20th century.", "A friend told me that when he visited Quebec he saw a KFC sign claiming that their products were 'finger lickin bon'. I live in hope that this is true.", "KFC’s “Finger Lickin’ Good” is widely accepted as one of the most successful ad slogans in the 20th century and became one of the most recognized slogans in the world. As of February, 20th 2011, KFC announced that it would abandon its successful slogan and replace it with “so good,” as an effort to establish a healthier image in the public.", "As a franchise-led operation, KFC's success depended on the work of the early franchisees, and Harman has been described as the \"virtual co-founder\" of the chain by Sanders' biographer. Harman trademarked the phrase \"It's finger lickin' good\", which was eventually adopted as a slogan across the entire chain. In 1957 Harman bundled 14 pieces of chicken, five bread rolls and a pint of gravy into a cardboard bucket, and offered it to families as \"a complete meal\" for US$3.50 (around US$30 in 2014). He first test-trialled the packaging as a favor to Sanders, who had called on behalf of a Denver franchisee who did not know what to do with 500 cardboard buckets he had bought from a traveling salesman.", "Much like its Fast Food rival, KFC’s long standing advert slogan reflects the company’s values. “Finger Lickin’ Good” tells the audience that the chicken tastes great. This is exactly what you want from a fast food restaurant.", "In a previous post on sticky toffee cupcakes , I talked about dishes that look ‘too good to eat’. Today it’s the turn of another favourite food expression. While ‘finger licking good’ is a phrase that is sadly slightly tainted (for me anyway) by its association with greasy fast food and a certain white bearded colonel, the idea that something can be so delicious that it makes you want to lick the plate (as well as your fingers) clean is not. It’s appealing and enduring. And something that we all do.", "Hubba Bubba is a brand of bubble gum originally produced by Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company, a subsidiary of Mars, Incorporated,[1] in the United States in 1979 but more recently produced in countries around the world. The bubble gum got its name from the phrase \"Hubba Hubba\" that military personnel in World War II used to express approval.[2] The main gimmick used to promote the gum is that Hubba Bubba is less sticky than other brands of bubble gum and so burst bubbles are easier to peel from your skin. The first portions of Hubba Bubba were produced in the traditional bubble gum flavor often referred to as Original, but different flavors of gum have been produced around the world. Many, but not all, of these flavors are based on fruit. Hubba Bubba products also include many flavors of soda, bubble gum and squeeze pouches.[1]", "Mars makes chocolates, snacks and other products for Earth's consumers. Mars makes global brands M&M's, Snickers, and the Mars bar. Other confections include 3 Musketeers, Dove, Milky Way, Skittles, and Twix. Its products portfolio also boasts Seeds of Change organic food, the Klix and Flavia beverage systems, Combos and Kudos snacks, Uncle Ben's rice, and pet food made under the Pedigree, Sheba, and Whiskas labels. Mars owns the world's largest chewing gum maker,", "M&M's (styled as m&m's) are \"colorful button-shaped chocolates\"[1] produced by Mars, Incorporated, and similar to and inspired by Smarties. The  shell, each of which has the letter \"m\" printed in lower case on one side, surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M's. The original  had a milk chocolate filling which, upon introducing other variations, was branded as the \"plain\" variety. \"Peanut\" M&M's, which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate, and finally a  shell, were the first variation to be introduced, and they remain a regular variety. Numerous other variations have been introduced, some of which are regular widespread varieties (such as \"peanut butter\", \"almond\", \"pretzel\", \"crispy\", and \"dark chocolate\"), while others are limited in duration or geographic availability.", "Kraft Foods is an American multinational confectionery, food and beverage conglomerate. It markets many brands in more than 170 countries. Twelve of its brands annually earn more than $1 billion worldwide: Cadbury, Jacobs, Kraft, LU, Maxwell House, Milka, Nabisco, Oscar Mayer, Philadelphia, Trident and Tang.", "First introduced to American soldiers during World War II in 1941, M&Ms are produced by the candy mogul Mars, Incorporated. The candy coated chocolate morsels come in numerous flavors and sizes including Milk Chocolate, Peanut (1954), White Chocolate, White Chocolate With Peanuts, Dark Chocolate (2005), Mint, Peanut Butter (1990), Almond (1988), Crispy (discontinued), Toffee, Dulce De Leche, and Cherry Cordial. M&M candies come in three sizes – Regular, Mini (1996), and Mega (2005).", "The company is known for its \"31 flavors\" slogan, with the idea that a customer could have a different flavor every day of any month. The slogan came from the Carson-Roberts advertising agency (which later merged into Ogilvy & Mather) in 1953. Baskin and Robbins believed that people should be able to sample flavors until they found one they wanted to buy, hence their famous small pink spoons. The company has introduced more than 1,000 flavors since 1945.", "As well as Cadbury's chocolate, the company also owns Maynards and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett's brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts, Jelly Babies, Flumps, Mints, Black Jack chews, Trident gum, and Softmints.", "Cheetos (formerly called Chee-tos until 1998) is a brand of cheese-flavored, puffed cornmeal snacks made by Frito-Lay, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin invented Cheetos in 1948, and began national distribution in the U.S. The initial success of Cheetos was a contributing factor to the merger between The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company in 1961 to form Frito-Lay. In 1965 Frito-Lay became a subsidiary of The Pepsi-Cola Company, forming PepsiCo, the current owner of the Cheetos brand.", "Carnation is a brand of food products. The brand was especially known for its evaporated milk product created in 1899, then called Carnation Sterilized Cream and later called Carnation Evaporated Milk. The brand has since been used for other related products including milk-flavoring mixes, flavored beverages, flavor syrups, hot cocoa mixes, instant breakfasts, corn flakes, ice cream novelties, and dog food. Nestlé acquired the Carnation Company in 1985. ", "Reckitt Benckiser Group plc (RB) () () is a British multinational consumer goods company headquartered in Slough, England. It is a producer of health, hygiene and home products. It was formed in 1999 by the merger of the UK-based Reckitt & Colman plc and the Netherlands-based Benckiser NV.", "The Altria Group (formerly Phillip Morris) acquired Nabisco in 2000 for about $19.2 billion. Philip Morris then combined Nabisco with Kraft. That acquisition was approved by the Federal Trade Commission subject to the divestiture of products in five areas: three Jell-O and Royal brands types of products (dry-mix gelatin dessert, dry-mix pudding, no-bake desserts), intense mints (such as Altoids), and baking powder. Kraft Foods, at the time also a subsidiary of Altria, merged with Nabisco. ", "Therefore, it is time to state the truth again. As the author mentioned in the new documentary by Robert Hammond and Anthony J Hilder entitled illuminazi, Bilderberg and Bohemian Grove West, Senomyx, a multinational company dedicated to creating flavor for food is one of many companies that are instrumental for this occurs. Senomyx has been developing \"natural flavorings\" and sweeteners (sweeteners) under procedures literally unspeakable.", "With the release of new limited-edition Cheetos Bag of Bones and a fully revamped Cheetos Halloween online hub, the Cheetos brand — one of the billion-dollar brands from PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay division — is encouraging families across the country to unleash the mischief with some hair-raising challenges and pranks.", "\"Cookies &\" was a brand of cookie treats from Mars, Incorporated. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, Cookies & was sold as \"Bisc &\". It consists of cookies coated in chocolate with added toppings (i.e. M&M's, Snickers, Milky Way, and Twix.) \"Cookies &\" were introduced in 2002 to appeal to the 18–46 years old target market.", "I don’t know much about Murray Mints, so I tried to do a little research. They’ve been around since at least the fifties and were also sold in rolls. They were also one word, Murraymints. I think they were an independent company that made them, I can’t find any reference in their advertisements to Bassett’s or any other company that Bassett’s swallowed up like Trebor or other Cadbury properties.", "Two of our brands are more than 100 years old: JUICY FRUIT® and SPEARMINT®. Seven of our brands are more than 50 years old: MILKY WAY®, SNICKERS, MARS, M&M'S, DOUBLEMINT®, UNCLE BEN'S® and WHISKAS. Please click on one of our brands to learn more, or, for a full list of our brands by segment", "A chemical additive provides the flavour. The majority of these are provided by a number of factories in New Jersey, which are highly secretive about their processes and clients' names. Author Eric Schlosser was allowed to tour several of these factories, and couldn't disclose specific brands, but he witnessed products of these types being flavoured: potato chips, corn chips, bread, crackers, cereal, pet food, ice cream, cookies, candies, toothpaste, mouthwash, antacids, popular soft drinks, sport drinks, bottled tea, wine cooler, all-natural juice drinks, organic soy beverages, beer and malt liquor.", "The British version of the product is a sticky, dark brown food paste with a distinctive, powerful flavour, which is extremely salty. This distinctive taste is reflected in the British company's marketing slogan: \"Love it or hate it.\" The product's name has entered British English as a metaphor for something that is an acquired taste or tends to polarise opinions. ", ", approximately 100,000,000 Gold-Bears are produced every day. The Sweet Science of Brand Sounds Kit Kat candy bars, Jelly Belly jellybeans and Hubba Bubba bubblegum are all delicious, but there's something else in play that makes them so attractive: repetition. A study published recently in the Journal of Marketing", "Couple more...the Edy's Girls Scout Thin Mints and Turkey Hill Southern Lemon Custard (I think it is called)...are wonderful ones too...unfortunely you have to LOOK for it because they are the \"special edition\" label Ice creams. YUMMMY...", "After they had tweaked their flavours, we set them to work designing a marketing scheme for their product. Some girls designed packaging, others jingles or TV advertisements. We finished the meeting with a sharing circle, where each of them marketed their chips to the other girls. Their ads were hilariously awesome. Even the shyest girls were eager to participate! It was by far our best meeting yet.", "49. Nik-L-Nips -- The name sounds almost obscene, but there's something strangely satisfying about sucking the sweet juice out of these wax bottles ... (OK, so maybe the name isn't the only questionable thing about this one.)", "One time I was 100% wrong and I remain defiant. I refer to Dippin' Dots. Dippin' Dots is an ice cream-like substance which comes in tiny pebble-sized spheres. You eat it with a spoon like real ice cream. It's advertised as \"The Ice Cream Of The Future\".", "American companies have led the way in globalizing food and drink through vast commercial empires which, over time, have created a homogenous taste for certain food and drinks.", "Michael J. \"Crocodile\" Dundee : Yeah, its great. Yeah, try some of these yams, try the grubs and the sugar ants. Just bite the end off, they're really sweet. Black fellas love 'em.", "Why do food companies list “Natural Flavors” as an ingredient? Probably because it sounds more appetizing than “Flavor Extracted From A Beaver’s Ass.”" ]

[ 3.94921875, 3.6015625, 3.234375, 2.212890625, 1.5810546875, -3.41796875, -3.900390625, -4.1875, -4.25390625, -6.17578125, -6.20703125, -6.39453125, -6.5078125, -6.68359375, -6.72265625, -6.8125, -7.04296875, -7.73828125, -7.828125, -7.95703125, -7.99609375, -8.1953125, -8.421875, -8.4453125, -9.4296875, -9.6875, -10.03125, -10.078125, -10.0859375, -10.5859375, -10.7265625, -11.0234375 ]

[ "Feta cheese is a brined cheese that is made from goat and sheep milk. It is unclear exactly when it began to be produced in Greece, but it is discussed in several ancient Greek sources. For example, the Cyclops in Homer's The Odyssey prepares a cheese from sheep's milk that is believed to be feta [4] . Within Greece, feta has been produced in much the same way for thousands of years. The unique climate of the Greek mountains is believed to give feta cheese its distinct taste, with the main ingredient coming from sheep and goats that graze in the area. Greek producers have strict regulations regarding feta, including the stipulation that at least 70% of the product be made of sheep's milk. The remainder can be made of goat's milk, due to the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of sheep's milk. It takes about an hour for the milk to coagulate, and then it is cut into large cubes. These cubes are packed away into barrels and refrigerated for about two months [5] .", "Feta cheese is a salty, pickled cheese that has traditionally been made from sheep’s or goat’s milk but is now commonly made from cow’s milk.  Manufacture of feta from cow’s milk involves the use of rennet and acid to form a curd.  In the first step of the process, the milk used is first adjusted to 5% fat content by the addition of an appropriate amount of cream and then pasteurized.  Starter culture and lipolytic enzymes (breakdown fat and help develop flavour) are added.  Once the appropriate acidity is reached, rennet is added and a curd is formed.  The curds are cut and the whey is drained off.  Note that the curds are not cooked, but allowed to mat.  The matted curds are then cubed and sealed under a salt brine.  The cheese is then allowed to ripen for 2 to 3 months.  Ripening under brine gives the cheese a characteristic flavour and texture.  ", "Feta cheese is the most famous Greek invention since democracy. Traditionally made from sheep's (or goat's) milk, commercial producers now also use cow's milk to make the bright white, rindless cheese. Feta is cured and stored in a salty whey brine and has a distinct tangy taste and crumbly texture.", "First developed in Greece, feta cheese can be made from either goat's or sheep's milk. It is chalky-white in color and very porous. Feta cheese, made in brine, has a high sodium content; the sodium can be reduced by draining the cheese and rinsing it in fresh cold water.", "The name 'feta' has been used since the 17th century when Greece was under Venetian influence. It comes from the Italian word for 'slice', most likely referring to slicing of the cheese curd into cubes when it's being made. Traditionally, feta was made with sheep's and/or goat's milk using a slow filtration process, but feta produced outside of Greece is often produced from cow's milk using the ultrafiltration process.", "The earliest references to cheese production in Greece date back to the 8th century BC and the technology used to make cheese from sheep's or goat's milk, as described in Homer's Odyssey involving the contents of Polyphemus's cave, is similar to the technology used by Greek shepherds today to produce feta.. Cheese made from sheep's/goat's milk was a common food in ancient Greece and an integral component of later Greek gastronomy. Feta cheese, specifically, is first recorded in the Byzantine Empire (Poem on Medicine 1.209) under the name prósphatos (Greek: πρόσφατος, \"recent\" or \"fresh\"), and was produced by the Cretans and the Vlachs of Thessaly.. In the late 15th century, an Italian visitor to Candia, Pietro Casola, describes the marketing of feta, as well as its storage in brine.", "Greek law decrees that feta must be made from at least 70 percent ewe's milk and up to 30 percent goat's milk. Each animal produces one to three kilos of milk per day; it takes at least four kilos to make a kilo of cheese. The more goat's milk in the mix, the firmer the cheese will be. (Bulgarian feta is traditionally made with about the same ratio of ewe's milk to goat's milk, but cow's milk is sometimes added today because the country faces an overall milk shortage.)", "If you have a dish that needs some pizzazz, give Feta a call. Wisconsin cheesemakers make world-class Feta using cow’s milk. Fresh Feta is packaged in brine to help preserve the cheese. There are many varieties of Feta, including herbs and dill, tomato, basil, black pepper, and garlic, to name just a few.", "To create traditional feta, 30 percent goat's milk is mixed with sheep's milk of animals grazing on pastures in the specific appellation of origin regions. Now-a-days, many stores sell goat and cow’s milk feta as well. The firmness, texture and flavour differ from region to region, but in general, cheese from Macedonia and Thrace is mild, softer and creamier, less salty with fewer holes. Feta made in Thessaly and Central Greece has a more intense, robust flavour. Peloponnese feta is dryer in texture, full flavoured and more open. Local environment, animal breeds, cultures all have an impact on the texture, flavour and aroma of feta.", "Sheep cheese comprises about 1.3 percent of the world's cheese production. Some of the world's most famous cheeses were originally made from sheep's milk: Roquefort, Feta, Ricotta, and Pecorina Romano. Sheep's milk is also made into yogurt, butter, and ice cream. The United States is a large importer of sheep milk cheeses.", "One of the oldest cheeses of the Mediterranean region, Ackawi originates from the ancient city of Acre, now located in the far northwest corner of Israel. It is a white brined cheese, but very firm compared to Feta. It's made usually from cow milk, but also sheep and goat. It is used primarily as a table cheese and often paired with fruit. Sold in shrink plastic and jars of brine, it is a very popular cheese, now made in Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Cyprus, as well as California.", "Though sheep's milk may be drunk rarely in fresh form, today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Sheep have only two teats, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows. However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, solids, and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process. It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium content. Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is pecore) and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep milk. Many of these products are now often made with cow's milk, especially when produced outside their country of origin. Sheep milk contains 4.8% lactose, which may affect those who are intolerant.", "Feta made Haystack Mountain Goat Dairy (Niwot, CO) – Semi-soft cheese made from pasteurized goat’s milk. This cheeseis made by hand and brined in whey to maintain the characteristic flavor and crumbly consistency of traditional goat milk feta. Use in salads, as a topping for pizza or in any dish calling for a salty rustic cheese. As an appetizer, serve it at room temperature with a little warm honey drizzled over it. Pair with any dry, fruity white wine, such as Pinot Blanc or Sauvignon Blanc.", "Feta cheese is the heart and soul of Greek cuisine. For centuries now Greeks have relied on cheese as their main source of proteins, and since sheep and goats were the main source of milk, feta was the cheese that covered such a need. It should come as no surprise then that Greeks are the number one cheese consumers in the European Union, and that their favorite cheese is feta. Unfortunately market forces have conspired against the cheese by producing bland imitations, this paper will seek to clarify the problem and reestablish the true origin of feta cheese.", "According to the Commission, the biodiversity of the land coupled with the special breeds of sheep and goats used for milk is what gives feta cheese a specific aroma and flavor. When needed to describe an imitation feta, names such as \"salad cheese\" and \"Greek-style cheese\" are used. The European Commission gave other nations five years to find a new name for their \"feta\" cheese, or stop production. Because of the decision by the European Union, Danish dairy company Arla Foods changed the name of its white cheese products to Apetina, which is also the name of an Arla food brand established in 1991. ", "Australian feta is usually made from cow's milk. The texture and flavour can vary, but it's generally a happy medium between the saltiness of Greek feta and the creaminess of Danish feta.", "A creamy white Greek cheese traditionally made from ewes' milk or ewes' and goats' milk mixed (but now sometimes made using cows' milk), and preserved in brine or oil. In Greek cooking, feta is used mostly for gratins and pastries. It is also crumbled over the top of mixed salads and can be cut into cubes and served as a snack with olives and crusty bread.", "With the sheep always on the move to get their food, they would never get fat and so consequently the milk produced was low in fat. It is these factors which give the feta cheese the characteristically pure, white colour. Feta which is not produced in Greece and in these conditions need to be chemically treated to obtain that sparkling white colour.", "• RAW GOAT: Preferred for feta, and goat's cheese, works in most cheese recipes. Not readily available.", "Ulisse, dressed in his spotless white cheese-making clothes welcomed us into his equally spotlessly clean dairy. He couldn't wait to show and explain a cheese making process, but on a slightly smaller scale than usual. Ulisse warmed the sheep's milk to a particular temperature to increase the acidification, which in turn produces the bacteria essential for cheese making. Rennet, an important ingredient, is then added and heated gently to balance the bacteria. The enzymes from the rennet cause a coagulation process ensuring a digestible substance. At this point we could see a separation taking place between the curds and whey. Now, there are two separate proteins. There is a choice of natural rennets for example, goat, which is strong and usually put with goat milk, calf, or even vegetable rennet from the flowers of cardoon (also known as artichoke thistle). This rennet would be particularly suitable for vegetarians. Today, Ulisse chose to use calf rennet with the sheep's milk.", "This sheep milk cheese, made since the time of Imperial Rome, is given a minimum of aging of 20 days, after which it is a good table cheese. It's characteristics change as it continues to mature, and at 4 months it becomes a grating cheese often used as a substitute for parmesan. It is properly made of sheep milk, but American imitations are called simply \"Toscano\" because they're made out of cow milk - no pecorinos are involved. The photo specimen is American, from Trader Joe's.", "Feta is made by draining curdled milk in molds or cloth bags. It is then cut into slices, salted, and these days, packed in whey brine-filled barrels or plastic tubs, although the best feta is salted and aged rather than drowned in brine. The flavor and level of moisture in the cheese depends on the cheesemaker.", "Boschetto Al Tartufo Aged made by Il Forteto (Tuscany, Italy) – Semi-firm cheese made from pasteurized cow and sheep’s milk. And aged version of the classic, this cheese is loaded with shavings of white truffles; the aroma is heady and truffles permeate the flavor of the cheese, which is somewhat firmer and drier than its youthful counterpart. pale and milky in color, with a springy, compact texture.", "Burrata made by Vito Girardi of Caseificio Gioia (South El Monte, CA) – Ultra soft cheese made from cow’s milk. This cheese is made from fresh heavy cream and unspun mozzarella curds. The combined ingredients are placed into the center of a thin skin made from fresh mozzarella that is formed into a round shape, similar to a cloth bag. It has a rich, silky texture and the flavor is at once sweet and earthy with a slightly sour, yogurty backbone, as well as elusive hints of flowers and grass that linger on the palate.", "On the whole, Feta is a pickled curd cheese that has a salty and tangy taste enhanced by the brine solution. The texture depends on the age which can be extremely creamy, or crumbly dry. Upon maturation of 2 months, feta is sold in blocks submerged in brine. The cheese can be used a table cheese or melted on a traditional Greek salad, spanakopita, pizza or pie. It tastes delicious with olive oil, roasted red peppers and nuts. If required, it can be washed under water to remove the extra saltiness. The salty flavour of Feta pairs well with beer, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Zinfandel.", "Feta is a Greek soft brined white cheese with small or no holes, a compact touch, few cuts, and no skin. It is usually formed into large blocks, which are submerged in brine. Its flavor is tangy and salty, ranging from mild to sharp. Its maximum moisture is 56%, its minimum fat content in dry matter is 43%, and its pH usually ranges from 4.4 to 4.6. Feta is traditionally categorized into \"firm\" and \"soft\" varieties. The firm variety is tangier and considered higher quality. The soft variety is almost soft enough to be spreadable, mostly used in pies and sold at a cheaper price. When sliced, feta always produces a varying amount of trímma, \"crumble\", which is also used in pies; trímma is not sellable and is usually given away for free upon request.", "Feta is undoubtedly one of the most famous Greek cheeses. In fact, Feta occupies 70% stake in Greek cheese consumption. The cheese is protected by EU legislations and only those cheeses manufactured in Macedonia, Thrace, Thessaly, Central Mainland Greece, the Peloponnese and Lesvos can be called ‘feta’. Similar cheeses produced elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean and around the Black Sea, outside the EU, are often called ‘white cheese’.", "[6] Feta Cheese. Washington, DC: American University, TED Case Studies. (15 November 2005, 8:15 PM). Available from World Wide Web: ( http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/feta.htm ).", "Most Feta cheese is produced in Northern regions of Greece such as Thessaly (Photo: Flickr/Kacper Gunia)", "Nearly all Castello cheeses are made from microbial rennet, which does not come from animals. The only two cheeses that include animal rennet are Saga Classic Blue Brie and Castello Soft Blue.", "DIY Feta Cheese: Homemade Fresh Cheese is Easy to Make and Better than Store Bought | Bay Area Bites | KQED Food", "producer: Back Forty Artisan cheese, Lanark county, ontario FAcT: Feta falls into the fresh, un-ripened cheese category, which are cheeses that receive minimal or no aging. It has a longer shelf life when persevered in it’s own brine." ]

[ 6.546875, 5.04296875, 4.76953125, 3.265625, 3.08203125, 3.078125, 2.955078125, 2.9453125, 2.880859375, 2.708984375, 2.673828125, 2.59375, 2.142578125, 1.7236328125, 1.6455078125, 1.2685546875, 1.1240234375, 0.54150390625, -0.69140625, -1.419921875, -1.515625, -2.80078125, -2.857421875, -3.103515625, -4.87109375, -5.3828125, -5.47265625, -6.5546875, -6.71875, -6.87890625, -7.06640625, -7.1015625 ]

[ "Sly and the Family Stone were an American  rock ,  funk , and  soul  band from San Francisco. Active from 1967 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and  psychedelic music . Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist  Sly Stone , and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an \" integrated , multi- gender \" lineup. [1 ]", "Sly & the Family Stone - is an American funk, soul and rock band from San Francisco, California. Originally active from 1966 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an integrated lineup in both race and gender.", "Sly and the Family Stone were an American rock, funk, and soul band from San Francisco, California. Active from 1966 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his family members and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an \"integrated, multi-gender\" lineup. Brothers Sly Stone and singer/guitarist Freddie Stone combined their ba...", "Sly and the Family Stone was an American band from San Francisco. Active from 1967 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of soul, funk, and psychedelic music. Headed by singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist Sly Stone, and containing several of his FAMILY MEMBERS and friends, the band was the first major American rock band to have an \"integrated, multi-gender\" lineup.", "After James Brown, Sly & the Family Stone was probably the most important act in the emergence of funk in the late 60s and early 70s. Extremely versatile and ground breaking, the San Francisco band was claimed by soul, rock, funk and psychedelic music fans and created some of the most revered songs of their era.", "Formed in 1967, the group's music synthesized a variety of disparate musical genres to help pioneer the emerging \"psychedelic soul\" sound. They soon found commercial success, recording a series of Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits such as \"Dance to the Music\" (1968), \"Everyday People\" (1968), and \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\" (1969), as well critically acclaimed albums such as Stand! (1969), which combined pop sensibility with social commentary. In the 1970s, Sly and the Family Stone transitioned into a darker and less commercial funk sound that would result in releases such as There's a Riot Goin' On (1971) and prove as influential as their early work. By 1975, drug problems and interpersonal clashes led to the group's dissolution, though Sly Stone continued to record and tour with a new rotating lineup under the name \"Sly and the Family Stone\" until drug problems forced his effective retirement in 1987. Two of the original members Jerry Martini and Greg Errico still tour today as The Family Stone without Sly. Cynthia Robinson toured with them from 2006 until her death in 2015. ", "By 1968, the soul music movement had begun to splinter. Artists such as James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone developed funk music, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield and Al Green developed slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre. However, \"although soul music evolved, it never went away — not only did the music inform all of the R&B of the '70s, '80s, and '90s, there were always pockets of musicians around the world that kept performing traditional soul.\"", "Sly Stone had produced for and performed with black and white musicians during his early career, and he integrated music by white artists into black radio station KSOL's playlist as a DJ. Similarly, the Sly and the Family Stone sound was a melting pot of many influences and cultures, including James Brown proto-funk, Motown pop, Stax soul, Broadway showtunes, and psychedelic rock music. Wah-wah guitars, distorted fuzz basslines, church-styled organ lines, and horn riffs provided the musical backdrop for the vocals of the band's four lead singers. Sly Stone, Freddie Stone, Larry Graham, and Rose Stone traded off on various bars of each verse, a style of vocal arrangement unusual and revolutionary at that time in popular music. Cynthia Robinson shouted ad-libbed vocal directions to the audience and the band; for example, urging everyone to \"get on up and 'Dance to the Music'\" and demanding that \"all the squares go home!\" ", "The band was active from 1967 to 1971. Sly Stone continued to tour as Sly and the Family Stone until 1983.", "Sly & the Family Stone's music, which combined soul, funk, and psychedelia, became popular after their performance at Woodstock.", "1946 ● Greg Errico → Drummer for R&B/soul-funk Sly & The Family Stone , “Family Affair” (#1, 1971), toured Weather Report in 1973, played with David Bowie ‘s band in 1974, has toured or played with numerous other rock and funk acts, including Santana , the Jerry Garcia Band, Tower of Power, and Journey", "When David Ruffin was replaced by Dennis Edwards, and Sly and the Family Stone became popular, Whitfield again restructured the Temptations' sound, this time driving the group almost completely into a \"psychedelic soul\"-type sound. However, ballads in the traditional style of the group were still being recorded as B-sides and album fillers, with the lone exception being \"Just My Imagination\".", "After the band broke up in 1975, Robinson performed with Prince, among others. She and the rest of Sly and the Family Stone were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.", "Sly recorded two more albums for Epic: High on You (1975) and Heard You Missed Me, Well I'm Back (1976). High On You was billed as a Sly Stone solo album; Heard You Missed Me was a Sly and the Family Stone album in name only. Although Sly continued to collaborate with some of the original Family Stone members on occasion, the actual band no longer existed. Sly played most of the instruments on record himself; he maintained a band to support him for live shows. Among his main collaborators were Cynthia Robinson and Pat Rizzo from the Family Stone, and background vocalists Lynn Mabry and Dawn Silva, who parted with Sly in 1977 and formed The Brides of Funkenstein in 1978. Epic released Stone from his contract in 1977, and in 1979 released 10 Years Too Soon, a remix album featuring disco versions of the 1960s Family Stone hits.", "singer, musician: trumpet; groups: Sly and the Family Stone: Dance to the Music, Everyday People, [I Want to Take You] Higher, Hot Fun in the Summertime, Thank You [Falettinme be Mice Elf Agin]; The Stoners", "Sly Stone was born in Denton, Texas on March 15, 1943. He is a musician, songwriter, and record producer. Best known for his role as frontman for Sly & the Family Stone.", "Sly and the Family Stone, Parliament-Funkadelic, Rufus & Chaka Khan, Kool & the Gang, The Isley Brothers, The Commodores, The Jackson 5, The Ohio Players, Earth, Wind & Fire, Chic, James Brown", "Cynthia Robinson - trumpeter for Sly And The Family Stone died of cancer on November 23rd, 2015 at the age of 69", "Choreographer Dorfman’s Prophets of Funk had to wait a few decades to come to fruition. It was only as an adult — when he drove out to the Wolf Den in the Mohegan Sun Casino some twenty minutes from his home in Connecticut, where he now serves as Chair of the University of Connecticut’s Dance department and his troupe is the permanent company-in-residence — that he heard Sly and the Family Stone’s now classic numbers played by a mix of original members and new musicians. Charmed again, he got a copy of the band’s autographed picture and slipped their manager’s business card into his wallet. Dorfman says he was already sketching out a dance to that de facto mix tape on the drive home.", "Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as \"black rock\", was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the late 1960s, which paved the way for the mainstream emergence of funk music a few years later.J. S. Harrington, Sonic Cool: the Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll (Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002), ISBN 0-634-02861-8, pp. 249–50. Early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music include Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, and Stevie Wonder. While psychedelic rock began its decline, the influence of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevalent through the 1970s.", "James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 - December 25, 2006) was an American recording artist and musician. One of the founding fathers of funk music and a major figure of 20th-century popular music and dance, he is often referred to as \"The Godfather of Soul\". In a career that spanned six decades, Brown influenced the development of several music genres.", "Aretha Franklin - Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. She is known to her fans as the \"Queen of Soul\". Aretha is the second most honored female singer in Grammy history (after Alison Krauss). She has won twenty Grammy Awards, which includes the Living Legend Grammy and the Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Aretha won eight consecutive awards between 1968 and 1975, during which time the category of Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was nicknamed \"The Aretha Award\". By the end of the 1960s Franklin was at her peak as an artist and her hits included Otis Redding's \"Respect\", as well as \"Chain of Fools\" and \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" . She had become an African-American icon during the era's turbulent battles over civil rights for minorities and women. She sang \"God Bless America\" at the 1977 inauguration of President Jimmy Carter and continued to perform and record both soul and gospel music into the 21st century.  ' Artist Discography '", "In 1950 Stone experimented at Atlantic, working on Ruth Brown's recordings, and rehearsing and recording the vocal groups. He was not the only arranger at Atlantic, but the most important. When the Chords brought in 'Sh-boom', Stone recorded it for Atlantic's subsidiary Cat, and was thus responsible for one of the first big hits of the rock'n'roll era (albeit in the nasty copycat version by the Crew-Cuts). He arranged 'Chains of Love' and 'Shake, Rattle and Roll' (taking composer credit as Charles Calhoun) for Joe Turner and wrote 'Money Honey', the first recording by the Drifters and their first big hit; it was number one in the black chart for eleven weeks in 1953, and later covered by Elvis Presley. Stone was one of those who helped persuade Ray Charles to let his hair down when he came to Atlantic. He took a break in 1954 to be A&R director at Lamp, an East Coast subsidiary of Aladdin which failed, but one of its groups, the Cookies, became Ray Charles's Raelettes.", "Now calling themselves the Jacksons, the group signed a new recording deal with Epic Records. With 1978's 'Destiny', Michael Jackson and his brothers (which by now included younger brother Randy) emerged as talented songwriters, penning all of the record's tracks. Working with producer Quincy Jones, Michael Jackson wowed the music world with his next solo album, 1979's 'Off the Wall'. It featured an infectious blend of pop and funk with such hit tracks as the Grammy Award-winning 'Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough', 'Rock with You', and the title track. He also found success with the ballad 'She's Out Of My Life'.", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time.", "Diana Ross (born Diane Ernestine Earle Ross on March 26 , 1944 ) is an American twelve-time Grammy and Oscar -nominated singer , record producer and actress , whose musical repertoire spans R&B , soul , pop , disco and jazz . During the 1960s, she shaped the sound of popular music and Motown Records as the lead singer of The Supremes before leaving for a solo career in the beginning of 1970.", "Sir Michael Philip \"Mick\" Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer, songwriter and actor, best known as the lead singer and a co-founder of the Rolling Stones.", "Sly Stone was a member of a deeply religious middle-class household from Dallas, Texas. K.C. and Alpha Stewart held the family together under the doctrines of the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) and encouraged musical expression in the household. After the Stewarts moved to Vallejo, California, the youngest four children (Sylvester, Freddie, Rose, and Vaetta) formed \"The Stewart Four\", who released a local 78 RPM single, \"On the Battlefield of the Lord\" b/w \"Walking in Jesus' Name\", in 1952.", "Joss Stone is best known as an English Soul singer and songwriter. She performed at the Concert for Diana at Wembley in 2007 and at City Salute in 2008.", "�Lady Soul�: Grammy [15] Award-winning singer; Respect, Baby I Love You, Natural Woman, Chain of Fools, Think, Day Dreaming; first woman inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame [1987]; actress: The Blues Brothers", "“Papa Was a Rollin’ Stone” is a psychedelic soul song, initially written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. Whitfield also had The Temptations record it with much greater success, becoming a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and winning three Grammy Awards in 1973.", "\"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of \"Papa\" was released as a single in early 1972, and peaked at number 63 on the pop charts and number 24 on the R&B charts." ]

[ 4.734375, 4.55078125, 4.296875, 3.03515625, 2.626953125, 2.56640625, 2.310546875, 2.1171875, 1.6669921875, 0.70263671875, 0.356201171875, -0.07061767578125, -0.333251953125, -0.5517578125, -0.55810546875, -0.7861328125, -0.826171875, -1.2353515625, -2.630859375, -2.7421875, -3.8203125, -4.70703125, -4.875, -5.5234375, -5.80078125, -5.90234375, -6.296875, -7.94140625, -8.1484375, -8.5703125, -9.0703125, -10 ]

[ "The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying about 4 square miles (10 km2) in Chicago, Illinois. Though the fire was one of the largest U.S. disasters of the 19th century, the rebuilding that began almost immediately spurred Chicago’s development into one of the most populous and economically important American cities.", "October 8, 1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago erupted. According to legend, it started when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern in her barn on DeKoven Street. Over 300 persons were killed and 90,000 were left homeless as the fire leveled 3.5 square miles, destroying 17,450 buildings. Financial losses totaled over $200 million.", "October 8, 1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago erupted. According to legend, it started when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern in her barn on DeKoven Street. Over 300 persons were killed and 90,000 were left homeless as the fire leveled 3.5 square miles, destroying 17,450 buildings. Financial losses totaled over $200 million.", "The Chicago Fire of 1871, also called the Great Chicago Fire, burned from October 8 to October 10, 1871, and destroyed thousands of buildings, killed an estimated 300 people and caused an estimated $200 million in damages. Legend has it that a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fire, but other theories hold that humans or even a meteor might have been responsible for the event that left an area of about four miles long and almost a mile wide of the Windy City, including its business district, in ruins. Following the blaze, reconstruction efforts began quickly and spurred great economic development and population growth.", "Mrs. O’Leary’s Cow: She was said to have kicked over a lantern on the evening of October 8, 1871, thus starting the Great Chicago Fire, an act for which she has since been exonerated.", "Fire Prevention Week was established to commemorate the Great Chicago Fire, the tragic 1871 conflagration that killed more than 250 people, left 100,000 homeless, destroyed more than 17,400 structures and burned more than 2,000 acres. The fire began on October 8, but continued into and did most of its damage on October 9, 1871.", "Catherine O'Leary (also known as Cate O'Leary; ca. 1827 – 3 July 1895) was an Irish immigrant living in Chicago, Illinois who became famous when it was alleged that an accident involving her cow had started the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.", "The Great Chicago Fire began near a barn at approximately 9 p.m. on Oct. 8, 1871. It is unclear exactly how the fire started (some believe a cow knocked over an oil lamp inside the barn, setting straw ablaze), but the city’s unseasonably dry, windy weather and minimal rainfall, coupled with its wooden structures and woodworking industries, made it a prime location for an inferno.", "On October 8th, 1871, devastating fires erupted in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois.  These disasters claimed many lives, destroyed millions of dollars worth of property, and left thousands of people injured and without a home.  ", "According to popular legend, the fire broke out after a cow - belonging to Mrs. Catherine O'Leary - kicked over a lamp, setting first the barn, then the whole city on fire. Chances are you've heard some version of this story yourself; people have been blaming the Great Chicago Fire on the cow and Mrs. O'Leary, for more than 130 years. But recent research by Chicago historian Robert Cromie has helped to debunk this version of events.", "The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 did start in a barn belonging to Patrick and Katherine O'Leary. The O'Leary's house was one of the few that survived the fire. The O'Leary's house had to be guarded by soldiers for weeks afterwards, however, because many enraged residents wanted to burn it down.", "The fire started at about 21:00 on Sunday, October 8, in or around a small barn that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street.  The traditional account of the origin of the fire is that it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the barn owned by Patrick and Catherine O’Leary.  In 1893, Michael Ahern, the Chicago Republican reporter who wrote the O’Leary account, admitted he had made it up as colorful copy.  The barn was the first building to be consumed by the fire, but the official report could not determine the exact cause.", "The fire started at about 9 p.m. on Sunday, October 8, in or around a small barn that bordered the alley behind 137 DeKoven Street. The traditional account of the origin of the fire is that it was started by a cow kicking over a lantern in the barn owned by Patrick and Catherine O’Leary. Michael Ahern, the Chicago Republican reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had made it up because he thought it would make colorful copy.", "The Chicago fire raged for two days and nights, burning until it reached the Lake Michigan shoreline. On the morning of October 10, 1871, light rains began to fall and the main fire, lacking any more material to burn, finally died out, leaving complete devastation in the heart of the city. The fire covered over 2,100 acres (850 hectares), caused 250 deaths, destroyed 17,450 buildings and left 70,000 homeless (out of a population of 324,000). The entire central business district of Chicago was leveled. Much of the city, however, did not burn. Most of Chicago's heavy industries, including the stockyards, were located out of harm's way, west or south of the burnt district. Although the downtown railroad depots were leveled, the far more critical rail infrastructure received much less damage.", "After the Great Fire, Chicago Tribune reporter Michael Ahern published a report that the fire had started when a cow kicked over a lantern while it was being milked. The woman was not named, but Catherine O'Leary was soon identified, as the fire had begun in her barn. Illustrations and caricatures soon appeared depicting Mrs O'Leary with the cow. The idea took the popular imagination and is still widely circulated.L.L. Owens, The Great Chicago Fire, ABDO, p. 7.", "On the evening of October 8, 1871 the worst recorded forest fire in North American history raged through Northeastern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan, destroying millions of dollars worth of property and timberland, and taking between 1,200 and 2,400 lives.", "Amateur historian Richard Bales has suggested the fire started when Daniel \"Pegleg\" Sullivan, who first reported the fire, ignited hay in the barn while trying to steal milk. Part of Bales' evidence includes an account by Sullivan who claimed in an inquiry before the Fire Department of Chicago on November 25, 1871 that he saw the fire coming through the side of the barn and ran across DeKoven Street to free the animals from the barn, one of which included a cow owned by Sullivan's mother. Bales' account does not have consensus. The Chicago Public Library staff criticized his account in their web page on the fire. Despite this, the Chicago city council was convinced of Bales' argument and stated that the actions of Sullivan on that day should be scrutinized after the O'Learys were exonerated in 1997. ", "In that hot, dry and windy autumn, three other major fires occurred along the shores of Lake Michigan at the same time as the Great Chicago Fire. Some 250 miles (400 km) to the north, a forest fire driven by strong winds consumed the town of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, along with a dozen other villages, killing 1,200 to 2,500 people and charring approximately 1.5 million acres (6,000 km²). Though the Peshtigo Fire remains the deadliest in American history, the remoteness of the region meant it was little noticed at the time. Across the lake to the east, the town of Holland, Michigan, and other nearby areas burned to the ground. Some 100 miles (160 km) to the north of Holland the lumbering community of Manistee, Michigan, also went up in flames in what became known as The Great Michigan Fire. Farther east, along the shore of Lake Huron, the Port Huron Fire swept through Port Huron, Michigan and much of Michigan’s \"Thumb\". Also on October 9, 1871 a fire swept through the City of Urbana, Illinois, 140 miles (230 km) south of Chicago), destroying portions of its downtown area. Windsor, Ontario likewise burned on October 12. The city of Singapore, Michigan provided a large portion of the lumber to rebuild Chicago. As a result the town of Singapore was so heavily deforested that the area turned into barren sand dunes and the town had to be abandoned.", "And then on Sunday night, October 8, 1871, a fire was spotted in a barn owned by an Irish immigrant family named O’Leary. Alarms were sounded, and a fire company which had just returned from battling the previous night's fire responded.", "The Great Chicago Fire destroyed a major American city, making it one of the most destructive disasters of the 19th century. A Sunday night blaze in a barn quickly spread, and for approximately 30 hours the flames roared through Chicago, consuming hastily constructed neighborhoods of immigrant housing as well as the city's business district.", "Citywide fires are now largely a relic of an earlier time, a product of slipshod urban firing and too many flammable building materials. A few of these fires have gained lasting infamy - there's the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE, in which Emperor Nero supposedly got in some fiddle practice, and the Great Fire of London in 1666, which everyone knows was started when the Doctor fought a rogue Terileptil . But the Great Chicago Fire probably has the greatest grip on the popular imagination, in part because it's one of the most recent and in part because of all the ridiculous (and flagrantly anti-Irish) myths that have popped up around it.", "September 2nd, 1666- The Great Fire of London. The fire burned unchecked from the 2nd until the 5th of September. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.  The fires began shortly after midnight on Sunday, the 2nd of September, and spread rapidly west across the City of London.  The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire. The one positive result was the eradiation of the Plague as the rat population was incinerated along with the buildings in the city.", "St. George's was built by the French in 1650. This is made apparent by the many red roofed houses in the city. After the Great Fire of 1771, most of the boarding houses on Granby Street were moved to Gouyave. On the 1st of November 1775 there were a Great Fire in the town of St. George's known as the Great Fire of St George's .", "*In Early Edition, the season two episode \"Hot Time in the Old Town,\" Gary is sent back to 1871 to prevent the fire.", "..... Click the link for more information.  took some 75,000 lives. A great fire in Sept., 1666, lasted five days and virtually destroyed the city. Sir Christopher Wren Wren, Sir Christopher,", "The city has experienced several major fires. Since much of the city was made of wooden buildings, many of the fires caused severe damage. Great fires ravaged the city in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, twice in 1717, 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842; however, these were only the worst cases and there have been several smaller fires in the city. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. The fire in 1681 (the \"Horneman Fire\") led to an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues like Munkegaten were created, with no regard for property rights, in order to stop the next fire. At the time, the city had a population of roughly 8000 inhabitants.", "With thousands of un-reinforced brick buildings and closely-spaced wooden Victorian dwellings, the city was poorly prepared for the quake. Collapsed buildings, broken chimneys, and a water shortage due to broken mains, led to several large fires that soon coalesced into a citywide holocaust. The fire raged for three days, sweeping over nearly a quarter of the city, including the entire downtown area.", "The fire of 1901, sparked from a chimney and igniting a fiber factory, destroyed the heart of the city - 466 acres and 2,368 buildings were destroyed, 8,677 residents were left homeless and seven people died. The damage was $15 million - $2 billion today.", ", the first colony, just eight months old, had a fire destroy many buildings within the", "Philip Sheridan, a noted Union general in the American Civil War, was present during the fire and coordinated military relief efforts. The mayor, to calm the panic, placed the city under martial law, and issued a proclamation placing Sheridan in charge. As there were no widespread disturbances, martial law was lifted within a few days. Although Sheridan’s personal residence was spared, all of his professional and personal papers were destroyed.", "Protestant settlers from Scotland, England, and elsewhere in Ireland, settled in the County in the early 17th century. Many would be killed or forced to flee because of the 1641 Rebellion, during which a number of massacres were committed by the Catholic Gaelic Irish, most notably at Shrule in 1642. A third of the overall population was reported to have perished due to warfare, famine and plague between 1641 and 1653, with several areas remaining disturbed and frequented by Reparees into the 1670s.", "The landfill was poorly engineered. The buried vegetation began to release methane gas (a byproduct of decomposition ), and the area, still in a natural depression, lacked adequate storm sewers . As a result, the ground gradually subsided. Houses shifted on their foundations, the unpaved streets were often buried in a foot of mud mixed with human and animal excrement, and mosquitos bred in the stagnant pools created by the poor drainage. Most middle and upper class inhabitants fled the area, leaving the neighborhood open to poor immigrants who began arriving in the early 1820s. This influx reached a height in the 1840s, with large numbers of Irish Catholics fleeing the Irish Potato Famine . [8]" ]

[ 7.859375, 7.84765625, 7.84765625, 7.39453125, 6.65234375, 6.328125, 6.11328125, 5.3203125, 4.9921875, 4.5, 4.40234375, 3.84375, 3.478515625, 3.2265625, 2.533203125, 2.5234375, 2.3984375, 1.044921875, 0.223388671875, -1.23046875, -1.2548828125, -3.390625, -5.7109375, -6.60546875, -6.69140625, -7.23046875, -7.328125, -8.015625, -8.046875, -8.890625, -9.28125, -10.0625 ]

[ "The banner that reads \"Brevity is... wit\" is a reference to a line in Hamlet where Polonius says: \"brevity is the soul of wit\". The joke is that the banner is applying greater wit by increasing the brevity of the original Shakespeare line.", "\"Brevity is the soul of wit\" has become a standard English proverb; in the process, its context has been somewhat neglected. Polonius, though he has high opinions indeed of his \"wit\" (that is, acumen), is the least brief and one of the least \"witty\" characters in the play. Freud aptly referred to Polonius as \"the old chatterbox\" in Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious.", "Brevity is the soul of wit. Spoken by Polonius in a nonsensical speech to the king and queen. Essentially, this line translates to mean that keeping your comments short and concise is the essence of intelligence. It has since become a standard English proverb.", "Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter. In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony. Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind:.", "This is Shakespeare’s only play with the word “comedy” in the title. It is also his briefest play with just a little over 1900 total lines (depending on which edition you use).", "This speech is an airy dismissal of the whole fantastic action we have been witnessing—the fond illusions of love which drive people out of their minds. And, no doubt, it is fitting for a man in whom all opposites have harmonised to dismiss with such a wave of the hand all the imperfections of mankind. I am not sure, however, that Shakespeare adopts the same attitude. Perfection is no doubt an admirable thing, but not every man can hope to reach it, and Shakespeare will not risk the narrowness that would follow too rigorous and exclusive a definition of virtue.", "To begin then with Shakespeare; he was the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All the Images of Nature were still present to him, and he drew them not laboriously, but luckily: when he describes any thing, you more than see it, you feel it too. Those who accuse him to have wanted learning, give him the greater commendation: he was naturally learn'd; he needed not the spectacles of Books to read Nature; he look'd inwards, and found her there. I cannot say he is every where alike; were he so, I should do him injury to compare him with the greatest of Mankind. He is many times flat, insipid; his comic wit degenerating into clenches; his serious swelling into Bombast. But he is always great, when some great occasion is presented to him: no man can say he ever had a fit subject for his wit, and did not then raise himself as high above the rest of the poets.", "Yorick! the lines are few, and the description brief that Shakespeare has given us of the man, but they are so pregnant with suggestion, so sweet in thought, and so tender in memory that he lives in our minds as completely as though he gamboled on the earth again, and laughingly jingled his cap and bells in our very ears.", "He soon wearies of a vacant laugh. He has only one strictly farcical play, The Comedy of Errors. There are few intellects keen enough to extract all the humor from Shakespeare. For literal minds the full comprehension of even a slight display of his humor, such as the following dialogue affords, is better exercise than the solution of an algebraic problem. Dogberry, a constable in Much Ado About Nothing, thus instructs the Watch:—", "Shakespeare developed this feature, and also the potential of blank verse for abrupt and irregular speech. For example, in this exchange from King John, one blank verse line is broken between two characters:", "Written records do not clearly indicate how Shakespeare’s artistry was moulded by his professional life. His early plays were written in the conventional style of the day. It had rhetorical phrases and elaborate metaphors. He innovatively adapted the conventional style to create an easy flow of words. He mainly used blank verse (a metrical pattern known as iambic pentameter verse, with unrhymed lines) to compose his plays. Some passages in his plays deviated from such patterns and used simple prose and poetry. Later, he progressed to the use of the run-on verse regularly. In addition to blank verse, Shakespeare also introduced the unemphatic or slurred syllable. He also used Alexandrines - a line with six long stresses.", "Shakespeare’s soliloquies are written in blank verse of unparalleled variety, invention and rhythmic flexibility, suggestive of the rapidly changing moods of their speakers. Often, it is through vivid and memorable imagery that an individual registers his unique take on the world: Hamlet’s perception of Elsinore as ‘an unweeded garden that grows to seed’, the frantically deluded Leontes who feels he has ‘drunk and seen the spider’, the self-dramatising murderer, Othello ‘Methinks it should be now a huge eclipse’ or Antony’s transcendent vision of his afterlife with Cleopatra: ‘Where souls do couch on flowers, we’ll hand in hand, And with our sprightly port make the ghosts gaze’.", "Time is heavily connected to the theme of light and dark as well. The play is said in the Prologue to be about two hours long, creating a problem for any playwright wishing to express longer amounts of time. In Shakespeare's day, plays were often performed at noon in broad daylight. This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays. Shakespeare uses references to the night and day, the stars, the moon, and the sun to create this illusion. He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story. All in all, no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play, adding to this illusion of its passage.", "Shakespeare wrote most of his plays as ‘quarto texts’ (that being on a sheet of paper folded four ways). He wrote dialogues naturally perfect to the scene. Idioms and proverbs flourished and gave sharper dimensions in theatre in the Elizabethan age. Pure lyrics and songs were scattered in his plays and lended a rare beauty to it. He touched upon and probed all the moral and philosophical aspects of life in his plays. His creative work was shaped by a deep understanding of humanity.", "But what of the multi-line passages? Why are some in verse and others in prose? The answer some Shakespeare commentators provide�an answer that is simplistic and not wholly accurate�is that Shakespeare reserved verse for noble, highborn characters and prose for common, lowborn characters. It is true that royalty and nobility often speak in verse and that peasants and commoners often speak in prose. But it is also true that noble characters sometimes speak in prose and that lowborn characters, like the nurse in Romeo and Juliet, often speak in verse. Why, then, does Shakespeare alternate between verse and prose?", "    Shakespeare's version of blank verse is quieter and less grandly rhetorical.  For what, at least to me, appears to be a parody by Shakespeare of the Marlowe manner, see the long Hecuba speech in Hamlet.  Below is an example of Shakespeare's mature blank verse:", "That fairies are sometimes exceedingly diminutive is fully shown by Shakespeare, who gives several instances of this peculiarity. Thus Queen Mab, in \"Romeo and Juliet,\" to which passage we have already had occasion to allude (i. 4), is said to come", "The device of answering something completely different to what has being asked is an endless source of laughter. In the later comedies Shakespeare develops further the image of the fool who becomes more intelligent , witty and sarcastic. Where Lance and Bottom are simply foolish, Touchstone analyses – ‘ Such a one is a natural philosopher’. He lives on paradox and wordplay, creating new conceptions, introducing new ideas and doubts in order to expose the ridiculous. Touchstone offers his observations with self-irony, parodying court manners and wise men:", "William Shakespeare devised new words and countless plot tropes that still appear in everyday life. Famous quotes from his plays are easily recognizable; phrases like “To be or not to be,” “wherefore art thou Romeo,” and “et tu, Brute?” instantly evoke images of wooden stages and Elizabethan costumes. But an incredible number of lines from his plays have become so ingrained into modern vernacular that we no longer recognize them as lines from plays at all. Here are 21 phrases you use but may not have known came from the Bard of Avon.", "The notion of change, as expressed in the passing of time, deeply permeates human consciousness. It is the basis of the tragic element in literature, the feeling of sadness at the passing of life, which reaches its most beautiful expression in the sonnets of Shakespeare, like this one which vividly conveys a sense of the restless movement of time :", "The key fireside scene in chapter 58 of book 6 presents Lydgate telling Rosamond about their debt and portrays his increasing understanding of Rosamond’s inner life. It foregrounds the problem of legibility in its epigraph, eight lines from the middle of William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 93. The sonnet is a meditation on falsely intelligible beauty that opens, “So shall I live, supposing thou art true / Like a deceived husband,” while the omitted final lines read: “How like Eve’s apple doth thy beauty grow, / If thy sweet virtue answer not thy show.” 38 Like the access to Rosamond’s inner life provided by the narrator, the last two lines of the sonnet are a context available to the reader. This chapter is a meditation on beauty’s failure to signify goodness; it is here that Lydgate must learn to read Rosamond on his own: “For the moment he lost the sense of his wound in a sudden speculation about this new form of feminine impassibility revealing itself in the sylph-like frame which he had once interpreted as the sign of a ready intelligent sensitiveness” (M, 592). The problem of this new form of feminine impassibility abstracts the shape of Rosamond’s body into the suddenly more urgent form of a concept.", "What seems most appealing about Shakespeare's plays is first the wonderful way he wrote. Hamlet itself is one of the most quoted of Shakespeare's plays, giving us \"To be or not to be,\" \"Unto thine own self be true,\" and \"Something is rotten in the state of Denmark,\" to name a few. The other appealing aspect of Shakespeare's work is that he was able to capture a common sense of the human condition so that even today, his heroes and villains still speak to a modern audience.", "A magnificent speech proclaiming the humanity, however flawed, of the despised and excluded Other.  A lovely Hebrew name for a tender girl who carried within her the deep ancestral melancholy of that exclusion.  (“I am never merry when I hear sweet music,” Jessica tells her obtuse husband, who has no idea what she’s trying to communicate–her last words in the play.)  These are two gems that Shakespeare took, at second or third hand, from the literature of a people he never could have met in real life–he might or might not have liked them if he had–but whose historical dilemma he intuitively understood.", "Shakespeare occupies a position unique in world literature . Other poets, such as Homer and Dante , and novelists, such as Leo Tolstoy and Charles Dickens , have transcended national barriers; but no writer’s living reputation can compare to that of Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre , are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before. The prophecy of his great contemporary, the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson , that Shakespeare “was not of an age, but for all time,” has been fulfilled.", "William William Shakespeare 's Henry IV , part 2, and Henry VI, parts 2 and 3", "Th e D u k e o f C o r n wa l l SHAKESPEARE’S", "The following article was originally published in William Shakespeare. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes. London: William Heinemann, 1898.", "The poem The Seven Ages of Man is a part of the play As You Like It, where Jaques makes a dramatic speech in the presence of the Duke in Act II, Scene VII. Through the voice of Jacques, Shakespeare sends out a profound message about life and our role in it.", "[William Shakespeare, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Francis Bacon, drama, plays, Charles Dickens, Sidney Berger, authorship]", "One of the most interesting features of the play, and one of the most challenging for those wishing to impersonate the prince onstage, Hamlet's soliloquies have sometimes been omitted in an ill-advised attempt to make the hero \"do more and think less.\" Today, however, most critics would agree that the soliloquies are integral to our understanding of the play.", "The extended second edition of this inspiring introduction to Shakespeare offers readers more insights into what makes Shakespeare great, and why we still read and perform his works.", "Somebody correct me if I’m wrong?  Or are they talking strictly about structural elements, i.e. there’s 5 segments to the progression of the story whether Shakespeare labelled them that way or not?" ]

[ 4.7890625, 3.5, 3.486328125, -2.865234375, -3.05859375, -3.689453125, -3.845703125, -4.1015625, -4.11328125, -4.12109375, -4.1328125, -4.1328125, -4.421875, -4.578125, -4.87890625, -5.03125, -5.21484375, -5.265625, -5.3046875, -5.484375, -5.53515625, -5.7265625, -5.890625, -5.94140625, -6.31640625, -6.62109375, -6.89453125, -6.89453125, -7.21875, -7.3515625, -7.50390625, -7.82421875 ]

[ "And so on October 5, 1962, at the London Pavilion theater, in Piccadilly Circus, Connery joins Fleming, Broccoli, and Saltzman on the red carpet for the world premiere of the first Bond film, Dr. No.", "The first Bond film, Dr. No, was released in 1962; it starred the Scottish actor Sean Connery in the title role. Connery played Bond in six films altogether; From Russia With Love (1963) and Goldfinger (1964) were the only ones made during Fleming’s lifetime. Since that time, five other actors–George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig–have played the superspy in some two dozen films from EON Productions.", "First James Bond movie – Before Daniel Craig or Pierce Brosnan, there was Sean Connery, who starred in the first James Bond film, \"Dr. No,\" in 1962. With the most recent Bond film released in 2012 (\"Skyfall\"), the James Bond series is the longest running film series of all time.", "Dr. No is a 1962 British spy film, starring Sean Connery, with Ursula Andress and Joseph Wiseman, filmed in Jamaica and England: it is the first James Bond film. Based on the 1958 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming, it was adapted by Richard Maibaum, Johanna Harwood, and Berkely Mather and was directed by Terence Young. The film was produced by Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, a partnership that would continue until 1975.", "Academy Award-winning Scottish actor Sean Connery is best known for playing 007 in the first James Bond spy movies. He has also starred in an array of other projects, including 'Robin and Marian,' 'The Name of the Rose,' 'The Untouchables,' 'The Hunt for Red October' and 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.'", "Though there's special attention to these partners, thanks to the Bond franchise's 50th anniversary, this isn’t the first time that Bond has given in to commercial interests. In fact, in 1962’s “Dr. No,” the first Bond movie, Sean Connery sipped on a Red Stripe beer and flew Pan Am.", "1. Dr. No (1962) – The first Bond film is my favorite. Sean Connery goes to Jamaica to investigate the disappearance of another agent and discovers Dr. No is planning to destroy an American spacecraft. This film had an incredible social impact, and is still good entertainment over 40 years later. Connery introduces himself to Sylvia Trench while gambling at chemin-de-fer, with the classic, “Bond, James Bond.”", "Connery’s breakthrough came in the role of secret agent James Bond. He played the character in the first five Bond films: Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), Goldfinger (1964), Thunderball (1965), and You Only Live Twice (1967) — then appeared again as Bond in Diamonds Are Forever (1971) and Never Say Never Again (1983). All seven films were commercially successful.", "Director Terence Young should have been nominated as Best Director for the first James Bond spy film: Dr. No (1962) (premiering in London in late 1962 but opening in the US in 1963) -- and Sean Connery should have been nominated for his lead role as agent 007.", "Connery's breakthrough came in the role of British secret agent James Bond. He was reluctant to commit to a film series, but understood that if the films succeeded, his career would greatly benefit. He played 007 in the first five Bond films: Dr. No (1962), From Russia with Love (1963), Goldfinger (1964), Thunderball (1965), and You Only Live Twice (1967) – then appeared again as Bond in Diamonds Are Forever (1971) and Never Say Never Again (1983). All seven films were commercially successful. James Bond, as portrayed by Connery, was selected as the third-greatest hero in cinema history by the American Film Institute. ", "Connery was the first actor to play James Bond in a full length feature film based on the novels by Ian Fleming and he took the world by storm. The movie “Dr No” may seem a little dated in today’s era of computer-generated special effects but in 1962 the scale and glamour of the production was literally jaw dropping.", "Connery is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables. His film career also includes such films as Marnie, The Name of the Rose, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express, Dragonheart, and The Rock.", "Connery is best known for portraying the character James Bond, starring in seven Bond films between 1962 and 1983. In 1988, Connery won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in The Untouchables. His film career also includes such films as Marnie, The Name of the Rose, The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, The Hunt for Red October, Highlander, Murder on the Orient Express, Dragonheart, and The Rock.", "Interestingly, one of the most famous Bonds in the history of the franchise was also featured in the first Jack Ryan film. Sean Connery played Marko Ramius, a Soviet submarine captain looking to defect to the United States, in “The Hunt For Red October.” While he wasn’t the flick’s CIA trained hero, Connery had a pretty big role and showed he has the chops to play more than just your debonaire spy. Now if only he’d learn how to play Jeopardy ...  Back to the beginning", "George Lazenby, Sean Connery's temporary replacement, was introduced in On Her Majesty's Secret Service driving the DBS, in a scene very reminiscent of the opening minutes of The Italian Job, released earlier in the same year. Lazenby is driving along a winding Portugal road, his face hidden by shadows and cigarette smoke, in quite an artistic sequence. The Aston features prominently throughout the film, including in a chase through a car rally, a winter storm and the final moments where Bond's wife is shot through its windshield.", "Sean Connery played the role of James Bond for the seventh time, marking his return to the character 12 years after Diamonds Are Forever. The film's title is a reference to Connery's reported declaration in 1971 that he would \"never again\" play that role. As Connery was 52 at the time of filming, the storyline features an aging Bond, who is brought back into action to investigate the theft of two nuclear weapons by SPECTRE. Filming locations included France, Spain, the Bahamas and Elstree Studios in England.", "Sean Connery effortlessly stepped into the bespoke shoes of novelist Ian Fleming's James Bond in the first film of what would become the world's most successful cinema franchise. Pitted against pincer-handed megalomaniac Dr Julius No (Joseph Wiseman), Connery established 007 as a ruthless womaniser, ice-cool killer and sardonic cynic while the movie cast a template - Ursula Andress's bikinied Bond girl, Wiseman's over-ambitious villain and Monty Norman's Bond theme - which has held up for decades.", "· Sean Connery, the first Bond, starred in six Bond films. George Lazenby replaced him for one film, after which the part was played by Roger Moore (seven films), Timothy Dalton (two), Pierce Brosnan (four) and Daniel Craig (two so far).", "The James Bond film series has its own traditions, many of which date back to the very first movie in 1962.", "With the departure of Connery after You Only Live Twice, Broccoli and director Peter R. Hunt chose Australian George Lazenby to play the role of Bond. He first came to their attention after seeing him in a Fry's Chocolate Cream advertisement. Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit (ordered, but uncollected, by Connery), and going to Connery's barber at the Dorchester Hotel. Lazenby consolidated his claim during a screen test, when he accidentally punched a professional wrestler, who was acting as stunt coordinator, in the face, impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression. Lazenby never signed a contract, with negotiations dragging on during production, and he was subsequently convinced by his agent Ronan O'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s; as a result he left the role before the release of On Her Majesty's Secret Service in 1969. For his performance as Bond, Lazenby was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor at the 27th Golden Globe Awards.", "The first James Bond film, made by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman's Eon Productions, which was shot on location in Jamaica and looked far more expensive than it actually was (production budget: $1 million). The hi-tech sets (by Ken Adam), main title sequence (by Maurice Binder) and fast-paced editing style (by Peter Hunt) all became hallmarks of the 007 series and their influence on the action film genre endures today. Opinion varies, of course, as to who is the best Bond and which is the best film, but this one certainly helped to make an international star of Connery and a screen icon of Ursula Andress.", "This was the first film to show the actual Bond actor (and not a stuntman) in the gun barrel. Since Thunderball, all of the actors in the gun-barrel were of the actor portraying Bond.", "Though this was the first James Bond film produced by MGM for the big screen, it was not the first Bond film. The first on-screen appearance of James Bond (portrayed by Barry Nelson) was in a 1954 made-for-TV adaptation of Ian Fleming's book Casino Royale.", "The extraordinary success of Goldfinger (1964), which was released in December 1964, and of 1965's Thunderball (1965) propelled Connery to the top of Quigley Publications' annual Top Ten Money Making Stars poll in 1965. He remains the only British male star to be the #1 box office star in America.", "Connery was discovered by Harry Saltzman after numerous names as possible contenders for Bond were thrown or ruled out, including Roger Moore , David Niven , Cary Grant, and many others. Ian Fleming , the creator of James Bond pays tribute to Connery in his 1963 novel, On Her Majesty's Secret Service by stating that 007's surname as well as his father, was Scottish. Ironically, Fleming reportedly did not like the casting of Connery on the grounds that the stocky, 6'2\" Scotsman was too \"unrefined\", but with some tutelage from director Terence Young, Connery won Fleming over. Young helped to smooth Connery's rough and tumble edges over, and then used Connery's imposing physique yet amazingly graceful, cat-like carriage so effectively in every scene.", "CASINO ROYALE traces the early career of James Bond. His first “007” mission leads him to Le Chiffre (Mads Mikkelsen), banker to the world’s terrorists. In order to stop him, and bring down the terrorist network, Bond must beat Le Chiffre in a high-stakes poker game at Casino Royale. Bond is initially annoyed when a beautiful Treasury official, Vesper Lynd (Eva Green), is assigned to deliver his stake for the game and watch over the government’s money. But, as Bond and Vesper survive a series of lethal attacks by Le Chiffre and his henchmen, a mutual attraction develops leading them both into further danger and events that will shape Bond’s life forever.", "Sean Connery (actor) -- Alive. Born August 25, 1930. The first James Bond and much more.   IMDb", "The Academy Award winner has portrayed many iconic characters throughout his career, some of which helped launch famous film series, but he is known for some better than others, so here are the five roles that defined Sean Connery’s career.", "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) was the first (and last) film with Australian-born actor George Lazenby as Agent 007, the youngest (at age 29) of the actors to portray Bond at the time of filming. This was the only film in which Bond married one of his romantic conquests - although his bride was murdered in a drive-by shooting shortly afterwards on her wedding day by villain Blofeld's assistant Irma Bunt (Ilse Steppat).", "2002: The James Bond film \"Die Another Day\" starring Pierce Brosnan and Halle Berry is released. ( Watch this movie online)", "In John Huston's film from 1975, Sean Connery played an eccentric Briton, who becomes a ruler in Kafiristan, a historical region in what is now Afghanistan. Off screen, Connery was critical of Great Britain and a proponent of Scottish independence.", "1995: The 17th James Bond film \"GoldenEye\" starring Pierce Brosnan premieres. ( Watch this film online)" ]

[ 6.96875, 6.9296875, 6.89453125, 6.45703125, 4.85546875, 4.58984375, 4.05078125, 3.984375, 3.861328125, 3.357421875, 3.345703125, 2.79296875, 2.79296875, 0.57861328125, 0.544921875, -0.78759765625, -0.79541015625, -1.39453125, -1.88671875, -2.171875, -2.375, -2.388671875, -2.439453125, -2.951171875, -2.974609375, -3.05859375, -3.5390625, -5.16015625, -5.17578125, -5.765625, -6.15625, -6.2109375 ]

[ "742 Evergreen Terrace is the fictional street address in Springfield of the Simpson family home in the animated sitcom, The Simpsons and in the feature film The Simpsons Movie. In the series, the house is owned by Homer and Marge Simpson who live with their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The street name is a reference to The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, creator Matt Groening's alma mater.", "744 Evergreen Terrace is the address of the house where the Flanders family live. They live next door, to the left, of the Simpsons , at 742 Evergreen Terrace . The house was destroyed by a hurricane which makes it the only house in Springfield to get destroyed by the hurricane, but was rebuilt (shoddily) by the citizens of Springfield , including Homer Simpson shortly thereafter, and also collapsed shortly thereafter, which resulted in Flanders having an intense outburst of pent-up rage in Hurricane Neddy .", "744 Evergreen Terrace is the address of the house where the Flanders family live. They live next door, to the left, of the Simpsons , at 742 Evergreen Terrace . The house was destroyed by a hurricane, but was rebuilt (shoddily) by the citizens of Springfield shortly thereafter which caused Flanders to lash out at everyone including his neighbor, Homer in \" Hurricane Neddy \".", "A metalcore band named after the street on which everyone’s favorite Springfieldian family lives. Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa and Maggie live at 742 Evergreen Terrace.", "The house's address was inconsistent in earlier seasons, with various house numbers on Evergreen Terrace including 1094, 1092, 59, 94, 430, 723, and 1024, as well as one address on a different street (430 Spalding Way). In \"Homer's Triple Bypass\", \"742 Evergreen Terrace\" was assigned to a completely different house, where Snake hides from the police and Rev. Lovejoy lives next door.", "A replica of the house at 742 Evergreen Terrace, known as \"The Simpsons House\", was constructed in 1997 by California-based Kaufman and Broad homebuilders at 712 Red Bark Lane in Henderson, Nevada.Moreno, Rich. \"[http://www.lahontanvalleynews.com/article/20081108/NEWS01/811089985/1024/NONE&parentprofile", "Mayor Bill de Blasio (inaugurated as mayor in 2014) and his family currently live in Gracie Mansion. ", "After being named one of Good Housekeepings \"50 Most Eligible Bachelors\" in 1985, Gates married Melinda French in Hawaii on January 1, 1994. They have three children: Jennifer Katharine (born 1996), Rory John (born 1999), and Phoebe Adele (born 2002). The family resides in the Gates' home, an earth-sheltered house in the side of a hill overlooking Lake Washington in Medina. According to 2007 King County public records, the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $125 million, and the annual property tax is $991,000. The 66000 sqft estate has a 60 ft swimming pool with an underwater music system, as well as a 2500 sqft gym and a 1000 sqft dining room. ", "The Cosby Show focused on the Huxtables, an affluent African-American family who lived in Brooklyn, New York.  The patriarch of the family was Heathcliff \"Cliff\" Huxtable, an obstetrician, played by Bill Cosby.  Cliff's wife, Clair, portrayed by Phylicia Rashad, was an attorney.  The Huxtables lived in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights at 10 Stigwood Avenue.  The actual building used for the exterior shots of the home is located at 10 Leroy Street in Greenwich Village.  ", "Fran Fine (Fran Drescher) from Queens, New York, becomes a nanny to the three children of a wealthy Manhattan-based British theatre producer named Maxwell Sheffield (Charles Shaunessy). Max, a widower, and his offspring - Maggie (Nicholle Tom) , Brighton (Benjamin Salisbury) and Grace (Madeline Zima) - live in an upscale Park Avenue home.  The actual address used for the exterior shots of the Sheffield mansion is 7 East 75th Street, New York, New York 10021.  It is located near Central Park on one side and Park Avenue on the other.", "This charming home will appease the entire family with an array of living options. Features include large comfortable lounge and dining, renovated kitchen, outside alfresco area with a wooden decking and built in BBQ, compact, spacious and low maintenance garden, 2 split system air conditioning units, huge powered stand alone shed/garage, corner block in a cul-de-sac and additional side entrance with plenty of room for extra parking for a caravan or boat. Block size 873sqm. CONTACT Valerie Boyle PHONE 0404 864 932 EMAIL valerie.boyle@peard.com.au", "Day Contemporary Flair. This Icon of History has been Lovingly Restored and Totally Remodeled. Five Bedrooms, Five Living Areas, Five Full and One Half Baths. Three Levels of Wood Floors, Exquisite Moldings, Plaster Walls, “Elegant Hollywood Stairway.” Today’s Granite/Stainless Kitchen. Lower Level Boasts Billiard Room, Wet Bar, Wine Cellar, Card Room, and Game Room. Located on a Corner Double Lot with Gated Side Entrance, Gunite Pool, Three Car Garage with Carriage House Above. Call for Private Showing. Offered at $1,250,000. 6742 South Columbia Avenue Spectacular Park-Like Backyard with Fabulous Water Feature! Privately Nestled on Over 1/2 Acre Wooded Lot. Contemporary, 1-1/2 Story with 3 Bedrooms, 2 Full, 2 Half Baths, 2 Living Areas, and Office. Hardwood Floors, Vaulted, Beamed Ceilings, 3 Fireplaces, Wet Bar. Master Suite with His/Her Walk-In Closets. Great View From Deck Overlooking Breathtaking Landscaped Backyard. Offered at $549,000. 6212 East 105th Street Exclusive Gated Rockhurst! Stately Brick, on 1/2 Acre Wooded Lot. Three Level with Spacious Rooms, 10’ Ceilings, Hardwood Floors. Granite, Island Kitchen Open to Family Room w/FP. Master Suite Down w/His/ Her Closets. Gentlemen’s Study w/Built-ins. Curved Stairway Up to Game Room, 5 Beds & 3 Baths. 3rd Level is Huge Home Theater w/102” Screen, Guest Apartment Above Garage. Gated Driveway, 5 Car Garage. Offered at $950,000.", "Linda's second husband was Los Angeles real estate tycoon Stan Herman.  The two wed on July 4, 1975 and divorced in 1981.  During their marriage, Herman was always buying and renovating homes.   He rented them to celebrities such as Linda's Dynasty co-star Joan Collins, singer Kenny Rogers and actor Burt Reynolds. He frequently lived in these homes while they were being renovated, which meant that he constantly moved moved from place to place.  According to a March 7, 1988 article in People magazine by Eric Levin, Linda said that when she and Herman were married, \"they changed dwellings so often that one night they came home from a party and went to the wrong house\"", "The façade of the Huxtables' home is located at 10 St. Luke's Place in Manhattan, even though the family is supposed to live in Brooklyn. See more »", "Be quick to view this beautifully presented family home set on a large 720sqm block in the sought after Pinnaroo Heights location. This property provides plenty of space for all the family, boasting a kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wing, central kitchen, ducted air conditioning, two separate living areas, an enclosed outdoor entertaining area for year round comfort, ample room for a pool and big front and back reticulated gardens for the kids and pets.", ">> They are very possibly the most identifiably rich family in northern california to the public.", "Shaham is married to the Australian-born violinist Adele Anthony. They have three children, Elijah, Ella Mei and Simon. Gil Shaham currently lives in New York City with his family.", "Exceptionally stunning, this luxury custom home features four bedrooms, four full and two half baths and four-car garage. Grand living and dining rooms with views, family room opens to wonderful chef’s kitchen with enormous Labradorite granite island. Wide plank wood flooring throughout. Entry door, office and doors to patio are 100-year-old hand-carved wood with special hardware. Down stairs basement features theater room. Staircase to second floor game room is made of 100-year-old Mountain Maple. Wet bar in game room. In-ground gunite pool is surrounded by expansive patios. Words cannot express what an exceptional home this is. One of the most beautiful settings in this gated neighborhood. $1,850,000", "Through ancestry and inter-marriages, Alice Lee’s family connections included members of Boston’s most powerful and wealthy clans, notably the Cabot and Saltonstall families. Her father’s success in banking was evidenced by the family’s unusually large home, a three-story mansion in the Chesnut Hill section of Brookline, Massachusetts.", "• What NYC luxury apartment building is said to house the largest group of U.S. billionaires? 740 Park", "The Cunninghams' official address is 565 North Clinton Drive, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The house that served as the exterior of the Cunningham residence is actually located at 565 North Cahuenga Boulevard (south of Melrose Avenue) in Los Angeles, several blocks from the Paramount lot on Melrose Avenue.", "The house in which Kowalski’s son resides is located on Ballantyne Road in Grosse Pointe Shores.", "William Adams was born in East Los Angeles, and raised in the Estrada Courts housing projects in the Boyle Heights neighborhood, where he and his family were one of the few African Americans living in a predominantly Mexican American community. He never met his father, William Adams, Sr., and grew up with his mother, Debra, who encouraged him t...", "Housing: On post Family housing transitioned to privatized operations under the Balfour Beatty Communities. Eighteen neighborhoods, 2-5 bedroom homes, average waiting time 30-90 days. Contact West Point Family Homes at 845-446-6407 or visit http://www.westpointfamilyhomes.com/ for more information.", "Stanton’s parents had made a calculated decision to raise Andrew in Rockport, where artists and fishermen mingled easily. Andrew’s father, Ron, told me that they’d relocated from nearby Wellesley after Andrew was born, in 1965, because “folks there are predominantly rich and white, and interested in being richer and whiter than their neighbors, which is a terrible environment for a child.”", "A native Detroiter, Rick graduated from Southfield Senior High in 1985, and then from the University of Michigan in 1990. He then moved to Chicago where he performed at several prestigious theaters including Chicago Dramatists Workshop, The Goodman Theatre, and Victory Gardens Theater. Rick's father is a retired United Auto Workers (UAW) executive, and his mother owns and operates Studio One, a photo restoration company. Rick lives in Los Angeles, California.", "On July 7, 1920, Marjorie Merriweather Post Close married Edward Francis Hutton in a private ceremony in the Burden mansion at 2 East 92nd Street. Her second husband was already a legendary Wall Street broker and financier, and he would prove to be the love of her life. It was while the Huttons lived in the Burden mansion that their only child, Nedenia Marjorie Hutton, was born on December 29, 1923. During their marriage there was tremendous growth in her company, the construction and furnishing of several large residences, a very active social life and travels on their yacht Hussar, later renamed Sea Cloud. Although E. F. Hutton was rich, Marjorie was far richer. Edward's brother Franklyn Laws Hutton was the father of Barbara Woolworth Hutton . E. F. Hutton's first wife, Blanche Horton, had died during the influenza epidemic of 1917. In September 1920, just two months after his marriage to Marjorie, E. F.'s only son, Halcourt Horton Hutton, died after a riding accident at Mill Creek Lodge, his hunting estate in Bay Shore, Long Island. E. F. Hutton also owned Laurel Springs, a 16,000-acre shooting plantation and preserve on the Combahee River at Green Pond, South Carolina.", "1369sqft. PATIO HOME. 2bdrm. In a location that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be beat. Mntn. view Quiet neighborhood in a beautiful setting. Bareland strata. 2 minutes to Merecroft Village. $282,000. 250-287-8570 or 250-202-7717", "Maple Leaf...................................$1,850 Madison Park.............................. $2,350 Madison Valley........................... $2,200 Montlake..................................... $2,650 Pioneer Square.......................... $2,700 Queen Anne............................... $2,600 Rainier Valley............................... $1,750 Ravenna.......................................$2,000 Seward Park................................ $1,900 Shilshole...................................... $2,400 University District...................... $2,050 Wallingford..................................$2,150 White Center.............................. $1,300 Source: SeattleRentalGroup.com", "House made famous by The OC up for sale for $6.25 million | Daily Mail Online", "After getting in touch with relatives through Facebook the story behind one of properties soon emerged.", "Jamaica Estates, Fresh Meadows, and Hollis Hills are also populated with many people of Jewish background. Many Asian families reside in parts of Fresh Meadows as well." ]

[ 8.96875, 8.46875, 8.1875, 7.5078125, 2.853515625, 1.8671875, -5.99609375, -6.265625, -6.40234375, -7.12109375, -7.2109375, -7.4296875, -7.44921875, -7.64453125, -7.74609375, -7.84375, -8.1640625, -8.71875, -9.0859375, -9.171875, -9.25, -9.265625, -9.625, -9.65625, -9.6796875, -9.9140625, -10.109375, -10.2578125, -10.3359375, -10.4453125, -10.7578125, -10.8125 ]

[ "r8, the Pink Panther was originally the name of the actual diamond being stolen in the first movie.", "That’s right. David Niven is the real star of “The Pink Panther,” playing one night only on Monday, June 13, 7 p.m., at the Sebastiani Theatre. Niven plays Sir Charles Litton, a suave diamond thief secretly known as “The Phantom,” who attempts to purloin a famous diamond known as “the pink panther.” Inspector Clouseau is the comic relief, a clownish stooge whose drive to capture “The Phantom” has more to do with the fact that the jewel thief is his wife’s lover, than it has to do with his commitment to the law.", "Despite its use in the titles of most of the films of the series, \"The Pink Panther\" is not the Clouseau character, but a large and valuable fictitious diamond which is the \" MacGuffin \" of the first film in the series. It bears that name because the flaw at its center, when viewed closely, is said to resemble a leaping pink panther. The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film, The Return of the Pink Panther , in which the theft of the diamond is again the center of the plot. The film marked the return of Sellers to the role after a gap of ten years. The phrase has been used for all the subsequent films in the series, even when the jewel does not figure into the plot (the diamond has only appeared in five of the ten films in the series).", "Despite its use in the titles of most of the films of the series, the \"Pink Panther\" is not the Clouseau character, but a large and valuable fictitious diamond of the same name which is the \" MacGuffin \" of the first film in the series. [1] The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film, The Return of the Pink Panther , in which the theft of the diamond is again the center of the plot; that film also marked the return of Sellers to the role after a gap of ten years, which may have contributed to some confusion between the character and the diamond. The phrase has been used for all the subsequent films in the series, even when the jewel does not figure into the plot (the diamond has only appeared in six of the eleven films in the series).", "The Pink Panther (1963): Sir Charles Lytton is a Gentleman Thief who operates under the identity of \"The Phantom\". Inspector Jacques Clouseau is a French detective who is trying to track him down in Switzerland before he can steal the prized treasure of the kingdom of Lugash, the Pink Panther diamond (a large gem so named because of a pink, panther-shaped flaw), from a visiting princess. Alas, Clouseau is such a fool that he is easily outsmarted by way of the combined forces of the Phantom, his nephew, the princess herself, and the Phantom's key accomplice...Clouseau's own wife. While the thieves were the focus of this film, Clouseau, as played by Peter Sellers , was the character the subsequent films were based around, starting with the Dolled-Up Installment ...", "Countess Chandra is pleased that her false trail has worked so spectacularly and now she and the real Clouseau, with his new movie star face, can relax and enjoy their fortune together. They decide to go and look at the Pink Panther diamond - but find it gone from her safe with the Phantom's signature glove left in its place! And on the Littons' yacht the Litton trio celebrate the theft of the Pink Panther diamond which Lady Litton stole while staying at the spa as a guest.", "Once Upon A Time 1 as a child, Princess Dala was given a priceless diamond, the Pink Panther, named after a panther-shaped flaw in the centre of the pink jewel. She retains this jewel as an adult despite being deposed from her kingdom of Lugash; however she is targeted by suave womaniser Sir Charles Lytton, whose secret alter ego is a jewel thief known as the Phantom. Sir Charles and Princess Dala meet at a ski resort.", "The \"Pink Panther\" of the title is a diamond supposedly containing a flaw which forms the image of a \"leaping panther\" which can be seen if held up to light in a certain way. This is explained in the beginning of the first film, and the camera zooms in on the diamond to reveal the blurry flaw, which focuses into the Panther (albeit not actually leaping) to start the opening credits sequence (this is also done in Return). The plot of the first film is based on the theft of this diamond. The diamond reappears in several later films in the series, The Return of the Pink Panther, Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther, all with Sellers. It also appears in the revival of the Inspector Clouseau character in the much later Steve Martin films The Pink Panther (2006), and its sequel The Pink Panther 2 (2009). The name \"the Pink Panther\" became attached to Inspector Clouseau in much the same way that Frankenstein has been used in film titles to refer to Dr. Frankenstein's creation, or The Thin Man was used in a series of detective films.", "Despite its use in the titles of most of the films of the series, the \"Pink Panther\" is not the Clouseau character, but a large and valuable pink diamond which is first shown in the first film in the series.[1] The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film, The Return of the Pink Panther, in which the theft of the diamond is again the center of the plot; that film also marked the return of Sellers to the role after a gap of ten years, which may have contributed to some confusion between the character and the diamond. The phrase was used for all the subsequent films in the series, even when the jewel did not figure into the plot (the diamond has only appeared in six of the eleven films in the series).", "In the fictional country of Lugash, a mysterious thief seizes the Pink Panther diamond and leaves a white glove marked with a gold-tinted \"P\". With its national treasure once again missing, the Shah of Lugash requests the assistance of Inspector Clouseau (Peter Sellers) of the Sûreté, as Clouseau had recovered the diamond the last time it was stolen. Clouseau has been temporarily demoted to beat cop by his boss, Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus (Herbert Lom), who despises him to the point of obsession, but the French government forces Dreyfus to reinstate him. Clouseau joyously receives the news after fending off a surprise attack from his servant Cato (Burt Kwouk), who had been ordered to keep the Inspector on his toes, and duly goes to Lugash.", "In Lugash, the fabled Pink Panther diamond is stolen. A mysterious woman looking to procure the priceless gem has a tete-a-tete with a man regarding price. Suddenly, Clouseau (having disappeared inexplicably on a plane flight in the previous film) bursts in. The woman shoots the man, then points the gun at Clouseau. His fate is a mystery. Meanwhile, his former superior, Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus (Herbert Lom), is pressured to oversee Operation Paragon and utilize Interpol's fictitious Huxley Huxley 600 computer Aldous to find the world's greatest detective to solve the crime.", "The immediate sequel to Trail, Curse of the Pink Panther reveals that Clouseau underwent plastic surgery to change his appearance; the character appears on screen briefly in the form of a joke cameo appearance by Roger Moore , billed as \"Turk Thrust II\". Neither film was a box office success, and the series (and the character) were retired. clueless, Martin's Clouseau does not seem entirely incompetent, being able to locate the Pink Panther diamond and solve the case on his own through his knowledge of such obscure facts as a Russian army rule that all members must know the location of a specific part of the brain or a clear knowledge of Chinese. He has limited detecting skills, but is good deal more street smart than Sellers's Clouseau.", "What Happened to the Mouse? : It's never revealed if she was arrested for stealing the Pink Panther diamond, or whether the whole thing got pinned on the deceased Colonel Sharky. She doesn't appear or get mentioned in Trail, but that film seems to disregard Return and sets itself up as an alternate sequel to A Shot in the Dark.", "In the films, the Pink Panther is a large and valuable pink diamond which is first shown in the opening film in the series. The diamond is called the \"Pink Panther\" because the flaw at its center, when viewed closely, is said to resemble a leaping pink panther. The phrase reappears in the title of the fourth film The Return of the Pink Panther, in which the theft of the diamond is again the center of the plot. The phrase was used for all the subsequent films in the series, even when the jewel did not figure in the plot. It ultimately appeared in six of the eleven films.", "The Curse Of The Pink Panther is a comedy staring David Niven, Ted Wass and Robert Wagner in a story about the Pink Panther diamond being stolen again and the French police engaging the help of a bumbling New York policeman to help track it down. The Curse Of The Pink Panther was directed by Blake Edwards in 1983.", "7.0 The Return of the Pink Panther PETER SELLERS CHRISTOPHER PLUMMER CATHERINE SCHELL HERBERT LOM For years, the priceless jewel known as the Pink Panther has remained on display as the national treasure of the eastern state of Lugash. Theft is impossible - but, with a combination of a crossbow, aerosol spray, floor wax and a very clever criminal, the impossible is achieved. General Wadafi, the head of state, insists that Inspector Clouseau, the Surete detective who recovered the Panther once before, be called in. Clouseau, already suspended for bungling, is reinstated. He immediately decides that the theft is the work of his old enemy, The Phantom. See page 61 Peter Sellers Clouseau Sir Charles Litton Christopher Plummer Claudine Catherine Schell Chief Insp Dreyfus Herbert Lom Peter Arne Col Sharki Gen W adafi Peter Jeffrey Lugash Police Chief Gregoire Asian Cato Burt Kwouk The Fat Man Eric Pohlmann Mac David Lodge Pepi Graham Stark Francois Andre Maranne Victor Spinetti Concierge John Bluthal Blind beggar Psychiatrist Peter Jones Masseuse Claire Davenport SCREENPLAY FRANK WALDMAN, BLAKE EDWARDS DIRECTOR BLAKE EDWARDS", "The Pink Panther jewel would return in The Return of the Pink Panther as well as Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther. So, too would the Phantom, Sir Charles Lytton. It is described to Princess Dala as 'a gift for your father from his grateful people' and no religious significance attached to it is mentioned in this film.", "The owner of the Pink Panther diamond in the first film, and a royal princess from the country of Lugash, who quickly becomes a target for the Phantom.", "The Animated Credits Opening created by DePatie/Freling Enterprises visualizes the pink, panther-shaped flaw in the titular diamond as an actual pink panther. This dapper anthropomorphic mute proved popular enough that he appears in most of the credit sequences in the series — the exceptions are A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau — and when he's not tangling with a caricature of Clouseau (or his successors in the later films), he's playing with the credits and even interacting with the live-action settings and characters. He was quickly spun off into his own series of animated shorts .", "The Pink Panthers are the world’s most successful jewel thieves. With incredible unprecedented access, gang members Mike and Lela reveal the gang’s networks, history and human story. Playing out like a noir thriller and using cutting edge animation, the film keeps a Hollywood-style heist at its centre. We also follow the global police forces determined to stop them – with increasing success. But beneath the glitz and excitement of the heists lie the dark truths of the illicit diamond trade and the war-shattered ruins of the Balkan states.", "Artifact Title : Strikes Again, Revenge, and Son don't involve the Pink Panther diamond at all, but they had to work in the animated character somehow...", "Sultan: Yes! A pink panther. Come here, Dala. A gift to your father from his grateful people. Some day it will be yours. The most fabulous diamond in all the world. Come closer.", "That, according to federal investigators, is the world of the network of criminals dubbed the Pink Panthers. The gang is suspected of pulling off some of the most brazen diamond heists in history. More than $100 million worth of diamonds was stolen in just the past month.", "McCaffrey said the Pink Panthers are known for attention to detail and planning every step of the job—including how they will unload the stolen goods. He added that their goal is to get rid of diamonds as quickly as possible, and in past Pink Panther thefts, FBI agents have recovered stolen diamonds in the United States just days after they were lifted from jewelry stores in Europe.", "* The Idol's Eye, a , Light Blue, semi-triangular modified antique brilliant. Allegedly first seen in 1607 when the East India Company seized the stone from its owner, a Persian prince named Ragab, as payment for debts. Resurfaced in 1906 in the possession of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The stone, along with the Hope Diamond and Star of the East, were stolen from the sultan by his messenger and sold to French pawn shops. The stones were intended to provide a comfortable retirement for the sultan. Appeared at the June 1909 auction held in Paris by gem dealer and collector Selim Habib, where it was purchased by a Spanish nobleman. It then came into the possession of a London bank and eventually was bought by a Dutch diamond dealer, from whom Winston purchased the stone in November 1946. Winston sold the diamond in 1947 to Mrs. May Bonfils Stanton, daughter of the publisher and co-founder of The Denver Post. It was mounted as the center stone in a diamond necklace with eighty-six other diamonds totalling 35 carat. In 1963, after Mrs. Stanton's death, the gem was sold at auction in New York City. Renowned jeweler Lawrence Graff of London also owned the stone.", "MacGuffin : The 86 carat diamond. Several characters spend much of the film trying to get the diamond, however by the end of the film, most of the bad guys end up in jail or dead. The diamond gets swallowed by a dog which in turn is adopted by Turkish and Tommy, the only main characters who were not involved with the diamond plot.", "Large sapphires are rare and often attract fame and myth. The largest star sapphire is the Star of India, which weighs an amazing 536 carats. Discovered about three hundred years ago in Sri Lanka, the Star of India was donated to the American Museum of Natural History by the financier J.P. Morgan. Later the infamous burglar, Jack Murphy, (AKA \"Murphy the Surf\"), stole the stone. Its recovery two months later only added to its fame.", "The Spoonmaker's Diamond is the big diamond that is referenced in the film \"Topkapi\", shot in Kavala and Istanbul in 1965 and starring Melina Mercouri and Peter Ustinov. However, the robbers depicted in the film are mainly oriented at stealing another Topkapi treasure, the emerald-encrusted dagger of the earlier Sultan Mahmud I.", "The Orlov (sometimes spelled Orloff) is a large diamond that is part of the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin . The origin of this resplendent relic – described as having the shape and proportions of half a hen’s egg – can be traced back to 18th century in southern India. The particulars of the Orlov’s story have been lost with time, but it is widely reported that the diamond once served as an eye of the statue in a temple in southern India. The man held responsible for its removal was a French deserter, a grenadier from the Carnatic wars who apparently died after touching the gem. The Orlov is a rarity among historic diamonds, for it retains its original Indian rose-style cut. Its colour is widely stated as white with a faint bluish-green tinge.", "Szell retrieves his diamonds from the bank, but as he is leaving, Babe appears behind him and tells him, \"It's not safe\". Szell looks to see if anyone in his network is present, but Babe informs him that they're all dead, and forces him at gunpoint to walk to a water treatment plant in Central Park (where Babe regularly runs). Szell, in an attempt to negotiate his escape, offers Babe a portion of the diamonds; Babe declines, telling Szell he can keep as many diamonds as he can swallow. Szell initially refuses; Babe, taking possession of Szell's briefcase, taunts Szell by throwing handfuls of diamonds at him, which fall through the grating platform they're standing on and into the water below. Szell, aghast at Babe's actions, relents and swallows one diamond, but then refuses to cooperate further. Szell then accuses Babe's late father and brother of being as weak and predictable as Babe is, and spits at him; Babe strikes Szell, but loses his grip on his gun. Szell then reveals his dagger and lunges at him, but Babe manages to avoid it and throw the open briefcase with the remaining diamonds down a stairwell towards the water. Szell dives towards the diamonds, but stumbles and rolls down the steps, fatally falling on his own knife blade. Babe heads out into Central Park, throwing his father's gun into the reservoir, and symbolically walks away in the opposite direction of the park's running patrons.", "The diamond went in and out of pawn again several times until 1660 when it was used to settle a debt and came into the ownership of Cardinal Mazarin. Upon his death the Cardinal gave it to the French Crown. It became part of Marie Antoinette’s collection until the French Revolution, when it was lost again. The stone found its way into the ownership of the Spanish Crown until it was “reclaimed” by Joseph Bonaparte. The diamond disappeared again for 25 years long enough for the statue of limitations to expire, when it surfaced to be purchased by Nicholas Demidov, who gave it to his wife. It was then sold to Sir Jamsetee Jeejeebhoy and eventually to William Astor in 1865. The Astor family kept possession of the stone until 1976 when they sold it for an undisclosed amount to the Louvre Museum where it still resides today.", "In 1946, when the Duchess was staying at Ednam Lodge, the home of the Earl of Dudley , some of her jewels were stolen. There were rumours that the theft had been masterminded by the royal family as an attempt to regain jewels taken from the Royal Collection by the Duke, or by the Windsors themselves as part of an insurance fraud—they made a large deposit of loose stones at Cartier the following year. However, in 1960, career criminal Richard Dunphie confessed to the crime. The stolen pieces were only a small portion of the Windsor jewels, which were either bought privately, inherited by the Duke, or given to the Duke when he was Prince of Wales. [98]" ]

[ 2.72265625, 2.1953125, 2.00390625, 1.638671875, 0.876953125, 0.035186767578125, -0.222412109375, -0.494140625, -1.27734375, -1.3486328125, -1.4208984375, -1.599609375, -1.6630859375, -1.6630859375, -1.78125, -1.80859375, -2.18359375, -2.541015625, -3.083984375, -3.35546875, -3.77734375, -3.96875, -4.16796875, -4.50390625, -4.76953125, -5.1328125, -5.23828125, -6.26953125, -6.3359375, -6.99609375, -7.421875, -8.828125 ]

[ "\"Bingo\", also known as \"Bingo Was His Name-O\", \"There Was a Farmer Who Had a Dog\", and \"C'era un contadino che aveva un cagnolino di nome Bingolino\" in Italy, is an English language children's song of obscure origin. Additional verses are sung by omitting the first letter sung in the previous verse and clapping instead of actually saying the word. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 589. ", "[Verse] C F C There was a farmer had a dog, C G C And Bingo was his name-o. C F B-I-N-G-O G C B-I-N-G-O Am F B-I-N-G-O G C And Bingo was his name-o.", "\"There was a farmer had a dog and Bingo was his name-O, B-I-N-G-O, B-I-N-G-O, B-I-N-G-O, and Bingo was his name-O!\"", "Includes: The Bear went over the Mountain; The Farmer in the Dell; Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star; One, Two, Three Little Indians; My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean; Old McDonald had a Farm; and briefer quotes of other children’s songs.", "In the United Kingdom the first line is frequently changed to \"The Farmer's in his den\". The rhyme progresses through the farmer being in the dell/his den, his desire for a wife, hers for a child, its for a nurse, a dog, ending with a bone, ending in: \"we all pat the dog\".Every player then pats the one picked as the dog. The 'Hi-Ho, the derry-o' is variously replaced with \"Ee-i, tiddly-i\" in London, 'Ee-i, adio', 'Ee-i, andio' or 'Ee-i, entio', (in Northern England), and 'Ee-i, ee-i' (for instance in the West Country).", "Variations on the lyrics refer to the dog variously as belonging to a miller or a shepherd, and/or named \"Bango\" or \"Pinto\". In some variants, variations on the following third stanza are added:", "#12 Old MacDonald Had A Farm | Dino Friends Sing Along Show | Childern songs and Nursery Rhymes - Duration: 2:09. Kids And Friends - Kids Songs & Stories 2,374 views", "Permit me to point out that the tune is also used for a patriotic song in the United States which, before patriotism was forbidden, was taught in all schools. \"America\" Samuel F. Smith (written 1831) My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing; Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From ev'ry mountain-side Let freedom ring! Like \"God Save the King (Queen)\", the words are often parodied. My Favorite: My country's tired of me I'm going to Germany To see the King His name is Donald Duck He drives a garbage truck From every mountainside Let garbage fling.", "Scoobert Scooby Dooby Doo (or Scooby-Doo, for short) is the eponymous character and protagonist of the animated television franchise of the same name created in 1969 by the American animation company Hanna-Barbera. Scooby-Doo is a male Great Dane and lifelong companion of amateur detective Shaggy Rogers, with whom he shares many personality traits. Named after a nonsense vocal line in Frank Sinatra's hit song \"Strangers in the Night\", he features a mix of both canine and human behaviors (reminiscent of other funny animals in the Golden age of American animation), treated by his friends more or less as an equal while speaking in a famous (and much parodied) speech impediment. His catchphrase is \"Scooby-Dooby-Doo!\"", "Old MacDonald Had A Farm - THE BEST Songs for Children from Hello Mr. Freckles! | LooLoo Kids - Duration: 31:11. LooLoo Kids - Nursery Rhymes and Children's Songs 396,536 views", "During the credits, images are shown of The Farmer, Bitzer, Shaun and The Flock enjoying a day off in the country. Shaun and the flock are reunited with Slip. The Farmer turns the news on to see something about Mr. X having disappeared on horseback, which Leaving surprised to The Farmer and the flock", "Directions: Have all the children stand in a circle.  Pick someone to be the farmer.  That person stands in the middle of the circle. As the song goes on the person in the middle of the circle must choose another person to join them in the middle of the circle example: the farmer takes a wife.  The child who is the farmer chooses a child from the circle to join them in the middle of the circle as the wife and so on and so on.", "Johnny, Ginny, and Toby are next seen skipping along and singing \" Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah \" while Johnny's returned puppy runs alongside them. Uncle Remus is also in the vicinity, and he is shocked when Br'er Rabbit and several of the other characters from his stories appear in front of them and interact with the children. Uncle Remus breaks the fourth wall as he rushes to join the group. The entire group skips away, with a reprise of the opening theme.", "Hey Diddle Diddle | Old MacDonald Had a Farm & More Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection for Kids - Duration: 1:05:57. KidsOne Nursery Rhymes 73,115 views", "Pop Goes The Weasel - Rhymes for Children - Baby Songs - Kids Songs - Instrumental - Sing Along", "A donkey's loud musical instruments annoy Farmer Gruff - until he discovers that the music keeps away the pesky crows that have been eating his corn crop. Ages 4-8. 28 pages", "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richer-except, of course, for the pigs and the dogs. Perhaps this was partly because there were so many pigs and so many dogs. It was not that these creatures did not work, after their fashion. There was, as Squealer was never tired of explaining, endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm.... For example, Squealer told them that the pigs had to expend enormous labours every day upon mysterious things called \"files,\" \"reports,\" \"minutes,\" and \"memoranda.\"...", "That’s pretty good, but it was originally a key plot point used by Beverly Cleary in “Ramona the Pest”. Unless your kid is over 60 years old I doubt your veracity. She spelled it “dawnzer”, if you want to keep using the story.", "Open Up the Barn Door:  When using this poem, insert a child's name in the first blank, then let them supply the animal sound in parenthesis.", "My Mom grew up on a farm in Northwest Louisiana and had to have learned this there. Put the child on your knee facing outwards, hands holding their waist and begin softly “Little boy went to town, (Now start raising your heel up and down off the floor in a quick, slightly jarring motion) paaace pace pace pace pace.” (Now in a quick, gruff voice say…) “Along came an old man, (Now begin moving your entire leg up and down off the floor boldly to making a tapping noise as your foot lands and say…) “Hog-sha hog-sha, Watch out Little boy, (now extend your leg straight out and down to the floor to make your leg a slide then push the child down your leg slide and yell…) You’re gonna fall down!”", "He has a real twin brother who is into \"new age\" music. In the episode \"Karma Farmer\", the farmer leaves and put his brother in charge of the farm. The animals aren't aware this is not their usual farmer and don't understand why he acts so strangely until the real farmer comes back and show them an old picture of him and his twin brother.", "Clever and wicked! The pig in this rhyme is a typical Dahl character, an underdog who solves his or her problem in a peculiar, funny or horrible way. I particularly like the way the pig has to do some figuring about 'What LIFE was really all about'.", "\"Gary loved our song and decided to call it 'The Mean Monster Mashed Potato.' But after talking it over, we decided that just 'Monster Mash\" was fine. Then Gary told me, 'From now on, you're Bobby 'Boris' Pickett.'", "It was a rural district and he listened to hillbilly music (now called country) while milking the cows. He learned how to yodel in imitation of country stars like Hank Snow. At the age of 13 he recorded \"Did You See My Daddy Over There?\", and by 19 was the No. 1 recording star in Australia and New Zealand. Read Less", "One day, while Fred and Barney were enjoying too many JD's on... ice, they watched the first episode of new experimental comedy Scooby Doo . The lead dog's catch-phrase: \"Scooby-dooby-doooooo!\" stuck instantly with Fred, and he constantly annoyed the other orphans with his signature catch phrase; until Hanna Barbra threatened to use a coyote to blow him up with some ACME TNT and a plunger, if he did not come up with something original. Fred changed the \"Scooby-dooby\" to \"Yabba-dabba\" and viola, an original catchphrase.", "[For the non-Latin speaking: this refers to the children's rhyme \"This little piggie went to market.\"]", "Billy Goat is one of the various farm animals that are treated as pets by Grandma Duck , but he certainly is the most known one. Billy is always ready to hit intruders with his horns. He was used by Carl Barks in ten stories of the famous comic series \"Grandma Duck's Farm Friends\".", "*In the Simpsons episode \"Bart Gets An Elephant\", Ernie Ford's cover plays on the radio while Bart Simpson is doing chores.", "Originally a mascot for Purina Dog Chow, later rising to prominence as a TV sidekick to Jimmy Dean. (No, not that Jimmy Dean. The country singer and pork magnate.) A cameo on Sesame Street blossomed into a full-time gig for the character.", "\"When I was a kid on a farm in Ohio, somewhere we were told when we picked up a Daddy Long Legs to ask it \"Where are the cows?\" and it would point (with it's feelers) in the direction of the cows. I remember thinking this usually worked!\"", "Theme: They say this cat Shaft is a bad mother... / SHUT YOUR MOUTH! / I'm talkin' 'bout Shaft. / THEN WE CAN DIG IT!", "A tale of woe about the financial hardships faced by farmers released as a single in 1971. I don't know when or where this was recorded." ]

[ 5.76171875, 5.1015625, 4.875, -1.3720703125, -1.775390625, -2.1015625, -3.482421875, -3.55078125, -3.568359375, -3.982421875, -4.01171875, -4.296875, -4.546875, -4.578125, -5.3125, -5.40234375, -5.5, -5.66015625, -5.7265625, -5.75, -5.84375, -5.84375, -6.13671875, -6.375, -6.3828125, -6.68359375, -6.828125, -6.953125, -7.0078125, -7.48828125, -7.5078125, -7.6796875 ]

[ "What does biology say? Human cells contain pairs of chromosomes - which are long, stringy aggregates of genes. The gender determining or 'sex' chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes; normally males have one X and one Y chromosome (the XY male) and females have two X chromosomes (the XX female). It is generally accepted that gender determination is due to the presence or absence of the Y chromosome i.e. this is the determining factor of a person's \"true\" biological sex. The Y chromosome contains a gene, SRY, which triggers embryonic development as a male. Sexual variation arises when someone is born with only one sex chromosome or with three sex chromosomes. Also, damage of the SRY gene can lead to an XX male or to an XY female. For the XX male, it has been suggested that one of the X chromosomes has obtained a small piece of Y chromosome which is sufficient to produce 'maleness'. But in extreme cases sexuality is not easily determined. In general, sex chromosome abnormalities can affect a person's sexuality e.g their sterility.", "For example, if a fertilized egg contains two X chromosomes (XX), then the resulting individual will be born a female. Should however, that egg contain an X and a Y chromosome (XY), then that individual will be born a male. So right from the very start of life our biology plays a hugely significant role in the type of behavior that we will display throughout our entire life.", "The XY sex-determination system is the sex-determination system found in humans, most other mammals, some insects and some plants. In this system, females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), and are called the homogametic sex. Males have two distinct sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the heterogametic sex. The XY sex determination system was first described independently by Nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson in 1905.", "Parthenogenetic offspring in species that use either the XY or the X0 sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female. In species that use the ZW sex-determination system, they have either two Z chromosomes (male) or two W chromosomes (mostly non-viable but rarely a female), or they could have one Z and one W chromosome (female).", "Sex Chromosome: The X or Y chromosome in human beings that determines the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair in a karyotype. Compare autosome. ", "In humans, gender is determined by the sex chromosomes, the X and Y chromosomes. The X and Y chromosomes are very different in size and number of gene locations. The X chromosome is much larger than the Y and carries about 1,400 gene locations. The Y chromosome carries only about 200 gene locations. Genes on the Y chromosome determine whether an embryo develops as a male or female. All human embryos begin development with the beginnings of female structures. Embryos with two X chromosomes develop as females. The sex determining region of the Y chromosome, when present in an embryo, activates the formation of male structures. Since a female has two X chromosomes, she can only produce eggs, each with an X chromosome. Males have an X and a Y chromosome, so sperm may include either an X or a Y chromosome. An egg has a 50% chance being fertilized by an X carrying sperm, and the same 50% chance for a Y carrying sperm. Some genes located on the X chromosome are inherited differently than genes located on one of the 22 autosomes because the Y chromosome is missing 1,200 genes that are on the X chromosome. Hemophilia A is caused by the inability to produce an important protein needed for the blood to clot properly. The gene for this protein is located on the X chromosome. There is no gene locus for the hemophilia A protein on", "Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. The Y chromosome is present in males, who have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes.", "Yes, they differ in a pair of chromosomes known as the sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes in their cells, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.", "Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in cells other than egg cells. This phenomenon is called X-inactivation or Lyonization. X-inactivation ensures that females, like males, have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell. Because X-inactivation is random, in normal females the X chromosome inherited from the mother is active in some cells, and the X chromosome inherited from the father is active in other cells.", "In most animals, those who possess XX chromosomes are female while male animals possess an X and a Y chromosome. However, this is not true of all organisms, as it can be reversed in some species.", "The 23rd pair is called the sex chromosomes and differs between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome or XX, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.", "If a female has a disorder in which she has more than two X chromosomes, the extra chromosomes tend to be inactive. Thus, having one or more extra X chromosomes causes far fewer developmental abnormalities than having one or more extra nonsex chromosomes. For example, women with three X chromosomes (triple X syndrome) are often physically and mentally normal (see Triple X Syndrome ). Most males who have more than one Y chromosome (see XYY Syndrome ) are not physically and mentally normal.", "Most mammalian females have two copies of the X chromosome as opposed to the male which carries only one X and one smaller Y chromosome (but some mammals, such as the Platypus, have different combinations). To compensate for the difference in size, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactived in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome whilst the male carries two Z chromosomes. Intersex conditions can also give rise to other combinations, such as XO or XXX in mammals, which are still considered as female so long as they do not contain a Y-chromosome. However, these conditions frequently result in sterility.", "Humans are born with 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. The X and Y chromosomes determine a person’s sex. Most women are 46XX and most men are 46XY. Research suggests, however, that in a few births per thousand some individuals will be born with a single sex chromosome (45X or 45Y) (sex monosomies) and some with three or more sex chromosomes (47XXX, 47XYY or 47XXY, etc.) (sex polysomies). In addition, some males are born 46XX due to the translocation of a tiny section of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome. Similarly some females are also born 46XY due to mutations in the Y chromosome. Clearly, there are not only females who are XX and males who are XY, but rather, there is a range of chromosome complements, hormone balances, and phenotypic variations that determine sex.", "The human genome consists of two copies of each of 23 chromosomes (a total of 46). One set of 23 comes from the mother and one set comes from the father. Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. There are two kinds of sex chromosomes–\"X\" and \"Y\". In humans and in almost all other mammals, females carry two X chromosomes, designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY.", "the sex chromosome found only in males, when paired with an X it forms a male child", "Normally, in the nonsex chromosomes, the genes on both of the pairs of chromosomes are capable of being fully expressed. However, in females, most of the genes on one of the two X chromosomes are turned off through a process called X inactivation (except in the eggs in the ovaries). X inactivation occurs early in the life of the fetus. In some cells, the X from the father becomes inactive, and in other cells, the X from the mother becomes inactive. Thus, one cell may have a gene from the person’s mother and another cell has the gene from the person’s father. Because of X inactivation, the absence of one X chromosome usually results in relatively minor abnormalities (such as Turner syndrome—see see Turner Syndrome ). Thus, missing an X chromosome is far less harmful than missing a nonsex chromosome.", "Typically, people with Klinefelter syndrome have one extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell, for a total of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47,XXY). Less commonly, affected individuals may have two or three extra X chromosomes (48,XXXY or 49,XXXXY). As the number of extra sex chromosomes increases, so does the risk of learning problems, intellectual disability, birth defects, and other health issues.", "The human organism usually comprises two sexes, a female and a male.  During the earliest stages of development in utero all humans are physically female – they possess female external genitalia.  It is only after a time that the labia form into a scrotum and the infantile clitoris becomes a penis that a girl becomes a boy. ", "Birds have two sexes: either female or male. The sex of birds is determined by the Z and W sex chromosomes, rather than by the X and Y chromosomes present in mammals. Male birds have two Z chromosomes (ZZ), and female birds have a W chromosome and a Z chromosome (WZ).", "Y-Chromosome:  A chromosome that is different in the two sexes and involved in sex determination.  The male in our species has one Y and one  X chromosome.", "Direct sex differences follow a bimodal distribution. Through the process of meiosis and fertilization (with rare exceptions), each individual is created with zero or one Y-chromosome. The complementary result for the X-chromosome follows, either a double or a single X. Therefore, direct sex differences are usually binary in expression (although the deviations in complex biological processes produce a menagerie of exceptions). These include, most conspicuously, male (vs female) gonads.", "The Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the X chromosome). The sex chromosomes form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes in each cell. The Y chromosome spans more than 59 million building blocks of DNA (base pairs) and represents almost 2 percent of the total DNA in cells.", "The astute student will wonder, &QUOT;If women with Turner syndrome (45, with X0) don't make a Barr body, they don't inactivate their single X chromosome, so why do they have problems? Why aren't they as healthy as any male? On the other hand, why is Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY) a problem since these men inactivate the extra X chromosome anyway (producing a Barr body like a normal female)?&QUOT;", "Females with more than one extra copy of the X chromosome (48,XXXX or 49,XXXXX) have been identified, but these chromosomal changes are rare. As the number of extra sex chromosomes increases, so does the risk of learning problems, intellectual disability, birth defects, and other health issues.", "Women with three X chromosomes (47XXX) experience normal development of sexual traits and are fertile. Affected individuals are usually taller than average and have slender builds. The frequency of women obtaining an extra X chromosome is approximately 1:1000. There is no severe phenotype associated with three X chromosomes in women. (25) These women may have slight learning difficulties.", "Turner syndrome. One of the two sex chromosomes is not transferred. This leaves a single X chromosome for 45 total chromosomes instead of 46.", "Triple X syndrome (also called 47,XXX or trisomy X) results from an extra copy of the X chromosome in each of a female's cells. Females with triple X syndrome have three X chromosomes, for a total of 47 chromosomes per cell. An extra copy of the X chromosome is associated with tall stature, learning problems, and other features in some girls and women.", "This is when a person has 2 or more sets of chromosomes in his or her cells with different genetic material.", "A man receives an extra Y chromosomes. They tend to be taller than average, some mentally impaired. (XYY)", "Trisomy (47,XXX) and other multiple X-chromosome abnormalities. Usually phenotypically normal. May see menstrual abnormalities or mild mental retardation in some cases.", "Running a special utility at GedMatch that compared Anzick’s X chromosome to mine, I find that we share a startlingly large X segment.  Sometimes, the X chromosome is passed for generations intact ." ]

[ 2.572265625, 2.408203125, 2.267578125, 1.373046875, 0.23291015625, 0.08209228515625, -0.06463623046875, -0.2054443359375, -0.333740234375, -0.626953125, -0.83740234375, -0.87109375, -1.083984375, -1.126953125, -1.4287109375, -1.5556640625, -1.80078125, -1.845703125, -2.109375, -2.220703125, -3.0859375, -3.123046875, -3.494140625, -3.919921875, -3.953125, -4.51953125, -4.85546875, -5.12890625, -5.640625, -5.66015625, -6.73046875, -7.609375 ]

[ "The Hollywood Squares is a American television comedy and game show in which two contestants play tic-tac-toe to win money and prizes. The \"board\" for the game is actually a 3 × 3 vertical stack of open-faced cubes, each occupied by a celebrity seated at a desk and facing the contestants. The celebrities are asked questions and the contestants judge the veracity of their answers in order to win the game.", "One of TV’s most enduring favorites. Nine celebrities (or more) occupy the squares of a giant tic-tac-toe board, with two contestants competing to put their X’s and O’s in the squares by determining whether the celebrity has answerd their question correctly. Starting in the ’70s, bonus rounds of various forms gave winners a shot at prizes, big money or cars. Host: Peter Marshall (’66-’81), John Davidson (’86-’89), Tom Bergeron (’98-present). Regular “center squares” included Paul Lynde, Joan Rivers, and Whoopi Goldberg (who also co-produced the newest version until her departure in ’02). See also “The Match Game Hollywood Squares Hour.”", "* On Hollywood Squares, nine celebrities filled the cells of the Tic-tac-toe grid; players put symbols on the board by correctly agreeing or disagreeing with a celebrity's answer to a question. Variations of the show include Storybook Squares and Hip Hop Squares. The British version was Celebrity Squares. Australia had various versions under the names of Celebrity Squares, Personality Squares & All Star Squares.", "Two teams, each with two clebrities and one contestant, competed in a sketch-pad charades game for cash. The game was suppsoedly based on one stars often played in co-producer Burt Reynolds’ living room; the original set, in fact, was a carbon-copy of Burt’s house. It also bore massive similarities to the board game “Pictionary,” which itself was made into a game show twice. Host: Vicki Lawrence-Schultz (NBC), co-producer Bert Convy (Syn ’87-’89), Robb Weller (Syn ’89-’90).", "One of TV’s greatest hits. Originally as tame as its predecessor, but soon evolved into a hilarious and bawdy double-entendre-thon. Two contestants tried to match a panel of six celebrities’ answers to the hosts’ increasingly bizarre statements; high-scorer played an audience match for up to $500, then a final match with one celebrity for ten or twenty times their winnings to that point. TV’s most popular game show from ’73 to ’76. More info at http://matchgame.gameshowpage.com . Known as “Blankety Blank(s)” around the world. Regular panelists (’73-’81): Brett Somers, Charles Nelson Reilly (also in ’90-’91), Richard Dawson (to ’77). Host: Gene Rayburn (to ’81), Ross Shaffer (’90), Michael Burger (’98 – a version with only five celebrities and terrible writing).", "Based on the US gameshow Hollywood Squares, basically a big game of Noughts & Crosses with celebrities in each. Pat Coombs liked being at the top left, Willie Rushton in the middle and Arthur Mullard down at the bottom.", "The most popular of CBS’s attempts to clone its popular “What’s My Line?”, the show featured a panel of four celebrities who tried to guess a secret held by the contestants via yes-or-no answers. Contestants earned $20 for each panelist unable to find the secret on the original version; prizes increased over the years. Host: Garry Moore (’52-’64), Steve Allen (’64-’72), The Great Bill Cullen (’76; Bill and Henry Morgan were regular panelists from ’52-’67), Stephanie Miller (’00-today).", "The celebrities were seated in boxes stacked up to look like a giant noughts and crosses grid. The show ran from 1975-79 and then from 1993-97. A new version will be broadcast later this year hosted by actor Warwick Davis.", "Game shows such as Match Game, The Hollywood Squares, and Family Feud, were also popular daytime television. The height of Match Games popularity occurred between 1973 and 1977, before it was overtaken by Family Feud in 1978. Television's current longest-running game show, The Price Is Right, began its run hosted by Bob Barker in 1972.", "Occasionally, puzzles to which a famous person or people was the answer would come to life. It would do so by having the subject of the puzzle come out from behind. Such notable guests are Jane Pauley of the Today Show, legendary actress Debbie Reynolds (both during Wheel's first time in Radio City Music Hall), The Oak Ridge Boys, Fred Rogers of Mister Rogers Neighborhood and Rosie O'Donnell, she made an appearance days after the new electronic puzzleboard made its debut.", "Infamous for featuring stars that were past their prime. The 1980�81 syndicated season taped in Las Vegas. Syndicated revivals starred John Davidson, who had substituted for Paul Lynde on the daytime panel, in 1986�89 and Tom Bergeron from 1998 to 2004. There was also a mashup with Match Game called The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour , which lasted from 1983 to 1984 on NBC.", "In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990, with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The tag-line of the show in promo broadcasts was, “Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.” In 2011, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. and Hasbro.", "Celebrities played the game with topics submitted by viewers, who won prizes if they stumped the stars. Hosts: Bill Slater, Jay Jackson", "In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990, with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The show's tagline promotional broadcasts was, \"Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.\" In 2011, a new TV variation of Scrabble, called Scrabble Showdown, aired on The Hub cable channel, which is a joint venture of Discovery Communications, Inc. and Hasbro.", "The 1964-1965 Saturday morning children's game show Shenanigans had a life sized, three-dimensional Operation game as one of its challenges.", "Tic-Tac-Dough (originally ran from 1956-59 on NBC, then in syndication from 1978-86 and 1990-91; total of 12 seasons)", "In 1987, a board game was released by Selchow & Righter, based on the game show hosted by Chuck Woolery, which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1990 (and for five months in 1993). Billed as the \"Official Home Version\" of the game show (or officially as the \"TV Scrabble Home Game\"), game play bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game, although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble gameboard in play.", "Two contestants in seperate isolation booths were given categories and chose a 1-to-11 point question. Neither player knew the other’s score; the first to reach 21 points won cash and faced another challenger. The game could be ended early by either player after every two rounds; if that happened, the one with the higher score won. After early episodes proved to be overwhelmingly boring, the producers decided to start pre-determining outcomes, which caused the ratings to skyrocket. It also caused the Great Quiz Show Scandal that rocked the nation. NBC brought back a completely legit version in 2000 to compete against Millionaire, with multiple-choice questions and huge cash payouts. Host: Jack Barry (original), Maury Povich (2000). See the movie “Quiz Show” for a somewhat-realistic (but not 100% factual) portrayal of the scandal.", "In 1987, a board game was released by Selchow & Righter, based on the Scrabble game show which aired on NBC from 1984 to 1990 (and for five months in 1993). Billed as the \"Official Home Version\" of the game show (or officially as the \"TV Scrabble Home Game\"), game play bears more resemblance to the game show than it does to a traditional Scrabble game, although it does utilize a traditional Scrabble game board in play.", "Two contestants alternated picking obscure words from the game board, then won money by choosing which of three celebrities gave the correct definition. The day’s winner tried to connect a line from left to right on a 24-square game board in 45 seconds; each square hid two definitions to the same word. Top prize: $5000 plus $2500 each day it wasn’t won. Host: Tom Kennedy.", "In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990, with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The tagline of the show in promo broadcasts was, \"Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles.\"", "In 1984, Scrabble was turned into a daytime game show on NBC. Scrabble ran from July 1984 to March 1990, with a second run from January to June 1993. The show was hosted by Chuck Woolery. The tagline of the show in promo broadcasts was \"Every man dies, not every man truly Scrabbles.\"", "Unusual word game, where two celebrity-contestant teams competed to identify people, places and things by giving their partner sentences with the final word missing. The word left out was expected to sound like a portion of the word that the teams were trying to solve. The ’70s versions replaced the teams with two solo players and a panel of four celebrities. Host: Tom Kennedy, Jim Peck (’78 version).", "One of the most fondly-remembered flops. Two contestant-and-celebrity teams competed in a nominal word game for the right to play a giant pinball machine for cash and prizes. Host: Art James.", "Scrabble was a daytime game show (on NBC), hosted by Chuck Woolery, from July 1984 to March 1990. A second run of the show aired from January to June, 1993.", "Allan Sherman and Howard Merrill were the creators of this show. In it, the celebrity panellists had to guess the secret of the contestant. The fun of the show lies in the range of embarrassment the contestants used to receive with wrong answers. The show was aired in 1952 till 1967. It was revived in the 70s, and 2000s. The show was initiated in Black and White, and switched to color broadcast in 1966.", "Fast-paced game with two contestants facing a game board of six rows of hidden humorously mis-worded statements, all under the same general category. Each round saw one player “charge” (attempt to correct one clue per row in 60 seconds) and one “block” (placing six hidden five-second penalty squares on the board). Each clue had a cash value which went to the charger for a correct answer, or to the blocker if their block was on that spot. The first player to win two rounds faced the “Gauntlet of Villains” bonus, attempting to solve ten more “bloopers” in 60 seconds (plus 1 second for every $100 won in the main game) for $25,000. Host: Tom Kennedy.", "During the first week of the 40th season, there was a 40th Anniversary Special, in which the audience consisted entirely of past contestants who were invited back to play again. One player, Paul Levine, who was the first player to play \"Bonus Game\" on the pilot episode, played that same game again, winning a restored 1972 Chevrolet Camaro, the same car he'd originally won in the pilot.", "In the 1950s, the new medium of television was fast becoming a staple in U.S. households, and quiz shows, with their low production costs and high-stakes drama, were enjoying immense popularity. Contestants on quiz shows played until they lost; some competed for months and won tens of thousands of dollars. The quiz show concept of rewarding intelligence with instant wealth appealed to the U.S. public and inspired many to seek an invitation to play.", "Two couples competed to answer trivia questions, with the day’s winner receiving a room full of furniture. On the original version, seven-time winning couples received a new home; on the NBC version, five-time winners got a house automatically, but a bonus “combination-lock” game gave them a chance to win each day. Host: Mike Darrow (ABC), Bob Eubanks (NBC).", "The show's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. Each trilon had three sides: a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle, a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed, and a side with a letter on it. With these older boards, in segments where more than one puzzle was present, while the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle, what actually happened was a stop-down of the taping; during the old stop-downs, the board would be wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants. On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows (12 on the top and bottom rows, 14 in the middle two). To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it. The computerized board obviated the stop-downs, allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company. The former board was subsequently sent to the Smithsonian Institution for storage.", "1958 – TV game show scandal investigation starts. The scandal surfaced in August and September of 1958 when disgruntled former contestants went public with accusations that the results were rigged and the contestants coached." ]

[ 2.93359375, 1.939453125, 1.8828125, -2.6796875, -3.119140625, -3.33203125, -3.6328125, -3.673828125, -4.22265625, -4.42578125, -4.65625, -5.03515625, -5.19921875, -5.40625, -5.4296875, -5.6171875, -5.94140625, -5.9921875, -6.21484375, -6.32421875, -6.73046875, -6.73828125, -6.95703125, -7.40234375, -7.51171875, -7.9140625, -8.296875, -8.90625, -8.9609375, -9.15625, -9.4296875, -9.46875 ]

[ "The hertz (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.", "Cycles per second is a traditional unit of frequency equal to one per second, or one hertz. �A calculator for various frequency-related units can be found here .", "Hertz is the International System of Units (SI) base unit of measurement for frequency. Hz is the standard abbreviation for hertz. One hertz is defined as “one complete cycle per second,” and can be applied to any periodic event, but is usually applied to sound waves, electrical current, and radio waves. The hertz is the frequency of the cyclical waves in these phenomena.", "Frequency: The number of cycles of vibration in a given unit of time. The number of cycles in a second is one Hertz (Hz), after the German physicist. Therefore 1Hz equals one cycle per second.", "Hertz (Hz)    A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second. Named for Heinrich Hertz,  a German physicist who was the first to produce radio waves artificially.", "The SI derived unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second . The hertz is used to measure the rates of events that happen periodically in a fixed and definite cycle. The unit was named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894). The becquerel , also equal to one \"event\" per second, is used to measure the rates of things which happen randomly or unpredictably.", "[Frequency nomenclature: 1 hertz = 1 cycle per second, 1 Khz = 1000cps, 1 Mhz =1 million cps. Wavelength: A 1 Hertz wave has a wavelength that is 186,000 miles long, A 10 Hz wave is 18,600 miles long, etc. Radio-waves move at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second)]", "Period is mathematically related to several other aspects of wave motion, including wave speed, frequency, and wavelength. Frequency (abbreviated f ) is the number of waves passing through a given point during the interval of one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), named after nineteenth-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), and a Hertz is equal to one cycle of oscillation per second. Higher frequencies are expressed in terms of kilohertz (kHz; 103 or 1,000 cycles per second); megahertz (MHz; 106 or 1 million cycles per second); and gigahertz (GHz; 109 or 1 billion cycles per second.) Wavelength (represented by the symbol λ, the Greek letter lambda) is the distance between a crest and the adjacent crest, or a trough and an adjacent trough, of a wave. The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.", "Abbreviated \"Hz,\" one Hertz is equal to one cycle per second. In 1883, Heinrich Hertz detected electromagnetic waves, and his name was adopted to measure the number of electromagnetic waves, or cycles, in a signal. Hertz is widely used to refer to the clock rate of a CPU; for example, 2 GHz means two billion cycles per second. The term is also used for other repeating cycles such as frame rate; for example, a 60 Hz TV displays 60 frames per second. See MHz , GHz and space/time .", "The frequency f is the number or waves (or cycles) that pass by in a given time. The units are cycles per second, called Hertz (Hz), or s-1", "unit of frequency. The number of hertz (abbreviated Hz) equals the number of cycles per second. The frequency of any phenomenon with regular periodic variations can be expressed in hertz, but the term is used most frequently in connection with alternating electric currents, electromagnetic waves...", "Frequency. A measure of the rate at which something repeats. This term usually refers to the repetition rate of a periodic waveform and is expressed in Hz (cycles per second) or kHz (thousands of cycles per second). The period is the inverse of frequency, or the amount of time a single cycle lasts. [1] (See also harmonicity.)", "Frequency: The number of complete cycles that a sound wave goes through in each second. Unit used is Hertz, abbreviated to Hz, although some countries still use the older term 'cycles per second' (cps). Humans perceive frequency subjectively as pitch (eg: 440Hz = A).", "Frequency. The rate of change in the wave is its frequency. Notice in the graphic at right how the wave undulates up and down from peaks to valleys to peaks. The time from one peak to the next peak is one cycle. A single unit of frequency is equal to one cycle per second.", "Frequency is another property used to describe a given wave. Frequency represents the number of individual waves in a wave train that occur within a given period of time. Typically, the time period is one second. The number of waves, or cycles, that occur per second is known as Hertz. Frequency is inversely related to wavelength, meaning that as a wave is compressed, reducing its wavelength, its frequency increases.", "Electromagnetic waves were first studied in 1864 by James Clerk Maxwell, who explained mathematically their behavior and velocity. Electromagnetic waves are described in terms of their “wavelength” and “frequency.” The wavelength is the length of one cycle, which is the distance from the highest point of one wave to the highest point of the next wave, and the frequency is the number of cycles that occur in one second. Frequency is measured in units called “hertz,” named for the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. The frequencies of microwaves run from 300 to 3,000 megahertz (1 megahertz equals 1 million hertz, or 1 million cycles per second), corresponding to wavelengths of 100 to 10 centimeters.", "The unit Hertz (Hz) is used to describe frequency in cycles per second. In a sentence the proper format for writing this relationship is:", "The number of oscillations (vibrations) in one second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), which is the same as \"oscillations per second\" or \"cycles per second.\" For example, the alternating current in a wall outlet in the U.S. and Canada is 60Hz. Electromagnetic radiation is measured in kiloHertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). See wavelength , frequency response , audio , carrier and space/time .", "Frequency is the number of cycles per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz), but frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz (kHz) and megahertz (MHz) are often used.", "The number of vibrations or cycles completed by a signal in one second. Frequency is expressed in cycles, or more commonly, Hertz (Hz).", "A unit of frequency that corresponds to the number of cycles or oscillations occurring in one second.", "Ocean waves also have frequencies that you can measure by counting the number of times a floating buoy bobs up and down. With a stop-watch, count the bobs for one minute (one \"bob\" = one cycle), then divide by 60 to calculate the frequency of the buoy in bobs per second (cycles per second).", "The frequency, f, of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in a certain time. We normally use a time of one second, so this gives frequency the unit hertz (Hz), since one hertz is equal to one wave per second.", "Usually frequency is measured in the hertz unit, named in honor of the 19th-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. The hertz measurement, abbreviated Hz, is the number of waves that pass by per second. For example, an \"A\" note on a violin string vibrates at about 440 Hz (440 vibrations per second).", "Electromagnetic waves can be represented by a sinusoidal wave motion. The number of times in 1 second that a wave completes a cycle is called the frequency (f), and is measured in", "* 1 microsecond (1 μs) – cycle time for frequency 1×106 hertz (1 MHz), the inverse unit. This corresponds to radio wavelength 300 m (AM medium wave band), as can be calculated by multiplying 1 µs by the speed of light (approximately 300×106 m/s) to determine the distance travelled.", "Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second (that is, 60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio (sound) signals, radio waves, and light.", "Frequency of wave. The number of cycles that pass a location during a unit of time.", "To avoid confusion, the standard unit of angular frequency is not hertz but radians per second. A radian is a segment of a circle approximately equal to 57 degrees.", "Frequency is a measurement of how many cycles can happen in a certain amount of time… cycles per second.", "Example 2: A wave is measured to have a frequency of 60Hz. If its wavelength is 24cm, determine how fast it is moving.", "Frequency v of a wave is defined as 1/T and is related to angular frequency by f =" ]

[ 7.32421875, 5.98046875, 5.63671875, 5.03125, 4.6640625, 4.265625, 4.109375, 4.08984375, 3.75390625, 3.611328125, 3.552734375, 3.52734375, 3.41015625, 3.26953125, 3.263671875, 3.197265625, 3.056640625, 2.728515625, 2.337890625, 2.201171875, 2.0625, 2.00390625, 1.73046875, 1.166015625, 1.0302734375, 0.95263671875, -1.2197265625, -1.7265625, -1.8212890625, -1.9345703125, -1.9541015625, -3.62109375 ]

[ "Rainbow/PUSH is a non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations founded by Jesse Jackson — Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism.", "As part of our program, we visited several not-for-profit organizations or NPOs in the Chicago area. Among these is the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, an NPO formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations — Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition — founded by Jesse Jackson. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism.", "The Rainbow Coalition was incorporated in Delaware in 1984, and its incorporation was renewed by Jesse Jackson in 1990 after the state revoked its charter for failure to pay taxes. Like Operation PUSH, the Rainbow Coalition was organized as a nonprofit but never requested tax-exemption from the IRS. It operated out of Washington, D.C. in the Wisconsin Avenue offices now occupied by the D.C. satellite of Rainbow PUSH.", "On June 12, 2003, the entertainer attends a Rainbow/PUSH Coalition breakfast planning meeting with Reverend Jesse Jackson in Chicago, Illinois. Operation PUSH\" (\"People To Save Humanity\") focuses, among musical acts, the city’s black population, their churches, schools, slums and playgrounds, and promotes the hope for an improved future, benefiting the children of Chicago, Illinois.", "American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement; charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks", "Jackson is president of Rainbow PUSH, and the board is co-chaired by Rev. Willie Barrow and Dennis Rivera, who also runs the Keep Hope Alive PAC and is a New York labor leader. Other notable board members and long-time leaders in the PUSH organizations include Lucille Loman, who helped write the first PUSH Ministers� Division Manual; Rev. Otis Moss, labeled the \"silver tongue orator\" by Martin Luther King, Jr.; Rev. Addie Wyatt, a Chicago labor leader; and Rev. Claude Wyatt, co-pastor of the Vernon Park Church of God in Chicago. Patricia Ireland, president of the National Organization for Women and a close ally of Jackson, also sits on the board.", "Ordained Baptist minister, 1968. Field representative for the Council on Racial Equality (CORE), 1964; demonstrator in SCLC voting rights campaign, Selma, Alabama , 1965; Chicago coordinator of Operation Breadbasket, 1966-67, national director, 1967-71; Operation PUSH founder, 1971, executive director, 1971-86, also founder of PUSH-Excel and PUSH for Economic Justice; candidate for Democratic presidential nomination, 1983-84 and 1987-88; National Rainbow Coalition Inc., Chicago, founder, 1986, national president, 1986—; statehood senator for the District of Columbia, 1991—. Host of the syndicated television program Voices of America with Jesse Jackson, 1989—; also hosted radio broadcasts from Chicago and contributed weekly columns to the Los Angeles Times Syndicate.", "The PUSH Charities board included Rev. Willie Barrow, current co-chairman of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition, and Rainbow PUSH board members Lucille Loman and Rev. Henry Wlliamson.", "We did, however, manage to locate one Operation PUSH chapter that has continued to operate. The chapter is located in Memphis, but the Tennessee secretary of state has no record of the group. Erica Thompson of Monumental Baptist Church, where the chapter is headquartered, said the chapter is \"not as active as it used to be.\" It no longer holds meetings, but its leader Rev. Samuel Kyles is still pastor of Monumental and sits on the national board of the Rainbow PUSH Coalition. Kyles is a prominent civil rights activist who was in Memphis with Martin Luther King on the day of his assassination.", "Davis was a long-time donor to the Reverend Jesse Jackson's Operation PUSH organization. Jackson also performed Davis's wedding. ", "In a February letter mailed to Rainbow PUSH donors, chief financial officer Billy Owens said the group�s programs include \"constituent services\" for discrimination complaints, Kid Care helping families secure health insurance for their children, an HIV/AIDS advocacy program, 1,000 Churches Connected which promotes \"economic literacy\" and a ministry program for prisoners. But Rainbow PUSH is best known for protests reflecting Jackson�s efforts to root out racism wherever he perceives it to be. In recent years, its focus has been on big corporations.", "People United to Serve Humanity is Jesse Jackson�s \"church\" in Chicago. Worshippers meet weekly at the Rainbow PUSH headquarters building to study the Bible and discuss current events.", "Jackson�s son Jonathan is president of PUSH Excel, and Valerie Johnson is its executive director. Both have the same positions with CEF. They serve on a 10-member board of directors with Jesse Jackson and two other members of the Rainbow PUSH board: Lucille Loman and Rev. Henry Williamson.", "In 1991, Reverend Jesse Jackson was elected Senator of Washington, D.C., advocating for statehood for the nation’s capital and advancing the “rainbow” agenda at the national and international levels. Since then, he has continued to promote voter registration and lead get-out-the-vote campaigns, believing that everyone should be encouraged to be a responsible, informed and active voter. He has spearheaded major organizing tours through Appalachia, Mississippi, California and Georgia.", "Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups.[166] In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the \"Global Summit on AIDS and the Church\" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.[167] Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.[168] He encouraged \"others in public life to do the same\" and not be ashamed of it.[169] Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged \"so-called leaders of the Christian Right\" for being \"all too eager to exploit what divides us.\"[170]", "All of Phelps' recent actions were in conjunction with the congregation of Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme ideologies, especially those against gay people. The church is widely described as a hate group and is monitored as such by the Anti-Defamation League and Southern Poverty Law Center. It was headed by Phelps until his later years when he took a reduced role in the activities of the church and his family. In March 2014 church representatives said that the church had not had a defined leader in \"a very long time,\" and church members consists primarily of his large family; in 2011, the church stated that it had about 40 members. The church is headquartered in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles (5 km) west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on the afternoon of November 27, 1955. ", "The documentary focuses on the Westboro Baptist Church, headed by Fred Phelps and based in Topeka, Kansas. Born in 1929 in Meridian, Mississippi, Phelps conducts himself under the belief that he is a prophet chosen by God \"to preach his message of hate\". Phelps was ordained a Southern Baptist in 1947. The Westboro Baptist Church was started by Phelps in 1955. Members of the church meet in Phelps's residence; the majority of the group's adherents are his family. Phelps received an associate's degree from John Muir Junior College in 1951, a bachelor's degree in 1962 and a degree in law in 1964 from Washburn University. He formed a \"crusade for righteousness\", attempting to abolish Jim Crow laws in Topeka.", "No discussion of homophobia emanating from North Carolina would be complete without a mention of Jesse Helms, the late U.S. senator who's in the running for king of all homophobes. In the 1980s and 1990s, Helms used his national platform to demonize gay men with AIDS, saying at one point,  \"It's their deliberate, disgusting, revolting conduct that is responsible for the disease.\" He fought federal funding for AIDS research and managed to get the U.S. to block entry into the county by HIV-positive visitors and immigrants, a policy that remained in place until President Obama's administration. Helms's hostility led activists to famously tent his home with a giant condom. He was also known for condemning homoerotic art and its funding by the federal government. Helms, who got his start as a right-wing TV and radio commentator in his native North Carolina, served 30 years in the Senate, from 1973 to 2003; in addition to being antigay, he espoused anti-abortion, anti-Communist, and often outright racist views. He died in 2008 at age 86, lionized by many conservatives but unmourned by most LGBT Americans.", "Jacqueline L. Salmon and Michelle Boorstein, The Washington Post: \"With a president they view as more sympathetic to their causes, progressive religious activists are pushing the new Obama administration for aggressive action - on poverty, the environment and social justice issues - that would mark a significant shift in the faith agenda that dominated the Bush years. Many faith groups close to President George W. Bush focused on abortion, stem cell research and same-sex marriage. But now, liberal and centrist evangelicals and other activists say they are getting a voice and trying to turn the debate.\"", "Singer and conservative Southern Baptist Anita Bryant leads a successful campaign with the \"Save Our Children\" Crusade to repeal a gay rights ordinance in Dade County, Florida. Bryant faces severe backlash from gay rights supporters across the U.S. The gay rights ordinance will not be reinstated in Dade County until December 1, 1998, more than 20 years later.", "An evangelical preacher, Jim Wallis was a leader of Students for a Democratic Society, and is a long-time activist, best known as the founder of the Sojourner Community in Washington, DC. Wallis lambasted the religious right, arguing that the time has come for the left to take back American religion. ", "Two members of the anti-gay Westboro Baptist Church (WBC—see November 27, 1955 and After ) debate Professor Jose Gabilondo on Amendment 2, a Florida Constitutional referendum, which, if passed, would ban same-sex marriages. The two WBC members are Shirley Phelps-Roper (see October 2-3, 2006 ) and Margie Phelps, accompanied by Shirley’s daughter, Megan. Phelps-Roper has become the church’s most prominent member now that church founder Fred Phelps, 79, has apparently succumbed to age and declining health, and no longer plays as prominent a role in church affairs. The debate occurs at Gabilondo’s school, Florida International University, where he is the faculty adviser to a gay group at FIU’s Colege of Law. When Gabilondo registered his dismay at the invitation, one alumnus suggested that he suffered from a “lack of testicular fortitude.”", "In the 1970s Anita Bryant became the spokesperson for Florida orange juice, making a series of television commercials for them. She is also widely known for her strong views against homosexuality, and for her prominent Save Our Children campaign to prevent gay equality by overturning a 1977 Dade County (now Miami-Dade County) human-rights ordinance that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Bryant led a highly publicized successful campaign to repeal the ordinance waged on what was labeled \"Christian beliefs regarding the sinfulness of homosexuality and the perceived threat of homosexual recruitment of children and child molestation.\" The campaign was the start of an organized opposition to gay rights that spread across the nation and many credit it as a second Stonewall mobilizing LGBT people to come out of their closets. Jerry Falwell went to Miami to help her and Bryant made the following statements during the campaign: \"As a mother, I know that homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must recruit our children\" and \"If gays are granted rights, next we'll have to give rights to prostitutes and to people who sleep with St. Bernards and to nail biters.\" In response gay activists countered with the slogan Suck a Fruit for Anita playing on the words to imply that oral sex (\"Suck\") with other gays (\"Fruit\") was an appropriate response.", "Fred Waldron Phelps, Sr. is an American pastor heading the Westboro Baptist Church (WBC), an independent Baptist church based in Topeka, Kansas. Phelps is a disbarred lawyer, founder of the Phelps Chartered law firm, and a former civil rights activist.…  Read More", "Documentary that examines how the African-American community is grappling with the gay rights issue in light of the recent gay marriage movement and the fight over civil rights. The film documents activists, families and clergy on both sides of the campaign to legalize gay marriage and examines homophobia in the black community's institutional pillar-the black church and reveals the Christian right wing's strategy of exploiting this phenomenon in order to pursue an anti-gay political agenda. 1 videodisc (74 min.)", "In her role as minister, Court has become a consistent critic of homosexuality in general and same-sex marriage in particular in Australia. In November 1994, when delivering a speech at a prayer breakfast held at Parliament House, Court exclaimed, \"Homosexuality is an abomination to the Lord! Abortion is an abomination to the Lord!\" In 2002, she campaigned against laws proposed and passed by the Government of Western Australia that granted same-sex couples the equal legal rights to opposite-sex couples, and in 2011 publicly spoke out against federal government plans to legalise same-sex marriage. Although stating that she does not hate homosexuals and welcomes them into her congregation, she has publicly expressed her opinion that same-sex sexual activity is a sinful \"choice\" and that the LGBT community is \"aggressively demanding marriage rights that are not theirs to take\". ", "By the summer of 2002, Gbowee was recognized as the spokeswoman and inspirational leader of the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace, described as a peace movement that started with local women praying and singing in a fish market. Working across religious and ethnic lines, Gbowee led thousands of Christian and Muslim women to gather in Monrovia for months. They prayed for peace, using Muslim and Christian prayers, and eventually held daily nonviolent demonstrations and sit-ins in defiance of orders from the tyrannical president at that time, Charles Taylor. ", "From 2013 to 2015, Omar served as the Eastern National Spokesperson for GLAAD; an organization which serves to promote LGBT equality by ensuring positive media portrayals of the gay, lesbian and trans community.", "On December 11, 2010, the day of the funeral of Elizabeth Edwards, a group called Line of Love planned to have about 200 protesters on the north side of West Edenton Street in Raleigh, North Carolina, while 10 Westboro members picketed on the south side of the street, two blocks away from the funeral. Westboro members who disagreed with Edwards' tolerance for gays were \"promoting awareness of the dangers of homosexuality\", Line of Love gave its goal as \"promoting proper respect for funerals\". ", "An alliance of six British religious groups (the Baptist Union of Great Britain, Evangelical Alliance UK, Faithworks, Methodist Church of Great Britain, United Reformed Church and Bible Society-funded thinktank Theos) made a joint statement on February 19, 2009 in support of the government's decision and condemning the activities of the Westboro Baptist Church saying, \"We do not share [Westboro's] hatred of lesbian and gay people. We believe that God loves all, irrespective of sexual orientation, and we unreservedly stand against their message of hate toward those communities.\" ", "Involvement in politics on grounds relating to faith was therefore sporadic and arose on specific issues. But about 30 years ago or so, in response to an assessment of a new situation characterized by a growing political and cultural threat to faith, a conviction grew that the two realms--the political-cultural and the religious--intersect, not just sporadically on particular issues, but on an ongoing basis and systematically. Not all, but some, of faith concluded that there was a need to organize and engage more directly in collective action in political and cultural affairs. This decision was the basis of what became known by the 1980s as the religious right.", "Tidd is an outlaw pastor of sorts. His community, less than a year old, is an evangelical Christian church guided both by the Apostle's Creed and the belief that gay people can embrace their sexual orientation as God-given and seek fulfillment in committed same-sex relationships." ]

[ 9.265625, 8.984375, 7.171875, 3.544921875, 2.390625, 0.67529296875, 0.671875, 0.49072265625, 0.400146484375, 0.1314697265625, -0.279541015625, -1.6669921875, -2.462890625, -5.67578125, -7.3828125, -7.453125, -7.84765625, -7.8984375, -8.4765625, -8.6953125, -8.8359375, -8.921875, -8.953125, -9.3125, -9.84375, -9.8671875, -10.1875, -10.203125, -10.375, -10.3984375, -10.5078125, -10.765625 ]

[ "The U.S. Constitution lays out the age qualifications for being elected to the House of Representatives and the Senate. To be elected as a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be at least 25 years old. To be elected to the Senate, a candidate must be at least 30 years old.", "With respect to the states, the minimum age required to serve as a house representative ranges from 18 to 25, with about half the states requiring a minimum age of 21. Only about a third of the states allow 18-year-olds to serve in the state senate, and 20 have set a minimum age of 25. In five states, the minimum age required to serve as a state senator is 30.", "The Constitution placed notably few hurdles between ordinary citizens and becoming a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. The founders wanted the House to be the legislative chamber closest to the people—the least restrictive on age, citizenship, and the only federal office at the time subject to frequent popular election. The Constitution requires that Members of the House be at least 25 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and live in the state they represent (though not necessarily the same district). And Article VI, clause 3 requires that all Members take an oath to support the Constitution before they exercise the duties of their office. In Federalist 52, James Madison of Virginia wrote that, “Under these reasonable limitations, the door of this part of the federal government is open to merit of every description, whether native or adoptive, whether young or old, and without regard to poverty or wealth, or to any particular profession of religious faith.”", "Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the district they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators. The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications.", "No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.", "Why does the United States have a minimum age of 35 to be President or Vice President, 30 to be a Senator, or 25 to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution? - Quora", "The U.S. Constitution always lays out requirements for U.S. citizenship. To get elected as a member of the House of Representatives, the candidate must have been a United States citizen for the previous seven years. To get elected to the U.S. Senate the candidate must have been a U.S. citizen for the previous nine years.", "In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 25 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.", "Why does the United States have a minimum age of 35 to be President or Vice President, 30 to be a Senator, or 25 to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution?", "First, Presidents must be thirty-five years of age or older. In contrast, Senators must be at least thirty years old, and Representatives no less than twenty-five years old. As Justice Joseph Story has noted, the \"character and talent\" of a man in the middle age of life is \"fully developed,\" and he has had the opportunity \"for public service and for experience in the public councils.\"", "The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary eligibility as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. The ruling Justice and Development Party proposes to further reduce it to 18, same as the voting age.", "No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five Years and be a citizen of the Confederate States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Confederacy, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all slaves. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the Confederate States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every fifty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of South Carolina shall be entitled to choose six; the State of Georgia ten; the State of Alabama nine; the State of Florida two; the State of Mississippi seven; the State of Louisiana six; and the State of Texas six.", "Someone who wants to become a United States senator must be at least 30 years old. The designated minimum senator age was not fully debated by the 1787 Constitutional Congress delegates.", "To become a senator an individual must be at least 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States for nine years, and a resident of the state from which elected. The full term of a senator is six years. The terms of one third of the members expire every two years.", "In setting the minimum age for serving as president at 35 – compared to 30 for senators and 25 for representatives – the Framers of the Constitution implemented their belief that the person holding the nation’s highest elected office should be a person of maturity and experience. Remember that in the 1780s, people in their 30s were considered to be middle-aged. As early Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story once noted, the \"character and talent\" of a middle aged person is \"fully developed,\" allowing them a greater opportunity to have experienced “public service” and to have served “in the public councils.”", "ARTICLE 135. Elections of deputies are universal : all citizens of the U.S.S.R. who have reached the age of eighteen, irrespective of race or nationality, religion, educational and residential qualifications, social origin, property status or past activities, have the right to vote in the election of deputies and to be elected, with the exception of insane persons and persons who have been convicted by a court of law and whose sentences include deprivation of electoral rights.", "The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age.", "Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.", "A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain to be eligible to vote in a public election. Typically, the age is set at 18 years; however, ages as low as 16 and as high as 21 exist (see list below). Studies show that 21% of all 18 year olds have experience with voting.", "Meanwhile, the House of Representatives is composed of approximately three hundred members who either represent legislative districts (based on population density, urban areas may get as many as six districts while sparsely populated provinces may be represented by a lone district) or party-lists (political organizations who represent — or at least claim to do so — certain sectors in society such as farmers, fisherfolk, teacher, and the youth). Members serve for three years and may seek re-election twice in a row, for a maximum of nine consecutive years in Congress before one becomes ineligible. The House is presided over by the Speaker, who is third and last in the Presidential Line of succession.", "The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two-year term in single-seat constituencies. House of Representatives elections are held every two years on the first Tuesday after November 1 in even years. Special House elections can occur between if a member dies or resigns during a term. House elections are first-past-the-post elections that elect a Representative from each of 435 House districts which cover the United States. The non-voting delegates of Washington, D.C. and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands are also elected.", "The final act of Congress to date regarding voting rights and restriction is the adoption of Amendment Twenty-Six (Proposed March 23, 1971; Adopted July 1, 1971). At that time, massive protest movements against the Vietnam War had swept the nation's colleges and universities. Prior to the adoption of this amendment, men were being drafted into service before they were even legal to vote . They were risking their lives without having any bearing on the actions of the men sending them to do so. Thus, the amendment set the voting age at 18, forbidding Congress or the States to set it any higher.", "The Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age. The drive to lower the voting age was driven in large part by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War. It gained strength following the Supreme Court's decision in Oregon v. Mitchell, which held that Congress may set requirements for voting in federal elections, but not for state or local elections. The measure, which overturns the Mitchell decision, is another in a line of constitutional changes that expanded the right to vote to more citizens. ", "Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall be citizens of the Confederate States, and have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature; but no person of foreign birth, not a citizen of the Confederate States, shall be allowed to vote for any officer, civil or political, State or Federal.", "The general rule is that if a male non-citizen takes up residency in the U.S. before his 26th birthday, he must register with Selective Service. For a more detailed list of which non-citizens must register, see WHO MUST REGISTER - CHART in PDF.", "The Selective Service System wants you to know that the requirement to register for the draft did not go away with the end of the Vietnam War . Under the law, virtually all male U.S. citizens, and male aliens living in the U.S., who are ages 18 through 25, are required to register with Selective Service .", "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.", "1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.", "Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.", "Also referred to as a congressman or congresswoman, each representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district. Among other duties, representatives introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments and serve on committees. The number of representatives with full voting rights is 435, a number set by Public Law 62-5 on August 8, 1911, and in effect since 1913. The number of representatives per state is proportionate to population.", "Liberia is a constitutional republic with a strong presidency shaping the direction of Liberian economic, political, and social life. The country's Constitution of 6 January 1986, outlines the basic structures of governance. Liberia's dual system of statutory law features a legal system for the modern sector based on Anglo-American common law and a system of traditional African customary law transmitted by oral tradition for the indigenous sector. All Liberians, women and men alike, are eligible to vote at age 18; men are considered fit to serve in the military from ages 15 through 49 years of age. Despite these age limits, significant recruitment of child soldiers has taken place during Liberia's unsettled recent decades. The UN estimated that up to 20,000 children might have taken part in Liberia's 7 year civil war from 1989-1996, serving with both the government and the opposing warring factions. Some of the child soldiers reportedly were as young as six years.", "(2) Every citizen of Nigeria, who has attained the age of eighteen years residing in Nigeria at the time of the registration of voters for purposes of election to a legislative house, shall be entitled to be registered as a voter for that election." ]

[ 5.19921875, 5.171875, 4.984375, 2.185546875, 1.5830078125, 1.505859375, 1.4541015625, 1.03515625, 0.84716796875, 0.82373046875, 0.63134765625, -0.186279296875, -0.5546875, -0.77685546875, -0.9853515625, -1.1865234375, -2.91015625, -3.2265625, -3.349609375, -3.451171875, -3.609375, -3.755859375, -3.939453125, -4.078125, -4.5078125, -4.58203125, -4.59765625, -4.93359375, -4.96484375, -5.0625, -5.31640625, -5.671875 ]

[ "Red Headed Stranger is a 1975 album by American outlaw country singer Willie Nelson . After the wide success of his recordings with Atlantic Records , coupled with the negotiating skills of his manager, Neil Reshen, Nelson signed a contract with Columbia Records , a label that gave him total creative control over his works. The concept for the album was inspired by the \" Tale of the Red Headed Stranger \", a song that Nelson used to play as a disk jockey on his program in Fort Worth, Texas . After signing with Columbia he decided to record the song, and arranged the details during his return to Austin, Texas , from a trip to Colorado. It was recorded at low cost at Autumn Sound Studios in Garland, Texas . The songs featured sparse arrangements, largely limited to Nelson's guitar, piano and drums. Nelson presented the finished material to Columbia executives, who were dubious about releasing an album that they at first thought was a demo . However, Nelson had creative control, so no further production was added.", "Willie Hugh Nelson (born April 30, 1933)(1) is an American country singer-songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist. His 1975 album Red Headed Stranger was a huge commercial success and, along with the 1978 album \"Stardust\", made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music.", "Red Headed Stranger is a 1975 album by American outlaw country singer Willie Nelson. After the wide success of his recordings with Atlantic Records, coupled with the negotiating skills of his manager, Neil Reshen, Nelson signed a contract with Columbia Records, a label that gave him total creative control over his works. The concept for the album was inspired by the \"Tale of the Red Headed Stranger\", a song that Nelson used to play as a disk jockey on his program in Fort Worth, Texas. After signing with Columbia he decided to record the song, and arranged the details during his return to Austin, Texas, from a trip to Colorado. It was recorded at low cost at Autumn Sound Studios in Garland, Texas. The songs featured sparse arrangements, largely limited to Nelson's guitar, piano and drums. Nelson presented the finished material to Columbia executives, who were dubious about releasing an album that they at first thought was a demo. However, Nelson had creative control, so no further production was added.", "Red Headed Stranger - by Willie Nelson. A reader suggested this one. Sounds like a straight forward murder ballad to me (and later a film), well a bunch of them. The reader said: \"Willie Nelson - and his revolutionary album \"Red Headed Stranger\" This release was a concept piece featuring \"Red Headed Stranger\", \"Time of the Preacher\", \"Blue Rock Montana\" and \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain, all having to do with a man (a preacher, no less) who hunts down his cheating wife and shoots both her and her new beau.\" Lyrics.", "Billboard described the album as \"lots of instrumental work, with particularly fine piano by Bobbie Nelson, and the usual highly stylized Willie Nelson vocals\". Mother Jones wrote: \"Texans have known for 15 years what Red Headed Stranger finally revealed to the world – that Nelson is simply too brilliant a songwriter, interpreter, and singer – just too damn universal – to be defined as merely a country artist\". ", "A concept album , Red Headed Stranger is about a fugitive on the run from the law after killing his wife and her lover. The content consists of songs with brief poetic lyrics and arrangements of older material such as Fred Rose 's \" Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain \", Wolfe Gilbert 's \" Down Yonder \" and Juventino Rosas ' \" O'er the Waves \". Despite Columbia's doubts and the limited instrumentation, Red Headed Stranger was a blockbuster among country music and mainstream audiences. It was certified multi- platinum , and made Nelson one of the most recognized artists in country music. The cover of \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain\", released as a single previous to the album full release became Nelson's first number one hit. The title of the album would become a lasting nickname for Nelson. It was ranked #184 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , and number one on CMT 's 40 Greatest Albums in Country Music. In 2010 it was inducted to the National Recording Registry .", "Nelson then moved to Columbia Records, where he signed a contract that gave him complete creative control, made possible by the critical and commercial success of his previous albums. The result was the critically acclaimed, and massively popular 1975 concept album Red Headed Stranger. Although Columbia was reluctant to release an album with primarily a guitar and piano for accompaniment, Nelson and Waylon Jennings insisted. The album included a cover of Fred Rose's 1945 song \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain\", that had been released as a single previous to the album, and became Nelson's first number one hit as a singer. Throughout his 1975 tour, Nelson raised funds for PBS-affiliated stations across the south promoting Austin City Limits. The pilot was aired first on those stations, later being released nationwide. The positive reception of the show prompted PBS to order ten episodes for 1976, formally launching the show.", "During his return to Austin after a ski trip in Colorado, Nelson was inspired by his then-wife, Connie Koepke, to write a western concept album. Koepke suggested the inclusion of Arthur \"Guitar Boogie\" Smith 's \" Tale of the Red Headed Stranger \", [6] which Nelson sang during his radio shows on KCNC in Fort Worth and previously, to his children at bedtime. [7] Nelson decided to write a complete story that included details of events prior to the ones described in the song. [8] [9] As he spontaneously composed the songs, Koepke wrote down the lyrics. [10] With his original writings, Nelson included on the story, Fred Rose 's \" Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain \", Wolfe Gilbert 's \" Down Yonder \", Juventino Rosas ' \" O'er the Waves \", Hank Cochran 's \"Can I Sleep in Your Arms?\", Eddy Arnold 's \"I Couldn't Believe it Was True\", and Billy Callery's \"Hands on the Wheel\". [7] When he arrived in Austin, Nelson recorded a demo of the songs on a tape recorder accompanied with his guitar at his ranch in Fitzhugh Road. [6]", "In 1996 CMJ New Music Monthly wrote: \"His Red Headed Stranger was the Sgt. Pepper's of country music, the first record to follow a coherent theme instead of merely compiling radio singles\". [23] Allmusic described Red Headed Stranger as \"really elusive, as the themes get a little muddled and the tunes themselves are a bit bare. It's undoubtedly distinctive – and it sounds more distinctive with each passing year – but it's strictly an intellectual triumph and, after a pair of albums that were musically and intellectually sound, it's a bit of a letdown, no matter how successful it was\". [21] In 2003 it was included among the top 1,000 albums of Zagat Survey magazine, and was rated five stars out of five. The magazine wrote, \"Supporters (of the album) spread the gospel that it's just a quintessential outlaw recording, but perhaps the greatest country album ever with a spare style that changed the way C&W was played\". [22]", "In 1996 CMJ New Music Monthly wrote: \"His Red Headed Stranger was the Sgt. Pepper's of country music, the first record to follow a coherent theme instead of merely compiling radio singles\". [28] AllMusic described Red Headed Stranger as \"really elusive, as the themes get a little muddled and the tunes themselves are a bit bare. It's undoubtedly distinctive – and it sounds more distinctive with each passing year – but it's strictly an intellectual triumph and, after a pair of albums that were musically and intellectually sound, it's a bit of a letdown, no matter how successful it was\". [26] In 2003 it was included among the top 1,000 albums of Zagat Survey magazine, and was rated five stars out of five. The magazine wrote, \"Supporters (of the album) spread the gospel that it's just a quintessential outlaw recording, but perhaps the greatest country album ever with a spare style that changed the way C&W was played\". [27]", "The album is based on the song \"Red Headed Stranger\". Nelson often received requests to play the song when he was a DJ in Fort Worth, Texas , where he hosted a show for children. Nelson was inspired to write a complete story that included details of events prior to the ones described in Red Headed Stranger. [5] [6] Nelson wrote the songs during his return to Austin, Texas , after a ski trip in Colorado. Nelson spontaneously composed the songs while his then-wife Connie Koepke wrote down the lyrics. [7]", "Red Headed Stranger reached number one on the Billboard chart for Top Country Albums , [14] and number twenty-eight for forty-three weeks in Top LPs & Tapes . [15] On March 11, 1976, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , and on November 21, 1986, it was certified double-platinum. [16]", "Waylon Arnold Jennings (June 15, 1937 – February 13, 2002) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. He started out as a bassist for Buddy Holly following the break-up of The Crickets. Jennings escaped death in the February 3, 1959, plane crash that took the lives of Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson, when he gave up his seat to Richardson who had been sick with the flu. Urban legend and Hollywood folklore have it that Jennings and The Big Bopper flipped a coin for the last seat on the plane, with Jennings losing. It was, in fact, Tommy Allsup who flipped the coin for the fated plane trip, losing his seat to Valens.", "Mickey Raphael, 56, has been Willie’s harmonica player since 1973. He lives in Nashville. The album Red Headed Stranger was recorded live. Willie said, “I wrote this album, this concept record.” And we hadn’t heard it till we went in there and he started playing it for us. I mean, the tape machine’s rolling the whole time. That’s really why it’s so sparse, because we’re just kind of listening and learning the songs. I don’t think we played them but a couple of times, and we did it in two days. We were all just mesmerized by what he was doing.", "  Vince Gill, born April 12, 1957, is an American neo-traditional country singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He has achieved commercial success and fame both as frontman to the country rock band Pure Prairie League in the 1970s, and as a solo artist beginning in 1983, where his talents as a vocalist and musician have placed him in high demand as a guest vocalist, and a duet partner. Gill has recorded more than twenty studio albums, charted over forty singles on the U.S. Billboard charts as Hot Country Songs, and has sold more than 22 million albums. He has been honored by the Country Music Association with 18 CMA Awards, including two Entertainer of the Year awards and five Male Vocalist Awards. Gill has also earned 19 Grammy Awards, more than any other male Country music artist. In 2007, Gill was inducted into the esteemed Country Music Hall of Fame. \" Artist Discography \"", "Rolling Stone places Red Headed Stranger at No. 183  on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list, and CMT places it at No. 1 on their  40 Greatest Albums in Country Music  list. In 2009, the album was adopted into the National Recording Registry , which recognizes work that is “culturally, historically or aesthetically important, and / or informs or reflects life in the United States.”", "Tammy Wynette (born Virginia Wynette Pugh; May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998) was an American country music singer-songwriter and one of country music's best-known artists and biggest-selling female singers.", "Martin David Robinson (September 26, 1925 – December 8, 1982), known professionally as Marty Robbins, was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and racing driver. One of the most popular and successful country and western singers of all time for most of his near four-decade career. Robbins often topped the country music charts, and several of his songs also had crossover success as pop hits.", "1932 ● Johnny Cash → The “Man in Black,” super-legendary traditional and outlaw country singer, songwriter and guitarist with dozens of top country hits plus “A Boy Named Sue” (#2, 1969), died from respiratory failure 9/12/2003", "musician, Grammy Award-winning country singer: Broken Lady [1976], I Don�t Wanna Cry, Houston (I�m Comin� to See You), Love is Just a Game, Take Somebody with Me When I Fall, Statues Without Hearts, All the Gold in California", "Alan Jackson born on October 17, 1958 in Newnan, Georgia, is an American country artist who has sold over 50 million records. He was influenced by the new traditional country of the 1980s, and he was one of the most popular country singers of the 1990s, blending both honky tonk and mainstream country sounds and penning many of his own hits. In his career, he has recorded twelve studio albums and several compilations, all on the Arista Nashville label. More than fifty of his singles have reached Top 30 on the Billboard country charts, including twenty-five Number Ones. He is the recipient and nominee of multiple awards. He was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2001. \" Artist Discography \"", "One aspect of Jones' early career that is often overlooked is his success as a songwriter; he wrote or co-wrote many of his biggest hits during this period, several of which have become standards, like \"Window Up Above\" (later a smash for Mickey Gilley in 1975) and \"Seasons of My Heart\" (a hit for Johnny Cash and also recorded by Willie Nelson and Jerry Lee Lewis). Jones wrote \"Just One More\" (also recorded by Cash), \"Life To Go\" (a top five hit for Stonewall Jackson in 1959), \"You Gotta Be My Baby\" and \"Don't Stop The Music\" on his own and had a hand in writing \"Color of the Blues\" (covered by Loretta Lynn and Elvis Costello), \"Tender Years\" and \"Tall, Tall Trees\" (co-written with Roger Miller). Jones' most frequent songwriting collaborator was his childhood friend Darrell Edwards.", "For the next two years, she had numerous solo hits â including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (#4, 1971) â in addition to her duets. Top twenty singles included \"The Right Combination\" and \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971); \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner) and \"Touch Your Woman (1972); and \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973).<br /><br /> Although her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period was \"Jolene\". Released in late 1973, it topped the country chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of the Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success). Read Less", "In 1971, he released another well-received album, Tupelo Honey . This album produced the hit single \" Wild Night \" that was later covered by John Mellencamp . The title song has a notably country and western feel about it and the album ended with another country tune, \" Moonshine Whiskey \". Morrison said he originally intended to make an all country album. The recordings were as live as possible – after rehearsing the songs the musicians would go into the studio and play a whole set in one take. His co-producer, Ted Templeman , described this recording process as the \"scariest thing I've ever seen. When he's got something together, he wants to put it down right away with no overdubbing.\"", "The single \"Lucille\" (1977) was a major hit, reaching number one on the pop charts in 12 countries, selling over five million copies, and firmly establishing Rogers' post-First Edition career. On the strength of \"Lucille,\" the album Kenny Rogers reached No. 1 in the Billboard Country Album Chart. More success was to follow, including the multi-million selling album The Gambler and another international Number 1 single, \"Coward of the County,\" taken from the equally successful album, Kenny. In 1980, the Rogers/Butler partnership came to an end, though they would occasionally reunite: in 1987 on the album I Prefer the Moonlight and again in 1993 on the album If Only My Heart Had a Voice.", "Conway Twitty. As a duo, Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975: \"After the Fire Is Gone\" (1971), \"Lead Me On\" (1971), \"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man\" (1973), \"As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone\" (1974), and \"Feelins'\" (1974). The hit-streak kick-started what would become one of the most successful duos of country history. For four consecutive years (1972-1975), Lynn and Twitty were named the \"Vocal Duo of the Year\" by the Country Music Association. In addition to their five Number 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981.", "In June 1977 Young was back on his own with the gold American Stars 'n Bars (Number 21), again a more accessible effort, with Linda Ronstadt and Nicolette Larson supplying backing vocals. Compiled by Young, the three-LP Decade was a carefully chosen, not entirely hit-centered compilation. Comes a Time (Number 7, 1978) had country echoes and went gold.", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues\", a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits \" including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four in 1971) \" in addition to her duets. Top-twenty singles during this period included \"The Right Combination\", \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971), \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner), \"Touch Your Woman (1972), \"If Teardrops Were Pennies\" (with Wagoner), \"My Tennessee Mountain Home\" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Though her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period would be \"Jolene\". Released in late 1973, the song topped the singles chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of Billboard's Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success).", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo success, and Porter had her sing Jimmie Rodgers' \"Mule Skinner Blues,\" a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely by her first number one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits � including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four, 1971) � in addition to her duets. Though she had successful singles, none of them were blockbusters until \"Jolene\" reached number one in early 1974. Parton stopped traveling with Wagoner after its release, yet she continued to appear on television and sing duets with him until 1976.", "By 1970, Porter had her sing Jimmie Rodgers ' \"Mule Skinner Blues (Blue Yodel No. 8),\" a gimmick that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely by her first number one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits -- including her signature song \"Coat of Many Colors\" (number four, 1971) -- in addition to her duets. Though she had successful singles, none of them were blockbusters until \"Jolene\" reached number one in early 1974. Parton stopped traveling with Wagoner after its release, yet she continued to appear on television and sing duets with him until 1976.", "Also has many solo country hit songs to his credit, his best known being 1967's \"Pop a Top.\" Other big hits include \"Morning\" (1970) and \"Southern Living\" (1973).", "By 1970, both Parton and Wagoner had grown frustrated by her lack of solo chart success, and Porter had her record  Jimmie Rodgers'  \" Mule Skinner Blues \", a  gimmick  that worked. The record shot to number three on the charts, followed closely, in February 1971, by her first number-one single, \"Joshua.\" For the next two years, she had a number of solo hits – including her signature song \" Coat of Many Colors \" (number four in 1971) – in addition to her duets. Top-twenty singles during this period included \"The Right Combination\", \"Burning the Midnight Oil\" (both duets with Porter Wagoner, 1971), \"Lost Forever in Your Kiss\" (with Wagoner), \" Touch Your Woman  (1972), \" If Teardrops Were Pennies \" (with Wagoner), \" My Tennessee Mountain Home \" and \"Travelin' Man\" (1973). Though her solo singles and the Wagoner duets were successful, her biggest hit of this period would be \" Jolene \". Released in late 1973, the song topped the singles chart in February 1974, and reached the lower regions of Billboard's Hot 100 (it eventually also charted in the UK, reaching No. 7 in 1976, representing Parton's first UK success)." ]

[ 6.91796875, 6.890625, 6.875, 3.279296875, 2.4296875, 1.248046875, 0.99951171875, 0.7666015625, 0.76611328125, 0.49951171875, -0.1466064453125, -1.3232421875, -1.80078125, -2.041015625, -2.130859375, -2.265625, -2.748046875, -3.408203125, -3.927734375, -4.578125, -5.11328125, -5.3984375, -6.02734375, -6.0390625, -6.12109375, -6.6875, -7.015625, -7.68359375, -7.8046875, -8.2265625, -8.3203125, -8.6015625 ]