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[ "The story of how Superman came to Earth is known to many people. He was sent from the planet Krypton by his biological father, Jor-El, just moments before the destruction of the planet. He was sent to Kansas and was raised as Clark Kent by Johnathan and Martha Kent. He immediately displays superhuman abilities and eventually decides to use his abilities to help humanity.", "Superman was born as Kal-El on fictional planet Krypton. His father Jor-El transports unborn Kal-El to planet Earth through hyperspace just before the impending destruction of the planet Krypton.", "Like many of the superheroes that would follow in his footsteps, Superman was not originally from this planet�he was an extraterrestrial. Superman was born on the planet Krypton. He was sent, via a rocket with only enough space for a child, to Earth by his parents just as Krypton was on the brink of destruction. On Earth, John and Mary Kent, an elderly couple that had always dreamed of raising a child, found him. They adopted him and named him Clark. Clark would grow up on the Kent�s farm in a small town named Smallville.", "The origin story of Superman relates that he was born Kal-El on the planet Krypton, before being rocketed to Earth as an infant by his scientist father Jor-El, moments before Krypton's destruction. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farmer and his wife, the child is raised as Clark Kent and imbued with a strong moral compass. Very early he started to display superhuman abilities, which upon reaching maturity he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity.", "Krypton is a fictional planet in the DC Comics universe, and the native world of the super-heroes Superman and, in some tellings, Supergirl, and Krypto the \"super dog\". Krypton has been portrayed consistently as having been destroyed just after Superman's flight from the planet, with exact details of its destruction varying by time period, writers and franchise.", "An integral part of Superman / Clark Kent’s backstory is his infantile exodus from his home planet of Krypton. The young Superman’s birth parents, father Jor-El and mother Lara, pack him into a spaceship and send him rocketing into the black void of space moments before Krypton is destroyed. He lands on a strange and foreign world, Earth, and is adopted by natives that, due to the nature of his birth, he has very little in common with.", "Superman’s origin is perhaps one of the best-known stories in comic-book history. Indeed, in All Star Superman no. 1 (2005), writer Grant Morrison and artist Frank Quitely expertly cover the salient points with just four panels and eight words. On the doomed planet Krypton, scientists Jor-El and Lara place their infant son Kal-El into a rocket bound for Earth . He is found by Martha and Jonathan Kent, a kindly couple from the mid-American town of Smallville. They name the boy Clark and raise him as their own. As a child, Clark exhibits a collection of superhuman powers—invulnerability, incredible strength, the ability to leap incredible distances, and super speed—that would later become the hallmarks of his alter ego, Superman, the “Man of Steel.”", "...\"It wasn't Krypton Superman came from, but the planet Minsk,\" said acclaimed cartoonist Jules Feiffer about the creation of Cleveland-born sons of immigrants Jerry Seigel and Joe Shuster. And DC Comic's Superman is far from the only icon of American pop mythology sprung straight from the Jewish zeitgeist. The fertile, some say aberrant, imaginations of Jack Kirby (Jacob Kurtzberg), Stan Lee (Stanley Lieber), Bob Kane (Bob Kahn), Joe Simon, Gil Kane (Eli Katz) and more have brought to life Captain America and Spider-Man (both Marvel Comics), Green Lantern and Batman (both DC), as well as Daredevil, the Hulk and X-Men (all Marvel) - characters that in the past months have battled baddies on the big screen...", "Clark Kent. The mild mannered reporter at the “Daily Planet” who transforms himself into Superman from the planet Krypton.", "Siegel and Shuster reconciled and resumed developing Superman. The character became an alien from the planet Krypton with the now-familiar costume: tight-fitting clothes with an \"S\" on the chest, over-shorts, and a cape. ", "Jacob Aron, reporter (Image: DC Comics) Every self-respecting geek knows that Superman was sent to Earth right before his home planet of Krypton exploded. - Read more", "Superman was born on Krytpon but was launched toward Earth as an infant by his father, Jor-El, just before the planet's destruction. After touching down in Kansas, Superman was raised as Clark Kent by a farmer and his wife.", "A good night's sleep did Clark a world of good. He didn't quite fully feel his usual self but better than he had. His window faced east and the bright morning sun brought warmth and new energy to his Kryptonian cells. Having been sent to Earth as an infant, he had no real memory of Krypton. But as Superman he had met often with professors Roberts and Lucerne: the first an astronomer and the other a physicist. It was through them he had confirmed that the lost planet Krypton had been the place of his origin. Their further belief was that while all Kryptonians were naturally supermen compared to Earthmen, with greater strength, speed, agility and heightened senses, those abilities were greatly enhanced by the rays of Earth's yellow sun. Clark always noticed the difference; he seemed to soak up and process the sun's rays during the day and store them like a battery.", "Astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson helped DC Comics, home of the Superman comics, find a plausible star to be the host of the superhero's home planet, Krypton.", "Krypton exploded as a result of highly unstable geological conditions. As originally depicted, the entire civilization and race of Krypton perished in the explosion, except for one survivor: the baby Kal-El, who was placed in an escape rocket by his father, Jor-El, and sent to the planet Earth, where Kal-El grew up to become Superman.", "We all know the rest of the story: the baby landed in Smalltown, U.S.A., was adopted by the Kent family and named, Clark. On Earth, Clark Kent had superhuman powers, �faster than a speeding bullet ... more powerful than a locomotive ... able to leap tall buildings at a single bound.� The only thing that could render him powerless was kryptonite, a green rock from the planet Krypton. Disguised as a timid, bespectacled reporter for Metropolis� Daily Planet (with coworkers Lois Lane, Jimmy Olsen and boss Perry White), Superman was determined to fight the �never-ending battle for truth, justice and the American way.�", "* Krypton was very briefly depicted in the first Fleischer Studios-produced Superman cartoon in the early 1940s as \"a planet that burned like a green star in the distant heavens [and where] civilization was far advanced and it brought forth a race of Supermen whose mental and physical powers were developed to the absolute peak of human perfection,\" implying that all Kryptonians had Superman's abilities even on their own planet. The planet is seen only from a distance, just before its explosion.", "The planet is supposed to have self-destructed soon after Superman was born. The infant hero was somehow instantaneously transported to Earth, where he grew up, eventually camouflaging himself as mild-mannered reporter Clark Kent. Though Superman made the journey quickly, the light from the destruction of Krypton is just reaching Earth now, Tyson said, when Superman is in his late 20s.", "In its first appearance, Krypton was only depicted at the moment of its destruction, the nature of life on Krypton being unaddressed and frankly irrelevant to Superman 's adventures on contemporary Earth ; the plain fact of his extraterrestrial origin was considered sufficient enough to explain his superpowered status. Soon, beginning in the Superman comic strip , Krypton was shown to have been an evolved version of Earth , older by eons and possessed of all the beneficial progress that implied (though the downside was the hint that Krypton exploded due mainly to old age). This can be seen in the early descriptions of Superman having come from \"a race of super-men\" in early comics and serials, and one of the labels associated with him, \"The Man of Tomorrow\".", "Having lost his home world of Krypton, Superman is very protective of Earth, and especially of Clark Kent's family and friends. This same loss, combined with the pressure of using his powers responsibly, has caused Superman to feel lonely on Earth, despite having his friends and parents. Previous encounters with people he thought to be fellow Kryptonians, Power Girl (who is, in fact from the Krypton of the Earth-Two universe) and Mon-El, have led to disappointment. The arrival of Supergirl, who has been confirmed to be not only from Krypton but also his cousin, has relieved this loneliness somewhat. Superman's Fortress of Solitude acts as a place of solace for him in times of loneliness and despair. ", "The source of Superman's powers has changed subtly over the course of his history. It was originally stated that Superman's abilities derived from his Kryptonian heritage, which made him eons more evolved than humans. This was soon amended, with the source for the powers now based upon the establishment of Krypton's gravity as having been stronger than that of the Earth. This situation mirrors that of Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter. As Superman's powers increased, the implication that all Kryptonians had possessed the same abilities became problematic for writers, making it doubtful that a race of such beings could have been wiped out by something as trifling as an exploding planet. In part to counter this, the Superman writers established that Kryptonians, whose native star Rao had been red, possessed superpowers only under the light of a yellow sun.", "As far as is known, the early history of Kal-El in Superman Returns is similar to that of his counterpart in the Richard Donner universe of Superman movies up until Superman II. Born as the last son of Krypton, he was sent to Earth as an infant and raised by the Kents as Clark Kent. After his foster father's death, Clark was summoned by the memory crystal from the ship that carried him to Earth to construct a Fortress of Solitude in the Artic Circle, where he discovered his true origin as a Kryptonian, his true name, and the nature of his abilities. In his early thirties, Clark became a reporter for the Daily Planet and became Superman, meeting fellow reporter Lois Lane whom he fell in love with at one time. He also encountered Lex Luthor, the greatest criminal mind on Earth, who became his main adversary.", "The first non-comics version of Krypton was presented in the debut storyline of the 1940s Superman radio series. In the radio show, Krypton was part of our Solar System, a Counter-Earth sharing Earth's orbit but on the opposite side of the Sun, hidden from view of the Earth (\"Krypton\" derives from the Greek word for \"hidden\"). Some comics of the early 1950s suggested a similar theory, but in general the comics have depicted Krypton as being in a far-away star system.", "The next day, Lois writes an article about Superman's decision to remain as Metropolis's hero. The article saves the Daily Planet from bankruptcy. Lois finds a note in her desk and goes to the rooftop. There, she finds Superman repairing the old seized-up Daily Planet globe. Superman thanks Lois for helping him think that he belongs in Metropolis. Lois replies that Superman showed her that the world doesn't have to be an unfair and dangerous place. Just as Superman and Lois are about to kiss, Jimmy comes in and tells them that the Daily Planet is the number one newspaper in Metropolis. Superman then puts the Daily Planet globe to spin once again, and Lois asks him if he is a man or an alien. His answer, \"I'm Superman, Lois.\". [8]", "The first non-comics version of Krypton was presented in the debut storyline of the 1940s Superman radio series. In the radio show, Krypton was part of our Solar System , a Counter-Earth sharing Earth 's orbit but on the opposite side of the Sun .", "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school students living in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1933. They sold the character to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, in 1938. Superman debuted ... read more .", "Clark, born as Kal-El, is the son of Jor-El and Lara Lor-Van, who waited until the last minute to dispatch him so that the shockwaves would hide his escape. The alien armada leader, Tyrell, reveals himself to the Earth but does not reveal his identity and purpose. He issues an ultimatum: the Earth will be destroyed, and millions will die if someone Tyrell has been looking for does not surrender to him. Major Lee and the scientists agree that the person for whom Tyrell is looking was in the crashed ship. Clark tries to attack the aliens without revealing himself, but Jim's photographs show a human-shaped red and blue blur. Clark goes for help at the research company that was about to employ him, but he finds that it is corrupt. Tyrell notices Jim taking pictures and almost kills him until Clark, who can no longer stand by and watch, destroys a robot. Tyrell is now aware of Clark's presence on Earth and prepares to increase the ferocity of his attack. Clark looks at his outfit, remembers wondering why there was no mask and his mother asking whether he wants to hide for the rest of his life, and his adoptive father coining the name \"Superman\". Clark decides to wear the outfit and reveals himself to the world as Superman.", "The 2013 film Man of Steel adds strong dystopian elements to Krypton and its fate. The planet is portrayed as having an Earth-like terrain composed of mountains, canyons and oceans. The planet is 8.7 billion years old and approximately 27.1 light years from Earth. Its parent star Rao is depicted as a 13 billion year old red dwarf sun. Its gravity is much higher than that of Earth, and its atmospheric composition is unsuitable for humans. Kryptonian society is divided into houses, such as the House of El. Citizens wear the crests of their house over their chests, which hold meanings such as \"hope.\"", "Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character is widely considered an American cultural icon. The Superman character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster in 1933; the character was sold to Detective Comics, Inc. (later DC Comics) in 1938. Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1 (June 1938) and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With the character's success, Superman helped to create the superhero genre and establish its primacy within the American comic book. Superman's appearance is distinctive and iconic. He usually wears a blue costume, red cape, and stylized red-and-yellow \"S\" shield on his chest. This shield is used in a myriad of media to symbolize the character. ", "\"This is a major milestone in the Superman mythos that gives our super hero a place in the universe,\" DC Entertainment co-publisher Dan DiDio said in a statement. \"Having Neil deGrasse Tyson in the book was one thing, but by applying real-world science to this story he has forever changed Superman’s place in history. Now fans will be able to look up at the night’s sky and say, 'That’s where Superman was born.'\"", "\"This is a major milestone in the Superman mythos that gives our super hero a place in the universe,\" DC Entertainment co-publisher Dan DiDio said in a statement. \"Having Neil deGrasse Tyson in the book was one thing, but by applying real-world science to this story he has forever changed Superman's place in history. Now fans will be able to look up at the night's sky and say, 'That's where Superman was born.'\"", "Kal-El's spaceship crash landed in a farmer's field near Smallville, a rural town in Kansas in the American midwest. The small spacecraft was discovered by Jonathan and Martha Kent, who owned a farm nearby. Finding the infant Kal-El alive inside the ship, they took him home and raised him as their own son. They did not tell anyone of his alien origins, letting family and friends believe he was born on the farm as their biological son, whom they named Clark Joseph Kent." ]

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[ "The most common natural eye color observed in human beings is brown. This eye color is observed when there are large amounts of melanin pigment in the iris stroma. Dark brown colored eyes give an appearance of black colored eyes in people.", "The eye color that can be described as the most common amongst human beings is brown, with the exception of countries around the Baltic Sea. It is the result of the presence of large amounts of melanin (eumelanin) within the iris stroma. People who have very dark brown irises might give the appearance of having black eyes.", "Eye colors can range from the most common color, brown, to the least common, green. Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by more than one gene . [12] [13] These genes are being sought using associations to small changes in the genes themselves and in neighboring genes. These changes are known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. The actual number of genes that contribute to eye color is currently unknown, but there are a few likely candidates. A study in Rotterdam (2009) found that it was possible to predict the color of eyes with more than 90% accuracy for brown and blue, using just six SNPs. [14] Finally, there is evidence that as much as 16 different genes could be responsible for eye color in humans, however the main two genes associated with eye color variation are OCA2 and HERC2 , both localized in Chromosome 15. [8]", "Eye colors can range from the most common color, brown, to the least common, green. Eye color is an inherited trait influenced by more than one gene . [9] [10] These genes are being sought using associations to small changes in the genes themselves and in neighboring genes. These changes are known as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs. The actual number of genes that contribute to eye color is currently unknown, but there are a few likely candidates. A study in Rotterdam (2009) found that it was possible to predict the color of eyes with more than 90% accuracy for brown and blue, using just six SNPs (from six genes). [11]", "The most common eye color in the world is brown. When we say brown, we talk about light to medium brown and not very dark brown. People with brown eyes are attractive and confident. It is a strong and rich color and it is associated with earth and thus, things like simplicity, creativity and positivism are some things that you can always find in people who have such brown eyes. They are independent, polite, caring and love making new friends and they are always up for trying new things in life. They are also practical but when it comes to the people they care about, practicality tends to take a back-seat as love and care overtakes it. They are usually the happy-go-lucky people who don’t care much for earthly possessions and are close to all things nature. Even though they are self-confident and determined, sometimes, they can have a hard time trying to express themselves to people. Great lovers and mighty trust-worthy, these people are the ones who you can go to for any help and they will go out of their way to make sure you are happy and satisfied.", "Brown eyes are the most common eye color in the world with over 55% of the world's population having brown eyes. Brown eye color is a dominant genetic trait, and is created by the presence of melanin in the eye. Over fifty percent of the world's population has brown eyes, with nearly all individuals from Africa and Asia sharing brown eye color. Brown eyes are typically darker than other eye colors, and they may even appear black in certain individuals.", "Eye color is a  polygenic   phenotypic character  and is determined by the amount and type of  pigments  in the eye 's  iris . [1] [2]  Humans and other animals have many phenotypic  variations in eye color, as blue, brown, gray, green, and others. These variations constitute phenotypic traits . [3]", "Eye colors range from the darkest shades of brown to the lightest tints of blue. [12] To meet the need for standardized classification, at once simple yet detailed enough for research purposes, Seddon et al. developed a graded system based on the predominant iris color and the amount of brown or yellow pigment present. [20] There are three pigment colors that determine, depending on their proportion, the outward appearance of the iris: brown, yellow, and blue. Green irides, for example, have blue and some yellow. Brown irides contain mostly brown. Eye color in animals other than Homo sapiens is differently regulated. For example, instead of blue as in humans, autosomal recessive eye color in the skink species Corucia zebrata is black, and the autosomal dominant color is yellow-green. [21]", "Humans and animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color, as blue, brown, green and others. These variations constitute phenotypic traits .", ", 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelander and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans , green eyes are most common among those of Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.", "Most humans have only one hair color and one eye color. Europeans are a big exception: their hair is black but also brown, flaxen, golden, or red; their eyes are brown but also blue, gray, hazel, or green. This diversity reaches a maximum in an area centered on the East Baltic and covering northern and eastern Europe. If we move outward, to the south and east, we see a rapid return to the human norm: hair becomes uniformly black and eyes uniformly brown.", "Brown eyes are dominant in humans and, in many parts of the world it is nearly the only iris color present. It is less common in countries around the Baltic Sea", "This is the shade most common almost world wide, with shades from brown to nearly black. Light brown is also very common but to a lesser extent. Most of the original inhabitants of Africa, Asia, and the Americas have brown eyes. Brown eyes are also found in Europe, though within European populations they are not predominating to the same extent. In this population, brown eyes are genetically linked to brown hair.", "They are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe and Western Asia (especially among Ashkenazi Jews of Israel). In Ireland and Scotland 14% of people have brown eyes and 86% have either blue or green eyes, In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%. ", "Red is probably the rarest eye color amongst the human population of the world. It is mainly seen in case of albinos and is the result of either large quantities of the ‘normally scarce’ red areas in the eyes or a small leakage of blood into the iris.", "The iris is usually strongly pigmented, with the color typically ranging between brown, hazel, green, gray, or blue. Occasionally, the color of the iris is due to a lack of pigmentation, as in the pinkish-white of oculo-cutaneous albinism, or to obscuration of its pigment by blood vessels, as in the red of an abnormally vascularised iris. Despite the wide range of colors, the only pigment that contributes substantially to normal human iris color is the dark pigment melanin. The quantity of melanin pigment in the iris is one factor in determining the phenotypic eye color of a person. Structurally, this huge molecule is only slightly different from its equivalent found in skin and hair. Iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is found in brown eyed people and of the latter in blue and green-eyed people.", "In humans, brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of melanin in the stroma of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed and in many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present. Dark pigment of brown eyes is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, Oceania, Africa, Americas, etc. as well as parts of Eastern Europe and Southern Europe. The majority of people in the world overall have dark brown eyes. Light or medium-pigmented brown eyes are common in Europe, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India, as well as some parts of the Middle East. (See eye color).", "Gray eyes have less melanin than blue eyes,[citation needed] even though they are considered a darker shade of blue (like blue-green). Gray eyes are most common in European Russia , Sweden , Finland and the Baltic States [citation needed]. It can also be found to a lesser extent in parts of India [32] . Under magnification, gray eyes exhibit small amounts of yellow and brown color in the iris. Ultimately, there are at least two things that could determine gray eye color. The first is the amount of melanin made, and the second is the density of the proteins in the stroma. [39]", "The human eye is both beautiful and unique. Much like a fingerprint, each individual's eye color is specific only to them, with no others sharing the same shape, color and appearance. So what eye colors are the most common, and which are the rarest?", "Eye color, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin.[2][3][4] The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).[5] In humans, usually, an excess of melanin indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates hypoplasia.", "The brightly colored eyes of many bird species result from the presence of other pigments, such as pteridines, purines, and carotenoids. Humans and other animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color. The genetics of eye color are complicated, and color is determined by multiple genes. So far, as many as 15 genes have been associated with eye color inheritance. Some of the eye-color genes include OCA2 and HERC2. The earlier belief that blue eye color is a simple recessive trait has been shown to be incorrect. The genetics of eye color are so complex that almost any parent-child combination of eye colors can occur. However, OCA2 gene polymorphism, close to proximal 5′ regulatory region, explains most human eye-color variation.", "Given below is information on the most common as well as the most rare eye colors in human beings.", "Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. Most eye-color changes have been observed or reported in the Caucasian population with hazel and amber eyes. [24]", "Surprisingly blue eyes are a relatively rare eye color. Found mainly in people of northern European descent, and to a lesser extent, in people of Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. In Finland, there is the highest percentage of blue-eyed people, 90 per cent. Many Caucasian babies are born with blue eyes, though their eyes will later darken, or change color.", "Eye color is a polygenic trait and is determined by the amount and type of pigments in the eye 's iris . [1] [2] Humans and animals have many phenotypic variations in eye color. [3] In human eyes , these variations in color are attributed to varying ratios of eumelanin produced by melanocytes in the iris. [2] The brightly colored eyes of many bird species are largely determined by other pigments, such as pteridines , purines , and carotenoids . [4]", "Hazel eyes are similar to brown eyes, although they are typically lighter in color, and have more of a green-yellow tint. Hazel eyes have a higher concentration of melanin (pigment) around the eye's border, which can result in a multi-colored appearance that varies between copper and green depending on the lighting. Most people estimate that around 5-8% of the world's population has hazel colored eyes.", "Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. Most eye-color changes have been observed or reported in the Caucasian population with hazel and amber eyes. ", "One of the first things that we notice when we see a person are his/her eyes and infact, eyes are amongst the primary features that attract us towards an individual. Even in case of eyes, the aspect that first comes into notice is the eye color. Eye color is basically a polygenic trait of an individual. It is determined by the amount and type of pigments present in the iris of the eyes. In this context, three elements are mainly considered, namely the melanin content of the iris pigment epithelium, the melanin content within the iris stroma and the cellular density of the iris stroma. The main reason for difference in the eye colors of individuals is the melanin content within the iris stroma. Read on to know more about various eye colors.", "Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. Most eye color changes have been observed or reported in the Caucasian population with hazel eyes.", "(b) in human beings. (In actuality, eye color in humans is an example of polygene inheritance,", "People with light eye colors are more likely to experience this condition because they contain less of the pigment which protects the eyes from harsh lighting. Albinism is the lack of eye pigment and it can be accompanied with photophobia.", "Studies on Caucasian twins, both fraternal and identical, have shown that eye color over time can be subject to change, and major demelanization of the iris may also be genetically determined. Most eye color changes have been observed or reported as caucasians with \"Hazel\" eyes ( Arch Ophthalmol )." ]

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[ "The War in Afghanistan is an ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7th, 2001, as the US military's Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) that was launched, along with the British military, in response to the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the US. The UK has, since 2002, led its own military operation, Operation Herrick, as part of the same war in Afghanistan. The character of the war evolved from a violent struggle against Al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters to a complex counterinsurgency effort.", "On October 7, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the United States had begun military action in Afghanistan. The military operation was code-named Enduring Freedom.", "On October 7, 2001, 13 years ago today, the US launched its opening attacks against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The still-ongoing Operation Enduring Freedom, which is now the longest continuous war in American history , had begun.", "Strikes begin On 7 October 2001, assisted by the UK and using bases in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the US began the ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’ military offensive in Afghanistan. Night- and day-time strikes, using bombers and cruise missiles, hit targets associated with Taliban and al-Qaeda, including terrorist training camps, air defences, and communication facilities. After a week of strikes on the cities of Kabul, Kandahar, and Jalalabad, the Taliban offered to hand over bin Laden to a third party, but Bush rejected any negotiation and the bombing continued. Muslims around the world reacted angrily to the attacks, taking to the streets and burning US flags. Anti-US riots also took place across Pakistan, the USA's key diplomatic ally. However, on 4 November the head of the 22-nation Arab League dismissed an appeal by bin Laden for Muslims to join a jihad (holy war) against the West.", "The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7, 2001, was launched by the United States, the United Kingdom, and NATO allies in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was the beginning of the War on Terrorism. The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden, destroy al-Qaeda, and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al-Qaeda. Since 2001, 13 American service-members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Afghanistan, three of them posthumously. Army Sergeant First Class Jared C. Monti received his medal for attempting to rescue a wounded soldier at the cost of his own life. Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy received his for actions against insurgent forces and for sacrificing his life to call for help when his team had been overwhelmed by a much larger enemy force. Army Staff Sergeant Robert James Miller's surviving family was presented with his medal on October 6, 2010. The fourth recipient, Salvatore Giunta received his for his actions in 2007 when he risked his life to save a wounded comrade. He is the first living recipient since the Vietnam War. A second living recipient, Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry, received the medal from President Obama during a July 12, 2011, ceremony. Marine Corps Corporal Dakota Meyer became the third living recipient awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ganjgal. An additional seven living individuals have been awarded the Medal since Meyer.", "The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror. Specifically, on October 7, 2001, it invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, which had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. On October 26, 2001, the U.S. enacted the Patriot Act, anti-terrorism legislation that expanded the powers of U.S. law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Many countries followed with similar legislation.", "US-led military action against Afghanistan beginning 7 October 2001. This first strike in the war on terror followed the refusal of the Taliban regime to surrender Saudi-born terrorist Osama bin Laden, the leader of the al-Qaeda terrorist network responsible for the attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, on 11 September 2001. The Taliban regime was deposed and replaced in December 2001 by by a democratic Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under a United Nations-endorsed interim administration, headed by Hamid Karzai. Afghanistan held its first national presidential elections on 9 October 2004, with Karzai elected. The government's authority beyond the capital, Kabul, began slowly to improve, but there remained security concerns across the country, with Taliban insurgency activity continuing and increasing from 2006. Reconstruction depended heavily on international aid.", "On October 7, 2001, a US-led military coalition invaded Afghanistan and by the first week of December the Taliban regime had collapsed.", "The U.S. officially launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001 with the assistance of the United Kingdom. The two were later joined by other countries. The U.S. and its allies drove the Taliban from power and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions.", "On October 7, 2001, the United States sent warplanes and cruise missiles to Afghanistan to attack al Qaeda military installations and terrorist camps supported by the Taliban regime of that country. Great Britain joined the strikes, with intelligence efforts and logistical support provided by France, Germany, Australia, Canada, and others. In all, about 40 nations joined in a coalition with the United States, President Bush reported in an address to the country shortly after the strikes began.", "On October 7, less than one month after the September 11 attacks, the U.S., aided by the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries including several from the NATO alliance, initiated military action, bombing Taliban and Al-Qaeda-related camps. The stated intent of military operations was to remove the Taliban from power, and prevent the use of Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations. ", "Beginning on 7 October 2001, British and American forces carried out a sustained attack on a number of Afghanistan targets where Bin Laden was presumed to be hiding. Around 50 cruise missiles were launched from submarines in the Arabian Sea, whilst B2 Stealth bombers were also flown in. Within three months, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan fell, assisted by the Northern Alliance, an army of rebel Afghan factions.�", "Marines and other American forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom. The 15th and 26th Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001, and in December, the Marines seized Kandahar International Airport. Since then, Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Marines of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit flooded into the Taliban-held town of Garmsir on 29 April 2008, in Helmand Province, in the first major American operation in the region in years. In June 2009, 7,000 Marines with the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security, and began Operation Strike of the Sword the next month. Thus far, 449 Marines have been reported killed.", "On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of Northern Alliance troops in Kabul on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the Taliban, drive al-Qaeda out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated, but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders. Later that month the UN had installed the Afghan Transitional Administration chaired by Hamid Karzai. In 2002, based on UNICEF figures, Nicholas Kristof reported that \"our invasion of Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives over the next decade\" as the result of improved healthcare and greater access to humanitarian aid. ", "On 9 September 2001, Massoud was assassinated by two Arab suicide attackers in Panjshir province of Afghanistan. Two days later, the September 11 attacks were carried out in the United States. The US government suspected Osama bin Laden as the perpetrator of the attacks, and demanded that the Taliban hand him over. After refusing to comply, the October 2001 Operation Enduring Freedom was launched. During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps. The United States began working with the Northern Alliance to remove the Taliban from power. ", "When the Bush administration came to power, however, it decided to give the Taliban one last chance. This last chance occurred at a four-day meeting in Berlin in July 2001, which would need to be mentioned in any realistic account of how the US war in Afghanistan came about. According to the Pakistani representative at this meeting, Niaz Naik, US representatives, trying to convince the Taliban to share power with US-friendly factions, said: \"Either you accept our offer of a carpet of gold, or we bury you under a carpet of bombs.\"40 Naik said that he was told by Americans that \"military action against Afghanistan would go ahead...before the snows started falling in Afghanistan, by the middle of October at the latest.\"41 The US attack on Afghanistan began, in fact, on October 7, which was as soon as the US military could get ready after 9/11.42", "Following the 2014 presidential election President Karzai left power and Ashraf Ghani became President in September 2014. The US war in Afghanistan (America's longest war) officially ended on December 28, 2014. However, thousands of US-led NATO troops have remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces. The 2001–present war has resulted in over 90,000 direct war-related deaths, which includes insurgents, Afghan civilians and government forces. Over 100,000 have been injured. ", "The Taliban, alternative spelling Taleban, (meaning \"students\" in Arabic) is an Islamist militia group that ruled large parts of Afghanistan from September 1996 onwards. Although in control of Afghanistan's capital (Kabul) and most of the country for five years, the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan gained diplomatic recognition from only three states: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. After the attacks of September 11 2001 the Taliban regime was overthrown by Operation Enduring Freedom. The Taliban mostly fled to neighboring Pakistan where they regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (established in late 2001) and the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).", "Enterprise was beginning her voyage home from the Persian Gulf when the September 11 attacks were carried out. Without orders, the carrier returned to the waters off Southwest Asia near the Persian Gulf, outrunning her escorts. In October 2001, the United States launched air attacks against Al-Qaeda training camps and Taliban military installations in Afghanistan. The actions were designed to disrupt the use of Afghanistan as a base for terrorist operations and to attack the military capability of the Taliban regime.", "Britain became the staunchest ally of the US after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. British troops joined the US in the bombing campaign against Afghanistan in October 2001, after the Taliban-led government refused to turn over the prime suspect behind the terrorist attacks, Osama bin Laden.", "2002 – U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda ends (started on March 2) after killing 500 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters with only eleven Allied troop fatalities.", "Al Qaeda, Jihad, September 11, Taliban, War on Terror, Osama bin Laden’s al-Qaeda, Afghan Occupation and the History of Afghanistan", "Initially the war appeared to have been won with relative ease. On May 1, 2003, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced an end to “major combat” in Afghanistan. On the same day, aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, President Bush announced that “major combat operations in Iraq have ended.” At that time, there were 8,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan. The first democratic Afghan elections since the fall of the Taliban were held on Oct. 9, 2004, with approximately 80 percent of registered voters turning out to give Karzai a full five-year term as president. Parliamentary elections were staged a year later, with dozens of women claiming seats set aside for them to ensure gender diversity . The 2004 constitution provided Afghanistan with a powerful central government and weak regional and local authorities—a structure that was in opposition to the country’s long-standing traditions.", "The presidential election of 2000 was one of the closest in U.S. history and saw George W. Bush become President of the United States. On September 11, 2001 , al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Centre in New York City and The Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly three thousand people. In the aftermath, President Bush urged support from the international community for what was dubbed the War on Terrorism . In late 2001, U.S. forces launched Operation Enduring Freedom removing the Taliban government and al-Qaeda training camps. Taliban insurgents continue to fight a guerrilla war against a NATO-led force. Controversies arose regarding the conduct of the War on Terror .", "Bush’s first term in the White House was dominated by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against America, in which nearly 3,000 people were killed, and their aftermath. The following month, in response to the attacks, the United States invaded Afghanistan in an attempt to overthrow the Taliban government, which was suspected of harboring Osama Bin Laden (1957-2011), leader of Al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks. The Taliban regime was quickly toppled; however, Bin Laden was not captured for another decade.", "Delta Force was also involved in the offensive against the Taliban in Afghanistan in 2001 [12] .", "Today: America is engaged in a war against terrorism. In 2002, that war centers on Afghanistan as U.S. troops, aided by the British, overthrow the Taliban.", "2001 - In Kabul, Afghanistan, the abandoned U.S. Embassy was stormed by protesters. It was the largest anti-Amercian protest since the terror attacks on New York City and Washington, DC, on September 11.", "2005 – In Afghanistan US warplanes killed five suspected Taliban or al-Qaida militants near the Pakistani border after guerrillas launched an overnight rocket and gun attack on American and Afghan military positions.", "2002 – Seven American Special Operations Forces soldiers are killed as they attempt to infiltrate the Shahi Kot Valley in Afghanistan on a low-flying helicopter reconnaissance mission.", "A chronology of key events around the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the decade-long war it sparked.", "* September 4 – In the 1985 Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 shootdown, an Antonov An-26 is shot down over Afghanistan, killing all 52 people on board." ]

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[ "Stella Nina McCartney, (born 13 September 1971) is an English fashion designer. She is the daughter of former Beatles member Paul McCartney and American musician, photographer and animal rights activist Linda McCartney.", "Stella Nina McCartney (born 13 September 1971) is an English fashion designer . She is the daughter of former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney and the late photographer and animal rights activist, Linda McCartney .", "Stella Nina McCartney (born 13 September 1971) is an English fashion designer . She is the daughter of former Beatles member Sir Paul McCartney and the late photographer and animal rights activist, Linda McCartney.", "1971 Birthday - Stella McCartney, born in London, England, fashion designer, daughter of Sir Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney, designed clothing lines for the Gap, H&M, Target", "She also appears to have gotten the stamp of approval from McCartney's daughter, fashion designer Stella McCartney. It doesn't hurt that Shevell wears many of Stella's designs and was photographed earlier this year flashing the designer's latest handbag -- and her engagement ring. Shevell also reportedly wore a white Stella McCartney-crafted dress on Sunday.", "In this Oct.1, 2012 photo, Paul McCartney gestures after the presentation of his daughter British fashion designer Stella McCartney's ready to wear Spring-Summer 2013 collection, in Paris. McCartney remains Britain's wealthiest musician, according to the Sunday Times Rich List.", "While some may think that being the daughter of one of the world's most famous, respected, and wealthy rock stars would lead to plentiful advantages when building a career, British designer Stella McCartney might not completely agree. McCartney, daughter of Sir Paul—who happens to be a former member of the Beatles, perhaps the most popular and influential rock band ever—has talent and ambition to spare, but her fame-by-association has caused many to speculate that it is her family connections rather than her design collections that have propelled her career. Being a McCartney has its advantages—through family acquaintances, a teenaged Stella made important connections in the design world—but had she been lacking in talent and business sense, such connections would have been meaningless. Instead, McCartney proved that her combination of creativity, sense of style, and understanding of the fashion industry could make her a powerful force in fashion regardless of her parentage.", "Stella McCartney is a British fashion designer best known for her eponymous label. Born in September 1971 to former Beatle Paul McCartney and musician, photographer and animal rights activist Linda McCartney, she spent her formative years travelling the world with her parents who, at the time, were both in the band Wings.", "The dress was designed by McCartney's daughter, Stella, a star in the fashion world who also helped concoct the three-course vegetarian feast served to guests at the reception at McCartney's house in St. John's Wood, a property he bought in 1965, when the Beatles were regularly topping the charts.", "The dress was designed by McCartney’s daughter, Stella, a star in the fashion world who also helped concoct the three-course vegetarian feast served to guests at the reception at McCartney’s house in St. John’s Wood, a property he bought in 1965, when the Beatles were regularly topping the charts.", "This time around, the marriage to Miss Shevell, is being warmly welcomed. Sir Paul's daughter Stella McCartney, who had made no secret of her dislike for Miss Mills, is understood to have designed the dress.", "Three children with Paul McCartney : photographer Mary McCartney (Donald), top fashion designer Stella McCartney and musician/sculptor James McCartney .", "1969 ● Mary Anna McCartney → Professional photographer and television documentary producer, daughter of Paul McCartney and Linda Eastman McCartney", "McCartney was born in Lambeth, London, the second child of Beatle Paul McCartney and American photographer Linda McCartney (1941–1998). She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers (both of Linda McCartney's grandmothers were named Stella). As a young girl, McCartney travelled the globe with her parents and their group Wings, along with her siblings: older sister Heather (who was legally adopted by Paul McCartney), older sister Mary, and younger brother James. According to her father, the name of Wings was inspired by Stella's difficult birth. As his daughter was being born by emergency caesarean section, Paul sat outside the operating room and prayed that she be born \"on the wings of an angel.\" Wings toured from shortly after her birth in 1971 until 1980.", "In August 2003, Stella married her long-time love publisher Alasdhair Willis. The setting was a castle on the island of Bute, in the river Clyde, in Scotland, loaned to them by the Marquis of Bute (racing driver Johnny Dumfries). Stella's father, former Beatle Paul McCartney paid around 2 million pounds, as father of the bride. Stella designed her own wedding gown, using as inspiration the one worn by her mother when she married in 1969. In February 2005, the couple had a baby boy just before Stella will be presenting her Fall/Winter 2005 collection in Paris. They have called him Miller Alisdhair James Willis. Stella took time out from preparations for her Spring/Summer 2004 collection in Paris, to fly over to the United States for the opening of her new Los Angeles store.", "Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon , George Harrison , and Ringo Starr , he gained worldwide fame with the rock band the Beatles , the most popular and influential group in the history of pop music. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the 20th century. After the band’s break-up , he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda , and Denny Laine .", "In July 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills. In November, on the first anniversary of George Harrison's death, McCartney performed at the Concert for George. He participated in the National Football League's Super Bowl, performing \"Freedom\" during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002 and headlining the halftime show at Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005. The English College of Arms honoured McCartney in 2002 by granting him a coat of arms. His crest, featuring a Liver bird holding an acoustic guitar in its claw, reflects his background in Liverpool and his musical career. The shield includes four curved emblems which resemble beetles' backs. The arms' motto is Ecce Cor Meum, Latin for \"Behold My Heart\". In 2003, the McCartneys had a child, Beatrice Milly.", "Sir James Paul McCartney MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as the bassist of British rock band the Beatles, one of the most popular and influential groups in the history of pop music; his songwriting partnership with Lennon is one of the most celebrated of the 20th century. After the band's break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine.", "In 2002, McCartney married Heather Mills, a former model and anti-landmines campaigner. In 2003, the couple had a child, Beatrice Milly, named in honour of Mills' late mother, and one of McCartney's aunts. They separated in April 2006 and divorced acrimoniously in March 2008. In 2004, he commented on media animosity toward his partners: \"[the British public] didn't like me giving up on Jane Asher ... I married [Linda], a New York divorcee with a child, and at the time they didn't like that\". ", "The Blakemans and McCartneys socialized together and, according to U.K.'s Daily Mail, McCartney's children even nicknamed her Jackie O for her sense of style and love of sunglasses.", "A passionate vegetarian who crafted two bestselling cookbooks and developed a successful line of meatless frozen foods, Linda McCartney was also a talented photographer whose work has been collected in five books and shown at countless galleries. At Paul’s urging she also sang and played keyboard in his post-Beatles musical projects while helping to keep their four children—three from her marriage to Paul and her eldest, Heather, from a previous marriage—away from the media’s glare. “We used to chat about our children on the phone,” Yoko Ono, John Lennon’s widow, told PEOPLE. “Linda was always loyal to her husband and very protective of her children.”", "Paul McCartney’s little-known stepmother, Angie, has written an autobiography, My Long & Winding Road. “We lived quite a quiet life, when I think about it,” says Angie, now 83.", "Sir Paul McCartney, byname of James Paul McCartney (born June 18, 1942, Liverpool, England ), British vocalist, songwriter, composer, bass player, poet, and painter whose work with the Beatles in the 1960s helped lift popular music from its origins in the entertainment business and transform it into a creative, highly commercial art form. He is also one of the most popular solo performers of all time in terms of both sales of his recordings and attendance at his concerts.", "McCartney had known ever since her early teen years that she wanted to be a fashion designer; she was designing and making clothes by age thirteen. At age fifteen she had a brief internship in Paris with acclaimed designer Christian LaCroix. Later, during her university years, McCartney became an apprentice to tailor Edward Sexton, learning the finer points of tailoring on London's famed Savile Row, home to numerous traditional and highly respected custom clothing companies. She briefly worked at the French company Patou, makers of expensive custom-made clothes, but left the company in objection to their use of fur in some of their products.", "In March 1997 McCartney was appointed Creative Director of Paris fashion house Chloé, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld. Lagerfeld was less than impressed with the house's choice, stating, \"Chloé should have taken a big name. They did, but in music, not fashion. Let's hope she's as gifted as her father.\"", "McCartney gained worldwide fame as a member of The Beatles, alongside John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. McCartney and Lennon formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships and wrote some of the most popular songs in the history of rock music. After leaving The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine. He has worked on film scores and classical and electronic music, released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist, and taken part in projects to help international charities.", "McCartney entered the fashion industry aged 16, interning at Christian Lacroix. Following Lacroix, McCartney honed her cutting skills at Edward Sexton, a world-famous Savile Row tailor. The period remains a significant influence in her work to this day, which regularly references and uses tailoring techniques in its construction.", "Former Beatle Sir Paul McCartney prevents the family of his late nanny selling off his old clothes in Liverpool amid a dispute over ownership. Sir Paul McCartney has ordered lawyers to halt an a...", "In Austria, in 1965, during the filming of Help! she first photographed the Beatles. However, she did not meet them until 1967, in London, during the time when she was photographing the bands Traffic and the Animals. One evening while she was in London, Chas Chandler, ex bass player of the animals, took her to a club called Bag O� Nails, where she was first introduced to Paul McCartney.", "While at school during the 1950s, McCartney thrived at art assignments, often earning top accolades for his visual work. However, his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades, preventing him from earning admission to art college. During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser. At Fraser's flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton. McCartney later purchased works by Magritte, using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo. McCartney became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London, which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono. Miles also co-founded International Times, an underground paper that McCartney helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income. Miles later wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997).", "While at school during the 1950s, McCartney thrived at art assignments, often earning top accolades for his visual work. However, his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades, preventing him from earning admission to art college. During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar, who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser. At Fraser's flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Peter Blake, and Richard Hamilton. McCartney later purchased works by Magritte, using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo. McCartney became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason's Yard, London, which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono. Miles also co-founded International Times, an underground paper that McCartney helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income. Miles later wrote McCartney's official biography, Many Years From Now (1997). ", "While at school during the 1950s, McCartney thrived at art assignments, often earning top accolades for his visual work. However, his lack of discipline negatively affected his academic grades, preventing him from earning admission to art college. [291] During the 1960s, he delved into the visual arts, explored experimental cinema, and regularly attended film, theatrical and classical music performances. His first contact with the London avant-garde scene was through artist John Dunbar , who introduced McCartney to art dealer Robert Fraser . [292] At Fraser’s flat he first learned about art appreciation and met Andy Warhol , Claes Oldenburg , Peter Blake , and Richard Hamilton . [293] McCartney later purchased works by Magritte , using his painting of an apple for the Apple Records logo. [294] McCartney became involved in the renovation and publicising of the Indica Gallery in Mason’s Yard, London, which Barry Miles had co-founded and where Lennon first met Yoko Ono . Miles also co-founded International Times , an underground paper that McCartney helped to start with direct financial support and by providing interviews to attract advertiser income. Miles later wrote McCartney’s official biography, Many Years From Now (1997). [295]" ]

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[ "The two current United States Senators from Washington are Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, both Democrats. The governorship is currently held by Democrat Jay Inslee, who was elected to his first term in the 2012 gubernatorial election. In 2013 and 2014 both houses of the Washington State Legislature (the Washington Senate and the Washington House of Representatives) were under a Democratic majority, though the state senate was under Republican control, due to two Democrats joining Republicans to form a Majority Coalition Caucus. After the 2014 elections the Democrats retained control of the House, while Republicans took a majority in the Senate without the need for a coalition.", "According to the convention of Senate seniority, the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the \"senior senator\"; the other is the \"junior senator\". This convention does not have official significance, though it is a factor in the selection of physical offices. In the 114th Congress, the most-senior \"junior senator\" is Barbara Boxer of California, who was sworn in on January 3, 1993 and is currently 11th in seniority, behind Dianne Feinstein who was sworn in on November 4, 1992 and is currently 10th in seniority. The most-junior \"senior senator\" is Deb Fischer of Nebraska, who was sworn in January 3, 2013, and is currently 84th in seniority, ahead of senator Ben Sasse who was sworn in January 3, 2015 and is currently 99th in seniority.", "* Former Gov. Daniel J. Evans, a Republican, is sworn in as U.S. senator from Washington. He takes the seat left vacant by Democrat Sen. Henry Jackson, who died September 1.", "King County, which includes Seattle, is a major center for liberal politics and is a bastion for the Democratic Party. In the 2008 election, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the county by 42 percentage points, a larger margin than any previous election. Slightly more than 29% of the population in the State of Washington reside in King County, making it a significant factor for the Democrats in a few recent close statewide elections. In 2000, it was King County that pushed Maria Cantwell's total over that of incumbent Republican Slade Gorton, winning her a seat in the United States Senate. In 2004, King County gave a lead to Democrat Christine Gregoire in the second recount in the state's razor-thin governor's race, pushing her ahead of Republican Dino Rossi, who led by 261 votes after the initial count. Rossi resided in the county at the time of the election in Sammamish.", "Washington - Senator Miles Poindexter. Representatives John F. Miller, Lindley H. Hadley, John W. Summers, J. Stanley Webster.", "Washington's ten representatives in the United States House of Representatives (see map of districts) are Suzan DelBene (D-1), Richard Ray (Rick) Larsen (D-2), Jaime Herrera (R-3), Dan Newhouse (R-4), Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-5), Derek Kilmer (D-6), Jim McDermott (D-7), Dave Reichert (R-8), Adam Smith (D-9), and Dennis Heck (D-10).", "Among the most prominent of recent Washington political leaders were Warren G. Magnuson (1905-89), who served in the Senate from 1944 to 1981, and Henry M. �Scoop\" Jackson (1912-83), a Senator from 1953 until his death. They were known as the �gold dust twins\" for their ability to win lucrative defense contracts for their constituents, particularly shipbuilders and Boeing. Daniel J. Evans served as governor of Washington (1965-77), president of The Evergreen State College (1977-83) and as U.S. Senator (1983-89). Thomas S. Foley represented eastern Washington in the House of Representatives for 30 years, serving six years as Speaker.", "Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor Neil Abercrombie , following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye . The state's junior senator is Mazie Hirono , the former representative from the second congressional district. Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator. Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses. The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty-first in seniority [e] to their respective replacements, relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono. [184]", "On February 8, 2012, the Washington State Senate passed a bill that legalized same-sex marriage. The Senate passed the bill 28-21, with four Republican Senators crossing party lines in the vote. The bill was signed into law by Governor Christine Gregoire, but challenged by a petition. The law was put to a referendum on the 2012 general election ballot as Referendum 74 , where it passed with 51.8 percent of the vote.", "During the 1970s and 1980s the state tended to favor Republicans in presidential elections, but Democrats more than held their own in other contests. Washingtonians elected a Democratic governor, Dixy Lee Ray, in 1976, but in 1980 they chose a Republican, John Spellman; in 1984, they returned to the Democratic column, electing Booth Gardner. Mike Lowry, also a Democrat, was elected governor in 1992. He was succeeded, in 1997, by fellow Democrat Gary Locke. Locke was reelected in 2000, but in 2003, announced he would not seek reelection in 2004. Democrat Christine Gregoire won the office in 2004.", "However, the state has supported Democrats in the last six presidential election cycles. In 2012, Barack Obama carried the state over Mitt Romney, winning Michigan's 17 electoral votes with 54% of the vote. Michigan's two U.S. Senators are both Democrats, while Republicans hold nine of the state's fourteen US House seats. Michigan's current senior U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow, a Democrat, has served since 2001 after narrowly beating former Republican U.S. Senator Spencer Abraham in the 2000 elections. Democratic U.S. Senator Gary Peters was elected in 2014, beating former Republican Michigan Secretary of State Terri Lynn Land. Congressman Fred Upton, a Republican, serves as Chairman of the US House Committee on Energy and Commerce and Congressman Mike Rogers, also a Republican, serves as Chairman of US House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Congresswoman Debbie Dingell, a Democrat, became the first person to succeed a living spouse when she replaced former Dean of the House of Representatives John Dingell in 2015.", "Chuck Schumer age 65 Charles Ellis \"Chuck\" Schumer is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al", "Clarence William \"Bill\" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party who serves as the senior United States Senator from Florida, in office since 2001. Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991. In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.", "Cambridge is split between Massachusetts's 5th and 7th U.S. congressional districts. The 5th district seat is held by Democrat Katherine Clark, who replaced now-Senator Ed Markey in a 2013 special election; the 7th is represented by Democrat Mike Capuano, elected in 1998. The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Democrat Elizabeth Warren, elected in 2012, who lives in Cambridge. The Governor of Massachusetts is Republican Charlie Baker, elected in 2014.", "Patty L. Murray, class of 1972, was elected for the first time to represent Washington in the U.S. Senate. She was the first WSU graduate to serve in the Senate.", "The Washington State Legislature is a bicameral body with 49 members in the Senate  and 98 members in the House of Representatives . Each district is served by one Senator and two House members.", "Washingtonian Gary Locke, a Democrat, was elected the nation's first governor of Chinese heritage in 1996; he won reelection in 2000. Under his administration, the state raised education spending by $1 billion. Locke also signed a welfare reform bill that reduced the number of recipients by one-third. Locke chose not to run for a third term. Christine Gregoire, former Washington attorney general, was elected governor in 2004. In 2005, Gregoire announced Washington's six regional salmon recovery plans were submitted to the federal government. The first listings of salmon in Washington under the federal Endangered Species Act were made in 1991, and within eight years more than 75% of the state had salmon populations listed.", "Washington is the 18th most extensive and the 13th most populous of the 50 United States . Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area , the center of transportation, business, and industry along the Puget Sound region of the Salish Sea , an inlet of the Pacific consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of deep rainforests in the west, mountain ranges in the west, center, northeast and far southeast, and a semi-arid eastern basin given over to intensive agriculture. Washington is the second most populous state on the west coast and in the western United States after California.", "* Norm Dicks, 18-term U.S. Congressman, was born and raised in Bremerton as the son of a Puget Sound Naval Shipyard worker; served as a senior member of the House Appropriations Committee and also sat on the Select Committee on Homeland Security", "Washington currently includes 39 counties, and hundreds of incorporated cities and other special districts responsible for local government and services. Voters also elect Members of Congress from 10 districts as well as two United States Senators representing the entire state.", "At 98, he’s the oldest living former governor in the United States. Rosellini held Washington’s top office from 1957 to 1965, and has served as a mentor to several of his successors, including Gary Locke and Chris Gregoire, ’69, ’71. […]", "Henry Martin \"Scoop\" Jackson of Everett began the first of his six terms in the Senate. Reelected five more times, Jackson died in office on September 1, 1983. Jackson was Washington state's first native‑born U.S. senator and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1972 and 1976.", "Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers is Eastern Washington’s chief advocate in Congress and one of the rising stars in American politics. Since first being elected to the House in 2004, she has earned the trust of her constituents and praise on Capitol Hill for her hard work, conservative principles, bipartisan outreach, and leadership. She is currently serving as the Chair of the House Republican Conference, a position making her the fourth highest-ranking Republican, and the highest ranking female Republican in the House of Representatives. As someone who grew up on a family farm, worked at a small business, and later became a wife and mom, Cathy McMorris Rodgers has lived the American Dream, and she sees her chief goal in Congress as rebuilding that Dream for our children and grandchildren.", "Mike Lowry (’62) is elected governor of Washington. Lowry was born in St. John, Washington and served various positions in the Washington State government before his election.  Lowry also spoke at the 1993 commencement ceremony.", "Barbara Mikulski is a lifelong public servant, who has held elected office since 1971. She became the longest serving female Senator in 2011, the longest serving woman in Congress in 2012, and the first female Senator to chair the Senate Appropriations Committee in 2012. Applying what she witnessed in her early career as a social worker and community activist in Baltimore, Maryland to her time in office, Senator Mikulski championed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, and helped establish the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health to include women in federally-funded health research protocols. She also helped to make college more affordable by reforming and increasing Pell grants and student loans and wrote the law that prevents seniors from going bankrupt while paying for a spouse’s nursing home care. She championed investments in research and innovation, most notably saving the Hubble Space Telescope. She is dean of the bipartisan Senate women, serving as their mentor.", "In 1992, Rossi ran for a Washington State Senate seat in a district representing suburbs east of Seattle, Washington in the Cascade foothills. After winning a divisive Republican Party primary, he lost the general election. In 1996, Rossi ran again for the State Senate and was elected.", "Early in December, I met with Senate President Peter Courtney to recap a conversation I had with Gov. Kate Brown. I wanted to be sure these powerful Democratic political leaders understand that the upcoming legislative session presents an opportunity to work together on the important issues facing both urban and rural Oregonians.", "Copyright 2012 The Washington Times, LLC.   From the Associated Press.  Reprinted from the Washington Times for educational purposes only.  Visit the website at  washingtontimes.com .", "This article first appeared in the August 2008 issue of The Washingtonian. For more articles like it, click here .", "Person living in Washington metropolitan area who is engaged in, or well informed about, national politics and government", "The Washington Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. Nine justices serve on the bench and are elected statewide.", "Due to Western Washington's large population, Democrats usually fare better statewide. The Seattle metropolitan combined statistical area, home to almost two-thirds of Washington's population, generally delivers stronger Democratic margins than most other parts of Western Washington. This is especially true of King County, home to Seattle itself and almost a third of the state's population." ]

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[ "Nori - Thin sheets of seaweed that have been dried and toasted to enhance flavor. Nori is the classic dark green seaweed that is often seen wrapped around the outside of sushi rolls.", "Nori is a popular type of seaweed. It has a meaty and sweet flavor and can be found in many types of sushi. If you frequent sushi restaurants, you may have eaten Nori. It is often found wrapped around rice, as in the case of California rolls. It can also be found in miso soup and salads.", "Nori is used mainly as a luxury food. It is often wrapped around the rice ball of sushi, a typical Japanese food consisting of a small handful of boiled rice with a slice of raw fish on the top. After a short baking (slight toasting or baking brings out the flavour), nori can be cut into small pieces and sprinkled over boiled rice or noodles. It can be incorporated into soy sauce and boiled down to give an appetising luxury sauce. It is also used as a raw material for jam and wine. In China it is mostly used in soups and for seasoning fried foods. In the Republic of Korea it has similar uses to Japan, except that a popular snack with beer is hoshi-nori that has been quickly fried in a pan with a little oil.", "Nori is probably the most commonly eaten among seaweed types. It is sold by the Japanese and Koreans in large sheets (8 in x 8 in) for wrapping sushi, or as smaller strips (4 in x 1 in) either for sushi or to be eaten on its own as a snack. These strips can be highly addictive, so be careful not to eat too much.", "Do you enjoy sushi? If so, then you might already be familiar with nori, which is used for sushi rolls and cones. Nori is just one of themany tasty sea vegetables that help combat mineral deficiencies!", "The mildest among seaweeds, nori is best known as the dark green wrapping on sushi rolls. Since nori is high in omega-3 fatty acids (about three sheets contain 0.01 grams of ALA), it helps protect the skin and prevent dryness. It is also rich in B12 and vitamin C. Sushi lovers will be happy to hear that nori is lower in iodine than other seaweeds, so eating a few rolls a week should not impact thyroid health.", "Nori by itself is an edible snack and is available with salt or flavored with teriyaki sauce. The flavored variety, however, tends to be of lesser quality and is not suitable for sushi.", "The seaweed you are probably most familiar with is the one that goes in some sushi dishes: nori, or toasted laver. Highest in protein, nori makes a tasty and crispy snack. You can easily purchase packs of nori at almost any grocery store, but be careful of the Enjoy By date--nori goes stale quickly and isn't as fun to eat when not crispy", "            There are many uses for Nori.  While kombu seaweed is used most often for soup or nabe dishes and wakame is used for soups and sunomono salads, nori is used in sushi dishes, for rice balls, and as part of noodle and other dishes. ", "You will need Nori (海苔) for rolled Sushi. Nori sheets are pressed from dried seaweed that was cut into small pieces. They are lightly roasted, tasting discreetly salty. Nori is also used to build a cup for the different sorts of fish eggs (Gunkan-style).", "As we know, sushi is a traditional Japanese food that made from rice, fish and nori/ seaweed.  Most of people think that sushi equals raw fish, however the word sushi is referred to the sticky, vinegared rice that is essential component. For the raw fish or meat that have been sliced into thin pieces, we called it sashimi.", "Sushi - bite-sized servings of cooked sticky rice, served cold, flavored with sweet rice vinegar and grated green horseradish, or wasabi, and garnished with strips of raw or cooked fish, other seafood, cooked egg or vegetables. Also called maki-zushi when wrapped in dry seaweed, or nori.", "�Nori Seaweed - Thin dry sheets of seaweed used in Japanese cooking. It is mainly used to wrap sushi and as garnish for other cold presentations.", "Makizushi (, \"rolled sushi\"), norimaki (, \"Nori roll\") or makimono (, \"variety of rolls\") is a cylindrical piece, formed with the help of a bamboo mat known as a makisu (). Makizushi is generally wrapped in nori (seaweed), but is occasionally wrapped in a thin omelette, soy paper, cucumber, or shiso (perilla) leaves. Makizushi is usually cut into six or eight pieces, which constitutes a single roll order. Below are some common types of makizushi, but many other kinds exist.", "It's well known as rolled sushi .Sushi rice and various ingredients are rolled in nori (dried seaweed) as maki means rolling in Japanese. Since makizushi are wrapped by nori, they are also called nori-maki. There are many kinds of sushi rolls. Popular sushi rolls in Japan are tekka-maki (tuna sashimi rolls), kappa-maki (cucumber rolls), and more.", "Sushi lovers, rejoice. Nori seaweed may favorably alter estrogen metabolism by modulating women’s gut flora, resulting in decreased breast cancer risk.", "A Japanese specialty based on moulded rice patties flavoured with rice vinegar. It comes as maki - rolled in Nori seaweed, or nigiri - slices of fresh raw seafood or other delicacies laid across the rice patty.", "The increasing popularity of sushi around the world has resulted in variations typically found in the Western world, but rarely in Japan (a notable exception to this is the use of salmon, which was introduced by the Bjorn Eirik Olsen, a Norwegian businessman tasked with helping the Norwegian salmon industry sell more fish in the early 1980s ). Such creations to suit the Western palate were initially fueled by the invention of the California roll (a norimaki with crab (later, imitation crab), cucumber, and avocado). A wide variety of popular rolls (norimaki and uramaki) has evolved since. Norway roll is another variant of uramakizushi filled with tamago (omelette), imitation crab and cucumber, rolled with shiso leaf and nori, topped with slices of Norwegian salmon, garnished with lemon and mayonnaise. ", "And once you have quality seaweed, what to do with it? Good news, it’s extremely versatile. Nori is a sushi necessity, but try snacking on those paper-thin sea veggies plain or crumbling onto a salad. Use it instead of bread (yes, you read right!), and just wrap your veggies and yummies right into the nori (hummus or guac are awesome). Dulse is also great as a snack or on salads, too. Kelp is a terrific salt replacer and adds flavor to just about anything. Add a strip of kombu to your water when cooking beans and they’ll come out softer without getting mushy.", "gunkan (軍艦) - \"battleship\" sushi, like nigiri but with nori wrapped around the edge to contain the contents", "Temaki (, \"hand roll\") is a large cone-shaped piece of nori on the outside and the ingredients spilling out the wide end. A typical temaki is about ten centimeters (4 in) long, and is eaten with fingers because it is too awkward to pick it up with chopsticks. For optimal taste and texture, temaki must be eaten quickly after being made because the nori cone soon absorbs moisture from the filling and loses its crispness, making it somewhat difficult to bite through. For this reason, the nori in pre-made or take-out temaki is sealed in plastic film which is removed immediately before eating. ", "If you've ever had sushi then you likely have had the main ingredient of laverbread already, not a bread at all, it is in fact seaweed stewed in hot sea water. For the Japanese this is the first step in making nori sheets which are spread out on bamboo to dry and then baked to a crisp. In Wales, however it's considered satisfying enough as it is, especially when served with cockles, a shellfish gathered fresh from the beach, and a splash of lemon.", "Uramaki (裏巻, “inside-out roll”) is a medium-sized cylindrical piece with two or more fillings. Uramaki differs from other makimono because the rice is on the outside and the nori inside. The filling is in the center surrounded by nori, then a layer of rice, and an outer coating of some other ingredients such as roe or toasted  sesame seeds . It can be made with different fillings, such as tuna, crab meat, avocado, mayonnaise, cucumber or carrots. In Japan, urimaki is an uncommon type of makimono because of the outer layer of rice can be quite difficult to handle with fingers.", "Hosomaki (, \"thin rolls\") is a small cylindrical piece, with nori on the outside. A typical hosomaki has a diameter of about two and a half centimeters (1 in). They generally contain only one filling, often tuna, cucumber, kanpyō, thinly sliced carrots, or, more recently, avocado. Kappamaki, () a kind of Hosomaki filled with cucumber, is named after the Japanese legendary water imp fond of cucumbers called the kappa. Traditionally, kappamaki is consumed to clear the palate between eating raw fish and other kinds of food, so that the flavors of the fish are distinct from the tastes of other foods. Tekkamaki () is a kind of hosomaki filled with raw tuna. Although it is believed that the word tekka, meaning \"red hot iron\", alludes to the color of the tuna flesh or salmon flesh, it actually originated as a quick snack to eat in gambling dens called tekkaba (), much like the sandwich. Negitoromaki () is a kind of hosomaki filled with scallion (negi) and chopped tuna (toro). Fatty tuna is often used in this style. Tsunamayomaki () is a kind of hosomaki filled with canned tuna tossed with mayonnaise.", "In addition, very fine nori strips as well as nori flakes may be sprinkled over rice and other foods as a condiment. The flakes are sometimes mixed with other ingredients such as dried chilli, sesame seeds, small dried fish, dried krill (which look like tiny shrimps), or even with brightly colored unnatural condiments.", "Roast unprocessed nori at 200� until crunchy. Eat it as a snack or crumble it into small flakes and use it as a condiment sprinkled over soups, grains, cooked vegetables, or salads.", "In the 1800s, Sushi was made using a process that involved pressing fish in between layers of salt and leaving it for months to ferment.  This process is known as narezushi, or �edomaezushi�, which is still used in some restaurants in Japan.  The name narezushi was originally called �Edomae� and shortened to Edo.  This name translates to �in front of Edo� which is a reference to fish caught in front of Edo city and used for the making of Sushi.  Unlike the Sushi eaten today, Edo was formed in a ball of rice with a slice of the fish.  When it came time to eat narezushi, the rice ball was thrown out and only the fish eaten.  Today, narezushi is very difficult to find outside of Japan in that it has a unique taste not usually appreciated by Westerners. ", "Umi means sea or ocean in Japanese, and so of course the sushi is a must try.", "8. Stop by the local sushi joint and pick up some wakame salad to serve with dinner or better yet, learn to make your own.", "A version of inarizushi that includes  green beans ,  carrots , and  gobo  along with rice, wrapped in a triangular aburage (fried tofu) piece, is a  Hawaiian specialty , where it is called cone sushi and is often sold in okazu-ya (Japanese  delis ) and as a component of  bento  boxes", "This hot condiment from Japan is best used on sushi and other fishy snacks, but I find yaki imo and wasabi also goes well!", "Next, you create the teriyaki marinade (sauce). Here, you use exotic Eastern ingredients such as sake and soy sauce. Once you have heated the sauce, it’s time to cook the salmon. Once the salmon is done, brush the delicious teriyaki onto the fish, and add the garnish that you made earlier. Voila - an appetizing Japanese dish fit for a King or Queen! Show off your creation to your family and friends, and if your parent or guardian allows – why not try out the recipe for real at home? Happy cooking!" ]

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[ "Lorne Michaels (born Lorne Lipowitz; November 17, 1944) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, comedian, and actor, best known for creating and producing Saturday Night Live, and producing the Late Night series (since 1993), and The Tonight Show (since 2014).", "Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American sketch comedy/variety show based in New York City that debuted on October 11, 1975. It features a regular cast of typically up-and-coming comic actors, joined by a guest host and musical act. George Carlin was first to host the show. The show � broadcast live (or on tape delay to the Mountain and Pacific Time Zones) from Studio 8H at the GE Building in New York's Rockefeller Center � has launched careers for many major American comedy stars of the last thirty years. It was created by Canadian Lorne Michaels who, excluding a hiatus from season 6 through season 10, has produced and written for the show and remains its executive producer. SNL is one of the longest-running network programs in American television history.", "Don Pardo ’42, legendary TV announcer and the voice of Saturday Night Live (SNL) for 38 seasons, died August 18; he was 96 years old. Born in Westfield, assachusetts, Pardo became interested in oratory and theater while a student at Norwich Free Academy in Connecticut. He began his announcing career on the radio at WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island. He graduated from Emerson in 1942. He spent the majority of his career at NBC Radio and then on television, where he served as the announcer for game shows like The Price is Right and Jeopardy. Although he officially retired in 2004, his lifetime contract with the network allowed him to continue to work at SNL through last season.", "Don Pardo, the man whose voice introduced the cast of NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\" for decades, died at the age of 96, the network announced August 19.", "In 1975, NBC hired Lorne Michaels to create a show to run on Saturday nights. After gathering a group of actors and writers, Michaels debuted Saturday Night Live, a sketch comedy show that has launched numerous careers. The show has been nominated for 160 Emmy Awards and has won 35. Michaels is recognized as one of the most influential comedy producers of all time.", "Don Pardo has served as the announcer for the series since it began (except for season 7, when Mel Brandt filled that role). Pardo, who was 57 when the show debuted and who retired from NBC in 2004 at age 86, still flies in from his home in Tucson, Arizona to introduce the show as of 2008.", "As Don Pardo was still under contract at NBC, he was replaced by Johnny Gilbert, who currently serves as the announcer for Jeopardy!. Coincidently, Pardo would announce on the original Jeopardy! for 11 years.", "Dominick George \"Don\" Pardo (February 22, 1918 – August 18, 2014) was an American radio and television announcer whose career spanned more than seven decades.", "During the NBC run, Don Pardo was the main announcer. Whenever he was off, or filling in for Cullen as host, substitute announcers included Dick Dudley, Vic Roby, and Roger Tuttle.", "Underdog also aired on ABC in Australia on February 18, 1966. In 1995, Biggers, Stover, Covington and Harris (with General Mills) negotiated a sale of their creations to Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels, who later sold the rights to Golden Books. When Classic Media took over Golden Books, it acquired the underlying rights to Underdog. In 2012, Classic Media was sold to DreamWorks Animation, and thus they are the new owners of the series. IGN ranked Underdog #74 on its 'Best 100 Animated Series' list.", "A late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels. The show's comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest, who usually delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast, and features performances by a musical guest.", "The program debuted on 11 October 1975, with Carlin wearing casual clothes. It was Michaels' first triumph, the first of many. Over subsequent weeks, months, years and decades, Michaels' Saturday Night Live brought television a much more adult sense of humor than it had ever shown before. It became acceptable, at least after the late-night news, to make jokes about almost any topic, from religion, politics, and ethnic humor to sex, drugs, and rock and roll.", "Charlie O'Donnell was the program's first and longest tenured announcer. In 1980, NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show. The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series. His replacement was Jack Clark, who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988. Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly was Clark's replacement, starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later. Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position, doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season. O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010. Don Pardo, Don Morrow, and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers. ", "Underdog also aired on ABC in Australia in February 18, 1966. In 1995, Biggers, Stover, Covington and Harris (with General Mills) negotiated a sale of their creations to Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels , who later sold the rights to Golden Books. Classic Media currently owns the underlying rights to Underdog.", "His best known announcing work was for the television series Saturday Night Live. His was the fourth voice heard on the show's premiere episode in 1975, after the first cold open sketch featuring Michael O'Donoghue, John Belushi and Chevy Chase. Pardo remained the program's announcer except for one season (1981–1982), when it was announced by Mel Brandt or Bill Hanrahan. After \"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!\", which is cried out at the end of the cold open, Pardo announces the show's title, then names the cast members and musical guests in a voice-over during the opening montage. According to Pardo, his Saturday Night Live announcing booth during his tenure at Studio 8-H was almost exactly where Arturo Toscanini stood when conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in Rockefeller Center from 1937 to 1950.", "Pardo made his mark on game shows for NBC as the voice of the original The Price Is Right from 1956 until it moved to ABC in 1963. Pardo's next show was Jeopardy!, which he announced from 1964 until the original version of the series ended in 1975. This early version was hosted by Art Fleming. The current syndicated version of Jeopardy! has been hosted by Alex Trebek and since 1984 has been announced by prominent long time announcer, Johnny Gilbert. Pardo also announced New York–based NBC game shows such as Three on a Match, Winning Streak, and Jackpot!, all three of which were Bob Stewart productions.", "Game shows such as Match Game, The Hollywood Squares, and Family Feud, were also popular daytime television. The height of Match Game ’s popularity occurred between 1973 and 1977, before it was overtaken by Family Feud in 1978. Television’s current longest-running game show, The Price Is Right, began its run hosted by Bob Barker in 1972.", "Hockey Night in Canada began airing on radio in November 1931 and moved to television in November 1952 (the first year of regular television broadcasts in Canada), and is the world's longest-running sports show.", "Beginning in 1965, the Hanna and Barbera Tom and Jerry cartoons began to appear on television in heavily edited form. The Jones team was required to take the cartoons featuring Mammy Two-Shoes and remove her by pasting over the scenes featuring her with new scenes. Most of the time, she was replaced with a similarly fat White Irish woman; occasionally, as in Saturday Evening Puss, a thin white teenager took her place instead, with both characters voiced by June Foray. Also, much of the violence was edited out. However, recent telecasts on Cartoon Network and Boomerang retain Mammy with new voiceover work performed by Thea Vidale to remove the stereotypical black jargon featured on the original cartoon soundtracks.", "\"Dragnet\" also set the standard as well as the architecture for future police dramas to follow. And even after 65 years it still sets the standard for one of the great television programs that began on radio, made the transition to television during the 1950's and beyond. So here's to the anniversary of \"Dragnet\"..Happy 65th!!!", "The program premiered on September 4, 1972 on CBS. Bob Barker was the series' longest-running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007, when Drew Carey took over. Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers, beginning with Johnny Olson, followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields. In April 2011, George Gray became the announcer. The show has used several models, most notably Anitra Ford, Janice Pennington, Dian Parkinson, Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley. While retaining some elements of the original version of the show, the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements.", "The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4, 2012. The entire audience was made up of former contestants. Barker did not appear, stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host, such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo. Although he did not appear in person, vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode. Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards, once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week, celebrating his 90th birthday, and again on April 1, 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game, part of an April Fool's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let's Make a Deal.", "Household favourite Joe Pasquale takes over the reins from Bruce Forsyth on \"Britains Brightest Gameshow\".� All the favourite games of old such as \"Plinko\" are there, as well as some new ones.� The voice overs were provided by Mike Hurley and more recently Peter Dixon.", "Story Three:A young boy controls the lives of adults in an extension of TV cartoonland. Helen Kathleen Quinlan Jeremy Light A nthony Uncle W alt Kevin McCarthy Mother Patricia Barry Father William Schallert Ethel Nancy Cartwright Tim Bill Mumy SCREENPLAY RICHARD MATHESON, BASED ON THE 1961 TV EPISODE ITS A GOOD LIFE. WRITTEN BY ROD SEALING DIRECTOR JOE DANTE", "This series is great for many things. The Cartwrights are righteous, hard working and well respected. They work from early in the morning until they sit down for dinner, eating meat and potatoes. Dan Blocker was Texas heaviest baby when he was born, and Little Joe (Michael Landon) always comments on how much he eats for dinner. Pernell Roberts is very cool as Adam, and Lorne Greene, playing Ben Cartwright depicts a very noble and respectable man. Under the scorching sun they meet problems like racism, indians and every other problem you could expect those days. Great entertainment. A TV-series like this will never be made again.", "Originally ran for only 24 episodes during the 1962-1963 TV season. In 1985 the program was revived, with new episodes designed to syndicate alongside the originals. See more »", "His cohorts included most of the future members of the \"SCTV\" show, first seen in 1977 as a half-hour Toronto-based program syndicated in the United States. In 1981 NBC picked up \"SCTV,\" turned it into a 90-minute program produced in Edmonton, Alberta, and ran it at 12:30 A.M. on Saturdays.", "As previously mentioned, in 1961, NBC hired Joe Garagiola to be their Major League Baseball color commentator. The following year, Bob Wolff began working play-by-play. \"You work your side of the street [interviewing players]\", said Garagiola to Wolff \"and I'll work mine.\" Wolff liked Garagiola's pizazz as he would say things like \"the guy stapled him to the bag\" or that a runner is \"smilin' like he swallowed a banana peel.\" Also in 1962, NBC broadcast the National League tie-breaker series between the San Francisco Giants and Los Angeles Dodgers. Bob Wolff and George Kell were the announcers for the playoff series. Wolff also hosted the pre-game shows for NBC's World Series coverage from 1962 to 1965.", "The content and format was exactly the same as the Canadian counterpart, but was hosted by Rick Miller, who introduced each segment with a quirky pun. The show returned to the ABC lineup as a mid-season replacement on January 1, 2008. The series was initially not renewed after the half-season, but ABC reversed their decision. ", "Hockey Night in Canada - The Television Years - Canadian Communications Foundation | Fondation Des Communications Canadiennes", "S 13: Ep 2 October 2, 1960: Bob Newhart, Mickey Rooney, Danny Thomas, The McGuire Sisters", "During the 1970s and 1980s, a Canadian version was aired by the CTV Television Network. Licensed by ABC, the CTV broadcast included a mix of content from the American show, and segments produced by CTV and its affiliates." ]

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[ "Daimler is a Stuttgart, Germany-based company. In 1885, founders Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz invented the motorcycle and the automobile, respectively and separately, prompting them to form a company together.", "BASF SE is the largest chemical producer in the world and is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany. The BASF Group comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries and operates six integrated production sites and 390 other production sites in Europe, Asia, Australia, Americas and Africa. Its headquarters is located in Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). BASF has customers in over 200 countries and supplies products to a wide variety of industries. Despite its size and global presence, BASF has received relatively little public attention since abandoning its consumer product lines in the 1990s.", "Siemens is incorporated in Germany and has its corporate headquarters in Munich. It has operations in around 190 countries and approximately 285 production and manufacturing facilities. Siemens had around 360,000 employees as of 30 September 2011.", "Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2014, the Fortune Global 500, 28 are headquartered in Germany. 30 Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the German stock market index. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, SAP, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, and DHL. ", "Daimler AG is a German manufacturer of automobiles, motor vehicles, and engines, which dates back more than a century.", "At the end of 2015, the company employed more than 112,000 people, with over 52,800 in Germany alone. In 2015, BASF posted sales of €70.4 billion and income from operations before special items of about €6.7 billion. The company is currently expanding its international activities with a particular focus on Asia. Between 1990 and 2005, the company invested €5.6 billion in Asia, for example in sites near Nanjing and Shanghai, China and Mangalore in India.", "The iconic German brand, Mercedes-Benz, is a multinational Daimler AG division and part of the German trio reckoned across the world for its luxury cars. Headquartered at the city of Stuttgard, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany and Mercedes-Benz is known for designing and producing luxury automobiles, coaches, buses, and trucks. The luxury car maker forayed in the Indian automotive market in year 1994 as Daimler. Later when it entered into joint venture with Chrysler, its Indian subsidiary got renamed as DaimlerChrysler India Private Ltd. In 2007, Daimler sold its shares to Chrysler and turned Daimler. The Indian luxury vehicle unit was renamed as Mercedes-Benz India.", "Daimler AG was founded in 1998. Don’t be confused, that’s just the founding of the current incarnation. The original Daimler-Benz was founded in Germany in 1926. Daimler owns Mercedes-Benz and the Smart car series. Daimler used to own Maybach brand but it recently axed the high-end luxury sedan maker. Don’t fret, Maybach lovers, Mercedes will once again offer a reincarnated Maybach moniker on its top-end S-Class. Daimler AG made $8.8 billion in 2012. Where did the name Mercedes come from? It was the name of the daughter of someone who worked for the company early on in their history. So there’s that.", "· In Germany, Daimler Benz AG is formed by the long-planned (since 1911) merger between Benz and Daimler companies.", "Referenzen: Apple Inc., Airbus S.A.S., Allianz SE, Audi AG, Axa Konzern AG, BASF SE, Bayer AG, BMW Group, Robert Bosch GmbH, Continental AG, Deutsche Telekom AG, Henkel AG, HSBC Trinkaus & Burkhardt AG, Kühne + Nagel AG, Liganova GmbH, L'Oréal Deutschland GmbH, Merck KGaA, Novartis AG, Pfizer Deutschland GmbH, Roche Diagnostics, SAP AG, Shopware AG, Siemens AG, Software AG, Swarovski KG, Volkswagen AG, u.v.a.", "Daimler AG international automotive company. One of the world’s leading car and truck manufacturers, its vehicle brands include Mercedes-Benz, Maybach (luxury automobiles), and Smart (micro hybrid cars). Daimler manufactures commercial vehicles under brands such...", "Essen is seat to several large companies, among them the ThyssenKrupp industrial conglomerate which is also registered in Duisburg and originates from a 1999 merger between Duisburg-based Thyssen AG and Essen-based Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp. The largest company registered only in Essen is Germany's second-largest electric utility RWE AG. Essen also hosts parts of the corporate headquarters of Schenker AG, the logistics division of Deutsche Bahn. Other major companies include Germany's largest construction company Hochtief AG, as well as Aldi Nord, Evonik Industries, Karstadt, Medion AG and Deichmann, Europe's largest shoe retailer. The Coca-Cola Company had also originally established their German headquarters in Essen (around 1930), where it remained until 2003, when it was moved to the capital Berlin. In light of the Energy transition in Germany, Germany's largest electric utility E.ON announced that, after restructuring and splitting off its conventional electricity generation division (coal, gas, atomic energy), it will also move its headquarters to Essen in 2016, becoming a sole provider of renewable energy. Further the chemical distribution company Brenntag announced to move its headquarter to Essen end of 2017.", "Nestlé S.A. (;,,) is a Swiss transnational food and drink company headquartered in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland. It is the largest food company in the world measured by revenues, and ranked #72 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2014. ", "Smart Automobile is a division of Daimler AG that designs, manufactures and markets microcars. Headquartered in Böblingen, Germany, Smart has its primary assembly plant in Hambach, France. Annette Winkler has served as Smart’s CEO since 2010.", "Today, the ultra-luxury car brand is owned by Daimler AG and based in Stuttgart. Tognum AG based in Friedrichshafen manufactures the commercial Maybach diesel engines under the MTU brand through its subsidiary MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH.", "Bayer AG, Germany's most valuable publicly traded company, is the maker of Aspirin, among many other things", "Adam Opel AG (Opel) is a German automobile manufacturer headquartered in Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany and a subsidiary of the American General Motors Company. The company designs, engineers, manufactures and distributes Opel-branded passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles and vehicle parts for distribution in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America. Opel designed and manufactured vehicles are also sold under the Buick brand in the United States, Canada, Mexico and China and the Vauxhall brand in the United Kingdom.", "By 1900, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. The three major firms BASF, Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply of dyestuffs and sold about 80% of their production abroad. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals. Top-level decision-making was in the hands of professional salaried managers; leading Chandler to call the German dye companies \"the world's first truly managerial industrial enterprises\". There were many spinoffs from research—such as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. ", "of ABB, Alstom, BASF (Ludwigshafen), Bilfinger Berger, Bombardier, Fuchs Petrolub AG, John Deere, Siemens, SCA, Südzucker, and other companies.", "In February 2013, Daimler acquired a 12% stake in Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Co Ltd (BAIC), becoming the first western car manufacturer to own a stake in a Chinese company. ", "Erlangen, November 24, 2010 - Daimler AG has selected CAD Software from Siemens as their standard for their worldwide vehicle development. Starting in the summer of 2012, Daimler will integrate work from over 20 development centers and their most important suppliers on a single product development platform. Both companies have agreed not to disclose the contract value.", "* Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, an 89.29% stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance, a 12% stake in Beijing Automotive Group, and an 85% stake in Master Motors. Daimler and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. ", "In 2003, Siemens acquired the flow division of Danfoss and incorporated it into the Automation and Drives division. Also in 2003 Siemens acquired IndX software (realtime data organisation and presentation). The same year in an unrelated development Siemens reopened its office in Kabul. Also in 2003 agreed to buy Alstom Industrial Turbines; a manufacturer of small, medium and industrial gas turbines for €1.1 billion. ", "Siemens (at the time: Siemens-Schuckert) exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps. The company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp. ", "Vauxhall Motors is a British automotive manufacturing and distribution company headquartered in Luton, Bedfordshire, and a subsidiary of the German Adam Opel AG, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of the American General Motors (GM). The company sells passenger cars and light commercial vehicles under the Vauxhall marque; in the past it has also sold buses and trucks under the Bedford brand. Vauxhall has been the second-largest-selling car brand in the UK for over two decades.", "Despite world concerns like Daimler AG, SAP and Robert Bosch AG, mid-sized companies are the backbone of the economy.", "Daimler Selects CAD Software from Siemens as New Platform for Worldwide Car and Truck Development: Siemens PLM Software", "Also in 2000, Atecs-Mannesman was acquired by Siemens, The sale was finalised in April 2001 with 50% of the shares acquired, acquisition, Mannesmann VDO AG merged into Siemens Automotive forming Siemens VDO Automotive AG, Atecs Mannesmann Dematic Systems merged into Siemens Production and Logistics forming Siemens Dematic AG, Mannesmann Demag Delaval merged into the Power Generation division of Siemens AG. Other parts of the company were acquired by Robert Bosch GmbH at the same time. ", "The Dow Chemical Company (), commonly referred to as Dow, is a multinational chemical corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan. Dow provides chemical, plastic, and agricultural products and services to consumer markets that include food, transportation, health and medicine, personal care and construction, and operates in approximately 180 countries. ", "In 1926 Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft merged with Karl Benz’s “Benz & Cie” to form the Daimler-Benz car company which built Mercedes-Benz cars (and trucks).", "The development of the Haber process from 1908 to 1912 made it possible to synthesize ammonia (a major industrial chemical as the primary source of nitrogen), and, after acquiring exclusive rights to the process, in 1913 BASF started a new production plant in Oppau, adding fertilizers to its product range. BASF also acquired and began mining anhydrite for gypsum at the Kohnstein in 1917.", "In 1985, Siemens bought Allis-Chalmers' interest in the partnership company Siemens-Allis (formed 1978) which supplied electrical control equipment. It was incorporated into Siemens' Energy and Automation division. " ]

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[ "Also known as the Monyet Belanda, Bangkatan, or even the Long-nosed Monkey, the Proboscis Monkey is an arboreal Old World monkey. The monkey is most well known for its very large nose as well as its reddish brown color. The nose is the first thing to be seen on this monkey and that is because it is unlike any other primate nose that you will see. The unique nose, measuring up to seven inches in length, is only seen on the males and is thought to have something to do with a mating ritual. The nose does more than attract mates, it also swells with blood when the animal is angry or upset and makes warning calls louder and much more intense than other species.", "Proboscis monkeys have been making spectacular first impressions on people for a long time. Early naturalists could not agree, though, whether the animals were amazingly wonderful or amazingly grotesque. One of the earliest reports of proboscis monkeys in the wild came from British officer Hugh Low. As long ago as 1848, he said that the proboscis monkey “is remarkable for its very long nose; it is a very fine monkey, in size approaching the orang-utan, but much less disgusting in appearance”. Another early explorer-naturalist, Odoardo Beccari, obviously had somewhat mixed feelings about the animals. On the one hand, he said that “the long-nosed ape is of singular and ridiculous aspect”, but went on “Why amongst all apes…this one should be provided with a long, prominent and fleshy nose, somewhat hooked at its extremity, it is hard to say. According to Darwinian theory, it might possibly be attributed to sexual selection. If such were the case, we might, perhaps, cvongratulate the monkey on its good taste”.", "Let’s enjoy some of the most exciting proboscis monkey facts that includes proboscis monkey diet, habitat, and reproduction. The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) also known as long-nosed monkey is a reddish-brown Old World Monkey native to the south-east Asian island of Borneo. They are easily distinguishable as they claim the largest nose among all the primates family. They are one of the largest primates, Tibetan Macaque and gray langurs being the only contenders in its size. They are endangered primarily due to the habitat loss. They are named for the drooping noses of the adult males.", "The Proboscis monkey is quite large; in fact, this type of monkey is one of the very biggest species in the whole of Asia and is exclusively native to the continent also. There are very few other species of monkeys which can actually match the Proboscis monkey in terms of its size and strength. The males will have uniquely shaped noses which are elongated pendulous noses. These noses can be measured over 10 centimetres!  The noses can hang down over the mouths.", "The Proboscis Monkey is natively found on the island of Borneo where it was once fairly widespread (with the exception of central Sarawak) throughout the coastal mangrove forests. The Proboscis Monkey inhabits very unique habitats and is most commonly found in mangrove swamps, but is also known to inhabit coastal mangroves, riverine forests and lowland rainforest providing that there is a good source of fresh water. Due to their leaf-eating diet , the Proboscis Monkey has also managed to exploit a niche within these wetland forests and are the largest mammals found inhabiting the higher levels of the canopy. These rare regions however, have been heavily affected by deforestation meaning that Proboscis Monkey populations are becoming more isolated as they will avoid cleared forest or populated areas.", "The Proboscis Monkey can most often be found in Borneo’s mangrove forests, swamps, and even the lowland riparian forests. The primates are known to move easily between dry land and shallow water and they even swim in deep water. What makes these primates unusual is that they move about from island to island, and in doing so they are often seen walking upright in a single file line. These monkeys basically move from area to area as they see the need to meet feeding and shelter needs.", "The Proboscis Monkey is a medium-sized monkey that is found exclusively in the rain-forests of Borneo. The male Proboscis Monkey is one of the largest monkeys in Asia and — with their fleshy nose — they are also one of the world’s most bizarre looking mammals.", "The male Proboscis Monkey is significantly larger than the female measuring up to 76cm in height and weighing more than 20kg, both having a long tail which can easily be the same length as the body, which is used to help the Proboscis Monkey to balance whilst it is leaping through the trees. Adults are mainly pale orange to light brown in colour with a richer coloured head and shoulders and grey limbs and tail, and a light pink face. The protruding nose of the Proboscis Monkey develops with age with infants having more monkey-like noses and older mature males having larger and more bulbous ones. Although scientists are still unsure as to exactly why the nose of the Proboscis Monkey grows so big, it widely believed to be to do with attracting a female mate as the noses of females are much smaller.", "The Proboscis Monkey was once hunted by local people as they are seen as a culinary delicacy in some areas, but today the capture and killing of these distinctive animals is forbidden and has helped this situation slightly. However, people have had a far bigger impact on the Proboscis Monkey through the deforestation of it's natural habitat mainly for logging, growing Human settlements and to clear land for palm oil plantations, which has led to drastic population declines in the species over the past couple of decades particularly. They are however, of great fascination to many people around the world and have generated tourism interests in certain areas.", "Spider monkeys get their name for their extremely long, spidery limbs and prehensile tail, which acts like a fifth limb and is used... More 19 Images 11 Videos", "frontcover Primate Anatomy: an introduction], 3rd Ed. San Diego: Academic Press ISBN 0080469116. Nevertheless, the nose of the female is still fairly large for a primate. The proboscis monkey has a long coat; the fur on the back is bright orange, reddish brown, yellowish brown or brick-red.Payne J, Francis CM, Phillips K. (1985) A field guide to the mammals of Borneo. Kuala Lumpur (MY): World Wildlife Fund Malaysia & The Sabah Society ISBN 9679994716. The underfur is light-grey, yellowish, or greyish to light-orange. The face is orange-pink. The male has a red penis with a black scrotum. Both sexes have bulging stomachs that give the monkeys what resembles a pot belly. Many of the monkeys' toes are webbed.", "The warning calls of the Proboscis Monkey are very loud. It is believed that the large nose allows for the sounds to be bolder than that of other Monkeys. They can live in groups that range from 10 to 30. The Monkeys don’t always stay in the same group though. They can move from one to the next frequently. This is very different from most other groups of Monkey species.", "The bumblebee tongue (the proboscis) is a long, hairy structure that extends from a sheath-like modified maxilla. The primary action of the tongue is lapping, that is, repeated dipping of the tongue into liquid. ", "Proboscis monkeys are endemic to the jungles of Borneo, never straying far from the island’s rivers, coastal mangroves, and swamps. They are a highly arboreal species and will venture onto land only occasionally to search for food. They live in organized harem groups consisting of a dominant male and two to seven females and their offspring. Various groups often congregate near water at night to sleep.", "The proboscis monkey is found only on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It prefers to live in the mixed diterocarp-kerangas forests, mangrove forests and lowland forests near fresh water and rivers. They live almost exclusively in mangrove forests, but can also be found in lowland rainforests. It depends on the mangroves near river edges for resting and sleeping. They avoid deforested areas and avoid human settlements.", "These copper-colored acrobats can attain a length of a meter and a half. They have evolved extreme specialization for a highly mobile arboreal lifestyle. Long slender limbs allow spider monkeys to make spectacular leaps. But the spider's greatest secret is its extraordinary prehensile tail, which is longer than the combined length of its head and body. The underside is ridged like a human fingertip for added grip at the end of treetop leaps (it is even sensitive enough for probing and picking). You might even see individuals hanging like ripe fruit by their tails.", "Spider monkeys are among the largest New World monkeys; Black-headed Spider Monkeys, the largest spider monkey, have an average weight of 10.8 kg (24 lb) for males and 9.66 kg (21.3 lb) for females. Disproportionately long, spindly limbs inspired the spider monkey's common name. Their deftly prehensile tails, which may be up to 89 cm (35 in) long, have very flexible, hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to the spider monkey's strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. When the monkey walks, its arms practically drag on the ground. Unlike many monkeys, they do not use their arms for balance when walking, instead relying on their tail. The hands are long, narrow and hook like, and have no thumbs. The fingers are elongated and recurved.", "The body shape is similar to that of the giraffe, except that okapis have much shorter necks. Both species have very long (approx. 30 cm or 12 inch), flexible, blue tongues that they use to strip leaves and buds from trees. The tongue of the okapi is long enough for the animal to wash its eyelids and clean its ears (inside and out): it is the only mammal that can lick its own ears. Fourteen to eighteen inches (36-46 cm) in length, the sticky tongue is pointed and bluish gray in color like the giraffe's. Male okapis have short, skin-covered horns called \"ossicones\". They have large ears, which help them detect their predator, the leopard .", "The arms of this huge ape are twice the length of its body. They can be up to 7.2ft (2.2m) long.", "*The largest of the Old World monkeys is the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) with large males being up to 50 kg, 90 cm long and 50 cm at the shoulders. The prehistoric baboon Dinopithecus grew even larger than modern mandrills, weighing as much as a grown man.", "A monkey is a primate of the Haplorrhini suborder andsimian infraorder, either an Old World monkey or a New World monkey, but excluding apes (including humans). There are about 260 known living species of monkey. Many are arboreal, although there are species that live primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to be intelligent. Unlike apes, monkeys usually have tails. Tailless monkeys may be called \"apes\", incorrectly according to modern usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is called the \"Barbary ape\".", "The highly distinctive aye-aye is the world’s largest nocturnal primate. It has a thick coat of coarse black or brown hair flecked with white from longer guard hairs, and a long bushy tail which more than doubles the length of the body. The species has a number of extreme morphological adaptations to its unusual feeding habits, making it one of the most bizarre-looking animals on the planet. It has huge, leathery bat-like ears and prominent yellowish-orange eyes. The fingers are long and narrow and tipped with curved claw-like nails. The third finger on each hand is skeletal in appearance. It is extremely long and thin, and is primarily used for extracting insect larvae from holes in trees.", "an arboreal primate with a pointed snout and typically a long tail, found only in madagascar", "Any of several small arboreal, mostly nocturnal primates chiefly of the family Lemuridae of Madagascar and adjacent islands, having large eyes, a long slim muzzle, and a long tail.", "Similar Species: Opossums are characterized by their long tail, which can act like a third appendage when hanging from a tree.", "The red-shanked douc is a species of Old World monkey, among the most colourful of all primates. This monkey is sometimes called the “costumed ape” for its extravagant appearance. From its knees to its ankles it sports maroon-red “stockings”, and it appears to wear white forearm length gloves. Its attire is finished with black hands and feet. The golden face is framed by a white ruff, which is considerably fluffier in males. The eyelids are a soft powder blue. The tail is white with a triangle of white hair at the base. Males of all ages have a white spot on both sides of the corners of the rump patch, and red and white genitals.", "The Lemur catta has the same size of a cat and a long tail with 14 white rings © Dr Daniel Sanchez", "(italics) the genus of bipedal primates that includes modern humans and several extinct forms, distinguished by their large brains and a dependence upon tools.", "The Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is a lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar that combines rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger. It is the world's largest nocturnal primate, and is characterized by its unusual method of finding food; it taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood and inserts its narrow middle finger to pull the grubs out.", "Such an ancient adaptive radiation means that the lemurs of Madagascar—both extinct and living—are quite different from one another. Every extinct lemur was larger than the largest living today, the domino-colored, bushy-eared, tailless indri, which is the size of a 7-month-old child. The tiniest lemur, the mouse lemur, is closer in size to its namesake. Some lemurs eat leaves, others fungus, and still others the soil near termite mounds. Many lemurs have odd adaptations that give them a competitive edge, such as the aye-aye’s lengthy fingers, which it uses to pluck woodboring insect larvae. Another instance is the bamboo lemur’s resistance to the cyanide naturally present in its food, bamboo shoots. This allows it to exploit a resource others avoid.", "The aye-aye is a lemur, a strepsirrhine primate native to Madagascar that combines rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger to fill the same ecological niche as a woodpecker.It is the world's largest nocturnal primate, and is characterized by its unusual method of finding food; it taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward slanting incisors to create a small hole in which it inserts its narrow middle finger to pull the grubs out.", "Like other non-human apes, bonobos have longer arms than legs to make traveling in the trees easier." ]

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[ "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti- slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe . Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States , so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War . [1]", "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly, is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel \"helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War\", according to Will Kaufman. ", "Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. She came from a famous religious family and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). It depicts the harsh life for African Americans under slavery. It reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and Great Britain. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential for both her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.", "Stowe wrote the anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, in 1852. The world was never the same. Abolition became possible. Emancipation became law. But today, in the 21st century, inequity is everywhere. What would Stowe do? What will YOU do?", "On March 20, 1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin: or, Life among the Lowly, an antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was first published as a book. It initially appeared in serial form in National Era, an abolitionist newspaper, from June 1851 to April 1852. The novel focuses on the cruelty and inhumanity of slavery by centering on the horrifying travails of the pious, Christian slave Uncle Tom. A cruel and vicious plantation owner, Simon Legree, buys Tom, and Tom's innate goodness and Christian faith repel Legree who repeatedly mistreats Tom and his other slaves. In the end, Legree orders his overseers to beat Tom severely after he refuses to reveal the hiding place of two runaway slaves. Tom dies just as his former owner arrives to buy him back.", "On Mar. 20, 1852 Litchfield, Conn.-born Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe (1811-96) (\"Crusader in Crinoline\"), daughter of Rev. Lyman Beecher (1775-1863) pub. her compelling, tear-jerking, rabble-rousing, widely-translated anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (pub. starting June 5, 1851 in 10 monthly installments in Nat. Era, then as a book on Mar. 20, 1852), selling 300K copies in its first year then going on to become the first million-selling novel, the #1-selling novel in the world in the 19th cent., and #2 after the Bible. In 1853 Martin Robinson Delany (1812-85) pub. Blake; or The Huts of America , the first novel by an African-Am. pub. in the U.S., a response to \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" showing slaves as active not passive, and advocating black separatism; changes \"No more hard work for poor old Ned/ He's gone whar de good darkeys go\" in Stephen Foster's \"Old Uncle Ned\" to \"Old master's gone to the slaveholders' rest/ He's gone where they all ought to go\". In 1854 she pub. The Minister's Wooing , about Am. Rev. War abolitionist minister Rev. Samuel Hopkins (1721-1803). In 1856 she pub. Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (2 vols.). In 1862 she pub. The Pearl of Orr's Island . In 1869 she pub. Oldtown Folks , about runaway slave kids.", "Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) depicted life for African-Americans under slavery ; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the U.S. and Britain and made the political issues of the 1850s regarding slavery tangible to millions, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South . Upon meeting Stowe, Abraham Lincoln allegedly remarked, “So you’re the little lady who started this great war !” [1] Harriet Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut on June 14, 1811. She was the daughter of outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana Foote, a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was four years old. She was the sister of the educator and author, Catharine Beecher , clergymen Henry Ward Beecher , Charles Beecher , and Edward Beecher .", "<p>Among the most “banned” books in the United States, Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. Stowe was a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the North’s view of slavery. In fact, when he met Harriet Beecher Stowe, President Lincoln is said to have commented, “So you’re the little lady whose book started the Civil War.” First published on March 20, 1852, the story focuses on the tale of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave, the central character around whose life the other characters—both fellow slaves and slave owners—revolve. The novel depicts the harsh reality of slavery while also showing that Christian love and faith can overcome even something as evil as enslavement of fellow human beings. (summary by Wikipedia and John Greenman)</p> <p>Note From the Reader: The listener is about to enter a world rich with diverse characters. In order to differentiate between the characters, the reader has given each, his/her own voice. As an adult male reader, however, the reader's representation of women and children will, necessarily be less than adequate. He asks for your indulgence.</p>", "During the decade of the 1850s, crisis seemed to pile upon crisis as levels of anger turned to rage, and rage turned to violence. One of the most polarizing episodes between North and South occurred upon the 1852 publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which depicted the slave’s life as a relentless nightmare of sorrow and cruelty. Northern passions were inflamed while furious Southerners dismissed the story en masse as an outrageously skewed and unfair portrayal. (After the conflict began it was said that Lincoln, upon meeting Mrs. Stowe, remarked, “So you are the little lady who started this great war?”)", "In 1836, she married Calvin Ellis Stowe, professor of biblical literature at Lane. The death of a son in 1849 led her away from her father’s Calvinism and gave supremacy in her views to the redemptive spirit of Christian love. By 1850, the family had moved to Maine , where, in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of that year, Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), her most celebrated work. Sentimental and realistic by turns, the novel explored the cruelties of chattel slavery in the Upper and Lower South and exposed the moral ironies in the legal, religious, and social arguments of white apologists.", "Harriet Beecher Stowe was an author and abolitionist. Her popular novel \"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" which portrayed the harshness of slavery became a best seller before the Civil War.", "The most influential abolitionist tract was Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), the best-selling novel and play by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Outraged by the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (which made the escape narrative part of everyday news), Stowe emphasized the horrors that abolitionists had long claimed about slavery. Her depiction of the evil slave owner Simon Legree, a transplanted Yankee who kills the Christ-like Uncle Tom, outraged the North, helped sway British public opinion against the South and inflamed Southern slave owners who tried to refute it by showing some slave owners were humanitarian. It inspired numerous anti-Tom novels, several written and published by women.", "Uncle Tom's Cabin A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in book form in 1852, it dramatizes the plight of slaves and is often cited as one of the causes of the American Civil War.", "Harriet Beecher Stowe's first novel about slavery, Uncle Tom's Cabin, is featured as a serial in an abolitionist newspaper. Published as a book the following year, it becomes an international bestseller and has a profound impact on public opinion about slavery.", "Stowe mentioned a number of the inspirations and sources for her novel in A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853). This non-fiction book was intended to verify Stowe's claims about slavery. [15] However, later research indicated that Stowe did not actually read many of the book's cited works until after the publication of her novel. [15]", "In 1851, The National Era's publisher Gamaliel Bailey contracted with Stowe for a story that would \"paint a word picture of slavery\" and that would run in installments. Stowe expected Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly to be three or four installments. She wrote more than 40.", "In response to Uncle Tom's Cabin, writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe's novel. This so-called Anti-Tom literature generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint, arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect. The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over child-like slaves in a benevolent extended-family-style plantation. The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a child-like people [66] unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people. [67] Although written much later, and well after the conclusion of the Civil War , Margaret Mitchell 's novel , Gone With The Wind displays a similar attitude toward the institution of slavery. See the analysis of the political views expressed in Gone With The Wind.", "People have agreed on Theodore Weld's American Slavery As Itls (1839) being a major source for Stowe's antislavery novel. In the preface to the 1878 edition of her book she explicitly acknowledges the use of Weld's well-known propaganda book for abolition (Adams 57). American Slavery As It Is was \"a collection of excerpts from legal documents, advertisements, and statements from slaveholders\" (Wurst 2450).", "Children’s Books: The American abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1812-1896) was pirated and abridged to become a children's classic. Although the book presents both African-American and white characters through melodrama and stereotype, the novel has received increasing critical reappraisal in recent years.", "Many Southern writers who supported slavery took to writing literature dedicated to debunking Harriet Beecher Stowe's expose of the horrors of slavery. Their writings, called \"Anti-Tom\" literature, portrayed white Southerners as benevolent supervisors of blacks, who were depicted as a helpless, child-like people unable to live without the direct supervision of their white masters.", "novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in serialized form in 1851–52 and in book form in 1852. Dramatizing the plight of slaves, the novel had so great an impact that it is sometimes cited as one of the causes of the American Civil War.", "Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is published as a response to the pro-slavery argument. (Underground Railroad Chronology, National Park Service)", "Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, wrote the novel as a response to the passage, in 1850, of the second Fugitive Slave Act. Much of the book was composed in Brunswick, Maine, where her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe, taught at his alma mater, Bowdoin College.", "Stowe, a Connecticut -born teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist , wrote the novel as a response to the 1850 passage of the second Fugitive Slave Act (which punished those who aided runaway slaves and diminished the rights of fugitives as well as freed Blacks). Much of the book was composed in Brunswick , Maine , where her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe , taught at his alma mater Bowdoin College . [11]", "Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings. ", "Despite these criticisms, the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans. According to Stowe's son, when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented, \"So this is the little lady who started this great war.\" [8] Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line, and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made. [49] Since then, many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law [49] and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement. [7] Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement. [50]", "Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe's book, with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery. [61] For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society.", "Harriet Beecher Stowe was born into a prominent family of preachers. Her father, Lyman Beecher, was one of the most renowned ministers in his generation. Her brother Henry Ward Beecher was already an outspoken Abolitionist, and by the mid 1850s would become the driving force behind aiding the Free-Soil cause in \"bleeding Kansas\" (not permitting slavery in the new territory). While living for a short while in Cincinnati, Stowe became exposed to actual runaway slaves. Her heart ached at the wretched tales she heard. She began to write a series of short stories depicting the plight of plantation slaves.", "Stowe was furious. She believed the country was requiring her complicity in a system she thought was unjust and immoral. Living in Brunswick, ME while Calvin Stowe taught at Bowdoin College, Stowe disobeyed the law by hiding runaways. When she shared her frustrations and feelings of powerlessness with her family, her sister-in-law Isabella Porter Beecher suggested she do more: \"...if I could use a pen as you can, Hatty, I would write something that would make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is.\"", "Stowe claimed to have a vision of a dying slave during a communion service at the college chapel, which inspired her to write his story. However, what more likely allowed her to empathize with slaves was the loss of her eighteen-month old son, Samuel Charles Stowe. She even stated the following, \"Having experienced losing someone so close to me, I can sympathize with all the poor, powerless slaves at the unjust auctions. You will always be in my heart Samuel Charles Stowe.\" On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly antislavery journal National Era, that she planned to write a story about the problem of slavery: \"I feel now that the time is come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak... I hope every woman who can write will not be silent.\"Hedrick, Joan D.[https://books.google.com/books?id", "Harriet Beecher Stowe’s fictional exploration of slave life was a cultural sensation.  Northerners felt as if their eyes had been opened to the horrors of slavery, while Southerners protested that Stowe’s work was slanderous.  ", ", or plantation literature, was a genre that was popular in the Southern US in the 1850s. Written to counter Uncle Tom's Cabin and the damning portrayal it gave of plantation slavery, such books instead sought to \"tell the truth\" about slavery, romanticizing it a noble system that existed for the good of black people . Abolitionists were frequently used as strawmen , presented as either misguided idealists and do-gooders who didn't know what they were talking about, or moustache-twirling Damn Yankee villains who were conspiring to destroy the Southern way of life. In turn, after the Civil War , the slave narrative" ]

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[ "Drum - A cylindrical instrument made of many different types of wood, metals, and plastics. Usually topped with a skin or head on both ends. The tone of a drum is distinguished by the size, depth, and thickness of the drums body, as well as the tightness of the drum head.", "These are the noise makers. They are usually hit in some way, sometimes by the hands and often by mallets or sticks. There are two main types of percussion instruments—pitched (with an actual high or low tone) and unpitched (just a noise with no specific tone). Within these main categories, the instruments can be subdivided according to their substance or material: stretched skin (i.e. drum), metallic, wooden, rattles etc.", "drum - a hollow cylindrical shell of any size that has a head stretched over one or both ends and is beaten with the hands or a stick. There are also electronic drums where no shell is needed, just a triggering pad. When struck, it triggers synthesized sounds of all types.", "Drum shells that are made in a mould from a material such as fiberglass and a polymer resin. Drums are made from the outside in, the finish often being the outer surface of the shell. The inner layer is usually a sheet of cloth, which can be fiberglass, Kevlar, carbon fibre, and even hemp.", "Percussion instrument, any musical instrument belonging to either of two groups, idiophones or membranophones. Idiophones are instruments whose own substance vibrates to produce sound (as opposed to the strings of a guitar or the air column of a flute); examples include bells, clappers, and rattles. Membranophones emit sound by the vibration of a stretched membrane; the prime examples are drums . The term percussion instrument refers to the fact that most idiophones and membranophones are sounded by being struck, although other playing methods include rubbing, shaking, plucking, and scraping.", "A drum shell that is made from one or more pieces of wood rather than plies. Many vintage drums were made from a single plank of wood, steam bent into a circle and joined. Stave drums are made from sticks of wood glued vertically and then machined to produce a round shell. Shells can be made from blocks of wood glued in a stack in a �butcher block� design. Drums are also made from hollowed out logs, e.g. the tabla of India, Japanese Koto drums, Nigerian talking drums.", "The individual instruments of a drum set are struck by a variety of implements held in the hand, including sticks, brushes, and mallets. Two notable exceptions include the bass drum, played by a foot-operated pedal, and the hi hat cymbals, which may be struck together using a foot pedal in addition to being played with sticks or brushes. Although other instruments can be played using a pedal, the feet are usually occupied by the bass drum and hi hat. Percussion notation is often used by drummers to signify which drum set components are to be played. A full size drum set without all the extras has a bass drum, floor tom, snare drum, tom-toms, hi-hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal.", "Most objects commonly known as \"drums\" are membranophones. \"Membranophones produce sound when the membrane or head is put into motion.\" (Cook, 2006)", "Most objects commonly known as \"drums\" are membranophones. Membranophones produce sound when the membrane or head is struck with a hand, mallet, stick, beater, or improvised tool.\"", "tambourine - a shallow drum with a single drumhead and with metallic disks in the sides", "Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in several musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished.", "Percussion instrument consisting of a broad circular disk of metal, suspended in a frame and struck with a heavy drumstick. Also tam-tam .", "an object that resembles a drum in shape, such as a large spool or a cylindrical container", "A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a record, is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12\", 10\", 7\"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (, , 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP [long playing], 12-inch disc, rpm; SP [single], 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm; EP [extended play], 12-inch disc, or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.); and the number of audio channels (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).", "An early type of data-storage device, which consisted of a cylinder coated with a magnetic material, and whose tracks each had their own read/ write head . Also called drum storage , or magnetic drum.", "percussion Instruments, either tuned or untuned, that produce sounds by being struck, rattled, or scraped. Common percussion include drums, cymbals, and bells.", "CD-ROM (an abbreviation of \"Compact Disc read-only memory\") is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the Compact Disc format was originally designed for music storage and playback, the format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, whilst data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as PC CD-ROMs). These are called Enhanced CDs.", "V-drums - Electric drums created by Roland. V-drums are the most popular type of electric drum set on the market. V-drums stand for Virtual drums, and are pads that are hit to create different voices from the drum module.", "A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12\", 10\", 7\"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16, 331⁄3, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP − long playing 331⁄3 rpm, SP − 78 rpm single, EP − 12\" single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).", "Various materials were used for manufacturing the earliest discs, but shellac (a resin made from the secretions of the lac insect) was found to be the best. Shellac is a natural thermoplastic, being soft and flowing when heated, but rigid and hard wearing at room temperature. Usually a fine clay or other filler was added to the 'mix'. However, by the 1930s the natural shellac began to be replaced by equivalent synthetic resins.", "A type of strong plastic that, since the late 1960s, has been used for drum shells. (John Bonham loved his Ludwig \"Vistalite\" plastic-shelled drums.)", "A gramophone record, commonly known as a phonograph record (in American English ), vinyl record (in reference to vinyl , the material most commonly used after about 1950), or colloquially, a record, is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch, etc.), the rotational speed at which they are played (\"33⅓ r.p.m. \", \"78\", \"45\", etc.), their time capacity (\"Long Playing\"), their reproductive accuracy, or \" fidelity \", or the number of channels of audio provided (\" Mono \", \" Stereo \", \" Quadraphonic \", etc.).", "A percussion instrument is any object which produces a sound by being hit with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context or with musical intent.", "The Compact Cassette or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is a magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback released by Philips in 1962. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already containing content as a pre-recorded cassette, or as a fully recordable \"blank\" cassette. It was designed originally for dictation machines, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant the Stereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-professional applications. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data storage for early microcomputers. The first cassette player (although mono) designed for use in car dashes was introduced in 1968. Between the early 1970s and the early 2000s, the cassette was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record and later the compact disc (CD).", "In 1973, Pearl set a benchmark in the drumming world with the introduction of Crystal Beat. A stunning combination of visual appeal and powerful sonic attack, Crystal Beat’s revolutionary seamless construction was molded -not rolled- creating a strong acrylic drum system that could stand up to the rigors of touring. Now, this legendary kit returns. Enter today for a chance to win a six-piece Crystal Beat kit in frost finish, complete with all hardware plus a DrumLite LED lighting system and Tunebot Drum Tuning System. Or one of two other great prizes that include snares, lights, and tuners. SPECIAL FEATURES: Crystal Beat’s toms include the Opti-Mount suspension system to remove undue shell pressure and increase sustain. 1.6mm triple-flanged hoops offer just the right amount of attack without sacrificing tonal body.", "A percussion instrument can be any object which produces a sound by being struck with an implement, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or by any other action which sets the object into vibration. The term usually applies to an object used in a rhythmic context and/or with musical intent.", "    An ashiko (aṣíkò) is a drum shaped like a truncated cone and played with bare hands. The drum is played throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. Like the djembe, the ashiko has three primary tones, bass, tone, and slap. The drum was originally played by the Yoruba people of Nigeria and was carved out of a solid log of wood. The modern stave construction of the drum arose in west and is not traditional.", "In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a sliding head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape, or a blending between them. It contained a volume and a pitch/speed control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls, and an input jack for a guitar, microphone or other instrument. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with some additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets, etc.", "With respect to simulating a drum experience, the ROCK BAND� series of games uses a drum peripheral comprising four pads, each associated with a color and lane in the game. From left to right, the colors are red, yellow, blue, and green. The pads also correspond to buttons on the game controller. For example, for an Xbox 360 drum peripheral, the pads, from left to the right correspond to the B button, up on the control pad, down on the control pad, and A button. For the PlayStation, these are the CIRCLE button, up on the control pad, down on the control pad, and X button.", "Most modern boomboxes include a CD player compatible with CD-R and CD-RW, which allows the user to carry their own music compilations on a higher fidelity medium. Many also permit iPod and similar devices to be plugged into them through one or more auxiliary ports. Some also support formats such as MP3 and WMA.", "Photo: A small portable compact disc player made by Technics. Gadgets like this have now largely been superseded by MP3 players such as iPods, which are much smaller and lighter and pack lots more music into the same space by compressing it digitally. Read more about this in our main article on MP3 players .", "Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it could use faster tempos. Drumming shifted to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to keep time while the snare and bass drum were used for accents. This led to a highly syncopated linear rhythmic complexity. " ]

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[ "The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan, Hurley International and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of \"Just Do It\" and the Swoosh logo.", "The Swoosh, sometimes referred to as the Nike tick, is the logo of American athletic shoe and clothing manufacturer Nike, Inc.. Today, it has become one of the most recognizable brand logos in the world, and the most profitable, having a worth of $26 billion alone. ", "Nike sponsors many high profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of \"Just do it\" and the Swoosh logo.", "Nike logo, the Swoosh, represents the wing in the renowned statue of the Greek Goddess of victory, Nike, who served as the cause of motivation for the distinguished and audacious warriors. Initially, the mark was regarded as “the strip” but was later named as “Swoosh”, which describes the fiber used for the Nike shoes.", "The Nike logo, also known as the “Swoosh”, is an emblem created in 1971 by an outstanding graphic design student at Portland State University, namely Carolyn Davidson. She started as a freelance worker for the company, Blue Ribbon Sports, owned by Phil Knight. Working together they selected the mark now known as the Swoosh worldwide.", "The Nike logo is meant to suggest movement, because it represents the wings of the Greek goddess of victory, Nike. The iconic \"swoosh\" was designed in 1971 by Portland State University student Carolyn Davidson, who was hired by the company's co-founder, Phil Knight.", "Nike then traditionally used the red and white color palette on its logo for much of its history. The red is meant to exemplify passion, energy and joy, while the white color represents nobility, charm and purity.", "Athletic apparel company Nike uses the image of a rattlesnake coiled around a soccer ball for an ongoing, patriotic \"Don't Tread on Me\" campaign in support of the United States men's national soccer team . The phrase has become a rallying cry for American soccer fans and the Gadsden flag can occasionally be seen at national team games. A representation of the rattlesnake is contained on the inside of their uniforms, over the heart, with the initials \"D.T.O.M.\", which were used in the 2010 World Cup . [10] The Philadelphia Union Major League Soccer expansion team in 2010, incorporated the coiled snake into its logo that was unveiled in May, 2009.", "The swoosh logo was originally developed by a graphic designer, Carolyn Davidson in 1971. She was one of 35 people who made suggestions as to what logo to use for the organization. The owners met and agreed on Davidson’s design, taking into account her conceptual thinking about the wings of the Greek goddess Nike According to Davidson, Knight asked for a design that suggested movement- originally disliking the swoosh she submitted, but as Knight had deadlines to meet, he ended up using it saying “I don’t love it, but it will grow on me”. As the time passed, the Swoosh logo has become synonymous with the company. Together with “Just Do It” slogan, the Swoosh logo perfectly expresses the essence of the Nike brand and its philosophy. They show people the way to the determination, needed for reaching a desired mark in their sporting activities. It expresses well a high ambition and a will for victory, which the Nike Company made a part of its brand image and corporate culture.", "logos beyond the design Logos and mascots are visual mediums which show customer the quality products offered by the company. These logos are very useful for customer retention and brand reinforcement. Thus, a very significant way, in which brands remain in the hearts and minds of customers, is through creative designs and colours, or simply logos. Logos say a lot about their brand. Consider the Nike 'tick marks swoosh' logo. Nike's tagline says 'Just do it'. According to Nike, every Nike customer has a never say die attitude, and the tick mark goes well with the attitude of accepting every opportunity that come their way. The Nike logo has become so popular globally, that product name, description and quality are all depicted by the logo itself. Similarly, logos of automobile giants BMW, Mercedes are identities of their brand. Even in the field of sports, logos play a significant role. Logos of top football clubs like Manchester United, Arsenal, and Real Madrid show the respect and passion towards the sport. Not only these unique logos represent their clubs", "Nike has taken athletes and fitted them with the Swoosh logo to create a superior value. The endorsements of Romanian tennis player Ilie Nastase and distance runner Steve Prefontaine kicked off Nike's brand sponsorships and today they endorse hundreds of athletes. Nike's endorsements with Michael Jordan, LeBron James and Kobe Bryant in basketball, Cristiano Ronaldo in soccer, Tiger Woods in golf, and Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal in tennis are among the 15 biggest athlete endorsement deals in sports history. The idea behind celebrity endorsements is the consumer will associate the endorser with Nike's products, thus making the brand more desirable and valuable. Consumers tend to idealize athletes striving for their athletic ability and when these ideologies are translated into the Swoosh through endorsements, the Nike logo builds its value. ", "Nike co-founder, Phil Knight, was adamant that his company's new logo be a simple design that is fluid and conveys motion and speed. Knight was very outspoken about his love for rival shoe manufacturer, Adidas', logo, which incorporated three thick stripes. He had talked with Carolyn Davidson about ensuring Nike's new design not resemble that of Adidas. The logo is also said to symbolize the wing of the famous Greek Goddess of Victory, Nike. ", "The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek Νίκη pronounced [níːkɛː]), the Greek goddess of victory; it is also based on Egyptian usage of “strength”, “victory”, nakht. Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding and subsidiaries including Cole Haan, Hurley International, Umbro and Converse. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name.", "Nike, Inc. (Pronounced: NIGH-key) (NYSE: NKE) is a major American manufacturer of athletic shoes, clothing/apparel, and sports equipment. The company takes its name from the Greek goddess of victory, Nike. Nike markets its products under its own brand as well as Air Jordan, Total 90, Nike Golf and Team Starter (among others), as well as under brands of Mason Belmonte subsidiaries including Bauer, Cole Haan, Converse, and Hurley International. Nike has been criticised for the working conditions and production methods in the overseas factories with which it contracts.", " Nike Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the UnitedStates. The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, which is part of the Portlandmetropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008(ending May 31, 2008). As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. Nike andPrecision Castparts are the only Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the state of Oregon,according to The Oregonian.The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and PhilipKnight, and officially became Nike, Inc. in 1978. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek  Νίκη pronounced [ník ", "man and Phil Knight,] and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek Νίκη,... pronounced the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including Brand Jordan, Hurley International and Converse. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008, and previously...", "Nike Inc. has proven itself in every corner of the competitive business world. Starting from the athletic shoes to the apparel and accessories, Nike has confirmed that it rules the sportswear industry. This position has been accomplished by making a strong impact on the audience through its powerful logo. It’s quite hard to find an individual who does not recognize the Nike logo. From decades, Nike logo has established a well stable and recognized attitude and still holds the ground strong enough to pursue further.", "Entering the competitive sports and fitness industry nearly 35 years ago, Nike is a major manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. The company takes its name from the Greek goddess of victory. Nike s acquired businesses include Cole Haan, Bauer Nike Hockey, Hurley International and Converse. It also manages the Exeter Brands Group, including the Starter, Team Starter and Asphalt brand names. Nike is the master licensee of the Shaq and Dunkman brands. Operating on six continents, the company employs approximately 24,300 associates. It has facilities in Oregon, Tennessee, North Carolina and the Netherlands, and maintains leased properties for more than 15 Niketowns, 200 Nike Factory Stores, 12 NikeWomen stores and in excess of 100 sales and administrative offices. Nike maintains its international headquarters in Beaverton, Ore. The company has a location in Portland, Ore.", "Entering the competitive sports and fitness industry nearly 35 years ago, Nike is a major manufacturer of athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. The company takes its name from the Greek goddess of victory, Nike. Nike s acquired companies extend its reach within and beyond sports, and include Cole Haan, Bauer Nike Hockey, Hurley International and Converse, in addition to Exeter Brands Group, based in New York, includes the Starter, Team Starter and Asphalt brand names and is the master licensee of the Shaq and Dunkman brands. Operating on six continents, Nike employs approximately 24,300 associates. The company operates facilities in Oregon, Tennessee, North Carolina and The Netherlands, and operates leased facilities for more than 15 Niketowns, 200 Nike Factory Stores, a dozen NikeWomen stores and approximately 100 sales and administrative offices. Nike maintains its international headquarters in Beaverton, Ore. The global company reported net revenues exceeding $13.5 billion in 2005. Nike maintains a store located in San Marcos, Texas.", "products that they aim to sell to the consumer market. Nike is a clothing and goods manufacturer, focusing on athletic shoes, apparel, sporting... goods and accessories. Originally known as \"Blue Ribbon Sports\", it was founded by track athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company's profits grew quickly, and in 1966, “Blue Ribbon Sports” opened its first retail store. Continual growth throughout the 20th Century has seen Nike become the world leading sports manufacturer and...", "I used to teach an art class for teens and I often liked to pick their brains about the logos they saw on their favorite products, their urban surroundings – and on their feet. The Nike logo was inevitably present in the room on someone’s kicks. I’d ask the group, “So what does the Nike logo mean?” The most common answer was, “it’s a checkmark.” Well, a checkmark has a hard angle between two straight lines (like the Verizon logo ). The Swoosh is curved. Because it’s not a check mark.", "Target has one of the most efficient logos: Everything about it is meaningful: it is truly a target; it is red and white as most targets are; it fits into every space nicely, whether main element or background. This is MUCH more creative than the Nike logo, which could stand for any brand name.", "...man and Phil Knight,] and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike (Greek Νίκη, pronounced the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air Max, Foamposite, Nike Skateboarding, and...", "Nike, Inc. is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. It is the world’s leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008 . As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide.", "From the late 1980s Nike steadily expanded its business and diversified its product line through numerous acquisitions, including the shoe companies Cole Haan (1988; sold in 2012) and Converse, Inc. (2003), the sports-equipment producer Canstar Sports, Inc. (1994; later called Bauer and sold in 2008), and the athletic apparel and equipment company Umbro (2008; sold in 2012). In 1996 the company created Nike ACG (“all-conditions gear”), which markets products for extreme sports such as snowboarding and mountain biking. In the early 21st century Nike began selling sports-technology accessories, including portable heart-rate monitors and high-altitude wrist compasses.", "Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football, basketball, running, combat sports, tennis, American football, athletics, golf, and cross training for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, skateboarding, association football, baseball, American football, cycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 60 ft away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network. ", "From Day 1, Nike has insisted it is a company for athletes. But the greatest secret of the sports-footwear-and-apparel business is that most of the product is bought by people who may want to be like Mike or Ken Griffey Jr. or the Brazilian soccer star Ronaldo, but seldom leave the couch. ''The reason the basketball shoes have worked so well is because 80 percent of the people who buy them never set foot on a basketball court -- it's a fashion statement,'' says Vince Francom, a footwear-industry analyst in Seattle. ''The problem with fashion is that tastes change very quickly. There's a big backlash against Nike under way. The skateboard generation doesn't want to wear Nikes because their fathers wear them.''", "Adidas is my favorite logo without a doubt and my favorite brand for anything. Most of my footwear, accessories  bags, and cloths are all adidas because I trust the second biggest sportswear manufacturer in the world. This company is originated and first made in Germany in 1948. I admire the Adidas logo by its simplicity and the message it holds. The most well known Adidas logo is the three stripes slanted placed from smallest to biggest. The logo represents mountains pointing out the sky high goal saying that challenges are always possible to be seen and that goals can be achieved with effort.", "Today, the Adidas brand product range extends from shoes, apparel and accessories for basketball, soccer, fitness and training to adventure, trail and golf. The company’s clothing and shoe logo designs typically feature three parallel stripes, and this same motif is incorporated into Adidas’s current official logo. For years the only symbol associated with Adidas was the trefoil (flower) logo design. The 3 leaves symbolize the Olympic spirit, linked to the three continental plates as well as the heritage and history of the brand. The “Trefoil” was adopted as the corporate logo design in 1972. In 1996, it was decided that the Trefoil corporate identity would only be used on heritage products.", "The company's clothing and shoe designs typically feature Three parallel Bars, and the same motif is incorporated into Adidas's current official logo.", "Founded by Adolf (Adi) Dassler, Adidas is the world’s leading sports equipment and accessories brand. Adi’s aim was to provide all the athletes with the best and the most comfortable equipments. He followed three guiding principles: design the best for specific requirements, protection from injury and durability. The clothing and shoe logo designs of the company exhibit three parallel stripes. This is the current official logo of Adidas. This logo replaced the initial trefoil logo design which symbolized the spirit of the Olympic Games as well as the history, legacy and heritage of the brand. In January 1996, the three stripes became the brand marks for Adidas worldwide. The logo symbolizes the excellent performance and future of the brand. Over time, it has become synonymous with Adidas and its will to manufacture high quality products for athletes worldwide.", "Adidas is a manufacturer of sports apparel and accessories. The company’s clothing and shoe designs typically include three parallel stripes of the same color." ]

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[ "Arthur \"Art\" Clokey (October 12, 1921 – January 8, 2010) was an American pioneer in the popularization of stop motion clay animation, best known as the creator of the character Gumby. Clokey's career began in 1955 with a film experiment called Gumbasia, which was influenced by his professor, Slavko Vorkapich, at the University of Southern California. Clokey and his wife Ruth subsequently came up with the clay character Gumby and his horse Pokey, who first appeared in the Howdy Doody Show, and later got their own series The Adventures of Gumby, with which they became a familiar presence on American television. The characters enjoyed a renewal of interest in the 1980s when American actor and comedian Eddie Murphy parodied Gumby in a skit on Saturday Night Live. In the 1990s Gumby: The Movie was released, sparking even more interest.", "Gumby follows the titular character and his adventures through different environments and times in history. Gumby's principal sidekick is Pokey, a talking orange pony. His nemeses are the Blockheads, a pair of humanoid, red-colored figures with cube-shaped heads, who wreak mischief and havoc. The Blockheads were inspired by The Katzenjammer Kids, who were always getting into scrapes and causing discomfort to others. Other characters are Prickle, a yellow dinosaur who sometimes styles himself as a detective with pipe and deerstalker hat like Sherlock Holmes, and Goo, a flying blue mermaid who spits blue goo balls and can change shape at will. Also featured are Gumby's dog Nopey, whose entire vocabulary is the word \"nope,\" and Gumby's parents, Gumbo and Gumba. The later syndicated series in 1988 added Gumby's sister Minga and mastodon friend Denali. ", "Gumby was a pioneer in stop-motion animation for TV. He and his horse Pokey were heroes in their own fictional world, but for television, they ushered in a new era of animation", "Gumby is an American clay animation franchise, centered on a green clay humanoid character created and modeled by Art Clokey. The character has been the subject of two television series as well as a feature-length film and other media. Since the original series' run, he has become well known as an example of stop motion clay animation and an influential cultural icon, spawning many tributes, parodies, and merchandising.", "* Clay animation, or Plasticine animation (often called claymation, which, however, is a trademarked name), uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967) Morph shorts (UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain.", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of theatrical short films produced by Warner Bros. during the 1940s, 50s and 60s. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of the Warner Bros. company. He was created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons ) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices\", Mel Blanc .", "Woody is brought to Al's apartment, where he discovers that he is a toy based on Woody's Roundup , a TV show from the 1950s . By acquiring him, Al now has a complete collection of the show's merchandise, which he plans to sell to a toy museum in Tokyo, Japan. Woody meets the toy versions of the show's co-stars: his sidekick Jessie , his horse Bullseye , and an old prospector named Stinky Pete formerly known as 'The Prospector' (who is still apparently in mint condition in his original box). The three are excited to be going to Japan, but knowing that he is still Andy's toy, Woody has doubts and intends to return home. When Al rips off his torn arm by accident, Woody tries to recover his arm and then escape the apartment but without success, after Prospector frames Jessie for turning on the TV.", "The Tin Woodman, better known as either the Tin Man or (incorrectly) the Tin Woodsman (the third name appears only in adaptations, the first—and in rare instances, the second—was used by Baum), is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. Baum's Tin Woodman first appeared in his classic 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and reappeared in many other Oz books. In late 19th-century America, men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Baum, who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was reportedly inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display.", "Quick Draw McGraw is the anthropomorphic cartoon horse, the third cartoon television production created by Hanna-Barbera following their success with The Ruff & Reddy Show and The Huckleberry Hound Show. It debuted in 1959. Quick Draw was usually depicted as a sheriff in these short films set in the American Old West. Each episode was approximately six minutes long; this allowed four episodes per half-hour program with commercial advertisements in between. Quick Draw was often accompanied by his deputy, a Mexican burro called Baba Looey, who spoke English with a Mexican accent. Quick Draw satirized the westerns that were popular among the American public at the time. His character was well-intentioned, but somewhat dim.", "* The Tin Woodman (aka Nick Chopper) – An enchanted woodsman made entirely out of tin and is a good friend of Dorothy. He was originally a Munchkin but is the current Emperor of the western Winkies and lives in a tin castle. He became the official ruler of the Winkie Country after the Wicked Witch of the West was destroyed by Dorothy in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.", "During the adventure, Toto spent a lot of time talking with the other animals in the party: the Cowardly Lion, Sawhorse , and Woozy . He also came to believe he had lost his growl, and that it had been stolen by the same thief who stole Ozma, Glinda 's Great Book of Records , and Cayke 's Magic Dishpan . After Dorothy and The Frogman defeated Ugu, Toto noticed his growl had come back. ( The Lost Princess of Oz )", "Avery's best known MGM character debuted in Dumb-Hounded (1943). Droopy (originally \"Happy Hound\") was a calm, little, slow-moving and slow-talking dog who still won out in the end. He also created a series of risqué cartoons, beginning with Red Hot Riding Hood (also 1943), featuring a sexy female star who never had a set name but has been unofficially referred to as \"Red\" by fans. Her visual design and voice varied somewhat between shorts. Other Avery characters at MGM included Screwy Squirrel and the Of Mice and Men-inspired duo of George and Junior. ", "Nancy Kulp as Frou-Frou - Roquefort's horse companion, who subdues Edgar. Ruth Buzzi provided her singing voice.", "Avery's most famous MGM character debuted in 1943's \"Dumb-Hounded\". Droopy (originally \"Happy Hound\") was a calm, little, slow-moving and slow-talking dog who still won out in the end. He also created a series of risqué cartoons, beginning with 1943's \"Red Hot Riding Hood\", featuring a sexy female star who never had a set name but has been unofficially referred to as \"Red\" by fans. Her visual design and voice varied somewhat between shorts. Other Avery characters at MGM included Screwy Squirrel and the \"Of Mice and Men\"-inspired duo of George and Junior.", "Other characters over the years have included game show host Guy Smiley , construction workers Biff and Sully , the large Herry Monster (who does not know his own strength), and The Big Bad Wolf , who is not a terror to the Street. Forgetful Jones , a cowboy with a short-term memory disorder, rode trusty Buster the Horse with his girlfriend Clementine , and Rodeo Rosie was an early cowgirl character.", "Woody is the protagonist in Disney/Pixar's 1995 hit film Toy Story and its sequels, alongside Buzz Lightyear . In the film series, he is voiced by Tom Hanks. He is a cowboy doll (although the preferred term is \"action figure\") who belongs to a boy named Andy (and later Bonnie). Within the universe of the Toy Story films, Woody is a toy based on a character of the same name from a 1950s children's TV series called Woody's Roundup. He reunites with the other toys in the series again in Toy Story 2 .", "Charlie, Charlie the dog or Charles the Dog is an animated cartoon fictional character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes series of cartoons. Bob Clampett minted the scenario that Charlie Dog would later inherit in his cartoon short Porky's Pooch , first released on 27 December 1941. A homeless hound pulls out all the stops to get adopted by bachelor Porky Pig . Mel Blanc would provide the dog's gruff, Brooklyn - Bugs Bunny -like voice and accent which became Charlie's standard voice.", "Heffalumps are elephant-like monsters first mentioned in the fifth chapter of the first book and in the third chapter of the second. In the books, Piglet twice has a run-in with a Heffalump that is only a figment of his imagination. The Disney version establishes them as real creatures. Like Pooh imagined in the books, Heffalumps are fond of honey and like to take it for themselves. There have been several real Heffalump characters in the Disney version. Some Heffalumps are villainous creatures and some are genuinely good. Lumpy the heffalump is Roo's good friend, appearing in Pooh's Heffalump Movie and My Friends Tigger and Pooh.", "Goofy is a cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most popular characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and having little intelligence, yet this interpretation isn't always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "Woodstock. Endearing bird in the “Peanuts” comic strip.Woody. The toy cowboy, ever jealous of Buzz Lightyear until they team up to find their way home in the 1995 film “Toy Story.” Tom Hanks is the voice of Woody.", "Fozzie does a memory act, with assistance from Annie Sue Pig . Fozzie, who has trouble remembering things during the act, tells the audience that he will cover his eyes, Annie Sue will describe what one person in the audience is wearing, and Fozzie will be able to point out where that person is sitting. Annie Sue says that the mystery person is wearing a brown hat and a white bow-tie with red polka dots, and Fozzie accidentally (and correctly) guesses himself.", "* Muddy (voiced by Carol Channing) - A Dwarfelle who has power over the earth, and as such performs such tricks as causing minor tremors and such. She feels most comfortable playing in the mud.", "*High Princess (voiced by Beverly Garland): The leader of the female raccoon tribe and the beavers' enemy who appears twice in the series. During her first appearance, she mistakes Daggett for a god because he had a knot hole on his head. Unfotunately, Norbert and Daggett end up destroying the knot hole. She gets even with the beavers by having her tribe literally cooking their dam over an open flame. During her second appearance, it was revealed that she was the one pranking Norb and Dag.", "Jessie – Female cowgirl and companion to Woody in his fictional TV series Woodys Round-up as shown in the Toy Story movies.", "Sopwith the Camel (voiced by Jerry Nelson ) - A bactrian camel who appeared occasionally. He is one of the Full-Bodied Muppets and was built by Caroly Wilcox . It took two dancers to operate Sopwith the Camel with the front dancer using his arms to control Sopwith's head.", "The story of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow has attracted the attention and imagination of generations as the cause of the fire. Popular culture, such as Gary Larson's cartoon The Far Side, Brian Wilson's song \"Mrs. O'Leary's Cow\", the song \"The Chicken or the Egg\" from The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town, Rita Hayworth's song \"Put the Blame on Mame\" from the movie Gilda, and even Quentin Tarantino's debut film Reservoir Dogs have referred to the story with the expectation that the populace will understand the reference. The 1938 Terrytoons animated short Mrs. O'Leary's Cow depicts the bovine being brought to the witness stand in court to explain her actions.", "* In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.", "While Harvey plays the old tune \" Home on the Range \" (see also \" Home on the Remains \") on the harmonica, we see \"Andy\" etched on the soles of his boots. This is a reference to the 1995 Pixar film TOY STORY in which the character Woody (a cowboy doll) is seen to have the name of his owner, Andy, etched onto the soles of his boots.", "#21 The Boy Who talked with animals – First published in 1977 in The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar", "Adaptation of a folktale set in the mountains of Tibet, tells the story of a donkey, a rock, a kingdom full of foolish people, and a wise ruler. Color illustrations. Ages 6-9.", "Date of Birth: August 8, 1930 Who is the white dog that is featured with Betty Boop?" ]

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[ "The most decorated American of WWI was Alvin Cullum York (1887-1964). York led an attack on a German gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers, and capturing 132 more. He returned home with a Medal of Honor, a promotion to Sergeant, the French Croix de Guerre, and a gift of 400 acres of good farmland.[6]", "U.S Army Cpl. Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills more than 20 German soldiers and captures 132 others in France’s Argonne Forest during the Meuse-Argonne offensive of World War I. He is later awarded the Medal of Honor and scores of other military decorations for his bravery.", "known also by his rank, Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I.[1] He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others.", "During World War I, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York is credited with single-handedly killing 25 German soldiers and capturing 132 in the Argonne Forest of France. The action saved York's small detachment from annihilation by a German machine-gun nest and won the reluctant warrior from backwater Tennessee the Congressional Medal of Honor.", "Alvin Cullum York was born on December 13, 1887, Pall Mall, Tennessee. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, York was drafted into the Army. York was awarded the Medal of Honor and promoted from corporal to sergeant for his single-handed capture of German soldiers and their battery of machine guns in the Argonne forest on October 8, 1918. Sergeant York, a movie based on York’s life, was released in 1941. Gary Cooper won an Academy Award for his portrayal of the famous doughboy.", "When the United States entered World War II, Alvin York attempted to re-enlist in the U.S. Army despite the fact that he was 58 years old, overweight, and suffering from diabetes and arthritis. He was given the honorary rank of Colonel in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and the Tennessee State Guard but never saw combat. York went on bond drives across the country raising money for the war effort and helped raise funds for the Red Cross. Seeking to raise money to help build a bible school, York finally gave his blessing for Hollywood to produce a film based on his life story. In 1941, “Sergeant York” was released in theaters, starring Gary Cooper in the title role for which he would win an academy award. It was the highest grossing film of the year, inspiring young Americans across the country to enlist in the U.S. armed forces during World War II.  ", "Wearing his Army Air Forces uniform, he presented Gary Cooper with his Best Actor Oscar for Sergeant York (1941).", "One of the most effective films to promote heroic US patriotism was this war-related film starring Gary Cooper (who won his first Best Actor Academy Award for his role) as real-life, backwoods, conscientious-objecting Tennessee backwoods mountain boy/farmer and pacifist Alvin C. York.", " Audie Murphy, the most decorated American soldier in World War Two, stars as himself in this action-packed war drama based on his autobiography.", "* Audie Murphy, American actor; most decorated U.S. Army soldier during the war, was awarded the French \"Croix de Guerre avec Palme\" three times and the Belgian Croix de Guerre with Palm once, as well as the American Medal of Honor.", "Errol Flynn played the role of General George Armstrong Custer, uncharacteristically sympathetic to native Americans (including Anthony Quinn as Chief Crazy Horse) in Warners' largely fictitious bio They Died With Their Boots On (1942), directed by Raoul Walsh. It popularized the theme song march \"Gary Owen.\" Gary Cooper starred as the title character Cole Hardin in William Wyler's The Westerner (1940), opposite Walter Brennan as Judge Roy Bean.", "Frank James “Gary” Cooper (May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor. He was renowned for his quiet, understated acting style and his stoic, individualistic, emotionally restrained, but at times intense screen persona, which was particularly well suited to the many Westerns he made. His career spanned from 1925 until shortly before his death, and comprised more than one hundred films.<br/><br/>Cooper received five Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning twice for Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Honorary Award in 1961 from the Academy.<br/><br/>Decades later, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars, ranking 11th among males from the Classical Hollywood cinema period. In 2003, his performances as Will Kane in High Noon, Lou Gehrig in The Pride of the Yankees, and Alvin York in Sergeant York made the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list, all of them as heroes.", "The Best Actor award went to Gary Cooper for Sergeant York. Cooper's career spanned from the 1920s until the year of his death, and saw him make one hundred films. He was renowned for his quiet, understated acting style and his stoic, individualistic, emotionally restrained, but at times intense screen persona, which was particularly well suited for the many Westerns he made. Cooper received five Oscar nominations for Best Actor, winning twice. He also received an Honorary Award from the Academy in 1961. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.He became a major star with his first sound picture,", "In 1929, he became a major star with his first sound picture, The Virginian. He followed The Virginian with the blockbuster hit Morocco (1931), co-starring Marlene Dietrich in her first American film. Over the next thirty years, Cooper would appear in over 60 movies, earning 5 Oscar® nominations, two Oscar® wins (1941’s Sergeant York and 1952’s High Noon) and numerous blockbuster hits. Two of his movies, Sergeant York and 1943’s For Whom The Bell Tolls are still ranked in the Top 100 box office hits of all-time when you look at adjusted domestic box office numbers.", "Attack! (Robert Aldrich.Jack Palance) All Quiet on the Western Front( Lewis Milestone) Pork Chop Hill (Lewis Milestone. Gregory Peck) The Deer Hunter ( Michael Cimino. Robert De Niro) Stalag 17 ( Billy Wilder. William Holden) Thew Young Lions ( Edward Dmytryk. Marlon Brando. Montgomery Clift. Dean Martin) Patton ( Franklin J. Schaffner. George C. Scott) Patriot ( Roland Emmerich.Mel Gibson) Saving private Ryan (Steven Speilberg.Tom Hanks) Wintalkers ( John Woo. Nicolas Cage) From Here to eternity ( Fred Zinneman. Burt Lancaster. Montgomery Clift. Frank Sinatra) The Longest Day (Darryl F.Zanuck) Objective Burma (Raoul Walsh. Errol Flynn) The Naked and the dead ( Raoul Walsh.Aldo Ray) Men in War( Anthony Mann. Robert Ryan.Aldo Ray) The Great Escape (John Sturges, Steve McQueen. James Garner)War and Peace(King Vidor. Audrey Hepburn.Mel Ferrer) Sergeant York( Howard Hawks. Gary Cooper)", "Most decorated American soldier in WWII, earning 33 US medals, five from France and one from Belgium for his service in Europe, including the Medal of Honor. Then became an acclaimed movie star in Hollywood for 25 years, famous for his leading roles in Westerns but most acclaimed for starring in To Hell and Back, a film based on his autobiographical book about his war experiences. Also became a country music songwriter of some repute. Now has the second-most-visited grave at Arlington after JFK's; refused the honorary gold engraving for a Medal of Honor recipient, insisting on the headstone of an ordinary soldier.", "Directed by Delmer Daves. Cast: Gary Cooper, Maria Schell, Karl Malden, Ben Piazza. A doctor arrives in an 1870's Montana mining camp to practice medicine. As skilled with a six gun as with a scalpel, he will need both. A tragic past shadows his days and the treachery of a mob clouds his future. A determined immigrant, a shifty-eyed miner, and a hellfire preacher figure prominently in his showdown with fate. Based on the novel by Dorothy M. Johnson. 107 min. DVD X6570", "Cooper began his career as a film extra and stunt rider and soon landed acting roles. After establishing himself as a Western hero in his early silent films, Cooper became a movie star in 1929 with his first sound picture, The Virginian. In the early 1930s, he expanded his heroic image to include more cautious characters in adventure films and dramas such as A Farewell to Arms (1932) and The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935). During the height of his career, Cooper portrayed a new type of hero—a champion of the common man—in films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936), Meet John Doe (1941), Sergeant York (1941), The Pride of the Yankees (1942), and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943). In the post-war years, he portrayed more mature characters at odds with the world in films such as The Fountainhead (1949) and High Noon (1952). In his final films, Cooper played non-violent characters searching for redemption in films such as Friendly Persuasion (1956) and Man of the West (1958).", "After America’s defeat at the battle of Kasserine Pass in World War II — their first tussle with the Germans — a new commanding officer is sent in who can whip the green troops into shape and deliver a daringly conceived, incisive fight to German Field Marshall Erwin Rommel (Karl Michael Vogler) — General George S. Patton. The film goes from his confrontation with Rommel in North Africa and follows him and his troops through his campaigns in Tunisia, Italy, France, and Germany, focusing on his rivalry with British General Bernard “Monty” Montgomery (Michael Bates) during the Sicily campaign and as they fight their way through Europe.", "Gary Cooper winning the Oscar® for Best Actor for his performance in \"High Noon\" at the 25th Academy Awards® in 1953. Presented by Janet Gaynor and accepted by John Wayne.", "To Hell and Back (1955) -- most decorated soldier in the history of the military, Audi Murphy", "The film opens in the no-man's land war trenches on the Western Front in France, where three rookie American soldiers meet inauspiciously as they are trapped in a bombed-out foxhole (\"rathole\"). This economical opening scene characterizes the personalities of the film's major protagonists: admirable Eddie Bartlett (James Cagney), a hardened George Hally (Humphrey Bogart), and a scared Lloyd Hart (Jeffrey Lynn):", "* January 26 – WWII: Infantry action at Holtzwihr, France, for which Audie Murphy is awarded the Medal of Honor. ", "* 1977: In Sam Peckinpah's Cross of Iron, Feldwebel Steiner (James Coburn) has an ironic conversation in the trenches in gaps in hostilities with the advancing Red Army with his comrade, Cpl. Schnurrbart, in which they refer to German philosophers and their views on war. Schnurrbart: \"Clausewitz said, 'war is a continuation of state policy by other means.'\" \"Yes,\" Steiner says, overlooking the trenches, \" ...by other means.\"", "Potter is from Hannibal, Missouri, one-quarter Cherokee and possesses a passion and fondness for horses. He lied about his age to enlist at 15, joining the US Army horse cavalry as a private during World War I and subsequently rose to the rank of sergeant. During WWI combat, in the Hungarian Argonne Forest, he was \"lost for 3 days, taken prisoner, head shaved and beaten to a pulp\". At Battle of Château-Thierry, he was mustard gassed, leaving him blind for a month in a French hospital. Another time, several of his teeth were then knocked out by his German captors, for which he was later awarded a Purple Heart. After the war, he went to medical school, and began his service as an Army doctor in 1932, serving in World War II. One of his most cherished possessions is his Good Conduct Medal, an award \"only given to enlisted men\", Potter explains to Radar whilst unpacking. It is framed and hangs behind his desk during his tenure at the 4077th.", "Private William Henry Johnson, frequently misidentified as Henry Lincoln Johnson, was a former railroad porter from New York who served in France with the 369th Infantry Regiment of the 93rd Division, known as the “Harlem Hellfighters.” The 369th saw action in the trenches with the French 16th Division at the Second Battle of the Marne. In May 1918, Private Johnson and Private Needham Roberts were assigned guard duty at a bridge on the Aisne River at the edge of the Argonne Forest. They were serving under French command, wearing French helmets and using French weapons, but wearing American uniforms. A party of at least 12 and possibly as many as 24 German soldiers attacked their position during the night. Roberts was badly wounded by a grenade, but he fed grenades to Johnson and after they ran out of grenades Johnson repelled the attack with rifle-fire; after running out of ammunition he was forced to resort using his rifle butt and finally his bolo knife—slashing wildly at the swarm of attackers. The Germans finally withdrew with the approach of American troops. Johnson was wounded twenty-one times, but he had killed four Germans and wounded many others. The act of heroism earned Johnson the nickname “Black Death,” and the two men were awarded the Croix de Guerre, France's highest military award. ", "Courageous: General Jack Seely and Warrior, who was awarded medal, painted by Sir Alfred Munnings in 1918", "In real life, Arness shared much of the quiet modesty of his most famous role. He was born James King Aurness in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1923. His father's family was Norwegian, originally called Aursnes, but the name had been simplified when they came to the US. A self-described poor student, more interested in a series of outdoor jobs, he nevertheless graduated from high school in 1942 and attended Beloit College. He wanted to enlist in the Army Air Corps but his height, coupled with bad vision, made that impossible, and he was drafted into the infantry. He was severely wounded at the beachhead at Anzio in 1944, earning a Bronze Star and Purple Heart and enduring multiple operations before being discharged with a disability pension.", "1918 William Holden [Franklin Beedle Jr] O'Fallon IL, actor (Stalag 17, Bridge Over the River Kwai, SOB)", "Famous for: Irish American actor known for playing dangerous tough guys from the 1930s to the 1960s. Usually played supporting roles. Said in his Times obituary that, “any consideration of the American ‘film noir’ of the 1940s would be incomplete without him.” Notable roles are Knuckles Jacoby from Barbary Coast, Sergeant Markoff from Beau Geste, Daniel McGinty from The Great McGinty and The Miracle of Morgan’s Creek, Kent from Destry Rides Again, Trampas from The Virginian, Paul Madvig from The Glass Key, and Assistant District Attorney Louis D’Angelo from Kiss of Death.", "Cooper served as a DH-4 bomber pilot with the United States Army Air Service during World War I. On September 26, 1918, his plane was shot down. The plane caught fire, while Cooper was still inside; he spun the plane to suck the flames out. He suffered burns and injured his hands. Cooper survived, although his general signed a death certificate for him. He was helped by German soldiers and was taken to a prisoner reserve hospital.", "It was while out scouting for enemy machine guns near Ourcq that Kilmer was shot through the brain on 30 July 1918.  He was aged 31.  He was posthumously awarded the French Croix de Guerre ." ]

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[ "Denver Dell Pyle (May 11, 1920 – December 25, 1997) was an American film and television actor. He was known for portraying Briscoe Darling, Jr. in several episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, and playing Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979 to 1985.", "Pyle's best-known and longest-running television role was that of Uncle Jesse Duke in the CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985) (146 episodes).", "MORE INFO ON DENVER PYLE: Denver Dell Pyle (May 11, 1920 – December 25, 1997) was an American film and television actor. He was known for portraying Briscoe Darling, Jr. in several episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, and playing Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979 to 1985.Pyle was born in Bethune in Kit Carson County, Colorado, to farmer Ben H. Pyle (1895–1988) and his wife Maude (1899–1985); After graduating from high school, Pyle briefly attended Colorado State University, but dropped out to enter show business.", "* Denver Pyle appeared in episodes 71 & 72 in 1951 and episode 166 in 1955, as well as 187 and 190. He later became famous in the series The Dukes of Hazard playing Uncle Jesse.", "Bo and Luke were played by John Schneider and Tom Wopat who were both relative unknowns before their big break in the show. John Schneider claimed he was 24 years old when auditioning for the part of Bo Duke. It was later found out he was only 18. Daisy Duke who was known for her cut-off denim shorts was played by Catherine Bach, and Uncle Jesse Duke was played by the established actor Denver Pyle who had previously appeared in films such as \"The Alamo\" and \"Bonnie And Clyde\".", "Denver Pyle, best known as \"Uncle Jesse\" on The Dukes of Hazzard, appeared eight times. (\"The Singer\", \"The Wager\" )", "In his later life, Pyle played mostly cameo television roles and retired from full-time acting. His last cinematic movie role was alongside Mel Gibson, Jodie Foster, and James Garner in the 1994 film Maverick, in which he portrayed a cheating cardplayer who jumps off a riverboat to keep his dignity. His last known acting role was a reprisal of Jesse Duke in the 1997 CBS made-for-TV movie The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion!", "The Dukes of Hazzard is a comedy series that aired on the CBS from 1979 to 1985 about \"The Duke Boys\", cousins Bo and Luke Duke, who live in a rural part of the fictional Hazzard County, Georgia with their attractive cousin Daisy and their wise old Uncle Jesse, as they race around in their customized 1969 Dodge Charger stock car, christened (The) General Lee, evading crooked county commissioner Boss Hogg and his inept county sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane, and always managing to get caught in the middle of the various escapades and incidents that often occur in the area.", "Series set in the rural community of Hazzard. The Dukes are a family who were once moonshiners but when cousins Bo and Luke were caught; they were given probation on the condition that they give up moon shining, which they did. Now every now and then they learn that J.D. Hogg who is called Boss Hogg is up to something so they do what they can to stop him especially when someone close to them is being threatened by Hogg. So along with their Uncle Jesse, their lovely cousin Daisy, and their good friend and mechanic, Cooter they stop every one of Boss' schemes. They are also fortunate that Hogg's right hand man, Roscoe Coltrane who is also the Sheriff is not very competent, and that his Deputy though loyal to Hogg and Roscoe is not corrupt and has a thing for Daisy, is a tad clumsy. During the 5th season, Tom Wopat and John Schneider who play Luke and Bo had a contract dispute with the show, so they were written off with them at the NASCAR circuit, so cousins, Coy and Vance came to stay with Uncle Jesse and help him and Daisy with their encounters with Hogg.", "The Dukes of Hazzard is a 2005 comedy film loosely based on the American television series of the same name . The film was directed by Jay Chandrasekhar and released to theaters in the US on August 5, 2005 by Warner Bros. Pictures . As in the television series, The Dukes of Hazzard depicts the adventures of cousins Bo, Luke, Daisy and their Uncle Jesse as they outfox crooked Hazzard County commissioner Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane. The film was followed by a direct-to-video prequel titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning in 2007.", "Although the show’s been off the air for quite a few years, in the mid-2000’s fans were treated to two movies based on the show. In 2005,  The Dukes Of Hazzard movie starred Sean William Scott, Johnny Knoxville, Jessica Simpson and Willie Nelson.  Then, in 2007 The Dukes Of Hazzard : The Beginning   gave General Lee fans even more excitement and reminded people that the crazy stories of Hazzard County would always be around.", "Cousins Bo and Luke Duke ( and later COY and VANCE ) and their car \"General Lee\", assisted by Cousin Daisy and Uncle Jesse, have a running battle with the authorities of Hazzard County (Boss Hogg and Sheriff Coltrane), plus a string of ne'er-do-wells often backed by the scheming Hogg. Bo and Luke Duke were handsome and honest hotshots and cousins living with their Uncle Jesse and sexy short-shorts-wearin' cousin Daisy on a farm in Hazzard County located somewhere in the Southern United States. While mostly interested in minding their own business (and driving at very high speeds in their souped-up Dodge Charger [nicknamed the General Lee]), the Duke boys sometimes fell prey to the greedy schemes of corrupt town leader Boss Hogg and his dimwitted flunky Sheriff Roscoe P. Coltrane. Sometimes serving as \"Robin Hood\" types (replete with bows and flaming arrows), the Dukes attempted to help out their friends and neighbors in distress and avoid being jailed by the unscrupulous Hogg.", "Although Hazzard County, Georgia was a fictional location (the early episodes of the show were filmed in Covington, [14] Georgia and Conyers, Georgia), the real-life town of Hazard, Kentucky was a beneficiary of the show's popularity. Members of the cast were frequent visitors to the town's annual Black Gold Festival. [15] There are still gatherings of Dukes of Hazzard fans, the largest of which is the Dukesfest, which is now held at the Music City Motorplex in Nashville, Tennessee and organized by Ben Jones (Cooter Davenport) and his wife. More than 100,000 fans attended the 2 day event in 2006; the largest gathering of fans for a TV show in history.", "The General Lee was a neon-orange Charger with \"01\" painted on the doors, a Confederate flag on the roof, and a horn that played the first 12 notes of the song \"Dixie.\" It belonged to the Dukes of Hazzard themselves, the cousins Bo (played by actor John Schneider) and Luke Duke (actor Tom Wopat), who used it to get out of dangerous scrapes and away from the corrupt county commissioner Boss Hogg. Scenes featuring the General Lee are some of the show's most memorable: Luke Duke sliding sideways across the car's hood; the boys hopping feet-first through the windows (the Charger's doors were welded shut, so the windows were the only way to get in and out); the General flying over ditches, half-open drawbridges and police cruisers.", "In early 1979 Best appeared in the pilot episode of The Dukes of Hazzard, “One-Armed Bandits”. He enjoyed working on the show and formed a close bond with Sorrell Booke, the actor who played Boss Hogg; many of their scenes were improvised. The series ran until 1985, gaining large audiences in both Britain and America, with a film spinoff in 2005 and regular jamborees reuniting the cast members. However, Best fell out with the producers Time Warner reaching an undisclosed settlement over what he felt was his inadequate share of the multi-million dollar profits.", "*In The Dukes of Hazzard, Boss Hogg has a nephew called Hughie Hogg (who appears in several episodes from season two onwards) while Boss Hogg's big brother Louie Hogg appears in season six's \"How To Succeed In Hazzard.\"", "Cousins Bo and Luke Duke and their car \"General Lee\", assisted by Cousin Daisy and Uncle Jesse, have a running battle with the authorities of Hazzard County (Boss Hogg and Sheriff Coltrane), plus a string of ne'er-do-wells often backed by the scheming Hogg. Written by Ed Stephan <stephan@cc.wwu.edu>", "Daisy Mae Duke is a fictional character, played by Catherine Bach, from the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard. She was the cousin of Bo and Luke, the main protagonists of the show, who were also cousins, and the three lived on a farm on the outskirts of Hazzard County with their Uncle Jesse.", "The General Lee (sometimes referred to as simply \"the General\") is the name given to a 1968 Dodge Charger driven in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard by the Duke cousins, Bo and Luke, along with cousins Coy and Vance (in season 5). It is known for its signature horn, its police chases, stunts — especially its long jumps — and for having its doors welded shut, leaving the Dukes to climb in and out through the windows. The car appears in every episode but one (\"Mary Kaye's Baby\"). The car's name is a reference to American Civil War general Robert E. Lee. It bears a Confederate flag (a rectangular variant of the square battle flag of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia) on its roof, and also has a horn which plays the first twelve notes of the song \"Dixie\".", "The family patriarch is Hank Hill, assistant manager of Strickland Propane , and salesman of \"propane and propane accessories,\" who is obsessed with his lawn, propane, and the Dallas Cowboys. He is uncomfortable with intimacy and sexuality but has a healthy relationship with his wife, as well as the rest of his family. Hank's trademark sigh in times of discomfort or exasperation, his scream of \"Bwah!\" when startled, also when is disgusted he whispers \"ugha\" the phrase \"I tell you what!\" are running gags on the series; additionally, when someone angers him, he tends to respond with, \"I'm gonna kick your ass!\", though, he rarely resorts to this. In contrast with his emotional distance from members of his family, he dotes unashamedly on his aging Bloodhound, Ladybird .", "Daisy Duke is a fictional character, played by Catherine Bach, from the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard. She is the cousin of Bo and Luke, the main protagonists of the show, and the three live on a farm on the outskirts of Hazzard County with their Uncle Jesse.", "During the last season of Starsky and Hutch, The Dukes of Hazzard premiered on CBS, and one of the factory replicas was used in the first episode, \"One Armed Bandits\", seen to be driven by regular character Cooter Davenport (Ben Jones). This was the only appearance of the Torino in the series, and many fans have speculated over its strange one-off appearance. One theory is that it was merely an in-joke, with the Torino's former iconic car status now being taken over by the Dukes' car \"The General Lee\".", "*In the 1980s television series, The Dukes of Hazzard, the Daisy Duke character used the name, \"Bo Peep\" as her CB Radio handle.", "The Hillbillies themselves were Buddy Ebsen as the widowed patriarch Jed \"J.D.\" Clampett; Irene Ryan as his ornery mother-in-law, Daisy May \"Granny\" Moses; Donna Douglas as his curvaceous, tom-boy daughter Elly May Clampett; and Max Baer, Jr. as Jethro, the brawny, half-witted son of his cousin Pearl Bodine. Pearl (played by Bea Benaderet ) appeared in most of the first season episodes, as did Jethro's twin sister Jethrine, played by Baer in drag, using Linda Kaye Henning 's voiceover. Pearl was the relative who prodded Jed to move to California, after being told his modest property could yield $25 million.", "Boss’s Caddy – A 1970 Cadillac Deville convertible, Boss’s car is the only car besides General Lee to remain unchanged during all 7 seasons of the Dukes.", "The Dukes’ worst nightmare. All Boss wanted to do was to eat, eat, and eat some more, while becoming the richest man in the world. Boss would come up with every way possible to make money and take all the mortgages his bank holds…especially, the Duke Farm, but for some odd reason the Dukes always helped him out when he was in trouble. Boss had a white 1970 Cadillac with longhorn’s on the front. Although he rarely drove it himself, everyone knew when that car showed up, trouble wasn’t far behind. Since Boss owned the law in Hazzard, he never got into any trouble with all the schemes he pulled.", "Throughout its network television run, The Dukes of Hazzard had a consistent mix of up-and-comers and established stars make guest appearances.", "In late 1982 and early 1983, Luke spent time on the NASCAR circuit with cousin Bo. Surprisingly, in 1983 the Duke�s discovered that Luke�s baby brother Judd [thought dead] was well and alive. In later years, Luke become a firefighter for the forestry service while Bo Duke eventually returned to the Nascar circuit.", "No, but there is a real town called Hazard, in Kentucky. Several cast members made an appearance in a parade there in 1981, drawing thousands of fans. There is no relation between Hazard KY and the production of the Dukes of Hazzard. In fact, the spelling of “Hazzard” in the show, used the double “z” to avoid any connotation with “Hazard” KY.", "A feature film remake / re-imagined of the series, The Dukes of Hazzard premiered on August 5, 2005. It earned over $113 million dollars worldwide, although it was critically panned. A second Dukes of Hazzard film, The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning , a prequel to the re-imagined movie. It was a TV movie and also went straight to DVD release for an unrated version.", "Longstreet B. Davenport (Ernie Lively, credited as Ernie W. Brown) - L.B. was Cooter's cousin. He also filled for Cooter when he was away from the garage. L.B. first appeared in \"Duke of Duke\" and appeared in several other episodes.", "An oil dynasty; a womanising patriarch; highly litigious siblings. Sound familiar? Meet the larger-than-life family that inspired 'Dallas'" ]

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[ "*The Lone Ranger was an American long-running early radio and television show created by George W. Trendle and developed by writer Fran Striker. The titular character is a masked Texas Ranger in the American Old West, who gallops about righting injustices, usually with the aid of a clever and laconic Native American companion named Tonto, and his horse Silver.", "The white horse whom the Lone Ranger rode most often responded to the name of Silver.", "The Lone Ranger is an American radio and television show created by George W. Trendle and developed by writer Fran Striker. The eponymous character is a masked Texas Ranger in the American Old West, originally played by Paul Halliwell, who gallops about righting injustices with the aid of his clever, laconic Indian sidekick, Tonto. Departing on his white horse Silver, the Ranger would famously say \"Hi-yo, Silver, away!\" as the horse galloped toward the setting sun. The theme music was the \"cavalry charge\" finale of Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture, now inseparably associated with the series, which also featured many other classical selections as incidental music including Wagner, Mendelssohn, Liszt, and Tchaikovsky. The theme was conducted by Daniel Perez Castaneda. Classical music was used because it was in the public domain; thus allowing production costs to be kept down while providing a wide range of music as needed without the costs of a composer. While this practice was started during the radio show, it was retained after the move to television in the budget-strapped early days of the ABC network. The first of 2,956 episodes of The Lone Ranger premiered", "Clayton Moore, star of the Lone Ranger television series, personally picks a white gelding (Silver #1) out of the ranch stock at Hugh Hooker’s ranch in the San Fernando Valley. The original name of the horse is White Cloud. Ranch hands claimed he had Tennessee Walker blood. Bill Ward, Clayton Moore’s stand-in, owned the horse.", "In the early days of the western United States, a masked man and an Indian rode the plains, searching for truth and justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!", "Silver was the name of the hero's horse in the long-running radio, and later, television program The Lone Ranger. Silver was a magnificent white stallion, named after his being found near a silver mine also found by The Lone Ranger and his Indian sidekick, Tonto. (In a later, retcon version, The Ranger saved Silver from a raging buffalo and then adopted him.) Silver's exploits almost made him the equivalent of another character in the series, as he was extremely intelligent and well-trained (this could also be said of Tonto's mount, Scout). Silver won the Award for Excellence (Patsy) in 1957. This award is for animals who are outstanding actors in the television and motion picture industry.", "Further on the name of Tonto's horse. He was named Scout in the TV series, but was apparently called White Feller in the early Lone Ranger novels. Originally, Tonto rode double with the Lone Ranger on Silver. After a publicity photo was taken of the Lone Ranger and Tonto this way, WXYZ wisely decided to give Tonto his own steed. Scout was originally supposed to be solid white like Silver, but when they made the movie serials they realized that it would make Silver less impressive that way, so Scout was changed. This information from Largent's Lone Ranger Page", "The Lone Ranger rode Silver, but what was the name of Tonto's horse? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk", "Tonto first rode a horse named \"White Feller\" (White Fella/Fellah). When the 1938 Republic movie serial The Lone Ranger was being filmed, it was thought that having two white horses would be confusing, so the producers made \"White Feller\" a pinto horse, presumably on the theory that, being partly white, a pinto could still be named \"White Feller.\" The radio series, noting that the pinto in the film had gone over well with audiences, decided that Tonto's mount would henceforth be a pinto. For several episodes, Tonto's new horse went unnamed, referred to only as \"the paint horse\" or simply \"Paint\". Eventually the name \"Scout\" was adopted. ", "In another episode, the question of Tonto's horse was resolved when the pair discover a secluded valley and the Lone Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning to the Ranger, bringing along a companion who becomes Tonto's horse, Scout.", "One of the most popular horses of all the western heroes. During the run of the television series few people realize that 2 different white Stallions filled the role of the wonder horse, Silver. Clayton Moore, who portrayed the Lone Ranger in the majority of the television shows, indicated they were Morabs, part Morgan and part Arabian. Wranglers and owners of the Silvers though have stated Silver#1 had Tennessee Walking Horse in his breeding and Silver#2 was half Arabian and half Saddle Bred", "The Lone Ranger  (a.k.a. \" kemosabe \") is mentioned extensively as well as his sidekick (\" Tonto , jump on it! Jump on it! Jump on it!\") and his horse (\"'Hi-ho,  Silver !' is what I say\").", "SIEGEL: Something else about the Lone Ranger, he rode a white stallion named Silver and his six-shooter fired silver bullets.", "Affiliations: Lone Ranger (partner), Scout (aka Paint Horse, his horse), White Feller (his original horse), Chief Thundercloud", "    What was it about the Lone Ranger that captivates me and my generation so? There were untold numbers of Westerns in those days, in the movies and on TV, all of them with handsome heroes, damsels in distress, snarling bad guys, mighty horses. There was gunplay and fisticuffs aplenty. But the Lone Ranger was different. Was it the mask? Was it the silver bullet, the Ranger's calling card as well as his ammo of choice? Was it his magnificent horse, Silver? His loyal partner Tonto? The Ranger always treated Tonto as an equal, which was a lesson for all of us kids in race relations, even if we didn't realize it, and Tonto was portrayed with great dignity by Silverheels, dispelling many a stereotype that showed the Indian of the Old West as an uncouth savage. ", "\"A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty hi-yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! With his faithful Indian companion, Tonto, the daring and resourceful", "*The Lone Ranger (a.k.a. \"kemosabe\") is mentioned extensively as well as his sidekick (\"Tonto, jump on it! Jump on it! Jump on it!\") and his horse (\"'Hi-yo, Silver!' is what I say\").", "The horse was a natural for animal scouts looking for the right horse to play the famous steed called Silver in the The Lone Ranger reboot.You might say he was born for the part.", "“A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty ‘Hi-Yo Silver!’ The Lone Ranger. With his faithfil companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked man of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early West. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear.” The Lone Ranger rides again! ”", "Clayton Moore played the part of \"The Lone Ranger\" in early TV. Many of us can remember his cry of \"Hi Ho Silver, Away\" as he rode away on his beautiful white stallion.", "The second Silver(Silver#2) of the TV series was actually purchased personally in about 1949 by George W. Trendle (the owner of the Lone Ranger show at that time). Who Trendle bought Silver#2 from was also until recently a complete enigma. One source claims Trendle bought the horse from an unidentified horse breeder on the east coast. Ken Beck, though, has recently discovered a source indicating that Silver #2 was actually foaled on a farm in 1945 near Danville, Iowa and named \"Tarzen's White Banner\". At age four, the horse was sold to a gentleman named Charles Van Dyke of Peoria, Illinois who then sold the stallion to George W. Trendle in late 1949. Trendle immediately renamed the horse \"Hi-Yo Silver\" which he had registered. Trendle previously owned another white stallion purchased in 1940 (and an extravagant silver laden saddle) for the public appearances of the radio Lone Ranger during the peak radio era of the 1940's.", "The Lone Ranger [1] The lone surviving Texas Ranger who was nursed back to health by the Indian Tonto rides with him, on Silver and Scout, throughout the West, doing good while living off a silver mine which supplies him with income and bullets.", "Tonto is a fictional character, the either Potawatomi or Comanche companion of the Lone Ranger, a popular American Western character created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker. Tonto has appeared in radio and television series and other presentations of the characters' adventures righting wrongs in 19th century western America. ", "Was an avid horse-racer when not acting. When asked if he ever thought about running Silver or Scout (who portrayed the steeds of the Lone Ranger and Tonto, respectively) in a race, Silverheels laughed: \"Heck, *I* can beat Scout.\"", "Daniels reprised his role as Tonto in Republic's 1939 cliffhanger sequel, THE LONE RANGER RIDES AGAIN. In the picture on the left, Bob Livingston is the fabled Masked Rider of the Plains and Daniels (center) is Tonto. Helping out is Duncan Renaldo (right), who gained fame in the early 1950s as TV's \"Robin Hood of the Old West\", the Cisco Kid.", "Michael Horse assumed the role for 1981's \" The Legend of the Lone Ranger .\" In this version Tonto's pidgin english was gone and we saw Tonto teach the Ranger most of his skills. Tonto even introduced the silver bullets claiming silver is more accurate than lead.", "The Lone Ranger is a man who can fight great odds, yet takes time to treat a bird with a broken wing.", "Roy Rogers rode a number of horses during his film and television careers --- they were all billed as \"Trigger\". In over a quarter century performing in public, he used three main Palominos:", "_\"The Lone Ranger\" (1949)_ (qv) premiered on September 15, 1949, exactly one day after his 35th birthday.", "Logically, too, The Lone Ranger never wins against hopeless odds; i.e., he is never seen escaping from a barrage of bullets merely by riding into the horizon.", "The death of a prospector leads to the Lone Ranger inheriting half the value of a gold mine. Bandits kidnap the other person to inherit the money and attempt to imitate him.", "The Lone Ranger - Watch Full Episodes Free - United States - TV Shows - Viki" ]

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[ "8. Throughout history, the White House has had various other monikers including President's Palace, President's House and the Executive Mansion. Theodore Roosevelt declared White House the official name in 1901.", "Most people seem to think the building was first painted white after it was rebuilt in 1817, but already in 1798 it was made white by a protective lime-based whitewash. It wasn't named White House from the beginning though: it was originally named the 'President's Palace', 'President's House' or 'Executive Mansion'. It was soon nicknamed 'White House' and in 1901 president Theodore Roosevelt made it the official name.", "and it was generally referred to simply as the President's House. (The term Executive Mansion supplanted that nomenclature around 1850, and the building was not officially designated as the White House until the issuance of an executive order by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901.) In 1812, war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, and in August 1814 President James Madison and his wife Dolly were forced to flee their residence when a British expedition to Chesapeake Bay won an easy victory at Bladensburg (Maryland) and took the city of Washington, setting fire to several public buildings including the Capitol and the President's House. This historical event has since been embodied in a legend which proclaims that the White House only obtained that name after its torching by the British, when portions of the residence were rebuilt and the exterior was painted white (over the original gray) to cover the obvious burn marks.", "At various times in history, the White House has been known as the \"President's Palace,\" the \"President's House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" President Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.", "    Well, when the War of 1812 started, the British army was still sore from the licking they took in the American Revolution, so they were determined to get even. And one great way was to burn down our capitol city and everything in it. So the British troops stormed our capitol city and took it over, and immediately made plans to burn it down. And one of the buildings they set on fire was the President's home. Fortunately, the house did not burn completely down, but the outside was turned black from the smoke and fire damage. So, after the war the president's house was painted, you guessed it, it was painted white, and people started calling it the “White House”. And in 1901, President Teddy Roosevelt officially named it the “White House”. Very interesting.", "Originally called &quot;President's Palace&quot;, &quot;Presidential Mansion&quot; or &quot;President's House&quot;. Official title settled on &quot;Executive Mansion&quot; until Teddy Roosevelt renamed it.", "Once in the White House, each President made his mark in different ways. In fact, before Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, came to office, the White House wasn't even called the White House! People called the building the President's Palace, President's House, and the Executive Mansion. Roosevelt officially named it the White House in 1901.", "The cornerstone is laid for a presidential residence in the newly designated capital city of Washington. In 1800, President John Adams became the first president to reside in the executive mansion, which soon became known as the \"White House\" because its white-gray Virginia freestone contrasted strikingly with the red brick of nearby buildings.", "At the time of Adams’ residency, the White House was not called the White House. Instead, it was called The Executive Mansion or the President’s Mansion. President Adams did not spend a full term there. Adams reportedly hated living in the White House. Thomas Jefferson was the first President to spend a full term in residence at the White House.", "President Madison had Hoban restore the building after the British destroyed the inside . Originally light gray in color, the building’s exterior was painted white during the restoration, which took three years to complete. President Theodore Roosevelt would officially call it the White House, although the name had been informally used before.", "1901: 42-year-old Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th and youngest President of the United States, twelve hours after the death of President McKinley.", "The legend does not correspond to historical fact, however. The President's House had been given a coat of whitewash as early as 1798 in order to protect its locally-quarried sandstone against the deterioriation caused by winter freezes, and from then on white paint was used for the exterior. Moreover, references to the building as the \"White House\" antedate the War of 1812. As early as the spring of 1811, Francis James Jackson, the former British minister to the United States, wrote that his successor would \"act as a sort of political conductor to attract the lightning that may issue from the clouds round the Capitol and the White House at Washington.\" White House curators cite similar contemporary evidence:", "George Washington oversaw construction of the White House, but never lived in it. John and Abigail Adams became the first occupants of the presidential mansion on November 1, 1800, although only for the last four months of his presidency.", "The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. The house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, Cabinet Room, Roosevelt Room, East Wing, and the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which houses the executive offices of the President and Vice President.The White House is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of \"America's Favorite Architecture\". (Excerpt, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House)", "The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt was the executive branch of the United States government from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Before serving as 26th President of the United States of America, Roosevelt, a Republican, was 25th Vice President. He also previously served as Police Commissioner of New York City, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Governor of New York. Roosevelt was sworn-in as President upon the assassination of William McKinley. Owing to his charismatic personality, his extremely high energy levels and span of interests, and his reformist policies, which he called the \"Square Deal\", Roosevelt is considered one of the ablest presidents and an icon of the Progressive Era. ", "John Adams and his family were the first presidential family to live in the White House. In 1814, the British set the house on fire; it was rebuilt. In 1817, James Monroe moved in. Harry S. Truman began the restoration of the White House and moved back into the White House in 1952.", "President's House , Philadelphia. The presidential mansion of George Washington before him, Adams occupied this Philadelphia mansion from March 1797 to May 1800. He then became the first President to occupy the Executive mansion in Washington, D.C.", "The White House has a unique and fascinating history. It survived a fire at the hands of the British in 1814 (during the war of 1812) and another fire in the West Wing in 1929, while Herbert Hoover was President. Throughout much of Harry S. Truman's presidency, the interior of the house, with the exception of the third floor, was completely gutted and renovated while the Trumans lived at Blair House, right across Pennsylvania Avenue. Nonetheless, the exterior stone walls are those first put in place when the White House was constructed two centuries ago.", "The White House has a unique and fascinating history. It survived a fire at the hands of the British in 1814 during the War of 1812, and another fire in the West Wing in 1929 while Herbert Hoover was President. Throughout much of Harry S. Truman's presidency, the interior of the house was completely gutted and renovated while the Trumans lived at Blair House, right across Pennsylvania Avenue. Nonetheless, the exterior stone walls are those first put in place when the White House was constructed two centuries ago.", "Presidents can express their individual style in how they decorate the house and in how they receive the public during their stay. Thomas Jefferson held the first Inaugural open house in 1805. Many of those who attended the swearing in ceremony at the U.S. Capitol simply followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. President Jefferson also opened the house for public tours, and it has remained open, except during wartime, ever since. In addition, he welcomed visitors to annual receptions on New Year's Day and the Fourth of July. In 1829, a horde of 20,000 Inaugural callers forced President Andrew Jackson to flee to the safety of a hotel while, on the lawn, aids filled washtubs with orange juice and whiskey to lure the mob out of the mud-tracked White House.", "Presidents can express their individual style in how they decorate some parts of the house and in how they receive the public during their stay. Thomas Jefferson held the first Inaugural open house in 1805. Many of those who attended the swearing-in ceremony at the U.S. Capitol simply followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. President Jefferson also opened the house for public tours, and it has remained open, except during wartime, ever since. In addition, he welcomed visitors to annual receptions on New Year's Day and on the Fourth of July. In 1829, a horde of 20,000 Inaugural callers forced President Andrew Jackson to flee to the safety of a hotel while, on the lawn, aides filled washtubs with orange juice and whiskey to lure the mob out of the mud-tracked White House.", "Our first president,  George Washington , selected the site for the White House in 1791. The cornerstone was laid in 1792 and a competition design submitted by Irish-born architect James Hoban was chosen. After eight years of construction,  President John Adams  and his wife, Abigail, moved into the unfinished house in 1800. During the War of 1812, the British set fire to the President’s House in 1814. James Hoban was appointed to rebuild the house, and  President James Monroe  moved into the building in 1817. During Monroe’s administration, the South Portico was constructed in 1824, and  Andrew Jackson  oversaw the addition of the North Portico in 1829. During the late 19th century, various proposals were made to significantly expand the President’s House or to build an entirely new house for the president, but these plans were never realized.", "The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the President of the United States and the First Family. The Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors: the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, and the Third Floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–to-1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage, and service areas.", "But not to be forgotten are some other March 4 events, such as President Lincoln’s two inaugural addresses and President Franklin Roosevelt’s address in 1933. One infamous inaugural was on March 4, 1829, when President Andrew Jackson’s supporters stormed the White House and had to be lured away with the promise of free liquor.", "On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first United States president-elect to take the oath of office on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol. Jackson was the first President to invite the public to attend the White House ball honoring his first inauguration. Many poor people came to the inaugural ball in their homemade clothes. The crowd became so large that Jackson's guards could not keep them out of the White House, which became so crowded with people that dishes and decorative pieces inside were eventually broken. Some people stood on good chairs in muddied boots just to get a look at the President. The crowd had become so wild that the attendants poured punch in tubs and put it on the White House lawn to lure people outside. Jackson's raucous populism earned him the nickname \"King Mob\".", "1830: Birth of Chester (Alan) Arthur, 21st US President (1881-5) who took over after the assassination of President Garfield.", "26th president of the United States (1901-09) and writer, explorer, and soldier, who expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government on the side of public interest in conflicts between big business and big labour. He also engaged the nation in affairs of Asia and Europe. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and he promoted the construction of the Panama Canal (1904-14).", "Presidency: 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Political Party: Whig 1818 Accomplishments: A war hero during the Indian Wars and annexation...", "Zachary Taylor became the 12th president in 1849 as a member of the Whig (conservative) party.  He was not a politician.  He was a Mexican War hero, and his nickname was Old Rough 'n Ready.  He never registered to vote, and he didn't even vote in his own election.  He died in 1850, probably of cholera, after serving only 16 months in office. ", "When was the balcony added to the South Portico of the White House? Who was President?", "In April 1882, during the Arthur administration, plumbers began removing old pipes from within the walls and replacing them. New septic fields were created. The easternmost room of the West Wing was converted to a lounge for the use of men guests after dinner, and connected to the main conservatory by a small stair. Other bath and toilet rooms were remodeled with new tile, wallpaper and fixtures. In the family quarters there were two such rooms, one on the northwest and one large one on the north side that had been partitioned into various compartments opening into the service hall. The President's office had one, but another had been built off the attic stair landing for the use of the private secretary.", "FDR was the first president to have his own airplane, the first to travel through the Panama Canal, the first to visit a foreign country during wartime (6-10-43)." ]

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[ "Afghanistan is located in southern Asia and shares a border with 6 countries: China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Landlocked, with an area of 652,000 square kilometers (251,737 square miles), Afghanistan is a mountainous country dominated by the Hindu Kush and the Himalayan mountain ranges to the north and arid desert to the south.", "Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.", "The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in South - Central Asia . It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, Western Asia , or the Middle East . It is bordered by Iran in the west, Pakistan in the south and east, Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.", "             Islamic Emirates of Afghanistan, or Jamhouri Afghanistan, is landlocked country, located in Central Asia.  Pakistan is to its east and south, Iran and Turkmenistan to its west, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan to its north.  The country has a small border with India and China to the north-east.", "), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( Urdu : اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکِستان) is a sovereign state in South Asia . It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor . In addition, Oman is also located in maritime vicinity and shares a marine border with Pakistan. [7] Strategically, Pakistan is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia , Central Asia and the greater Middle East . [8]", "Almost as large as the state of Texas, Afghanistan is bounded by six different countries. Afghanistan's longest border—accounting for its entire southern boundary and most of its eastern one—is with Pakistan. The shortest one, bordering China's Xinjiang province, is only 76 kilometers (47 miles), at the end of the Wakhan corridor.", "Six internationally recognized states identify as Islamic states: Saudi Arabia (formed 1932 out of the Wahhabist predecessor states), Pakistan (since 1947), Mauritania (since 1958), Iran (since 1979), Yemen (since 1991), and Afghanistan (since 2004, and before 1973). The majority of countries of the Arab world define Islam as their state religion. Most of these states have national flags that include Islamic symbolism. Besides, there are unrecognized jihadist de facto states, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant controlling parts of Iraq and Syria, and the Taliban, Al-Shabaab and Boko Haram ruling parts of Afghanistan, Somalia and Nigeria, respectively, which use jihadist flags.", "Afghanistan , Islamic State of Afghanistan - a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south; \"Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in 1979\"", "Afghanistan ; Islamic State of Afghanistan (a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia; bordered by Iran to the west and Russia to the north and Pakistan to the east and south)", "There are only two such countries in the world. Liechtenstein in Europe is surrounded by two landlocked countries; Switzerland and Austria while Uzbekistan in Asia is surrounded by five, all of them are stan countries (ending with \"stan\"). They are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan is of course a stan country on its own. As there are seven stan countries in total, the only stan country missing is then Pakistan, which is 300 kilometers from Uzbekistan.", "At 652230 km2, Afghanistan is the world's 41st largest country, slightly bigger than France and smaller than Burma, about the size of Texas in the United States. It borders Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far east.", "The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries — Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka — and added Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2006. China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC. This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj - Nepal, and Bhutan. Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The World Factbook, based on geo-politics, people, and economy defines South Asia as comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The South Asia Free Trade Agreement incorporated Afghanistan in 2011, and the World Bank grouping of countries in the region also includes all eight members comprising South Asia and SAARC as well. ", "Britain withdraws from India, creating the predominantly Hindu but secular state of India and the Islamic state of Pakistan. The nation of Pakistan includes a long, largely uncontrollable, border with Afghanistan.", "Pakistan: Pakistan officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population exceeding 180 million people, it is the sixth most populous country and with an area covering 307,000 sq. miles, it is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area. Located at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, Pakistan has a 650 miles coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a marine border with Oman.", "The Soviet Union had the world's longest border , like Russia , measuring over, or circumferences of Earth . Two-thirds of it was a coast line. Across the Bering Strait was the United States . The Soviet Union bordered Afghanistan , China , Czechoslovakia , Finland , Hungary , Iran , Mongolia , North Korea , Norway , Poland , Romania , and Turkey from 1945 to 1991.", "The Islamic Republic of Iran is a major transit route for opiates smuggled from Afghanistan and through Pakistan to the Persian Gulf, Turkey, Russia, and Europe. The largest single share of opiates leaving Afghanistan (almost half by some estimates) passes through Iran to consumers in Iran, Russia and Europe.", "The Soviet Union had the world's longest border , like Russia , measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), or 1 1/2 circumferences of Earth. Two-thirds of it were a coastline. Across the Bering Strait was the United States . The Soviet Union bordered Afghanistan, China, Czechoslovakia , Finland, Hungary , Iran, Mongolia, North Korea , Norway, Poland , Romania , and Turkey from 1945 to 1991.", "Abkhazia  • Azawad  • China (Republic)/Taiwan  • Islamic State  • Kosovo  • Nagorno-Karabakh Republic  • New Russia  • Northern Cyprus  • Palestine  • Somaliland  • South Ossetia  • Tamil Eelam  • Transnistria  • Western Sahara", "The Economic Cooperation Organization was originally formed in 1985 by Turkey, Iran and Pakistan but in 1992 the organization was expanded to include Afghanistan and the six primarily Muslim former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.", "14) Afghanistan and Pakistan - US soldier on watch at the Torkham Gate, which divides Afghanistan from Pakistan, and is a major border crossing between the two countries.", "Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan sign peace agreements, Soviet Union begins pulling out troops from Afghanistan. 1996", "1893 – Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan, signed the Durand Line Agreement, establishing what is now the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.", "After Herat, the river turns northwest, then north, forming the northern part of the border between Afghanistan and Iran . Farther north it forms the south-eastern part of the border between Iran and Turkmenistan.", "* Pakistan, a nuclear-armed Islamic state, has a history of political relations with neighboring Afghanistan and is termed capable of exercising influence. For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route to the ocean lies through Pakistan. Pakistan seeks natural gas from Central Asia and supports the development of pipelines from its countries. According to an independent study, Turkmenistan is supposed to be the fifth largest natural gas field in the world. The mountain ranges and areas in northern Pakistan lie on the fringes of greater Central Asia; the Gilgit–Baltistan region of Pakistan lies adjacent to Tajikistan, separated only by the narrow Afghan Wakhan Corridor. Being located on the northwest of South Asia, the area forming modern-day Pakistan maintained extensive historical and cultural links with the central Asian region.", "In modern contexts, all definitions of Central Asia include these five republics of the former Soviet Union: Kazakhstan (pop. 17 million), Kyrgyzstan (5.7 million), Tajikistan (8.0 million), Turkmenistan (5.2 million), and Uzbekistan (30 million), for a total population of about 66 million as of 2013–2014. Afghanistan (pop. 31.1 million) is also sometimes included.", "Afghanistan ranks 174 out of 174 countries and earned a score of 8 out of 10.", "* Afghanistan – Renamed Republic of Afghanistan in 1987, Soviet occupation ended and the Communist government under Mohammad Najibullah fell to the Mujahideen in 1992.", "From 1999 through early 2001, the United States pressed the United Arab Emirates, one of the Taliban's only travel and financial outlets to the outside world, to break off ties and enforce sanctions, especially those related to air travel to Afghanistan. These efforts achieved little before 9/11.", "Afghanistan is a Dari (Persian) and Pashto speaking country that does not border with any sea.", "Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, formerly known internationally as Persia, is a Southwest Asian country located in the geographical territories of the Middle East and Southern Asia.", "Dec. 27: Afghanistan signed a deal with Iran to import one million tons of fuel oil, petrol, and aviation fuel from its western neighbor each year. Iran blocked the transport of these goods at the end of 2010 for fear that they might be used to supply US and NATO forces. [AFP, 1/27] [End Page 321]", "As a final note, it has long seemed odd to me that Afghanistan is usually portrayed in the U.S. media as a Pashtun-dominated country, even though most of its residents belong to other ethnic groups, and even though Persian is more widespread and more prestigious than Pashto. Nigel Allan links this habit to U.S. diplomatic and military maneuvering in the region. In the 1950s and 1960s, almost all American developmental projects in Afghanistan focused on Pashtun areas. In the 1980s, the U.S. military embraced a “southern strategy” based on alliances with Pashtun militias aimed at expelling Soviet forces from the country. This Pashtun focus, Allan argues, stemmed in part from the British imperial designation of the Pashtun people as one of South Asia’s “martial races.” Whether the U.S. reliance on such Pashtun leaders as Hamid Karzai has been an effective strategy is a different matter altogether." ]

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[ "Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) is a satirical novel by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II experiences and journeys through time of Billy Pilgrim, from his time as an American soldier and chaplain's assistant, to postwar and early years. It is generally recognized as Vonnegut's most influential and popular work. A central event is Pilgrim's surviving the Allies' firebombing of Dresden as a prisoner-of-war. This was an event in Vonnegut's own life, and the novel is considered semi-autobiographical.", "\"Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade\" (1969) is one of the Kurt Vonnegut's most famous autobiographical works about the bombing of Dresden during World War II. Kurt Vonnegut was an American writer, satirist and painter who was honored to be called \"a writer of New York\" in 2001-2003. The novel is written in the so-called \"Vonnegut's\" \"telegraphic, schizophrenic\" style. It combines a strong narrative plot and philosophy, science fiction and the grotesque, burlesque and lampoon.", "Slaughterhouse-Five; or, The Children’s Crusade: A Duty-Dance With Death is a 1969 novel by Kurt Vonnegut. Widely regarded as a classic, it combines science fiction elements with an analysis of the human condition from an uncommon perspective, using time travel as a plot device and the bombing of Dresden in World War II, the aftermath of which Vonnegut witnessed, as a starting point. A disoriented and ill-trained American soldier named Billy Pilgrim is captured by German soldiers and is forced to live in a makeshift prison. Billy has become “unstuck in time” for unexplained reasons so he randomly and repeatedly visits different parts of his life, including his death. He meets, and is later kidnapped by, aliens from the planet Tralfamadore, who exhibit him in a Tralfamadorian zoo with Montana Wildhack, a pornographic movie star.", "In \"Slaughterhouse Five,\" Kurt Vonnegut Jr. wrote about the senseless firebombing of Dresden, Germany, during which Allied bombers devastated a gorgeous, art-filled city, pretty much just because they could. And, of course, Robert Altman's \"M*A*S*H\" (1970) attacked the Vietnam War through the back door, by infusing the Korean War with an especially profane kind of anti-authoritarian irreverence.", "Vonnegut was a prisoner of war in Dresden on February 13, 1945 when the city, a cultural center of no military value, was destroyed by Allied incendiary bombs, and in Slaughterhouse-Five Vonnegut, who was born on Armistice Day 1922, focuses on the particularly human madness of war. He consciously wanted to avoid writing a novel that glamorized the brutality of war, so as his subtitle suggests, he portrays wars as fought by young and uncomprehending innocents. He is equally appalled by a technology that can destroy 135,000 people in two hours, and the absence of an adequate moral response to such destruction.", "Slaughterhouse Five The emotions of self-pity and guilt for one s self play a major role in the novel Slaughterhouse Five. This leads to be one of the more interesting aspects of the novel and most other military stories. When one begins to analyze a military novel it is important to first look at the historical context in which the book was written. On the nights of February 13-14 in 1944 the city of Dresden, Germany was subjected to", "His experiences as an advance scout in the Battle of the Bulge, and in particular his witnessing of the bombing of Dresden, Germany whilst a prisoner of war, would inform much of his work. This event would also form the core of his most famous work, Slaughterhouse-Five, the book which would make him a millionaire. This acerbic 200-page book is what most people mean when they describe a work as \"Vonnegutian\" in scope.", "Kurt Vonnegut wrote dozens of satirical novels whose central theme was life's cosmic joke on humanity. A modern-day Mark Twain , right down to the bushy mustache and black humor, Vonnegut was often called a science fiction author, but more often he used the cloak of sci-fi as a means to deliver his cranky-but-funny deliberations on the human condition. His best-known books include Cat's Cradle (1963), Welcome to the Monkey House (1968), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969), and Slapstick (1976). Many of his books featured a character named Kilgore Trout, a fictional author who was something of an alter-ego for Vonnegut himself. Kurt Vonnegut was a World War II veteran who survived prisoner-of-war camps and the American bombing of Dresden, Germany, events that informed much of his fiction. Vonnegut was an especially fashionable author in the late 1960s and 1970s; his once-daring satire lost its literary luster in later years, but he continues to be popular with late teen and young adult readers.", "US novelist Kurt Vonnegut, a prisoner of war in Dresden during World War II, has a scene in Slaughterhouse-Five where time-travelling hero Billy Pilgrim sees the city’s firebombing in reverse, with phosphorous bombs being sucked back into warplanes.", "The novel is based on Kurt Vonnegut’s own experience in World War II. In the novel, a prisoner of war witnesses and survives the Allied forces’ firebombing of Dresden. Vonnegut, like his pro-tagonist Billy Pilgrim, emerged from a meat locker beneath a slaughter-house into the moonscape of burned-out Dresden. His surviving captors put him to work finding, burying, and burning bodies. His task continued until the Russians came and the war ended. Vonnegut survived by chance, confined as a prisoner of war (POW) in a well-insulated meat locker, and so missed the cataclysmic moment of attack, emerging the day after into the charred ruins of a once-beautiful cityscape. Vonnegut has said that he always intended to write about the experience but found himself incapable of doing so for more than twenty years. Although he attempted to describe in simple terms what happened and to create a linear narrative, this strategy never worked for him. Billy Pilgrim’s unhinged time—shifting, a mechanism for dealing with the unfathomable aggression and mass destruction he witnesses, is Vonnegut’s solution to the problem of telling an untellable tale.", "Slaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut. According to Schmoop, “Kurt Vonnegut is probably most associated with the 1960s and its crazy experimental fiction. But before he became popular with Bohemians and hippies, Vonnegut was a soldier, fighting in World War II as an American advance infantry scout in the 106th Division. His first deployment in Europe was to fight back the last major German offensive of the war, the Battle of the Bulge . Vonnegut was captured by the Germans and brought to Dresden, where he was kept in relatively decent conditions in one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.", "of refugees from all over Europe converged on Dresden for protection. Dresden's neutrality was broken and the resulting attacks laid waste, what Vonnegut called, the Florence of the Elbe. Kurt Vonnegut was a witness to this event and because of fate, had been spared. He wrote Slaughterhouse Five to answer the question that resounded through his head long after the bombs could no longer be heard. Why me? A frequent question asked by survivors", "After studying at Cornell University from 1940 to 1942, Kurt Vonnegut enlisted in the U.S. Army. He was sent by the Army to what is now Carnegie Mellon University to study engineering in 1943. The next year, he served in Europe and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. After this battle, Vonnegut was captured and became a prisoner of war. He was in Dresden, Germany, during the Allied firebombing of the city and saw the complete devastation caused by it. Vonnegut himself escaped harm only because he, along with other POWs, was working in an underground meat locker making vitamin supplements.", "1945 – World War II: Allied bombers were dispatched to Dresden, Germany to raid the city by massive aerial bombardment.", "A major logistical center in the Ruhr and location of chemical, steel and iron industries, Duisburg was a primary target of Allied bombers. As such, it is considered by some historians to be the single most heavily bombed German city by the Allies during World War II, with industrial areas and residential blocks targeted by Allied incendiary bombs.", "On February 13, 1945, Dresden became the target of Allied forces. In the hours and days that followed, the Allies engaged in a fierce firebombing of the city. The offensive subsided on February 15, leaving tens of thousands dead. Vonnegut marveled at the level of both the destruction in Dresden and the secrecy that attended it. He had survived by taking refuge in a meat locker three stories underground. \"It was cool there, with cadavers hanging all around\", Vonnegut said. \"When we came up the city was gone ... They burnt the whole damn town down.\" Vonnegut and other American prisoners were put to work immediately after the bombing, excavating bodies from the rubble. He described the activity as a \"terribly elaborate Easter-egg hunt\".", "Between 13 February and 15 February 1945, British and the US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden, which was crowded with German wounded and refugees. Because of the cultural importance of the city, and of the number of civilian casualties close to the end of the war, this remains one of the most controversial Western Allied actions of the war. Following the bombing Churchill stated in a top secret telegram:", "Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (; November 11, 1922 - April 11, 2007) was an American author. In a career spanning over 50 years, Vonnegut published fourteen novels, three short story collections, five plays, and five works of non-fiction. He is most famous for his darkly satirical, best-selling novel Slaughterhouse-Five (1969).", "Between 13 February and 15 February 1945, British and the US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden , which was crowded with German wounded and refugees. [156] Because of the cultural importance of the city, and of the number of civilian casualties close to the end of the war, this remains one of the most controversial Western Allied actions of the war. Following the bombing Churchill stated in a top secret telegram:", "\"On the night of February 13th 1945, there began one of the most controversial raids of World War Two -- the bombing of Dresden. Witnesses to the raid and its aftermath describe the events and the terror of what it was like to be in Dresden throughout the night of the raid.\" (From the Amazon.com description)", "Slaughterhouse-Five By: Kurt Vonnegut Slaughterhouse five is a very complex and twisted story about a World War Two veteran. The story is set in three different time periods ...", "The bombing of Hamburg in 1943 also produced impressive results. Tiger tank production, and the manufacture of 88mm guns, the most potent dual-purpose artillery piece in the Wehrmacht was \"set back for months\". On top of this, some 62 percent of the population was dehoused causing more difficulties. However, RAF Bomber Command allowed itself to be distracted by Harris' desire for a war winning blow, and attempted the fruitless missions to destroy Berlin and end the war by spring, 1944. ", "Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-Five as a response to war. “It is so short and jumbled and jangled,” he explains in Chapter 1, “because there is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre.” The jumbled structure of the novel and the long delay between its conception and completion serve as testaments to a very personal struggle with heart-wrenching material. But the timing of the novel’s publication also deserves notice: in 1969, the United States was in the midst of the dismal Vietnam War. Vonnegut was an outspoken pacifist and critic of the conflict. Slaughterhouse-Five revolves around the willful incineration of 100,000 civilians, in a city of extremely dubious military significance, during an arguably just war. Appearing when it did, then, Slaughterhouse-Five made a forceful statement about the campaign in Vietnam, a war in which incendiary technology was once more being employed against nonmilitary targets in the name of a dubious cause.", "Imprisoned at a slaughterhouse that inspired the novel’s title, Vonnegut lived through the infamous bombing raid in February 1945 that destroyed the old part of the city three months before the war in Europe ended. It killed, according to widely varying estimates, 35,000 to 100,000 people, or more.", "A controversial Allied aerial bombing towards the end of World War II killed thousands of civilians and destroyed the entire city center. The impact of the bombing and 40 years of urban development during the East German communist era have considerably changed the face of the city.", "Imprisoned at a slaughterhouse that inspired the novel's title, Vonnegut lived through the infamous bombing raid in February 1945 which destroyed the old part of the city three months before the war in Europe ended. It killed, according to widely varying estimates, 35,000 to 100,000 people, or more.", "1922-2007 - Kurt Vonnegut - Writer. Wrote \"Slaughterhouse-Five\" in 1969. Honorary president of American Humanist Association.", "In the mid-1950s, Vonnegut worked very briefly for Sports Illustrated magazine. On the verge of abandoning writing, Vonnegut was offered a teaching job at the University of Iowa Writers' Workshop. While he was there, Cat's Cradle became a best-seller, and he began Slaughterhouse-Five, now considered one of the best American novels of the 20th century, appearing on the 100 best lists of Time and the Modern Library.", "Note: During World War II , the Allies bombed much of the city. After the war, it was the largest city in the American occupation zone.", "In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive, a strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The goals were to disrupt the German war economy, reduce German morale, and \"de-house\" the civilian population. ", "In early 1943 the British and Americans began the \"Combined Bomber Offensive\", a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy, reduce German morale, and \"de-house\" the German civilian population. By the end of the war most German cities would be reduced to rubble and 7,500,000 Germans made homeless. [191]", "Mouse over to see an overlayed photo taken during an air raid in March 1945 depicting some of the bombing pattern centered just to the west of the Saale River and extending up into the railway yards (269,996 bytes). Photo by U.S. Eighth Air Force." ]

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[ "In Greco-Roman mythology, Arachne (; from , cognate with Latin araneus) is a talented mortal weaver who challenged Athena, goddess of wisdom and crafts, into a weaving contest; this hubris resulted in her being transformed into a spider. ", "In Greco-Roman mythology, Arachne ( Template:Pron-en ) was a great mortal weaver who boasted that her skill was greater than that of Minerva , the Latin parallel of Pallas Athena , goddess of crafts. Arachne refused to acknowledge that her knowledge came, in part at least, from the goddess. The offended goddess set a contest between the two weavers. According to Ovid , [1] the goddess was so envious of the magnificent tapestry and the mortal weaver's success, and perhaps offended by the girl's choice of subjects (the loves and transgressions of the gods), that she destroyed the tapestry and loom and slashed the girl's face. “Not even Pallas nor blue-fevered Envy \\ Could damn Arachne's work. \\ The brown haired goddess Raged at the girl's success, struck through her loom, Tore down the scenes of wayward joys in heaven.″ [2] Ultimately, the goddess turned Arachne into a spider . Arachne simply means \"spider\" ( Template:Polytonic ) in Greek .", "Arachne was filled with guilt and hung herself. Athena, after seeing Arachne's body, felt responsible for her death and decided to do her a favor. She turned Arachne into a spider so that she and all her children would be expert weavers forever. In other versions of the myth, Athena transformed Arachne into a spider directly after the contest as part of Arachne's punishment.", "In Greek mythology, an excellent weaver from Lydia, who challenged Athena to a contest. When Arachne's work was seen to be superior, Athena destroyed it, and Arachne hanged herself. Athena saved her, but changed her into a spider. The fable of Arachne (also Arachné) is a late addition to Greek mythology, recorded in Ovid, Metamorphoses. Arachne's name simply means \"spider\" (αραχνη). …", "She turned the weaver Arachne into a spider after the mortal woman insulted Athena and the Olympian gods.", "Even Athena admitted that Arachne's work was immaculate. Athena did win the contest, but she was so outraged that Arachne had disrespected the gods with the images in her tapestry, she turned Arachne into a spider. Some versions of the stories say that in fact Athena attacked Arachne, forcing her to hang herself in protest. In response, Athena covered Arachne in Helsbane, and allowing her to weave forever. Her name, Arachne, is closely linked with words like arachnid and arachnophobia .", "In Ovid's telling, Athena took pity or spite on Arachne. Sprinkling her with the juices of aconite , Athena loosened the rope, which became a spider web, causing Arachne to lose her hair, her ears and nose, metamorphosing into a spider. \"So you shall live to swing, to live now and forever, Even to the last hanging creature of your kind.\" The story suggests that the origin of weaving lay in imitation of spiders and that it was considered to have been perfected first in Asia Minor .", "(- spider). Daughter of the Lydian purple-dyer Idmon, challenged Athena, of whom she had learnt weaving, to a weaving match. When the offended goddess tore up Arachne's web, which represented the loves of the gods, Arachne hung herself, but Athena changed her into a spider.", "Arachne ... she makes a great Halloween character (if I do say so myself). She was a fantastic weaver and young and stupid so she went around saying she was the best at it. And Athena heard and was furious and challenged her to a throw-down. Arachne was all like, \"Bring it!\" and so the thing began. They were closer in skill than anyone might have imagined, but Arachne made the topic of her tapestry a catalogue of all the disgraceful acts of the gods, and especially Athena's daddy, Zeus. Gracious knows there were plenty of opportunities for her to choose from. Needless to say, the goddess wasn't having it. There are two ends to the story. One has it that after offending the goddess, Arachne went an hung herself and that Athena turned her into a spider out of pity, the other has no pity but still the part about being turned into a spider.", "Angered by Arachne's temerity as well as her skill, Athena touched the girl's forehead, causing her to feel such guilt that she hanged herself. Shocked by this turn of events, Athena sprinkled aconite (another name for the highly poisonous monkshood plant) on Arachne's body, transforming her into a spider.", "\"Ha! I only speak the truth and if Athena thinks otherwise then let her come down and challenge me herself,\" Arachne replied. Athena removed her disguise and appeared in shimmering glory, clad in a sparkling white chiton. The two began weaving straight away. Athena's weaving represented four separate contests between mortals and the gods in which the gods punished mortals for setting themselves as equals of the gods. Arachne's weaving depicted ways that the gods had misled and abused mortals, particularly Zeus, tricking and seducing many women. When Athena saw that Arachne had not only insulted the gods, but done so with a work far more beautiful than Athena's own, she was enraged. She ripped Arachne's work into shreds, and sprinkled her with Hecate's potion, turning her into a spider and cursing her and her descendants to weave for all time. This showed how goddesses punished those who were mortal.", "Interrupted Suicide : One of the oldest versions of the myth says that Arachne tried to hang herself after beating Athena in the weaving contest. Athena tried to save her , but accidentally turned her into a spider in the process. Another version holds that she lost to Athena, and attempted suicide because the terms were that the loser would never use a needle or spindle again. Athena stopped her and turned Arachne into a spider so that she could weave without tools.", "Arachne was a simple peasant girl but believed her weaving skills were the better of Athena who was the goddess of weaving and is said to have invented the loom. She presented Athena with a cloak and boastfully said she doubted Athena had anything as fine. Athena managed to control her anger after threatening to kill the girl and suggested a competition. Each was to weave a quilt and the town would vote on which was the best. Unsurprisingly, with her influence over frightened townsfolk, Athena won but decided that instead of killing the girl she would turn her into a spider so she could continue her weaving yet not be a threat to Athena.", "Johannes Baur's \"Minerva and Arachne\", 1703 - Shows Athena turning Arachne into a spider.  From www.softassteel.com/myth", "Manilius is describing the process of deriving thread from wool, \"and now weave the threads to form webs\", and associates it with the weaving competition of Pallas (Greek Athena) and Arachne, who hanged herself. Athena took pity on Arachne. Sprinkling her with the juices of aconite (a-, not, + konis, 'dust', 'without dust', understood to mean the dust of the arena, hence 'without struggle, unconquerable' [ Klein ]), Athena loosened the rope, which became a cobweb, while Arachne herself was changed into a spider; \"and her descendants to forever hang from threads and to be great weavers\" (Ovid). [ Arachne gives her name to the arachnids; spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Spiders are of the order Araneae, aranea, this word resembles the word Aries; and arena, the Latin word for sand?]. The word 'spider' is cognate with the Latin or Roman word for balance or scales, pendere. The Aries/ Libra axis represents the two equinoxes, Aries is the vernal equinox, and Libra the autumnal equinox. The competition between Arachne and Pallas/Athena might be represented in the two equinoxes.", "Being as she was calm cool and collected Athena almost never got furious, and was renowned for her almost constant calm. However there is one case where Athena became enraged and did things really not like her. In the story of Arachne, Arachne, the mortal woman, challenged Athena to weaving contest, to see if her weaving was better than the goddess herself. Once the challenge was over Athena very calmly assessed her weaving as well as that of Arachne and deemed them equal in skill as well as beauty. However it wasn�t with the tie that Athena became engraged about. However what did enrage Athena were the depictions in Arachne�s weavings. In her weavings, Arachne depicted the various adulterous affairs of Zeus, Athena�s father. Angry and livid that Arachne would be so arrogant to mock the God Zeus himself, Athena chased her down after tearing her tapestry into shreds, and when she finally caught up she forced Arachne to hang herself. After Arachne hung herself Athena realized she shouldn�t have lost her cool, and took pity on her. She turned Arachne into a spider and let her live on, allowing her to weave her beautiful webs for eternity.", "In Greco-Roman mythology, Arachne was a Greek maiden and an excellent weaver. Having learned her craftsmanship from Athena (goddess of craft), her tapestry work was incredible. She then refused to acknowledge the origin of her skills, which angered Athena. So much so, in fact, that Athena challenged her to a tapestry contest. They both finished their work at the same speed but Arachne’s work was so beautiful that she won the contest. Athena was so angered at being defeated by a mere mortal that she destroyed Arachne’s work and struck her around the head. It was only when Arachne killed herself in grief that Athena realised what she had done and brought her back to life as a spider, so that she could continue with her lovely weaving.  ", "Means \"spider\" in Greek. In Greek myth Arachne was a mortal woman who defeated Athena in a weaving contest. Ashamed for besting a goddess Arachne hanged herself, but Athena brought her back to life in the form of a spider.", "Arachne's arrogance so displeased Athena that the goddess disguised herself as an old woman and warned the girl to recognize Athena's superiority. Arachne refused to do so, however, and told the crone that she would challenge Athena to a weaving contest. On hearing this, Athena revealed herself to Arachne, and the two immediately set to work on different tapestries.", "A temple dedicated to her under the title of Lindos was in Argos, and her spider connections stretch back to Minoan times. Confused Greek invaders turned Arcahne into a separate entity when they found depictions of Athena with her totem bug, the spider. Arachne is actually her title as Spinner of the Thread of Life, and Weaver of Fate.  Priestesses of this aspect of Athena were probably called by this name as well. Expert weavers, they gave oracles and wove the images from their religion and culture into tapestries. In spider form, Athena also controlled the weather, using strands of silk to rein the winds, or weaving the heavy tapestry of a stormy sky. Today spiders are still sometimes believed to predict or affect the weather, as in the saying, 'Killing a spider starts the rain.' When Athena wove Fate instead, she was weaving the inescapable web of consequences for actions.", "In this version of the myth, Arachne was a blessed weaver of Greece. People asked her if she had been taught weaving by Athena herself, the goddess of wisdom. Although this was meant as a compliment, Arachne became angry. She thought that her skill was greater than the goddess's. Hearing of her attitude, Athena appeared on her doorway disguised as an old woman in a dark cloak. She asked her to respect the gods and goddesses, but Arachne just laughed, and said that even if Athena herself challenged her, it would be an easy win. Athena then revealed herself and challenged Arachne to a competition. The loser would promise never to weave again.", "Now, when the goddess of weaving heard of Arachne's bold claims, she was upset, but nonetheless decided to give the young woman a chance to regret her folly. Disguised as an old woman, Athena appeared before Arachne and warned her of the consequences of provoking the wrath of the gods, but Arachne was not a bit remorseful and challenged Athena to a contest, declaring that if she lost, she would accept any punishment that Athena would decide for her.", "Athena wove the scene of her victory over Poseidon that had inspired her patronage of Athens. According to Ovid's Latin narrative, Arachne's tapestry featured twenty-one episodes of the infidelity of the deities, including Zeus being unfaithful with Leda, with Europa, and with Danaë. Athena admitted that Arachne's work was flawless, but was outraged at Arachne's offensive choice of subjects that displayed the failings and transgressions of the deities. Finally, losing her temper, Athena destroyed Arachne's tapestry and loom, striking it with her shuttle.", "In this version, someone asks Arachne how she learned to weave so well and suggested that Athena taught her and she didn't know it. Arachne dismissed this and boasted that she could teach Athena a thing or two in weaving. Athena then appeared in the doorway, wrapped in a long cloak, and asked if she really didn't believe that Athena had taught her to weave. Arachne repeated her boast and Athena challenged her to a contest in which Zeus (Jupiter) was to be the judge. Whoever lost must promise never to touch spindle or loom again. Arachne wove a web thin yet strong with many colours. This was no match for Athena's weaving, made up of the gods and their glory, shining with their beauty.", "(Classical Myth & Legend) Greek myth a maiden changed into a spider for having presumptuously challenged Athena to a weaving contest", "Also, Arachne receives this in her own story. When she claimed that her weaving could challenge the gods, Athena decides to come down and put that to the test. They both weave tapestries, and (in at least one version) when they have the people vote, they chose Arachne's tapestry. This is what doomed her along with the fact that her tapestry just happened to be insulting Gods, especially Zeus, in front of Athena .", "Arachne in Greek mythology, was a Lydian woman, thought by some to be a princess, who was highly gifted in the art of weaving. Born to Idmon, a famous dyer in Lydia, Arachne was no ordinary weaver and the very act of her weaving was sheer magic and a sight to behold.", "Athena wove the scene of her victory over Poseidon that had inspired the people of Athens to name their city for her. According to Ovid's Latin narrative, Arachne's tapestry featured twenty-one episodes of the infidelity of the gods, disguised as animals. For example: Zeus being unfaithful with Leda, with Europa, and with Danaë, among others.", "Athena’s cloth is a gorgeous depiction of the gods in their full glory, looking on at the scene of her triumph over Poseidon in the contest for Athens.  In the four corners of the tapestry, she weaves four admonitory scenes of humans who dared to compare themselves with gods, and the bad ends that each came to.  But Arachne’s cloth shows something else entirely: not the gods in triumph, but the gods as clowns.  Each part reveals the gods behaving badly.  There are several episodes of Zeus in goatish pursuit of nymphs, along with other undignified affairs of the immortals.  Her message is clear: the gods are not all they say they are; they are ignoble, embarrassing, childish. More flawed, in fact, than humans. Arachne had guts.", "* In Disney's Hercules, Arachne is portrayed as a large, sarcastic spider, guarding the Tapestry of Fate.", "A certain Arachne claims she's a better weaver than Athena? There's a reason we call spiders 'arachnids' today...", "Athena's tapestry had four corners that were decorated with miniature scenes showing the terrible fate of arrogant men and women who were disrespectful to the gods. With these, Athena hoped to warn the maiden about what she could expect from her pride and presumption. Arachne's tapestry was decorated with miniature scenes as well, but she had done so to ridicule the immortal gods. They illustrated the many love affairs of Zeus, as well as the many romantic exploits of Poseidon, Apollo, and  Dionysus ." ]

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[ "British soul and pop singer and songwriter. She won a Grammy Award for Rockferry, her 2008 United Kingdom chart-topping debut album.", "A version of this article appears in print on July 24, 2011, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: British Retro Soul Singer With Troubled History. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), better known by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Michael rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle-of-the-road pop than soul music. As one of the world's best-selling music artists, Michael has sold more than 80 million records worldwide. His 1987 debut solo album, Faith, has on its own sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Michael has garnered seven number one singles in the UK and eight number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked Michael the 40th most successful artist on the Billboard Hot 100 Top All-Time Artists list. Michael has won numerous music awards throughout his 30-year career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male twice, four MTV Video Music Awards, four Ivor Novello Awards, three American Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards from eight nominations. In 2004, the Radio Academy named Michael the most played artist on British radio during the period 1984–2004. The documentary A Different Story, released in 2005, covered his career and personal life. In 2006, George Michael announced his first tour in 15 years, the worldwide 25 Live tour, spanning three individual tours over the course of three years (2006, 2007 and 2008).", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), better known by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Michael rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle-of-the-road pop than soul music.", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (born 25 June 1963), known professionally as George Michael, is an English singer-songwriter and record producer. He rose to fame during the 1980s and 1990s with his style of post-disco dance-pop. He has also been characterised as a blue-eyed soul singer, although his material draws more from middle of the road pop than soul music. ", "Sir Thomas John Woodward, OBE (born 7 June 1940), known by his stage name Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. Since the mid 1960s, Jones has sung many styles of popular music – pop, rock, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, techno, soul and gospel – and sold over 100 million records. Jones, was awarded an OBE in 1999, and knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 at Buckingham Palace for his services to music.", "Sir Cliff Richard OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb, 14 October 1940) is a British pop singer, musician, performer, actor and philanthropist. Richard has sold more than 250 million records worldwide. [1] He has total sales of over 21 million singles in the United Kingdom and is the third-top-selling artist in UK Singles Chart history, behind the Beatles and Elvis Presley . [2]", "The first single to be released from the album was \"Mama Used to Say\", a hit single originally recorded by Junior Giscombe. The single was released on 27 June 2011, with the album following on 4 July. The album was the highest new entry on the UK albums chart in its week of release, peaking at #13. Three further singles were released from Soul UK, \"Cuddly Toy\" (originally by Roachford), \"One More Try\" (originally by George Michael) and \"Round and Around\" (originally by Jaki Graham). Other artists whose songs were covered on Soul UK include: Soul II Soul, Loose Ends, Omar, Jamiroquai, Princess; Lewis Taylor; Heatwave, Freeez and Young Disciples. ", "Sting (born Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner 2 October 1951) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, activist, actor, and philanthropist. Before launching a solo career, Sting was in a band called The Police from 1977-1984. In his lifetime he has received 16 Grammy awards, three Academy Award nominations, three Brit Awards, a Golden Globe and an Emmy. In 2002 he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and in 2003 in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police.", "Over a career spanning more than 50 years Richard has amassed many gold and platinum discs and awards, including three Brit Awards —winning Best British Male twice and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, and two Ivor Novello Awards. He has had more than 130 singles, albums and EPs make the UK Top 20, more than any other artist. [7] Richard has had 67 UK top ten singles, the second highest total for an artist behind Elvis Presley. [8] Richard holds the record (with Elvis Presley) as the only act to make the UK singles charts in all of its first six decades (1950s–2000s). He has achieved 14 UK No. 1 singles, [9] and is the only singer to have had a No. 1 single in the UK in five consecutive decades: the 1950s through to the 1990s. [10]", "Almost every conceivable sort of act has at one time or another been presented to the monarch at the Royal Command Performance, including Laurel and Hardy in 1947, the Beatles in 1963, the Supremes in 1968 and the Blue Man Group in 2005. At the Beatles' show on 4 November 1963, John Lennon delivered a line to the well-heeled audience which has passed into legend: \"For our last number I'd like to ask your help: Will the people in the cheaper seats clap your hands? And the rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewellery ...\"", "Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time. Franklin is one of the most honored artists by the Grammy Awards, with 18 competitive Grammys to date, and two honorary Grammys. She has scored a total of 20 No. 1 singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, one of which also became her first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Respect\" (1967). \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (1987), a duet with George Michael, became her second No. 1 on the latter chart. Since 1961, Franklin has scored a total of 45 \"Top 40\" hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Franklin has the most million-selling singles of any female artist with 14. Franklin has the female record for the most #1 R&B albums. In 1987, Franklin became the first female artist to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Franklin was the only featured singer at the 2009 presidential inauguration for Barack Obama. Franklin was born in Memphis,", "Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone (born August 16, 1958), simply known by the stage name Madonna, is a pop singer considered by many to be the queen of popular music . She has had a long career that has been marked by success and controversy.", "During six decades, Cliff Richard has charted many singles, and holds the record (with Elvis Presley ) as the only act to make the UK singles charts in all of its first six decades (1950s–2000s). He is the only singer to have had a number one single in the UK in, officially, five consecutive decades, doing so from the 1950s through to the 1990s (though if you discount digital downloads and only count CDs, he has had a number one single in the UK in six consecutive decades, from the 1950s through to the 2000s—see the first paragraph of 'Works: Chart accomplishments' below --, a record generally considered impossible to be beaten). In the British charts, Richard has had more than 130 [single], albums and EPs make the UK top 20, more than any other artist. [3] He has had 8 US Top 40 single entries, of which 3 peaked in the Top 10. He has won 3 Brit awards, 2 Ivor Novello awards and is the biggest selling singles artist of all time in the UK (over 21m). He has sold more than 260 million records worldwide. [4]", "Spice Girl Geri Halliwell performed the song in 1998 for Prince Charles' 50th birthday celebration, replacing the line \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" with \"Happy Birthday, Your Royal Highness\".", "Cliff Richard was born on 14 Oct 1940 in Lucknow, India, whilst his parents were working in that country.  He returned to England with his family in 1948.  He formed a band in 1957 and a year later he was chosen as a singer for the TV Rock 'n' Roll show \"Oh Boy!\".  His first hit came in 1958, which started a career that continued into the 21st century, with more than 130 hit singles and over 50 original albums, spanning 50 years plus.  In the early 1960s he also starred in several musical films, notably \"The Young Ones\" and \"Summer Holiday\".  He also achieved a number one single in five different decades, and is the most successful British recording artist of all time.", "British rock artist Sting (1951) is best known as the pop star with the high-pitched, raspy voice and blonde, spiky hair. He made his breakthrough as the singer and bass player for The Police and then launched a successful solo career. Sting occasionally ventured into acting on both film and television. He was memorable as the Mod leader in Quadrophenia (1979) and as Eddie’s father in Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998).", "Madonna Louise Ciccone (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", Madonna is often cited as an influence by other artists.", "Photo: Singer Dame Shirley Bassey performs on stage during the Diamond Jubilee concert at Buckingham Palace on June 4, 2012, in London.", "Singer. She was the older of 2 children born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Thomas & Jennie Graham Montgomery. Her musical career began in 1960 when she signed with Scepter/Wand records. She recorded a handful of songs there, including \"Voice of Expierience\" and \"If You See Bill.\" In 1963, on James Brown's Try Me label, she recorded the single \"I Cried\"/\"If You Don't Think.\" In 1964 she recorded the single \"If I Would Marry You\"/\"This Time Tomorrow\" for Checker Records. In 1965, while... [Read More] (Bio by: Collins Crapo )", "in 1928 - Frankie Vaughan, UK singer is born. During the 50's he scored twenty UK Top 30 singles including, UK No.2 'Green Door'. Made an OBE in 1965.", "British Female Solo Artist British Male Solo Artist British Breakthrough Act British Group BRITs Global Success Critics' Choice British Producer of the Year Best Live Act British Single of the Year British Album of the Year International Male Solo Artist International Female Solo Artist International Breakthrough Act International Group International Album", "On 2 May 2012, Harris appeared on The One Show, in which he described his artistic style as being \"impressionistic\". On 4 June 2012, he performed at the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert outside Buckingham Palace. ", "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, known professionally by his stage name George Michael, is an English singer, songwriter, and record producer.", "His place in musical history was marked at a special ceremony last week organised by the British Plaque Trust and attended by executives from HMV, which stands for His Master’s Voice. ", "The Voice coach and Black Eyed Peas singer Will-I.Am is measured up for a waxwork at Madame Tussauds", "In 1997, John performed a remake of the song as a tribute to Diana, Princess of Wales. This version of the song was released as a single, and reached No. 1 in many countries, proving a much greater success than the original.", "Number one hit with \"Mandy\" in the US. Sometimes known best of all for the size of his nose.", "Originally, her classic song \"To Sir With Love\" was a B-side to the song \"Let's Pretend\". However, when the A-side failed to chart, American disc jockeys flipped the record and began playing the B-side, which went to #1 in 1967. She is the only British artist to have a #1 single on the American charts with a song that didn't even chart in the UK.", "in 1964 - Madame Tussauds, London unveiled the wax works images of The Beatles, the first pop stars to be honoured.", "Their next single \"Respectable\" reached number one in Britain and became one of the year's biggest hits. They became well known celebrities, particularly in Britain, and were known for their visual style which combined urban street wear with high fashion.", "8. Who, in 2009, became the oldest living artist to have a UK number 1 album?" ]

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[ "*animals: ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoid, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, gull/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, tortoise (or turtle)/testudinal, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine, deer/cervine, reindeer/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, ostrich/struthious, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cattle/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, ape/simian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (gender specific: man/masculine, woman/feminine).", "ant/formicid, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, songbird/oniscine, cod/gadoid, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, gull/laridine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnidan, snake/anguine, turtle/testudinian, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine, deer/cervine, reindeer/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, mongoose/herpestine, grouse/tetraonine, ostrich/struthionine, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cattle/bovine, pig/porcine, agouti/dasyproctine, whale/cetacean, kangaroo/macropine, ape/simian, frog/batrachian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (gender specific: man/masculine, woman/feminine)", "The cat-like feliforms and dog-like caniforms emerged within the Carnivoramorpha 43 million years before present. The caniforms included the fox-like Leptocyon genus whose various species existed from 34 million years before present before branching 11.9 million YBP into Vulpini (foxes) and Canini (canines). ", "Cow is a female bovine that has had a calf. (This term may also be used for other species)", "1. (Animals) any canine mammal of the genus Vulpes and related genera. They are mostly predators that do not hunt in packs and typically have large pointed ears, a pointed muzzle, and a bushy tail.", "Cattlebeast/bovine/animal: a singular term for a bovine whose gender cannot be determined, particularly when viewed at a distance. Most people like to refer to a bovine of unknown (or \"unknown\") gender as a \"cow,\" simply because it is a much more well-known and popular term to use than \"bovine\" or \"cattle beast.\" This, however, is often not the case around experienced cattlemen and cattle women or \"ranchers\" (as some like to call them) who never use the term \"cow\" when referring to a bovine that is anything but a cow. \"Animal,\" \"critter,\" \"creature,\" or any other term, coarse or not, are most often used over the colloquial word \"cow.\" !", "Words like feline, leonine, and porcine are adjectives used to describe animal-like characteristics. They've made plenty of appearances in literature—not to mention quite a few appearances in word puzzles!", "Consider a particular species, the red fox Vulpes vulpes: its next rank, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the 'true foxes'. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, all foxes, and other caniforms; the next higher rank, the order Carnivora, includes feliforms and caniforms (lions, tigers, bears, hyenas, wolverines, and all those mentioned above), plus other carnivorous mammals. As one group of the class Mammalia, all of the above are classified among those with backbones in the Chordata phylum rank, and with them among all the animals in the Animalia kingdom rank. Finally, all of the above will find their earliest relatives somewhere in their domain rank Eukarya.", "A fox is a member of any of 27 species of small omnivorous canids. The animal most commonly called a fox in the Western world is the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), although different species of foxes can be found on almost every continent. With most species roughly the size of a domestic cat, foxes are smaller than other members of the family Canidae, such as wolves, jackals, and domestic dogs. Recognizable characteristics also include pointed muzzles and bushy tails. Other physical characteristics vary according to their habitat. For example, the Desert Fox has large ears and short fur, whereas the Arctic Fox has small ears and thick, insulating fur.", "Molecular studies have supported monophyly in the family Bovidae (a monophyletic group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and their descendants). The number of subfamilies in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies. However, molecular, morphological and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies : Aepycerotinae (consisting of just the impala), Alcelaphinae (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), Antilopinae (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), Bovinae (cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid-Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily Tethytraginae, which contains Tethytragus (mid-Miocene).", "a. Any of various carnivorous mammals of the family Canidae and especially of the genus Vulpes, found worldwide and characteristically having upright ears, a pointed snout, and a long bushy tail.", "Bovidae is the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a bovid. Consisting of 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the family Bovidae consists of eight major subfamilies apart from the disputed Peleinae and Pantholopinae. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early Miocene.", "mammals: The group (specifically, a class) of animals, descended from a common ancestor, that share the derived characters of hair or fur, mammary glands, and several distinctive features of skeletal anatomy, including a particular type of middle ear. Humans, cows, and dolphins are all mammals.", "b. Any of a taxonomic order of mammals of this kind, generally having large, sharp canine teeth. Dogs, cats, bears, and weasels all belong to this order.", "The taxonomy you’re quoting is very dated. I can send you sources, but fennecs actually fit within Vulpes, as do arctic foxes. In fact, arctic foxes are just a polar swift fox.", "kat′l, n.pl. beasts of pasture, esp. oxen, bulls, and cows: sometimes also horses, sheep, &c.—ns. Catt′leman, one who tends cattle, or who rears them on a ranch; Catt′le-plague, plague or disease among cattle, esp. that known as rinderpest or steppe murrain; Catt′le-show, an exhibition or show of cattle or other domestic animals in competition for prizes. [O. Fr. catel, chatel—Low L. captale, orig. capital, property in general, then esp. animals—L. capitalis, chief—caput, the head, beasts in early times forming the chief part of property.]", "The general term for any fictional animal whose body is a composite of various parts of real animals.", "Cattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which can be as large as the Texas Longhorn or small like a scur. Careful genetic selection has allowed polled (hornless) cattle to become widespread.", "A Cowbit is a rabbit that looks and acts exactly like a cow. That is to say physically a Cowbit is exactly like a cow, mentally it is exactly like a cow, and its behavior it is exactly like a cow’s behavior. There is, in fact, no way for us to determine whether or not a given ‘cow’ out there in the pasture is really a cow, or is, in fact, a Cowbit. (Perhaps God knows.)", "GULON - a creature known to be like a dog in shape and size with a cat face, which has very sharp nails, long brown hair, and a tail like a fox.", "* Werecat - A creature that is part cat, part human, or switches form between the two.", "ANTELOPE (heraldic): A mythical beast with the body of a stag, the tail of a unicorn, a tusk at the tip of the nose, tufts down the back of the neck, chest, and thighs. One of the most ferocious of beasts, wild and untamable. Beware to all beholders.", "Figure 1 Characteristics of upper carnassial (P4) and molar (Ml) teeth in mustelids. The dentitions of a canid (gray fox, A) and mustelid (fisher, B) are compared in lateral (top) and occlusal views (bottom). Eumustelids have lost the second molar, the metaconule on Ml and the carnassial notch on P4, and expanded the lingual surface of Ml. Scale bar = 2 cm. ", "Fox is a common name for many species of omnivorous mammals belonging to the Canidae family. Foxes are small to medium-sized canids (slightly smaller than the medium-sized domestic dog), characterized by possessing a long narrow snout, and a bushy tail (or brush).", "Some of the future animals in Literature/fterManAZoologyOfTheFuture are named this way, portmanteauing the extant species they're descended from with the species that currently fills their ecological niche (eg Rabbuck, for a rabbit the size of a deer).", "Similar to a flock, a pride is a collective noun used to describe a group of lions or impressive birds, such as ostriches or peacocks.", "A male fox is called a reynard, the female is called a vixen, and the baby is called a kit. A group of foxes is called a skulk or a leash.", "1      (Also called (formerly))    foumart          a dark brown musteline mammal, Mustela putorius, of woodlands of Europe, Asia, and N Africa, that is closely related to but larger than the weasel and gives off an unpleasant smell  ", "luxray is a lynx, raiku is a sabertooth tiger, suicune is a leopard, entei is a lion, mighty is technically a hyena,", "Bat-eared foxes have three upper and four lower molars. Other members of the dog family have two upper and three lower molars on each side of the mouth.", "Within a large range of variation, the mustelids exhibit some common characteristics. They are typically small animals with short legs, short, round ears, and thick fur. Most mustelids are solitary, nocturnal animals, and are active year-round.", "In the Appalachian region, this family includes three genera with seven species: the Martes (fisher and American marten), Mustela (long-tailed, short-tailed and least weasel, and mink) and Lontra (river otter)." ]

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[ "Anita Faye Hill (born July 30, 1956) is an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Women's Studies at Brandeis University and a faculty member of Brandeis' Heller School for Social Policy and Management. She became a national figure in 1991 when she accused U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, her boss at the U.S. Department of Education and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, of sexual harassment.", "On this day in 1991, Clarence Thomas began his second month as an associate justice.  In 1974, Thomas graduated from Yale Law School, and eventually came across the black conservative economist Thomas Sowell.  Sowell led Thomas towards a philosophy of free-market capitalism and self-reliance.  In 1990 President George H.W. Bush nominated Thomas to the Supreme Court to replace the retiring Thurgood Marshall.  During the confirmation hearings, co-worker Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment.  After much debate, Thomas was confirmed by the Senate.  His performance on the bench was as expected; he pleased states’ rights conservatives and angered liberals and civil rights organizations.  Thomas argues that blacks in America have to stand alone.  He has consistently voted against cases that would benefit black causes.", "When the nomination moved to the floor of the Senate, it took a sudden and dramatic turn when Anita Hill, a law professor at the University of Oklahoma, came forward with accusations that Clarence Thomas had sexually harassed her. Hill had worked for Thomas years earlier when he was head of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission. Hill charged that Thomas harassed her with inappropriate discussion of sexual acts and pornographic films after she rebuffed his invitations to date him. A media frenzy quickly arose around Hill's allegations and Thomas's denials. When Thomas testified about Hill's claims before the Senate Judiciary Committee, he called the hearings, \"a high-tech lynching for uppity Blacks.\" The incident became one person's word against another's. In the end, the Senate voted 52-48 to confirm Clarence Thomas as associate justice of the Supreme Court.", "In October 1991, while the Senate Judiciary Committee was deliberating over the final vote on U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill stepped forward with accusations of sexual harassment against Thomas. As a result, the committee held three days of investigative hearings. In her nationally televised and broadcast statement, Hill testifies about the alleged harassment.", "9. On October 6th, Professor Anita Hill accuses Judge Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment. And on October 15th, the Senate confirms (52-48) Clarence Thomas for the US Supreme Court after stormy hearings. Read a book where sexual harassment occurs, a book with an African American main character OR a book by an author named Anita or Clarence.", "Confirmation, premiering April 16 on HBO, is a movie about the confirmation hearing of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , then 42, in 1991. During the hearing, allegations of sexual assault leaked, and University of Oklahoma law professor Anita Hill, then 34, was called forward to testify about what she said Clarence did to her when she was once his employee. It was an utterly shocking case that captivated the entire nation. Click through to learn five facts about what to expect from the HBO movie!", "Anita Hill, the woman who accused then-Supreme Court justice nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment, said Vice President Joe Biden did a \"terrible job\" as Senate Judiciary Committee chairman during the 1991 hearings.", "Clarence Thomas was sworn in as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in November of 1991, following perhaps the greatest furor over such an appointment in modern history. A conservative jurist with experience in the education department under President Ronald Reagan, Thomas had also headed the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission and, while there, allegedly sexually harassed a staff member, Anita Hill. Hill’s accusations surfaced only after Thomas’s nomination to the nation’s highest court by President George Bush; Hill was by this time a law professor. The Senate confirmation hearings that dealt with these charges had enormous political and social ramifications above and beyond Thomas’s suitability for the Supreme Court. The judge’s appointment was a watershed for the Bush administration, which needed to replace retiring black justice Thurgood Marshall. The choice of a black conservative effectively stymied Democratic opposition to Thomas, who suspended his lifelong criticism of racial politics long enough to call his confirmation hearings a “high-tech lynching.” That remark is representative of the many contradictions embodied by this controversial figure. Indeed, Newsweek noted that “Thomas is an intense opponent of affirmative action, yet has benefited from it throughout his life. the very reason he was named to succeed Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court is because of his race.”", "Strange Justice (TVM 1999). Dramatization of the confirmation of Justice Clarence Thomas and the accusations made by Professor Anita Hill.", "In 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas, by then a federal Circuit Judge, to succeed retiring Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. Senate hearings on his confirmation were initially completed with Thomas's good character being presented as a primary qualification for the high court because he had only been a judge for slightly more than one year. There had been little organized opposition to Thomas's nomination, and his confirmation seemed assured until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI was leaked to the press. The hearings were then reopened, and Hill was called to publicly testify. Hill said in the October 1991 televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the second job after he had already allegedly harassed her, she said working in a reputable position within the civil rights field had been her ambition. The position was appealing enough to inhibit her to go back into private practice with her previous firm. She only realized later in her life that this ambitious venture was a poor judgement and also explained that \"at that time, it appeared that the sexual overtures ... had ended.\" ", "1991 - Supreme Court Justice / Clarence Thomas - October 15th, 1991: \"The Senate approved, Oct. 15, nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, despite allegations of sexual harassment against him by Anita Hill, a former aide. He became the 2nd African-American to serve on the Court, replacing retiring Justice Thurgood Marshall, the 1st black.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 555]", "Documentary About Anita Hill Recounts Explosive Clarence Thomas Sexual Harassment Hearing (VIDEO) | The Huffington Post", "Antonin Gregory Scalia (born March 11, 1936) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed in 1986 by President Ronald Reagan having previously served on the D.C. Circuit and in the Nixon and Ford administrations, and teaching law at the Universities of Virginia and Chicago. He is considered to be a core member of the conservative wing of the court, vigorously advancing textualism in statutory interpretation and originalism in constitutional interpretation.", "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served since 1991. Justice Thomas is the second African American to serve on the nation’s highest court, after Justice Thurgood Marshall, whom he succeeded.", "Toward the end of the early hearings, NPR's Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg received a leaked Judiciary Committee/FBI report that a former colleague of Thomas, University of Oklahoma law school professor Anita Hill, accused him of making unwelcome sexual comments to her when the two worked together at the Department of Education (DOE) and EEOC. In the same FBI report, Thomas testified that he had once promoted Allyson Duncan over Hill as his chief of staff at the EEOC.", "On October 11, 1991, Hill was called to testify during the Senate confirmation hearing of then-Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Hill's allegations against Thomas were made public when information from an FBI interview about the allegations was leaked to the media days before the final Senate vote on his appointment. Thomas was nominated by then-President George H. W. Bush to replace the retiring Justice Thurgood Marshall .", "In 1999, Ernest Dickerson directed Strange Justice, a film based on Anita vs. Clarence Thomas controversy. Her case also inspired the 1994 Law & Order episode \"Virtue\", about a young lawyer who feels pressured to sleep with her supervisor at her law firm. Hill was the subject of the 2013 documentary film Anita by director Freida Lee Mock, which chronicles her experience during the Clarence Thomas scandal. Hill was portrayed by actress Kerry Washington in the 2016 HBO film Confirmation. ", "Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. ", "Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice. Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history. ", "Hill was the only person to testify at the Senate hearings against Thomas. Angela Wright, who worked with Thomas at the EEOC before he fired her, [51] decided not to testify, [52] but alleged similar improprieties in a written statement, saying that Thomas had repeatedly made sexual comments to her, commenting on her body or pressuring her for dates. [53]   [10] Also, Sukari Hardnett, a former Thomas assistant, wrote to the Senate committee saying that although Thomas had not harassed her, \"if you were young, black, female, reasonably attractive and worked directly for Clarence Thomas, you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female.\" [54] [55]", "Thomas's supporters questioned Hill's credibility claiming she was delusional or was a spurned woman, seeking revenge.[13] They cited the time delay of ten years between the alleged behavior by Thomas and Hill's accusations, and noted that Hill had followed Thomas to a second job and later had personal contacts with Thomas, including giving him a ride to an airport—behavior which they said would be inexplicable if Hill's allegations were true.[7][9][13][20] Hill countered that she came forward because she felt an obligation to share information on the character and actions of a person who was being considered for the Supreme Court.[13] She testified that after leaving the EEOC, she had had two \"inconsequential\" phone conversations with Thomas, and had seen him personally on two occasions; once to get a job reference and the second time when he made a public appearance in Oklahoma where she was teaching.", "\"A: In my opinion, based on my reading of the law, yes, it was. But later on, immediately following that response, I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint. It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice. It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment, it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court.\" Hill's testimony included lurid details, and some Senators aggressively questioned her. ", "Clarence Thomas, wife Virginia Lamp Thomas, and Justice Byron R. White at Thomas' ceremony to be sworn in as a U.S. Supreme Court justice Oct. 18, 1991. One of the most well-known justices, perhaps because of his highly publicized 1991 confirmation hearings that he famously dubbed a \"high-tech lynching,\" Thomas proceeded Thurgood Marshall to become the second black justice to serve the high court.", "According to Hill, during her two years of employment as Thomas's assistant, Thomas had asked her out socially many times, and after she refused, he used work situations to discuss sexual subjects. \"He spoke about...such matters as women having sex with animals and films showing group sex or rape scenes,\" she said, adding that on several occasions Thomas graphically described \"his own sexual prowess\" and the details of his anatomy. Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, \"Who has put pubic hair on my Coke?\" During court session, Republican Senator Orrin Hatch implied that \"Hill was working in tandem with \"slick lawyers\" and interest groups bent on destroying Thomas' chances to join the court\". Clarence said he considered Hill as a friend whom he had helped at every turn when accusations of harassment came from her made him particularly hurtful and he said, \"I lost the belief that if I did my best, all would work out.\" John Doggett an acquaintance of both Hill and Clarence called her charge \"completely unfounded\" and added when she chastised him not being on her side that he felt \"she was somewhat unstable\" and suspects histrionic personality disorder for her attention seeking. ", "This event is Day One of a two-day conference. Please click here to view information about Day Two, a panel discussion on “Sexual Harassment and Barriers to Advancement: What Has Changed Since the 1990s?” Please join us for a special screening of the film Anita: Speaking Truth to Power, directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Freida Lee Mock. After the screening, the director, along with Professor Anita Hill, whose Senate testimony is at the center of the film, will hold a question and answer session moderated by Professor David…", "In 1981, Hill became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas at the U.S. Department of Education (ED). When Thomas became Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Hill went to the EEOC with Thomas and his then-secretary, Diane Holt, to serve as his special assistant. Hill alleges that it was during these two periods (i.e., during her employment at ED and EEOC) that Thomas made sexually provocative statements.", "President Bush's nomination of Clarence Thomas was instantly controversial. Many African-American and Civil Rights organizations including: the NAACP, the National Bar Association, and the Urban League, opposed the Thomas nomination. These organizations feared that Thomas's conservative stance on issues such as Affirmative Action would reverse the Civil Rights gains that Justice Marshall had fought so hard to achieve. Women's groups including the National Organization for Women were equally concerned that Clarence Thomas, if appointed to the high court, would rule against legal abortion. The legal community also voiced apprehension about Thomas's clear lack of experience since he had only served two years as a federal judge.", "Clarence Thomas – Justice Clarence Thomas is the second African-American to serve on the court, succeeding Justice Thurgood Marshall when he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush in 1991. He is a conservative, a strict constructionist who supports states' rights.", "When Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on Scalia's nomination opened in August 1986, he faced a committee that had just argued divisively over the Rehnquist nomination. Witnesses and Democratic senators contended that, before becoming a judge, Rehnquist had engaged in activities designed to discourage minorities from voting. Committee members had little taste for a second battle over Scalia and were in any event reluctant to oppose the first Italian-American Supreme Court nominee. The judge was not pressed heavily on controversial issues such as abortion or civil rights. Scalia, who attended the hearing with his wife and nine children seated behind him, found time for a humorous exchange with Democratic Ohio Senator Howard Metzenbaum, whom he had defeated in a tennis match in, as the nominee put it, \"a case of my integrity overcoming my judgment\".", "Obama was also “deeply troubled” by “the philosophy, ideology and record” of yet another Bush nominee to the Supreme Court, Samuel Alito. “There is no indication that he [Alito] is not a man of fine character,” Obama said in a floor speech on January 26, 2006. “But when you look at his record, when it comes to his understanding of the Constitution, I found that in almost every case he consistently sides on behalf of the powerful against the powerless.”", "The 2009 edition of the Almanac of the Federal Judiciary, which includes anonymous comments evaluating judges by lawyers who appear before them, presents a mixed portrait of Judge Sotomayor. Most of the unnamed lawyers interviewed said she had good legal ability and wrote good opinions. But several also spoke very negatively of her manner from the bench, saying she could be abusive of lawyers appearing before her and using words like “bully,” “nasty” and “a terror.”", "REP. ROTHMAN: Not to let the witness finish his answer, I think, especially, coincidentally when it's the president's counsel bringing its defense, strikes me as inherently unfair, since this process started months ago, and this is a new practice for the chair. May I respectfully request that the chair adopt --" ]

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[ "Arthur \"Art\" Clokey (October 12, 1921 – January 8, 2010) was an American pioneer in the popularization of stop motion clay animation, best known as the creator of the character Gumby. Clokey's career began in 1955 with a film experiment called Gumbasia, which was influenced by his professor, Slavko Vorkapich, at the University of Southern California. Clokey and his wife Ruth subsequently came up with the clay character Gumby and his horse Pokey, who first appeared in the Howdy Doody Show, and later got their own series The Adventures of Gumby, with which they became a familiar presence on American television. The characters enjoyed a renewal of interest in the 1980s when American actor and comedian Eddie Murphy parodied Gumby in a skit on Saturday Night Live. In the 1990s Gumby: The Movie was released, sparking even more interest.", "Art Clokey Died at 89 (1921-2010) Arthur \"Art\" Clokey was an American pioneer in the popularization of stop motion clay animation, best known as the creator of the character Gumby. Clokey's career began in 1955 with a film", "Gumby is an American clay animation franchise, centered on a green clay humanoid character created and modeled by Art Clokey. The character has been the subject of two television series as well as a feature-length film and other media. Since the original series' run, he has become well known as an example of stop motion clay animation and an influential cultural icon, spawning many tributes, parodies, and merchandising.", "On October 12, 2011, Google paid tribute to Art Clokey’s 90th birthday featuring clay balls transforming into characters from Gumby. The doodle was composed of five clay balls in the Google colors placed beside a toy block with a \"G\" on it. Clicking any of the balls revealed the Blockheads, Prickle, Goo, Gumby, and Pokey. ", "Clokey moved forward producing a pilot featuring the character Gumby, which derived its name from the muddy clay found at Clokey's grandparents' farm that his family referred to as \"gumbo\". The look of Gumby was inspired by a suggestion from his then-wife Ruth (née Parkander) that Clokey base his character on The Gingerbread Man. The color green was then chosen because Clokey saw it as a racially neutral color, as well as being a symbol of life. Gumby's legs and feet were made wide for pragmatic reasons: they ensured the clay character would stand up during stop-motion filming. The famous slanted shape of Gumby's head was based on the hair style of Clokey's father Charles Farrington in an old photograph. ", "Art Clokey also made a few highly experimental and visually inventive short clay animation films for adults, including his first student film Gumbasia (produced in 1953 and released in 1955), the visually rich Mandala (1977) — described by Clokey as a metaphor for evolving human consciousness — and the equally bizarre The Clay Peacock (1963), an elaboration on the animated NBC logo of the time. Consisting of animated clay shapes contorting to a jazz score, Gumbasia so intrigued Samuel G. Engel, then president of the Motion Pictures Producers Association, that he financed the pilot film for what became Clokey's The Gumby Show (1957). The title Gumbasia was in homage to Walt Disney's Fantasia.", "Clay animation is stop-motion animation using Plasticine clay models that can be positioned and re-positioned in different poses. It is often referred to generically as Claymation, although that term was coined and trademarked by Will Vinton to describe his own style of clay animation.", "On October 12, 2011, which would have been Clokey's 90th birthday, Google paid homage to Clokey's life and works with an interactive logo doodle in the style of his clay animations, produced by Premavision Studios.", "When I was a toddler I loved watching the television adventures of Art Clokey's classic stop-motion clay animation characters Gumby and Pokey. Of course, it never occurred to me to question how these characters moved, or why adventurous Gumby's pony and often reluctant sidekick Pokey talked nearly as well as Gumby himself, any more than it would have occurred to me to wonder about the cel (celuloid) animation process that brought my friends Mickey and Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Bugs Bunny, Rocky and Bullwinkle into our living room, or why I couldn't touch them, or where they disappeared to in between shows.", "Gumby, the unforgettable stop motion character, has entertained generations of fans since his introduction in the early 1950s. Now, Dynamite will release the essential compendium to his 60-year history in 2017, featuring an incredible retrospective on not only the characters themselves, but a look into the life of their creator: Art Clokey. New Deluxe Collection to Pay Tribute to The » Read more", "* Clay animation, or Plasticine animation (often called claymation, which, however, is a trademarked name), uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967) Morph shorts (UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain.", "The Clokeys are credited with the clay-animation title sequences for the 1965 beach movies Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine and How to Stuff a Wild Bikini. His son, Joe Clokey, continued the Davey and Goliath cartoon in 2004. In March 2007, KQED-TV broadcast the hour-long documentary Gumby Dharma as part of their Truly CA series. ", "Seminary in Connecticut, intent on becoming an Episcopal priest. He left soon after and entered the University of Southern California, where he studied film with Slavko Vorkapich, a pioneer in modern montage techniques. In 1955, Clokey made a student film, Gumbasia, with animated clay shapes gyrating to a jazz score. The film was the inspiration for the later television series. (The film is included on the DVD Gumby Essentials, released in 2007 by Classic Media.)", "Claymation has been around in some form since the invention of plasticine in 1897, though the first film to use clay animated characters wasn’t until 1908. Clay animation is laborious work, and the productions are often shorter in length than other animated productions due to the work involved. It wasn’t until Gumby came along that this form gained public attention as a variant form of entertainment art. Claymation was one of the first forms of 3-dimensional animation, opening up the world to animation assisted by computer generated imagery (CGI).", "Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character, created by the staff of Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by the \"Man of a Thousand Voices,\" Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as a corporate mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment. ", "Even in the early days of cinematography a dinosaur could become a movie star, as was the case in 1914 with Gertie the Dinosaur by animation pioneer Winsor McCay. Further films used artistic license and showed humans as living contemporaries of dinosaurs. For example The Valley of Gwangi (1969) and One Million Years BC (1966) (famously starring Raquel Welch in a fur bikini). Ray Harryhausen brought the dinosaurs to life in both films using model animation.", "The redesign at first was only used in the shorts created by Clampett's production team but in time, it would be adopted by the other directors, with Freleng and Frank Tashlin the first to adopt this design. Upon his own promotion to director, McKimson created yet another version with more slanted eyes, longer teeth and a much larger mouth, which he (and, for the one Bugs Bunny cartoon he directed, Art Davis) used until 1949, when he started using the version he had designed for Clampett. Jones would come up with his own slight modification, and the voice as well would vary mildly between the units.", "Soviet Animator (W)ladislaw Starewicz is credited with creating the first three dimensional stop motion films. In 1911 he produced The Grasshopper and the Ant as well as The Cameraman's Revenge. (W)ladislaw is an early master of animation.", "1977 - Lord and Sproxton create a claymation character named Morph who soon becomes a big hit on children's show Take Hart.", "Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American adult animated coming of age comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi as his feature film debut. Based on the comic strip of the same name by Robert Crumb, the film was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States. It focuses on Fritz (voiced by Skip Hinnant), an anthropomorphic feline in mid-1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness. The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era, race relations, the free love movement, and left- and right-wing politics. Fritz the Cat is the most successful independent animated feature of all time, grossing over $90 million worldwide.", "Winsor McCay created his third animated film - Gertie the Dinosaur (1914). It was the first \"interactive\" animated cartoon and character, and was the earliest example of combined 'live action' and animation. The brontosaurus dinosaur's appearance made Gertie the first animated cartoon star.", "Goopy Geer was the last attempt by Animator Rudolf Ising to feature a recurring character in the Merrie Melodies series of films. Goopy is a tall, lanky humanoid dog with scruffy whiskers and long, expressive ears. In all of his animated appearances, Goopy is depicted as light colored, but in an early promotional drawing for his first cartoon, he had black fur. A month after Goopy Geer's first cartoon had been released, Walt Disney released a cartoon with a character named Dippy Dawg —renamed \"Goofy\" in 1934, and notably referred to as \"G. G. Geef\" in 1950s shorts—whose overall appearance was very similar to that of Goopy Geer. Due to the proximity of the two cartoons' releases, there is little chance that either character was intended to be a copy of the other. Instead, both characters may have been inspired by earlier Ising drawings shown to Walt Disney, as with the Foxy - Mickey Mouse similarity.", "Ralph Bakshi (born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent and adult-oriented productions. Between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in numerous television projects as director, writer, producer and animator.", "The Adventures of Andre and Wally B (1984) was the first fully-computer-generated animated 3-D short film, worked on by future key Pixar player John Lasseter. It was produced by the Graphics Group, a subsidiary of LucasFilm, that was later split off and renamed Pixar.", "People we lost in 2014 – H.R. Giger , the Swiss surrealist artist whose works of sexual-industrial imagery and design of the eponymous creature in the \"Alien\" movies were known around the world, died on May 12. He was 74.", "Fritz a womanizer, is a humanized Tom Cat who is always on the make. Made into an equally underground animated feature by Ralph Bakshi in 1972.", "Was the voice of the Unicorn/Amalthia in the 1982 animated version of The Last Unicorn (1982) and will be portraying the Molly Grue character in the up coming live action remake set for 2006.", "Walter Lantz and movie pioneer George Pal were good friends. Woody Woodpecker cameos in nearly every film that Pal produced or directed—for example, during the 1966 sequence in The Time Machine (1960), a little girl drops her Woody Woodpecker doll as she goes into an air raid shelter. In Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze (1975), Grace Stafford cameos, carrying a Woody Woodpecker doll.", "H.R. Giger, the Swiss surrealist artist whose works of sexual-industrial imagery and design of the eponymous creature in the \"Alien\" movies were known around the world, died on May 12. He was 74.", "Bob Clampett, the animator, wanted to produce a full-length cartoon of John Carter in the 1930s and talked with Burroughs about it. Several seconds of animation appear in the supplemental material of the home-video version of the Disney film. ", "Futureworld (1976) featured the first use of 3D Computer Generated Imagery - for a representation of Peter Fonda's animated face and hand, created by the early computer visual effects company Triple I. The film also used 2-D digital compositing to materialize characters over a background.", "In 1960, after the expiration of his exclusive contract with Warner Bros., Blanc continued working for WB, but also began providing voices for the TV cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera; his most famous roles during this time were Barney Rubble of The Flintstones and Cosmo Spacely of The Jetsons. His other notable voice roles for Hanna-Barbara included Dino the Dinosaur, Secret Squirrel, Speed Buggy, and Captain Caveman, as well as voices for Wally Gator and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop." ]

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[ "A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves (\"rifling\") cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called \"lands,\" which make contact with the projectile (for small arms usage, called a bullet), imparting spin around an axis corresponding to the orientation of the weapon. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling, in the same way that a properly thrown American football or rugby ball behaves. This allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient pointed bullets (as opposed to the spherical balls used in muskets) and thus improves range and accuracy. The word \"rifle\" originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a \"rifled gun.\" Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports.", "rifling: Helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm, which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy.", "rifling : Helical grooves in the barrel of a gun or firearm , which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis. This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile, improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy.", "Rifling refers to spiral grooves that have been formed into the barrel of a firearm. It is the means by which a firearm imparts a spin to a projectile to gyroscopically stabilize it to improve accuracy.", "spiral or helical grooves added to the bore of a gun-barrel, causing a fired projectile to emerge rotating with a gyroscopic effect that would stabilize its flight and accuracy, as well as augment the round’s force upon impact.", "Spiral grooves in a gun`s bore that spin the projectile in flight and impart accuracy. Rifling is present in all true rifles, in most handguns and in some shotgun barrels designed for increasing the accuracy potential of slugs (a slug is a single projectile rather than the more common \"shot\".)", "The grooves are the spaces that are cut out, and the resulting ridges are called lands. These lands and grooves can vary in number, depth, shape, direction of twist (right or left), and twist rate (see below). The spin imparted by rifling significantly improves the stability of the projectile, improving both range and accuracy. Typically rifling is a constant rate down the barrel, usually measured by the length of travel required to produce a single turn. Occasionally firearms are encountered with a gain twist, where the rate of spin increases from chamber to muzzle. While intentional gain twists are rare, due to manufacturing variance, a slight gain twist is in fact fairly common. Since a reduction in twist rate is very detrimental to accuracy, gunsmiths who are machining a new barrel from a rifled blank will often measure the twist carefully so they may put the faster rate, no matter how minute the difference is, at the muzzle end (see internal ballistics for more information on accuracy and bore characteristics).", "Another disadvantage is that a big part of the propellant energy will be consumed for moving comparably big mass of the barrel, back, forward and around the axis with appropriate velocity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,487 issued to Manis J. R. teaches a system comprising a smooth bore barrel with annular grooves or pockets in the bore-walls which act as propellant gas pressure relief areas. When the projectile is fired, the helical notches on its rear part interact with the gas pressure relief areas or spaces of the bore, allowing the propellant gas to be expanded through the rear helical notches imparting a twist to the projectile. The system uses mutual interaction between specially designed bore barrel (referred as smooth bore barrel, despite a number of annular chambers along the barrel) and ammunition with rear helical notches. The drawback of this system is that the stress-point of each annular chamber reduces significantly the mechanical properties of the barrel. The difficulties of manufacturing and especially of cleaning such barrel from the products of propellant burning are another disadvantage. When in flight the helical notches will interact with air, imparting to the projectile an inverse directed twisting motion, therefore reducing the initial revolving momentum and abating the external ballistic properties.", "Archers had found that if the fletching feathers on the rear of their arrow were at a slight angle, causing the arrow to rotate in flight, their ability to hit the target was improved. This concept was applied to gun barrels by cutting slowly twisting grooves down the interior length of the barrel, imparting a spin to the bullet as it left the muzzle.  These grooves were called rifling, and “rifled muskets” or “rifles” so equipped were found to be much better at hitting their mark over further distances than “smooth-bore” muskets.", "This improvement on the musket features a grooved barrel that imparts a twisting, spiral motion to the bullet as it exits, stabilizing it and preventing the end-over-end tumbling common to projectiles from simpler firearms. As a result, a rifle can fire significantly farther and with more accuracy than early long-bore firearms.", "of a spiral groove, or \"rifling,\" inside the barrel of a gun. Second was the development of the repeating", "The cast iron shell of the Armstrong gun was similar in shape to a Minié ball and had a thin lead coating which made it fractionally larger than the gun's bore and which engaged with the gun's rifling grooves to impart spin to the shell. This spin, together with the elimination of windage as a result of the tight fit, enabled the gun to achieve greater range and accuracy than existing smooth-bore muzzle-loaders with a smaller powder charge.", "Grooves: The area between the lands in the bore of a rifled firearm. The grooves are cut or impressed into the surface of the bore, and serve to impart spin to the projectile.", "Another preferred embodiment completely representing the first and the second aspects of the present invention is shown on FIG. 6, FIG. 6-A FIG. 6-B, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. One or more couples of the opposite grooves 44 on the surface of the projectile 40 tapered to narrow channels 46. Those channels change its direction from one parallel to the general axis of the projectile 40 and barrel 20 to direction opposite of the revolving impulse. The narrow channels 46 gradually tapered to wider channels 48 serving as nozzles. The nozzles 48 and barrel wall 20 form jet-chambers 49. The nozzles 48 in the preferred embodiment shown on FIG. 6-A are enclosed into the neck portion 30A of the cartridge 30.", "Grooves - The cut-away, concave portions of the rifling inside the barrel of a firearm discharging a single projectile. See Rifling", "Cannelure ... The circumferential groove or indentation in a cartridge case and / or bullet used to hold the projectile in place and prevent its rearward movement on loading, or whilst in the magazine during recoil.", "As the bullet enters the barrel, it inserts itself into the rifling, a process that gradually wears down the barrel, and also causes the barrel to heat up more rapidly. Therefore, some machine-guns are equipped with quick-change barrels that can be swapped every few thousand rounds, or in earlier designs, were water-cooled. Unlike older carbon steel barrels, which were limited to around 1,000 shots before the extreme heat caused accuracy to fade, modern stainless steel barrels for target rifles are much more resistant to wear, allowing many thousands of rounds to be fired before accuracy drops. (Many shotguns and small arms have chrome-lined barrels to reduce wear and enhance corrosion resistance. This is rare on rifles designed for extreme accuracy, as the plating process is difficult and liable to reduce the effect of the rifling.) Modern ammunition has a hardened lead core with a softer outer cladding or jacket, typically of an alloy of copper and nickel - cupro-nickel. Some ammunition is even coated with molybdenum disulfide to further reduce internal friction - the so-called 'moly-coated' bullet.", "As shown on FIG. 1 etc. when fired, the propellant 60 is developing in very short time high temperature and high pressure gases, which are pushing the projectile 40 forward into the smooth bore barrel 20. The rifled bore barrel section 30A of the cartridge 30 is revolving the projectile 40 by the means of the fitted rifled surfaces on 30A and 40C. The axial velocity of the projectile increases from zero to some medium value and the projectile is developing its full spin during the initial acceleration along rifled bore barrel section.", "A smoothbore weapon is one which has a smooth barrel, and is absent rifling. Smoothbores ranged from small arms to heavy siege and garrison guns. Early firearms had smooth barrels, and fired projectiles with no significant spin. These projectiles had to have stable shapes, such as finned arrows or spheres, to minimize tumbling during flight. However, spherical bullets do tend to rotate randomly during flight, and the Magnus effect means that even a relatively smooth sphere will curve when rotating on any axis not parallel to the direction of travel.", "The projectile represented in Fig. 2 has a thick circular plate of copper attached to its base by means of a screw-bolt at its center. To prevent it from turning around this bolt there are three pins, or dowels, fastened into the base of the projectile, and projecting into corresponding holes in the circular plate. This plate is slightly cupped, and the angle between it and the bottom of the projectile is filled with a greased cord for lubricating the bore of the gun.  This projectile is referred to as a \"Tennessee Cup or Sabot\" and often called a \"Mullane\" shell.", "The rifled section 30A engages with close but sliding fit the projectile 40, shown on FIG. 1-B. The projectile 40 has one long cylindrical portion 40C which surface is rifled with longitudinally grooves 44 defining lands 42 therebetween. The rifled portion starts from the rear preferably ogival portion of the projectile 40D and ends adjacent to short not rifled portion 40B of the cylindrical part of the projectile. This frontal cylindrical portion 40B smoothly tapered to the front ogival portion of the projectile. The length of the grooved cylindrical portion 40C is preferably 90-95% of the total cylindrical part of the projectile therefore the length of the non-grooved portion 40B is preferably 5-10%. The rifled outer cylindrical portion 40C of the projectile 40, shown separately on FIG. 1-B, is engaged congruently with rifled section 30A of the cartridge 30, shown separately on FIG. 1-A. The front part of the projectile 40, including the ogival tapered nose section 40A and the portion 40B of the projectile, are inserted and fitted with sliding fit into the smooth bore of the barrel 20, shown on FIG. 1", "Another direction is using only the smooth bore barrel to provide the conventional projectile with revolving momentum as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,841,657 to Mossberg A. I. The system is using axially rotating barrel moved by the force of expanded gases. The axially rotating barrel is engaged with the projectile surface whereby to impart rotary motion to the projectile. This system has to respond to controversial requirements. In order to provide revolving momentum to the projectile the barrel has to have a good grip with it. This defeats one of the main purposes of the smooth gun barrel—reducing the friction and friction-related erosion The increased grip will lead to increase of the temperature and thermal enlargement of the barrel. An enlarged barrel cannot provide a good grip thereby cannot provide a repeatable revolving momentum and will lead to significant lost of gas pressure.", "A very early notion of minimizing the erosion from the burning propellant and engraving is carried in the U.S. Pat. No. 37,193 to Alsop C. R. The patent suggests attaching a rifled section to the muzzle of smooth bore barrel thereby gaining a high speed and decreasing the erosion of hot gases at the breech section. The rifled section is engraving the projectile and giving to it revolving momentum. The patent admits that the rifling is imparting a considerable friction and transmitting substantial heat to the projectile, but those problems are said to be overcome by gained momentum of the projectile. The rifled section was suggested as a gradual reduction in diameter of the bore progressing away from the breech and into the rifled section. The length of the rifled section is proposed to be 2 to 3 inches. The rifled section has to be mounted to the main barrel by threaded connection with thread direction opposite to the rifling.", "Gain Twist - A form of rifling where the helical angle sharpens progressively down the bore in the interest of maximizing the bullets ultimate rotational speed by initiating it slowly.", "Another approach is to use completely smooth bore barrel and a different means of providing the projectile with revolving momentum. One of them—U.S. Pat. No. 4,386,747 to Kuhl R. D. is using ammunition with means for self-generated revolving momentum.", "When the breech load is fired, the projectile 40 receives an axial impulse towards the ballistic trajectory. The same impulse with the opposite direction receives the cartridge case 30 and transfers this impulse through the breech to the entire weapon as a recoil impulse. The recoil impulse is reversely proportional to the accelerated mass, which is the mass of the weapon. During the acceleration down the rifled section 30A, the projectile 40 receives its full revolving impulse. The same revolving impulse with the opposite direction receives the cartridge 30 and this impulse acts as a torque to the cartridge. To transfer this torque to the entire mass of the weapon and not to allow the cartridge to rotate around its axes, the bottom of the cartridge 30 is designed with means to engage the breech-block and this way to transfer the torque. It is preferred in this embodiment to have the rear section 30B of the cartridge 30 covered with star-shaped triangle prisms or flukes 30D, shown better on FIG. 2.", "The use of the first aspect of the present invention has technical consequences which influent the entire system. The short rifled bore barrel, part of the cartridge case, is exposed not only to thermal, thermo-chemical and mechanical erosion, but also to the revolving recoil impulse-torque. Part of this revolving impulse-torque is transferred by friction of slightly expanded cartridge neck (short rifled barrel) directly to the walls of the breech Another part of the torque is transferred by the structure of the cartridge to its rear wall, which has means to engage the breech part of the weapon. The rear part of the cartridge has a star-shaped wreath of small trangle prisms or flukes, which are engaged congruently with the opposite breechblock part, shaped the same way. The main axial recoil impulse is pressing hardly on the rear pattern, preventing the cartridge case from twisting. To receive sufficient revolving impulse at the very beginning of acceleration, the slope or pitch of the rifling must be more severe. The more severe rifling can lead to reinforcement of the short rifled part of the cartridge and its walls therefore to increase the weight of the cartridge, especially for medium and bigger caliber weapon.", "The use of the second aspect of the present invention leads to reduction of torque recoil and better lubrication of sliding fitted projectile and barrel surfaces. It is clear to one skilled in the art, that each one of both aspects can be used separately or their effects can be combined together—each one contributing part of the finally gained revolving impulse.", "Whitworth and Lancaster made projectiles with twisted side faces to match a twisted bore, hexagonal for Whitworth, oval for Lancaster. When mass produced, the rounds tended to jam in the bore. The Confederates used some Whitworth rifles.", "General objective of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art discussed heretofore. Dry friction and heat generation along the barrel will be reduced drastically thereby reducing the erosion in the breech part and the muzzle part of the bore, which are more vulnerable to wearing.", "In the early-twentieth century, heavy naval guns were built-up in hoop-over-tube fashion. The inner tube was placed breech end down in a cold pit, supported by a short mandrel. Heated hoops were placed one by one over the tube and cooled with a water spray, shrinking them onto the tube. (NAVORD. 136).", "FIG. 2a shows an exemplary beam cartridge 20 adapted to fit a 12-gauge firearm 16. As shown, the beam cartridge 20 would preferably include a sphere cavity 38 is shaped to allow a �-diameter ball or firing sphere 48 to be retained in the sphere cavity 38, yet travel 0.200″ when struck by the firing pin 19. The sphere cavity 38 is formed generally within the cartridge end cap 36 and the spring guide insert 34. It should be noted that the firing sphere 48 preferably has a spherical shape so that it may rotate in the sphere cavity 38. Since the firing sphere 48 rotates, the firing pin 19 is less likely to hit the firing sphere 48 in the same place causing undesirable deformation. The ends of the sphere cavity 38 are shaped to absorb the shock of the firing sphere 48 hitting the ends of the sphere cavity 38 after the firing sphere 48 has been struck by the released firing pin 19. This excess force is transferred to and absorbed by the case 32, 36 and the spring guide insert 34." ]

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[ "Comedy Central entered into an agreement with Frito-Lay to sell 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, Cartman's favorite snack from the show, at Walmart until the premiere of the second half of the fifteenth season on October 5, 2011.", "The network has unleashed an onslaught of publicity heralding the long-running cartoon's milestone year, including a deal with Walmart and Frito-Lay to produce 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, the snack preferred by our portly pal, Eric Cartman.", "Other sponsored bags will feature the following titles: Warner Bros. Television series “The Big Bang Theory,” “Chuck,” “Fringe,” “Human Target,” “Nikita” and “The Vampire Diaries” and Warner Bros. Animation series “Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated.”", "The new motto -- \"Save Money. Live Better.\" -- will show up on everything from store receipts to plastic bags. Accompanying 30-second TV spots were created by the Martin Agency, the Richmond firm behind the Geico gecko and caveman ads. The Wal-Mart ads began appearing yesterday and will run on network season premieres, specials and cable channels.", "Jill Barshay: Wal-Mart's plastic bags, receipts and TV ads now say, \"Save More. Live Better.\" If you think you've heard something like that before, you're not going crazy.", "11.20 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Hawaii Five-0 (R,S,HD). (R,S,HD). 20/23. Penny 19/22. McGarrett and begins dating comicDanny are trapped book shopkeeper Stuart. under rubble after getting caught up in an 11.50 Bodyshockers: Nips, explosion. Tucks and Tattoos (R,S,HD). 6/6.", "In July 2007, convenience store chain 7-Eleven converted 11 of its stores in the United States and one in Canada into Kwik-E-Marts to promote the release of The Simpsons Movie . [43] The locations of the renovated Kwik-E-Marts were: Bladensburg, Maryland /Washington, D.C.; Burbank, California ; Chicago ; Dallas ; Denver ; Henderson / Las Vegas ; Los Angeles ; Mountain View / San Francisco ; New York City; Orlando / Lake Buena Vista, Florida ; Seattle ; [44] and Vancouver / Coquitlam, British Columbia , Canada. [45] These 12 locations, as well as the majority of other North American 7-Elevens, sold products found in The Simpsons, such as “ Buzz Cola “, “ Krusty-O’s “, “ Squishees “, pink frosted “Sprinklicious doughnuts”, and other Simpsons-themed merchandise. The Squishees were Slurpees that are sold in special collector cups and the Krusty-O’s were made by Malt-O-Meal . [44] The promotion resulted in a 30% increase in profits for the changed 7-Eleven stores. This can be seen during the opening of The Simpsons Movie . [46]", "Also in September, \"Twerk\" from the MTV VMA show was named the Top Television Word of the Year (Teleword) of the 2012–2013 TV season by the Global Language Monitor. In October 2013, American actress Beth Behrs, of American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, was seen twerking on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Behrs was later seen twerking to the 1992 hit \"Baby Got Back\", in January 2014, during the 40th annual awards ceremony of the People's Choice Awards, which she hosted alongside her co-star Kat Dennings. The fifth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, which aired November 13, 2013 and was titled \"The End of Twerk\", revolved around the twerking phenomenon. The seventh episode of the second season of the American reality television series Bad Girls All-Star Battle, which aired February 25, 2014 and was titled \"Twerk It Out\", featured the contestants twerking as fast as possible with pedometers on their back. ", "It has become one of the trademarks of the show appearing in merchandise, popular culture and adverts.", "Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements, but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use, to create realism under the guise of a documentary. Apple, Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much-desired gift in \"Christmas Party\", though the company did not pay for the placement.[44] Chili's restaurants were used for filming in \"The Dundies\" and \"The Client\", as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch.[6][45] Though not an explicit product placement, the producers of the show had to allow Chili's to have final approval of the script before filming, causing a scene of \"The Dundies\" to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version.[6]", "If you've been watching TV lately, you may have come across Wal-Mart's new back-to-school ad. It features a well-scrubbed teenager wearing the California surf brand Op, as her Everymom exults that the giant retailer satisfied her daughter's fashion cravings without breaking the family bank. On the surface the spot doesn't look radically different from the company's advertising in years past. But its creation, part of Wal-Mart's \"Save money. Live better\" campaign, is a result of dramatic changes taking place behind the scenes.", "Kim Possible does this frequently, especially during its fourth season. Not terribly surprising that the creators would want to throw out these little \"treats\" for the rabid fans, considering that they're the reason the show has a fourth season.", "In 2010, the company teamed with Procter & Gamble to produce Secrets of the Mountain and The Jensen Project, two-hour family movies which featured the characters using Walmart and Procter & Gamble branded products. The Jensen Project also featured a preview of a product to be released in several months in Walmart stores. A third movie, A Walk in My Shoes, also aired in 2010 and a fourth is in production. Walmart's director of brand marketing also serves as co-chair of the Association of National Advertisers's Alliance for Family Entertainment. ", "NBC.com and the NBC mobile app - with commercials, all five seasons except \" Evan \", \" French Twist \", and \" Badge of Dishonor \".", "The series has been renewed for a 12-episode fourth season to debut on September 11, 2016. ", "Walmart tried to trademark their smiley face, but failed due to it being too generic. They have since changed their logo to an asterisk-like starburst they call \"the Spark\".", "NEW YORK (Reuters) Wal-Mart Stores (WMT) said Wednesday that it is rolling out a new advertising campaign with the slogan \"Save Money. Live Better,\" replacing \"Always low prices.\"", "Season 4 has \"Drusselsteinoween\" and \" Face Your Fear \", the first one has Vanessa throwing a Halloween party in the castle her father inherited. The second one was about Doofenshmirtz creating a machine that cause animals to grow bigger and he tested it on a bat which he is afraid of. Like before only the first one was on Halloween.", "A bomb squad mistakenly blows up Homer's unattended gym bag, releasing radiation into the city and authorities react by suspending civil liberties. Wiggum and his men install surveillance cameras around Springfield and round up suspected terrorists, including groundskeeper Willie, but when monitoring the nonstop flow of video imagery proves to be too much, Wiggum enlists concerned citizens to help keep the city safe. Meanwhile, Lisa becomes fed up with being blonde, so she dyes her hair a dark color.", "During the entire show, promotional photos were made. Seasons 3 and 7 are the only seasons to have no official promos, which is the reason why the DVD covers use either episode promos or promos from a previous season.", "The M&M “Most Colorful M&Ms Brand Moment” campaign held in 2003 encouraged consumers to entertain their favorite M&M memories online and then vote for their favorite M&M commercial. The winning commercial, titled “Switch” featured actor Patrick Warburton along with the Red, Yellow and Orange Spokescandies. The commercial, which aired during the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade on NBC, shows Warburton catching the Spokescandies in the act of eating bags of “their own kind.” Warburton tells them how wrong that is, so the characters switch bags – therefore switching from eating their exact match – and continue eating.", "Morning Trivia: This television series finale was broadcast on this date in 2004. It was watched by around 52.5 million American viewers, making it the fifth most watched series finale in television history. During its run, the series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season. The show ranked no. 21 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. What is the program?", "We Sell Everything : Considering the company ACME stands for A Company that Makes Everything, and their label is on many of the things used by the characters, it's a case of this trope.", "During season two of the AMC series, Anna Gunn's character Skyler White was forced to fulfill her boss Ted Beneke's birthday wish by singing \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" during a company birthday celebration.", "Fed up with their jobs, Fred and Barney secretly plan to buy a drive-in restaurant, but then Fred has to deal with a suspicious Wilma, who wants to know why two young girls (carhops seeking jobs) are calling for him, and what the messages regarding two tons of dino-burger meat mean. This episode contains the song \"Burger on a Bun (The Car Hop Song).\"  Ginny Tyler  voices one of the carhops while  Nancy Wible voices the other. ", "The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the \"Who shot J.R.?\" mystery. The 1980 episode \"Who Done It\" remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. The show also featured a \"Dream Season\", in which the entirety of the ninth season was revealed to have been a dream of Pam Ewing. After 14 seasons, the series finale \"Conundrum\" aired in 1991.", "Hood Ornament Hottie : Blair makes use of this trope in a season two episode to get Chuck to sleep with her.", "In the 2001–2002 season, the show had moved to UPN after a negotiation dispute with The WB. While it was still one of their highest rated shows on their network, The WB felt that the show had already peaked and was not worth giving a salary increase to the cast and crew. UPN on the other hand, had strong faith in the series and picked up it for a two-season renewal. UPN dedicated a two-hour premiere to the series to help re-launch it. The relaunching had effect, as the season premiere attracted the second highest rating of the series, with 7.7 million viewers. ", "In the first season of that show, which debuted in 1992, the producers brought together a disparate group of 20-somethings and encouraged sparks to fly. Julie, the Southern belle, offends Heather, a black rapper, by joking about how she could be a drug dealer. Eric, the white dude with boy-band hair, has a blowout with Kevin, who's black, after Eric insists that white privilege isn't a thing. None of this was accidental; as the intro to each episode says, the goal is — say it with me now — \"to find out what happens when people stop being polite, and start getting real.\"", "On a related note, does anyone know if you can still get Frasier-themed merchandise in Seattle?", "What do you get every time you go into a Wal-Mart? Mousse, dog food, and candles usually", "I got the same e-mail from Amazon. Very unexpected, but what the heck, every little bit helps. I already have enough saved in my account there for season 10." ]

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[ "1792 – The cornerstone for the Executive Mansion in Washington, D.C., later to be known as the White House, was laid.", "On the 13th October 1792 the cornerstone of the White House, which at the time was to be known as the United States Executive Mansion, was laid. Construction took 8 years, with John Adams being.... . .", "October 13, 1792, the cornerstone for the White House, the official office and home of every U.S. president and first lady since 1800 (when John and Abigail Adams moved in near the end of his term), was laid this day in 1792.", "October 13, 1792 - The cornerstone for the U.S. Executive Mansion (called the White House since 1818) in the new District of Columbia is laid by freemasons and the commissioners of the district during the construction of the home of the president. It would take eight more years before President John Adams would move into the home.", "The cornerstone was laid on October 13, 1792, and over the next eight years a construction team comprised of both enslaved and freed African Americans and European immigrants built the Aquia Creek sandstone structure. It was coated with lime-based whitewash in 1798, producing a color that gave rise to its famous nickname. Built at a cost of $232,372, the two-story house was not quite completed when John Adams and Abigail Adams became the first residents on November 1, 1800.", "1792: The cornerstone of the original White House was laid in a ceremony by George Washington. The building survived only until 1814 when, during the War of 1812 (1812-1814), British Marines burned it, and much of Washington, in retaliation for the U.S. looting and burning of the Upper Canada Parliament Building in Toronto earlier that same year.", "Originally called &quot;President's Palace&quot;, &quot;Presidential Mansion&quot; or &quot;President's House&quot;. Official title settled on &quot;Executive Mansion&quot; until Teddy Roosevelt renamed it.", "On this day in 1793, George Washington lays the cornerstone to the United States Capitol building, the home of the legislative branch of American government. The building would take nearly a century to complete, as architects came and went the British set fire to it and it was called into use during the Civil War. Today, the Capitol building, with its famous cast-iron dome and important collection of American art, is part of the Capitol Complex, which includes six Congressional office buildings and three Library of Congress buildings, all developed in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "What’s in a name? It was Theodore Roosevelt who officially gave the White House its moniker in 1901. Previously, it had been dubbed everything from the Executive Mansion and President’s House to the President’s Castle, a title given by James Madison’s wife, Dolley.", "The first president to live in the Presidential Mansion was John Adams. Surprisingly, the building was originally painted yellow. British soldiers captured and burned the Mansion during the War of 1812 when James Madison was in office. Reconstruction was completed in 1817, and President James Monroe and his family were able to move into the Mansion, which was now painted white, as it is today. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt designated that the nickname for the mansion would now be its official name, The White House.", "The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. The house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. Today, the White House Complex includes the Executive Residence, West Wing, Cabinet Room, Roosevelt Room, East Wing, and the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, which houses the executive offices of the President and Vice President.The White House is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, and Third Floor, as well as a two-story basement. The property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the President's Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of \"America's Favorite Architecture\". (Excerpt, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House)", "The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the President of the United States and the First Family. The Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors: the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, and the Third Floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–to-1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage, and service areas.", "\"On 18 September 1793, the cornerstone of the Capitol was officially laid. Grand Lodge of Maryland presided over the ceremony and Washington was asked to serve as Master... Subsequently, the Capitol and the White House were each to become focal points of an elaborate geometry governing the layout of the nation's capital city. This geometry, originally devised by an architect named Pierre l'Enfant, was subsequently modified by Washington and Jefferson so as to produce specifically octagonal patterns incorporation the particular cross used as a device by Masonic Templars.\" (10)", "The White House construction began in 1792. John Adams became the first president to take residence in the building on November 1, 1800. It was a grand mansion in the neo-classical federal style, with details that echo classical Greek Ionic architecture. James Hoban's original design was modeled after the Leinster House in Dublin, Ireland and did not include the north and south porticos. Still, when it was complete, the President's house was the largest residence in the United States and would remain so until the 1860s.", "Construction started in 1792 and in 1800, when the building was almost completed, president John Adams moved in. Ever since, each President of the United States has lived in the White House. In 1814, British troops invaded the defenseless city and torched several buildings, including the Capitol , the Treasury, the War Department and the White House. President Madison decided to rebuild the public buildings.", "For almost 200 years, the White House has stood as a symbol of the Presidency, the United States government, and the American people. Its history and the history of the nation's capital began when President George Washington signed an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal government would reside in a district \"not exceeding ten miles square . . . on the river Potomac.\" President Washington, together with city planner Pierre L'Enfant, chose the site for the new residence, which is not 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. As preparations began for the new federal city, a competition was held to find a builder for the \"President's House.\" Nine proposals were submitted, and Irish-born architect James Hoban won a gold medal for his practical and handsome design.", "1848- In Washington, the laying of the cornerstone of the Washington Monument takes place with the President of the United States, Dolley Madison, and other persons of distinction in attendance; Hon. Josiah Quincy presents a speech in Boston (he was the orator of the day there 50 years before on 4 July 1798)", "Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two executive mansions in New York City: the Samuel Osgood House at 3 Cherry Street (April 1789 – February 1790), and the Alexander Macomb House at 39–41 Broadway (February–August 1790). In May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790.", "White House, name popularly given to the official residence of the President of the United States, being a building of freestone painted white.", "There have been several alterations since the White House was rebuilt after the 1814 fire. The first significant alteration was a $500,000 project in 1902 during the Theodore Roosevelt administration. The principal innovation was the construction of the West Wing, where the executive offices were moved and where they remain today. Separating the residence and business quarters, allowed for the second floor to be used solely as a domicile.", "Sagamore Hill was the home of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, from 1885 until his death in 1919. During Roosevelt's time in office, his \"Summer White House\" was the focus of international attention. In his early 20s when Roosevelt had finished college and was beginning to start a family, he thought that the best possible place to settle with his wife and to raise children would be Oyster Bay. He purchased farmland in Cove Neck, a peninsula just east of Oyster Bay village and envisioned building a large, sturdy, modern home. He hired New York City architects Lamb and Rich to design such a house, and construction based on their Queen Anne-style sketches began in 1884. Roosevelt died at Sagamore Hill on January 6, 1919 when he was sixty years old.", "President Theodore Roosevelt, who had engaged the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White to reconfigure and rebuild part of the White House in 1902, was induced to simplify the grounds, removing what was increasingly seen as Victorian clutter. The bedding scheme on the North Lawn was greatly simplified. Later, in 1934, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt engaged Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. to evaluate the grounds and recommend changes. Olmsted understood the need to offer presidents and their families a modicum of privacy balancing with the requirement for public views of the White House.[5] The Olmsted plan presented the landscape largely as seen today: retaining or planting large specimen trees and shrubs on the perimeter to create boundaries for visual privacy, but opened with generous sight lines of the house from north and south. The lawn is planted with a grass variety called tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). [1]", "With the help of former Librarian of Congress Lawrence Quincy Mumford, plans for a third Library of Congress building were started in 1957. Congress appropriated planning funds for the structure in 1960, and construction was approved by an act of Congress on October 19, 1965 that authorized an appropriation of $75 million. The architect was John George Stewart (1890-1970, Architect of the Capitol. Excavation and foundation work began in June 1971, and work on the superstructure was completed in 1976. The cornerstone, inscribed with the date 1974, was laid on March 8, 1974. Dedication ceremonies were held on April 24, 1980, and the building actually opened on May 28, 1980. It was decided to name the building after Madison largely because he was the person who originally suggested in 1783 that the Continental Congress form a library containing a list of books that would be useful to legislators.", "Located at 26 Wall Street in New York City's Financial District, Federal Hall is the birthplace of American Government. Formerly a British colonial city hall, in 1789 it became the seat of the new American government.On April 30th of that year, George Washington took his oath of office as the first U.S. president on this site. It also housed the first Congress, Supreme Court, and Executive Branch offices.The current structure opened in 1842 as the first U.S. Customs House and served as the New York Sub-Treasury in 1862. John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze George Washington statue, erected on the front steps in 1882, marks the approximate site where Washington was inaugurated as President. Now, the building serves as a museum and memorial, featuring exhibits and historical tours. Admission is always free.", "The building remained largely unchanged for the rest of the 19th century, until in 1902, President Roosevelt embarked upon a major renovation project. This involved relocating the President's offices from the second floor to the newly-constructed West Wing. Subsequently, President Taft constructed the Oval Office within an enlarged office wing at the front-centre of the building.", "The Cornerstone of the Smithsonian Institution was laid in 1847 by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons, Benjamin B. French in the presence of President", "Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, 641 Delaware Ave., ☎ +1 716 884-0095 (fax: +1 716 884-0330), [35] . M-F 9:30AM-3:30PM, Sa Su 12:30PM-3:30PM. The only property in Western New York operated by the National Park Service, the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site is located in Allentown, in a handsome 1838 Greek Revival mansion that was the residence of Ansley Wilcox, a Buffalo lawyer and politico. In September 1901, several days after President William McKinley died in Buffalo of gunshot wounds he sustained while greeting attendees of the Pan-American Exposition, Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt stayed at the home of Wilcox, an acquaintance of his, and the Oath of Office was administered to him there. A planned demolition of the house in the early 1960s was averted at the last minute, and today the Wilcox Mansion has been thoroughly restored inside and out, and features historical displays related to Roosevelt, McKinley and the Pan-American Exposition as well as occasional temporary exhibits. The grounds of the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site are planted with herb and flower gardens in season. $10, aged 62+ and students $7, ages 6-18 $5, families $25, free for children under 5 and members.   edit", "When Harry Truman became president in 1945, he had detailed plans drawn up by Lorenzo Winslow to construct an addition on the south side of the West Wing that would satisfy its needs. Although ground was broken and appropriations made by Congress, clumsy handling of the matter raised concerns on Capitol Hill (many felt Truman had sneaked the funding through) and among the public (many thought the mansion itself would be altered). Despite Truman's efforts, the funding was recalled and withheld even after Winslow produced a reduced version of the plan in early 1946.", "The Lafayette Square neighbourhood lies directly north of the White House on H Street between 15th and 17th streets. It was once a showplace of wealth and influence. Throughout the 19th century some of the most distinguished Washingtonians and important national and world leaders were entertained in Lafayette Square homes. The first home in the neighbourhood was Col. John Tayloe III’s Octagon House, built in 1800, which is now owned by the American Architectural Foundation. In 1816 St. John’s Church was built across the square facing the White House and became known as the “Church of the Presidents.” The neighbourhood was filled with elegant mansions owned by cabinet officials, foreign diplomats, vice presidents, socialites, philanthropists, and others, including former first lady Dolley Madison after her time in the White House, politicians Daniel Webster and Francis Preston Blair , and military commanders Stephen Decatur and John Rodgers. Historian Henry Adams once wrote, “Lafayette Square is society.”", "During and after the American Revolution, the United States Congress met in eight cities, including Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York City. The construction of a new capital city in a separate federal district was outlined in the United States Constitution (Article One, Section Eight), and President George Washington selected a site near the Potomac River. Virginia and Maryland donated land. Washington, D.C. was designed and built and became the United States capital in 1800. The site was a compromise involving southern slave-holding economic interests and northern states who wanted war debts repaid.", "This West Village Playground, located on Downing Street and Avenue of the Americas, is named for the street that runs to its south. Downing Street was laid out in 1799 and named no later than 1803, when it first appeared on a New York City map. The origin of its name is unclear. Some credit it to Thomas Downing (1791-1866), an African American freeman who moved to New York from Virginia in 1819 and made a career selling oysters. Located at 5 Broad Street, Downing’s Oyster House was popular with leading politicians, businessmen, and celebrities. Intriguing as this association is, however, it appears to be no more than a coincidence, for Thomas Downing arrived in New York City about twenty years after the street was named.", "The 150-foot pedestal was designed by Richard M. Hunt and built by Gen. Charles P. Stone, both Americans. It contains steel underpinnings designed by Alexander Eiffel of France to support the statue. The $270,000 cost was borne by popular subscription in this country. President Grover Cleveland accepted the statue for the United States on Oct. 28, 1886." ]

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[ "Shield cones are broad, slightly domed volcanoes built primarily of fluid, basaltic lava. Cinder cones have very steep slopes composed of pyroclastic material. Composite cones, or stratovolcanoes, are large, nearly symmetrical structures built of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposits. Composite cones represent the most violent type of volcanic activity.", "There are three primary types of volcanoes, each with unique physical characteristics and eruptive natures. Composite volcanoes are explosive, towering giants. Shield volcanoes quietly produce broad, massive structures through lava flows. Cinder cone volcanoes are the smallest and simplest, but still pack a volcanic punch.", "A composite volcano (cone-shaped volcano formed by alternating layers of solidified lava and rock particles) is a combination of a cinder cone and shield volcano that results from alternating eruptions of volcanic debris and lava. This type of volcano is likely to be the tallest and steepest volcano. Mount Rainier, in the state of Washington, is an example of a composite volcano.", "The earth ejects lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases during volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes vary based on size, shape, composition and eruptive style. Learn about the different types of volcanoes, such as shield, cinder cone and composite cone.", "Cinder cone volcanoes are much smaller than either composite or shield volcanoes, typically rising no higher than 1,000 feet. They feature straight sides, with a steep slope of 30 to 40 degrees. They are typically circular, with a large bowl-shaped cater at the summit. Like shield volcanoes, cinder cone volcanoes eject basaltic lava. However, their lava is slightly thicker and contains more trapped gases. This gas results in small explosions that break the lava into smaller blobs, known as tephra. This tephra solidifies before it reaches the ground, producing piles of lava rocks around the vent. These cinder-like materials are where the volcanoes get their name. Because these volcanoes are constructed of loose tephra, they often produce lava flows from their base.", "Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world.", "Shield volcanoes are common in Hawaii and Iceland. They have gentle slopes and are very wide. Shield volcanoes are formed when lava is very hot and very runny. They consist of many thin layers of rock. Composite volcanoes are steep sided volcanoes. They consist of layers of ash and lava. Composite volcanoes are very explosive because the lava is very viscous (thick). Significant pressure builds within these volcanoes and often results in spectacular eruptions. Examples of composite volcanoes include Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines and Mount Vesuvius in Italy. You can find out more about these types of volcanoes  here .", "A cinder cone is a steep, conical hill of volcanic fragments that accumulate around and downwind from a vent. The rock fragments, often called cinders or scoria, are glassy and contain numerous gas bubbles \"frozen\" into place as magma exploded into the air and then cooled quickly. Cinder cones range in size from tens to hundreds of meters tall.", "Cinder cones and spatter cones are small-scale features formed by lava accumulation around a small vent on a volcanic edifice. Cinder cones are formed from tephra or ash and tuff which is thrown from an explosive vent. Spatter cones are formed by accumulation of molten volcanic slag and cinders ejected in a more liquid form.", "Mount St. Helens is an example of a composite volcano. During the highly explosive 1980 eruption, the volcano experienced a large sector collapse that left a horseshoe-shaped crater. Mauna Loa, in Hawaii, is an example of a shield volcano. This volcano is the largest volcano on Earth, with a volume of 19,000 cubic miles and an area that covers 2,035 square miles. The Paricutin volcano, in Mexico, is an example of a cinder cone volcano. This volcano erupted out of a farmer's field in 1943, eventually covering 100 square miles in ash and 10 square miles in lava flows over a nine-year period.", "Shield Volcano - a broad, gently sloping volcanic cone of flat, domical shape, covering several tens or hundreds of square miles, built chiefly of overlapping basaltic lava flows.", "cinder cone - noun. a cinder cone or scoria cone is a steep conical hill of tephra that accumulates around and downwind from a volcanic vent", "Shield: a large formation of ancient (Precambrian) igneous and metamorphic rock that constitutes the core material of the continents.", "Where the rate of eruption is relatively high but the total volume of lava per eruption is low, a broad cone or mound known as a shield volcano is produced (Figure 8.27). Although fissure vents are common on such volcanoes, many eruptions are centered on pipelike conduits, which bring magma from some depth. Many shield volcanoes have summit craters or calderas produced by collapse and small cinder and spatter cones are commonly developed on the volcanoes' flanks. The Hawaiian Islands are examples of large, basaltic, shield volcanoes. The shields are commonly several kilometers high and tens of kilometers wide. Volcanic islands like Hawaii are composed of stacks of overlapping shields---five are exposed at the surface. Many other shield volcanoes dot the floors of the oceans, but large basaltic shields are less common on the continents.", "Stratovolcanoes or composite volcanoes are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and other ejecta in alternate layers, the strata that gives rise to the name. Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions. Strato/composite volcanoes are made of cinders, ash, and lava. Cinders and ash pile on top of each other, lava flows on top of the ash, where it cools and hardens, and then the process repeats. Classic examples include Mount Fuji in Japan, Mayon Volcano in the Philippines, and Mount Vesuvius and Stromboli in Italy.", "A shield volcano (a volcano composed of layers of solidified lava, a wide base, and a large, bowl-shaped opening at the top) is generally less steep and shorter than other types of volcanoes. It is made by repeated eruptions producing lava flows. The lava forming this volcano is relatively thin and flows away from the vent. As the lava cools, it becomes thicker, flows more slowly and finally becomes solid. Mauna Loa in Hawaii is one of the largest shield volcanoes.", "The cinders (scoria) are erupted during small explosive eruptions which creates steep-sided volcanoes. Most of the cinders on the volcano are about the size of a golf ball or walnut. Cinder cones are also called scoria cones by geologists in some areas. ", "Lava bombs are larger pieces of lava that were partly molten during the eruption. These rocks take on aerodynamic shapes while they are airborne. In general all the rocks that form a cinder cone are called cinders no matter how large or small the rocks are that formed during an eruption.", "Cinder cones build up when mostly tephra erupts from a vent and falls back to earth around the vent. The accumulated tephra, which is generally cinders, forms a cone-shaped mountain. Paricutin in western Mexico is a well-known cinder cone. It began in 1943, when a crack opened in the ground of a cornfield. When the eruptions ended in 1952, the top of the cone was 410 meters above its base.", "A cone shaped hill or small mountain thats builds up around the vent in an explosive eruption. It is made of ash, cinders, and bombs.", "Some volcanic cones are made up of cindery and slaglike fragments, others of sheets of lava, and still others of a mixture of both. The more massive volcanoes are usually built up out of alternating layers of lava sheets, rock fragments, and volcanic dust.", "Shield volcanoes are broad, domed-shaped volcanoes with long, gently sloped sides. If you were to fly over top of a shield volcano, it would resemble a warrior's shield, hence the name. These volcanoes can cover large areas but never grow very tall. The reason these volcanoes tend to flatten out is due to the composition of the lava that flows from them, which is very fluid. This more fluid lava spreads out in all directions but cannot pile up in steep mounds.", "material, and the layering of these products gives them their other common name of composite volcanoes.", "lava cone:  A volcanic cone built of lava flows, usually basaltic, that were very mobile at the time of eruption; it resembles a miniature shield volcano.", "Image at left: A schematic representation of the internal structure of a typical cinder cone. Image source: USGS publications .", "Scientists believe that Olympus Mons is what is known as a shield volcano. Shield volcanos are given that name because they resemble a warrior's shield laid face up on the ground. They are very large with a low, dome-like profile. They are created by a series of lava flows that slowly build up the mountain over an immense period of time. The volcanos of the Hawaiian islands and the newly-discovered Tamu Massif are examples of shield volcanos here on Earth.", "Scoria cone:� Small volcanic landforms formed from focused (single-vent) subaerial strombolian eruptions of basalt or basaltic-andesite magma.� These features have an inverted cone-shaped profile and are generally circular in plan, although elongate scoria cones can be formed from multiple-vent volcanic eruptions (Cas and Wright, 1987, p. 371-372).", "Pumice is a light, porous volcanic rock that forms during explosive eruptions. It resembles a sponge because it consists of a network of gas bubbles frozen amidst fragile volcanic glass and minerals. All types of magma (basalt, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite) will form pumice. Pumice is similar to the liquid foam generated when a bottle of pressurized soda is opened--the opening depressurizes the soda and enables dissolved carbon dioxide gas to escape or erupt through the opening. During an explosive eruption, volcanic gases dissolved in the liquid portion of magma also expand rapidly to create a foam or froth; in the case of pumice, the liquid part of the froth quickly solidifies to glass around the glass bubbles.", "Tuff Cone — A tuff cone is a vertical rock formation of volcanic origin, which is a consolidation of hardened ash particles, called tuff. During an eruption, as hot lava pours into cold water, explosions occur. Fragments are sent flying in all directions and come spattering down to the ground, hardening into a cone shape. Off Bartolomé Island is Pinnacle Rock, a remnant of a tuff cone.", "    A fragment of rock that is the same size as a bomb, but angular in shape is termed a block. Blocks are made from preexisting rock which probably formed from a previous eruption. Most commonly, they are formed when an explosion tears apart the vent of the volcano, sending angular rock fragments flying through the air. Blocks are definitely not made from molten magma.", "Dry Stack Cladding:  Decorative wall cladding formed by small pieces of stone with no horizontal mortar joint.", " Erosion of volcanoes will immediately expose shallow intrusive bodies such as volcanic necks and diatremes (see Figure 6—>). A volcanic neck is the “throat” of a volcano and consists of a pipelike conduit filled with hypabyssal rocks. Ship Rock in New Mexico and Devil's Tower in Wyoming are remnants of volcanic necks, which were exposed after the surrounding sedimentary rocks were eroded away. Many craterlike depressions may be filled with angular fragments of country rock ( breccia ) and juvenile pyroclastic debris. When eroded, such a depression exposes a vertical funnel-shaped pipe that resembles a volcanic neck with the exception of the brecciated filling. These pipes are dubbed diatremes. Many diatremes are formed by explosion resulting from the rapid expansion of gas—carbon dioxide and water vapour. These gases are released by the rising magma owing to the decrease in pressure as it nears the surface. Some diatremes contain kimberlite , a peridotite that contains a hydrous mineral called phlogopite. Kimberlite may contain diamonds." ]

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[ "Saturday Night Live premiered October 11, 1975, with comedian George Carlin as host, and Billy Preston and Janis Ian its musical guests. ", "In 1975, NBC hired a 30-year-old Lorne Michaels and a 27-year-old executive Dick Ebersol to create a show to replace reruns of The Tonight Show that were running on Saturday nights. The pair developed the idea of a sketch comedy show that was filmed in front of a live audience and pulled together a group of writers and actors, nicknamed the \"Not Ready for Primetime Players\" and including talents such as Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner and John Belushi. Saturday Night Live made its debut on October 11, 1975, with comedian George Carlin appearing as the show's first host. The 1975 season featured the short films of Albert Brooks and multiple appearances by Jim Henson's Muppets.", "Saturday Night's first show aired on October 11, 1975, with popular comedian George Carlin hosting. In homes across America, people tuned into a program that took chances, spoke frankly, and was a fresh departure from the usual television crop of sitcoms, police dramas, and variety shows hosted by stuffed-shirt celebrities. As a Playboy writer described it, \"The humor was hip, the music contemporary, and young urban adults responded enthusiastically.\" The second show featured a reunion of the legendary music duo Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, who had disbanded in the early 1970s. Michaels' creation was up and running. As the first season progressed, several of the performers distinguished themselves with energetic and inspired performances, establishing several popular and recurring characters. A noteworthy performer on SNL's maiden voyage was Chase, who captured viewers' attention with his dry, off-the-cuff delivery and his slapstick pratfalls, which he often performed in the show's prologue segment. It was these prologues, a traditional sequence preceding the show's theme music and opening credits, that ended with the now legendary line \"Live, from New York, it's Saturday Night!,\" a signal to the audience that the show's festivities were under way.", "A typical episode of SNL will feature a single host chosen for their popularity, novelty, or because they have a film, album, or other work being released near the time of their appearance on the show. The host delivers the opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast. Traditionally the host of the show ends the opening monologue by introducing the musical guest for the night. Comedian George Carlin was the first to host SNL in the debut October 1975 episode; three episodes later, Candice Bergen became the first female host and subsequently the first to host more than once. Hosts have been drawn from a wide spectrum of backgrounds, from actors, such as Christopher Walken , Buck Henry , and John Goodman , to musicians like George Harrison and Dolly Parton , to political activist Ralph Nader . Guests who have hosted five or more times are sometimes referred to as belonging to the Five-Timers Club, a term that originated on a sketch performed on Tom Hanks ' fifth episode. As of September 24, 2011, actor Alec Baldwin holds the record for most times hosting, having performed the duty on sixteen different occasions since 1990; Baldwin took the record from actor Steve Martin who had hosted fifteen times since 1976.", "'Not ready for Prime Time' – Saturday night television changed forever on October 11, 1975, when the sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" made its debut. Comedian George Carlin was the first host, joining a cast of young and upcoming comics known as \"The Not Ready for Prime Time Players.\" \"SNL\" is now in its 40th year as one of the longest running shows in television history.", "Well, I had my chance finally this past weekend when NBC re-aired the very first episode of SNL from October 11, 1975. They did it as a tribute to the debut host that night, the late George Carlin, another recent victim of the Summer Of Death.", "Before Saturday Night Live premiered, television never dared to make fun of politics, much less the President of the United States. Less than ten years before SNL hit the airwaves, CBS cancelled the Smothers Brothers’ comedy show for being too political. All that would change in the fall of 1975, when within weeks Chevy Chase would be tripping and stumbling all around Studio 8-H while lampooning President Ford. One such sketch would be caught by Ford’s Press Secretary Ron Nessen, who in order to prove that the White House did indeed have a sense of humor, agreed to host an episode. This marked the first of many times the job of SNL’s guest host would go to a politician rather than a celebrity, and undoubtedly changed the face of American politics. Other political names that would go on to host SNL include Ralph Nader, Julian Bond, Jesse Jackson, Al Gore, and John McCain. Al Franken, now a Democratic Senator from Minnesota, started out as a writer on SNL’s first season and has appeared on the show many times through the years, most notably as self-help guru Stuart Smalley.", "When Saturday Night Live premiered (as NBC's Saturday Night), it was much more of a Variety Show , despite that Lorne Michaels wanted the show to be a subverted version of the kind of variety shows they had back in the late 1960s into the 1970s. The first few episodes had multiple musical guests and other performers ( Andy Kaufman the most notable of these), with the Not Ready For Prime Time Players only one part of the larger whole. The second episode (October 18, 1975) had no sketch comedy at all other than Weekend Update; the whole rest of the show was given to host/musical guest Paul Simon and other musical acts. Before the first season was finished, the sketch comedy part of the show came to dominate — thanks, in no small part, to the episode hosted by Richard Pryor , which also established SNL as the comedy that wasn't afraid of tackling edgy issues with humor.", "The original 1975 cast of SNL, officially known on-air as \"The Not Ready For Prime-Time Players\", a term coined by writer Herb Sargent, included Laraine Newman, John Belushi, Jane Curtin, Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, Garrett Morris and Chevy Chase. Radner was the first person hired after Michaels himself. Although Chase became a performer, he was hired on a one-year writer contract, and refused to sign the performer contract that was repeatedly given to him, allowing him to leave the show after the first season in 1976. Newman was brought aboard after having a prior working relationship with Michaels. Morris was initially brought in as a writer, but attempts to have him fired by another writer led Michaels to have Morris audition for the cast, where he turned in a successful performance. Curtin and Belushi were the last two cast members hired. Belushi had a disdain for television and had repeatedly turned down offers to appear on other shows, but decided to work with the show because of the involvement of Radner, and writers Anne Beatts and Michael O'Donoghue. Michaels was still reluctant to hire Belushi, believing he would be a source of trouble for the show, but Beatts, O'Donoghue and Ebersol successfully argued for his inclusion.", "Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute comedy-variety show from NBC which has been broadcast virtually every Saturday night since its debut on October 11, 1975. It is one of the longest-running network entertainment programs in American television history. Each week, the show's cast is joined by a guest host and a musical act.", "Carlin hosted the premiere broadcast of NBC's Saturday Night Live, on October 11, 1975, the only episode to date in which the host did not appear (at his request) in sketches. Carlin however loved the show and encouraged Michael McKenzie to write a book on it, which he did in 1978 [https://books.google.com/books/about/Backstage_at_Saturday_Night_Live.html?id=7avxxrY1OHkC [Backstage At Saturday Night Live!/Scholastic Books].] The following season, 1976–77, he appeared regularly on CBS Television's Tony Orlando & Dawn variety series.", "After Hanks gave his monologue, the show segued to a sketch featuring Hanks, Steve Martin, Elliott Gould, and Paul Simon in the richly-appointed club. Martin and Gould were both five-time hosts; Simon had only appeared as a host of SNL four times, but counting his multiple appearances as a musical guest, was said to be a member of the club. The Five-Timers Club was mentioned to have a swimming pool with perfect 80 degree waters as Elliott had just gotten out of it. The food that is served there is named after known SNL performers. Conan O'Brien (who at that time was a writer on SNL and not a well-known public figure) portrayed the doorman of the \"club\" named Sean. Jon Lovitz appears as a club waiter. Ralph Nader appears as a former SNL host trying to get into the Five-Timers Club only for Jon to tell him and his group to leave.", "In the mid-1970s, Martin made frequent appearances as a stand-up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson., and on The Gong Show, HBO's On Location, The Muppet Show, and NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL). SNL audience jumped by a million viewers when he made guest appearances, and he was one of the most successful SNL hosts. Martin appeared on 27 Saturday Night Live shows and he guest-hosted 15 times, bested only in number of presentations by host Alec Baldwin (who has hosted 16 times ). On the show, Martin popularized the air quotes gesture, which uses four fingers to make double quote marks in the air. While on the show Martin became close with several of the cast members, including Gilda Radner. Radner died of ovarian cancer on Saturday, May 20, 1989; a visibly shaken Martin hosted SNL that night, and featured footage of himself and Radner together in a 1978 sketch.", "Michaels left the series in 1980 to explore other opportunities, and he was replaced by Jean Doumanian who led the show to disastrous reviews and was replaced by Ebersol after one season. Ebersol continued to run the show until 1985, when Michaels returned and where he has remained since. Many of SNL's cast found national stardom while appearing on the show and achieved success in film and television, both in front of and behind the camera. In particular, SNL has helped launch the careers of Dan Aykroyd , John Belushi , Chevy Chase , Jimmy Fallon , Will Ferrell , Tina Fey , Eddie Murphy , Bill Murray , Mike Myers , and Adam Sandler . Additionally others associated with the show such as writers have gone on to successful careers, including Conan O'Brien , Max Brooks , Stephen Colbert , Larry David , Al Franken , Bob Odenkirk , Sarah Silverman , and Robert Smigel .", "* The National Lampoon Show, 1975, with John Belushi, Brian Doyle, Bill Murray, Gilda Radner and Harold Ramis.", "In the spring of 1975, Belushi and Aykroyd join the original cast of Saturday Night Live. Everyone knows what comes next—that big, shiny blur of samurai swords and Little Chocolate Donuts; of the Super Bass-o-Matic ’76 and Fred Garvin, Male Prostitute; of “No Coke, Pepsi” and “Jane, you ignorant slut.”", "�Throughout his remarkably long and successful pop career, singer songwriter Paul Simon has also impressed the with comedic talents. During the 70�s and 80�s he frequently appeared on SNL and his relationship with the show reaches its apex on this fanastic 1978 tv special, which Simon wrote with legendary SNL producer Lorne Michaels. A send up of the backstage experience, THE PAUL SIMON SPECIAL stars Charles Grodin as a hilarious producer and Lily Tomlin and Chevy Chase as themselves. In addition, Paul plays some of his hits, including collaboration with his old partner, Art Garfunkel�", "Saturday Night Live is a ground-breaking NBC sketch comedy/ Variety Show , broadcast live from New York City in what had been, up until its premiere in 1975, TVs \"graveyard shift\" slot.", "Art Garfunkel performed his rendition on the second episode of Saturday Night Live, which aired on October 18, 1975 and was hosted by Paul Simon.", "Harry Belafonte guest hosted for a week in February 1968, becoming the first African-American to host a talk show. Among Belafonte's guests were Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.[37] On April 2, 1979, Kermit the Frog was guest host.[38] In addition, many other Muppets appeared for skits and regular segments: Frank Oz voiced Fozzie Bear and Animal, while Jerry Nelson performed Uncle Deadly, a Vincent Price-inspired Muppet during a segment with the real Price.", "Harry Belafonte guest hosted for a week in February 1968, becoming the first African-American to host a talk show. Among Belafonte's guests were Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr. [37] On April 2, 1979, Kermit the Frog was guest host. [38] In addition, many other Muppets appeared for skits and regular segments: Frank Oz voiced Fozzie Bear and Animal, while Jerry Nelson performed Uncle Deadly, a Vincent Price -inspired Muppet during a segment with the real Price.", "George Denis Patrick Carlin ( May 12 , 1937  – June 22 , 2008 ) was a Grammy-winning American stand-up comedian, actor and author, noted especially for his irreverent attitude and his observations on politics, language, psychology and religion as well as some taboo subjects.", "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin (born August 25, 1931) is an American media personality, actor and singer of Irish and Albanian descent, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Sometimes called (alternatively attributed to James Brown) \"the hardest working man in show business\", he holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera. His trademarks include his excited manner, his New York Bronx accent, his wit, and irreverent ad-libs. He is most widely known for Live! with Regis and Kelly (previously Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee), Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Million Dollar Password, and for hosting the first season of America's Got Talent .", "The show was originally produced in New York City, with occasional stints in California. It was not live in its early years, although during the 1970s, NBC fed the live taping from Burbank to New York via satellite for editing (see below). The program had been done \"live on tape\" (uninterrupted unless a problem occurred) since the Jack Paar days. Carson had a talent for quick quips to deal with problems. If the opening monologue fared poorly, the band would start playing \"Tea for Two\" and Carson danced a softshoe to laughs from the studio audience. Alternatively, Carson might pull the boom microphone close to his face and announce, \"Attention K-Mart shoppers!\"", "Widely known as Joan Rivers, the comedienne was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky in June 1933. She was mostly noted for her comedic and often controversial persona but was also a writer, television host, producer and comedian. She rose to prominence as a guest on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson in 1965. Rivers was given her own show The Late Show With Joan Rivers in 1986, making her the first woman to ever host a late night television talk show.", "The Carol Burnett Show (also Carol Burnett and Friends in syndication) is an American variety/sketch comedy television show starring Carol Burnett, Harvey Korman, Vicki Lawrence and Lyle Waggoner. In 1975, frequent guest star Tim Conway became a regular when Waggoner left this show due to a mutual agreement with the producer about the series not having reruns. In 1977, Dick Van Dyke replaced Korman for much of its final season. The show originally ran on CBS from September 11, 1967, to March 29, 1978, for 279 episodes, and again with nine episodes in the fall of 1991. The series originated in CBS Television City's Studio 33 and won 25 prime-time Emmy Awards, was ranked No. 16 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time in 2002, and in 2007 was listed as one of Time magazine's \"100 Best TV Shows of All Time\". ", "Honorary member of Saturday Night Live (1975) \"5-timers club\", for those who have hosted \"SNL\" five times, even though he's only hosted four times.", "In 1973–74, Spitz appeared on TV's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. On the TV drama Emergency!, he portrayed Pete Barlow, who accidentally shoots his wife (played by Spitz's wife, Suzy). He also appeared briefly on the The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of then-Governor of California Ronald Reagan in September 1973.", "In 1976, she hosted Saturday Night Live during its first season. She was a guest in the fourth season of The Muppet Show in 1979. ", "Has appeared on the season finale of Saturday Night Live (1975) as herself on May 19, 2001.", "The Movie Guys: You appeared on Saturday Night Live for eight seasons. Which host was the most fun, and which one was the biggest jerk?", "In 1962 the syndicated columnist Larry Wolters reported on the expression in “Radio TV Gag Bag”. This column specialized in collecting jokes and bon mots that were broadcast on radio and television stations in the United States. Wolters identified the performer who delivered the line [CTHC]:" ]

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[ "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" is an English-language pangram (a phrase that contains all of the letters of the alphabet ). It has been used to test typewriters and computer keyboards , and in other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Due to its shortness and coherence, it has become widely known and is often used in visual arts.", "“The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” is an English pangram. It has been used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, and in other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.", "\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" is an English-language pangram—a phrase that contains all of the letters of the alphabet. It is commonly used for touch-typing practice. It is also used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, show fonts, and other applications involving all of the letters in the English alphabet. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.", "This famous sentence - \"A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" - is an example of a pangram containing all the letters of the English alphabet. According to Wikipedia , the sentence first appeared in The Michigan School Moderator in 1995.", "\"Big fjiords vex quick waltz nymph\" is a pangram! \"The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog\" is a pangram!", "Sometimes, an alternate variation of a pangram is used to include more symbols in the total. A common example is, in English, \" The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 's back\" which includes an apostrophe by adding \"dog's back\" to the phrase.", "'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog' is a pangram 'abbdefghijklmnopqrstuVwxYz' is not a pangram 'How vexingly quick daft zebras jump!' is a pangram", "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog . (35 letters) (Used to test typewriters and computer keyboards, and as sample text; famous for its coherency, dating back to 1888. Sometimes erroneously quoted with “jumped”, omitting the letter s.)", "The earliest known appearance of the phrase is from The Michigan School Moderator, a journal that provided many teachers with education-related news and suggestions for lessons. In an article titled \"Interesting Notes\" in the March 14, 1885 issue, the phrase is given as a suggestion for writing practice: \"The following sentence makes a good copy for practice, as it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'\" Note that the phrase in this case begins with the word \"A\" rather than \"The\". Several other early sources also use this variation.", "9. The sentence \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" uses every letter in the alphabet.", "Then try writing \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\" over and over again. Since this sentence contains every letter of the alphabet, it's a good one to practice with.", "The sentence “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.” uses every letter of the alphabet!", "*The sentence \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" uses every letter in the alphabet. It was developed by Western Union to test telex communications.", "264. The sentence \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\" uses every letter in the alphabet and was developed by Western Union to test telex/twx communications.", "Close variations are often created when the phrase is used in the arts. In the card game Magic: The Gathering, a \"joke card\" from the Unhinged series was created with a game-related variation of the phrase, \"The quick onyx goblin jumps over the lazy dwarf.\" [13] In the Peanuts comic strip for May 27, 1974, Snoopy, having been entrusted by Lucy to ghostwrite her a biography of Ludwig van Beethoven , only writes on his typewriter “The quick brown fox jumps over the unfortunate dog” [14] because that phrase was all he ever learned to type.", "Gray looks at Hard Times (the performing dogs), Bleak House (a dog is the first animal seen in the book), Dombey and Son (discussing how Diogenes brings vitality to the novel), Little Dorrit (Lion is the faithful dog belonging to the cruel and careless Henry Gowan), and David Copperfield (the defining dog being Jip, inseparable from Dora; there is also the terrible black dog that charges David on his return after his mother’s marriage – in some part an interpretation of the terrible Mr Murdstone). In Great Expectations Gray again sees the convict Magwitch as being another ‘dog metaphor’: leaping on Pip and scaring him in the graveyard, gobbling his food, skulking on the marshes, and his eventual sudden, furtive, scruffy reappearance.", "3. I (train trains) dogs. 4. It (jump jumps) on things. 5. They (chew chews) the furniture. 6. He (play plays) with the cats. 7. You (feeds feed) the cat. 8. It (chase chases) the ball. 9. She (make makes) the dog stay. 10. They (like likes) bones. 11. I (give gives) the dog commands. 12. It (obey obeys) me. ExErcisE 2 Complete each sentence by", "\"Neither dog nor cat nor monkey nor any creature that we are familiar with. I have tried to reconstruct it from the measurements. Here are four prints where the beast has been standing motionless. You see that it is no less than fifteen inches from fore-foot to hind. Add to that the length of neck and head, and you get a creature not much less than two feet long—probably more if there is any tail. But now observe this other measurement. The animal has been moving, and we have the length of its stride. In each case it is only about three inches. You have an indication, you see, of a long body with very short legs attached to it. It has not been considerate enough to leave any of its hair behind it. But its general shape must be what I have indicated, and it can run up a curtain, and it is carnivorous.\"", "The dog Toby follows the scent, followed by Holmes and Watson. 1903 illustration by Frederic Henry Townsend.", "Let t1, t2, t3, t4 be the time the dog takes to traverse each side of", "4 Pics 1 Word Answers: Level 115 – BARK – A dog barks, a dog barks, a heart carved into a tree, tree barks", "This form stands approximately 3 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 m) high, and stands and hops in a similar fashion to a kangaroo. In at least one sighting, the creature hopped 20 feet (6 m).", "Sweep: A dimwitted grey spaniel who loves bones and eating sausages. Sooty's best friend. Only speaks by squeaking. Sweep is also secretly Superdog! A canine super hero!", "��� Don�t stop there. Find the dog on the left. Is he friendly or mean? And what is the deal with the ladder resting against a tree without even a single leaf? Is someone trying to get to the bird in the tree, or did the bird need to use the ladder itself?", "* Three-Headed Dog - Fluffy is a giant three-headed dog who is used as one of the guardians for the Philosopher's Stone.", "This makes the position of the dog at time (t > a) a periodic function of", "movements of progression elicited when the animal is held upright and inclined forward with the feet touching a flat surface.", ", or hole in the skull through which the spinal cord passes, pointed downward and was nearly at the central balance point of the skull.  This meant that the Taung child must have been bipedal.  In addition, the canine", "* To dexter or the viewer's left is the direction animals are presumed to face, so it is never specified, but may (rarely) be indicated of a human or human-like being.", "Screw the Pooch: To mess up in a big way. Usually followed by a visit with the old man.", "An animal with two feet is called a biped. The word comes from Latin, and the equivalent term for an animal with four feet is \"quadruped.\"", "As Quote Investigator explains, allegories about animals doing impossible things have been incredibly popular in the past century. But no, this one isn't from Einstein. (Source: [13] .)" ]

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[ "On 1 August 1876, sixteen years after the territory’s formation, the State of Colorado was admitted to the Union and became the 38th state. That year, the U.S. was celebrating the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which happened in July 1776. Among the events held that year was the Centennial Exposition, which was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was the first World's Fair to be held in the U.S. As the only state admitted that year — the only one between 1867 and 1889, in fact — Colorado quickly became known as the Centennial State by locals and strangers alike.", "U.S. #1711 commemorates the centennial anniversary of the state known as the “Centennial State.” Colorado is so named because it became the 38th state of the Union on August 1, 1876, the centennial year of American independence.", "The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state.[8] On August 1, 1876 (28 days after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting the State of Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker \"Centennial State\". The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878, triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 envigorated silver mining, but the repeal of the act in 1893 led to a major collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of the state.", "The Colorado territory officially became the nation’s 38th state on August 1, 1876, almost exactly 100 years after the nation declared its independence – hence its nickname, the Centennial State.", "On this day in 1876, Colorado became the 38th state to join the Union when President Ulysses Grant signed a proclamation of statehood. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed its first bid.", "Augusta 1st, 1876- Colorado, the Rocky Mountain State, is admitted to the Union, becoming the 38th star on the American flag.", "You would think Colorado would be known as the \"Rocky Mountain State.\" But its nickname is the \"Centennial State.\" That is because it became a state in 1876, exactly 100 years after the nation declared its independence.", "In 1877, one star was added to the United States flag, representing Colorado, bringing the total number of stars to 38. Several unofficial designs with concentric circles became popular, probably caused by the popular First Centennial designs used in the 1876 celebrations. Versions of the flag included both elongated and regular circle versions.", "Indiana is a U.S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the contiguous United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan , on the east by Ohio , and on the west by Illinois , while Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates Indiana from Kentucky on the south.", "            1889 –Thursday-  President Grover Cleveland signed a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states. This was the Enabling Act, an act to provide for the division of Dakota Territory into two states and to enable the people of", "In the early 19th century, there were an equal number of free and slave states.  Missouri, a pro-slave region, wanted to join the Union but abolitionists worried that this would offset the balance and give the slave states the upper hand.  Maine, an anti-slavery region, seized the opportunity and agreed to join the Union as a free state – keeping the balance between abolition and pro-slavery and getting to be their own state.  Thus, under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri joined the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state.  And was forced to adopt “ME” as its abbreviation because Massachusetts (MA), Michigan (MI), and Minnesota (MN) beat them in the statehood race.", "Other states that are sometimes considered border states include Tennessee, Oklahoma, and Kansas. All of these states had strong support for both the Confederacy and the Union.", "When Florida became a state on March 3, 1845, it created an imbalance between free and slave states in the Union. Since about the beginning of the 19th century, free and slave states were admitted to the Union in pairs, the most notable pair being Maine and Missouri in the Missouri Compromise. Michigan and Arkansas followed about 15 years later, and eight years after that it was time for a new round. With Florida's admission, Iowa was the next candidate for statehood.", "Nebraska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 37th state on March 1, 1867. Nebraska is bounded by the state of South Dakota to the north, with the Missouri River making up about one-fourth of that boundary and the whole of Nebraska’s boundaries with the states of Iowa and Missouri to the east. The boundary with Kansas to the south was established when the two territories were created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. In the southwestern part of the state, the boundary with Colorado forms a right angle (south and west), which creates Nebraska’s panhandle, to the west of which is the boundary with Wyoming . Lincoln , in the southeastern part of the state, is the capital.", "Wyoming is in the western United States. It is bordered by Montana on the north, South Dakota and Nebraska on the east, Colorado and Utah on the south, and Utah, Idaho and Montana on the west. The land within these borders was first called Wyoming in 1865, when a member of the U.S. Congress from Ohio suggested that a new territory be carved from Dakota, Utah, and Idaho territories.", " West Virginia is a state in the Appalachia / Upland South region of the United States. West Virginia broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War and was admitted to the Union as a separate state on June 20, 1863. It is the only state formed as a direct result of the American Civil War, and the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state. West Virginia is one of the Border States. The Census Bureau considers West Virginia part of the South because most of the state is below the Mason-Dixon Line, though its northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio with Weirton on a parallel with Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "To balance the number of \"slave states\" and \"free states,\" the northern region of what was then Massachusetts ultimately gained admission into the United States as a free state to become Maine. This only occurred as a result of a compromise involving slavery in Missouri, and in the federal territories of the American west. ", "Wyoming, constituent state of the United States of America. Wyoming became the 44th state of the Union on July 10, 1890. It ranks 10th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Colorado to the south, Utah to the southwest, and Idaho to the west. Cheyenne , the capital, is located in the southeastern corner of the state.", "More fun state facts in our 50 States video series. Indiana is the second state to be introduced. Stay tuned for more.", "1820: The U.S. population is about 9.6 million. About 151,000 new immigrants arrive in 1820 alone. Maine is the 23rd state admitted to the Union. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions passed in the United States Congress concerning Western Territories.", "Missouri is the 24th state to be admitted in the union on August 10, 1821. It is located in the Midwest region of the United States. It is bordered by Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa. It is ranked 18th in population. It is composed of 114 counties and 1 independent city. The state capital is Jefferson City.", "1821: James Monroe is sworn in as President for a 2nd term with Daniel Tompkins as Vice President. Missouri is the 24th state admitted to the Union. Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state, which had been in the territory, was commonly known as the \"Missouri Country\" until May 30, 1854, and certain of the post offices in this area show a Missouri abbreviation in the postmark.", "Oklahoma (Cherokee: Asgaya gigageyi / ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎦᎨᏱ; or transliterated from English as ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ (òɡàlàhoma), Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa, Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning \"red people\". It is also known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State, in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on the choicest pieces of land before the official opening date, and the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which opened the door for white settlement in America's Indian Territory. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged and Indian was dropped from the name. On November 16, 1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally \"Okies\", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.", "Montana, nicknamed \"Big Sky Country,\" was admitted into the Union on November 8, 1889, becoming the Nation's 41st state. The reverse of Montana's quarter features a bison skull depicted above the diverse Montana landscape with the inscription \"Big Sky Country.\" The coin also bears the inscriptions \"Montana\" and \"1889.\"", "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "June 1, 1796 � Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States. - Democratic Underground", "Oregon became a state on Feb. 14, 1859. It was the 33rd state to join the union.", "Tennessee became a state on June 1, 1796. It was the 16th state to join the union. Was Southwest Territory before statehood.", "32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the \"Evergreen State\".", "1. Which is the only US state that does not have a straight line in its borders?", "If the District were to achieve statehood, what name has been suggested for the new state?" ]

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[ "Washington, D.C. – On October 9th, 1967, Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara was put to death by Bolivian soldiers, trained, equipped and guided by U.S. Green Beret and CIA operatives. His execution remains a historic and controversial event; and thirty years later, the circumstances of his guerrilla foray into Bolivia, his capture, killing, and burial are still the subject of intense public interest and discussion around the world.", "On October 9th, 1967, Ernesto “Che” Guevara was put to death by Bolivian soldiers, trained, equipped and guided by U.S. Green Beret and CIA operatives. His execution remains a historic and controversial event; and thirty years later, the circumstances of his guerrilla foray into Bolivia, his capture, killing, and burial are still the subject of intense public interest and discussion around the world.", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara ( 14 June 1928 – 9 October 1967 ), commonly known as Che Guevara, El Che, or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary , politician , author , physician , military theorist , and guerrilla leader during the Cuban revolution . Following his execution in Bolivia , he became both a stylised countercultural icon and symbol of rebellion for leftist movements worldwide.", "* July 13 – The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades. Guevara and his comrades were executed on 9 October 1967 in Bolivia.", "The United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been active in providing finances and training to the Bolivian military dictatorship in the 1960s. The revolutionary leader Che Guevara was killed by a team of CIA officers and members of the Bolivian Army on 9 October 1967, in Bolivia. Félix Rodríguez was a CIA officer on the team with the Bolivian Army that captured and shot Guevara. Rodriguez said that after he received a Bolivian presidential execution order, he told \"the soldier who pulled the trigger to aim carefully, to remain consistent with the Bolivian government's story that Che had been killed in action during a clash with the Bolivian army.\" Rodriguez said the US government had wanted Che in Panama, and \"I could have tried to falsify the command to the troops, and got Che to Panama as the US government said they had wanted\", but that he had chosen to \"let history run its course\" as desired by Bolivia.", "* On November 9, 2007, the British House of Commons held an early day motion proposed by John McDonnell and signed by 27 other members of parliament which read: \"This House notes that 9 October marks the 40th anniversary of the murder of Ernesto Che Guevara in Bolivia; further notes the inspiration that Che Guevara has brought to national liberation movements and millions of socialists around the world; and believes that the sustained social gains of the Cuban revolution and the government of Evo Morales in Bolivia are fitting tributes to his legacy.\" ", "1967: While in Bolivia attempting to foment a socialist revolution, Che Guevara is captured and executed.", "Ernesto Guevara Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (1928-1967) was an Argentine physician and revolutionary who played a key role in the Cuban Revolution. He also served in the government of Cuba after the communist takeover before leaving Cuba to try and stir up rebellions in Africa and South America. He was captured and executed by Bolivian security forces in 1967. Today, he is considered by many to be a symbol of rebellion and idealism, while others see him as a murderer. Ernesto was born...", "Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, one of the main architects of the Cuban revolution and an iconic Marxist figure, was executed on this day in 1967 in the Bolivian jungle on the orders of President René Barrientos.", "Born in Rosario, Argentina, in 1928, Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara de la Serna studied medicine before traveling around South America, observing conditions that spurred his Marxist beliefs. He aided Fidel Castro in overturning the Batista government in the late 1950s, and then held key political offices during Castro's regime. Guevara later engaged in guerrilla action elsewhere, including in Bolivia, where he was captured and executed in 1967.", "In 1967, an active guerrilla movement with pro-Castro tendencies emerged in southeastern Bolivia. The Bolivian authorities imprisoned the French intellectual Jules Régis Debray, who revealed that the famous comrade of Fidel Castro, Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara, was leading the guerrilla movement. Later in the year, the Bolivian army apprehended and killed Guevara.", "Southern Command, Activities of the 2nd Ranger Battalion and Death of Che Guevara: The U.S. Special Forces Group, which trained the Bolivan military units that captured Che Guevara, conducted an extensive debriefing of members of the 2nd Ranger Battalion. This report, based on interviews by a member of the U.S. Mobile Training Team in Bolivia with key Bolivian commanders, documents the military movements, and engagement with Che Guevara's guerrilla band. The sources also provide key details and descriptions of his capture, interrogation and execution, although it makes no mention of the CIA official, Felix Rodriguez, who was present. Guevara's last words to the soldier who shot him are reported as: \"Know this now, you are killing a man.\"", "Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, one of the major figures of Castro's Cuban revolution, was executed on the orders of the Bolivian president on this day in 1967.", "In November 1966 he surfaced in Bolivia to organize a revolt by local Communist insurgents. However, the \"revolution\" there didn't garner much support from the Bolivian peasantry, most of whom were poorly uneducated (or not educated at all) and spoke mostly local Indian dialects rather than Spanish, which made communication with them difficult. They also preferred to support the Bolivian government rather than a group of mostly foreign revolutionaries they neither knew nor trusted, and they often reported the locations and numbers of Che's forces to Bolivian military authorities. After a long and unsuccessful campaign during which Che's men were relentlessly pursued and whittled down by government troops, his \"revolt\" in Bolivia came to an abrupt end. On October 7, 1967, he and the surviving members of his group were ambushed and captured by government soldiers. Two days later, on October 9, Che was executed by a Bolivian firing squad, supposedly acting under orders from the CIA, which was training the Bolivian army.", "The National Liberation Army of Bolivia (ELN-Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia) was a communist guerrilla force that operated from the remote Ñancahuazú region against the pro-U.S. Bolivian government. They were joined by Che Guevara in the mid-1960s. The ELN was well equipped and scored a number of early successes against the Bolivian army in the difficult terrain of the mountainous Camiri region.Rodriguez (1989) In the late 1960s, the CIA deployed teams of Paramilitary Operations Officers to Bolivia to train the Bolivian army in order to counter the ELN. These teams linked up with U.S. Army Special Forces and Bolivian Special Forces to track down and capture Guevara, who was a special prize because of his leading role in the Cuban Revolution. On October 9, 1967, Guevara was executed by Bolivian soldiers on the orders of CIA paramilitary operative Félix Rodríguez shortly after being captured, according to CIA documents. ", "OCTOBER 18, 1967: The U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia sends an airgram to the Department of State with the Official Confirmation of Death of Che Guevara. (U.S. Embassy, La Paz, Bolivia, 10/18/97)", "OCTOBER 10, 1967: Two doctors,. Moisés Abraham Baptista and José Martínez Cazo, at the Hospital Knights of Malta, Vallegrande, Bolivia, sign a death certificate for Che Guevara. The document states that \"on October 9 at 5:30 p.m., there arrived...Ernesto Guevara Lynch, approximately 40 years of age, the cause of death being multiple bullet wounds in the thorax and extremities. Preservative was applied to the body.\" On the same day, and autopsy report records the multiple bullets wounds found in Guevara's body. \"The cause of death,\" states the autopsy report, \"was the thorax wounds and consequent hemorrhaging.\" (U.S. Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, Airgram, 10/18/67)", "Guevara's location was still not public knowledge. Representatives of Mozambique 's independence movement, the FRELIMO, reported that they met with Guevara in late 1966 or early 1967 in Dar es Salaam regarding his offer to aid in their revolutionary project, which they ultimately rejected. In a speech at the 1967 International Workers' Day rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Major Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was \"serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America\". The persistent reports that he was leading the guerrillas in Bolivia were eventually shown to be true.", "U.S. Army, Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Activation, Organization and Training of the 2d Battalion - Bolivian Army, April 28, 1967: This memorandum of understanding, written by the head of the U.S. MILGP (Military Group) in Bolivia and signed by the commander of the Bolivian armed forces, created the Second Ranger Battalion to pursue Che Guevara's guerrilla band. The agreement specifies the mission of a sixteen-member Green Beret team of U.S. special forces, drawn from the 8th Special Forces division of the U.S. Army Forces at Southcom in Panama, to \"produce a rapid reaction force capable of counterinsurgency operations and skilled to the degree that four months of intensive training can be absorbed by the personnel presented by the Bolivian Armed Forces.\" In October, the 2nd Battalion, aided by U.S. military and CIA personnel, did engage and capture Che Guevara's small band of rebels.", "In 1967, Ernesto 'Che' Guevara leads a small partisan army to fight an ill-fated revolutionary guerrilla war in Bolivia, South America.", "Che was tied up and hauled off to be interrogated at the village of La Higuera. He refused to cooperate with his captors. On October 9, the Bolivian President, René Barrientos ordered the execution of Che.", "In July 1997, Guevara’s skeleton and those of six other revolutionaries were located near the Vallegrande airstrip in southern Bolivia and returned to Cuba for reburial. In October of that year, Guevara and his companions were buried in Santa Clara, the city where he had won a decisive victory in the Cuban Revolution in 1958.", "1967: Che Guevara 'shot dead'. Marxist revolutionary Ernesto 'Che' Guevara is reportedly killed during a battle between army troops and guerillas in the Bolivian jungle.", "As a young medical student, Guevara traveled throughout Latin America and was transformed by the endemic poverty he witnessed. His experiences and observations during these trips led him to conclude that the region's ingrained economic inequalities were an intrinsic result of monopoly capitalism, neo-colonialism, and imperialism, with the only remedy being world revolution. This belief prompted his involvement in Guatemala's social reforms under President Jacobo Arbenz, whose eventual CIA-assisted overthrow solidified Guevara's radical ideology. Later, in Mexico, he met Fidel Castro and joined his 26th of July Movement. In December 1956, he was among the revolutionaries who invaded Cuba under Castro's leadership with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to Comandante, and played a pivotal role in the successful guerrilla campaign that deposed Batista. Following the Cuban revolution, Guevara reviewed the appeals of those convicted as war criminals during the revolutionary tribunals.Later he served as minister of industry and president of the national bank, before traversing the globe as a diplomat to meet an array of world leaders on behalf of Cuban socialism. He was also a prolific writer and diarist, composing a seminal manual on the theory and practice of guerrilla warfare, along with an acclaimed memoir about his motorcycle journey across South America. Guevara left Cuba in 1965 to incite revolutions first in an unsuccessful attempt in Congo-Kinshasa and then in Bolivia, where he was captured with the help of the CIA and executed.", "Bolivia - A CIA-organized military operation captures legendary guerilla Che Guevara. The CIA wants to keep him alive for interrogation, but the Bolivian government executes him to prevent worldwide calls for clemency.", "The Bolivian Rangers captured Ché Guevara on October 8, 1967, at a ravine called El Yuro. The next day he was executed. His body was photographed on a stone slab in a small hut for the whole world to see. On October 12, an American State Department analysis of Ché's death predicted, \"Guevara will be eulogized as the model revolutionary who met a heroic death.\"", "Guevara, keen to ignite \"many Vietnams,\" chose impoverished Bolivia in part because of its proximity to his Argentine homeland, where he hoped to jump-start an insurgency. Today's Cuban volunteers in Bolivia live by the credo \"Seremos como El Che! (We will be like Che!)\" the communist island's signature chant.", "In 1965 Guevara decided to venture to West Africa and offer his knowledge and experience as a guerrilla to the ongoing conflict in the Congo. According to Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella, Guevara thought that Africa was imperialism's weak link and therefore had enormous revolutionary potential. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser who had fraternal relations with Che dating back to his 1959 visit, saw Guevara's plans to fight in the Congo as \"unwise\" and warned that he would become a \" Tarzan\" figure, doomed to failure. Despite the warning, Guevara led the Cuban operation in support of the Marxist Simba movement, which had emerged from the ongoing Congo Crisis. Guevara, his second-in-command Victor Dreke, and twelve other Cuban expeditionaries arrived in the Congo on April 24, 1965 with a contingent of approximately 100 Afro-Cubans joining them soon afterward. They collaborated for a time with guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who had previously helped supporters of the slain Patrice Lumumba lead an unsuccessful revolt months earlier. Disillusioned with the discipline of Kabila's troops, Guevara would dismiss him, stating \"nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour.\"", "Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967. (p 785)", "OCTOBER 9, 1967: Early in the morning, the unit receives the order to execute Guevara and the other prisoners. Lt. Pérez asks Guevara if he wishes anything before his execution. Guevara replies that he only wishes to “die with a full stomach.” Pérez asks him if he is a “materialist” and Guevara answers only “perhaps.” When Sgt. Terán (the executioner) enters the room, Guevara stands up with his hands tied and states, “I know what you have come for I am ready.” Terán tells him to be seated and leaves the room for a few moments. While Terán was outside, Sgt. Huacka enters another small house, where “Willy” was being held, and shoots him. When Terán comes back, Guevara stands up and refuses to be seated saying: “I will remain standing for this.” Terán gets angry and tells Guevara to be seated again. Finally, Guevara tells him: “Know this now, you are killing a man.” Terán fires his M2 Carbine and kills him. (Dept. of Defense Intelligence Information Report – 11/28/67).", "OCTOBER 9, 1967: Early in the morning, the unit receives the order to execute Guevara and the other prisoners. Lt. PTrez asks Guevara if he wishes anything before his execution. Guevara replies that he only wishes to \"die with a full stomach.\" PTrez asks him if he is a \"materialist\" and Guevara answers only \"perhaps.\" When Sgt. Terran (the executioner) enters the room, Guevara stands up with his hands tied and states, \"I know what you have come for I am ready.\" Terran tells him to be seated and leaves the room for a few moments. While Terran was outside, Sgt. Huacka enters another small house, where \"Willy\" was being held, and shoots him. When Terran comes back, Guevara stands up and refuses to be seated saying: \"I will remain standing for this.\" Terran gets angry and tells Guevara to be seated again. Finally, Guevara tells him: \"Know this now, you are killing a man.\" Terran fires his M2 Carbine and kills him. (Dept. of Defense Intelligence Information Report - 11/28/67).", "Ernesto \"Che\" Guevara (June 14,The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14, 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on May 14 of that year. Constenla alleges that she was told by Che's mother, Celia de la Serna, that she was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch were married and that the date on the birth certificate of their son was forged to make it appear that he was born a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal. (Anderson 1997, pp. 3, 769.) 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as el Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist." ]

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[ "Based on the 1960s Japanese-manga-derived animated TV series of the same name, SPEED RACER follows the adventures of the title character (Emile Hirsch), a young race car driver who sits behind the wheel of the lightning-fast Mach 5 vehicle. Aided by his family, which includes Pops Racer (John Goodman) and Mom Racer (Susan Sarandon), and his devoted doe-eyed girlfriend, Trixie (Christina Ricci), Speed racks up victory after victory, but still lives in the shadow of his late older brother, Rex (Scott Porter), who died in a race. When Speed garners the wrath of Royalton Industries, he must team up with the enigmatic...", "* The Mach Five ( Mahha-gō?) is the racing car Speed Racer (Go Mifune in the Japanese version) drives in the anime series of the same name (known as \"Mach Go! Go! Go!\" in Japan)", "The English rights to Mach GoGoGo were immediately acquired by American syndicator Trans-Lux . Speed Racer premiered on American television in the fall of 1967. In the series, Speed’s full name was Go Mifune, in homage to Japanese film star Toshirō Mifune . His name, Americanized, became Speed Racer. His adventures centered on his powerful Mach 5 car, his girlfriend Trixie , his little brother Spritle with pet chimp Chim-Chim , and his mysterious older brother, Racer X . [4] For American consumption, major editing and dubbing efforts were undertaken by producer Peter Fernandez , who also provided the voices of many of the characters, most notably Racer X and Speed Racer himself. Fernandez was also responsible for a rearrangement of the theme song's melody, written by Nobuyoshi Koshibe , and subsequently wrote its English lyrics. [5] The theme was performed in the opening and closing titles (uncredited) by Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass.", "The Mach 5, Speed Racer's car (\"Mach Go,\" or \"Mach,\" in the Japanese version), is a technological marvel, containing useful pieces of equipment. Gō Mifune/Speed Racer easily deployed these gadgets by pressing buttons marked \"A\" through \"G\" on the steering wheel hub (although there are buttons on the steering wheel in the manga, the letter designations are exclusive to the anime and the 2008 live action film). This uniquely designed car, built with a sleek coke bottle bodystyle, has a white exterior with a large \"M\" on its hood, the logo for the family business, Mifune Motors (changed to Pops Motors in the anime and Racer Motors in the live action film). The two-seat car had a mostly red-colored interior. The number 5 is emblazoned on both side doors of the car. In the manga and anime this is the car's racing number; in the film, it is because it is the fifth car built in Pops' \"Mach\" series of racing vehicles. Although technically inferior to other racing vehicles such as the Mammoth Car and the GRX, the Mach 5 manages to win most races because of Speed's superior driving skill.", "Speed Racer, also known as , is a Japanese animated franchise about automobile racing. Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print in Shueisha's 1966 Shōnen Book. It was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, and later re-released in Japan by Fusosha. Adapted into anime by Tatsunoko Productions, its 52 episodes aired on Fuji TV from April 1967 to March 1968. The anime was later re-broadcast on Tokyo MX from July 1 to September 25, 2008.", "RC ERTL has produced Speed Racer's Mach 5 in 1:18 Die Cast Form with many features of the animated car, including pop out saw blades, ion jacks, opening doors, hood and trunk. It includes Spritle Racer and Chim-Chim figures. Special variants were made with decals celebrating Racer X and other characters from the series as part of the 35th Anniversary Edition in 2001. A similar die-cast version of Racer X's Shooting Star was produced as well. It has now been retired from production and is a sought-after collectible.", "Speed Racer is an English adaptation name of the Japanese manga and anime , Mach Go Go Go (マッハGoGoGo, Mahha Gō Gō Gō ? ) which centered on automobile racing . Mach GoGoGo was originally serialized in print form in Shueisha 's 1958 Shōnen Book , and was released in tankōbon book form by Sun Wide Comics, re-released in Japan by Fusosha. From 1967 to 1968 it ran as a television series in the United States, with 52 episodes. Selected chapters of the manga were released by NOW Comics in the 1990s under the title Speed Racer Classics, later released by the DC Comics division, Wildstorm Productions under the title Speed Racer: The Original Manga. In 2008, under the name of its Americanized title, Speed Racer, Mach GoGoGo, in its entirety, was re-published in the United States by Digital Manga Publishing and was released as a box set , used to commemorate the franchise's 40th anniversary and also served as a tie-in to coincide with the 2008 film . It was published under the title Speed Racer: Mach Go Go Go as part of the company's DMP Platinum imprint. The actual television series itself is an early example of an anime becoming a successful franchise in the United States , which spawned multiple spinoff versions, in both print and broadcast media.", "Blocker, a performance automobile fan, once owned a 1965 Chevrolet Chevelle SS396 \"Z-16\" (RPO Z16 option) as Chevrolet was the commercial sponsor of the show. He also owned a 1965 Huffaker Genie MK10 race car, nicknamed the \"Vinegaroon.\" The car was run by Nickey Chevrolet in the 1965 and 1966 US Road Racing Championship series as well as the 1966 Can-Am championship. [8]", "The popular cartoons inspired a run on roadrunnerisms. Los Angeles Dodger and base stealer Maury Wills was tagged \"Roadrunner\" back in the 1960s. From 1968-74 Chrysler Corporation made the Plymouth Road Runner, a midsize muscle car (available with a huge 426-cubic engine) that used the cartoon bird's image and even its \"Beep beep\" in advertising. Richard Petty and other car racers drove a special Road Runner Superbird, with a three-and-a-half-foot-tall tail fin. You can catch one of these speed machines on the historic car market for about $70,000.", "The Shooting Star is Racer X's car, colored bright yellow with a black front bumper and numbered 9 on the hood and sides. The car's engine is located in the back, and it is a very agile machine, often displaying abilities akin to and above those of the Mach Five. Many of its high-tech features allowed Racer X to keep an eye on Speed Racer, who is his younger brother.", "Eldon Intelligent car. Looks like a AMC Pacer crossed with Deora. From about 1968. These foot long battery powered cars or truck, you place these small triangular pieces in the back and turn it on. It would follow the commands of the signs in back of the car! The plastic pieces look like the controls Superman had in his Fortress of Solitude or the crystals that controled the doomsday bomb in Beneath The Planet Of the Apes, on back they are all different designs, and when they hit the rotating motor inside, it would turn right, left, back up, u turn, quite intelligent for late 1960s. Compare it to modern Roomba.", "Retro motor racing prints, posters and photos, comprising a lithographic print of an artwork depicting the 1962 French GP winning Porsche of Dan Gurney leading Graham Hill's BRM at Rouen, 43 by 59cm., 17 by 23in., a 1984 Auto Art at Miami event poster after Hector Luis Bergandi featuring the Bob Tulius no.44 Jaguar XJR-5, rolled 61 by 48cm., 24 by 19in., a 1999 Goodwood Festival of Speed poster after P.Hearsey and signed by him in ink, rolled, 76 by 51cm., 30 by 20in., plus two enlarged b&w photographic prints: the 1952 Mille Miglia Ferrari 225.S V12 Vignale Spider of Paulo Marzotto & Marino Marini and the 1961 Targa Florio race winning Olivier Gendebien & Wolfgang von Trips Ferrari V6, both rolled, 43 by 69cm., 17 by 27in. (5)", "The Jaguar E-Type, or the Jaguar XK-E for the North American market, is a British sports car, which was manufactured by Jaguar Cars Ltd between 1961 and 1975. Its combination of beauty, high performance, and competitive pricing established the marque as an icon of 1960s motoring. At a time when most cars had drum brakes, live rear axles, and mediocre performance, the E-Type sprang on the scene with 150 mph and a sub-7 second 0–60 time, monocoque construction, disc brakes, rack and pinion steering, independent front and rear suspension, and unrivaled looks. The E-Type was based on Jaguar's D-Type racing car which had won the 24 Hours of Le Mans three consecutive years (1955–1957) and, as such, it employed the racing design of a body tub attached to a tubular framework, with the engine bolted directly to the framework. ", "In the years that followed, early greats such as Alberto Ascari , Juan Manuel Fangio and Jack Brabham claimed wins. Sir Stirling Moss only ever won at Aintree. But through a dominant decade, it was the Brits that ruled the sixties. Jim Clark , Sir Jackie Stewart and Graham Hill changed the face of British Motor Sport. They were celebrities and inspired generations of racers. Hill never won at his home event but Clark and Stewart shared five Silverstone wins. Including successes elsewhere, Clark won the British Grands Prix five times, a joint record with Alain Prost .", "Here is a list of cars from the Speed Racer Film and the original series Speed Racer (1967) , as well as various Speed Racer media.", "He delivered a win at Daytona with Ken Miles and Lloyd Ruby in GT/103 and a Second Place at Sebring with Ken Miles and Bruce McLaren in the same car. Shelby also ran the first MK II at Le Mans in June of ’65. Meanwhile, John Wyer continued development of the customer 289 GT40 racing cars.", "Roger Moore next to one of the 1967 cars, NUV647E, which featured sports wheels and were used until the end of the series. Polygram/Pictorial Press.", "The sports car carried the title: SS Jaguar \"100\". One of the finest looking cars of all time, only 198 of the 2 1⁄2-litre and 116 of the 3 1⁄2-litre models were made and with a 100 mph (160 km/h) top speed and 0-60 mph time of 11 seconds the survivors are highly sought after, rarely coming on the market.", "1970's Supercar Carrera Racing Racecar.(The world series of sports car racing). Variants of the “flat-12” powerplant used were capable of powering this design from: 0-62 mph (100 km/h) time of 2.3 sec...", "Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (pronounced /ˈbræbəm/), was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac , the team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2009, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.", "Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.", "'Indy 500' goes back to the future – A replica of a roadster built by the legendary A.J. Watson which competed in the 1960 Indianapolis 500. Sponsored by Dowgard, the car offers a detailed example of Watson-built cars during the roadster era of the 1950s and '60s. This car is powered by a 2 liter Alfa Romeo engine a with a 5-speed transmission. An Offenhauser engine would have been the typical Watson power plant of the period.", "Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500", "This model seems to be primarily an aesthetic upgrading of the original model. It appears to retain the laminated marine ply construction with a proprietary wood preservative treatment. The screen had become wrap-round and integrated with the rounded aerodynamic body shape. The gull wing doors were retained in a “bubble” type canopy over the cockpit. Triumph suspension was used and Standard 10 back axle. There seems to be a choice of engines including Ford [ohv] with twin carburetors. Disc brakes were fitted on the front wheels which might be standard pressed steel or mag-alloy. The editors believe it was first displayed at the Racing Car Show of 1963.", "In 1966 and 1967 Brabham won the drivers' and constructors' championships using Australian-built engines from Repco. During the 1960s Brabham was also the largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the world, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three, and competed in the Indianapolis 500.", "* Oldsmobile Starfire (1961–1966) - a sporty and luxurious hardtop coupe and convertible based on the 88. The Starfire featured interiors with leather bucket seats and a center console with floor shifter, along with a standard Hydra-Matic transmission, power steering and brakes (and power windows and seats on convertibles). It was powered by Oldsmobile's most powerful Rocket V8 engine, a 394 CID engine from 1961 to 1964 rated from 330 to , and a larger 425 CID Super Rocket V8 from 1965 to 1966, rated at .", "showroom before being sold in October 1957 to James Rattenbury, who actively raced the car in numerous events. He won his first known outing on the 20th of that month at Abbottsford. He returned to Abbotsford in March the following year, winning the race outright. For the remainder of the year, he competed in seven additional races, winning one and finishing on the podium three more times. At Ellensbury Airport in September, the car had been modified with a longer 95inch wheelbase, deDion rear axle, Thornton differential and Hillborn fuel injection. 1959 was equally successful for him. He entered eight races, winning twice and finishing on the podium twice as well. In fact, he was also running in first place at Deer Park in September before a crown and pinion broke.", "Wacky Races is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera. The series, inspired by the 1965 slapstick comedy film The Great Race, features 11 different cars racing against each other in various road rallies throughout North America, with each driver hoping to win the title of the \"World's Wackiest Racer.\" Wacky Races ran on CBS from September 14, 1968, to January 4, 1969. Seventeen episodes were produced, with each episode featuring two different races.", "Legends Car Racing — a racing sport using identical spec vehicles, with bodyshells made of 5/8-scale replicas of American automobiles from the 1930s and 1940s and powered by a Yamaha motorcycle engines.", "From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars, with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. Through the 1960s, as superspeedways were built and old dirt tracks were paved, the number of dirt races was reduced. ", "After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a distinct form of racing with its own classic races, and, from 1953, its own FIA-sanctioned World Championship. NASCAR's Strictly Stock Division was renamed the \"Grand National\" division beginning in the 1950 season. Over a period of more than a decade, modifications for both safety and performance were allowed, and by the mid-1960s, the vehicles were purpose-built race cars with a stock-appearing body.", "The 1980s brought a new generation of speedsters, led by four-time race winner Rick Mears who also broke the 220 mph (355 km/h) speed mark in qualifying (1989) and won six pole positions. Other stars of the decade included Danny Sullivan, Bobby Rahal, and F1 veteran Emerson Fittipaldi. The 1989 race came down to a final ten-lap, thrilling duel between Fittipaldi and Al Unser, Jr., culminating in Unser crashing in the third turn of the 199th lap after making contact with Fittpaldi's right front tire." ]

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[ "UNE IMPASSE is a street with no way out. In English we call this a cul-de-sac, which would be French for the bottom of a bag, only the word cul is far ruder than �bottom�. ", "UNE IMPASSE is a street with no way out. In English we call this a cul-de-sac, which would be French for the bottom of a bag, only the word cul is far ruder than �bottom�. ", "For instance, “cul-de-sac”. It means “bottom of the bag”, “end of the bag” or indeed “arse of the bag”. It refers to a turnaround road, and not a dead-end, per Daniel’s definition. Just like what happens when you get into the bottom of a bag, you have to turn around to come out again. Same with a cul-de-sac; go in, loop round, and come out again.", "This expression was originated in England by French-speaking aristocrats. Literally it means “bottom of a sack,” but generally it refers to a dead-end street. Cul-de-sac can also be used metaphorically to express an action that leads to nowhere or an impasse.", "Bottom of a sack is the english translation word for word of cul-de-sac. But when we say that in french, yes it means dead-end street.", "The term cul-de-sac, though of French origin, is not so used in France to describe a dead-end street. The French use mostly the word \"impasse\", though in Catalan this meaning is in use.", "A cul-de-sac, dead end (British, Hong Kong, Canadian, American, South African English, and Australian English, Hiberno-English), closed, no through road, a close (British, Canadian, and Australian English), no exit (New Zealand English) or court (American, Australian English) is a street with only one inlet/outlet. While historically built for other reasons, one of its modern uses is to calm vehicle traffic.", "Pronounced [kuhl-duh-sak], is another funny French phrase. “Butt of a bag,” meaning “bottom of the bag,” is the literal translation: cul (butt) de (of a) sac (bag), though the original meaning has nothing to do with how English or French speakers actually use the phrase.", "a passage or position with only one outlet; blind alley; specif., a dead-end street with a turnaround at the closed end", "Si, si, we still say cul-de-sac but since cul means \"bottom\", it is not written down on street signs, prudish town officials use voie sans issue instead.", "‘Cul’ in cul-de-sac is French for ‘bum’,’bottom’,’arse (ass)’, as in the thing that you sit upon.", "And I think the butt-of-the-sack implies that this kind of dead-end street MUST include a turn-around; otherwise it is just a dead-end, with no “butt”.", "name taken directly from the French, for the narrow pathway running around a fort between the bottom of its scarp-wall, and the inner edge of its defensive ditch; see also chemin des rondes", "My French friend laughed when he saw 'cul-de-sac' written on a street sign in the UK. He said that you would NEVER see that written on a street sign in France. When I asked him what would be on a French street sign he said 'voie sans issue'.", "Dead End. A branch leading from a soil, waste, or vent pipe, building drain, or building sewer, and terminating at a developed length of two feet or more by means of a plug, cap or other closed fitting.", "I heard that \"cul-de-sac\", although made up of French words, actually does not exist as a word in France. Is this true? And who wants to give me a mortgage?", "Turn right at the bottom and then left along Love Lane. After a short distance, turn right along Aldermanbury and follow it to the end.", "The round plan of the city, which was designed to protect it in the 13th century, was abandoned, and an orthogonal shape has taken over Europe in the 14th century. Traders had founded cities so they could freely engage in trade. In many cities in southern France there were in the Middle Ages streets carrying names associated with right angle. Street named \"Rue Droite, which means \"straight street\" is located in Nice,  and in Agen there is a street called  \"Rue de L'angle Droite\" (literally: right angle street). These streets are not always straight as indicated by their names. The names reflect, perhaps, these streets' preference.", "* In the Netherlands the equivalent term is steeg. Cities such as Amsterdam have many stegen running between the major streets, roughly parallel to each other but not at right angles to the streets. See. ", "Where a street crosses or forms (straddles) a boundary, its two sides sometimes have different names. Examples include Seton Avenue (Bronx) / Mundy Lane (Mount Vernon, New York); Station Road (Portslade) / Boundary Road (Hove, East Sussex); Lackman Road (Lenexa) / Black Bob Road (Olathe, Kansas); (Kerkrade, Netherlands) / (Herzogenrath, Germany), both names meaning \"New Street\".", "Geneva is fairly walkable but the fact that the name of some streets change frequently as you walk can make navigation difficult. For instance the street from Bel-Air square to Rive roundabout has five different names on a section of less than a kilometer.", "The sign is to be found at a simple crossroads, which is very low key ending for any road of note.", "* The N104, one of Paris's beltways, is also known as La Francilienne because it circles the region of Ile-de-France.", "Many downtown streets are one-way, which can complicate getting around. If you see a sign at an intersection that has direction arrows in a green circle, that means those are the only directions you are allowed to go. Most left turns are prohibited, although a flashing green light indicates a left-turn priority. Autoroutes (expressways or freeways) can be challenging for visitors, as signs are mostly in French.", "World’s End is a tiny crooked looking shop on the Kings Road, Chelsea, London. Set amongst the High Street stores, bars and coffee shops it could be quite unassuming if it weren’t for the huge clock on the front, with the hands going backwards – time never stands still in World’s End. Climb the crooked steps, ring the bell – no riff-raff please and enter through the crooked door.", "A side street led off from a road of shops → Une petite rue transversale partait d'une rue commerçante .", "The multi-lane highway around Paris, called the Périphérique (BP), is probably preferable to driving through the center. Another beltway nearing completion; L'A86 (also A186 and A286) loops around Paris about 10 km further out from the Périphérique. A third, incomplete beltway is much further out and called La Francilienne (N104).", "*World's End. A pub on the outskirts of a town, especially if on or beyond the protective city wall. Examples are found in Camden and Edinburgh.", "Aside from its obvious meaning, in road numbering terms this refers to a numbered route which does not provide the most direct way between its start and end points. A good example is the A404, which starts in central London and ends west of Maidenhead, but on the way goes almost as far north as Watford.", "b. A segment of a street bounded by consecutive cross streets and including its buildings and inhabitants.", "Streets increasingly have names, but the names are not widely known or mapped; use landmarks to navigate the city.", "These in France are still popularly known as \"routes nationales\". However, in the framework of \"regionalisation\", responsibility for most roads has been devolved to local authorities, and the concept of \"routes nationales\" has largely disappeared. The only \"N\" roads that now survive are ones that - in the absence of an \"autoroute\", form part of the strategic national road network, such as the N21 from Limoges to Tarbes, or the N13 from Cherbourg as far as Caen ." ]

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[ "Kimchi (also spelled “kimchee”) is a traditional Korean dish that uses the process of fermentation to pickle and preserve fresh vegetables. The spicy, crunchy, cabbage-based vegetable mixture has a texture similar to sauerkraut but boasts much bolder flavors thanks to garlic and spicy seasonings. Originally developed in 7th Century Korea as a means of storing vegetables during cold winters, the dish has been steadily — if slowly — gaining recognition beyond the boundaries of its native country.", "Kimchi, also spelled kimchee, is the most well-known Korean dish and has become a household name around the world. A staple food in Korea, it is made from fermented vegetables and is often eaten at every meal – yes, even for breakfast. While I love it, a good example illustrating how it's strong smell can affect people is when my dormmate in college, an exchange student from Bangladesh, ran out of the kitchen when one of the Korean students made kimchi stew.", "Kimchi is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with a variety of seasonings, and it is one of the most beloved dishes in Korea. There are hundreds of varieties of Kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient. In this video, K-Food supporters had an activity of making Kimchi and Yoogwa(Sweet Korean snacks) themselves in Jeonju, which is a famous city for keeping its Korean traditional beauties and tastes. Check this video and see how Kimchi is made. Also, hope this video makes you get interested in K-Food and familiar with Korean culture as well!", "Kimchi  is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made from various types of vegetables.  Most of the Kimchi you will find in restaurants in the little dish next to your main meal will be cabbage or radish. You could liken it to the German and east European sauerkraut, which is also pickled cabbage. However, kimchi also comes with a variety of seasonings, the most common being chilli which gives it the notable deep red colour. The mixture of its fermentation and seasoning gives it a characteristic spicy or sour taste. Despite being a side dish, there are many main dishes in which kimchi is used. It is also considered as Korea’s national dish. The English word for kimchi is kimchi. ", "But despite its growing popularity in restaurants from Los Angeles to London, South Korea's national dish is in crisis in its country of origin. To kimchi's basic ingredients of napa cabbage, garlic, seasoning and copious amounts of chilli power, we can now add a trade war with China and fears of lasting damage to Korean cultural identity.", "Hakusai is popular in many parts of Asia, where it is often pickled. In Korea, hakusai is the cabbage variety usually used to make kimchi, the nation's most famous dish.", "In Japan, Korea, and both northwest and southeast Asia, each person munches an average of ten to fifteen kilograms of kimchi a year. In South Korea alone, that is about four hundred tons per year or more of kimchi consumed than any other vegetable.", "Kimchi (also spelt as kimchee), is a traditional Korean dish of fermented chilli peppers with a variety of vegetables, the most common being made with Chinese cabbage. It’s deeply ingrained into Korean culture and whilst it is mostly served as a side dish, it can also be used as a basis for other meals such as fried rice, broths and stews. Many Koreans, myself included, will only last a few days before the cravings kick in and kimchi must be eaten in some shape or form.", "Kimchi (,;), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with a variety of seasonings. In traditional preparations, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months. There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as the main ingredients. ", "Most civilizations had some processes for fermenting food. The prime reason being for times of shortage. This is especially true in the Korean peninsula which has a particularly harsh winter. The preservation of vegetables in earthenware pots allowed people to consume vegetables for 3 to 4 months over winter. Korea has four distinct seasons and the cultivation of vegetables is too difficult after November. Despite this fact, kimchi has evolved to be eaten at different times of the year. Many different types of kimchi are suited to the four seasons. Before the age of refrigeration kimchi was stored in the giant earthenware pots which you can still see to this day. The same type of pots are also used to make various other types of fermented pastes. Modern Korea has now has kimchi fridges which can separate the rather pungent odours from the rest of the items in your fridge.", "Kimchi is a “great cultural myth from the old dynasty era of ancient Korea…” There is a superbly palate-pleasing kimchi to delight every taste. A global favorite, kimchi is a food that adds zest to all kinds of meals and its appeal cuts across all social, economic, ethnic and geographical boundaries. Kimchi is an exotic, super spicy side dish. While no one is quite sure whether kimchi is a pickle or a salad, its wide range of flavors, types and styles make it a palatable part of an irresistible side-dish, a great appetizer, and a naturally cultured healthy raw vegetable. Kimchi has been served daily with every meal throughout generations of Korea for thousands of years. Kimchi sparkles with the flavor of garlic, ginger, scallions and chilies. Kimchi adds zest to all goods. Kimchi is an excellent contributor to the human body. Unlike other similar foods, kimchi has its own unique nutritional value of promoting health and preventing disease, there is “none better” and it is “well worth” to the human diet.", "South Koreans consume 40 lb of kimchi per person annually, and some credit Korea's industrious energy as a people, and their nation's rapid economic growth, in part to eating the dish. Kimchi is made of various vegetables and contains a high concentration of dietary fiber, while being low in calories. One serving also provides over 50% of the daily recommended amount of vitamin C and carotene. Most types of kimchi contain onions, garlic, ginger, and chili peppers, all of which are salutary. The vegetables used in kimchi also contribute to its overall nutritional value. Kimchi is rich in vitamin A, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), calcium, and iron, and contains lactic acid bacteria, among those the typical species Lactobacillus kimchii. ", "Kimchi from the northern parts of Korea tend to have less salt and red chili and usually do not include brined seafood for seasoning. Northern kimchi often has a watery consistency. Kimchi made in the southern parts of Korea, such as Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do, uses salt, chili peppers and myeolchijeot (, brined anchovy allowed to ferment) or saeujeot (, brined shrimp allowed to ferment), myeolchiaekjeot (), kkanariaekjeot (), liquid anchovy jeot, similar to fish sauce used in Southeast Asia, but thicker.", "Rice burgers, mentioned above, are also available in several East Asian countries such as Taiwan and South Korea . Lotteria is a big hamburger franchise in Japan owned by the South Korean Lotte group, with outlets also in China, South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. In addition to selling beef hamburgers, they also have hamburgers made from squid, pork, tofu, and shrimp. Variations available in Korea include bulgogi burgers and kimchi burgers.", "Korean cuisine is largely based on rice, noodles, tofu, vegetables, fish and meats. Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of side dishes, banchan (반찬), which accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan. Kimchi (김치), a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known Korean dishes. Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with sesame oil, doenjang (된장), a type of fermented soybean paste, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, and gochujang (고추장), a hot pepper paste. Other well-known dishes are Bulgogi (불고기), grilled marinated beef, Gimbap (김밥), and Tteokbokki (떡볶이), a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste.", "Kimchi is having a moment: The traditional Korean dish is beloved for its fermented funkiness and the instant dose of umami it adds to any recipe. Though typically made with napa cabbage or daikon, kimchi is getting a creative overhaul in some restaurants. Lately, chefs have been experimenting with alternative kimchi bases — and finding undeniably pungent success.", "When European immigrants brought the technique for fermenting cabbage to the United States, many of their recipes included surprising ingredients such as apples, turnips, juniper berries, wine and garlic. In fact, traditional sauerkraut is very similar to the Korean dish kimchi, a food that’s also made with fermented cabbage but that contains additional vegetables, such as radishes and cucumbers, and is seasoned with ginger and other spices.", "If you are a fan of Korean cuisine, you are already familiar with kimchi. Most Koreans get about 10% of their total calories from kimchi, and a serving, or two or three, of kimchi appears with nearly every meal. This quick-fermented dish is usually made with Napa cabbage (although it can also be made from turnips, cucumbers, or radishes). The Kimchi Field Museum in Seoul presents 187 different versions of the dish, seasoned with salty brine, shrimp, fish, oysters, scallions, ginger, and Korean red peppers. Most versions of kimchi are spicy, but a few, such as baek kimchi, also known as white kimchi, are not spicy at all. Kimchi is an unusually healthy food.", "gimchi, kimchee, or kim chee, is any one of numerous traditional Korean pickled dishes made of vegetables with varied seasonings.", "Mooli is a form of giant radish that is also known as daikon . This name is the Korean word for this popular East Asian root vegetable, which is used in the cuisine of many nations. People can eat it in both raw and cooked form, and it is suitable in a dizzying array of dishes from salads to stir fries. Mooli is also included in kimchi , a famous Korean pickled food.", "At its most basic, kimchee is chinese cabbage (can use napa, pac choi, or any chinese cabbage) fermented with garlic, pepper, salt, and ginger. Other ingredients such as ...", "Beyond its home turf, Korean food has made its biggest impact in other parts of Asia and North America. New combinations dreamed up for the US market include kimchi quesadillas, burgers cooked bulgogi style, and tacos filled with barbecued meat — a pioneering dish that helped the South Korean chef Roy Choi to be named best new chef of 2010 for the US magazine \"Food and Wine.\"", "Kimchi is increasingly popular as a topping, particularly for home-made instant ramen. I like to add a bit of the kimchi juice along with the actual cabbage.", "Kimchi varieties are determined by the main vegetable ingredients and the mix of seasonings used to flavor the kimchi. The most popular type of kimchi is the baechu (also known as Chinese cabbage) variety but there are many regional and seasonal varieties. Popular variants include ggakdugi which is a kimchi made with cubed radish, pa-kimchi (made with scallions ), chonggak-kimchi and oisobagi (hangul: 오이소박이), a cucumber kimchi with hot and spicy seasoning. Kkaennip (hangul: 깻잎) kimchi features layers of perilla and other spices .", "* Foreign countries: In some places of the world people sometimes make kimchi with western cabbage and many other alternative ingredients such as broccoli. ", "Komatsuna is grown and consumed mostly in Japan, China, Taiwan and Korea. It is similar to spinach, in that it contains many important nutrients and vitamins, but it does not have the same bitterness as spinach. Komatsuna is commonly eaten raw in salads or boiled and served in soups and stews. It can also be pickled.", "The modern kimchi manufacturers use varieties of cabbages and radishes far superior to those used for kimchi is years past. Each species has its own characteristic flavors. Soil, moisture, the climate (mainly surrounding temperature of the growing field), and the location all have crucial effects on developing the right kind of tender, crisp and pungent flavor-packed cabbages for kimchi. With careful precision, they are selected and picked at precisely the time that will provide the tastiest kimchies.", "Korean cuisine (Korean: Hanguk yori, 한국요리, 韓國料理; or Hanshik, 한식, 韓食) as a national cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Its roots can be traced back to myths and legends of antiquity. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in southern Manchuria and northern Korean peninsula, Korean cuisine has evolved through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.", "Kimchi is popular and is becoming more popular. For thousands of years in various forms “the famous and the not-so-famous” have enjoyed its unique ability to please the palate for cultured raw vegetables. Whether or not Cleopatra and Yang Gyuibee were right and this type of vegetable actually made them more beautiful, millions of cultured raw vegetable eaters for countless centuries agree that it has limitless appetite appeal. Everybody’s favorite, it adds sparkle and zest to any food: a sandwich, a salad, a banquet, a snack…. or is delicious when accompanied with rice, noodles and eaten with every main dish as a great functional appetizer or a perfect side dish.", "Kimchi is very spicy and can also be exceptionally sweet. Kimchi is made of various vegetables and contains a high concentration of dietary fiber , while being low in calories. One serving also provides up to 80% of the daily recommended amount of vitamin C and carotene . Most types of kimchi contain onions, garlic, and peppers, all of which are salutary. The vegetables being made into kimchi also contribute to the overall nutritional value. Kimchi is rich in vitamin A, thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), calcium, and iron, and contains a number of lactic acid bacteria , among those the typical species Lactobacillus kimchii .", "Traditionally, the greatest varieties of kimchi were available during the winter. In preparation for the long winter months, many types of kimjang kimchi () were prepared in early winter and stored in the ground in large kimchi pots. Today, many city residents use modern kimchi refrigerators offering precise temperature controls to store kimjang kimchi. November and December are traditionally when people begin to make kimchi; women often gather together in each other's homes to help with winter kimchi preparations. \"Baechu kimchi\" is made with salted baechu filled with thin strips of radish, parsley, pine nuts, pears, chestnuts, shredded red pepper, manna lichen (), garlic, and ginger.", "Traditionally, kimchi is prepared and processed in autumn for long term preservation for the winter months when fresh greens are not accessible. It is packed into earthenware pots after the cabbage is marinated with mixed seasonings, then buried underground in the shady backyard of the house. Therefore, the kimchi pots re kept in constantly cool ambient temperatures during the whole period of a winter while kimchi is consumed." ]

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[ "A rope and pulley system—that is, a block and tackle—is characterised by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load—the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists. ", "A block and tackle is a system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them, usually used to lift or pull heavy loads.", "A block and tackle is characterized by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load. Its mechanical advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. The mechanical advantage of a tackle dictates how much easier it is to haul or lift the load.", "A Tackle is a purchase formed by reeving a rope through two or more blocks, for the purpose of hoisting.", "You can probably imagine that you would not want to load 33,000 pounds of coal in the bucket and ask the horse to move it 1 foot in a minute because the horse couldn't budge that big a load. You can probably also imagine that you would not want to put 1 pound of coal in the bucket and ask the horse to run 33,000 feet in one minute, since that translates into 375 miles per hour and horses can't run that fast. However, if you have read How a Block and Tackle Works , you know that with a block and tackle you can easily trade perceived weight for distance using an arrangement of pulleys. So you could create a block and tackle system that puts a comfortable amount of weight on the horse at a comfortable speed no matter how much weight is actually in the bucket.", "Simple machine:  machine consisting of only one lever, inclined plane, wedge, screw, pulley, or wheel and axle.", "A wooden, metal or plastic case in which one or more sheaves (pulleys) are placed, through which turns of line (falls) are threaded for the purpose of gaining mechanical advantage or changing the direction of motion. Lines used with a block are known as tackle.", "One or more pulleys designed to carry a line and change the direction of its travel. A housing around the pulley allows the block to be connected to a spar or to another line. Lines used with a block are known as tackle.", "To haul in or draw in, using any sort of mechanical device to increase power employed in raising or moving heavy objects. Where two or more blocks are involved in a purchase, it is generally known as a tackle (pronounced \"taykle\").", "An ideal block and tackle with a moving block supported by n rope sections has the mechanical advantage (MA),", "A block and tackle can contain as many pulleys as you like, although at some point the amount of friction in the pulley shafts begins to become a significant source of resistance.", "a simple machine of the inclined-plane type consisting of a spirally threaded cylindrical rod that engages with a similarly threaded hole", "simple machine , machine - a device for overcoming resistance at one point by applying force at some other point", "By adding a pulley to the fixed block of a gun tackle the direction of the pulling force is reversed though the mechanical advantage remains the same, Diagram 3a. This is an example of the Luff tackle.", "A combination of one or more blocks and the associated tackle necessary to give a mechanical advantage. Useful for lifting heavy loads.", "A combination of one or more blocks and the associated tackle necessary to give a mechanical advantage. Useful for lifting heavy loads.", "Handy billy – A loose block and tackle with a hook or tail on each end, which can be used wherever it is needed. Usually made up of one single and one double block.", "One of the earliest and simplest of machines, a large stick would work as a lever   to move huge rocks.", "The other five machines all help humans increase and/or redirect the force applied to an object. In their book \" Moving Big Things \" (It's about time, 2009), Janet L. Kolodner and her co-authors write, \"Machines provide mechanical advantage to assist in moving objects. Mechanical advantage is the trade-off between force and distance.\" In the following discussion of the simple machines that increase the force applied to their input, we will neglect the force of friction, because in most of these cases, the frictional force is very small compared to the input and output forces involved.", "The power block is a mechanized pulley used on some seiners to haul in the nets. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, no single invention has contributed more to the success of purse seine net hauling than the power block. ", "Another mechanism uses hollowed drills which are lowered by a screwing action into the paper. The paper is cut and forced up into the shaft of the drill to be later discarded as tightly packed columns of waste paper. This method allows a small machine to cut industrial volumes of paper with little effort.", "An arrangement that can be very convenient is to have two gun tackles (say) side by side. The load is raised by using one tackle, and then it can be moved sideways by taking the load with the second tackle, as on to an elevated floor. This is called a yard and stay tackle.", "The part of the tackle which is hauled upon; a hoisting rope or chain, especially the part of rope or chain to which power is applied.", "The part of the tackle which is hauled upon; a hoisting rope or chain, especially the part of rope or chain to which power is applied.", "Shifting the moving block of a tackle from one place of attachment to another place farther along to give more advantage.", "Capstan – A large winch with a vertical axis. A full-sized human-powered capstan is a waist-high cylindrical machine, operated by a number of hands who each insert a horizontal capstan bar in holes in the capstan and walk in a circle. Used to wind in anchors or other heavy objects; and sometimes to administer flogging over.", "A device used, or intended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through the air.", "A guy. A line used to control the movement of the object at the other end, such as a spar.", "Winch with a drum that has a narrow slot to contain the cable in a single vertical layer. The speed and load capacity varies with each layer of cable. Also called a Yo-Yo winch.", "PUMP-HOOK. An iron rod with an eye and a hook, used for drawing out the lower pump-box when requisite.", "A \"Ketch Rig\" is simply the rig that matches the function of a \"Ketch\" or \"Catch\" or fishing boat.", "Interlocking Yarder Device that allows the main and haul-back drums to be operated together as a single unit to maintain running line tension." ]

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[ "Fox News Channel has long burnished slogans such as “Fair and Balanced” and “We Report, You Decide.” But it may just as well have used this old chestnut: “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”", "Yet, at the same time, the network bristles at the slightest suggestion of a conservative tilt. In fact, wrapping itself in slogans like “Fair and balanced” and “We report, you decide,” Fox argues precisely the opposite: Far from being a biased network, Fox argues, it is the only unbiased network. So far, Fox‘s strategy of aggressive denial has worked surprisingly well; faced with its unblinking refusal to admit any conservative tilt at all, some commentators have simply acquiesced to the network’s own self-assessment. FAIR has decided to take a closer look.", "\"Fair & Balanced\" is a trademarked slogan used by the broadcaster, originally used in conjunction with the phrase \"Real Journalism\". Comedian Al Franken used the slogan in the subtitle for his 2003 book Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them: A Fair and Balanced Look at the Right. In the book, he cites examples of what he claims to be Fox News' bias. On August 7, 2003, Fox News sued for trademark infringement. The lawsuit was dropped three days later, after Judge Denny Chin refused its request for an injunction. In his decision, Chin ruled that the case (Fox v. Franken) was \"wholly without merit, both factually and legally\". He went on to suggest that Fox News' trademark on the phrase \"fair and balanced\" could be invalid. ", "Documentary on reported conservative bias of the Rupert Murdoch-owned Fox News Channel (FNC), which promotes itself as “Fair and Balanced.” Material includes interviews with former FNC employees and the inter-office memos they provided. 2004 documentary. 75 minutes.", "Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980 by American media mogul and philanthropist Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, the Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles. CNN is owned by parent company Time Warner, and the U.S. news channel is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System.", "Fox News Channel (FNC), also known as Fox News, is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. As of February 2015, approximately 94,700,000 American households (81.4% of cable, satellite & telco customers) receive the Fox News Channel. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York.", "The Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel; however, by April 2016, a CNN executive officially described the channel as \"no longer a TV news network\" and instead as \"a 24-hour global multiplatform network.\" Upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States.", "Founded in 1980 by Ted Turner, Cable News Network, generally referred as CNN, is now one of the major English Language Television Network. However, the leading network is now owned by Time Warner and the broadcasting unit is a branch of Turner Broadcasting System. It was undoubtedly the first broadcasting station to present 24-hour television news coverage. Nevertheless, the CNN logo has acquired a prominent position in the corporate world due to its significant features.", "Trust. It’s the foundation of the news business. We’d like to believe that readers trust us to deliver accurate and fair-minded news. We’d like to believe that we can trust each other in the press to be honorable. Trustworthiness, or integrity, is one of the values we’ve most sought as we hire and promote. And trust has never been more a moving target, as we’ve seen a shuffling of owners, top execs, news managers, and long-time journalists. It’s easy to claim — as in “CNN, the Most Trusted Name in News” — but much harder to earn every day.", "Critics have asserted that Fox News Channel promotes conservative political positions [5] and biased reporting. [6] Commentators, news anchors, and reporters at Fox News Channel have responded that news reporting and political commentary operate independently of each other and deny any bias in the news reporting. [7]", "Television news anchor Bernard Shaw’s dispassionate manner, steady gaze, rich baritone voice, and crisply precise delivery virtually blend into the fabric of the news. As Cable News Network’s (CNN) principal Washington anchor, he takes a serious approach to journalism and is widely regarded for his belief that the messenger should not get in the way of the message. Shaw has worked for two of the three national television networks, CBS and ABC, and holds the number one anchor position at a number one ranked TV news network—the “fourth” network—CNN. In a career spanning three decades, he has covered some of modern history’s most dramatic events: Watergate (a political scandal that centered on the infiltration of Democratic party headquarters by Republicans during the 1972 presidential campaign), the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide, the Nicaraguan Revolution, China ’s Tiananmen Square student massacre, and American involvement in the Persian Gulf War. As CNN’s top anchor, Shaw is at the helm of television’s news phenomenon: a 24-hour, all-news cable network that has arisen as a challenge to the three leading networks.", "On this day in 1980, CNN (Cable News Network), the world's first 24-hour television news network, makes its debut. The network signed on at 6 p.m. EST from its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, with a lead story about the attempted assassination of civil rights leader Vernon Jordan. CNN went on to... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cnn-launches?et_cid=75579212&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fcnn-launches", "CNN (Cable News Network) was founded. The 24 hour news channel, based in Atlanta, Georgia, was the creation of Ted Turner.", "of the worldwide Cable News Network Channel (CNN), WTBS, MGM, Turner Entertainment, TNT & Cartoon Network, & Turner Foundation.]", "Al Jazeera is one of the world's leading media companies with more than 80 news bureaus around the globe, multiple international news, sports and family channels, and now 12 bureaus in the United States. Known globally for its factual, fair and even-handed coverage, Al Jazeera has won many of the journalism profession's most prestigious awards, including the Emmys, the Gracies, the Peabody's, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom Award and the DuPont Award.", "Cable News Network (CNN) - broadcasts, primarily, from studios in Atlanta. Delivers the latest breaking news and information on the latest top stories, weather, business, entertainment, politics, and more. It has been labeled as having a center to left stance.", "This documentary reveals the secrets of former Fox news producers, reporters, bookers, and writers who expose what it’s like to work for Fox News. Media experts including Jeff Cohen (FAIR), Bob McChesney, and Chellie Pingree provide context and guidance for the story of Fox News and the effect of corporate control on the public’s right to know. Visit www.outfoxed.org for reference and teaching materials.", "Daily Kos/Research 2000 Fox News, Opinion Dynamics YouGov/Polimetrix NBC/Wall Street Journal American Research Group Inc Democracy Corps/Greenberg QR Marist Harris Interactive IBD/TIPP CNN/Opinion Research ABC/Wash Post CBS News Reuters/CSPAN/Zogby Gallup GWU/Battleground", "New York Times, Washington Post, Newsweek, CNN-Time Warner, CBS, MSNBC, Fox, BBC, The Economist, Der Spiegel, Foreign Affairs, Reuters", "Catherine Crier, who was perceived as one of Fox‘s most prestigious and credible early hires, was an elected Republican judge before starting a career in journalism. (Crier has since moved on to Court TV.) Pundit Mara Liasson–who is touted as an on-air “liberal” by Fox executives–sits on the board of the conservative human-rights group Freedom House; New York magazine (11/17/97) cited a Fox insider as saying that Liasson assured president Roger Ailes before being hired that she was a Republican.", "In 2001, Bernard Goldberg, who served as a correspondent for CBS News for 28 years, authored Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News. The book heavily criticized the media, and some CBS anchors and correspondents in particular (such as Dan Rather). Goldberg accused CBS of having a liberal bias in most of their news coverage; Goldberg now works as a commentator for Fox News.", "On May 1, 2008, Fox News launched high definition channel simulcasts of its programming in selected regions of the United States. Time Warner Cable is carrying this channel in New York, New York, San Antonio, Texas, and Kansas City, Missouri, [20] while Cablevision is making it available in New York City, New York, and on Long Island.", "Copyright 2017 Cable News Network/Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.", "© 2016 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved. Terms under which this service is provided to you. Privacy Policy .", "Cable sports network VERSUS is re-launched as the NBC Sports Network. The channel is a 24/7 destination for the same award-winning storytelling and top-shelf production that has been synonymous with NBC Sports for over 60 years.", "Cablevision's media holdings include 50 percent of Fox Sports Net and Fox Sports National Advertising, and it owns and manages Fox Sports Net regional networks in Chicago, New England, New York, Ohio and San Francisco. The company also owns a minority stake in SportsChannel Florida.", "In 1982, using satellite transmission and color presses, the Gannett chain established a new national newspaper, USA Today, published and circulated throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. USA Today, the Wall Street Journal, and the New York Times, are the U.S. newspapers with the largest circulations and are read all over the country; small towns and rural districts usually have daily or weekly local papers made up largely of syndicated matter, with a page or two of local news and editorials. These local papers are frequently influential political organs.", "The FCC applies the Equal-Time rule to all television newscasts. If an elected official appears on the local TV news, his opponent now has to appear, even though the story may involve other subject matter. The ruling resulted from a complaint filed by Lar Daly in Chicago, a candidate for both the Republican and Democratic nominations in an upcoming primary. He demanded time equal to that given to Mayor Richard J. Daley after news films showed sequences showing the mayor filing a petition as a candidate in the next election.", "\"We do care about the news. We are telling the public about the most-important stories,\" says Toksvig.", "Who among the anchors on the main television channels has the courage and integrity to address the presidential candidates and emulate Edward R. Murrow who said, “The right of dissent, or, if you prefer, the right to be wrong, is surely fundamental to the existence of a democratic society. That’s the right that went first in every nation that stumbled down the trail toward totalitarianism.” Where is a national figure to match Joseph Welch who said to Senator Joe McCarthy, “You’ve done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?”?", "In TV journalism, the equivalent of a quote in print; the part of a news report in which an expert, a celebrity, a victim, or a person on the street is interviewed about some aspect of an event or issue", "5/27/1999 : FNC's Eric Burns explored how \"conservatives suggest that the story [Chinagate] is not being covered for reasons of politics... that there is a liberal bias at the big three networks.\" for more details" ]

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[ "Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.", "Tungsten, also known as wolfram (), is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten directly translatable to heavy stone, though the name is volfram in Swedish to distinguish it from Scheelite, in Swedish alternatively named tungsten.", "24. Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a  chemical element  with symbol W and  atomic number  74. The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. [4]  Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from  scheelite , which in Swedish is alternatively namedtungsten. A hard,  rare metal  under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important  ores  include  wolframite  and  scheelite . The  free element  is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest  melting point  of all the elements. Its high density is 19.3 times that of water, comparable to that of  uranium  and  gold , and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of  lead . [5]  Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically  brittle [6] [7]  and  hard  material, making it difficult to  work . However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more  ductile , and can be cut with a hard-steel  hacksaw . [8]", "Tungsten (atomic number 74, symbol W) is a metal and chemical element that was discovered in 1781 by the Swedish mineralogist and chemist Torbern Bergman. It was in 1783 when the element was isolated for the first time. Fausto Elhuyar and Juan Jose Elhuyar isolated tungsten from wolframite.", "Wolfram is the german name for tungsten (atomic number 74) and the name from which its symbol (W) is derived. It is a hard, rare metal which is found naturally only in compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783. It has the highest melting point of all the elements and forms many useful alloys.", "Tungsten. A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.", "n. a metallic chemical element (symbol W) with an atomic number of 74. The symbol is derived from the Latin word wolframium.", "a rare, metallic element having a bright-gray color, a metallic luster, and a high melting point, 3410° C, and found in wolframite, tungstite , and other minerals: used in alloys of high-speed cutting tools, electric-lamp filaments, etc. Symbol: W; atomic weight: 183.85; atomic number: 74; specific gravity: 19.3.", "a hard malleable ductile greyish-white element. It occurs principally in wolframite and scheelite and is used in lamp filaments, electrical contact points, X-ray targets, and, alloyed with steel, in high-speed cutting tools. Symbol: W; atomic no: 74; atomic wt: 183.85; valency: 2–6; relative density: 19.3; melting pt: 3422±20°C; boiling pt: 5555°C Also called wolfram", "Tungsten W Swedish and Danish tung sten heavy stone descriptive From the Swedish and Danish , \"tung sten\", means \"heavy stone\". The symbol W is from scientific name, Wolfram. The element and its ore, \" Wolframite \", was named in honor of \" Peter Woulfe \", who discovered its existence. The names Wolfram or Volfram are still used in Swedish and several languages.", "Though tin -rich minerals were plentiful in Germany’s Erzgebirge mountains during the Middle Ages, smelting the metal proved difficult due to the presence of substance that produced a heavy slag and leached tin away from the final yield. Frustrated metallurgists called this unwanted tin-“devouring” mineral wolf ram (wolf’s drool, cream, or soot, depending on translation), a pejorative term from which the mineral wolframite takes its name. In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele predicted that the acid he had obtained by reducing a mineral named tungsten (from the Swedish tung sten, meaning “heavy stone”) contained a new element; two years later, when Spanish chemists José and Fausto Elhuyar obtained the same acid from the mineral wolframite, they succeeded in isolating the new element which they named wolfram. Confusingly, this element also came to be referred to as tungsten, while the mineral formally known as tungsten took on the name scheelite. “Wolfram” and “tungsten” remained co-listed in the nomenclature recommendations of the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) up until 2005, when tungsten became the transition metal’s only officially recognized name. Tungsten retains the elemental symbol of W, though, and is still referred to as wolfram by some chemists and scientists around the world.", "The metal is known as tungsten in some countries and as wolfram in others, including Sweden, the country of origin of the name tungsten. The chemical symbol W, which is universally used to denote tungsten, suggests that wolfram was formerly the more generally accepted name for the element. In Britain the mineral wolframite is also known as wolfram.", "Tungsten in one of its mineral forms was given its name (meaning “heavy stone”) by the Swedish mineralogist A.F. Cronstedt in 1755. In 1781 another Swede, Carl Wilhelm Scheele , analyzed the mineral and identified lime and an acid that he called tungstic acid; the mineral was later named scheelite. In 1783 the Spanish chemists Juan José and Fausto Elhuyar obtained metallic tungsten by the reduction of its oxide with carbon; it was named wolfram (hence its chemical symbol, W) for the mineral wolframite, from which it was extracted. In 1847, Robert Oxland patented in Britain his manufacturing process for sodium tungstate, tungstic acid, and the pure metal, and in 1857, he patented his process for producing tungsten steel. But it was not until 1908, when William David Coolidge obtained his British patent for producing ductile tungsten wire, that the filament industry began. Tungsten-containing high-speed tool steel came to public attention when the Bethlehem Steel Company exhibited its products at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris. In 1927 the Krupp Laboratory at Essen, Ger., discovered that a serviceable product could be produced when the normally brittle tungsten carbide was mixed with a cemented material.", "The name \"wolframite\" is derived from German \"wolf rahm\", the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from \"Lupi spuma\", the name Georg Agricola used for the element in 1546, which translates into English as \"wolf's froth\" or \"cream\". The etymology is not entirely certain but seems to be a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction. Wolfram is the basis for the chemical symbol W for tungsten as a chemical element.", "It is sometimes called wolfram, and it's chemical symbol \"W\" is taken from this name. When naming compounds of tungsten, use of the name wolfram as a root is preferred. Tungsten is one of the most dense metals and has a higher melting point than any other metal. It melts at about 3,410 deg C and boils around 5,660 deg C. Pure tungsten is ductile, and wires made of it, even those of very small diameter, have a very high tensile strength.", "1. (chem.) a rare element of the chromium group found in certain minerals, as wolfram and scheelite, and isolated as a heavy steel-gray metal which is very hard and infusible. it has both acid and basic properties. when alloyed in small quantities with steel, it greatly increases its hardness. symbol w (wolframium). atomic weight, 183.6. specific gravity, 18.", "Elements with chemical symbols abbreviated after Greek spellings include antimony (Sb) and mercury (Hg). The element tungsten (W) uses a chemical symbol derived from the German word \"wolfram.\"", "Tungsten derives from the Swedish tung sten which means 'heavy stone.' Tungsten also used to be the name of the mineral in which the element occurs (calcium wolframate), which forms very heavy stones, bit was it was later known as Scheelite in honour of Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The element also occurs in another mineral called wolframite (iron and manganese wolframate), from which it takes its official symbol and worldwide most common name, wolfram or wolframium (even in Sweden the element is called volfram). The name 'wolframite' comes from the German translation of lupi spuma ('Wolf Rahm') which means 'wolf's foam'. This name was given as during the extraction process it 'eats' tin like a wolf eats sheep. Tungsten was isolated by Don Fausto d'Elhuy in 1783, but it was already identified as an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1781. In 1951 the IUPAC decided to officially name the element 'wolframium', which caused some protest from the scientific community. The protest led IUPAC to reverse its decision and start a revision process for the naming of the element. The issue is still not resolved.", "What's in a name? From the Swedish words tung sten, which mean \"heavy stone.\" Tungsten's chemical symbol comes from its eariler, Germanic name, Wolfram. The name Wolfram comes from the mineral wolframite, in which it was discovered. Wolframite means \"the devourer of tin\" since the mineral interferes with the smelting of tin.", "(dubelyoo) Arabic waw; runic wunjo: joy; tungsten (wolfram); watt; west; tryptophan; week; weight; width; with or work.", "Bunsen identified the emission spectra of sodium, lithium and potassium. He also detected a previously unseen blue spectral line produced by mineral water which he guessed was being emitted by an unknown element. Having gone to the extraordinary length of distilling 40 tonnes of water to isolate 17 grams of the new element, he called it caesium, meaning \"deep blue\" in Latin. (As the radioactive isotope caesium-137 – with a half life of around 30 years – it's responsible for the deadly legacy of nuclear accidents like Chernobyl).", "Scheelite: Calcium tungstate and an important ore of tungsten. Once a diamond substitute until replaced by cubic zirconia.", "A rare metallic element, of the same group as platinum, which it much resembles, being silver-white, but harder, and brittle, and indifferent to most corrosive agents. With the exception of osmium, it is the heaviest substance known, its specific gravity being 22.4. Symbol Ir. Atomic weight 192.5.", "atomic number 73 a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite", "atomic number 41 ; Nb ; niobium (a soft grey ductile metallic element used in alloys; occurs in niobite; formerly called columbium)", "[Ger. Weisse Masse=white mass], metallic chemical element; symbol Bi; at. no. 83; at. wt. 208.98040; m.p. 271.3&degC;; b.p. about 1,560&degC;; sp. gr. 9.75 at 20&degC;; valence +3 or +5.", "1[mass noun] The chemical element of atomic number 30, a silvery-white metal which is a constituent of brass and is used for coating (galvanizing) iron and steel to protect against corrosion.", "The chemical element of atomic number 30, a silvery-white metal that is a constituent of brass and is used for coating (galvanizing) iron and steel to protect against corrosion", "Is a chemical element with a known symbol and atomic number and a silver white metal.", "atomic number 23 a soft silvery white toxic metallic element used in steel alloys; it occurs in several complex minerals including carnotite and vanadinite", "atomic number 86 a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is considered a hazard to health", "Einsteinium is a synthetic element with symbol Es and atomic number 99 and is named after Albert Einstein. It was first detected in the debris from a nuclear explosion at Eniwetok (now Enewetak) in the Pacific after tons of radioactive coral from atolls in the blast area were sifted and examined. It is a silvery-white radioactive metal with isotopes having half-lives ranging from 20 to 472 days." ]

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[ "October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.", "October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon.", "On October 10, 1973 , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned amidst charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering. Nixon chose Representative Gerald Ford (and Republican Minority Leader of the House of Representativees) to replace Agnew.", "On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, Nixon \"sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement. The advice was unanimous. 'We gave Nixon no choice but Ford,' House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later\".", "The 25th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1967, which gives the president the power to nominate a new Vice President if the office has become vacant, if it is approved by Congress. In October of 1973, President Richard Nixon’s Vice President, Sprio Agnew, abruptly resigned after allegations of bribery and tax evasion. This gave Nixon the first-ever opportunity to exercise the powers of the 25th amendment, which he subsequently did by nominating Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan. Ford was a moderate Republican whose nomination was met with little opposition in Congress, which quickly approved of Nixon’s choice, allowing him to be sworn-in on December 6, 1973. As the following year progressed, revelations in the growing Watergate scandal made it seem increasingly likely that Ford might end up as president in the case of Nixon being impeached or resigning. As a result, Ford was given a very keen sense of presidential duties in preparation for such an event, and is perhaps the only Vice President to be given advanced warning of a coming presidential vacancy. Nixon finally did resign on August 9, 1974, and Ford succeeded him as the only individual to hold the office without being elected president or Vice President.", "October 10: Spiro Agnew resigns as vice-president and then in federal court in Baltimore, pleads no contest to charges of evasion of income taxes, fined and given three years probation, He is replaced by Gerald Ford. (Almanac; Guardian, October 24, 1973)", "Though Nixon lost much popular support, even from his own party, he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office. He insisted that he had made mistakes, but had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned —unrelated to Watergate— and was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland. Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew.", "October 10, 1973 - Political scandal results in the resignation of Vice President Spiro T. Agnew. He is replaced by Congressman Gerald R. Ford.", "October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned from office and pleaded no contest to the charge of failing to report $29,500 in income while governor of Maryland. [2]", "1973 - U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew said he would not resign after he pled \"no contest\" to a charge of tax evasion. He did resign on October 10th.", "October 10, 1973, as Nixon ordered the full air resupply of Israel at the darkest hours of the Yom Kippur War, Henry Kissinger had to officiate at another deeply embarrassing event for the Nixon White House. Nixon’s vice President, Spiro Agnew, resigned in disgrace. He later pleaded no contest to charges of having accepted bribes while he was governor of Maryland. Two years later, Agnew tried to reenter politics but failed after pushing forward his own anti-Semitic views of Jewish control of banking and the media. He claimed that Israel mistreated Christians. He took on distinctly anti-Zionist positions. Maryland has a very large, liberal Jewish population concentrated in the key voting areas of Baltimore and Montgomery Co. The Jews were the key to Agnew’s being elected in Maryland", "Three days after Director Kelley's appointment, top aides in the Nixon Administration resigned amid charges of White House efforts to obstruct justice in the Watergate case. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in October, following charges of tax evasion. Then, following impeachment hearings that were broadcast over television to the American public throughout 1974, President Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974. Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as President that same day. In granting an unconditional pardon to ex-President Nixon one month later, he vowed to heal the nation.", "The series of revelations that led to Nixon's resignation began with a June 1971 burglary at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC.  Newspaper accounts eventually traced the break-in, virtually ignored during the election campaign, to the president’s special reelection committee.  The investigation of the “Watergate Affair” eventually led to the conviction and imprisonment of a number of senior administration officials. Nixon himself denied any personal involvement in Watergate.  He tried to use executive privilege to protect audio tapes of conversations at the White House, but the Supreme Court overruled his efforts.  When the tapes indicated that he had tried to divert the investigation, his support with the public and in Congress eroded.  Late in July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee recommended his impeachment on counts of obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress.  Republican leaders urged Nixon to step down.  On August 8, 1974, he announced his decision to resign, saying that he wished to begin the “process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.”  His resignation was effective at noon on August 9.  Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon as president.  Ford, who had been majority leader of the House of Representatives, became vice president in December 1973 after Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in October 1973 amid a bribery scandal.", "Governor of Maryland who ran as Vice President with Richard Nixon in 1968. He was known for his tough stands against dissidents and black militants. He strongly supported Nixon's desire to stay in Vietnam. He was forced to resign in October 1973 after having been accused of accepting bribes or \"kickbacks\" from Maryland contractors while governor and Vice President.", "In October 1973, he resigned as Vice President of the US, and then pleaded no contest to the charges of income tax evasion in a federal court in Baltimore", "American politician. Vice president to Richard Nixon between 1968 and 1973, dubbed by Nixon as leading spokesman for ‘the silent majority’. He was later forced to resign after being charged with bribe-taking, an event which preceded by less than a year Nixon’s own resignation.", "The Watergate scandal erupted after it was revealed that Nixon and his aides had engaged in illegal activities during his reelection campaign–and then attempted to cover up evidence of wrongdoing. With impeachment proceedings underway against him in Congress, Nixon bowed to public pressure and became the first American president to resign. At noon on August 9, Nixon officially ended his term, departing with his family in a helicopter from the White House lawn. Minutes later, Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States in the East Room of the White House. After taking the oath of office, President Ford spoke to the nation in a television address, declaring, “My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over.”", "Facing impeachment by Congress, Nixon resigned from office on August 9, 1974. He was replaced by Vice President Gerald Ford (1913-2006), who a month later pardoned Nixon for any wrongdoing. A number of administration officials were eventually convicted of crimes related to the Watergate affair.", "Richard Nixon (1913-94), the 37th U.S. president, is best remembered as the only president ever to resign from office. Nixon stepped down in 1974, halfway through his second term, rather than face impeachment over his efforts to cover up illegal activities by members of his administration in the Watergate scandal. A former Republican congressman and U.S. senator from California, he served two terms as vice president under Dwight Eisenhower (1890-1969) in the 1950s. In 1960, Nixon lost his bid for the presidency in a close race with Democrat John F. Kennedy (1917-63). He ran for the White House again in 1968 and won. As president, Nixon’s achievements included forging diplomatic ties with China and the Soviet Union, and withdrawing U.S. troops from an unpopular war in Vietnam. However, Nixon’s involvement in Watergate tarnished his legacy and deepened American cynicism about government.", "Richard Milhous Nixon: Richard Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California on January 9, 1913. He served for eight years as Vice President under Dwight Eisenhower from 1953-1961, but lost the presidency narrowly to John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election. Eight years later, he returned to presidential politics to defeat Vice President Hubert Humphrey in 1968. Under the cloud of the Watergate investigation, Richard Nixon became the only President of the United States to resign from office.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974 and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). Nixon was the only President to resign the office and also the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.", "Born on January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, Richard Nixon was a Republican congressman who served as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon ran for president in 1960 but lost to charismatic Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy. Undeterred, Nixon return to the race eight years later and won the White House by a solid margin. In 1974, he resigned rather than be impeached for covering up illegal activities of party members in the Watergate affair. He died on April 22, 1994, at age 81, in New York City.", "Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 – April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States , serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a Republican U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", "Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States (1969–1974) and is the only president to resign the office. He was also the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961).", "  The specter of the Watergate scandal, the break-in at Democratic headquarters during the 1972 campaign and the ensuing cover-up by Nixon administration officials, hung over Ford's nine-month tenure as vice president. When it became apparent that evidence, public opinion, and the mood in Congress were all pointing toward impeachment, Nixon became the first president in U.S. history to resign from that office. ", "Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office.", "Richard Nixon (1969-1974) became the first President to resign from office as he faced impeachment for his involvement in the Watergate scandal. Nixon made strides in domestic policy, proposing legislation that resulted in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. Abroad, he established relations with China and a détente in Soviet relations.", "Following impeachment hearings started on May 9th Richard Nixonbecomes the first US president forced to resign after the Watergate Scandal on August 9th", "* United States President Richard Nixon resigns as President on August 9, 1974 while facing charges for impeachment for the Watergate scandal.", "Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974) was the only American President to resign, as his role was discovered in covering up a burglary, by agents of his re-election committee, of the Democratic National Committee�s offices at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C.", "Under extreme pressure, Nixon supplied tapescripts of the missing tapes. It was now clear that Nixon had been involved in the cover-up and members of the Senate began to call for his impeachment. On 9th August, 1974, Nixon became the first President of the United States to resign from office.", "Under pressure from his own legal counsel, on August 5, 1974, Nixon surrendered three transcripts of conversations recorded in the White House a few days after the Watergate break-in. The implications of Nixon's involvement quickly eroded his remaining congressional support, and Republican leaders urged that he step down. On August 9, 1974, stating that he wished to spare the Nation further stress, Nixon resigned and retired to his home in San Clemente. He subsequently was given a full Presidential pardon. His wife Pat died in June 1993 and he died on April 22, 1994." ]

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[ "Set in medieval Paris, Victor Hugo’s powerful historical romance The Hunchback of Notre-Dame has resonated with succeeding generations ever since its publication in 1837. It tells the story of the beautiful gypsy Esmeralda, condemned as a witch by the tormented archdeacon Claude Frollo, who lusts after her. Quasimodo, the deformed bell ringer of Notre-Dame Cathedral, having fallen in love with the kindhearted Esmeralda, tries to save her by hiding her in the cathedral’s tower. When a crowd of Parisian peasants, misunderstanding Quasimodo’s motives, attacks the church in an attempt to liberate her, the story ends in tragedy.", "The Cathedral Notre Dame de Paris perhaps gained much of its recognition from the 1831 novel of tragic romance by Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, telling the story of the deformed bell-ringer of the church, Quasimodo, who fell in love with the beautiful gypsy, Esmeralda. Set in the middle-ages of 1482 when Quasimodo is crowned the Pope of Fools during the Fesitval of Fools when for a day the roles of society were reversed. A story of innocent beauty, an ugly but pure and mistreated soul and a lustful priest. The bell-ringer’s guardian, Frollo, the Archdeacon of the cathedral, orders Quasimodo to kidnap the girl who is under sentence of death, bringing the Paris throng to assault the sanctuary of the church, ending in the hunchback shoving his nemesis from the bell towers, and himself found in common grave with his arms wrapped around the body the hanged gypsy girl, both turning to dust.", "\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\" is the often filmed Victor Hugo classic tale of the tragic Quasimodo and his love for the lovely Esmeralda in 15th century Paris.", "Quasimodo is feared and hated by the people of Paris but he often accompanies Archdeacon Frollo when he walks around the city. The archdeacon commands Quasimodo to kidnap the gypsy girl Esmeralda. He is captured in the attempt by Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers and sentenced to be publicly whipped and left on the pilory. During his punishment he calls out for water. Esmeralda eventually gives some water to him. Quasimodo falls in love with her at that moment.", "He also has strong sexual passions, though he is a celibate due to his station within the church. These passions erupt in him through his contact with the beautiful gypsy girl Esmeralda and eventually are his undoing. The young girl is repulsed by the priest, despite his numerous impassioned pleas for her to love him. He turns all his effort to either make her love him or driving her away forever in death, as to no longer \"punish\" him. Frollo is so infatuated with her that he loses his self-control, attempts to kill her consort Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers , and kisses her while she faints. He even stabs himself at the sight of her torture when she is turned over to the magistrate as a witch and a \"murderer\" of her erstwhile lover Phoebus. He becomes completely undone right before her execution and leaves Paris in a feverish madness, not realizing that his adopted son rescued her from the gallows. He also attempts to rape her when she seeks sanctuary in the cathedral. Quasimodo throws him off the heights of the cathedral to his death when the deaf hunchback sees him laughing at Esmeralda's hanging.", "the tragic love tale The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939), about the grotesquely deformed Quasimodo (Charles Laughton) - the bellringer of Notre Dame cathedral, who has rescued the beautiful gypsy girl Esmeralda (Maureen O'Hara) and cried \"Sanctuary!\" - he speaks the film's last line to a gargoyle: \"Why was I not made of stone like thee?\"", "Here is a scene from one of the greatest films of the 1930s. The gypsy girl Esmeralda (Maureen O'Hara) has been sentenced to hang for witchcraft in front of Notre Dame cathedral by the Chief Justice (Sir Cedric Hardwicke). She is saved from certain death by the cathedral bell-ringer Quasimodo (Charles Laughton) to the delight of Gringoire, who loves her (played by a young Edmond O'Brien) and given sanctuary.", "While Hugo had derived his early renown from his plays, he gained wider fame in 1831 with his historical novel Notre-Dame de Paris (Eng. trans. The Hunchback of Notre-Dame), an evocation of life in medieval Paris during the reign of Louis XI . The novel condemns a society that, in the persons of Frollo the archdeacon and Phoebus the soldier, heaps misery on the hunchback Quasimodo and the gypsy girl Esmeralda. The theme touched the public consciousness more deeply than had that of his previous novel, Le Dernier Jour d’un condamné (1829; The Last Days of a Condemned), the story of a condemned man’s last day, in which Hugo launched a humanitarian protest against the death penalty. While Notre-Dame was being written, Louis-Philippe , a constitutional king, had been brought to power by the July Revolution . Hugo composed a poem in honour of this event, Dicté aprés juillet 1830. It was a forerunner of much of his political verse.", "* Demi Moore as Esmeralda (singing voice by Heidi Mollenhauer)– A beautiful, streetwise Gypsy dancing girl who befriends Quasimodo and shows him that his soul is truly beautiful, even if his exterior is not. Highly independent and strong-minded, she abhors Frollo's treatment of Paris's gypsies and other outcasts, and seeks justice for them throughout the film. She falls in love with (and later marries) Captain Phoebus. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Esmeralda.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21 , 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures . The thirty-fourth animated feature in the Disney Animated Canon , the film is loosely based on Victor Hugo 's novel of the same name, but changed most of its substance to make it more family-friendly. The plot centers on Esmeralda , the Gypsy dancer, Claude Frollo , a powerful and ruthless Minister of Justice who lusts after her and plans to commit genocide by killing all of the gypies that live in Paris, France , Quasimodo , the protagonist, Notre Dame 's kindhearted and deformed bell-ringer, who adores her (and struggles to gain acceptance into society as well as save the Gypsies who live in Paris from Frollo who plans to kill them all), and Phoebus , the chivalrous but irreverent military captain, who holds affections for her.", "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame is an epic of a whole people, with a cast of characters that ranges from the king of France to the beggars who inhabit the Parisian sewers, and at their center the massive figure–a character in itself–of the great Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer of the cathedral; his foster father, the tormented archdeacon Frollo; and the beautiful and doomed Gypsy Esmeralda are caught up in a tragedy that still speaks clearly to us of revolution and social strife, of destiny and free will, and of love and loss.", "* In The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), an innocent gypsy woman, Esmeralda, is nearly burned at the stake after she refuses to marry Frollo, but is rescued by the hunchback Quasimodo.", "Esmeralda is caught by guards for entering Paris without a permit and is being chased after until she seeks safety in Notre Dame, to which Claude , the Archbishop of Paris and Jean's brother, protects her. She prays to the Virgin Mary to help her fellow gypsies only to be confronted by Jean Frollo, who accuses her of being a heathen. Afterwards she asks King Louis to help her people, to which he agrees. Frollo then takes her up to the bell tower where they encounter Quasimodo, whom she is frightened of. She tries to run away from the hunchback until he catches up to her and physically carries her away. Pierre Gringoire , a poor street poet, witnesses all this, calls out to Captain Phoebus and his guards, who capture Quasimodo just in time. Esmeralda is then saved and starts falling in love with Phoebus. Gringoire later trespasses the Court of Miracles but is saved by Esmeralda from hanging by marrying him.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 American film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda . [3] [4] Directed by William Dieterle and produced by Pandro S. Berman , the film was based on Victor Hugo 's novel of the same name .", "A romance of medieval times, it includes such characters as Captain Phoebus de Chateaupeurs, the playwright Pierre Gringoire, and the archdeacon Claude Frollo. Frollo denounces a gypsy girl as a witch, a mob pursues the girl Esmerelda, and the deformed bellringer Quasimodo shelters her in the belfry of the Parisiancathedral. FTP, name this novel by Victor Hugo.", "Esmeralda's birth-name was Agnes. She is the love child of Paquette Guybertaut, nicknamed 'la Chantefleurie', an orphaned minstrel's daughter who lives in Rheims. Paquette has become a prostitute after being seduced by a young nobleman, and lives a miserable life in poverty and loneliness. Agnes's birth makes Paquette happy once more, and she lavishes attention and care upon her adored child: even the neighbours begin to forgive Paquette for her past behaviour when they watch the pair. Tragedy strikes, however, when Gypsies kidnap the young baby, leaving a hideously deformed child (the infant Quasimodo) in place. The townsfolk come to the conclusion that the Gypsies have cannibalised baby Agnes; the mother flees Rheims in despair, and the deformed child is exorcised and sent to Paris, to be left on the foundling bed at Notre-Dame.", "Victor Hugo recreated a picturesque account of a Feast of Fools in his 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, in which Quasimodo serves as Pope of Fools. In the Disney adaption, Quasimodo attends the festival by accident and meets Esmeralda who is also taking part in the festival. After Quasimodo is crowned the pope of fools he is tormented by the crowd thanks to Frollo’s soldiers. Phoebus is disgusted at the treatment and asks Frollo to stop it but Frollo cruelly refuses. Esmeralda seeing this is enraged, frees Quasimodo and puts the torture to a stop.", "In Paris, France, gypsy puppeteer Clopin narrates the origin of the deformed bell-ringer Quasimodo, explaining that he was adopted by Judge Claude Frollo at the behest of the cathedral Archdeacon after he killed Quasimodo's mother. In the present, Quasimodo, encouraged by the cathedral's gargoyles, Victor, Hugo, and Laverne, ventures out into the city for the first time to attend the Festival of Fools. While at the festival, he meets gypsy dancer Esmeralda, who accidentally exposes him to the public.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame heavily changes the ending of the story - in the original Victor Hugo novel , both Esmeralda and Quasimodo die; in the Disney version, they both survive, Esmeralda marries Phoebus and Quasimodo gets accepted by the society. Interestingly, the Screen-to-Stage Adaptation of the Disney movie brings back the Downer Ending .", "(L to R) John McGinty as Quasimodo and Lesli Margherita as Esmeralda in The Hunchback of Notre Dame, produced by Music Circus at the Wells Fargo Pavilion August 23-28. Photo by Kevin Graft.", "Quasimodo was born to a family of Gypsies parents in 15th century France. He was born with significant deformities, \" a huge wart that covers his left eye and a severely hunched back. His unnamed parents parents decided to abandon him. They abducted a beautiful baby girl called Agness, the illegitimate daughter of a nobleman and prostitute Paquette Guybertaut. (The baby Agness would grew to become Esmeralda). They left Quasimodo in the girl's place in Rheims, at the hands of Paquette.", "The movie opens in 1482 Paris with Clopin , a Gypsy puppeteer, telling a group of children the story of the Hunchback of Notre Dame. The story begins as three gypsies sneak illegally into Paris but are ambushed by a squadron of soldier-like thugs working for Judge Claude Frollo , the Minister of Justice and de facto ruler of Paris. A gypsy woman attempts to flee with her baby, but Frollo, thinking the woman is carrying stolen goods, catches and kills her just outside Notre Dame, intending to kill her deformed baby (Frollo says to the Archdeacon that the baby is \"an unholy demon\" and that he is \"sending it back to hell where it belongs\"), but the Archdeacon appears and accuses him of murdering an innocent woman. Frollo denies that he is in the wrong saying his conscience is clear, but the Archdeacon declares he can lie to himself all he wants, but he cannot hide his crime from heaven ('the eyes of Notre Dame', the statues of the saints outside the cathedral). Fearing for his soul and to atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in the Cathedral's bell tower as his son, naming him Quasimodo .", "Quasimodo is the protagonist of Disney's 1996 animated film version of the story, where he is a very different character than in the novel. Quasimodo was voiced by Tom Hulce and animated by James Baxter. Unlike in the novel, he has two eyes, one of which is only partly covered. He is not deaf either; he is capable of fluent speech and longs to live in the world outside the bell-tower. He is also older than his book counterpart as he is approximately 20 years old in the film where he is around 16 in the book. He has three anthropomorphic gargoyle friends/guardians named Victor, Hugo, and Laverne, who mainly come to life in his presence, and comment on events taking place when he is gone. He comes from a family of gypsies like in the novel, but his father is executed by Frollo's soldiers and his mother is killed during a struggle with Frollo as she attempts to save her child near Notre Dame. Quasimodo is spared and sent to live in the bell-tower when the Archdeacon of Notre Dame condemns Frollo for both murdering Quasimodo's parents and attempting to do so to her child, warning of the consequences that his cruelty will result in damnation if ever he kills the baby under the \"eyes of Notre Dame.\"", "Quasimodo (from Latin, quasi modo ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo. Quasimodo was born with a hunchback and feared by the townspeople as a sort of monster, but he finds sanctuary in an unlikely love that is fulfilled only in death. The role of Quasimodo has been played by many actors in film and stage adaptations, including Lon Chaney, Sr. (1923) and Charles Laughton (1939), as well as Tom Hulce in the 1996 Disney animated adaptation. In 2010, a British researcher found evidence suggesting there was a real-life hunchbacked stone carver who worked at Notre Dame during the same period Victor Hugo was writing the novel and they may have even known each other.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 34th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series, the film is based on Victor Hugo's novel of the same name. The plot centers on Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame and his struggle to gain acceptance into society.", "You probably guessed that Victor Hugo’s novel does not have dancing gargoyles or Wizard of Oz references, but it goes much deeper than that. In fact, we can trace its primary misdirection back to whoever first decided on the English translation of the title of the book: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. This implies that the main character of the story is Quasimodo, the misformed outcast with a heart of gold who longs to spend oooone daaay ooouuut theeeeere. However, Hugo’s original French title is much more accurate: Notre-Dame de Paris. This focus of the novel is on its setting rather than its protagonists – we follow a cast of characters, but in the end, all roads lead to the cathedral.", "Particularly notable are classics like the story Carmen by Prosper Mérimée and the opera based on it by Georges Bizet, Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Herge's The Castafiore Emerald and Miguel de Cervantes' La Gitanilla. The Romani were also depicted in A Midsummer Night's Dream, As You Like It, Othello and The Tempest, all by William Shakespeare.", "\"'Tis Quasimodo, the bellringer! 'tis Quasimodo, the hunchback of Notre-Dame! Quasimodo, the one-eyed! Quasimodo, the bandy-legged! Noel! Noel!\"", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo. According to Barnes and Noble, “One of the first great novels of the Romantic era, Victor Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame has thrilled generations of readers with its powerfully melodramatic story of Quasimodo, the deformed hunchback who lives in the bell tower of medieval Paris’s most famous cathedral.", "Explores the life of Quasimodo, better known as the Hunchback of Notre Dame. The Hunchback was introduced to the world in French author Victor Hugo's 1831 novel, Notre-Dame de Paris (The ... See full summary  »", "Based on Victor Hugo's 1831 novel about a deformed, Parisian Notre Dame bell ringer named Quasimodo. The silent film was produced by Universal Pictures studio head Carl Laemmle, at the urging of producer Irving Thalberg, who went on to a long career at MGM Studios.", "Hunchback of Notre Dame / Quasi Modo / Quasimodo / Quasimodo enfant / The Hunchback Quasimodo" ]

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[ "Field Marshall Erwin Rommel was one of the most celebrated Nazi commanders during World War II, a sly tactician whose exploits in North Africa earned him the nickname \"The Desert Fox.\" Rommel joined the German army in 1910 and served with distinction during World War I, in campaigns in France, Romania and Italy. His courage and daring gave him a reputation among German soldiers that spawned the saying, \"Where Rommel is, there is the front.\" After the war he remained in the German army as an instructor, a role that led to his publishing a book on infantry tactics in 1936. Around this time he caught the attention of Adolf Hitler , who put him in charge of security for the rallies at Nüremberg. In the early part of World War II, Rommel commanded Hitler's personal military escort, but in 1940 he was given command of the 7th Panzer Division for the invasion of France. In 1941 Rommel was directed to shore up Italian defenses in Libya; instead of merely holding the line, he attacked British forces and soon drove them as far as Egypt. His fearlessness on the battlefield and his skill at deceiving the Allies made him a Hitler favorite and the most talked-about Nazi commander throughout 1941 and 1942. Even his loss to Britain's Bernard \"Monty\" Montgomery at El Alamein (October of 1942) is considered proof of his tactical skill: Rommel led his army on a rapid 700-mile retreat with minimal losses.", "Birthday - German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel (1891-1944) was born at Heidenheim, in Wurttemberg, Germany. During World War II, he led the 7th Panzer Division to victory in the Battle of France . His early victories in North Africa earned him the nickname, \"Desert Fox.\" However, in 1943, he was defeated at El Alamein by the British under General Montgomery. Rommel was implicated in the July 1944 failed assassination of Hitler . He was then forced to commit suicide and died at age 52 on October 14, 1944, near Ulm, Germany.", "Erwin Rommel was one of Germany’s most respected military leaders in World War Two. Rommel played a part in two very significant battles during the war – at El Alamein in North Africa and at D-Day. Rommel’s nickname was the ‘Desert Fox’ – a title given to him by the British.", "Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel [1 ] (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), popularly known as the Desert Fox (Wüstenfuchs, [6] listen ( help · info )), was a German Field Marshal of World War II . He won the respect of both his own troops and the enemies he fought.", "Respected by both his own troops and opponents for being a generous officer, Erwin Rommel was a German Field Marshal during World War 2 who commanded the German forces fighting against the Allied Forces during Normandy invasion. Counted among one of the most experienced commanders of desert warfare , General Rommel was popularly known by his nickname “Desert Fox”. Throughout service, he was never accused of war crimes, and furthermore, he was against to kill captured soldiers or civilians.", "In early 1941, Rommel was given control of the troops sent to North Africa to aid Germany’s ailing ally, Italy, in maintaining its position in Libya. It is here, in the deserts of North Africa, that Rommel earned his vaunted reputation, as well as his nickname (he became known for his “fox-like” sneak attacks). Winning significant victories against the British, whom he begrudgingly admired, Rommel nevertheless became weary of this theater of operations; he wanted to go back to Europe. It wasn’t until a second battle to take el-Alamein in Egypt went against him that the “invincible” general was finally called home back to Europe.", "Erwin Rommel, in full Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, byname the Desert Fox, German der Wüstenfuchs (born November 15, 1891, Heidenheim, Germany —died October 14, 1944, Herrlingen, near Ulm ), German field marshal who became the most popular general at home and gained the open respect of his enemies with his spectacular victories as commander of the Afrika Korps in World War II .", "The nickname ‘Desert Fox’ was well deserved. Rommel was highly respected even by the British. Auchinleck, Rommel’s opposite until his sacking by Churchill, sent a memo to his senior commanders in North Africa, to state that it was their responsibility to ensure that their men thought less of Rommel as a ‘super military leader’ and more of him as a normal German commander.", "Like Germany's other legendary battle front commander of World War II, Field Marshal Heinz Guderian, Rommel is obsessed with mobility and insists on leading his troops at the front. The speed with which Rommel's force speaheads the 1940 German invasion of France causes it to be nicknamed the Ghost Division and himself as the knight of the Apocalypse. At one point, Rommel's army covers 150 miles in one day setting a world record. During the six week campaign, Rommel's force alone captures nearly 100,000 French prisoners and 450 enemy tanks losing in the process less than 42 tanks. He returns to Germany acclaimed by Hitler and the population and promoted to lieutenant general.", "The Afrika Korps were never accused of any war crimes, and Rommel himself referred to the fighting in North Africa as Krieg ohne Hass—war without hate. Numerous examples exist of Rommel's chivalry towards Allied POWs , such as his defiance of Hitler's infamous Commando Order following the capture of Lt. Roy Woodridge and Lt. George Lane as part of Operation Fortitude . He also refused to comply with Hitler's order to execute Jewish POWs.", "Gentleman warrior, military genius. The legend of Erwin Rommel, the German Field Marshal who outfoxed the British in North Africa, lives on. But a new TV documentary seeks to correct that image by arguing that his victories nearly brought the Holocaust to the Middle East.", "His sense of valor and chivalry were the stuff of King Arthur's knights, but it was his \"boldness, use of surprise, readiness to accept risks\" and above all his \"intuitive sense of the battlefield\" that made Rommel one of the greatest generals in military history. \"Brilliantly successful in attack, and remarkably resourceful in defense,\" the \"Desert Fox\" raced his armies through France in 1940 and then repeatedly outwitted the British in North Africa. (Blumenson, 293).", "Erwin Rommel was born in Heidenheim near Ulm on Nov. 15, 1891, into an old Swabian middle-class family. After a traditional classical education, he joined the 124th Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and was commissioned as second lieutenant 2 years later. In World War I he served on the Western front in France and immediately distinguished himself as an outstanding soldier. In 1915 he was awarded the Iron Cross Class I. From autumn 1915 to 1918 he served in a mountain unit in Romania and on the Italian front, where, for unusual bravery in his capture of Monte Matajur, he was cited for the highest award offered in the German army, the Pour le Mérite, at the unprecedented age of 27.", "Rommel had described the conduct of the desert war as \"War without Hate\" in his papers. Historian Martin Kitchen states that the reputation of the Afrika Korps was preserved due to the circumstances that they fought in: the sparsely populated desert areas did not lend themselves to ethnic cleansing; the German forces never reached Egypt and Palestine that had large Jewish populations; and in the urban areas of Tunisia and Transpolitania, the Italian government constrained the German efforts to discriminate against or eliminate Jews who were Italian citizens. Despite this, the North African Jews themselves believed that it was Rommel who prevented the \"Final Solution\" from being carried out against them when German might dominated North Africa from Egypt to Morocco. Historian Michael Curtis wrote that in the three French North African colonies, 120,000 Jews lived in Algeria, 200,000 in Morocco and about 80,000 in Tunisia (when the Germans invaded Tunisia in 1942, this number remained the same). ", "When Rommel was required to command the Afrika Korps in Northern Africa to aid the Italians who had been defeated by the 'Western Desert Force' (which later became the Eighth Army), the Allies knew that holding onto Northern Africa had just become a much harder objective to achieve. Rommel utilised the mobility of his Panzer Divisions and the superiority of his tanks and anti-tank guns to defeat the Allies on several occasions. Rommels finest battle in North Africa is said to have been Gazala in May 1942, where his superb improvisational skills and mastery of mobile warfare, struck an almost fatal blow to the Allies. All this time Rommel suffered from appalling supply problems that forced him to ration ammunition and fuel. Fuel was the main problem in a conflict that was fought over hundreds of miles of open desert and neccessitated mobile warfare on a grand scale.", "Rommel's reputation was spared only because his strategy failed. He was later dispatched to Italy and then to France, where his contact with the plotters who tried to assassinate Hitler on July 20, 1944, cost him his life. He committed suicide after Hitler ordered that he be given the choice between killing himself and being tried in court.", "Erwin Rommel - Rommel was one of Germany's smartest Generals. He commanded their army in Africa and then the German army during the Invasion of Normandy.", "After the battle of Alam Halfa in which Rommel was forced to attack, because the Allies were soon to achieve numerical superiority, the Afrika Korps days were numbered. His supply situation grew incresingly worse and Hitler began to over-rule his tactical decisions. Rommel, although severely lacking supplies and equipment, held out in Tunisia and had the chance to defeat the Allies, but was denied by the Italian High Command over-ruling his proposed attack. One couldn`t help feeling a little sorry for the man at this time. He had shown himself a brilliant fighter in the desert; three times he had escaped Montgomery`s efforts to surround his panzer army; he had been consistently starved of supplies and equipment.1 There is no denying that Rommel was a dynamic factor in the North African Campaign and if it was not for the fact that he received insufficient supplies, I believe he would have won the Desert War.", "In Berlin, an irate German Chief of Staff General Franz Halder commented that Rommel had \"gone stark mad\" in North Africa. Attacks against Tobruk repeatedly failed and Rommel's men suffered from severe logistical issues due to their long supply lines. After defeating two British attempts to relieve Tobruk, Rommel was elevated to lead Panzer Group Africa which comprised the bulk of Axis forces in North Africa . In November 1941, Rommel was forced to retreat when the British launched Operation Crusader which relieved Tobruk and compelled him to fall all the way back to El Agheila.", "1943--German Gen. Rommel and his Afrika Korps launched an offensive against an Allied defensive line in Tunisia, North Africa in the battle of the Kasserine Pass.", "Rommel's experiences on the Italian front in the First World War which gained successes against opponents shaped Rommel's subsequent style as a military commander. Rommel was a successful tactician in a rapidly developing, mobile battle. He learned that taking initiative and not letting the enemy forces to regroup led to victory. Rommel directed his forces aggressively, often leading from the front. Some authors, like Porch, comment that Rommel's enemies were often less organized, second-rate, or depleted, and his tactics were less effective against adequately led, trained and supplied opponents, and proved insufficient in the latter years of the war. Others point out that through his career, he frequently fought while out-numbered and out-gunned, sometimes overwhelmingly so, while having to deal with internal opponents in Germany who hoped that he would fail. \"Bigwigs...despised Rommel...It was very much the way Hitler liked to keep it. He was the classic divide-and-rule dictator\" (historian Guy Walters, 42:00). \"Rommel's former enemies put together a pact against Rommel. It started at the Ehrenhof and ended in Hitler's immediate surrounding with Bormann and Keitel\" (historian Reuth, 43:00).", "The life of Erwin Rommel, for a time Hitler's favourite general is nominated by Ray Mears. Matthew Parris hears why this German soldier was a \"great life\". They are also joined by Dr Niall Barr, Reader in Military History, Defence Studies Department at Kings College, London. Producer: Perminder Khatkar.", "The Field Marshal was the German commander most frequently covered in the German media, and the only one to be given a press conference, which took place in October 1942. The press conference was moderated by Goebbels and was attended by both domestic and foreign media. Rommel declared: \"Today we (...) have the gates of Egypt in hand, and with the intent to act!\" Keeping the focus on Rommel distracted the German public from Wehrmacht losses elsewhere as the tide of the war began to turn. He became a symbol that was used to reinforce the German public's faith in an ultimate Axis victory.", "In His Own Words John Pimlott In this compelling book, Erwin Rommel – one of the most successful commanders of World War II, and certainly the most well-known – writes about his views on the philosophy of warfare, battles, leaders, and the progress of both world wars. $29.95 • 192 pages • 7.5 x 9.5 • 110 b/w photos • September 2015 • paperback • 978-1-78274316-3 • NCR", "For a time, Rommel served in the same infantry regiment as Friedrich Paulus , who like Rommel rose to the rank of Field Marshal during World War II. While fighting at Isonzo , Rommel was caught behind Italian lines but managed to escape capture, though almost all of his staff were taken prisoner. In the Second World War, when the Germans and Italians were allies, Rommel tempered his initial disdain of Italian soldiers, when he realized that their lack of success was principally due to poor leadership and equipment. When these difficulties were overcome they were equal to German forces. [5 ] Erwin Rommel wrote a book, Infanterie Greift An (Infantry Attacks), in which he examined and analyzed the many battles he fought in during World War I. It was published in 1937 and became essential reading for both German and allied commanders during World War II. He taught his men to dig in whenever they paused for any length of time. This paid off many times when French artillery fired upon his position, only to be shrugged off by the entrenchments built by Rommel's men.", "German field marshal of World War II. He earned the respect of both his own troops and his enemies", "Rommel's relationship with the Italian High Command in North Africa was generally poor. Rommel was sent to Africa to shore up a crumbling situation created under the direction of the Italian command, and though he was nominally subordinate to the Italians for much of the campaign, he was under no illusions as to why he was there. Further, he enjoyed direct access to Hitler, which allowed him a certain degree of autonomy from his Italian counterparts; since he was directing their troops in battle as well as his own, this was bound to cause hostility among Italian commanders. Conversely, as the Italian command had control over the supplies of the forces in Africa, they resupplied Italian units preferentially, which was a source of resentment for Rommel and his staff. Rommel's direct and abrasive manner did nothing to smooth these issues. ", "While the Allies fought to suppress French defenses, the FÜhrer and his advisers made one of the most disastrous strategic decisions of World War II. Despite the enormous overstretch of German forces on the Eastern Front — in a matter of weeks the Soviets would launch their Stalingrad counteroffensive — Hitler ordered the seizure of Tunisia. When the landings took place, the FÜhrer was on a train headed from East Prussia to Munich to give his annual ‘Beer Hall’ speech, commemorating the failed Nazi putsch of 1923. The OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or armed forces high command) staff, remaining in East Prussia, warned that North Africa could not be held, but as one staff officer noted after the war, that assessment ‘passed unnoticed in the general jumble of vague political and strategic ideas based primarily on considerations of prestige.’ There was certainly no overall strategic assessment of additional commitments in North Africa. Hitler rushed paratrooper units across the Mediterranean by Junkers Ju-52s, and Regular infantry and armored units soon followed.", "\"We have a very daring and skillful opponet against us. And may I say across the havoc of war, a great general\". Commenting on Rommel", "\"We have a very daring and skillful opponent against us. And may I say across the havoc of war, a great general.\" Commenting on Rommel", "Ace Pilot Hans-Joachim Marseille , known in his lifetime as Der Stern Von Afrika, The Star of Africa.", "General who unleashed a massive air and land bombardment against the enemy, providing a gap in the German defense" ]

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[ "October 14, 1926, marked the simultaneous British and American publication of the first novel about Christopher Robin's bear, Winnie-the-Pooh, by Dutton and the British publisher Methuen & Company, Ltd. Winnie-the-Pooh was another tremendous success. Critics hailed the book as a masterpiece (with the exception of Dorothy Parker, who found Milne's work affected). Dutton sold 150,000 copies before the year's end. Milne and Shepard went on to collaborate on two more titles: Now We Are Six in 1927 and a companion volume of Pooh stories in 1928, The House At Pooh Corner, which introduced Tigger. Together these four books form the basis of the entire Pooh canon.", "Milne presented ‘Winnie-the-Pooh’ to his publishers, who were at the time expecting a suspense novel from him. However, after the success of his first book ‘When We Were Very Young’, the publishers decided to go along with Milne and ‘Winnie-the-Pooh’ was published byMethuen on October 14th 1926. The world was thus introduced to the magical world and adventures of a little boy and his family of toy animals.", "Winnie-the-Pooh was written by English author A. A. Milne and was illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It was first published on October 14, 1926. The inspiration for the setting came from Ashdown Forest, which was near the country home that Milne purchased in 1925. The Winnie-the-Pooh character was named after a teddy bear that his son had owned and the character Christopher Robin is named after his son. The real stuffed toys that inspired all of the characters are on display in the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building in New York.", "Winnie-the-Pooh, commonly shortened to Pooh Bear or simply Pooh, and once referred to as Edward Bear, is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne . The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children’s verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard .", "Milne's greatest and enduring successes, however, were his books Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). These two volumes told the adventures of a young boy named Christopher Robin, after Milne's own son (Christopher Robin Milne), and his animal playmates, who were inspired by the real Christopher Robin's stuffed toys. A bear named Winnie-the-Pooh was the central character, accompanied by fussy Rabbit, gloomy donkey Eeyore, bouncy tiger Tigger, kind kangaroo Kanga and her baby Roo, wise Owl and shy Piglet.", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.", "When We Were Very Young is a book by A. A. Milne containing forty-four poems. It was first published in 1924, and was illustrated by E. H. Shepard. Several of the verses were set to music by Harold Fraser-Simson. The book begins with an introduction entitled Just Before We Begin which in part tells the reader to imagine for themselves who the narrator is, and that it might be Christopher Robin. The thirty-eighth poem in the book, Teddy Bear, that originally appeared in the Punch magazine in 1924 was the first appearance of the famous character Winnie-the-Pooh. In one of the illustrations of Teddy Bear, Winnie-the-Pooh is shown wearing a shirt which was later coloured red when reproduced on a recording produced by Stephen Slesinger. This has become his standard appearance in the Disney adaptations.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Winnie-the-Pooh (full color edition). New York : E.P. Dutton, 1926 & 1961.", "Alan Alexander Milne ( A. A. Milne) - Alan Alexander Milne ( A. A. Milne) When reminiscing on past memories of favorite books, cartoons, songs and stuffed animals, many people will think about Winnie the Pooh. The man behind all of your fun filled childhood adventured with Christopher Robin and his bear friend Pooh is Alan Alexander Milne, more commonly known as A. A. Milne. Besides his creation of Winnie the Pooh short story and poetry books he was a very accomplished man through out his whole life. He showed great affection to family members, friends, and to his wife and child....   [tags: Biography Biographies Pooh Essays]", "Winnie-the-Pooh was published in 1926, followed by The House at Pooh Corner in 1928. A second collection of nursery rhymes, Now We Are Six, was published in 1927. All three books were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. Milne also published four plays in this period. He also [gallantly stepped forward] to contribute a quarter of the costs of dramatising P. G. Wodehouses A Damsel in Distress. His book The World of Pooh won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958]. – Wikipedia", "British author A.A. Milne was born in London, England, on January 18, 1882. After attending the University of Cambridge's Trinity College and writing for the literary magazines Granta and Punch, Milne began a successful career as a novelist, poet and playwright in the 1920s. His best known works are his two collections of children's poetry, When We Were Young and Now We Are Six, and his two books of stories about the lovable bear Winnie-the-Pooh and his animal friends. Milne died on January 31, 1956.", "Alan Alexander \"A. A.\" Milne (18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956), was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work.", "The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after a black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, and E. P. Dutton in the United States. ", "A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh for a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milne's toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo and Tigger, were incorporated into Milne's stories. Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City. ", "Before the publishing of Winnie-the-Pooh, a similar character named Edward Bear had made appearances in some of Milne's poems. The character who would become Pooh had his first real appearance in \"The Wrong Sort of Bees\", a story published in the London Evening News in its issue for Christmas Eve 1925, which would later be adapted into the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh.", "Alan Alexander Milne (/ˈmɪln/; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various children's poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.", "*A. A. Milne (1882–1956) – Winnie-the-Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner, When We Were Very Young", "The Hundred Acre Wood, as portrayed in the Disney cartoons based on A.A. Milne’s stories, is filled with cute characters: Tigger, Roo, Piglet. But it’s Winnie the Pooh — with his rumblies in his tumblies and the sweeter-than-honey voice, as originally created by Sterling Holloway — that will always be the most delightful.", "Alan Alexander Milne, author of the famous [Winnie the Pooh] books for children. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images). Circa 1920", "Milne is most famous for his two Pooh books about a boy named Christopher Robin after his son, and various characters inspired by his son's stuffed animals, most notably the bear named Winnie-the-Pooh. Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed bear, originally named \"Edward\", was renamed \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" after a Canadian black bear named Winnie (after Winnipeg), which was used as a military mascot in World War I, and left to London Zoo during the war. \"The pooh\" comes from a swan called \"Pooh\". E. H. Shepard illustrated the original Pooh books, using his own son's teddy, Growler (\"a magnificent bear\"), as the model. Christopher Robin Milne's own toys are now under glass in New York.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Stories and Poems about Pooh and His friend: Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin and Rabbit and Roo and Eeyore and more. Illustrated by Ernest H. Shepard. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1971.", "Children's Books: A.A. Milne (1882-1956) publishes \"Winnie the Pooh,\" one of the most popular children’s books ever written.", "No, Milne didn't encounter a real bear, accompanied by a group of animal friends, wandering around the Hundred Acre Wood. But almost all of the characters in his books had real-life counterparts. Christopher Robin, Pooh's human companion, was named after Milne's own son, Christopher Robin Milne (who was less than thrilled about his inescapable association with the popular books as he got older). Winnie the Pooh was Christopher's teddy bear.", "Lottie is an otter and the only new major character in Return to the Hundred Acre Wood. Lottie is a \"feisty\" character who is also good at cricket and insists on proper etiquette. She wears a pearl necklace and can play the mouth organ, but is a little snide and snobby in her remarks. She makes her home in a wooden trunk filled with water that she calls Fortitude Hall. According to Benedictus, \"Lottie the Otter truly embodies Winnie-the-Pooh's values of friendship and adventure seen throughout Milne's work, thus making the perfect companion for everyone's favourite bear.\"", "Christopher Robin, the name of the boy in English author and humorist A. A. Milne’s (1882-1956) idyllic Pooh books, a child-figure Milne depicted in the stories as a responsible and benevolent adult. The character was based on Milne’s son, Christopher Robin Milne (1920-1996).", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). Winnie-the-Pooh: The Color Edition. With decorations by Ernest H. Shepard. New York: Dutton Children's Books, c1991.", "Milne, A. A. (Alexander Alan). The House at Pooh Corner: The Color Edition. With decorations by Ernest H. Shepard. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 1991.", "(Alan Alexander Milne) , 1882–1956, English author. Milne began his literary career as a journalist and later became a regular contributor to Punch.", "By the time Christopher Robin was born, Alan Milne, who was then already 42, was also a well-known playwright and novelist as well as a humorist and satirist. He and Dorothy – always known as Daphne – lived in Chelsea.", "Christopher Robin Milne was born August 21, 1920 in Chelsea. His father , despite the affability which his children's books suggest, was distant, though amiable, with his one and only son. In keeping with Middle Class English tradition in the 1920's, Christopher Robin was brought up by a Nanny who looked after him most of the day. He was taken formally downstairs three times a day to visit his parents. Small, shy and unself possessed, Christopher Milne was clever with his hands. He loved sewing, knitting and making tapestry pictures. He dismantled clocks and locks, rigged up burglar alarms, and even turned a toy pistol into a dangerous weapon.", "Christopher Robin Milne was born at 11 Mallord St, Chelsea, London at 8 am to author Alan Alexander Milne and Dorothy Milne (née de Sélincourt). He was delivered by Bessie Bashford, a Midwife trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital London who moved in with the couple a month before the birth of their baby. His parents had expected the baby to be a girl, and had chosen the name Rosemary. When it turned out to be a boy, they initially intended to call him Billy, but decided that would be too informal. They gave him two first names to help distinguish him from other Milnes; each parent chose a name. Although he was officially named Christopher Robin, his parents often referred to him as \"Billy\". When he began to talk, he pronounced his surname as Moon instead of Milne. After that, his family would often call him \"Billy\", \"Moon\", or \"Billy Moon\". In later life, he became known as simply \"Christopher\".", "In 1922 Margery Williams pub. The Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real ; illustrated by Sir William Nicholson (1872-1949); \"He was fat and bunchy, as a rabbit should be; his coat was spotted brown and white, he had real thread whiskers, and his ears were lined with pink sateen\"; loved to a nub, tossed out with the trash, and saved by a magic fairy?" ]

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[ "A card game is any type of game that uses playing cards as the main playing tool. The cards can be a regular 52-card, 4-suit deck, or they can be unique to the game. These games are played all around the world with many of the popular games like euchre, poker, and bridge having variants depending on culture.", "A game with a gardening theme. Some of the cards represent plants of various types and the aim is to score points by playing matching sets of these in the area in front of you (your garden). Other cards are used for attacking other players' gardens or defending your own, or cause events such as natural disasters. At the start of each turn you replenish your hand to six cards and then play one of these.", "The four suits in a deck of standard playing cards. The Spade is a gardener’s tool. The Diamond is the hardest gem to break. “Little Girl and Queen” is a Mother Goose rhyme, in which the Queen gave the girl a large diamond for picking the Queen some roses.The Heart bonds with the mind to form love. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.The Club, or Clover, is three dots connected around a stem.", "Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard Anglo-American (52-card) deck of playing cards (such as for bridge, poker, Rummy, etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game skat), a tarot deck of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of trick-taking games collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as Set or 1000 Blank White Cards). Uno and Rook are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some collectible card games such as Magic: The Gathering are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets.", "* Drill Bit - The Mini-Con partner of Metroplex. He transforms into a twin drill machine.", "\"Set up is more or less the same as Cluedo/Clue. The locations are now the garage, the garden, the gazebo, the tennis court, the swimming pool, the gate house, the stables, the boathouse and the mansion. The new weapons are the dangerous-looking hammer and garden shears, the impractical horse shoe and bucket, and the whimsical tennis racket and garden gnome.", "game played for pleasure or gambling (or both) with one or more decks of playing cards.", "Published by Playful Minds. Ages 7 and up. 2-5 players (best with 4). Although possible to played with 2 decks to squeeze in 7 players. Games last about 15-25 minutes. 122 Cards in total. 24 Plant cards, 18 Defense Cards, 23 Attack Cards, 6 Disaster Cards, 4 Environment Cards and 7 Special Cards. Green Thumb cards captures much of the essence of gardening while enthralling with friendly competition between neighbors who wish to grow the same flowers. You will have to protect your plants from insects and mother nature. And you may even find yourself a bit envious of another players garden, deciding to send over a bug or two to transplant your favorite flower into your own garden. Exist also as a shareware computer game for PC on the official Playful Minds site.", "A playing card is a typically hand-sized rectangular (in India , round) piece of heavy paper or thin plastic used for playing card games . A complete set of cards is a pack or deck. Playing cards are often used as props in magic tricks , as well as occult practices such as cartomancy , and a number of card games involve (or can be used to support) gambling . As a result, their use sometimes meets with disapproval from some religious groups (such as conservative Christians ). They are also a popular collectible (as distinct from the cards made specifically for collectible trading card games ). Specialty and novelty decks are commonly produced for collectors, often with political, cultural, or educational themes. One side of each card (the \"front\" or \"face\") carries markings that distinguish it from the others and determine its use under the rules of the particular game being played, while the other side (the \"back\") is identical for all cards, usually a plain color or abstract design. In most games, the cards are assembled into a \"deck\" (or \"pack\"), and their order is randomized by a procedure called \" shuffling \" to provide an element of chance in the game.", "In the United States, single hole punches are often used to punch holes through playing cards, marking them as \"used\" or \"canceled\". This helps cut down on cheating by eliminating any cards that may have been tainted by players. Paper drilling is also popular for this purpose.", "Drill - A machine utilizing rotation, percussion (hammering), or a combination of both to make holes. If the hole is much over 0.4m in diameter, the machine is called a borer.", "Cluedo Card Game (1992) [14] is a shedding-type card game , where players attempt to match cards featuring the locations, weapons, and characters from the original game with a central pile of cards.", "This is a kind of board wargame, but played entirely with cards, some of which represent land. The game components are free - you can download and print out the rules the card designs from the web site, cut out the cards and play.", "There is a vast array of variations on the patience theme, using either one or more decks of cards, with rules of varying complexity and skill levels. Many of these have been converted to electronic form and are available as computer games. Examples of variants on the familiar Patience theme that may be played with an ordinary pack of cards include Bisley and Prince Albert. Basic forms of Klondike solitaire and FreeCell come with every installation of Microsoft Windows older than Windows 8. More recent versions of Windows offer six unique card games which can be downloaded for free from its app store in the form of the Collection. There are also many applications for Android and iOS.", "Cluedo Card Game (1992) [20] is a shedding-type card game , where players attempt to match cards featuring the locations, weapons, and characters from the original game with a central pile of cards.", "A card or set of cards printed with symbol s, words, numeral s, and/or picture s intended for use by an individual or group in performing a specific action (or set of actions) or in following a pursuit. Compare with flash card . See also: game and kit .", "There were several games that could be played by more than two people. In the game of \"snake\" (mehen), up to six people could play. It used a long field scratched out on the floor and stone pieces int he shape of dogs, lions and balls that were moved along it. In yet another game, pegs with their tops shaped into dogs, jackals and other animals were stuck into a row of 30 to 60 holes drilled into a board. Unfortunately, we currently know little about the rules for any of these games.", "For over six centuries – apart from its functionality as a number game – the playing card has been chosen as a medium for artistry, aesthetic endeavour and ornamental design, ranging from hand-painted and engraved cards for medieval patrons, to the chromo-lithographic delights and transformation cards of the nineteenth century, and the designer and art packs of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.", "Luck may be introduced into a game by a number of methods. The use of dice of various sorts goes back to the earliest board games. These can decide everything from how many steps a player moves their token, as in Monopoly, to how their forces fare in battle, as in Risk, or which resources a player gains, as in The Settlers of Catan. Other games such as Sorry! use a deck of special cards that, when shuffled, create randomness. Scrabble does something similar with randomly picked letters. Other games use spinners, timers of random length, or other sources of randomness. German-style board games are notable for often having less luck element than many North American board games.", "Marked playing cards, is a more universal of magic tool, a magic marked deck, with the naked eyes cannot see the mark.", "Patience games typically involve dealing cards from a shuffled deck into a prescribed arrangement on a tabletop, from which the player attempts to reorder the deck by suit and rank through a series of moves transferring cards from one place to another under prescribed restrictions. Some games allow for the reshuffling of the deck(s), and/or the placement of cards into new or \"empty\" locations. In the most familiar, general form of Patience, the object of the game is to build up four blocks of cards going from ace to king in each suit, taking cards from the layout if they appear on the table.", "This game combines features of several competitive patience games such as Spit , Racing Demon and Spite and Malice . Each player has a pack of 42 cards: 1-10 in each of four colours (cards of two colours have suns, the other two have moons), plus a wild Splink! card and a Freeze card. Play is simultaneous. Cards are built in upward sequence in colour on the central \"point piles\", and can be stored for later use in private stash piles, which card built in downward sequence alternating suns and moons. The Splink! card can substitute for any needed card, and the Freeze card stops the other player(s) for 5 seconds while you continue playing.", "Squidgers are custom-made by their owners or purchased from squidger makers. A player may use as many as he likes, selecting an appropriate squidger for each shot. Top players may carry up to twenty different squidgers, but will not typically use all of them in one game. The rules governing squidgers are liberal; a range of dimensions are permitted, and the material is not specified, except for the condition that squidgers must not damage winks or the mat. Typically squidgers are made from different types of plastic, though glass, rubber, cork and onyx are occasionally seen. The squidgers are usually filed or sanded to give a sharp edge and then polished.", "Each turn, players have to deal with and negotiate random events in the area, then continue the turn under those circumstances, by drawing Tinker cards to fill their hand up to five cards, then rolling dice to determine their resources for that turn. Players then spend those resources to build new Gadgets or augment their existing Gadgets with Modifications. These Gadgets and Modifications can then be Delivered to the townsfolk for Reputation. In addition players can choose to scrap cards from their hand, and pull them out of circulation.", "In addition to the ailments included in the body, other pieces of equipment needed to play the game include surgical tweezers, doctor cards and play money.", "Designed by Klaus Palesch and Wolfgang Kramer. Published in USA by US Games 1996. German edition is called \"6 Nimmt!\" and is published 1994 by Amigo Spiel. For 2-10 players and takes about 45 minutes to play. It has a deck of cards numbered 1 to 104. Players are given a hand of cards and then five more are played face up in the middle of the table. Players secretly pick one of their cards, and then in ascending order the cards are added to those in the middle of the board. When the sixth card of a set is placed in the middle, the five cards are taken by that player, leaving the sixth card to start a new set. Plus, each card has a variable number of bullheads on it, and when someone has taken sixty-six points worth of bullheads, the player with the lowest total is the winner.", "Dig-It published by Cadaco. 378 letter tiles, many cards with a subject printed on each. Deal out subject cards, players simply dig into the common pile of letter tiles, spelling words relating to their subject. [SOS]", "Originally published by Hasbro 1972. Now licenced to Winning-Moves 1996. For 2-4 players, 8 years to adult. Takes about 30 minutes to play. Contains 88 cards and 8 plumber disks. Object is to be the first player to build a complete, leak free, pipeline from your valve card to your spout card. The number of pipe cards you need to place in between them (but not including them) varies by the number of players.", "In 1765, the Tax Office began printing Aces of Spades. Playing card manufacturers were not allowed to sell their own. It was a capital offense to forge an Ace of Spades. The designs for the various taxes, based upon the cost of the pack of cards, had an enlarged spade pip in the center of the design. The large spade both clearly identified the card as the Ace of Spades and became part of the official stamp design. This is how the Ace of Spades got a big spade in the middle.", "Super Spy. It was a battery-operated board game and you had move your board piece across the board and avoid tripping the alarm.", "Americans began making their own cards around 1800. Yankee ingenuity soon invented or adopted practical refinements: double-headed court cards (to avoid the nuisance of turning the figure upright), varnished surfaces (for durability and smoothness in shuffling), indexes (the identifying marks placed in the cards' borders or corners), and rounded corners (which avoid the wear that card players inflict on square corners).", "Or Spade. Symbolizes mortality and death. Also used as a Masonic symbol; a trowel is used to spread the cement of Friendship and Brotherly Love." ]

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[ "The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a nude male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell’Accademia in Venice, Italy, and, like most works on paper, is displayed only occasionally.", "The Vitruvian Man is a world-renowned drawing created by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1487 It is accompanied by notes based on the work of Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a nude male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called theCanon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is stored in the Gallerie dell’Accademia in Venice, Italy, and, like most works on paper, is displayed only occasionally.[2][3]", "The Vitruvian Man, (which is translated to, \"The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius\") or simply L'Uomo Vitruviano, is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally. ", "Leonardo da Vinci drew The Vitruvian Man in approximately 1487 in one of his notebooks. This world-famous drawing is also known as the Canon of Properties or Proportions of Man. The Vitruvian Man blends art and science and showcases da Vinci’s interest in proportion. It also provides an example of da Vinci’s attempt to make connections between man and nature. The drawing currently resides in the Gallerie dell’Accademia in Venice, Italy and is rarely shown.", "Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas — that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. These are sometimes termed the Vitruvian virtues or the Vitruvian Triad. According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements. When perfecting this art of building, the Greek (Έλληνες) invented the architectural orders: Doric , Ionic and Corinthian . It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This led Vitruvius in defining his Vitruvian Man , as drawn later by Leonardo da Vinci : the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order).", "The Italian design depicts the 15th century \" Vitruvian Man \" drawing by Leonardo da Vinci which depicted the ideal proportions of a human body. Leonardo's work is highly symbolical as it represents the Renaissance focus on man as the measure of all things, and has simultaneously a round shape that fits the coin perfectly. As Carlo Azeglio Ciampi observed, this represents the \"coin to the service of Man\", instead of Man to the service of money. While the other Italian coins were chosen by the public in a television vote, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi had already decided that the Vitruvian man would be on the one euro coin. Laura Cretara designed the coin and it includes the interconnected letters IR (for Repubblica Italiana - Italian Republic). The year is to the right of the human body and the mint mark to the left.", "The Vitruvian Man , Leonardo da Vinci's sketch for the geometrically perfect human form from c.1490", "The title of the novel refers to, among other things, the fact that the Saunière is found in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, naked and posed like Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawing, the Vitruvian Man, with a cryptic message written beside his body and a pentacle drawn on his chest in his own blood.", "In addition to the anatomical and artistic value of The Vitruvian Man drawing, mathematicians have studied the drawing extensively and found numerous proportional rules and formulas in da Vinci’s work. The drawing aligns to an octagon, which serves as a geometric framework for the proportions of the human body. Close analysis of the drawing shows each individual proportion adheres to the canon recommended by Vitruvius and still holds up to modern medical and mathematical studies.", "- Leonardo , and before him the first century BCE Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius, equated the ideal man with both circle and square. Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high. Leonardo added his own observations--in the reversed writing he always used for his notebooks--when he created his well-known diagram for the ideal male figure, called the Vitruvian Man.", "This image exemplifies the blend of art and science during the Renaissance and provides the perfect example of Leonardo’s keen interest in proportion. In addition, this picture represents a cornerstone of Leonardo’s attempts to relate man to nature. Encyclopaedia Britannica online states, “Leonardo envisaged the great picture chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man as a cosmografia del minor mondo (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe.” It is also believed by some[who?] that Leonardo symbolized the material existence by the square and spiritual existence by the circle. Thus he attempted to depict the correlation between these two aspects of human existence.[4] According to Leonardo’s notes in the accompanying text, written in mirror writing, it was made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius, who wrote that in the human body:", "The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De Architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the Classical orders of architecture. Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect.", "Leonardo's drawing combines a careful reading of the ancient text with his own observation of actual human bodies. In drawing the circle and square he correctly observes that the square cannot have the same centre as the circle, the navel, but is somewhat lower in the anatomy. This adjustment is the innovative part of Leonardo's drawing and what distinguishes it from earlier illustrations. He also departs from Vitruvius by drawing the arms raised to a position in which the fingertips are level with the top of the head, rather than Vitruvius's much lower angle, in which the arms form lines passing through the navel.", "Leonardo’s contribution was to solve this ancient algorithm known as “squaring the circle,” a geometric problem whereby a pair of compasses and a ruler are used in an attempt to construct a circle and square of equal area. Theoretically, a perfectly proportioned human would fit within the figure and while Vitruvius’s efforts apparently remained crude, Leonardo’s rendering is perfect and a work of mathematical as well as artistic genius.", "The Vitruvian Man is a pen and ink drawing done on paper with a wash over metal-point accompanied by handwritten notes. In the drawing, two male figures are superimposed upon each other. The figures are shown with arms and legs extended in differing degrees of extension. One figure shows the legs slightly apart and the arms extended straight out from the shoulders. The other figure shows the legs moderately spread and the arms extended partway above the shoulders. In both figures, the head and torso are completely superimposed. The male figures are inscribed within a circle and a square, showing the geometric proportion of the human body. Markings upon the bodies serve to identify points used in establishing proportional measurements. In addition, the drawing includes shading and details indicating musculature and anatomical elements such as joints and genitalia.", "Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.", "Draw the Vitruvian Man with loose leaf an crayon Hot as a pot of pea soup Shot the breeze with Dr. Michio Kaku on top of the Machu Picchu", "Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci .", "was an Italian polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.[1] His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.", "I bet it was the artist who made the Vitruvian man superimposed over a stock ticker", "There are several reasons why for fifty years or more Donatello's David had no successors... Another is the inherent restlessness of the Florentine temperament. Apollo is static. His gestures are dignified and calm. But the Florentines loved movement, the more violent the better. The two great masters of the nude in the latequattrocento, Pollaiuolo and Botticelli, are concerned with embodiments of energy or ecstatic motion, with a wrestling Hercules or a flying angel, and only once, in Botticelli's St. Sebastian, achieve a satisfactory nude in repose.", "world. The celebrated sketch consisted of a perfect circle in which was inscribed a nude male... his", "This rendering of the Vitruvian Man, completed in 1490, is fundamentally different than others in two ways: The circle and square image overlaid on top of each other to form one image. A key adjustment was made that others had not done and thus were forced to make disproportionate appendages:", "At the age of 17 he began dissecting corpses from the church graveyard. Between the years 1508 and 1512 he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Michelangelo Buonarroti—known by his first name the world over as the singular artistic genius, sculptor and architect—was also an anatomist, a secret he concealed by destroying almost all of his anatomical sketches and notes. Now, 500 years after he drew them, his hidden anatomical illustrations have been found—painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, cleverly concealed from the eyes of Pope Julius II and countless religious worshipers, historians, and art lovers for centuries—inside the body of God.", "Francis Bacon was an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotionally raw imagery. His painterly but abstracted figures typically appear isolated in glass or steel geometrical cages set against flat, nondescript backgrounds. Bacon began painting during his early 20s but worked only sporadically until his mid-30s. His breakthrough came with the 1944 triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion which sealed his reputation as a uniquely bleak chronicler of the human condition. His output can be crudely described as consisting of sequences or variations on a single motif; beginning with the 1940s male heads isolated in rooms, the early 1950s screaming popes, and mid to late 1950s animals and lone figures suspended in geometric structures. These were followed by his early 1960s modern variations of the crucifixion in the triptych format. From the mid-1960s to early 1970s, Bacon mainly produced strikingly compassionate portraits of friends. Following the suicide of his lover George Dyer in 1971, his art became more personal, inward looking and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. During his lifetime, Bacon was equally reviled and acclaimed. ", "The Swiss artist Alberto Giacometti created semi-abstract sculptures that took up themes of violence, sex, and Surrealism. His famous later work is characterized by towering, elongated figures in bronze.", "[1] Fenzoni, Saint John the Baptist, brown ink and wash over red chalk on oatmeal paper, 30 x 20,5 cm, Inscribed: “Ferrau Fenzonio da Faenza invt. esque. . . imp. da Fran: Villamena . . .”, Galen Galerie.", "The most famous of his paintings from this period is undoubtedly \"The Naked Maya\" (painted 1798), depicted on numerous stamps world wide.  It belongs to the Prado Museum in Madrid.  It is pretty large (97 x 190 cm), and shows clearly the then ideal for the female body.  ", "Standing Male Nude. Study for L’Inspiration chrétienne, the fresco over the staircase in the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon, circa 1888-1889 Black chalk on paper 11 1/2 x 4 3/8 in.", "was mainly a sculptor whose focus was on the beauty of the human body. He made some of the first nude sculptures since the ancients.", "The original ‘Last Judgment’ painting included fully nude human figures, but these were later covered by another artist due to the demands of some Papal members who claimed that the nudity was obscene and improper.", "[1887-8]. Ink on paper, ca. 11x20,5 cm (4 ½ x 8 in). Signed “JP” in the left lower corner, captioned in ink on the lower margin. Recently matted. Mount residue on the margins, otherwise a very good bright drawing." ]

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[ "On October 12, 1997, John Denver, popular folk singer and amateur pilot, at the controls of a newly-purchased experimental aircraft, died after crashing into Monterey Bay, in California. He died in an aircraft that had already done its best to kill two previous pilots, an aircraft with a human interface flaw so fundamental, so profound, that it finally managed to kill.", "The popular singer died on Oct. 12, 1997, when his small experimental plane plunged into the Pacific Ocean just off Pacific Grove, Calif. According to investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board, the crash was the culmination of a series of small mistakes. But the key factor seems to have been the decision by the plane's builder to place a fuel valve switch in a hard-to-get-at location behind the pilot.", "On October 12, 1997, Denver was killed when his experimental Adrian Davis Long-EZ plane, aircraft registration number N555JD, crashed into Monterey Bay near Pacific Grove, California, while making a series of touch-and-go landings at the nearby Monterey Peninsula Airport. The National Transportation Safety Board's (NTSB) accident ID is LAX98FA008. Denver was the only occupant of the aircraft. The crash seriously disfigured Denver's head and body, making identification impossible by dental records, so records of his fingerprints were used to confirm that the fallen pilot was indeed the singer. ", "By the 1990s, Denver was still a popular touring musician, though he was no longer recording new material with significant commercial success. Over the course of his career, he had become an accomplished private pilot with more than 2,700 hours on various single- and multi-engine aircraft, with both an instrument and a Lear Jet rating. On October 12, 1997, however, he was flying an aircraft with which he was relatively unfamiliar, and with which he had previously experienced control problems, according to a later investigation by the National Transportation Safety Board. At approximately 5:30 pm local time, after a smooth takeoff from a Pacific Grove airfield and under ideal flying conditions, Denver apparently lost control of his Long-EZ ultra-light craft several hundred feet over Monterey Bay, leading to the fatal crash.", "Redding was not the only well-known singer to die in a plane crash. In 1959, Buddy Holly, along with the lesser known J.P. “Big Bopper” Richardson and Ritchie Valens, were killed in a crash that is thought to have inspired Don McLean’s well-known song “American Pie.” Country singer Patsy Cline died in a 1963 crash. Ten years later, Jim Croce perished in one in Louisiana. Key members of the band Lynyrd Skynyrd died in an accident 1977. Singer John Denver was killed piloting his own plane in 1997.", "1987 – Dean Paul Martin (Dino, b.1951), the son of singer Dean Martin, died when his National Guard F-4 Phantom fighter jet crashed in a mountainous area of California, killing him and his RIO (Radar Intercept Officer), Ramon Ortiz.", "Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 – c. April 5, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist, best known as the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana. Cobain formed Nirvana with Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington in 1985 and established it as part of the Seattle music scene, having its debut album Bleach released on the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. After signing with major label DGC Records, the band found breakthrough success with \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" from its second album Nevermind (1991).", "Kurt Donald Cobain ( 20 February 1967 – ca. 5 April 1994 ) was the lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the American grunge band, Nirvana .  He is survived by his wife Courtney Love and his daughter Frances Bean Cobain .", "**American singer-songwriter and actor Ricky Nelson and six others die in the crash of a Douglas DC-3 near DeKalb, Texas.", "The pilot, Roger Peterson, took off in inclement weather, although he was not certified to fly by instruments only. Shortly after 1:00 AM on February 3, 1959, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, J.P. Richardson, and pilot Roger Peterson were killed instantly when their plane crashed at full-throttle into a cornfield outside Mason City, Iowa, soon after take-off. The bodies of the entertainers were all ejected from the plane on impact, while Peterson's body remained entangled in the wreckage. Holly sustained unsurvivable trauma to his head and chest, as well as numerous lacerations and fractures in both arms and legs.", "* December 31 – American singer, songwriter and actor Ricky Nelson dies in a plane crash in De Kalb, Texas.", "It was called the “Winter Dance Party” tour. The headliners were J.P. “Big Bopper” Richardson, Richie Valenz, and Buddy Holly. On February 3rd, 1959, the crash of a Beechcraft Bonanza in Iowa became known as The Day The Music Died . It is the event that Don McLean would sing about so passionately in “American Pie.” Music would never be the same. The crash was also the unofficial end of the 1950’s, about ten months before the calendar would say so. Even though he was the pilot , family and friends still struggle to honor the memory of Peterson in its wake.", "* October 23 – Award-winning composer and Hollywood songwriter Ralph Rainger (\"Thanks for the Memory\") is among 12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an American Airlines DC-3 airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near Palm Springs, California.", "{C} Shannon’s last performance was portentous. On Feb. 3, 1990, he played at a memorial concert for Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J. P. (“Big Bopper”) Richardson in Fargo, N.D. The three rockers had perished in a plane crash one winter evening in 1959, a tragedy immortalized by songwriter Don Mc-Lean as “the day the music died.” Five nights later, Shannon’s wife and stepdaughter came home from shopping. At 11:30 p.m., LeAnne stepped into the darkened den, a favorite space filled with gold records and pricey instruments. She found the 55-year-old singer slumped sideways in a chair, facing the doorway. “He was wearing only a bathrobe, and his hairpiece was missing,” reported the medical examiner dispatched to the scene. “There was a hole in his right temple from a .22 caliber rifle, which was lying beside him on the floor. His eye sockets were, as expected, black and blue from the trauma. He had been dead for a few hours.”", "October 23 – Award-winning composer and Hollywood songwriter Ralph Rainger (\"Thanks for the Memory\") is among 12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an American Airlines DC-3 airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near Palm Springs, California .", "— Oct. 25, 1991: Bill Graham, who built an empire promoting concerts as rock 'n' roll turned psychedelic in the 1960s with groups including Jefferson Airplane, the Grateful Dead and Santana, was killed in a helicopter crash near Vallejo, Calif.", "in 1959 - Buddy Holly, Richard Valens and The Big Bopper all appeared at the Surf Ballroom, Clear Lake, Iowa. This was all three�s last ever gig before being killed in a plane crash the following day.", "1967: Rock 'n roll singer Otis Redding and members of his band were killed when his private plane crashed in an icy Wisconsin lake. Redding, 26, is best known for his hit, \"Sittin' on the Dock of the Bay,\" which was released after his death.", "February 3, 1959: The day the music died.  The deaths of rock stars Buddy Holly, J.P. “The Big Bopper” Richardson and Ritchie Valens was inspiration for Don McLane’s song “American Pie.”  All three were killed when their plane crashed near Mason City, Iowa, en route to a show.", "On December 10th, 1967, quite a foggy night, Rock ‘n’ roll singer Otis Redding (26), and four members of his Bar-Kays band were killed when their Beechcraft H18 plane crashed in icy Lake Monoma near Madison, Wisconsin. Redding is best known for his hit, “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”, which was released after his death. Redding had recorded the song just three days previous.", "Born Richard Steven Valenzuela on May 13, 1941, in Pacoima (near Los Angeles), California, Ritchie Valens made history as rock music's first Latino star. His promising career, however, was cut short by tragedy. Valens died in a 1959 plane crash while on tour, along with Buddy Holly and J.P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson.", "In this picture taken March 8, 2012, Mexican-American singer and reality TV star Jenni Rivera poses during an interview in Los Angeles. The California-born singer who rose through personal adversity to become a superstar adored by millions in a male-dominated genre of Mexican-American music, was confirmed dead in a plane crash in northern Mexico, the National Transportation Safety Board confirmed Monday, Dec. 10, 2012. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)", "1991: Rock promoter Bill Graham, famous for his rock 'n roll shows at San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium and New York City's Fillmore East, died when his helicopter hit electrical lines and crashed in Vallejo, California.", "1991: Seven members of the Reba McEntire band were among ten people killed in a plane crash near San Diego, California.", "The pilot, Roger Peterson, took off in inclement weather, although he was not certified to fly by instruments only. Shortly after 1:00 am on February 3, 1959, Holly, Valens, Richardson, and Peterson were killed instantly when their plane crashed at full throttle into a cornfield outside Mason City, Iowa, soon after take-off. The bodies of the entertainers were all ejected from the plane on impact, while Peterson's body remained entangled in the wreckage. Holly sustained fatal trauma to his head and chest and numerous lacerations and fractures of his arms and legs. ", "Davy Jones died in his sleep at his home in Florida in February 2012. The singer (aged 66) had suffered a massive heart attack.", "in 1986 - Allen Collins, guitarist from Lynyrd Skynyrd crashed his car, paralyzing him from the waist down and killing his girlfriend Debra Jean Watts. Collins had survived a plane crash in 1977 that killed two other band members.", "December 17, 2001 – Bianca Halstead (a.k.a. Bianca Butthole), bassist/singer for Hollywood hard rockers Betty Blowtorch was killed 5:30 a.m. yesterday morning in a car accident in New Orleans. She was 36 years old. The driver of the car was 33-year-old William McAllister, reportedly a correspondent for Metal Sludge. According to Chris Lee from the New Orleans band Supagroup, who was with Bianca up until she left with McAllister, McAllister and Bianca left the El Matador Lounge near on Decatur Street after a night of post-gig partying with tourmates Nashville Pussy following their gig at the Howlin' Wolf. \"They were driving on the I10 toward Kinner in a '86 Corvette when McAllister lost control of the wheel and the car spun around. They were sideswiped by another car on Bianca's side and she was killed instantly. McAllister is be held by New Orleans police and is facing criminal charges. The two passengers in the other car have been hospitalized.\" A local news story on the incident reported today that their car jumped the median and swerved into oncoming traffic before being hit. Sources say McAllister appeared inebriated, though Bianca had been sober for 10 years.", "Four days after the recording session, on December 10, 1967, his chartered plane crashed into a Wisconsin lake, killing Redding and four members of his backup band, the Bar-Kays. In early 1968 \"The Dock of the Bay\" hit Number One on both the pop and R&B charts.", "1976: 33 year old Keith Relf, former lead singer for The Yardbirds, was electrocuted while tuning a guitar which was not properly grounded. The accident happened in his West London home where he was found by his eight year old son, still holding the plugged-in electric guitar.", "Bill Graham - rock promoter who owned the legendary Fillmore theaters in San Francisco and New York was killed in a helicopter crash on October 26th, 1991. He was 60 years old", "11 In October 1977 three members of which US rock band died in a plane crash in Mississippi, three days after the release of their album ‘Street Survivors’?" ]

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[ "HAWAII FIVE-O is the long-running (12 years) TV crime drama starring Jack Lord as Police Detective Steve McGarrett. It's the source of the common quote \"Book 'em, Danno\", said by McGarrett to his partner, Detective Danny Williams (James McArthur). The Main Title Theme by Morton Stevens is one of the best known themes in TV history. It was recently used, to hilarious effect, in the Aussie film, THE DISH .", "McGarrett = fifty pounds (£50). Initially London slang, especially for a fifty pound note. McGarret refers cunningly and amusingly to the popular US TV crime series Hawaii Five-0 and its fictional head detective Steve McGarrett, played by Jack Lord. The series was made and aired originally between 1968 and 1980 and developed a lasting cult following, not least due to the very cool appeal of the McGarrett character. Steve McGarrett was given the legendary line (every week virtually) \"Book 'em Danno,\" - or \"Book him Danno,\" - depending on the number of baddies they caught. Danno (Detective Danny Williams, played by James MacArthur) was McGarrett's unfailingly loyal junior partner. For the record, the other detectives were called Chin Ho Kelly (the old guy) and Kono Kalakaua (the big guy), played by Kam Fong and Zulu, both of which seem far better character names, but that's really the way it was. (Thanks L Cunliffe)", "McGarrett - fifty pounds (£50). Initially London slang, especially for a fifty pound note. McGarret refers cunningly and amusingly to the popular US TV crime series Hawaii Five-0 and its fictional head detective Steve McGarrett, played by Jack Lord. The series was made and aired originally between 1968 and 1980 and developed a lasting cult following, not least due to the very cool appeal of the McGarrett character. Steve McGarrett was given the legendary line (every week virtually) \"Book 'em Danno,\" - or \"Book him Danno,\" - depending on the number of baddies they caught. Danno (Detective Danny Williams, played by James MacArthur) was McGarrett's unfailingly loyal junior partner. For the record, the other detectives were called Chin Ho Kelly (the old guy) and Kono Kalakaua (the big guy), played by Kam Fong and Zulu, both of which seem far better character names, but that's really the way it was. (Thanks L Cunliffe)", "As youthful Detective Danny \"Danno\" Williams, MacArthur became as recognizable as Jack Lord , who played the team's leader Steve McGarrett. However, it was Lord who uttered what would become the series' signature catchphrase: \"Book 'em, Danno.\" The original \"Hawaii Five-O\" aired from 1968 until 1980; CBS recently premiered a modern reboot of the crime drama with Scott Caan playing Danny Williams. MacArthur, the last living member from the original series main cast, had agreed to appear in an upcoming episode, according to a statement on his personal website.", "BOOK 'EM DANNO: With the new \"Hawaii Five-0\" show getting its premiere Monday at Sunset on the Beach, followed by the Sept. 20 CBS kickoff on television, I made contact with Jimmy MacArthur at his Palm Desert, Calif., residence to see what he thought of the modern version of the program. Jimmy was a regular on the old show, playing Danny Williams. Series star Jack Lord made his character even more widely known by saying, \"Book 'em, Danno,\" at the end of episodes after they had nailed a criminal.", "Hawaii Five-O is a police procedural drama series set in Hawaii that aired for twelve seasons from 1968 to 1980 The show featured a fictional state police unit run by Detective Steve McGarrett, portrayed by Jack Lord. The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Most episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to \"Book 'em, Danno\" sometimes specifying a charge such as \"murder one.\"", "Stoney Burke is a short-lived Western television series broadcast on the ABC television network from October 1, 1962 until May 20, 1963. The series starred Jack Lord, who would later go on to star in the popular television series, Hawaii Five-O. Stoney Burke was a rodeo rider who was competing for the Golden Buckle, the award given to the world champion saddle bronc rider. During his quest, Stoney became entangled in the lives of numerous people, and got into and out of trouble.  After its quick cancellation, Stoney Burke has been seen in limited release.In the same season as Stoney Burke, NBC aired its own drama about rodeo performers, The Wide Country starring Earl Holliman and Andrew Prine. It ended after twenty-eight episodes. Both \"Stoney Burke\" and \"The Wide Country\" were essentially \"Westerns\" that had the misfortune to debut right at the end of the time when Western shows - a fixture of 1950's and early 1960's television - had been a #1 draw on the medium. Both were essentially well-written and acted shows, but American taste had moved on.", "Confronting that lawyer in '24 Karat Kill,' bustin� in on the feds in the Pilot, or being restrained from plowing down the hospital hall to save Danno in 'King of the Hill,' these scenes from Five-O�s inaugural season were some of those electric moments where Jack really amped it up a few notches and showed those serious method acting chops. As Ringfire put it \"Classic Early Jack Lord\"", "I think this revival is so needed! I am 41 from the US Virgin Islands and I can remember when Hawaii 5-0 first came to TV and Oh how we loved Jack Lord. My sister and I had a crush on him and Danny (danno). Could someone please tell me What ever happend to Mr. Lord, Danny and the rest of the cast? I will be watching the new series.", "Re: Chin Ho, Kono, and Danno - - - While that works nicely, it is not how \"Danno\" came about. Jack Lord had a friend in childhood named Dan/Danny. He called him \"Danno.\" While taping Five-0, he inadvertently called Dan Williams \"Danno.\" It first occurred in the pilot with Tim O'Kelly, although JL later explained to James MacArthur how the name \"Danno\" had come about. In \"Rest in Peace, Somebody,\" the would-be assassin calls Steve \"Steve-o of Five-0.\" So, I guess that means the Five-0 team was comprised of Chin Ho, Kono, Danno, and Steve-0.", "The one-hour pilot for a revived show, called Hawaii Five-0 (the last character is a zero instead of the letter \"O\", which is the true title of the original series as well), aired September 20, 2010, on CBS, and as of October 2013, the series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time. The remake version Hawaii Five-0 uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the Ilikai Hotel penthouse, the jet engine intake, a hula dancer's hips, the quickly stepped zoom-in to the face of the Lady Columbia statue at Punchbowl, the close-up of the Kamehameha Statue's face, and the ending with a police motorcycle's flashing blue light. On the March 19, 2012 episode, Ed Asner reprised his role as \"August March\", a character he first played in a 1975 episode. Clips from the 1975 episode were included in the new one, even though the 2010 series is clearly intended to be in a different narrative universe than the Jack Lord series.", "Khigh Dhiegh played the reoccurring role of the Chinese bad guy in the original TV series, starring Jack Lord and the recently deceased James MacArthur . »", "But you are dead wrong on one thing you wrote and it was about the origin of Danny Williams being called Danno. You said \"�Danno� was the brotherly nickname Lord�s character dubbed for his good friend, Dan Williams.\" Close, but no cigar. Danno was the nickname of one of Jack Lord's actual childhood friends. One day Lord said it in passing to MaCArthur and MaCArthur stopped and said something like \"Danno? Where did that come from?\" and then Lord explained it to him and from then on it was in the show full time. I read this piece of information on Mike Quigley's site. You see, I'm a fan of the show and I like to read about the show and educate myself on the show. In no way do I treat this as real life like you seem to.", "MacArthur played Danno for 11 seasons. Following his departure from \" Hawaii Five-0 \" in 1979, he made a number »", "Lord is best known for starring as Detective Steve McGarrett on the hit series Hawaii Five-O, which enjoyed a twelve-year run from 1968 to 1980 (Lord retired from acting after its cancellation). He is also known to James Bond fans for playing Felix Leiter in the first Bond film, Dr. No.", "as a jack lord fan, i did not think much of a remake. but the show was great . want to see more", "Springer portrayed his own talk show host character in the 1998 film Ringmaster, using the name Jerry Farrelly. Ringmaster offers a behind-the-scenes look at would-be guests who apply to a Springer-like show. The same year, Springer also released an unrelated autobiography named Ringmaster. He quipped, \"I can only think of one title a year.\" <br /><br />In 1996, he appeared on an episode of the ninth season of Roseanne and on The X-Files episode \"The Post-Modern Prometheus\". In 1998, he voiced a cartoon version of himself in the Halloween episode of The Simpsons titled \"Starship Poopers\". In 1999, he appeared in the episode Mrs. Kraft of the third season of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch with his talk show. Read Less", "Reruns of this version were popular on local stations, usually during the late afternoons or early evenings, in the early 1970s. In the late 1980s, they found their way to Nick at Nite and, beginning in the late 1990s, to sister cable channel TV Land. From October 1, 2011, to April 26, 2013, the series ran daily on digital cable channel Antenna TV and before that, the show aired on Retro Television Network.", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10, 1990, to May 20, 1996. The show stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his aunt and uncle in their wealthy Bel Air mansion, where his lifestyle often clashes with that of his relatives. The 148 episodes were broadcast over six seasons.", "That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin, from May 17, 1976, to December 31, 1979. The main teenage cast members were Topher Grace, Mila Kunis, Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson, Laura Prepon, and Wilmer Valderrama. The main adult cast members were Debra Jo Rupp, ...", "Roseanne is an American sitcom that was broadcast on ABC from October 18, 1988, to May 20, 1997. Starring Roseanne Barr, the show revolved around the Conners, an Illinois working-class family. The series reached #1 in the Nielsen ratings becoming the most watched television show in the United States from 1989 to 1990, and remained in the top four for six of its nine seasons, and in the top twenty for eight seasons, TV Guide rated \"Roseanne\" as one of the greatest shows of all time.", "Everybody Loves Raymond is an Emmy Award-winning American television sitcom that originally ran on CBS from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005. Many of the situations from the show are based on the real-life experiences of Ray Romano (who is represented by the Ray Barone character he plays) and the writing staff. The main characters on the show are also loosely based on Romano's family members. It is one of the most critically acclaimed American sitcoms of its time. Everybody Loves Raymond was nominated for and won many awards. The show reruns in syndication on different cable channels such as TBS, and in most TV markets on local stations.", "That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in the fictional suburban town of Point Place, Wisconsin, from May 17, 1976, to December 31, 1979.", "What memories those names and that catch-phrase evoke for me and for so many millions of people ! Twenty, odd years ago Jack Train was one of the top names in radio. He was one of the regulars in ITMA (It's That Man Again), a show that became a national institution.", "Dragnet was one the many shows from the period that began on radio and moved over to television, Dragent was about police and parts of the show still remain in the memories from those old enough to have seen the series including part of the opening title and these words \"Ladies and gentlemen: the story you are about to hear is true. Only the names have been changed to protect the innocent.\" The series ran on Television from 1951 - 1959, a new series was created and shown from 1967 - 1970 .", "* Contrary to popular belief, Steve London's character of Untouchable Jack Rossman (played in the \"Scarface Mob\" pilot by Paul Dubov), was in the series since the original season-one series episode, \"The Empty Chair\", not from season two on as is commonly reported.", "For its second season in the Fall of 1992, the series was purchased by the NBC owned-and-operated stations , thus allowing it to finally achieve full national clearance, and production was moved to its longtime home at Chicago's NBC Tower (with Springer leaving his longtime position at WLWT in order to do so). However, ratings remained low and by April 1994, Multimedia threatened cancellation if ratings didn't improve by that November, which led to an overhaul that saw original producer Burt Dubrow's departure and replacement by fellow Springer producer Richard Dominick .", "Jack Dodson was in the right place at the right time in 1964 in the Broadway play Hughie, when Andy Griffith saw him and decided to hire the actor to play mild-mannered county clerk Howard Sprague. Howard was always the voice of reason when things went awry in the sleepy little country town, and was most famous for catching Old Sam -- the biggest and most elusive fish in the lake (played by the fish who made his comedy debut in that episode, playing himself).", "Catchphrase: \"Muck to the rescue!\" and \"Let's get mucky!\" (Original Series) and \"Oh, Wow! I'd love to join in!\" (Reboot Series)", "In the opening credits, the title of the show was always announced by the voice of a woman saying, VERY seductively, \"Burke's Law\". See more »", "The series also featured Kathie Brown, Noah Berry, Jr. and Buddy Foster (Mayberry RFD). Michael Pate returned in the role he played in the original film, Chief Vittorio.", "Fred Tatasciore reprises his role yet again. The series ran for two seasons before being cancelled." ]

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[ "Saturday Night Live premiered October 11, 1975, with comedian George Carlin as host, and Billy Preston and Janis Ian its musical guests. ", "On Oct. 11, 1975, a TV star was born, in the collective sense. It was the now-legendary debut of Saturday Night Live, a sketch comedy and variety show that, astonishingly, still survives.", "'Not ready for Prime Time' – Saturday night television changed forever on October 11, 1975, when the sketch comedy show \"Saturday Night Live\" made its debut. Comedian George Carlin was the first host, joining a cast of young and upcoming comics known as \"The Not Ready for Prime Time Players.\" \"SNL\" is now in its 40th year as one of the longest running shows in television history.", "George Carlin (1937-2008), American comedian. First-ever host of Saturday Night Live (1975). Author of When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops? (2004).", "The program debuted on 11 October 1975, with Carlin wearing casual clothes. It was Michaels' first triumph, the first of many. Over subsequent weeks, months, years and decades, Michaels' Saturday Night Live brought television a much more adult sense of humor than it had ever shown before. It became acceptable, at least after the late-night news, to make jokes about almost any topic, from religion, politics, and ethnic humor to sex, drugs, and rock and roll.", "Saturday Night Live (abbreviated as SNL) is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11, 1975, under the original title NBC's Saturday Night. The show's comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest (who usually delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast) and features performances by a musical guest. An episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, \"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!\", properly beginning the show.", "NBC airs the first episode of Saturday Night Live (George Carlin is the first host; Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests).", "Portions of Kaufman's Foreign Man act were broadcast in the first season of Saturday Night Live. The Mighty Mouse number was featured in the October 11, 1975, premiere, while the joke-telling and celebrity impressions (including Elvis) were included in the November 8 broadcast that same year. ", "The eight-disc set, despite a paucity of bonus materials limited to screen tests and vintage cast interviews, takes us from the debut show hosted by George Carlin, and featuring singers Billy Preston and Janis Ian, to the season finale July 31, 1976, with Kris Kristofferson as host and Rita Coolidge joining Kristofferson as the music guests.", "1x01 - George Carlin/Billy Preston, Janis Ian : \"The Impossible Truth.\" The Impossible Truth scans the globe searching for news stories other outlets won't cover.", "George Denis Patrick Carlin (May 12, 1937 – June 22, 2008) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, social critic and author. Carlin was noted for his black comedy and his thoughts on politics, the English language, psychology, religion, and various taboo subjects. Carlin and his \"Seven dirty words\" comedy routine were central to the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court case F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation, in which a 5–4 decision affirmed the government's power to regulate indecent material on the public airwaves.", "One of HBO's first successful specials was The Bette Midler Show in 1976, which launched the Standing Room Only concert series. For a time in the early 1980s, HBO produced a concert special almost every other month, featuring major music stars such as Boy George and The Who. After MTV's successful rollout in 1981, the Standing Room Only series began to produce fewer concerts, but focused more on \"world class\" music events featuring artists such as Elton John, Tina Turner and Barbra Streisand, as well as fundraisers such as Farm Aid. The On Location comedy specials, which presented a stand-up comedian's performance in its entirety and uncut, began in 1975 with a special starring Robert Klein. The first of twelve concert specials televised by the network featuring George Carlin aired on HBO in 1977 as part of On Location, featuring Carlin's first televised performance of his classic routine, \"The Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television\". As other cable channels incorporated comedy specials due to their inexpensive format, HBO began to model its strategy with its comedy specials after its music programming, focusing on a few specials each year featuring popular comedians.", "In the late 70s and early 80s, many budding comedians, including John Belushi, Bill Murray, Joan Rivers, Chris Farley, Robert Klein, Peter Boyle, Alan Arkin, Fred Willard, James Belushi, Shelley Long, and Martin Short, first appeared as sketch comedians in a Chicago troupe comedy theater named Second City. Its offshoot in Toronto, Canada featured Rick Moranis, Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Martin Short, Mike Myers, and John Candy, among others. Many of them used Second City as a career springboard, and would go on to become well-known TV comedians and movie stars. NBC TV's live late-night show Saturday Night Live, which debuted in October of 1975, also provided its first cast of 'Not Ready for Prime Time Players\" including Chevy Chase, Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, and Jane Curtin.", "Classic Gold George Carlin 8. Ed Sullivan Self ...(3:26) 1. Shoot(5:55) 9. Let's Make A Deal(4:48) 2. The Hair Piece(2:54) 3. Sex In Commer... (5:21) 10. The 11 O'Clock ... (7:10) 11. Class Clown (16:05) 4. Drugs (4:23) 12. Wasting Time: ... (2:28) 5. Birth Control (5:10) 13. Values (How M... (5:15) 6. Son Of Wino (6:31) 1. I Used To Be Iri... (2:57) 7. Divorce Game(4:30)", "In the spring of 1975, Belushi and Aykroyd join the original cast of Saturday Night Live. Everyone knows what comes next—that big, shiny blur of samurai swords and Little Chocolate Donuts; of the Super Bass-o-Matic ’76 and Fred Garvin, Male Prostitute; of “No Coke, Pepsi” and “Jane, you ignorant slut.”", "WTCG also made its name by producing humorous, satirical newscasts. One such program was 17 Update Early in the Morning, which featured the usually straight-faced Bill Tush and Tina Seldin reporting the news in a mostly deadpan fashion, occasionally interacting with the studio crew, and with comedic sideline gags at times by another co-anchor (known as \"The Unknown Newsman\") wearing a brown paper grocery bag over his head. The newscast, which often contained elements resembling that of a comedic morning drive radio show, aired between late night/early morning movie presentations from 1975 to 1979. Turner discontinued that program after a Congressional investigation took place concerning his fulfillment of Federal Communications Commission public service requirements, some months before Turner would prepare to launch CNN, an all-news channel that would strive to be anything but comedic. Turner reassigned Tush to regular interview programs on WTCG and during the early years of CNN, as well as a sketch comedy show between 1980 and 1982 (more conventional, non-comedic news updates aired throughout the day as well).", "On 18 September 1981 the Pretenders were the musical guest on the US late night sketch comedy show Fridays. The band performed \"The Adulteress\", \"Message of Love\" and \"Louie, Louie\". Andy Kaufman was the guest host of the programme on that night. ", "On dec 5 2006 the 1th season of the comedy show �Saturday Night Live� from 1975 will be released on DVD in the U.S.A. This also includes the 2nd episode on which Paul Simon was the host and musical guest, with special appearances by Simon and Garfunkel.", "Cast members Goldie Hawn and Lily Tomlin later became noted film stars. Henry Gibson later starred in the Robert Altman film Nashville (which also featured Tomlin). Dave Madden, whose trademark on the show was to throw a handful of confetti while keeping a deadpan expression at the punch line of a joke, later played the role of Reuben Kincaid in the television sitcom The Partridge Family. Richard Dawson, who previously had a regular part in the sitcom Hogan's Heroes, went on to his defining role as host of the U.S. television game show Family Feud. Larry Hovis, who also was a regular on Hogan's Heroes, was a regular for the first and the fifth seasons. Teresa Graves parlayed her one season on the show into the title role of the police drama Get Christie Love!", "One of the original cast members of \"Saturday Night Live\" and the first anchor of the show's \"Weekend Update,\" Chevy Chase was declared the funniest man in America by New York magazine in 1975. He left the show after one year, with Murray as his replacement, to star in films such as \"Foul Play\" and \"Oh Heavenly Dog.\"", "1952 - CBS-TV debuted one of televisions most popular hits, Ive Got a Secret. Garry Moore was the first host, from 1952 to 1964. Steve Allen was next (1964 to 1967) and moderated a syndicated version in the 1972-1973 season. Bill Cullen hosted the attempted comeback of the show in 1976. Panelists included Allens wife, Jayne Meadows; Bill Cullen, Henry Morgan, Betsy Palmer, Faye Emerson, Melville Cooper and Orson Bean.", "A variety show every night at 10PM... Nope, this isn't 1978, and because of that this show didn't work. Local NBC affiliates screamed about losing their lead-in to the local 11PM news, and this show was given the boot. Cancelled in its first season due to low ratings. Discuss \"The Jay Leno Show\" In Our Forum - Click Here!", "Laugh-In originally aired as a one-time special on September 9, 1967 and was such a success that it was brought back as a series, replacing The Man from U.N.C.L.E. on Mondays at 8 pm (EST). The title of the show was a play on the \"love-ins\" or \"be-ins\" of the 1960s hippie culture, terms that were, in turn, derived from \"sit-ins\", common in protests associated with civil rights and anti-war demonstrations of the time.", "Happy Days is an American television sitcom that originally aired from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984, on ABC. Created by Garry Marshall , the series presents an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s United States.", "Live From New York, It's...Laraine Newman, Garrett Morris, Bill Murray, Mary Kay Place, Dan Aykroyd, Gilda Radner, John Belushi, & Jane Curtin Sketches include--\"Peppiest Show Ever\", \"Hey, You!\", \"More Insects To Worry About\", \"Total Womanhood\", \"Married In A Minute!\", \"Bad Musical\", \"Hanukkah Explanation\".", "Live from New York, It's...George Harrison Sketches include-- Paul Simon meets pauper Chevy Chase on sidewalk while Lorne talks with George Harrison, Quarry, \"Baba Wawa at Large\", The Twilight Zone, Billy Paul, \"Tomorrow with Tom Synder\".", "Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In (often simply referred to as Laugh-In) is an American sketch comedy television program that ran for 140 episodes from January 22, 1968, to March 12, 1973, on the NBC television network. It was hosted by comedians Dan Rowan and Dick Martin and featured, at various times, Chelsea Brown , Johnny Brown , Ruth Buzzi , Judy Carne , Richard Dawson , Moosie Drier , Henry Gibson , Teresa Graves , Goldie Hawn , Arte Johnson , Larry Hovis , Sarah Kennedy , Jeremy Lloyd , Dave Madden , Pigmeat Markham , Gary Owens , Pamela Rodgers, Barbara Sharma, Jud Strunk , Alan Sues , Lily Tomlin and Jo Anne Worley .", "Appeared with fellow comedian Richard Dawson on several game shows: the pilot of a trashy 1970s game show, Cop Out! (1972), Password All-Stars (1961), and Masquerade Party (1974), which Dawson hosted.", "In 1962 the syndicated columnist Larry Wolters reported on the expression in “Radio TV Gag Bag”. This column specialized in collecting jokes and bon mots that were broadcast on radio and television stations in the United States. Wolters identified the performer who delivered the line [CTHC]:", "An example from the fourth season: During one \"Weekend Update\" segment, Bill Murray reported the death of the horse who played Mister Ed . He followed that up with a live interview with Ed's \"widow\": a live, rather uncooperative horse (voiced by Gilda Radner ). Right after this hilarious moment, the camera cut to Jane Curtin, who immediately burst out laughing and was barely able to say the segment's closing line.", "The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that originally ran on CBS from Sunday June 20, 1948 to Sunday June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, which ran only one season and was eventually replaced by other shows.", "The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20, 1948, to Sunday June 6, 1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, which ran only one season and was eventually replaced by other shows. " ]

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[ "On Aug. 5, 2010, a gold and copper mine near the northern city of Copiapó, Chile caved in, trapping 33 miners in a chamber about 2,300 feet below the surface. For 17 days, there was no word on their fate. As the days passed, Chileans grew increasingly skeptical that any of the miners had survived — let alone all of them. But when a small bore hole reached the miners’ refuge, they sent up a message telling rescuers they were still alive.", "A group of 33 miners from the San Jose mine in Copiapo, Chile were trapped 2,297 feet underground for 69 days after the mine collapsed on 5 August, 2010. Here's an infographic of the effort to save them.", "Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010. On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 m below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world. ", "Five years ago, a cave-in at the San José Mine in Copiapó, Chile left 33 miners trapped. The entire world tuned in to watch the tragedy unfold over the next 69 days, as the men awaited rescue 2,300 feet underground. Now, we’re about to get the chance to see it happen all over again in a much accelerated fashion, as the first The 33 trailer hits the web.", "Men work on a new drill being used in the rescue operation of miners at the San Jose mine in Copiapo, Chile, Thursday, Sept. 2, 2010. Thirty-three miners have been trapped deep underground in the copper and gold mine since it collapsed on Aug. 5.", "Oct. 8: Chile's Health Minister Jaime Manalich, left, Atacama region mining official Ximena Matas, second from left, and Chile's Minister of Mining, Laurence Golborne, center, inspect a module that will be used for the initial reunion between rescued miners with their relatives at the San Jose Mine near Copiapo, Chile. Engineers and rescue workers continue working to get to the 33 trapped miners who have waited for more than two months to be rescued. Other people in the photo are unidentified.", "2010 - Near Copiap�, Chile, 33 miners were trapped underground in San Jos� Mine. The miners were rescued after 69 days underground.", "Miner Alex Vega Salazar, center left, kisses his wife Jessica Salgado after emerging from the capsule that brought him to the surface from the collapsed San Jose gold and copper mine near Copiapo, Chile, Wednesday, Oct. 13, 2010. Vega is the tenth of 33 miners who was rescued from the mine after more than 2 months trapped underground. (AP Photo/Jorge Saenz) (/ AP)", "August 7: Miners, relatives and rescue workers stand outside a collapsed copper mine during a rescue effort for 33 trapped in Copiapo, Chile. (AP)", "People celebrate as they watch on TV the first miner to be rescued, Florencio Avalos, emerging safely to the surface at the San Jose mine in a rescue capsule, in Copiapo, Chile, early Wednesday Oct. 13, 2010. Thirty-three miners became trapped when the gold and copper mine collapsed on Aug. 5. (AP Photo/Dario Lopez-Mills) (/ AP)", "Oct. 9: Mining officials and personnel involved in the rescue operation of 33 trapped miners wave to the press after a drill successfully reached the miners at the San Jose Mine near Copiapo, Chile.", "Fifty-three days ago, the news broke that 33 miners, feared dead in a mine collapse in northern Chile, were alive - trapped half a mile beneath the remote Atacama desert. Within 24 hours our correspondent Gideon Long was on site; as the rescue operation begun, we began preparing for the moment the San Jose 33 would walk free.", "People watch a TV screen showing rescued miner Florencio Avalos after he was pulled from the collapsed San Jose mine, at a camp outside the mine near Copiapo, Chile, late Tuesday Oct. 12, 2010. Thirty-three miners became trapped when the gold and copper mine collapsed on Aug. 5. (AP Photo/Natacha P", "Miner Alex Vega Salazar, center left, kisses his wife Jessica Salgado after emerging from the capsule that brought him to the surface from the collapsed San Jose gold and copper mine near Copiapo, Chile, Wednesday, Oct. 13, 2010. Vega is the tenth of 33 miners who was rescued from the mine after mo", "In this photo released by the Chilean government, miner Claudio Yanez applauds as he is carried away in a stretcher after being rescued from the collapsed San Jose gold and copper mine where he had been trapped with 32 other miners for over two months near Copiapo, Chile, early Wednesday Oct. 13, 2010. (AP Photo/Hugo Infante, Chilean government)", "The miners were greeted by a cheering crowd that included Chile�s president, Sebastian Pinera; media from around the world; and friends and relatives, many of whom had been camped at the base of the mine in the Atacama Desert for months. Millions of people around the globe watched the rescue on live TV. Less than 24 hours after the operation began, all 33 of the miners, who ranged in age from 19 to 63, had been safely rescued. Almost all the men were in good health, and each of them sported dark glasses to protect their eyes after being in a dimly lit space for so long.", "In this photo released by the Chilean government, miner Florencio Avalos, second left, hugs a relative after he was rescued from the collapsed San Jose gold and copper mine where he was trapped with 32 other miners for over two months near Copiapo, Chile, early Wednesday, Oct. 13, 2010. (AP Photo/Hugo Infante, Chilean government) (/ AP)", "In this photo released by the Chilean government, miner Juan Illanes is carried away on a stretcher after being rescued from the collapsed San Jose gold and copper mine where he was trapped with 32 other miners for over two months near Copiapo, Chile, early Wednesday, Oct. 13, 2010. (AP Photo/Hugo Infante, Chilean government) (/ AP)", "A large cave-in at a Chilean copper-gold mine trapped 33 men 2,300 feet underground, 3 miles from the mine entrance.  They survived for a record 69 days.", "When the gold and copper mine collapsed on 5 August the international media barely blinked. China's mining tragedies were much bigger. All that changed when the men were confirmed alive 17 days later and a rescue operation cranked up for a slow-motion, earthbound version of saving the astronauts in Apollo 13.", "The collapse of the San José Mine on Aug. 5, 2010, became international news, as 33 men were trapped underground for 69 days, battling starvation and hopelessness as the world waited anxiously for news of their rescue.", "Miner Osman Araya reunites with his wife Wednesday after becoming the sixth trapped miner to reach the surface of the San Jose mine. ((Hugo Infante/Government of Chile/Reuters))", "1963 - Wunder von Lengede: In Germany, eleven miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days.", "9.34am (5.34am Chile): Osman Araya is the sixth miner to rescued. Araya, in a blue helmet, is unstrapped and steps out of the Phoenix. Tearfully, he throws his arms around his wife. And there is a long hug.", "The operation to rescue the trapped Chilean miners at the San José mine in Copiapohas passed the halfway mark. So far, 17 of the 33 miners have been brought to the surface, and all are reported to be in good health.", "Grasberg mine located in the Papua province of Indonesia currently ranks as the world's seventh deepest open pit operation. The miming operation at Grasberg consists of both open pit and underground mines. The Grasberg open pit is more than 550m deep. Grasberg is the largest gold mine in the world.", "PM:WORLD After 17 days, trapped Chilean miners send note they're alive], CNN News, 22 August 2010 Out-of-date mine shaft maps complicated rescue efforts and several boreholes drifted off-target due to the extreme drilling depth and the notoriously hard rock that exacerbated the drills' tendency to drift. On 19 August, 14 days into the rescue operation, one of the probes reached a space where the miners were believed to be trapped but found no signs of life. The search and rescue operation was led by Engineer André Sougarret, head of the state-owned Codelco El Teniente Mine. ", "Rescuers eventually drilled and reinforced an escape shaft wide enough to extract the men, one by one. (Employees of a Pennsylvania-based drilling-tool company played a role in drilling the rescue shaft.) On October 12, the first of the miners was raised to the surface in a narrow, 13-foot-tall capsule painted white, blue and red, the colors of the Chilean flag. The approximately 2,000-foot ascent to the surface in the capsule took around 15 minutes for each man.", "• Once the escape shaft was drilled, it was thought it would take 36 to 48 hours to get all the miners to the surface. All the miners were rescued in 22 hours, 37 minutes.", "At #1, Grasberg is the granddaddy of them all containing a whopping 100Moz+ of gold. The massive mine is owned by Freeport McMoRan but includes a sizeable sharing agreement with miner Rio Tinto. The site is located in the mountains at an altitude of 4,300 meters or 14,000 feet. In truth, Grasberg produces far more copper, by value, than gold and thus represents one of the world’s largest copper and gold mines. The operations consist of both open pit and underground mines, and have been in operation since the 1980's and the pit forms an enormous mile wide crater.", "Number 31 is Pedro Cortez. He is 24-years-old and the childhood friend of fellow trapped miner Carlos Bugueno (number 23). In the first video miners Cortez is shown smiling and making a peace sign. In a note to his family he said: \"Down here, we have lived through the worst. So stay calm. Our suffering won't last much longer.\"", "Food, water, letters, medicine and other supplies were soon delivered to the miners via a narrow bore hole. Video cameras were also sent down, making it possible for rescuers to see the men and the hot, humid space in which they were entombed. As engineering and mining experts from around the world collaborated on the long, complex process of devising a way to bring the 33 men up to the surface, the miners maintained a system of jobs and routines in order to keep up morale." ]

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[ "Four additional brand characters and slogans joined the Madison Avenue Advertising Walk of Fame after a public online vote. The characters are Orville Redenbacher, for the ConAgra popcorn brand of the same name, and the Chick-Fil-A cows. The slogans are “The few, the proud, the Marines” and “You are now free to move about the country,” for Southwest Airlines. ", "GSD&M Idea City came up with the famous Southwest slogan (trademarked in 1997): “You are now free to move about the country.” The slogan is accompanied by a “DING!” noise and is a take-off on a pilot’s frequent line of “You are now free to move about the cabin.”", "Currently, Southwest is advertising flights for $99. Then a voice simulating a plane’s captain says, “You are now free to move about the country.’’", "Some train operating companies cover a particular geographical region, while others operate inter-city lines which pass through various regions. As of June 2016, the National Rail network of passenger operating companies consists of the following companies. All are private commercial organisations (mostly subsidiaries of global transport companies like Arriva-Deutsche Bahn, First, Govia, Stagecoach and Virgin).", "In 1998, Guilford Transportation Industries , a shortline operator of railroad lines assembled from the routes of now defunct railways chiefly in New England, purchased Pan American World Airways and all related naming rights (Pan Am III). [65] The railway is now operated as Pan Am Railways .", "The LGV opened to the public between Paris and Lyon on 27 September 1981. Contrary to its earlier fast services, SNCF intended TGV service for all types of passengers, with the same initial ticket price as trains on the parallel conventional line. To counteract the popular misconception that the TGV would be a premium service for business travellers, SNCF started a major publicity campaign focusing on the speed, frequency, reservation policy, normal price, and broad accessibility of the service. This commitment to a democratised TGV service was enhanced in the Mitterrand era with the promotional slogan \"Progress means nothing unless it is shared by all\". The TGV was considerably faster (in terms of door to door travel time) than normal trains, cars, or aeroplanes. The trains became widely popular, the public welcoming fast and practical travel.", "The company was nationalised in 1948 as part of the British Transport Commission . In the early 1950s, the company began promoting 'foreign holidays' (particularly Italy , Spain and Switzerland ) by showing information films at town halls throughout Britain . However they made a costly decision by not going into the new form of cheap holidays which combined the transport and accommodation arrangements into a single 'package' . The company went further into decline and were only rescued by a consortium of Trust House Forte , Midland Bank and the Automobile Association who bought the company from the British Government on 26 May 1972. [5] Subsequently, Midland Bank acquired sole control during 1977. However, since US banking laws prohibited any national banks from owning travel agencies, the US operations were sold to Dun & Bradstreet in 1975.", "* Middle American Van Lines – A moving company that moves families instead of their belongings. ", "(Above-Below) After the acquisition of the former 'Big Four' railway companies, the newly-formed British Railways quickly eradicated all signs of previous ownership by painting out the names of the former railway companies from public notices and station signs. An example can be seen on this Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway public notice at Halifax in May 1961. In the background, a new 3-car Calder Valley dmu approaches the station with a Bradford-Penistone train. (Below) Fast-forward 20-odd years and there is much evidence of post-Beeching rationalisation to be seen in this shot of a Calderdale dmu departing on a Manchester to Leeds service.", "In the 1990s, Emirates launched its first set of commercials with the slogan So be good to yourself, Fly Emirates. In 1999, they launched a very rare A330-200 launch commercial with different pictures showing their aircraft with the original logo and the current logo (which was launched a few months before).", "The company has employed humor in its advertising. Slogans include “Just Plane Smart,” “The Somebody Else Up There Who Loves You” and “THE Low Fare Airline”. The airline’s current slogan is “A Symbol of Freedom”. A select history of print and video ads are available on the company website.", "1975 BLMC was nationalised by the government in response to the severe financial problems being experienced by the group. The corporation becomes British Leyland with Leyland commercials becoming part of the autonomous Truck and Bus Division", "The People Mover is owned and operated by the Detroit Transportation Corporation (DTC). The DTC was incorporated in 1985 as a Michigan Public Body Corporate for the purpose of acquiring, owning, constructing, furnishing, equipping, completing, operating, improving, enlarging, and/or disposing of the Central Automated Transit Systems (CATS) in Detroit, Michigan. DTC acquired the CATS project from the Suburban Mobile Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) formerly known as the Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority (SEMTA), on October 4, 1985. The DTC was created by the City of Detroit, Michigan pursuant to Act 7 of Public Acts of 1967 and is a component unit of the City of Detroit and accounts its activity as per proprietary funds. ", "An advertising campaign featuring the slogan \"I've got my name on every plane!\" was developed in conjunction with a New York based company. It was successfully launched during the super bowl interval in February 1974. \"Laker to London — the end of Skyway robbery\" was the follow-on campaign. The success of these campaigns resulted in Laker carrying more non-scheduled UK— USA passengers than all US carriers combined.", "Allstate is an insurance company founded in 1931 that offers auto, home, and life insurance, among other products and services. Their advertising slogan has been “You’re in good hands with Allstate” since 1950.", "Our first full campaign since the merger launched in September 2013, and it showcases the true brand identity of the new United. Our iconic \"Fly the Friendly Skies\" tagline has been reinvented to reflect what's most important to our customers, as well as all that the word \"friendly\" encompasses in today’s technology-driven world. Learn more about this campaign and watch the commercials at unitedhub.com", "One print ad shows a man rushing into his home, arms outstretched, to greet his children. The copy says, “Right place, right time-friendly. Fly on your schedule with over 5,000 daily flights. Fly the friendly skies. United.com/flyerfriendly .”", "Greater Manchester Transport Campaign - The Greater Manchester Transport Campaign is a body that campaigns on behalf of passengers (bus, train and tram). Unlike some other bodies it is not dependent upon the Trolls for funding.", "The city's elevated light-rail system, the People Mover is operated by the Detroit Transportation Corporation of the City of Detroit. It is an important asset for business travelers, tourists, residents, and downtown workers.", "This is a Sotrama stand (pronounced so-tram-a). The Sotrama (Taxi van) is what is used as 'public transportation' though many are owned independently.", "The Statesman Rail branding on the side of one of their Pullmanliveried vehicles No. 3188. PHIL MARSH", "1. The free movement of services in respect of transport shall be governed by the provisions of the Title relating to transport.", "Since 2013, the airline has been using the slogan Journeys are made by people you travel with, however with the onset of Flight 370 and Flight 17, the airline has used a number of slogans including \"#keepflying\" and \"#flyinghigh\". The hashtag \"#bettertomorrow\" was used after the renationalization plan was announced, and the slogan \"#todayishere\" when the airline was nationalized on 1 September 2015. It is expected that a new slogan will be launched when the airline rebrands itself.", "A for-hire carrier that holds itself out to transport goods and serve the general public at reasonable rates and without discrimination.", "Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle from one lane to the other and from one road to another according to the need and convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed, and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport.", "Information on taxi service, with a link to taxis serving LAX, is located at www.lawa.org/welcome_LAX.aspx?id=942 . Information on shared ride vans, long distance vans and scheduled buses, also with a link to companies serving LAX, is at www.lawa.org/welcome_LAX.aspx?id=1212 .", "�CLXXI. And be it further enacted, That all Persons shall have free Liberty to pass along and upon and to use and employ the said Railway, with Carriages properly constructed as by this Act directed, upon Payment only of such Rates and Tolls as shall be demanded by the said Company, not exceeding the respective Rates or Tolls by this Act authorized, and subject to the Rules and Regulations which shall from Time to Time be made by the said Company or by the said Directors, by virtue of the Powers to them respectively by this Act granted . . . .", "\"The right of the Citizen to travel upon the public highways and to transport his property thereon, in the ordinary course of life and business, is a common right which he has under the right to enjoy life and liberty, to acquire and possess property, and to pursue happiness and safety. It includes the right, in so doing, to use the ordinary and usual conveyances of the day, and under the existing modes of travel, includes the right to drive a horse drawn carriage or wagon thereon or to operate an automobile thereon, for the usual and ordinary purpose of life and business.\" Teche Lines vs. Danforth, Miss., 12 S.2d 784; Thompson vs. Smith, supra.", "In 1994, they integrated their tagline ‘Where do you want to go today?’ within the logo. This was widely mocked and the company kept trying different taglines like People Ready, Start Something, Making it Easier etc.", "\"The Right of the Citizen to travel upon the public highways and to transport his property thereon, either by horse drawn carriage or by automobile, is not a mere privilege which a city can prohibit or permit at will, but a common Right which he has under the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\" [emphasis added] Thompson vs. Smith, 154 SE 579.", "The style of the company fleet name had changed during the 1940s.  Another change was to show the route number on separate three-track number blinds, providing more room for the destination display in the standard sized aperture.", "\"Personal liberty largely consists of the Right of locomotion -- to go where and when one pleases -- only so far restrained as the Rights of others may make it necessary for the welfare of all other citizens. The Right of the Citizen to travel upon the public highways and to transport his property thereon, by horsedrawn carriage, wagon, or automobile, is not a mere privilege which may be permitted or prohibited at will, but the common Right which he has under his Right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Under this Constitutional guarantee one may, therefore, under normal conditions, travel at his inclination along the public highways or in public places, and while conducting himself in an orderly and decent manner, neither interfering with nor disturbing another's Rights, he will be protected, not only in his person, but in his safe conduct.\" [emphasis added] II Am.Jur. (1st) Constitutional Law, Sect.329, p.1135." ]

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[ "1912 – While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was shot by saloonkeeper John Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivered his scheduled speech and was later driven to Chicago for treatment by John Benjamin Murphy.", "1912 - While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper John Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.", "John Flammang Schrank (March 5, 1876 – September 15, 1943) was a resident of New York, best known for his attempt to assassinate former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt on October 14, 1912 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "If John Schrank and John Hinckley’s motivation behind their attempts to shoot Teddy Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan seemed far-fetched — Schrank was told to do it by the ghost of William McKinley in a dream, and Hinckley wanted to impress actress Jodi Foster — the story behind Erich Muenter’s attack on the U.S. Capitol is even weirder.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States. He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–09), he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt’s achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States of America (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his \"cowboy\" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.", "At first, Roosevelt declined their requests to run for a third term. He had stated previously that under no circumstances would he run again. Soon, however, these traditional sentiments began to wear off, and Roosevelt changed his tune. As more and more Progressives begged him to campaign again, Roosevelt acquiesced, and the fight between Roosevelt and Taft grew hot and intense. During the presidential campaign of 1912, both men railed against each other as only enemies could. Roosevelt called Taft disloyal and claimed him to be a fraud. Taft replied that Roosevelt was unethical and egotistical. The nation had never seen such a frenzy of insults and hatred as it did during this campaign, and Republicans were forced to choose sides in the battle. The extent of the rift in the Party was evident at the Republican convention in the Chicago. When President Taft received the party nomination, Roosevelt and his Progressive supporters left the convention hall and within hours formed the Progressive Party. Needless to say, the new Progressive Party nominated Roosevelt as their presidential candidate. When asked by a reporter if he was fit for the rigors of another Presidential campaign, Roosevelt replied that he was as fit as a bull moose. The phrase stuck, and Roosevelt's new party came to be known as the Bull Moose Party.", "Hoover rejected the Democratic Party's overtures in 1920. He had been a registered Republican before the war, though he had supported Theodore Roosevelt's \"Bull Moose\" Progressive Party in 1912. Now he declared himself a Republican and a candidate for the Presidency.", "..... Click the link for more information. —also called the Bull Moose party—and was nominated for President on this third-party slate. In the resulting three-cornered election he ran second to the Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson Wilson, Woodrow", "On the evening of June 22, 1912, former President Theodore Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the Republican National Convention in Chicago saying that Taft had tampered with the system. Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago's Orchestra Hall, formed the national progressive party and later that summer, nominated Roosevelt. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a \"bull moose,\" giving the party the nickname the \"Bull Moose Party.\"", "He was shot in 1912 while campaigning for president for the Bull Moose Party. He continued with his speech stating that \"it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose\".", "In the 1912 U.S. Presidential elections, former President Teddy Roosevelt emerged as the most successful third party presidential candidate in the history of the country when he bagged 88 Electoral votes and 27% of the popular vote in the election on behalf of the Progressive Party of the United States. The party was formed by Roosevelt himself when he failed to receive the nomination from the Republican Party in the 1912 Elections. However, Roosevelt lost, and the election was won by the Democratic Party's nominee, Woodrow Wilson, who went on to become the 28th President of the United States. The 1912 Presidential elections were unique in the fact that this was the last election where a candidate who was neither Republican nor Democrat came second in the election. This occurred as Teddy Roosevelt defeated Republican William Howard Taft and Socialist Eugene Debs.", "Roosevelt grew disheartened with the advancement of the Republican Party and sought the presidency in the election of 1912 under a new progressive party called the Bull Moose Party. Campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in October 1912, he was shot in the chest shortly before a speech. The bullet was slowed by his steel eyeglass case and a thick copy of the speech he kept in his jacket pocket. He decided to deliver the speech, anyway, and spoke for 90 minutes before seeking medical attention.", "Once his defeat as the GOP nominee was probable, Roosevelt announced that he would \"accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end, win or lose\". At the same time, Roosevelt prophetically said, \"My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive\". After two weeks at the GOP convention, Roosevelt asked his followers to leave the hall, and they moved to the Auditorium Theatre. Then Roosevelt, along with key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge, created the Progressive Party, structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level. It was popularly known as the \"Bull Moose Party\", after Roosevelt told reporters, \"I'm as fit as a bull moose\". At the convention Roosevelt cried out, \"We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord.\"", "Roosevelt and his supporters bolted the Republican Party and reconvened in Chicago two weeks later to form the Progressive Party. Roosevelt became the Progressive Party candidate for President, and Governor Hiram Johnson of California joined the ticket as Roosevelt's running mate. Roosevelt electrified the convention with a dramatic speech in which he announced that he would \"stand at Armageddon and battle for the Lord\" and declared that he felt \"as strong as a Bull Moose,\" thus giving the new party its popular name.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 30 January 1882 – 12 April 1945 ), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat , he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party for many years as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war . His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal , involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy.", "Critics of Roosevelt are not quite so kind. Roosevelt had a huge ego, and his lust for power could not keep him on the sidelines. He stabbed his friend in the back and overlooked the positive sides of Taft's Presidency. Whatever the motive, the election of 1912 would begin with two prominent Republican candidates.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, his own pronunciation, or; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.", "Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. On the evening of June 22, 1912, Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention. Roosevelt maintained that President Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party. Thus, with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root, Taft's supporters outvoted Roosevelt's men, and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman, making Sherman the first sitting vice-president to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828.", "Robert M. La Follette, Sr. broke bitterly with Roosevelt in 1912, and ran for President on his own ticket, the 1924 Progressive Party, during the 1924 presidential election.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt blasted Hoover for spending and taxing too much, increasing national debt, raising tariffs and blocking trade, as well as placing millions on the government dole. Roosevelt attacked Hoover for \"reckless and extravagant\" spending, of thinking \"that we ought to center control of everything in Washington as rapidly as possible\". Roosevelt's running mate, John Nance Garner, accused the Republican of \"leading the country down the path of socialism\". ", "When the 1828 election rolled around, a lot of people were terrified when they heard Andrew \"Old Hickory\" Jackson was running. If you're wondering how a guy we're calling a bad ass got such a lame nickname, it's because he used to carry a hickory cane around and beat people senseless with it, and if you're wondering why he did that, it's because he was a fucking lunatic.", "Dewey was repeatedly urged by the right wing of his party to engage in red-baiting, but he refused. In a debate before the Oregon primary with Harold Stassen, Dewey argued against outlawing the Communist Party of the United States of America, saying \"you can't shoot an idea with a gun.\" He later told Styles Bridges, the Republican national campaign manager, that he was not \"going around looking under beds\". Dewey has been the only Republican to be nominated for President twice and lose both times.", "            The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who bolted from the Republican Party candidate and supported the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884.  They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.  During the campaign, they were often portrayed as \"fence-sitters,\" with part of their body on the side of the Democrats and the other on the side of the Republicans, that is to say with their \"mug\" on one side of the fence, and their \"wump\" on the other!", "President Theodore Roosevelt was enormously popular and had no opposition at at the Republican convention (June 1904). The Democrats at their convention nominated Alton Parker of New York on the first ballot. The two nominee did not have major policy differences to contest on the major issues. The election thus turned largely on personality. And here few canddates could hold a candal to the larger-than-life Rough Rider. Roosevelt was elected President on his own in 1904 by a majority of nearly 2 million votes, the largest heretofore accorded a candidate. Parker failed to carry a single state outside the South. The Electoral College voye was 336 to 140. Despite the festering conditions in the inner cities, Socialist Candidate Eugene Debbs polled only 0.4 million votes. In a foretaste of the future, Prohibition candidate Silan Swallow polled 0.3 million votes. While polling less than 5 percent of the vote, these two cmpaigns would affect the American political agenda. Measures advocated by both would be afopted by the two major political parties. In the exuberance of victory, President Roosevelt blurted out that the would honor the two term precedence and not seek a third term. Edith knew right away that this was a serious mistake.", "  Republican Ben Harrison won the Presidency in 1888. Ben gave the spoils to the loyal Teddy, who became head of the Civil Service Commission in 89. Teddy felt that “the graybeard in the White House” treated him coldly, even in giving him a good job.", "In 1884, TR was a delegate to the Republican convention where, once again, James G. Blaine was a candidate. Like his father before him, TR joined the reformers; and together they fought to eliminate Blaine; but this time the gorgeous old trickster finally got the nomination, only to lose the election to Grover Cleveland. But by the time Cleveland was elected, the young widower and ex-assemblyman was playing cowboy in the Dakota Badlands. Just before TR disappeared into the wilderness, he made what was to be the most important decision of his career. In 1884 the reform Republicans deserted Blaine much as the antiwar Democrats were to abandon Hubert Humphrey in 1968. But TR had already made up his mind that he was going to have a major political career and so, cold-bloodedly, he endorsed Blaine: \"I have been called a reformer but I am a Republican.\" For this show of solidarity with the Grand Old Party, he lost the decent opinion of the reformers and gained the presidency. He might have achieved both, but that would have required moral courage, something he had not been told about.", "NARRATOR: In June 1912, the Republicans met in Chicago. With more than 250 delegates in dispute, they were headed for one of the rowdiest showdowns in the history of American politics.", "Arthur demonstrated as President that he was above factions within the Republican Party, if indeed not above the party itself. Perhaps in part his reason was the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from a fatal kidney disease. He kept himself in the running for the Presidential nomination in 1884 in order not to appear that he feared defeat, but was not renominated, and died in 1886. Publisher Alexander K. McClure recalled, \"No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected.\"", "Robert La Follette, nicknamed Fighting Bob, was an American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician who was at different points a Wisconsin Congressman, Senator, and Governor. He ran for President as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote (this Progressive Party is not the same as Theodore Roosevelt's party).", "a corporate lawyer in the United States and a dark horse who became the Republican Party nominee for the president in 1940", "Republican presidential candidate versus Roosevelt in the election of 1940. He lost, but put up a good \"race.\"" ]

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[ "Former Washington Republican state legislator Dino Rossi is to announce on Wednesday that he is running for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Democratic Senator Patty Murray. The story broke Tuesday morning with reports that Rossi had begun hiring senior campaign staffers including Pat Shortidge, who most recently worked on Marco Rubio's Senate campaign in Florida.", "Dino Rossi was defeated by Governor Christine Gregoire in the 2008 election and formally conceded at noon on November 5, 2008. Her margin of victory was 53.2% to 46.8%. ", "Dino Rossi (born October 15, 1959) is a former member of the Washington State Senate. He is an American commercial real estate executive, two-time Republican candidate for Governor of Washington, and former Republican candidate for United States Senate. His first run for the Governor's mansion in the 2004 election became the closest gubernatorial race in U.S. history; Rossi was certified as Governor-elect before losing a hand recount to Democrat Christine Gregoire. He ran for Governor of Washington again in 2008, losing to Gregoire 47% to 53%.", "Hillary Clinton, in full Hillary Rodham Clinton, née Hillary Diane Rodham (born October 26, 1947, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. senator (2001–09) and secretary of state (2009–13) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama . She also served as first lady (1993–2001) during the administration of her husband, Bill Clinton , 42nd president of the United States . As the Democratic Party ’s nominee for president in 2016, she became the first woman to top the presidential ticket of a major party in the United States.", "Geraldine Ferraro (1935-2011) was the first woman to secure the nomination for vice president on a major party's ticket. But she and her running mate, Walter Mondale, did not win the election (They lost to Reagan-Bush). Prior to the nomination, Ferraro represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1979-1985. In 1998, Ferraro revealed she was diagnosed with a rare form of blood cancer. She succumbed to the illness in 2011", "Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author. In 1968, she became the first African American woman elected to the United States Congress, and represented New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States, and the first woman to run for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination.", "Sarah Palin is the former governor of Alaska, the youngest and first woman elected to the office; the first woman Republican vice-presidential candidate in American history; and the author of the number one New York Times bestsellers Going Rogue and America by Heart. She was named one of Time magazine's \"100 Most Influential People\" in 2010, hosted TLC's Sarah Palin's Alaska, and is a Fox News contributor. The mother of five children and grandmother of two, she lives with her husband, Todd, in Wasilla, Alaska.", "Walter Mondale, the leading Democratic presidential candidate, announces that he has chosen Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro, a daughter of Italian immigrants, had previously gained notoriety as a vocal advocate of women's rights in Congress. Four days after... read more � http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ferraro-named-vice-presidential-candidate?et_cid=77632493&et_rid=791801616&linkid=http%3a%2f%2fwww.history.com%2fthis-day-in-history%2fferraro-named-vice-presidential-candidate", "Sarah Louise Palin (; née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 election running with the Republican presidential nominee, Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major political party and the first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies.", "Joseph Robinette \"Joe\" Biden Jr. (; born November 20, 1942) is the 47th and current Vice President of the United States, having been jointly elected twice with President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, Biden represented Delaware as a United States Senator from 1973 until becoming Vice President in 2009.", "Walter Frederick \"Fritz\" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–81) under President Jimmy Carter, and as a United States Senator from Minnesota (1964–76). He was the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale was only able to win his home state of Minnesota and Washington D.C.", "New York Congresswoman Nita Lowey was the candidate first expected to be the Democratic nominee, [4] while other mentioned possible candidates included Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew Cuomo , New York State Comptroller Carl McCall , and New York Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney . [5] State Democratic figures were concerned that neither Lowey nor the others had the star power to rival Giuliani, and that the seat would be lost. Late in 1998, prominent Democratic politicians and advisors, including New York Representative Charles Rangel , [6] urged First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to run for the New York Senate seat. An unprecedented action if she did it, Clinton spent considerable time mulling over the idea while Lowey waited in the wings. [4] Her political advisors told her the race would be difficult and some of them told her she would lose. [7] She waited for the impeachment proceedings of Bill Clinton to conclude, [7] which it did with his acquittal on February 12, 1999.", "Ferraro ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and 1998, both times starting as the front-runner for her party's nomination before losing in the primary election. She served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996, in the presidential administration of Bill Clinton. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton. Ferraro died on March 26, 2011, from multiple myeloma, 12 years after being diagnosed.", "At the 1950 and 1951 elections, she fought the safe Labour seat of Dartford. Although she lost out to Norman Dodds, she reduced the Labour majority in the constituency by 6,000. She was, at the time, the youngest ever female Conservative candidate and her campaign attracted a higher than normal amount of media attention for a first time candidate. While active in the Conservative Party in Kent, she met Denis Thatcher, whom she married in 1951, conforming to his Anglicanism . Denis was a wealthy divorced businessman who ran his family's firm; he later became an executive in the oil industry. Denis funded his wife's studies for the Bar . She qualified as a barrister in 1953 and specialised in taxation. In the same year her twin children Carol and Mark were born, delivered by Caesarean section while their father watched a Test match at the Oval. With a mother climbing the political ladder, the children were left to a nanny . \"My mother was prone to calling me by her secretaries' names and working through each of them until she got to Carol,\" recalled her daughter.", "Ashley Judd (born Ashley Tyler Ciminella; April 19, 1968) is an American actress and political activist. She grew up in a family of successful performing artists as the daughter of country music singer Naomi Judd and the sister of Wynonna Judd. While she is best known for an ongoing acting career spanning more than two decades, she has increasingly become involved in global humanitarian efforts and political activism.", "Margaret Chase Smith (1964) – Smith was the first woman to have her name placed in nomination for President by a major party. She received Republican primary votes in New Hampshire, Illinois, Massachusetts, Texas, and Oregon, among others, and had twenty-seven first ballot votes at the Republican National Convention. She removed herself from contention after the first ballot. Smith was born in Skowhegan, Maine on December 14, 1897, graduated from Skowhegan High School, and was a primary school teacher for two years. In 1940 she was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives to fill the vacancy caused by her husband’s death; she served in the House for four terms. She was easily elected in 1948 to her first term in the U.S. Senate and reelected to the Senate three more times. Died 1995.", "* Bill Bradley (born 1942), former forward for the New York Knicks; U.S. Senator; prospective presidential candidate ", "Walter Mondale, the leading Democratic presidential candidate, announces that he has chosen Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate. Ferraro, a daughter of Italian immigrants, had previously gained notoriety as a vocal advocate of women’s rights in Congress.", "In 2002, Palin ran for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor, coming in second to Loren Leman in a five-way Republican primary. Following her defeat, she campaigned throughout the state for the nominated Republican governor-lieutenant governor ticket of Frank Murkowski and Leman. Murkowski and Leman won and Murkowski resigned from his long-held U.S. Senate seat in December 2002 to assume the governorship. Palin was said to be on the \"short list\" of possible appointees to Murkowski's U.S. Senate seat, but Murkowski ultimately appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski, as his successor in the Senate. ", "Actress Jane Fonda, left, and her second husband, Tom Hayden walk with their 2-year-old son Troy, as they arrive to vote in Santa Monica, Calif., June 8, 1976. Hayden, who was a leader of the student anti-Vietnam war movement of the 1960s, failed to win the Democratic primary challenge against U.S. Senator John Tunney, but later won seats in the California State Assembly and State Senate.", "Born Albert Arnold Gore, Jr., on March 31, 1948 in Washington , D.C., where his father, Albert Gore, Sr., was serving as a Democrat in the U.S. House from Tennessee . His father also served in the U.S. Senate (1953-71) and was considered a possible vice presidential nominee (1956 and 1960). Gore’s mother, Pauline LaFon Gore, was one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt Law School.", "Rudolph William Louis \"Rudy\" Giuliani (; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, former politician, and public speaker from New York.", "Toni Nathan (1972) – Nathan, a Libertarian, made history as the first woman to receive an electoral vote for vice president when a Virginia Republican elector voted for President Nixon, but declined to vote for Vice President and former Maryland Governor Spiro T. Agnew and instead voted for Toni Nathan of Lane County, Oregon.", "1984: Geraldine A. Ferraro ran for Vice-President on Walter F. Mondale's ticket, becoming the first woman to ever run on a major party's national ticket.", "ST. PAUL, July 12 - Walter F. Mondale today named Representative Geraldine A. Ferraro of Queens as his running mate, the first woman selected to run for Vice President on a major party ticket. Mr. Mondale, the probable Democratic Presidential nominee, announced his historic step before an ebullient crowd at the State Capitol. He introduced Mrs. Ferraro by saying: ''I looked for the best Vice President and I found her in Gerry Ferraro.'' ''This is an exciting choice,'' he said, with Mrs. Ferraro by his side.", "As if 205 episodes of “Little House on the Prairie” wasn’t enough, this long-time actor and director recently announced her bid for U.S. Congress. She will be running as a Democrat in the 2016 election in Michigan, and is hoping to beat incumbent Republican representative Mike Bishop. Gilbert is calling her campaign a “fight for working families.”", "In 1995, Alice Palmer represented the state's 13th District, and decided to run for the United States Congress.  She hand-picked Obama to run to replace her.", "A World War II veteran, Republican politician and five-term Senator, Warner met Taylor on the Washington diplomatic circuit when he was serving as Nixon's secretary of the Navy. Despite being a lifelong Democrat, Taylor bucked her party to assiduously campaign for Warner in his first successful bid for senator of Virginia. He would hold the seat much longer than he would Taylor -- the couple divorced in 1982.", "In 1950, Dale ran as a Democrat for the Wisconsin Assembly.  He lost.  In his autobiography (available at the federal courthouse library and at the archives at Golda Meir Library at UWM), Dale tells this story about his decision to run in that race.  Congressman Andy Biemiller offered Dale $100 if he would run.  Dale asked the Congressman’s secretary, Jeannie Vlasis – who later, as Jean Lucey, became Wisconsin’s First Lady – what he should do.  Her advice:  “Get the money first.”", "Eventually Chapa-LaVia was elected Representative of District 83 with 54% of the vote. The rest, as they say is history. In November Linda will celebrate her second anniversary as state representative and will begin her second term. She was elected to the position without opposition.  ", "Following her venture into television, Temple became active in the Republican Party in California. In 1967, she ran unsuccessfully in a special election in California's 11th congressional district to fill the seat left vacant by the death of eight-term Republican J. Arthur Younger from leukemia. She ran as a conservative and lost to law school professor Pete McCloskey. ", "DAN QUAYLE (1990), former U.S. Senator and Vice President of the United States, played baseball in the Hoosier Little League of Huntington, Ind., during the mid-1950s." ]

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[ "semiaquatic carnivorous mammal of the genus Mustela, closely related to the weasel and highly prized for its fur. One species, Mustela vison, is found over most of North America and another, M.", "otter - noun. a semiaquatic fish-eating mammal of the weasel family, with an elongated body, dense fur, and webbed feet. Lutra and other genera, family Mustelidae: several species, including the river otter.", "Otter is a common name for a carnivorous mammal in the subfamily Lutrinae. The 13 extant otter species are all semiaquatic, aquatic or marine, with diets based on fish and invertebrates. Lutrinae is a branch of the weasel family Mustelidae, which also includes badgers, honey badgers, martens, minks, polecats, weasels and wolverines.", "Otters, of which there are 13 species, are the most aquatic members of the Mustelidae family of mammals. Also included in this family, and therefore related to otters, are badgers and weasels. All mustelids, as otters and their relatives are known, are entirely or partially carnivorous. Most have long, svelte bodies, short legs, a small head and dense fur. Rear scent glands allow them to mark their territories. Mustelids occur naturally worldwide, except in Australia and Antarctica.", "Species Description: The fisher (Martes pennanti) is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. It is a member of the Mustelid family, commonly referred to as the weasel family. The fisher is closely related to but larger than the American Marten (Martes americana). The fisher is a forest-dwelling creature whose range covers much of the boreal forest in Canada to the northern fringes of the United States. Names derived from aboriginal languages include pekan, pequam, and wejack. It is also sometimes erroneously referred to as the fisher cat.", "the European weasel is so small (six to seven inches long) that it is not much valued for its fur. The larger members of its family, on the other hand, are highly valued. See marten, mink, skunk, stoat (ermine), wolverine.", "Aquatic and semiaquatic mammals are a diverse group of mammals that dwell partly or entirely in bodies of water. They include the various marine mammals who dwell in oceans, as well as various freshwater species, such as the platypus and the European otter. They are not a taxon and are not unified by any distinct biological grouping, but rather their dependence on and integral relation to aquatic ecosystems. The level of dependence on aquatic life are vastly different among species, with the Amazonian manatee and river dolphins being completely aquatic and fully dependent on aquatic ecosystems; whereas the Baikal seal feeds underwater but rests, molts, and breeds on land; and the capybara and hippopotamus are able to venture in and out of water in search of food.", "In general, their various colored pelages and their insulative capability makes them valuable to the fur trade.  For example, weasels adapted to living in water must have significant protection from the cold water, and, no coincidence, the sea otter was the most desired � and costly- fur coat at the turn of the century (Seals and other strictly aquatic mammals have evolved blubber for warmth in lieu of fur).   Similarly, since their long bodies have a high ratio of surface area to body size, weasels must have a pelt of significant insulative capacity to keep them warm.  Thus, the value of mink and ermine coats.  It�s also of interest that the females, the protectors of the next generation, have denser coats than males, and are of more value in the trade.", "The English word \"weasel\" was originally applied to one species of the genus, the European form of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis). This usage is retained in British English, where the name is also extended to cover several other small species of the genus. However, in technical discourse and in American usage, the term \"weasel\" can refer to any member of the genus, or to the genus as a whole. Of the 17 extant species currently classified in the genus Mustela, 10 have \"weasel\" in their common names. Among those that do not are the stoat, the polecats, the ferret, and the European mink. The American mink and the extinct sea mink were commonly included in this genus as Mustela vison and Mustela macrodon respectively, but in 1999 were moved to the genus Neovison. ", "Weasels belong to the Mustelidae family, which also includes mink, martens, fishers, wolverines, badgers, river otters, black-footed ferrets, and four species of skunks. Although members of the weasel family vary in size and color (Fig. 1), they usually have long, slender bodies, short legs, rounded ears, and anal scent glands. A weasel’s hind legs are barely more than half as long as its body (base of head to base of tail). The weasel’s forelegs also are notably short. These short legs on a long, slender body may account for the long-tailed weasel’s (Mustela frenata) distinctive running gait. At every bound the long body loops upward, reminding one of an inchworm.", "a family of carnivores, both aquatic and terrestrial, and almost 70 species. The mustelids include weasel, ferret, mink, wolverine, American badger, skunk, otter, sea otter and European stoat (ermine).", "a kind of animal – mammal – four-legged – omnivore (mostly carnivore) – mostly nocturnal (= active at night) – looks like (resembles) a small bear with a long tail, but belongs to the weasel family – stocky, muscular body with long, thick, rough, dark brown hair (fur/coat) with stripes of pale yellow along the sides, large, flat head with short, rounded, straight ears, small eyes, long, black muzzle (= mouth and nose part) with sharp teeth, short, thick neck, stout body, short, bowed (= slightly bent) legs with padded wide paws with five clawed toes, bushy tail; size: 3-4 feet long with a 7-10 inch long tail, 1-1½ feet tall at the shoulder, and weight: any where from 7 Kg. to 30 Kg. (male larger than female); feeds on (eats) mostly carrion (= flesh of dead animals), and from small animals, such as rabbit, to large animals, such as deer, moose, etc., occasionally plant matter – roots, berries, etc; lives for 5-12 years in the wild (individuals in captivity may live for 16-18 years); two types – the old world wolverines: in Eurasia, and the new world wolverine: in North America, found in the Arctic region of Eurasia and North America", "Most mustelids are strictly carnivorous, but a few include plant matter, mostly fruits or berries, in their diet. Dentition is characterized by strong canine teeth and sharp molars and premolars. Some mustelids have specialized diets. Clawless otters (genus Aonyx) specialize on crustacean s (especially crabs) and mollusk s, whereas other otters (genus Lutra) are primarily fish eaters. Specialization even occurs between sexes in the weasels (genus Mustela), in which males consume larger prey than females owing to their larger size.", "Sable (n.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur.", "Wolverine (Gulo gulo), also called glutton, carcajou, or skunk bear, member of the weasel family (Mustelidae) that lives in cold northern latitudes, especially in timbered areas, around the world. It resembles a small, squat, broad bear 65–90 cm (26–36 inches) long, excluding the bushy, 13–26-cm (5–10-inch) tail; shoulder height is 36–45 cm (14–18 inches), and weight is 9–30 kg (20–66 pounds). The legs are short, somewhat bowed; the soles, hairy; the semiretractile claws, long and sharp; the ears, short; and the teeth, strong. The coarse, long-haired coat is blackish brown with a light brown stripe extending from each side of the neck along the body to the base of the tail. The animal has anal glands that secrete an unpleasant-smelling fluid.", "The Honey badger Mellivora capensis, is also known as the ratel. The Honey badger is a species of mustelid native to Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Indian Subcontinent. Despite its name, the honey badger does not closely resemble other badger species, instead it bears more anatomical similarities to weasels. It is classed as Least Concern by the IUCN owing to its extensive range and general environmental adaptations. It is primarily a carnivorous species, and has few natural predators because of its thick skin and ferocious defensive abilities. ", "Schreiber, A., Wirth, R., Riffel, M. and Van Rompaey, H., (1989). Weasels, Civets, and Mongooses, and their Relatives IUCN/SSC Mustelid and Viverrid Specialist Group", "A wolverine is a ballsy jungle animal, resembling a bear. Growing to about 26 to 34 inches in length and weighing between 24 to 40 lbs, it is the largest bit of the weasel family. Its range is spread over most parts of the northern hemisphere, prerogative North America, Europe and Russia. Being omnivorous in nature, wolverines feed on plants, berries, rodents, rabbits owing to well as carrion.", "Of the four species in the Mustela genus, the mink is the only one whose pelage doesn't turn white in its winter molt.  This might be a reflection of its aquatic nature, even in winter, where a white coat would stand out.  The three others, which include the long-tailed, short-tailed and least weasel, all are known for their winter white coats.  The long-tailed and short-tailed weasels molts to an all-white pelage with a black-tipped tail.  The black tip on the tail has evolved as a distraction to aerial predators, who tend to focus their aim on this dark spot rather than the main body.  The least weasel does not have the dark-tipped tail.  This appears to be a function of the least weasel's small size, where the decoy isn't far enough from the vulnerable body to afford any protection.  ", "The river otter, like all weasel, have potent musk glands, very noticeable if one is trapped. ", "It's not a goose but a small meat-eating mammal, something like a weasel or ferret, about a foot long with a tail of equal length. Since it's not a goose, its plural is not mongeese but mongooses. It's native to southern Asia and Africa.", "Diet: Fisher are opportunists.  More varied than martens, fishers have a fondness for porcupine, and are a major predator of marten.  The quills of the porcupine are softened when they penetrate the fisher, and apparently do little harm to the fisher.  In addition, favored foods include snowshoe hares, red squirrels, red-backed voles, shrews, flying squirrels, grouse, deer mice, and carrion.  Birds, bird eggs, some vegetation, and a few berries and nuts are added on occasion.  Even raccoons, foxes, and, in one exceptional case, a lynx have been worn down and killed by fisher.  Despite their name, they do not catch fish (see remarks below).  While both sexes have winter fat deposits, males have substantially more.", "Aka pine marten. A mink-sized arboreal weasel.  One of the most valuable furbearers in North America. Fishers are the main predator of the pine marten.", "Description: The long body and short stub like legs of this species is similar to a weasel. Along with their long body they also have long bushy tail. Their coat is dark brown with a white strip that starts at the base of the stomach and reaches all the way up to the chin. They also have star webbed like feet that enable them to swim. [2]", "Porcupine are preyed upon by fisher, who especially favor porcupine.  Fisher attack the porcupine by biting the face numerous times, weakening the animal to the point that the fisher can roll the prey over and attack the vulnerable belly.  Fishers reintroduced into the Catskills and the Ottawa National Forest of Michigan have decimated the porcupine populations.  Other predators include wolverine, cougar, great horned owls and bobcat.  Porcupines have a fondness for the minerals found in antlers (and the salt from roads - leading to frequent road kills).", "Rarely seen but instantly recognisable, the badger is a highly social and playful animal that lives in family groups with a dominant male and female.The badger is the largest carnivore in the British Isles but with access to a varied range of food from both animal and vegetable origin, its diet is actually omnivorous. The badger is nocturnal and emerges from its sett at dusk to search for food and will happily eat earthworms and other grubs as well as fruits, nuts and berries. Woodland habitats provide an ideal environment for badgers but in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, but where woodland cover is low badgers will often seek out alternative habitats.", "Fish is a favored food among the otters, but they also consume various amphibians, turtles, and crayfish.", "A fox is a wild animal which looks like a dog and has reddish-brown fur, a pointed face and ears, and a thick tail. Foxes eat smaller animals.", "The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called \"raposas\", in Portuguese, or \"zorros\", in Spanish, are a genus of the dog family from South America. Despite their name, they are not true foxes but are a unique canid genus, which some somewhat resemble foxes and are named after them. The South American gray fox Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.", "The Siberian weasel is an amazingly animal that lives in forests from Siberia to Eastern Asia.  It lives near rivers and lakes. It's a hunter. In some places, it's considered a pest because it kills chickens and muskrats in farms, more than it can eat.", "These mammals are adapted to spend all of their time in water. They have flippers for front limbs and a flat tail. They have thick bristles on their lips. They are herbivores and eat aquatic vegetation.", " A creature with a barbed tongue, dorsal fin, the forelegs of a lion and the hind legs of an eagle" ]

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[ "Sacha Noam Baron Cohen (born 13 October 1971) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter. A graduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, Baron Cohen is most widely known for creating and portraying four fictional characters: Ali G, Borat Sagdiyev, Brüno Gehard and Admiral General Aladeen. Like his idol Peter Sellers, he uses a variety of accents and guises for his characters. ", "British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen, the man behind hit movie characters Ali G, Borat and Bruno, will play flamboyant singer Freddie Mercury in a film about Queen, the band's guitarist Brian May has revealed.", "Brian May announced in a September 2010 BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen, previously known for his comedic characters Borat, Ali G and Brüno, had been chosen to play Mercury in a film about his life. TIME commented with approval on his singing ability and resemblance to Mercury. The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan, who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon. The film, which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions, will focus on Queen's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert. Filming was planned to begin sometime in 2011. ", "Baron Cohen’s character was first developed for “Da Ali G Show” (carried in the U.S. on HBO) in which Borat was one of three characters along with mock-rapper Ali G and gay Austrian fashion reporter Bruno. The 35-year-old actor is planning to follow “Borat” with “Bruno.”", "Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan is a 2006 mockumentary comedy film starring the British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen in the role of a fictitious Kazakh journalist travelling through the United States, recording real-life interactions with Americans. It is the second film built around one of Cohen's characters from Da Ali G Show , following Ali G Indahouse , which also featured a cameo by Borat.", "Borat, of course, is not really from Kazakhstan. He's not really \"Borat.\" He's Sacha Baron Cohen, a British, Jewish, Cambridge-educated comedian who plays the fictional Kazakh reporter on HBO's \"Da Ali G Show\" and in his upcoming film.", "Queen guitarist Brian May has issued an update on the biopic about Freddie Mercury. A new post [HERE ] at BrianMay.com reveals that after some delays, the film is now due out in early 2014. The rocker explained, “The pieces are all falling into place, though we are now on a slightly later schedule – filming is now scheduled to start in the spring, with Sacha Baron Cohen playing Freddie.” Brian also said, “We did make some other plans, but they will have to stay under wraps for now. Being in Queen is – bizarrely – as full of surprising twists and turns as ever.” Stay up to date at BrianMay.com .", "Peter John Kay (born 2 July 1973) is an English comedian and actor . His 2010-11 stand-up comedy tour was officially inaugurated into the Guinness World Records as the most successful of all time, [4] playing to over 1.2 million people. He has written, produced, and acted in several award winning television and film projects. In addition, he has authored three books. In 2015, he starred in BBC sitcoms Peter Kay's Car Share and Cradle to Grave . In 2016, Kay won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Male Comedy Performance and the BAFTA TV Award for Best Scripted Comedy for Car Share.", "Baron Cohen appeared during two-minute sketches as his fashion reporter Brüno on the Paramount Comedy Channel during 1998. He shot to fame when his comic character Ali G, an uneducated, boorish junglist, hailing from Staines (a suburban town in Surrey, to the west of London), started appearing on the British television show The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4, which first aired on 8 September 1998. A year after the première of the show, GQ named him comedian of the year. He won Best Newcomer at the 1999 British Comedy Awards, and at the British Academy Television Awards he was nominated for Best British Entertainment Performance.", "Da Ali G Show began in 2000, and won the BAFTA for Best Comedy in the following year. Also in 2000, Baron Cohen as Ali G appeared as the limousine driver in Madonna's 2000 video \"Music\", directed by Jonas Åkerlund, who was also responsible for directing the titles for Da Ali G Show. Baron Cohen is a supporter of the UK charity telethon Comic Relief which is broadcast on the BBC, and as Ali G interviewed David Beckham and wife Victoria in 2001. ", "Peter John Kay (born 2 July 1973) is an English comedian and actor. His 2010-11 stand-up comedy tour was officially inaugurated into the Guinness World Records as the most successful of all time, playing to over 1.2 million people. He has written, produced, and acted in several award winning television and film projects. In addition, he has authored three books. In 2015, he starred in BBC sitcoms Peter Kay's Car Share and Cradle to Grave. In 2016, Kay won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Male Comedy Performance and the BAFTA TV Award for Best Scripted Comedy for Car Share.", "Simon John Pegg (né Beckingham; born 14 February 1970) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, and producer. He co-wrote and starred in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy of films: Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World's End (2013). He portrayed Benji Dunn in the Mission: Impossible film series and Montgomery Scott in Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and both starred in and co-wrote Star Trek Beyond (2016).", "Rowan Sebastian Atkinson, CBE (born 6 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian, and screenwriter best known for his work on the sitcoms Blackadder and Mr. Bean. Atkinson first came to prominence in the sketch comedy show Not the Nine O'Clock News (1979–82), and via his participation in The Secret Policeman's Ball from 1979. His other work includes the Bond movie Never Say Never Again and the sitcom The Thin Blue Line (1995–1996).", "'Freddie Mercury was an awe-inspiring performer, so with Sacha in the starring role coupled with Peter's screenplay and the support of Queen, we have the perfect combination to tell the real story behind their success.'", "Edward John \"Eddie\" Izzard (; born 7 February 1962) is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. His comedic style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue, and self-referential pantomime. He had a starring role in the television series The Riches as Wayne Malloy and has appeared in films such as Ocean's Twelve, Ocean's Thirteen, Mystery Men, Shadow of the Vampire, The Cat's Meow, Across the Universe, and Valkyrie. He has also worked as a voice actor in The Wild (2006), Igor (2008), The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008), and Cars 2 (2011).", "Michael Joseph Pennington, Sr., better known as Johnny Vegas (born 5 September 1970) is an English actor and comedian, known for his angry rants, surreal humour, portly figure and high husky voice.His television roles have included playing drug dealer Moz in the BBC dark-comedy Ideal. Vegas also regularly appears in comedy panel shows such as QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats.", "The London Sunday Times has called him \"the greatest British standup comedian of his generation\", and the entity of Eddie Izzard is worthy of such praise. This comedian, actor, and transvestite has bewitched the world of comedy with a kitschy, campy, and cunning mix while adding a bit of British flair to American humor, and it's brilliant. Born in 1962 to an accountant father and a mother who was a nurse, Izzard spent his early childhood in Yemen. Both of his parents worked at the British Petroleum...", "Lee Mack has firmly established himself as one of the UK's most recognisable and celebrated comedy stars. It's been an incredible year in which he authored his own autobiography - Mack the Life; brought Series 5 of his award-winning sitcom Not Going Out (BBC1) back to our screens with Series 6 already in production; and he also continues as resident team captain on the sixth series of Would I Lie To You? (BBC1). Lee also had the honour of co-presenting the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Concert live from Buckingham Palace (BBC1). His energy, finely crafted one-liners, and quick ad-libs create an elusive star quality. His relentless determination to have fun is marvellously infectious, and leaves his audiences exhausted by laughter.", "The new comedy is featured in the new BBC 2015 trailer and boasts an impressive cast, joining Kayvan and Bradley will be Emma Pierson (Up The Women, Hotel Babylon), Jamie Demetriou (The Midnight Beast, Scrotal Recall), Keith Allen (The Comic Strip, Robin Hood) and Alan Williams (Starlings). Plus cameo appearances from Lee Boardman (Great Night Out, Drop Dead Gorgeous), Clive Swift (Keeping Up Appearances), Alex Kirk (Mount Pleasant), Tracy Ann Oberman (EastEnders, Friday Night Dinner) Jack Dee (Lead Balloon), Kara Tointon (EastEnders), Simon Day (The Life Of Rock with Brian Pern, The Fast Show), Cavan Clerkin (Pulling, The Inbetweeners), Paul Kaye (Game Of Thrones), Sean Gilder (Shameless) and Morgana Robinson (House Of Fools, The Morgana Show).", "1. Which English comedy actor has had great success with his own American chat show and also provides the voice of \"Biggie\" in the latest Dreamworks film Trolls?", "Gary Leonard Oldman (born 21 March 1958) is an English actor, filmmaker, musician and author. He began acting in theatre in 1979, and gained his first starring film role in Meantime (1983). Oldman continued to lead a stage career, in which he performed at the Royal Court Theatre and was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company until the late 1980s. He rose to prominence in British film with his portrayals of Sid Vicious in Sid and Nancy (1986) and playwright Joe Orton in Prick Up Your Ears (1987), as well as those of a football firm leader in The Firm (1989) and the titular Rosencrantz in Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990).", "Gary Leonard Oldman (born 21 March 1958) is an English actor, filmmaker, musician and author who has performed in theatre, film and television. Renowned for his \"big\" acting style, Oldman has been cited as the best British actor of his generation.", "Entertainers include actors Nigel Bennett, Goldie, Frances Barber, Meera Syal and Eric Idle; and musicians Noddy Holder, Dave Hill, Beverley Knight, Dave Holland, Maggie Teyte, Edward Elgar, Mitch Harris, Robert Plant, Paul Raven, and Liam Payne of the band One Direction; and television presenters Suzi Perry, Mark Rhodes and Mark Speight.", "is a 38 year old English Actor. Born Laurence Paul Fox on 26th May, 1978 in Yorkshire, England and educated at Harrow School, London, England, he is famous for The Hole (2000), Becoming Jane (2007) in a career that spans 2001–present. His zodiac sign is Gemini.", "Comic actor whose camp style and catchphrase âIâm freeâ made him a star of sitcom and pantomime", "Has appeared in eight films opposite a former member of Monty Python's Flying Circus. His cast mate in Nuns on the Run (1990) and National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985) was Eric Idle . He appeared in The World Is Not Enough (1999), Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001), and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), all of which also starred John Cleese . He also appeared in Billy Connolly: A BAFTA Tribute (2002), A Night of Comic Relief 2 (1989) and The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball (1989), all of which featured Michael Palin .", "Has appeared in eight films opposite a former member of Monty Python's Flying Circus. His cast mate in _Nuns on the Run (1990)_ (qv) and _European Vacation (1985)_ (qv) was 'Eric Idle' (qv). He appeared in _The World Is Not Enough (1999)_ (qv), _Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)_ (qv), and _Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)_ (qv), all of which also starred 'John Cleese' (qv). He also appeared in _Billy Connolly: A BAFTA Tribute (2002) (TV)_ (qv), _A Night of Comic Relief 2 (1989) (TV)_ (qv) and _The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball (1989) (TV)_ (qv), all of which featured 'Michael Palin' (qv).", "Ian is currently much in demand both as a cabaret act and also as an accomplished after dinner speaker specialising in sporting functions particularly his personal favourites, soccer and golf. Ian is also a member of the Comedians Golfing Society.", "Comic performer and broadcaster Adil Ray is to take his Down the Line character Mr Khan to BBC1 for a studio sitcom.", "At Wembley Stadium on the 1 July 2007, Ricky Gervais performed as David Brent at the Concert for Diana. Alongside Mackenzie Crook as Gareth, Gervais performed a rendition of the song \"Freelove Freeway\" from The Office. ", "The actor, who was born in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, received the Comic Heritage Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004 and was on This is your Life in 1999.", "The actor and writer, from Birmingham, has been doing warm-up gigs in preparation for the tour, Citizen Khan: They All Know Me!, which starts on 25 April in Bradford." ]

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[ "Gaye, Marvin 2101 South Gramercy Place Los Angeles, California This is the family home where legendary Motown singer Marvin Gaye was shot to death by his minister father, Marvin Gaye, Sr., during an argument at their home in April 1984. The father pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter, but received only five years’ probation. Just before his death, Gaye’s career had recently turned around but the resurgence brought with it an increased reliance on cocaine. He returned to the U.S. and moved in with his parents in an attempt to regain control of his life. But the return only exacerbated his troubles; he and his father quarreled bitterly and constantly, and Gaye threatened suicide on a number of occasions. Finally, on the afternoon of April 1, 1984—one day before his 45th birthday—Gaye was shot after a final argument and died on the lawn in front of the house after staggering outside.", "On April 1, 1984, superstar soul singer Marvin Gaye, an artist who had defined the Motown sound of the 1960s and 1970s, was fatally shot by his father, Marvin Gay, Sr. at their house at 2101 South Gramercy Place in Western Heights in the West Adams district of Los Angeles. Gaye was shot twice following an altercation with his father after he intervened in an argument between his father and mother Alberta. The wounds were fatal and he was pronounced dead on arrival at the California Hospital Medical Center.", "On this date in crime history – April 1, 1984, R & B singer Marvin Gaye was shot and killed by his father. At the peak of his career, Gaye was known as the Prince of Motown and was the voice behind hits such as \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)\" and \"Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology).\" Like other recording artists such as Stevie Wonder, Gaye both epitomized and outgrew the crowd-pleasing sound that made Motown famous. Over the course of his roughly 25-year recording career, he moved successfully from upbeat pop to soul, combining elements of Smokey Robinson, Bob Dylan and Barry White into one complicated and sometimes contradictory package.", "1984 - Death Trivia / Marvin Gay - Entertainment highlights during the week of April 1-7, 1984: \"Singer Marvin Gay was shot to death by his father during an argument. Marvin Gay Sr. received probation after pleading guilty to voluntary manslaughter.\" [Based on: A.P. article, p. D5, S.L.P.D., 04/02/07]", "1984: US singer Marvin Gaye was shot dead by his father during a violent row, on the eve of his 45th birthday.", "On April 1, 1984, singer Marvin Gaye was shot and killed by his father. Originally, people assumed that it was a fake news story, especially considering the bizarre aspect of the father being the murderer.", "Singer Marvin Gaye was shot and killed by his father Marvin Gay Sr. today (April 1, 1984). Marvin Gaye had just finished his \"Sexual Healing Tour,\" and took up residence in his parents house, as he organized his finances after an extensive stay in Belgium, to avoid paying taxes.", "* American singer-songwriter and musician Marvin Gaye was shot dead by his father at his home in Los Angeles on April 1, 1984.", "Marvin Gaye is shot and killed by his own father - Apr 01, 1984 - HISTORY.com", "Motown Records found founder Barry Gordy offers consolation to his sister Anna Gordy Gaye first wife of the late singer Marvin Gaye, Jr., at a public visitation of Gaye's body on April 4, 1984 at Forrest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Nick Ut)", "Starting his career as a member of the doo-wop group, The Moonglows in the late 1950s, he then ventured into a solo career after the group disbanded in 1960, signing with Motown Records subsidiary, Tamla. He started off as a session drummer, but later ranked as the label's top-selling solo artist during the 1960s. He was crowned \"The Prince of Motown\" [3] and \"The Prince of Soul\". [4] because of solo hits such as \" How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You) \", \" Ain't That Peculiar \", \" I Heard It Through the Grapevine ,\" and his duet singles with singers such as Mary Wells and Tammi Terrell .", "Notable soul and R&B musicians associated with Motown that had their origins in the area include Aretha Franklin , The Supremes , Mary Wells , Four Tops , The Jackson 5, The Miracles , Stevie Wonder , The Marvelettes , The Temptations , and Martha and the Vandellas. These artists achieved their greatest success in the 1960s and 1970s. Michael Jackson , from the Jackson 5, went on to have an extremely successful solo career from the 1970s through the 2000s. Known as the \"King of Pop\", he went on to become one of the bestselling solo artists of all time and the most-awarded artist of all time. His sister, Janet Jackson , also had an extremely successful solo career in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.", "Rev. C.L. Franklin (Clarence Le Vaughn Franklin) - Died 7-27-1984 in Detroit, MI, U.S. - Heart failure, he had been in a coma since 1979 after being shot by burglars (Gospel ) Born 1-22-1915 in Sunflower, MS, U.S. - Singer - Father of Aretha Franklin.", "In 1988 Gordy sold Motown to MCA Records. He had literally changed the American music industry, introducing large numbers of suburban whites to “black” music and advancing the careers of many who now are honored in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as is Gordy himself. Gordy became a victim of his own success, and like Henry Ford, the revolutionary finally turned into the old guard. But weep not for Berry Gordy Jr. In the process of creating Motown records, he became wealthy, started an empire, and gave America some of its best music moments.", "1975 was another low point in Motown history, as only one Motown release \"Boogie On Reggae Woman\" by Stevie Wonder made the Top 10. The Jackson 5 left Motown for Epic records; actually the Jackson 4 went to Epic as \"The Jacksons\" and Jermaine, who had married Berry Gordy's daughter, stayed with Motown. Ewart Abner II resigned as President of Motown Records and Berry Gordy temporarily replaced him. Barney Ales, a former Vice President of the company, who had stayed in Detroit when the company moved to Los Angeles, rejoined the company when Motown purchased his Prodigal Label. During the year, Diana Ross starred in her second movie, Mahogany but it was certainly not as well received as Lady Sings the Blues.", "Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer and businessman. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he made his debut as an entertainer in 1968 as a member of The Jackson 5. He then began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group, and that successful career led to him being dubbed the \"King of Pop\"[1] in subsequent years. Jackson's 1982 album Thriller remains the world's best-selling album of all time,[2] and four of his other solo studio albums are among the world's best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995).", "Born in 1958 in Gary, Indiana, Michael Jackson became the lead singer of his family's popular Motown group, the Jackson 5. He went on to a solo career of astonishing success, delivering No. 1 hits from the albums Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad. The \"King of Pop\" was dogged by allegations of child molestation in his later years, and died just before launching a comeback tour in 2009.", "Walker resurfaced as a solo artist during the disco era, working with producer Brian Holland beginning in 1976 with the single \"Hot Shot\"; a pair of albums followed. In 1979, Walker joined up with another former Motown mainstay in 1979, signing with producer Norman Whitfield's Whitfield label, though without much success. Walker returned to the spotlight in 1981 with a well-publicized (and well-executed) guest solo on Foreigner's Top Five hit \"Urgent.\" Two years later, he re-signed with Motown and recorded Blow the House Down; by that time, his melodic style was being absorbed into a new generation of R&B-flavored jazz instrumentalists. Walker continued to tour through the '80s and '90s, sometimes with his son Autry DeWalt III playing drums. Unfortunately, in 1993 his activities were severely curtailed by cancer, which claimed his life on November 23, 1995. In the wake of his death, Billy \"Stix\" Nicks continued to tour with a version of the All-Stars.", "Samuel George Jr. (THE CAPITOLS): lead singer of The Capitols who had a 1966 hit with \"Cool Jerk\", died in Detroit after being stabbed with a knife during a family argument on March 17,", "The Motown story is the story of Berry Gordy, Jr., who was born in Detroit Michigan on November 28, 1929. He was the seventh of eight children of Berry Gordy II and Bertha Gordy. His parents had migrated to Detroit from Milledgeville, Georgia in 1922. His father ran a plastering contracting business and his mother sold insurance and real estate; they also ran a grocery store and print shop. Berry Gordy, Jr. dropped out of school after his junior year to become a professional boxer; he decided to get out of the fight game at about the time the Army drafted him in 1951. During his stint in the Army, he obtained his high school equivalency degree. In 1953, he married Thelma Coleman and in 1954 his first child was born, a daughter Hazel Joy. They had two other children, named Berry IV and Terry, but were divorced in 1959.", "65. Which singer sang ‘I Heard it Through the Grapevine’ and was killed by his father?", "Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29; 1958) is an American musician and entertainer. The seventh child of the Jackson family; he debuted on the professional music scene at the age of eleven as a member of The Jackson 5. Jackson began a solo career in 1971 while still a member of the group. In the early 1980s; he became a dominant figure in popular music as the first African-American entertainer to amass a strong crossover following on MTV. Referred to as the King of Pop in subsequent years; five of his solo studio albums have become some of the worlds best-selling records: Off the Wall (1979); Thriller (1982); Bad (1987); Dangerous (1991) and HIStory (1995). \"We Are the World\" is a 1985 song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Ritchie, produced and conducted by Quincy Jones and recorded by a supergroup of 45 popular musicians billed as USA for Africa (United Support of Artists for Africa). The charity single was intended to raise funds to help famine-relief efforts in Ethiopia, which had experienced unusual drought and political instability in 1984/1985. The song was inspired by the charity single \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" which had been.", "Mr. Patten, who had lived in Detroit since 1964 when Gladys Knight & the Pips joined Berry Gordy Jr.'s Motown record label, died early Friday at St. Mary Hospital in Livonia, Mich. He was 65 and had been in ill health since a series of strokes beginning in 1995 left him unable to sing.", "Berry Gordy, Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American record producer and songwriter. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries.", "\"He had one of the most prolific and identifiably voices in American history,\" the Motown Alumni Association's Billy J. Wilson tells Billboard.com. \"It's a deep loss, to the entire Motown family and to the world.\"", "Berry Gordy, Jr. was born to the middle-class family of Berry Gordy II (also known as Berry Gordy, Sr.), who had relocated to Detroit from Oconee County, Georgia, in 1922. The first Berry Gordy was the son of a white plantation owner in Georgia and his female slave. Berry Gordy, Sr. was lured to Detroit by the job opportunities for black people offered by the booming automotive businesses. He developed his interest in music by writing songs and opening the 3-D Record Mart, a record store featuring jazz music.[citation needed] The store was unsuccessful, and Gordy sought work at the Lincoln-Mercury plant, but his family connections put him in touch with Al Green (no relation to the singer Al Green), owner of the Flame Show Bar Talent Club, where he met the singer Jackie Wilson.[citation needed]", "He was an established Soul singer having been the lead singer of Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes.  He also had developed as a solo artist.  In 1982 at the pinnacle of his career he was involved in an auto accident which left him paralyzed from the chest down. His star power began to fade following the accident. He did continue to release singles and albums for most of the remainder of the century. He was not one to give up. He did manage to chart several songs after his accident and had several albums do well. He died of cancer. His ranking is based on his post accident career.", "His single \"All Night Long,\" from this second album, \"Can't Slow Down\", hit #1 in the U.S. on November 12th, 1983. It stayed on the charts for five months, outselling \"Endless Love\" to become Motown's biggest selling worldwide single to date. The album stayed on the charts for three years, selling over eight million copies and producing three more top singles \"Hello,\" \"Stuck On You,\" and \"Penny Lover.\"", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "The King of Rock 'n' Roll (8 Jan 1935 - 16 Aug 1977) was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA.  He started his recording career at Sun Records in Memphis, USA.  After a move to RCA records in 1956, he rose to be arguably the biggest music star of the 20th century, with world-wide record sales of over one billion.  He was also a movie star during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, making 31 films in total.  His home in Memphis, \"Graceland\", is now a museum and major tourist attraction.  His recordings continue to be heard throughout the world.", "Born in Detroit, he was one of eight children born to the middle-class family of Berry Gordy, Sr., a plastering contractor, and Bertha Fuller Gordy. The senior Gordy and family had relocated to Detroit from Milledgeville, Georgia, in 1922. Gordy was brought up in a tight-knit family with strong morals. He dropped out of high school in the 11th grade to become a professional boxer, a career he followed until 1950 when he was drafted by the U.S. Army for the Korean War." ]

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[ "America�s historic sites and national parks draw many visitors. In 1998, 287 million visits were made to the more than 350 areas administered by the National Park Service. Millions of people each year visit the national monuments, buildings, and museums in the Washington, D.C., area. More than 14 million visits are made annually to Golden Gate National Recreation Area in the San Francisco region. More than 19 million people per year travel on the Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia, and about 6 million visit the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. Located within a day�s drive from most parts of the eastern United States, Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most popular national park in the United States, receiving nearly 10 million visitors annually.", "Twenty-seven states have national parks, as do the territories of American Samoa and the United States Virgin Islands. California has the most (nine), followed by Alaska (eight), Utah (five), and Colorado (four). The largest national park is Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska: at over 8 e6acre, it is larger than each of the nine smallest states. The next three largest parks are also in Alaska. The smallest park is Hot Springs, Arkansas, at less than 6 e3acre. The total area protected by national parks is approximately , for an average of 895 e3acre but a median of only 317 e3acre. The most-visited national park is Great Smoky Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee, with over ten million visitors in 2014, followed by Arizona's Grand Canyon, with over 4.7 million. In contrast, only 12,669 people visited the remote Gates of the Arctic in Alaska in the same year. Fourteen national parks are designated World Heritage Sites. ", "Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a United States National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site that straddles the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which are a division of the larger Appalachian Mountain chain. The border between Tennessee and North Carolina runs northeast to southwest through the centerline of the park. It is the most visited national park in the United States. On its route from Maine to Georgia, the Appalachian Trail also passes through the center of the park. The park was chartered by the United States Congress in 1934 and officially dedicated by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1940. It encompasses 522,419 acres, making it one of the largest protected areas in the eastern United States. The main park entrances are located along U.S. Highway 441 at the towns of Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and Cherokee, North Carolina. It was the first national park whose land and other costs were paid for in part with federal funds; previous parks were funded wholly with state money or private funds.", "Great Smoky Mountains National Park : Not Yosemite, Grand Canyon, or Death Valley but, the Great Smokies in Tennessee is the most visited national park in the US. With a stunning diversity of flora and fauna, it's a splendor of 521,454 acres with up to 800 miles of multipurpose trails. Visitors can indulge in recreational activities such as hiking, camping, fishing, horseback riding, and zorbing. Conquer the Appalachian Trail, take walk along mist-shrouded mountains and hidden waterfalls, and discover rural countryside for the vestiges of Appalachian traditions dating back to simpler times.", "Yosemite was designated as a National Park 18 years after Yellowstone, in 1890, and other parks were added over time. In 1916 the National Park Service was created to manage the system of parks, and the U.S. National Parks are visited by tens of millions of visitors annually.", "3. Great Smoky Mountains National Park – Great Smoky Mountains National Park, No. 3 on the list of most-visited park sites, is in North Carolina and Tennessee. It is also the No. 1 most-visited national park.", "The United States has 59 protected areas known as national parks that are operated by the National Park Service, an agency of the Department of the Interior. National parks must be established by an act of the United States Congress. The first national park, Yellowstone, was signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, followed by Mackinac National Park in 1875 (decommissioned in 1895), and then Rock Creek Park (later merged into National Capital Parks), Sequoia and Yosemite in 1890. The Organic Act of 1916 created the National Park Service \"to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife therein, and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.\" Many current National Parks had been previously protected as National Monuments by the President under the Antiquities Act before being upgraded by Congress. Seven national parks (six in Alaska) are paired with a National Preserve. While administered together, they are considered as separate units and their areas are not included in the figures below. ", "America's National Parks are a great place to start. Yellowstone National Park was the first true National Park in the world, and it remains one of the most famous, but there are 57 others. The Grand Canyon is possibly the world's most spectacular gorge; Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park are both home to the world's largest living organisms, the Giant Sequoia; Redwood National park has the tallest, the Coast Redwood; Glacier National Park is home to majestic glacier-carved mountains; Canyonlands National Park could easily be mistaken for Mars; and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park features abundant wildlife among beautiful, verdant waterfalls and mountains. And the national parks aren't just for sightseeing, either; each has plenty of outdoors activities as well.", "Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world's premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year. Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors. Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%). ", "Congress established Mount Rainier National Park on March 2, 1899, reaffirming the nation's intent to set aside certain areas of outstanding scenic and scientific value for the enjoyment of present and future generations. It is America's fifth oldest national park, after Yellowstone (established in 1872), and Yosemite, General Grant (now part of Kings Canyon), and Sequoia (all established in 1890).", "Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world’s premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year. Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors. Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%). The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting. The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.", "The Statue of Liberty, Yellowstone, Everglades, Grand Canyon, Independence Hall, Carlsbad Caverns these names are known to school children and adults throughout the United States and around the world. The places these names represent are only a few of the 388 natural, cultural, and recreational areas that make up the National Park System. This collection of special places welcomes upwards of 280 million visitors every year who come to learn, enjoy, and be awed and inspired. Congress has described the System, which includes some of the most significant historic and natural places in the nation, as \"cumulative expressions of a single national heritage.\" These national parks form the backbone of a nationwide system of local, county, state, and regional parks that provides recreational and educational opportunities for everyone.", "Grand Teton National Park is a United States National Park in northwestern Wyoming. At approximately 310000 acre, the park includes the major peaks of the 40 mi Teton Range as well as most of the northern sections of the valley known as Jackson Hole. It is only 10 mi south of Yellowstone National Park, to which it is connected by the National Park Service-managed John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway. Along with surrounding National Forests, these three protected areas constitute the almost 18000000 acre Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, one of the largest intact mid-latitude temperate ecosystems in the world.", "The 13.2-million-acre (53,418-square-kilometer) Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is the United States' largest national park. The 0.02-acre (80-square-meter) Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial in Pennsylvania is the smallest.", "In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national park, receives three million visitors.", "Everglades National Park in Florida was authorized in 1934 to protect the largest tropical wilderness in the United States. It was the only national park in the far southeastern states until 1980 and remains the only one of its kind. Congress authorized Big Bend National Park a year later to encompass more than 700,000 acres of wilderness country in southwestern Texas, including the Chisos Mountains and three magnificent canyons in the great bend of the Rio Grande. Theodore Roosevelt National Memorial Park, established in 1947 and redesignated a national park in 1978, includes scenic badlands along the Little Missouri River and part of Roosevelt's Elkhorn Ranch in North Dakota.", "Established by Congress in 1929, Grand Teton National Park and its world-class scenery attracts nearly 4 million visitors per year. With Jenny Lake and Jackson Lake at 6,320 feet and the summit of the Grand Teton at 13,770 feet, the park’s elevation ranges create one of the nation’s most awe-inspiring landscapes.  In addition to gazing at the incredible views, there is much to do in this park from hiking and rock climbing to boating and fishing. And when you need a break from outdoor adventure, there are few better places to simply relax and watch the park’s incredible wildlife.", "The National Park Service incorporated the Giant Forest into Sequoia National Park in 1890, the year of its founding, promptly ceasing all logging operations in the Giant Forest. The park has expanded several times over the decades to its present size; one of the most recent expansions occurred in 1978, when grassroots efforts, spearheaded by the Sierra Club, fought off attempts by the Walt Disney Corporation to purchase a high-alpine former mining site south of the park for use as a ski resort. This site was annexed to the park to become Mineral King, the highest-elevation developed site within the park and a popular destination for backpackers.", "America's most visited park logged 9.4 million visitors in 2007, according to the National Parks Service. And for good reason.", "Here are some of the best and most visited US national parks that are epitome of wild expanses and colossal features:", "In 2017 the National Park Service will offer ten days on which entry is free for all national parks: January 16 (Martin Luther King Jr. Day), February 20 (President's Day), April 15-16 & April 22-23 (National Park Week weekends), August 25 (National Park Service's birthday), September 30 (National Public Lands Day), and November 11-12 (Veterans Day weekend).", "The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all U.S. national parks, many American national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.", "Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States' national parks, which have grown in number over the years to 59.", "The National Park Service Centennial is expected to extend the visitation surge, bringing even more people to America’s parks. As families gather over the holidays and consider vacation time together, planning ahead for a national park visit in 2016 is essential.", "Established in 1910, the Eldorado hosts over 2.1 million visitors each year. The Forest offers a wide variety of recreational opportunities to the forest visitor looking to explore, seek out new adventures, or revisit old memories. With over 80 developed campgrounds and picnic areas, hundreds of miles of roads and trails, multiple large lakes and reservoirs, innumerable miles of rivers and streams, great scenery, and an abundance of plant and wildlife, visitors can find a place or activity to suit them.", "The National Park Service’s 100th birthday is Aug. 25, 2016, but parks across the country are planning hundreds of centennial events throughout the year. The Find Your Park campaign, which rolled out last April, has sparked fresh excitement with thousands of people are sharing stories of their favorite outdoor destinations. Another centennial initiative, Every Kid in a Park , now offers every fourth grader in America a free family pass into federal parks and public lands that collect entrance fees.", "On June 10, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6166 which consolidated all National Parks and National Monuments, National Military Parks, the eleven National Cemeteries, National Memorials, and the National Capital Parks into a single National Park System. The National Park Service was directed to oversee all of these areas. ", "The U.S. National Park Service took control of the memorial in 1933, while it was still under construction, and manages the memorial to the present day. It attracts approximately two million people annually.", "On August 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to be established. This \" Organic Act \" states that \"the Service thus established shall promote and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments and reservations…by such means and measures as conform to the fundamental purpose of the said parks, monuments and reservations, which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.\"", "Hours: The National Park Service visitor’s center is open daily, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Park lands are open year-round.", "From the beginning, the National Park Service has professed to acquire only the most outstanding lands and resources, with \"national significance\" as the primary criterion. \"In studying new park projects, you should seek to find scenery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature so extraordinary or unique as to be of national interest and importance,\" declared the policy letter Horace Albright wrote for Secretary Lane's signature in 1918. \"The national park system as now constituted should not be lowered in standard, dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of areas which express in less than the highest terms the particular class or kind of exhibit which they represent.\"", "This stunningly beautiful, oversized (10x13) book is lavishly illustrated with breathtaking color imagery by American's leading landscape photographers. In addition to the stunning photography, the book also includes detailed maps of the park and region and insightful, heartfelt narratives detailing the park's natural and human histories." ]

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[ "In a much-chronicled career, the Bulgarian-born artist and his wife, Jeanne-Claude, have wrapped the German Reichstag and the Pont Neuf in Paris in cloth. They surrounded part of the coast of Australia in sand-colored fabric, hung an orange curtain across a gap in the Grand Hogback Mountain Range in Colorado and dispersed several thousand umbrellas across southern California.", "In a much-chronicled career, the Bulgarian-born artist and his wife, Jeanne-Claude, have wrapped the German Reichstag and the Pont Neuf in Paris in cloth. They surrounded part of the coast of Australia in sand-colored fabric, hung an orange curtain across a gap in the Grand Hogback Mountain Range in Colorado and dispersed several thousand umbrellas across southern California.", "The two postmodernist artists Christo Javacheff and Jeanne-Claude Denat formed one of the closest and most creative collaborations in 20th Century contemporary art . Based in New York, the couple specialized in a unique form of avant-garde art known as 'empaquetage' - meaning packaging or wrapping of objects. Beginning in 1958 with small items, they extended the idea to the wrapping of buildings, coastlines, even offshore islands. In the process, they created a sort of hybrid artform - a combination of conceptual art , outdoor installation , and large scale land art . Their works include the wrapping of the Berlin Reichstag building, the Pont-Neuf bridge in Paris, a stretch of Australian coastline and eleven islands in Biscayne Bay, Florida. One of the least known contemporary art movements , empaquetage is essentially a transitory artform done for reasons of aesthetics , rather than environmental concerns. The partnership was ended in November 2009 by Jeanne-Claude's death following a brain aneurysm. By any yardstick, Christo and Jeanne-Claude must be considered two of the most original artists of of the 20th century. Their public art has touched the lives of people in four continents.", "Born Christo Vladimirov Javacheff in Bulgaria and married to Jeanne-Claude (1935–2009), who together created environmental works of art. Their work included wrapping of the Reichstag in Berlin, and the Pont-Neuf Bridge in Paris, the 24-mile Running Fences in Marin County, CA, and The Gates (illus.), in New York’s Central Park.", "Artist who created with her husband, Christo, the 2005 Central Park installation \"The Gates,\" 23 miles of 7,500 festooned structures, and other mammoth \"wrapping\" projects such as swathing the Reichstag building in Berlin in silver fabric. Brain aneurysm, Nov. 18. ", "Christo is famous for his giant temporary works of art, such as wrapping the Chicago Museum of Contemporary Art in a tarpaulin and wrapping Berlin's Reichstag in 1 million square feet of polypropylene fabric.", "He famously wrapped the Reichstag, the German government building in Berlin, and the Pont-Neuf Bridge in Paris in fabric.", "Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Surrounded Islands wrapped wooded islands in Miami's Biscayne Bay with 6500000 sqft of bright pink fabric. Thomas von Taschitzki has said that \"the monochrome pink wrappings\"...\"form a counterpoint to the small green wooded islands.\" ", "His first collaboration in wrapping objects with Jeanne-Claude - whose initial responsibility was purely organizational (overseeing work crews, raising funds and so on) - was in 1961, when they packaged barrels at the port of Cologne. This was followed in 1962, with their Visconti project - otherwise known as Rideau de Fer (Iron Curtain) - the blocking of a small street near the River Seine, with oil barrels, in protest at the newly erected Berlin Wall. Jeanne-Claude managed to dissuade arriving police from clearing the protest blockage, at least for several hours, and the event (or perhaps happening) made the couple known all over the city. Christo also had a one-man show at this time, in the Galerie Haro Lauhus, in Cologne.", "Mark Rothko (/ˈrɒθkoʊ/; Latvian: Markus Rotkovičs, Russian: Марк Ро́тко; born Ма́ркус Я́ковлевич Ротко́вич, Marcus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz; September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent. He is generally identified as an Abstract Expressionist. With Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning , he is one of the most famous postwar American artists.", "Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso, known as Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973), was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer. One of the greatest and most influential artists of the 20th century, he is widely known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture,  the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and Guernica (1937), a portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.", "1950 - Mary Reynolds (Mary Louise Hubachekb; b. 1891), American Dadaist and Surrealist bookbinder and partner of Marcel Duchamp, dies. She remained in Paris when Duchamp left and the Nazis occupied the city, joining the Résistance but later had to flee France when she came under Gestapo surveillance.", "Marc Chagall, (born July 7, 1887, Vitebsk , Belorussia , Russian Empire [now in Belarus]—died March 28, 1985, Saint-Paul, Alpes-Maritimes, France ), Belorussian-born French painter, printmaker, and designer. He composed his images based on emotional and poetic associations, rather than on rules of pictorial logic. Predating Surrealism , his early works, such as I and the Village (1911), were among the first expressions of psychic reality in modern art . His works in various media include sets for plays and ballets, etchings illustrating the Bible, and stained-glass windows.", "Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 -- February 6, 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism.", "Georges Braque (13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th century French painter and sculptor who, along with Pablo Picasso, developed the art style known as Cubism.", "Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965), was a Swiss-born French architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout central Europe, India, Russia, one in North and several in South America.", "Abstract Expressionism was a major umbrella movement of American art during the late-1940s and 1950s, which consisted of a series of differing styles. Largely based around artists in New York, it is sometimes referred to as the New York School . As its name implies, the general style was abstract, but, instead of following the Cubist geometrical idiom, it followed an expressive or emotional course. The main component styles included: the animated all-over Action-Painting (developed by Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner); Gestural Painting (developed by Willem de Kooning); Colour Field Painting (practised by Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Clyfford Still), and \" Hard-Edge Painting \" (invented by Frank Stella), most of which were executed on a monumental scale. Another major contribution was made by the ex-Bauhaus painter Josef Albers with his \"Homage to the Square\" series.", "During this period Klimt did not confine himself to public commissions. Beginning in the late 1890s he took annual summer holidays with the Flöge family on the shores of Attersee and painted many of his landscapes there. Klimt was largely interested in painting figures; these works constitute the only genre aside from figure-painting which seriously interested Klimt. [12] Klimt's Attersee paintings are of a number and quality so as to merit a separate appreciation. Formally, the landscapes are characterized by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is so efficiently flattened to a single plane, it is believed that Klimt painted them while looking through a telescope. [13]", "Marc Zakharovich Chagall ( ; - 28 March 1985) was a Russian-French artist. An early modernist, he was associated with several major artistic styles and created works in virtually every artistic medium, including painting, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramic, tapestries and fine art prints.", "Pablo Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish-born painter, sculptor, draughtsman, printmaker, decorative artist and writer, active in France. He dominated 20th-century European art and was central in the development of the image of the modern artist. Episodes of his life were recounted in intimate detail, his comments on art were published and his working methods recorded on film. Painting was his principal medium, but his sculptures, prints, theatre designs and ceramics all had an impact on their respective disciplines. Even artists not influenced by the style or appearance of his work had to come to terms with its implications.", "30. Überbrücktes (Bridged). 1931,153 (R13) watercolor and pencil on cotton laid down on canvas in its original frame 60.4 x 50.5 cm (23 ¾ x 19 77/8inches) 8 signed lower left: Klee inscribed verso upper left on the stretcher with pen, faded: 1931 R 13; upper right: “Überbrücktes” Klee Private collection, New York", "André Derain (; 10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse.", "Max Ernst (2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and Surrealism.", "M.C. Escher became fascinated by the regular Division of the Plane, when he first visited the Alhambra, a fourteen century Moorish castle in Granada, Spain in 1922. During the years in Switzerland and throughout the Second World War, he vigorously pursued his hobby, by drawing 62 of the total of 137 Regular Division Drawings he would make in his lifetime. Escher’s illusions with perspective, architecture and impossible spaces as well as his keen sense of observation continue to amaze and wonder millions of people all over the world.", "Eric Fischl is an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker, who was a seminal figure of the late twentieth-century Neo-Expressionist movement. From his colorful portraits to his iconic suburban interiors and beach scenes, Fischl's work deals largely with themes of the body, sexuality, and modern American society.", "Hans Rudolf \"Ruedi\" Giger ( ;; 5 February 1940 – 12 May 2014) was a Swiss surrealist painter, whose style was adapted for many media, including record-albums, furniture and tattoo-art.", "In 2009, the Willy-Brandt-Memorial was opened up in Nuremberg at the Willy-Brandt Square. It was created by the artist .", "The City (1919, Philadelphia Museum of Art), a large canvas, is the climax of his new style and probably the key picture in his total work. Some of the most easily identified motifs are girders, poles, puffs of smoke, and in the centre a flight of steps reduced to light and dark bands behind the mechanized human figures who descend them. The colours are pure and bright, even garish and strident, dominated by several brilliant patches of lemon yellow and bright reds, cut through from top to bottom by a pole of a rosy violet colour. For the most part the forms are unmodelled, exceptions being the human figures, the puffs of smoke, and the pole, which are modelled into smooth geometrical ovals and cylinders.", "Jan Kaplicky was born in Prague on April 18, 1937, and grew up in a Prague suburb under Nazi occupation. His father was a sculptor and painter, and his mother illustrated books on plants. Pictures in Life magazine inspired his passion for design.", "German landscape painter, whose work was recognised as important in his lifetime. Stayed in Rome on several occasions.", "Before World War I, he traveled between St. Petersburg, Paris, and Berlin. During this period he created his own mixture and style of modern art based on his idea of Eastern European Jewish folk culture.", "In the twentieth century, painting, sculpture, and music have exploded in various styles. Architecture suffered under the planned socialist economy." ]

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[ "1991 - Supreme Court Justice / Clarence Thomas - October 15th, 1991: \"The Senate approved, Oct. 15, nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, despite allegations of sexual harassment against him by Anita Hill, a former aide. He became the 2nd African-American to serve on the Court, replacing retiring Justice Thurgood Marshall, the 1st black.\" [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 555]", "October 15, 1991 - The U.S. Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court by a 52-48 vote following several days of tumultuous hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning sexual harassment charges made by a former aide. Thomas became the second African American to sit on the Court, replacing retired Justice Thurgood Marshall, an African American.", "October 15, 1991 - The U.S. Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court by a 52-48 vote following several days of tumultuous hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning sexual harassment charges made by a former aide. Thomas became the second African American to sit on the Court, replacing retired Justice Thurgood Marshall, an African American.", "U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas' confirmation hearings took a dramatic turn when he was accused of sexual harassment. In his opening statement on October 11, 1991, Thomas denies the charges brought against him by law professor Anita Hill, who claimed Thomas had sexually harassed her when she worked for him at the U.S. Department of Education.", "Clarence Thomas was sworn in as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in November of 1991, following perhaps the greatest furor over such an appointment in modern history. A conservative jurist with experience in the education department under President Ronald Reagan, Thomas had also headed the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission and, while there, allegedly sexually harrassed a staff member, Anita Hill. Hill’s accusations surfaced only after Thomas’s nomination to the nation’s highest court by President George Bush; Hill was by this time a law professor. The Senate confirmation hearings that dealt with these charges had enormous political and social ramifications above and beyond Thomas’s suitability for the Supreme Court. The judge’s appointment was a watershed for the Bush administration, which needed to replace retiring black justice Thurgood Marshall. The choice of a black conservative effectively stymied Democratic opposition to Thomas, who suspended his lifelong criticism of racial politics long enough to call his confirmation hearings a “high-tech lynching.” That remark is representative of the many contradictions embodied by this controversial figure. Indeed, Newsweek noted that “Thomas is an intense opponent of affirmative action, yet has benefited from it throughout his life.… the very reason he was named to succeed Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court is because of his race.”", "In October 1991, while the Senate Judiciary Committee was deliberating over the final vote on U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill stepped forward with accusations of sexual harassment against Thomas. As a result, the committee held three days of investigative hearings. In her nationally televised and broadcast statement, Hill testifies about the alleged harassment.", "* October 15 – The United States Senate votes 52–48 to confirm Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "HBO’s ‘Confirmation’ centers on the scandal involving Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas and law professor Anita Hill, who accused him of sexual harassment. With the highly anticipated movie due to premiere, let’s learn more the allegations that rocked America!", "Still the term was largely unknown until the early 1990s when Anita Hill witnessed and testified against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Since Hill testified in 1991, the number of sexual harassment cases reported in US and Canada increased 58 percent and have climbed steadily.", "After the appointment of David Souter and the ensuing disappointment of conservatives, White House chief of staff John H. Sununu promised that the president would fill the next Supreme Court vacancy with a \"true conservative\" and Sununu predicted a \"knock-down, drag-out, bloody-knuckles, grass-roots fight\" over confirmation. [32] [33] On July 1, 1991 President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Thurgood Marshall, who had recently announced his retirement. [34] Marshall had been the only African-American justice on the Court. Legal author Jeffrey Toobin says Bush and others saw Thomas as \"pretty much\" the only qualified black candidate who would be a reliable conservative vote. [35]", "Clarence Thomas, 62, was nominated by President George H.W. Bush . The allegations by Hill, who had worked for Thomas at the Department of Education civil rights division and then when he was chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , nearly derailed his nomination. He was confirmed by the Senate on a vote of 52-48.", "Thomas , 67, was nominated by President Bush in 1991. He was confirmed by the Senate in a 52-48 vote after partisan and contentious hearings , in which Anita Hill , a former aide to Thomas, testified to allegations of sexual harassment. Thomas denied the allegations in the highly publicized confirmation hearings and maintains his innocence. He joined the court on Oct. 23, 1991. Thomas graduated from Holy Cross College in 1971 and received his law degree from Yale Law School. He served as a Judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals from 1990-1991. Prior to his judgeship, he was the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education and Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas was born in the Pinpoint community near Savannah, Georgia. He married Virginia Lamp on May 30, 1987 and has one child by a previous marriage.", "In early October 1991, Anita Hill charged Thomas with sexual harassment, and even though Thomas was still selected to be on the Court, Hill’s case publicized sexual harassment and tightened tolerance of it (Oregon’s Senator Robert Packwood had to step down in 1995 after a case of sexual harassment).", "President George Bush (1924–) named Clarence Thomas to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991. Since joining the Court, Thomas—the second African American to serve on the court—has often voted with the more conservative justices.", "Toward the end of the confirmation hearings, sexual harassment allegations by Anita Hill, a law professor who had previously worked under Thomas at the United States Department of Education and then at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), were leaked to the media from a confidential FBI report. The allegations led to a media frenzy and further investigations. Televised hearings were re-opened and held by the Senate Judiciary Committee before the nomination was moved to the full Senate for a vote. Thomas was confirmed by a narrow majority of 52 to 48.", "After Justice William Brennan stepped down from the Supreme Court in July 1990, Thomas was one of five candidates on President Bush's shortlist for the position and Bush's favorite of the five. Ultimately, after consulting with his advisors, Bush decided to hold off on nominating Thomas, and nominated Judge David Souter of the First Circuit instead. Justice Thurgood Marshall announced his retirement, and on July 1, 1991 President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace him. Marshall had been the only African-American justice on the court. In announcing his selection, Bush called Thomas the \"best qualified [nominee] at this time.\"", "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served since 1991. Justice Thomas is the second African American to serve on the nation’s highest court, after Justice Thurgood Marshall, whom he succeeded.", "Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century. Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967. Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981. Antonin Scalia became the first Italian-American to serve on the Court in 1986. Marshall was succeeded by African American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina justice, and in 2010 by Elena Kagan, for a total of four female justices in the Court's history.", "According to the Oyez Project , there was a lack of convincing proof produced at the Senate hearings. [5] After extensive debate, the Judiciary Committee split 7–7 on September 27, sending the nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation. Thomas was confirmed by a 52–48 vote on October 15, 1991, the narrowest margin for approval in more than a century. [58] The final floor vote was mostly along party lines: 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voted to confirm while 46 Democrats and two Republicans voted to reject the nomination. Vice-President Dan Quayle presided over the vote in his role as President of the Senate, partly out of concern that his tie-breaking vote might have been required to confirm Thomas.[citation needed] As it turned out, this was not required.", "Clarence Thomas – Justice Clarence Thomas is the second African-American to serve on the court, succeeding Justice Thurgood Marshall when he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush in 1991. He is a conservative, a strict constructionist who supports states' rights.", "Following the confirmation, Virginia Thomas told her story to People, recounting the tension of the confirmation fight and speculating that Anita Hill was in love with Clarence Thomas. She referred to the struggle to get Thomas confirmed as “Good versus Evil.” Alisa Solomon, meanwhile, writing in the Village Voice, argued that Anita Hill was attacked for showing the same qualities for which Clarence Thomas was celebrated: her ability to argue, her aggressiveness, and her self-sufficiency. Thomas, Solomon wrote, “seems unable to see women as a class, and therefore unable to recognize the importance of rulings that affect us.”", "Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by Democratic President Bill Clinton with the support of Republican Judiciary Chairman Senator Orrin Hatch in 1993 and generally votes with the liberal wing of the court. She is the second female Justice — Sandra Day O’Connor being the first — and the first Jewish woman to serve on the Court.", "The Senate confirms Ruth Bader Ginsburg's nomination to the Supreme Court. Ginsburg succeeds the retiring Byron White and become the second woman to sit on the high court. August 03, 1993", "Elena Kagan (born April 1960) is an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. She was nominated by Democrat President Bark Obama in 2010. She is the first justice appointed without any prior experience as a judge since William Rehnquist in 1972, and is the fourth woman justice in the Court’s history. A legal analyst has praised her “eloquent voice” which he characterized as unusual for a relative newcomer to the Court. Her liberal inclinations are said to be giving Justice Antonin Scalia “a run for his money.”", "Sonia Maria Sotomayor (,; born June 25, 1954) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving since August 2009. She has the distinction of being its first justice of Hispanic heritage, the first Latina, its third female justice, and its twelfth Roman Catholic justice. Sotomayor, along with John Roberts and Elena Kagan, is one of the youngest justices on the Supreme Court.", "Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, having been appointed by Republican President Ronald Reagan in 1988. Since the retirement of Sandra Day O’Connor, Kennedy is often considered the swing vote on many of the Court’s politically charged 5–4 decisions, although he reaches conservative results more often than not.", "President Bill Clinton nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on June 14, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring Justice Byron White. Ginsburg was recommended to Clinton by then-U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno after a suggestion by U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah). At the time of her nomination, Ginsburg was viewed as a moderate. President Clinton was reportedly looking to increase the Court's diversity, which Ginsburg did as the first Jewish justice since the 1969 retirement of Justice Abe Fortas and as only the second female appointee. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Ginsburg as \"well qualified,\" its highest possible rating for a prospective justice.", "Sotomayor was thus nominated on November 27, 1991, by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by John M. Walker, Jr. Senate Judiciary Committee hearings, led by a friendly Democratic majority, went smoothly for her in June 1992, with her pro bono activities winning praise from Senator Ted Kennedy and her getting unanimous approval from the committee. Then a Republican senator blocked her nomination and that of three others for a while in retaliation for an unrelated block Democrats had put on another nominee. D'Amato objected strongly; some weeks later, the block was dropped, and Sotomayor was confirmed by unanimous consent of the full United States Senate on August 11, 1992, and received her commission the next day.", "Scalia met no opposition from the committee. The full Senate debated Scalia's nomination only briefly, and confirmed him 98–0 on September 17, 1986, creating the first Italian-American Justice. This vote followed Rehnquist's confirmation as Chief Justice by a vote of 65–33 on the same day. He took his seat on September 26, 1986. One committee member, Democratic Delaware Senator Joe Biden, later stated that he regretted not having opposed Scalia \"because he was so effective\".", "She was appointed by Reagan as a Supreme Court justice. She is a brilliant Stanford Law School graduate. She was sworn in on Sept.25, 1981. She was the first woman to ascend to the high bench in the Court's nearly 200 yr. History.", "Anthony M. Kennedy – Justice Anthony M. Kennedy was appointed to the court by President Ronald Reagan in 1988. He is a conservative justice but has provided crucial swing votes in many cases and authored landmark opinions, most notably in Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sex marriage nationwide.", "During 1998, several Hispanic organizations organized a petition drive in New York State, generating hundreds of signatures from New Yorkers to try to convince New York Republican senator Al D'Amato to push the Senate leadership to bring Sotomayor's nomination to a vote. D'Amato, a backer of Sotomayor to begin with and additionally concerned about being up for re-election that year, helped move Republican leadership. Her nomination had been pending for over a year when Majority Leader Trent Lott scheduled the vote. With complete Democratic support, and support from 25 Republican senators including Judiciary chair Orrin Hatch, Sotomayor was confirmed on October 2, 1998, by a 67–29 vote. She received her commission on October 7. The confirmation experience left Sotomayor somewhat angry; she said shortly afterwards that during the hearings, Republicans had assumed her political beliefs based on her being a Latina: \"That series of questions, I think, were symbolic of a set of expectations that some people had [that] I must be liberal. It is stereotyping, and stereotyping is perhaps the most insidious of all problems in our society today.\"" ]

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[ "1867 – U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska for US$7.2 million from Russia.", "Seward - The original starting point of the Alaska Railroad, Seward retains the unspoiled air of a rustic fishing port. Not far from town is Harding Ice Field, an area three fourths the size of Rhode Island. Named for President Lincoln's U.S. Secretary of State William Seward, who negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, this tiny fishing village is encircled by the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, the Chugach National Forest and Kenai Fjords National Park. Otters, seabirds, black bears and moose are just a few of the area's inhabitants.", "William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the President of the United States. A federal district court was headquartered in Sitka.", "Secretary of State William Seward recovered from his wounds and continued to serve in his post throughout Johnson's presidency. He later negotiated the Alaska Purchase , then known as Seward's Folly, by which the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. [100]", "Russian activity in the New World declined in the 1820s, and the British and Americans were granted trading rights in Alaska after a few minor diplomatic conflicts. In the 1860s, a nearly bankrupt Russia decided to offer Alaska for sale to the United States, which earlier had expressed interest in such a purchase. On March 30, 1867, Secretary of State William H. Seward signed a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million. Despite the bargain price of roughly two cents an acre, the Alaskan purchase was ridiculed in Congress and in the press as “Seward’s folly,” “Seward’s icebox,” and President Andrew Johnson’s “polar bear garden.” Nevertheless, the Senate ratified purchase of the tremendous landmass, one-fifth the size of the rest of the United States.", "When the agreement to purchase the Alaska territory from Russia was struck in 1867 by Secretary of State William H. Seward, there were many in the lower 48 states, who looked upon the deal with skepticism and were critical of the secrecy that had surrounded it and of the high price tag. Though Seward finalized agreement with Russia in March, it was a long and bitter battle to get final Congressional approval for the purchase and then get Congress to approve the money for the purchase. During this period, critics of Seward's agreement to purchase the Alaska territory from Russia called the plan referred to the plan as \" Seward's Folly .\" Congress, finally relented and on October 18, 1867, in Sitka, the Imperial Russian Flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes was raised.", "In 1866 the Russian government offered to sell the territory of Alaska to the United States. Secretary of State William H. Seward, enthusiastic about the prospects of American Expansion, negotiated the deal for the Americans. Edouard de Stoeckl, Russian minister to the United States, negotiated for the Russians. On March 30, 1867, the two parties agreed that the United States would pay Russia $7.2 million for the territory of Alaska.", "Largely overshadowed by the era of Reconstruction, the purchase of Alaska in 1867 by Secretary of State William Seward marked one of the earliest developments in the expansion of the United States outside of her contiguous boundaries. Blasted during the time period as a foolish and pricy government decision with little value gained in return, Alaska's purchase would prove to be one of the wisest economic ventures in United States' history.", "March 30, 1867, William H. Seward, secretary of state under U.S. President Andrew Johnson, signed the Alaska Purchase, a treaty ceding Russian North America to the United States for a price—$7.2 million—that amounted to about two cents per acre.", "Secretary of State Seward secured a deal to purchase Alaska from the Russian tsar for $7.2 million in March 1867. Although the U.S. Congress initially resisted the idea, citing the price as too high, legislators ultimately agreed to the deal because it blocked a large portion of Great Britain's Pacific access, made Alaska's rich mineral resources available to American entrepreneurs, and provided easier access to lucrative Asian trade. Russia had become increasingly frustrated with the expense and difficulty of supplying its businesses in the Pacific territory, and was thus also satisfied with the sale.", "Johnson's purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 was his most important foreign policy action. The idea and implementation is credited to Seward as Secretary of State, but Johnson approved the plan.[37]", "1887: Russia transferred Alaska to the USA for $7,200,000. Negotiated by US Secretary of State William H Seward, critics called the treaty, Sewards Folly and claimed he was wasting money on a lot of ice.", "Upon becoming president, Johnson reinstated the civil government in the ex-confederate states.  However he was condemned heavily by the radical republicans as he refused to grant equal civil rights to black and as he didn’t enforce the disqualification of the offices of the confederates. Johnson’s Secretary of State, William Henry Seward guided him in matters of foreign affairs. Seward was a very able diplomat and acquisition of Alaska for $ 7,200.000 was an example of his farsightedness. In 1863, France had violated the Doctrine of Monroe policy of the USA and put European prince as the emperor of Mexico. The Monroe Doctrine had forbidden intervention by Europe in the Western hemisphere. However France had to withdraw its troops from Mexico by 1867 due to firm handling of the war by Seward.", "When William Seward proposed the purchase of Alaska in 1867, his peers thought he had gone mad. Russian America, as it was called, was a vast frozen wasteland surely not worth 7.2 million American dollars. \"Seward's Folly,\" some scoffed. \"Seward's Icebox,\" others razzed. The Senate saw the potential of its vast natural resources and approved the treaty, but the House stalled the purchase of the \"Polar Bear Garden\" for over a year. Not too much attention was paid to the new acquisition at first. Americans were too busy mending the fractured Union and then settling the continental West.", "Secretary of State William H. Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars. Critics attacked Seward for the secrecy... Read more", "On October 18, 1867, Capt. Alexis Pestchouroff turned over control to Gen. Lovell Rousseau, saying, General Rousseau, by authority from His Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska.\" (A strange coincidence linked Sumner and Rousseau. In 1856 a southern congressman had attacked Sumner with a cane in a dispute over slavery, while in 1866 Rousseau had attacked a fellow member of the House of Representatives with a cane in a dispute over Reconstruction. In both cases the attacker resigned and was reelected to his seat.) Five months later Gen. Jefferson C. Davis (a Union general and no relation to the Confederate president) became the first commander of the Department of Alaska. Alaska would not become a territory until 1912. By that time the wisdom of buying Alaska had long since been clear, especially after the discovery of gold in the Klondike.", "Later myths to the contrary, most Americans recognized that Seward had made a smart deal with the Alaska Purchase. Still, a few ill-informed critics did not miss the opportunity to needle the Johnson administration by calling the purchase “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox,” or joking that the administration had only bought the territory to create new political appointments like a “Polar Bear’s Bureau” and a “Superintendent of Walruses.” Johnson’s opponents (who were trying to impeach him at the time) also succeeded in delaying approval of the $7 million appropriation. But after a year of squabbling, Congress approved the purchase, and Russia formally transferred control of the vast northern land to the United States. Within a few decades, Alaska would prove to be an amazing treasure trove of natural resources from gold to oil, proving Seward’s wisdom and exposing the shortsightedness of those who had once poked fun at the purchase.", "Seward did his best to stop the southern states from seceding; once that failed, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the Union cause. His firm stance against foreign intervention in the Civil War helped deter Britain and France from entering the conflict and possibly gaining the independence of the Confederate States. He was one of the targets of the 1865 assassination plot that killed Lincoln, and was seriously wounded by conspirator Lewis Powell. Seward remained loyally at his post through the presidency of Andrew Johnson, during which he achieved the Alaska purchase. His contemporary Carl Schurz described Seward as \"one of those spirits who sometimes will go ahead of public opinion instead of tamely following its footprints.\".", "Even before the October 1867 transfer ceremonies, the Treasury Department appointed William Sumner Dodge as Special Treasury Agent and sent him to Alaska. Also in the summer of 1867, the revenue cutter Lincoln arrived at Sitka carrying a United States Coast Survey party headed by scientist George Davidson. The Lincoln then visited Kodiak and Unalaska. Its investigators produced over 300 pages of notes and reports. These were later used to support the argument favoring the appropriation of money for the Alaska purchase, then being considered by Congress. After passage of the July 1868 act that established Alaska as a customs district, the President appointed Hiram Ketchum, Jr., as first collector of customs for Alaska. Deputy collectors were sent to Tongass Island, Wrangell, Kodiak, and Unalaska. Revenue cutters also sailed in Alaskan waters in 1868 and 1869, mainly in Southeast and Southwest Alaska. Then in 1880, the Secretary of the Treasury directed annual patrols of Alaskan waters. The first ship to carry out such a voyage, the Thomas Corwin, began a 143-day cruise that took it into the Bering Sea in the summer of 1880.", "William Henry Seward was at one time Lincoln’s Secretary of State. What is this office called in Norwegian?", "Russia failed to reach an agreement with the U.S. following the outbreak of the Civil War. However, the sides resumed talks after the end of the war. Eduard Stekl, a Russian envoy to Washington, was Russia’s main negotiator in the talks. Stekl negotiated a deal for the sale of Alaska for $7.2 million. It is noteworthy that $165 thousand of the above sum was used for bribing several U.S. senators and newspapermen: those Americans seemed to have their doubts about the feasibility of the deal.", "[The risk of encroachment by Russia had been one of the causes which induced President Monroe to give official utterance to the Monroe Doctrine. After his statement, Russia ceased from attempts to increase her influence on the Pacific coast, and became willing to dispose of Alaska, regarding it as a possession difficult to defend and of little value. The territory was formally transferred on Oct. 18, 1867.]", "William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as Governor of New York and United States Senator. A determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years. Although regarded as the leading contender for the party's presidential nomination in 1860, he was defeated by Abraham Lincoln.", "Abraham Lincoln employed several secretaries over the course of his administration; however, none proved more deserving of his trust and affection than the two men shown here. John Nicolay, seated, was Lincoln’s principal secretary, but the youthful John Hay proved more adept in the art of politics, a fact that did not escape President Lincoln. On November 8, 1863, the week before the two secretaries would accompany the president to Gettysburg, the trio sat for a portrait in Alexander Gardner’s Washington photographic studio.", "The 1867 Treaty of Cession, in which the United States purchased Alaska from the Russian empire, marked an unusually peaceful transition. The purchase of Alaska was done under amicable circumstances, and both Russia and the U.S. felt they gained from the Treaty. In this lesson, students use primary sources from Russia and the U.S. to examine the respective Russian and American rationales for agreeing to the sale.", "Seward became involved in negotiations between Northern and Southern political leaders to resolve the crisis, while also privately accepting Lincoln’s offer to be Secretary of State in the incoming administration on December 28, 1860.", "On March 30, 1867 the Treaty of Purchase was signed in Washington D.C., was affirmed by the Senate on April 9th, and signed by President Andrew Johnson on May 28th. The document was then signed by the Russian Tsar, Alexander II, in May and in June the sides exchanged ratification certificates.", "Lincoln conferred on January 19-21 with Illinois Congressman William Kellogg, who served on the House Committee of Thirty-three. Like Corwin had in December, Kellogg urged Lincoln to come to Washington to reach a congressional compromise, but a newspaper report subsequently quoted Lincoln as declaring: “I will suffer death before I will consent or will advise my friends to consent to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege of taking possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right…”107", "In Lincoln's case the Russian fleet did arrive in America in 1863, but they weren't there to provide military support to the North against the South (which wasn't needed anyway because the Union's navy surpassed that of the Confederacy). The war ships were there with emissaries sent from Czar Alexander II, the Russian Emperor, to negotiate the sale of Alaska to the United States. Lincoln and the Czar had previously developed a mutually respectful relationship while arranging for the laying of continuous telegraph wire from Russia to the Pacific Coast of America.", "Along with other political leaders, Seward unsuccessfully negotiated to resolve the secession crisis during the winter of 1861. Once in Lincoln’s Cabinet, Seward anticipated that he would wield a strong influence over foreign policy. However, he underestimated Lincoln’s interest in foreign affairs.", "The two men built a close personal and professional relationship. Lincoln fell into the habit of entrusting Seward with tasks not within the remit of the State Department, for example asking him to examine a treaty with the Delaware Indians. Lincoln would come to Seward's house and the two lawyers would relax before the fire, chatting. Seward began to feature in the president's humorous stories. For example, Lincoln would tell of Seward remonstrating with the president, whom he found polishing his boots, \"In Washington, we do not blacken our own boots\", with Lincoln's response, \"Indeed, then whose boots do you blacken, Mr. Secretary?\"", "After serving one term in the House of Representatives, Lincoln retired from political life and seemed content to build his thriving law practice. But when Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois Senator and chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854, Lincoln reentered the political arena as a candidate for the Senate in 1855. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill nullified the ban on slavery in U.S. territories established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, in Lincoln's words, \"aroused him as he had never been before.\"" ]

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[ "At various times in history, the White House has been known as the \"President's Palace,\" the \"President's House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" President Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.", "At various times in history, the White House has been known as the \"President's Palace,\" the \"President's House,\" and the \"Executive Mansion.\" President Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.", "Most people seem to think the building was first painted white after it was rebuilt in 1817, but already in 1798 it was made white by a protective lime-based whitewash. It wasn't named White House from the beginning though: it was originally named the 'President's Palace', 'President's House' or 'Executive Mansion'. It was soon nicknamed 'White House' and in 1901 president Theodore Roosevelt made it the official name.", "What’s in a name? It was Theodore Roosevelt who officially gave the White House its moniker in 1901. Previously, it had been dubbed everything from the Executive Mansion and President’s House to the President’s Castle, a title given by James Madison’s wife, Dolley.", "White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion (1810–1902), the official office and residence of the president of the United States at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. in Washington, D.C. The White House and its landscaped grounds occupy 18 acres (7.2 hectares). Since the administration of George Washington (1789–97), who occupied presidential residences in New York and Philadelphia , every American president has resided at the White House. Originally called the “President’s Palace” on early maps, the building was officially named the Executive Mansion in 1810 in order to avoid connotations of royalty. Although the name “White House” was commonly used from about the same time (because the mansion’s white-gray sandstone contrasted strikingly with the red brick of nearby buildings), it did not become the official name of the building until 1902, when it was adopted by President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–09). The White House is the oldest federal building in the nation’s capital.", "Strangest of all, however, is the fact that the term “White House” wasn’t used for the executive office until Teddy Roosevelt became president in 1901.", "Once in the White House, each President made his mark in different ways. In fact, before Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President, came to office, the White House wasn't even called the White House! People called the building the President's Palace, President's House, and the Executive Mansion. Roosevelt officially named it the White House in 1901.", "Expansion and further alterations were made when President Theodore Roosevelt declared the house unsafe to inhabit. He had the original building remodeled. By making the third-story attic into habitable rooms and adding the Executive Office wing and the East Gallery, Roosevelt separated his work space from his family life. In 1909, architect Nathan C. Wyeth extended the office wing adding the well-known oval office. Although used informally for some time, it was President Theodore Roosevelt who gave the White House its official name. Finally, the last major renovation took place when President Harry Truman decided that again the building was unsafe and had to be gutted. Steel replaced the original frame and paneling, and a balcony was added to the South Portico. The White House, an architectural symbol of the American presidency and the nation's power, remains a stylistically simple residence and an example of the stolid republican ideals of the Founding Fathers.", "Expansion and further alterations were made when President Theodore Roosevelt declared the house unsafe to inhabit. He had the original building remodeled. By making the third-story attic into habitable rooms and adding the Executive Office wing and the East Gallery, Roosevelt separated his work space from his family life. In 1909, architect Nathan C. Wyeth extended the office wing adding the well-known oval office. Although used informally for some time, it was President Theodore Roosevelt who gave the White House its official name. Finally, the last major renovation took place when President Harry Truman decided that again the building was unsafe and had to be gutted. Steel replaced the original frame and paneling, and a balcony was added to the South Portico. The White House, an architectural symbol of the American presidency and the nation's power, remains a stylistically simple residence and an example of the stolid republican ideals of the Founding Fathers.", "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt. October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive Movement, and his \"cowboy\" image and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive (\"Bull Moose\") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the municipal, state, and federal level of government. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician. In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated; and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party in the direction of Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick\". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal; he sent out the Great White Fleet to display American power; and he negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.", "At the time of Adams’ residency, the White House was not called the White House. Instead, it was called The Executive Mansion or the President’s Mansion. President Adams did not spend a full term there. Adams reportedly hated living in the White House. Thomas Jefferson was the first President to spend a full term in residence at the White House.", "October 13, 1792 - The cornerstone for the U.S. Executive Mansion (called the White House since 1818) in the new District of Columbia is laid by freemasons and the commissioners of the district during the construction of the home of the president. It would take eight more years before President John Adams would move into the home.", "George Washington oversaw construction of the White House, but never lived in it. John and Abigail Adams became the first occupants of the presidential mansion on November 1, 1800, although only for the last four months of his presidency.", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ɛ l t / ROH-zə-velt or / ˈ r oʊ z ə v ə l t / ROH-zə-vəlt ; January 30, 1882 — April 12, 1945), commonly known by his initials, FDR, 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945), served for 12 years and four terms until his death in 1945, the only president ever to do so, and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. A dominant leader of the Democratic Party and the only American president elected to more than two terms, he built a New Deal Coalition that realigned American politics after 1932, as his domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.", "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals.", "In 1902, Theodore Roosevelt relocated the president’s office to a newly constructed area in an effort to separate his business from family life. The temporary Executive Office Building, as it was called, eventually became the West Wing we know today. In 1909, Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, enlarged and remodeled the West Wing, changing the shape of the president’s office to, you guessed it, an oval.", "Presidents and their wives added modern conveniences and replaced finishes and furnishings to reflect current tastes and personal preferences.  Andrew Jackson was responsible for modern amenities such as running water and an indoor bath.  The year 1848 saw the installation of gas lighting during the James K. Polk administration.  In 1891, President Benjamin Harrison made notable changes including adding electric lights.  The public rooms reflect the stories of the men and women who lived in this house and the events, both public and private, that occurred here.", "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767âFebruary 23, 1848) was an American diplomat and politician who served as the sixth President of the United States from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. At various times he was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties.", "President William Howard Taft made the West Wing a permanent building, expanding it southward, doubling its size, and building the first Oval Office. Designed by Nathan C. Wyeth and completed in 1909, the office was centered on the south side of the building, much as the oval rooms in the White House are. Taft intended it to be the hub of his administration, and, by locating it in the center of the West Wing, he could be more involved with the day-to-day operation of his presidency. The Taft Oval Office had simple Georgian Revival trim, and was likely the most colorful in history; the walls were covered with vibrant seagrass green burlap. ", "ONE of the most beloved of American presidents, William McKinley served as the nation's chief executive during a time when the American people surveyed their world with confidence. Recovering from a severe economic depression after his election in 1896, they dreamed of unprecedented economic expansion. Then the stunning military victories over Spain in 1898 reinforced a sense of national purpose as the United States took its place among the great powers. McKinley received much of the credit for achievements at home and abroad as the nineteenth century drew to a close, and under his leadership Americans welcomed the new century optimistically.", "William Howard Taft was sworn in as president on March 4, 1909. Due to a winter storm that coated Washington with ice, Taft was inaugurated within the Senate Chamber rather than outside the Capitol as is customary. The new president stated in his inaugural address that he had been honored to have been \"one of the advisers of my distinguished predecessor\" and to have had a part \"in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform on which I was elected if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration\". He pledged to make those reforms long-lasting, ensuring that honest businessmen did not suffer uncertainty through change of policy. He spoke of the need for reduction of the 1897 Dingley Tariff, for antitrust reform, and for continued advancement of the Philippines toward full self-government. Roosevelt left office with regret that his tenure in the position he enjoyed so much was over and, to keep out of Taft's way, arranged for a year-long hunting trip to Africa.", "*1784 – Zachary Taylor, American general and politician, 12th President of the United States (d. 1850)", "1858–1919, 26th President of the United States (1901–9), b. New York City. Early Life and Political Posts", "Zachary Taylor, a general and national hero in the United States Army from the time of the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812, was elected the 12th U.S. President, serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850.", "FDR was the first president to have his own airplane, the first to travel through the Panama Canal, the first to visit a foreign country during wartime (6-10-43).", "21st President, 1881–85: His election was the start of a quarter-century in which the White House was occupied by men of Ulster-Scots origins. His family left Dreen, near Cullybackey, County Antrim, in 1815. There is now an interpretive centre, alongside the Arthur Ancestral Home, devoted to his life and times. ", "Presidency: 12th President of the United States (1849-1850) Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Political Party: Whig 1818 Accomplishments: A war hero during the Indian Wars and annexation...", "During Grant’s administration, he authorized the most drastic renovation to the White House since it was damaged by fire during The War of 1812. He had installed glass cut chandeliers, gilded wallpaper, gilt woodwork and ebony and gold furniture. During these renovations, he stayed, among other places, at this house in the Georgetown area of Washington, DC. This was his first “Summer White House.” In 1869, Grant started a tradition that was followed by six other Presidents to visit and spend summers at the resort town of Long Branch, New Jersey on the Jersey Shore. The house he stayed at on Ocean Avenue in Long Branch no longer exists.", "26th president of the United States (1901-09) and writer, explorer, and soldier, who expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government on the side of public interest in conflicts between big business and big labour. He also engaged the nation in affairs of Asia and Europe. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating the end of the Russo-Japanese War, and he promoted the construction of the Panama Canal (1904-14).", "26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement. He led the Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, was famous for \"speak softly and carry a big stick,\" and won the Nobel Peace Prize.", "When was the balcony added to the South Portico of the White House? Who was President?" ]

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[ "The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) is a small, parasitic insect that feeds off the blood of humans, though they will also feed on certain domestic animals. They have oval-shaped bodies and are extremely small (adults only grow to 4-5 millimeters) and usually have a rusty brown coloration, though they may appear red if they have been feeding recently. Bed bugs normally have a flattened body, but it becomes bloated and slightly elongated after they have been feeding.", "Also known as the Cimex lectularius, bed bugs are reddish-brown, small, flat, six-legged parasitic insects who feed on human blood by biting their victims. These bugs grow up to 1/4” long, and can live many months without feeding on human victims. As nocturnal insects, bed bugs are masters of concealing themselves in dark crevices and staying undetected.", "Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are small, flat, parasitic insects that feed solely on the blood of people and animals while they sleep. Bed bugs are reddish-brown in color, wingless, range from 1mm to 7mm (roughly the size of Lincoln’s head on a penny), and can live several months without a blood meal.", "The common bed bug (C. lectularius) is the species best adapted to human environments. It is found in temperate climates throughout the world. Other species include Cimex hemipterus, found in tropical regions, which also infests poultry and bats, and Leptocimex boueti, found in the tropics of West Africa and South America, which infests bats and humans. Cimex pilosellus and Cimex pipistrella primarily infest bats, while Haematosiphon inodora, a species of North America, primarily infests poultry. ", "Oval to elongate oval, very flat; eyes small; forewings reduced to small, transversely oval pads exposing most of abdomen; hindwings absent; bloodsucking parasites of mammals and birds, usually present on host only while feeding, otherwise hiding in crevices in nest or lair; eggs glued to walls of crevices; contains the two species of bedbugs that attack humans, Cimex lectularius (originally in Europe and North America, now in all parts of the world) and Cimex hemipterus (common in southern Asia and Africa); C. lectularius probably encountered cave-dwelling humans; not yet conclusively proven as carriers of any human diseases even though the bug can be successfully infected with some human parasites; about 75 species; found throughout the world but show marked parallels with ranges of their hosts.", "Their name is taken from the Swedish pest control company with the same name, the name of this company, in turn, comes from the Latin name of a particular type of bedbug ; Cimex.", "The human flea is a very small wingless parasite. The adults grow up to almost 4 mm in length and are dark brown. They are hard and resilient insects which have adapted tube like mouths that allow them to pierce the skin and suck blood. Like the dog and cat flea, they have a similar lifecycle (egg, larvae, pupae, adult). The adults can jump 150 x their body length and 80 x their height making it easy to move from one host to another. A female can produce up to 950 eggs if left to reproduce and multiply.", "The insects of this family pass through a complex metamorphosis, some having as many as nine distinct stages from egg to adult. The early-stage larvae are fast-moving parasites of other insects, while later-stage larvae are parasitic but sedentary. Hosts include wild bee larvae and the buried egg masses of grasshoppers. The adult beetles are vegetarian and some are minor pests of crops. For example, the striped blister beetle, with black and orange stripes and the margined blister beetle, black with gray margins, are what many people think of as old-fashioned potato beetles. The Spanishfly is another species of blister beetle, famous for the aphrodisiac qualities of its extract. Another group of species are known as oil beetles because they secrete an oily substance from their joints when disturbed.", "Miscellaneous. These are small, flattened, wingless insects, living as external parasites of birds and mammals; legs short, with tarsi adapted for clinging to the host; antennae short, 3- to 5-segmented; eyes reduced or absent.", "Another insect pest, however, that has not been abated is the famous \"red bug,\" a tiny tick, smaller than the head of a pin, but big enough to make plenty of trouble. The red bugs live in the grass, and burrow under the skin of human beings and animals and breed there until they are dug out with the point of a knife. Other species of ticks attack horses, cattle and fowls, and are a great pest to farmers in that country. Compared to them the more picturesque and widely feared scorpions and tarantulas do almost no harm. Both the scorpion, who looks like a small lobster with his tail bent up over his head and a sting at the end of it, and the tarantula, a huge spider covered with stiff black hair, are hideously ugly, and their bite or sting is intensely painful. But it is not fatal, as is commonly and erroneously supposed, and for every man that is hurt by a scorpion or tarantula, hundreds of dollars' worth of damage is done by ticks and red bugs.", "Mosquitoes are small, midge-like flies that constitute the family Culicidae. Females of most species are ectoparasites, whose tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) pierce the hosts' skin to consume blood. The word \"mosquito\" (formed by mosco and diminutive -ito) is Spanish for \"little fly\". Thousands of species feed on the blood of various kinds of hosts, mainly vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even some kinds of fish. Some mosquitoes also attack invertebrates, mainly arthropods. Though the loss of blood is seldom of any importance to the victim, the saliva of the mosquito often causes an irritating rash that is a serious nuisance. Much more serious though, are the roles of many species of mosquitoes as vectors of diseases. In passing from host to host, some transmit extremely harmful infections such as malaria, yellow fever, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, dengue fever, filariasis, Zika virus and other arboviruses, rendering it the deadliest animal family in the world. ", "The most well-known invertebrate may be a species of midge ( Culicoides impunctatus ), a tiny flying gnat that is the scourge of summer visitors and residents alike. Its predations result in the loss of up to 20% of summer working days in the forestry industry. [161] Others of significance include the pine weevil , black pine beetle, clytra beetle , and the timberman , a long-horned beetle . [162] The archaeological site at Skara Brae provided the earliest known record of the human flea, Pulex irritans in Europe. [148]", "a flat-bodied, oval-shaped, reddish brown, wingless, bloodsucking insect that emits an unpleasant-smelling oily secretion from two glands on its underside, and infests the habitat of warm-blooded mammals; largely nocturnal, spending the day in the crevices of walls and furniture, it's not known to be a disease vector, and can subsist up to a year without feeding. Maturation takes about two months in temperate regions, reproducing three or four generations a year; control methods include steaming, spraying, and fumigating. The bedbug is also called chinch, crumb, or vantz (Yiddish). See COOTIE, GRAYBACK, CRAB, COMFORT STATION. Also, deranged, agitated, or irrational, as \"crazy as a bedbug\" or \"crazy as a bessie bug\" (actually a pinch bug or horn beetle); seemingly derived from BUG or bugge in the sense of defective or dysfunctional (as in bughouse). Also, slang for anyone preoccupied with going to bed so as to engage in sexual abandon.", "Another of the parasitic aliens that associate themselves with ants is a little Dipteron fly, Metopina pachy�condylae Brues. While sorting out a number of larvae of a large black Ponerine ant, Pachycondyla harpax, several were found to have larvae of the above insect attached to the region of the first abdominal segment. It quite encircled the ant larvae, like a collar about the neck, \"a kind of Elizabethan ruff.\" The posterior end of the parasite was provided with a sort of suction disk, by which that part could clasp its host so tightly that the fore part of the body could be released and swung out of position without the creature losing its hold.", "A:  This beetle was so small it required a microscope to identify.  The antennae are the most distinguishing characteristic and once I could see them, the insect was easy to label.  It is the cigarette beetle.  The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, also known as the tobacco beetle, is a pest of stored products -- some were found in dried resin from the tomb of Egyptian King Tutankhamun. Besides the dubious honor of being the most damaging pest of stored tobacco, the cigarette beetle also is a major pest of many stored food products including flours, dry mixes, dried fruits such as dates and raisins, cereals, cocoa, coffee beans, herbs, spices, nuts, rice, dry dog food and other products kept in kitchen cabinets. Non-food products that it infests include dried plants and herbarium specimens, dried floral arrangements, potpourri, decorative grapevine wreaths, prescription drugs and pills, medicinal herbs, pinned insects, furniture stuffing, papier-mâché‚ and bookbinding paste. Residual insecticides registered for use on cigarette beetles can be applied to cracks, crevices and shelves in storage areas after removal of stored products (check labels for specific use). Insect growth regulators (IGR) also are used as part of an Integrated Pest Maintenance (IPM) program.", "The Thrasher is an uncommon summer resident here [Westmoreland, N.H.], and it is a curious fact that, of all the nests I have seen, each one harbored one or more \"wormy\" eggs. Outwardly seeming in perfect shape and condition, an egg turned over might reveal a neat round hole, one mm. in diameter, bored in the under side, or more than one such hole. I found that, if blown, the egg-shell crumbled after a short time, due to the lining being eaten together with the yolk and albumen. By dissecting two eggs from a nest of half-fledged young, I found the grubs to be small white oval shapeless forms capable of great elongation when feeding and very closely resembling, while smaller, the Tachinids that so commonly sting larvae of various Saturniidae caterpillars; but the mature insect is more closely akin, in form, to the Hymenoptera or membranous-winged flies, with well-developed maxilliae, probably the organ wherewith the parasite drills an exit through the egg-shell when the time arrives. It is notable that this parasite differs from the Tachinids in that it emerges at perfection and not as a grub.", "Description: This is a small insect with large, attractive wings and small antennae. The wings are colored bright yellow with an orange interior.", "Despite their common names, crane flies do not prey on mosquitoes as adults, nor do they bite humans. Adult crane flies feed on nectar or they do not feed at all; once they become adults, most crane fly species live only to mate and die. Their larvae, called \"leatherjackets\", \"leatherbacks\", \"leatherback bugs\" or \"leatherjacket slugs\", because of the way they move, consume roots (such as those of turf grass ) and other vegetation, in some cases causing damage to plants. The crane fly is occasionally considered a mild turf pest in some areas. In 1935, Lord's Cricket Ground in London was among the venues affected by leatherjackets: several thousand were collected by ground staff and burned, because they caused bald patches on the wicket and the pitch took unaccustomed spin for much of the season.", "Lance flies are commonly secondary invaders of injured or decaying vegetation. Larvae of Lonchaea and Dasiops often live under the bark of dead or dying trees (mainly conifers) or in damaged or rotting fruits and vegetables. Some are associated with plant-attacking insects such as bark beetles, weevils and fruit flies, where they scavange or prey on larvae. Others may be primary invaders of plants; for example, most species of Earomyia infest the cones of conifer trees. Male adults of some species swarm in patches of light in woodland.", "Aphid, or plant louse, is the common name for minute, mostly soft-bodied, plant-feeding insects in over 4000 species comprising the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera . Sometimes known as greenfly or blackfly, these insects have specially modified mouthparts (mandibles and maxillae), called stylets, adapted to suck phloem sap from vascular plants. They often gather in large colonies and have complex life cycles .", "This very common insect is considerably smaller than any of the preceding species, though small specimens of the last sometimes do not much exceed it in size. The upper surface is lively orange-brown, with black markings. Beneath, the hind wing is mapped out with black lines into various irregular spaces, all of which are filled with tints of dull yellow, ochreous, or reddish orange; excepting a row of silver spots on the border, one silver spot in the centre of the wing, and one triangular one close to the root of the wing.", "Alaus melanops LeConte, an inhabitant of dry Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-fir woods; at 45 mm, it is our largest species. It has a pair of large black, white-ringed eyespots on the prothorax. British Columbia's species of Lacon, L. rorulentus (LeConte) and L. sparsus (Candèze) are restricted to the province in Canada. They bear distinctive, flattened, scale-like setae. The larvae are predators. Negastrius species are often found near water, especially under rocks near streams. They are especially good at clicking and flipping. Some major agricultural pests occur in the genera Agriotes, Limonius and Ctenicera. The dusky click beetle (Agriotes obscurus (L.)) and the lined click beetle (A. lineatus (L.)), two introduced European species, are serious pests of several crops (corn, cereals, potatoes) in the lower Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island. Adults of Limonius canus LeConte (Pacific Coast Wireworm) eat the buds and blossoms of apples, cherries and other fruit trees. Ctenicera pruinina (Horn) and C. aeripennis (Kirby) are large black species; C. suckleyi (LeConte) is black with striking orange patches on the elytra.", "Terrifying, tiny, blood-sucking, wee bastard of an insect that chews lumps out of folk, mostly on the West coast", "Mosquito hawk larvae are typically called leatherback bugs or leatherjacket slugs; they can damage plants in some areas and they prefer moist environments when they are not altogether aquatic. They are quite tasty to birds and fish and if you are looking for a good lure, a crane “fly” might be a great bet. They are common in many areas, but if you can’t to find them by yourself, someone else may be very willing to sell them to you.", "Click beetle larvae are the notorious wireworms despised by gardeners. They are about 25 mm long with shiny, yellow-orange bodies. They spend up to four years underground munching through plant roots and stem bases until pupating and emerging as adult click beetles. They can ruin potato and root crops.", "Labellum. The expanded tip of the labium, used by many flies to mop up surface fluids.", "\"Wireworm\" is the name given to most larvae of the very large click beetle family. Many of these larvae are notorious pests that consume the roots of cereal crops, causing serious damage. Unlike its many cousins, the Eyed Elater larva is ferocious meat-eater that dines on many other noxious larvae, including those of wood-boring beetles, flies, and other undesirables.", "The larvae of the parasite Mytilicola orientalis go through several life stages. This one is not even a quarter of a millimeter long; the red spot is its single eye.", "Phylloxera: A voracious, nearly microscopic vine louse that over time has destroyed vineyards in Europe and California.", "Q: I have an insect on my cleomes and they are eating it up. What is this insect?", "O.sulcatus, the Black Vine Weevil, is the kind most often found under glass; it is a pest of many ornamental plants as well as cyclamen. Other species encountered are O. singularis, O. lugdunensis, O. ovatus and O. rugosostriatus.", "There are two species of the angular-winged katydids in the United States, both belonging to the genus Microcentrum, one distinguished as the larger angular-winged katydid, M. rhombifolium, and the other as the smaller angular-winged katydid, M. retinerve. The females of the larger species (Fig. 23) , which is the more common one, reach a length of 2⅜ inches measured to the tips of the wings. They lay flat, oral eggs, stuck in rows overlapping like scales along the surface of some twig or on the edge of a leaf." ]

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[ "October 12, 1492 - After a 33-day voyage, Christopher Columbus made his first landfall in the New World in the Bahamas. He named the first land sighted as El Salvador, claiming it in the name of the Spanish Crown. Columbus was seeking a western sea route from Europe to Asia and believed he had found an island of the Indies. He thus called the first island natives he met, 'Indians.'", "October 12, 1492 - After a 33-day voyage, Christopher Columbus made his first landfall in the New World in the Bahamas. He named the first land sighted as El Salvador, claiming it in the name of the Spanish Crown. Columbus was seeking a western sea route from Europe to Asia and believed he had found an island of the Indies. He thus called the first island natives he met, 'Indians.'", "For his inaugural trek, Columbus solicited funds from all the major European kings until King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor his travels to the western world. In 1492, he readied his vessels - the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria--and set off with his crew from Palos. Columbus first spotted land on October 12, 1492. He christened this Bahamian island San Salvador. He would eventually touchdown in Cuba before crashing the Santa Maria off the coast of Hispaniola, known today as the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Columbus abandoned thirty-eight of his crew members on Hispaniola and returned to Spain where he proclaimed that he had reached Asia.", "According to the Julian calendar, Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos de la Frontera in South-West Spain on August 3, 1492. He landed on a island that is now part of the Bahamas in the Caribbean on October 12, 1492.The anniversary of this date is marked as Hispanic Day in Spain.", "After first landing on an island then called Guanahani, Bahamas on October 12, 1492, (gives the landing date in Cuba as October 27) Christopher Columbus commanded his three ships: La Pinta, La Niña and the Santa María, to land on Cuba's northeastern coast on October 28, 1492. (This was near what is now Bariay, Holguin province.) Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. ", "Christopher Columbus (Genoa?, 1451 – May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain) was a navigator and colonialist. It was Columbus' voyages that led to a general European awareness of the hemisphere, and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World. On the evening of August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from Palos with three ships. Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which was owned by Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs, and on September 6, he started what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. Land was sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492 and Columbus called the island (in what is now the Bahamas) San Salvador, although the natives called it Guanajani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is an unresolved question; prime candidates are Samana Cay, Plana Cays, or San Salvador Island (named San Salvador in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador). Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba (landed on October 28) and the northern coast of Hispaniola , by December 5. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established. As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Numerous scientific explorations have been undertaken, including those by the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University 's Lamont Geological Observatory, and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.", "Fine watercolour showing Christopher Columbus landing in the New World. Apparently the watercolour shows his first landing which took place on October 12, 1492 in San Salvador Island (Guanahani), now in the Bahamas archipelago.", "12/10/1492. Christopher Columbus first saw land; it was not Asia but the continent of America. He called it San Salvador.� Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas.", "On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus set foot on the fine white sands of an island in the Bahamas, unfurled the Spanish royal standard and claimed the territory for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Although Columbus thought he was in Asia, he had actually landed in the “New World.” History—for better and worse—would never be the same again. Here are 10 things you may not know about the famed explorer.", "On October 12, the expedition sighted land, probably Watling Island in the Bahamas, and went ashore the same day, claiming it for Spain. Later that month, Columbus sighted Cuba, which he thought was mainland China, and in December the expedition landed on Hispaniola, which Columbus thought might be Japan. He established a small colony there with 39 of his men. The explorer returned to Spain with gold, spices, and “Indian” captives in March 1493 and was received with the highest honors by the Spanish court. He was the first European to explore the Americas since the Vikings set up colonies in Greenland and Newfoundland in the 10th century.", "First Voyage. Seven weeks after going to sea in three small boats with a crew of about ninety men, Columbus landed in the Bahamas on 12 October 1492. He promptly erected two banners of the Green Cross, one each for Ferdinand and Isabella. He named the land San Salvador , or “Holy Savior.” The Indies were, to him, paradise, and he spent the next ten weeks exploring the Caribbean, including parts of present-day Haiti , Cuba , and the Dominican Republic . Columbus returned with spices, slaves, and a small amount of gold. On his return voyage he authored a pamphlet extolling the lands he had found. They were, he exclaimed, filled with amiable natives and vast riches.", "Columbus’ first voyage began on August 3, 1492. He had been given three ships: the Niña, the Pinta and the flagship Santa Maria . They headed west and on October 12, sailor Rodrigo de Triana spotted land. They first landed on an island Columbus named San Salvador: there is some debate today as to which Caribbean island it was. Columbus and his ships visited several other islands including Cuba and Hispaniola. On December 25, the Santa Maria ran aground and they were forced to abandon her. Thirty-nine men were left behind at the settlement of La Navidad . Columbus returned to Spain in March of 1493.", "Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) – Genoese explorer for Spain. Sailed west in 1492 attempting to reach Asia, but instead arrived in the \"New World\" of the Americas.", "On Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa María, commanded by Columbus himself, the Pinta under Martín Pinzón, and the Niña under Vicente Yáñez Pinzón. After halting at the Canary Islands, he sailed due west from Sept. 6 until Oct. 7, when he changed his course to the southwest. On Oct. 10 a small mutiny was quelled, and on Oct. 12 he landed on a small island (Watling Island; see San Salvador ) in the Bahamas. He took possession for Spain and, with impressed natives aboard, discovered other islands in the neighborhood. On Oct. 27 he sighted Cuba and on Dec. 5 reached Hispaniola.", "All three island groupings share a similar historical development. Christopher Columbus most likely made his first landfall in the New World on a Bahamian island, although exactly where has been debated for years. He discovered the Cayman Islands on his third voyage in 1503. Although Ponce de Leon is said to have discovered the Turks and Caicos in 1512, some historians still speculate that Columbus landed on one of these islands during his first voyage in 1492. In mid-1987 preparations were underway for the celebration of the quincentenary of the discovery of the New World; replicas of Columbus's ships were being constructed in Spain to recreate the historic transatlantic voyage in 1992. The ships were scheduled to drop anchor in the Bahamas on October 12 of that year, focusing world attention on the small Caribbean nation.", "Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sets foot on the American mainland for the first time, at the Paria Peninsula in present-day Venezuela. Thinking it an island, he christened it Isla Santa and claimed it for Spain.", "Today is Discovery of Puerto Rico Day, a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico official holiday.   On this day in 1493, on his second voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus set foot on an island in the Caribbean Sea which he called San Juan Bautista, and which was later renamed Puerto Rico (\"rich port\").   The island was already inhabited by the Taino people, and had been for centuries, but as we all know, nowhere in the world really existed until a European discovered it.   Columbus landed on the northwest coast of Puerto Rico in 1493.   Although Columbus is usually credited with �discovering America�, Puerto Rico is the only territory now associated with the US that he actually saw.", "Made landfall in the Bahamas on October 12 1492; discovered the western hemisphere for modern Europeans; called the native Tainos “Indians”; reported to Spain that he had reached island just off the coast of India;", "Rum production began in the Caribbean with the arrival of the Spanish colonists. One of the first crops they introduced to the New World was the sugar cane which, in turn, was introduced into Europe from China. On his first voyage, in 1492, Columbus visited three islands; the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola (the Bahamas, he took to be India, Cuba and Hispaniola he thought were the coasts of Asia and Japan). On his return visit, in 1493, Columbus took sugar cane experts and several hundred sugar cane shoots from the Canary Islands. They were planted at what is now Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic (on the island of Hispaniola which the DR shares with Haiti).", "One day, they saw birds and clouds on the horizon, and branches floating beside the ships. These were signs that finally, land was near. On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew saw cliffs on a small island. They did not know if this was the Indies or just a small island in the middle of the Sea of Darkness. As soon as they got onto the island, Columbus named it San Salvador, and placed Spain's royal banner into the ground. Columbus thought he was on some island off the coast of China. He was actually in the Bahamas, southeast of Florida. Columbus and his crew stayed on San Salvador for a few days.", "Columbus Day: On October 12, 1492, Italian navigator Christopher Columbus landed in the New World. Although most other nations of the Americas observe this holiday on October 12, in the United States it takes place on the second Monday in October.", "On several occasions in September and early October, sailors spotted floating vegetation and various types of birds—all taken as signs that land was nearby. But by October 10 the crew had begun to lose patience, complaining that with their failure to make landfall, contrary winds and a shortage of provisions would keep them from returning home. Columbus allayed their fears, at least temporarily, and on October 12 land was sighted from the Pinta (though Columbus, on the Niña, later claimed the privilege for himself). The place of the first Caribbean landfall, called Guanahani, is hotly disputed, but San Salvador (Watlings) Island in the Bahamas is generally preferred to other Bahamian islands ( Samana Cay , Rum Cay, or the Plana Cays) or to the Turks and Caicos Islands . Beyond planting the royal banner, however, Columbus spent little time there, being anxious to press on to Cipango, or Cipangu ( Japan ). He thought that he had found it in Cuba , where he landed on October 28, but he convinced himself by November 1 that Cuba was the Cathay mainland itself, though he had yet to see evidence of great cities. Thus, on December 5, he turned back southeastward to search for the fabled city of Zaiton ( Quanzhou , China), missing through this decision his sole chance of setting foot on Florida soil.", "October 12th: Día de la Raza. On this day the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 is commemorated.", "On Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, with three small ships, the Santa María, commanded by Columbus himself, the Pinta under Martín Pinzón, and the Niña under Vicente Yáñez Pinzón. After halting at the Canary Islands, he sailed due west from Sept. 6 until Oct. 7, when he changed his course to the southwest. On Oct. 10 a small mutiny was quelled, and on Oct. 12 he landed on a small island (Watling Island; see San Salvador San Salvador,", "Columbus's first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador (known to the Lucayan as Guanahani). Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island (formerly known as Watling's Island), situated in the southeastern Bahamas. An alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbus's log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive. On the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them.", "On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World. He landed on the Bay of Rincón in the northeastern border of the Samaná Peninsula , where he met the warrior-like Cigüayos who presented him with his only violent resistance during his first voyage to the Americas. [36] The Cigüayos had refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing violence one was stabbed in the buttocks and another wounded with an arrow on his chest. [37] Because of this and because of the Cigüayos' use of arrows, he called the inlet where he met them the Bay of Arrows (or Gulf of Arrows) . Today, the place is called the Bay of Rincón , in Samaná , the Dominican Republic . Columbus kidnapped about 10 to 25 natives and took them back with him (only seven or eight of the natives arrived in Spain alive).", "On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World. He landed on the Bay of Rincón in the northeastern border of the Samaná Peninsula, where he met the warrior-like Cigüayos who presented him with his only violent resistance during his first voyage to the Americas. The Cigüayos had refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing violence one was stabbed in the buttocks and another wounded with an arrow on his chest. Because of this and because of the Cigüayos' use of arrows, he called the inlet where he met them the Bay of Arrows (or Gulf of Arrows). Today, the place is called the Bay of Rincón, in Samaná, the Dominican Republic. Columbus kidnapped about 10 to 25 natives and took them back with him (only seven or eight of the natives arrived in Spain alive).", "Columbus and his crew became the first Christian Europeans to make landfall in the Americas. Columbus was an Italian–born navigator sailing for the Spanish Crown in search of a westward route to Asia, to access the sources of spices and other oriental goods. This led to the discovery of a New World between Europe and Asia. Columbus made a total of four voyages to the Americas between 1492 and 1502, setting the stage for the European exploration and colonization of the Americas, ultimately leading to the Columbian Exchange.", "^    On October 12, 1492 Columbus, with the blessing and financial backing of Isabella, sought a route to the legendary rich", "It was Columbus who brought the island to the attention of Europe after having sighted it on his second voyage to the New World in 1494. Columbus spent a year on the northern coast of the island when he and his crew were marooned at St. Ann’s Bay during his fourth trip (1502-03).", "J. Paul Getty and Franklin Delano Roosevelt suffered from triskaidekaphobia. Napoleon was also plagued by a dread of 13. Christopher Columbus, too, seems to have been afflicted. In the 1950s, the Columbiana, a group of Italian Columbus experts, concluded upon careful study of his ships' logs and notes, that Columbus actually landed on the Western Hemisphere on October 13, 1492. The date, apparently, was deliberately changed to October 12, to avoid the imprint of such an evil omen.", "This adventurous island, full of history, welcomed Christopher Columbus to “The New World.” The lakes are sparkling and the waters as clear as they were in 1492." ]

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[ "The Great Pumpkin is a holiday figure (comparable to Santa Claus or the Easter Bunny) in whom only Linus van Pelt seems to believe. Every year, Linus sits in a pumpkin patch on Halloween night waiting for the Great Pumpkin to appear. Invariably, the Great Pumpkin fails to turn up, and a humiliated but undefeated Linus vows to wait for him again the following Halloween. The Great Pumpkin was first mentioned by Linus in Peanuts in 1959, but the premise was reworked by Schulz many times throughout the run of the strip, and also inspired the 1966 animated television special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and had a brief mention in You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown (in which the mention of it blows Linus' chances in a school election). The best-known quote regarding Linus and the Great Pumpkin, originally from the comic strip but made famous by the TV special, is: \"There are three things I have learned never to discuss with people: religion, politics, and the Great Pumpkin.\" ", "One of the most notable aspects of both the Peanuts specials and the comic strip is the complete absence of any parents whatsoever. They’re never seen caring for the children, never witnessed inside the house, and though one could argue that since the children go to school there must be at least some teachers present, the students may very well be sitting at their desks, staring straight ahead in the hopes someone, some day, will come in and teach them to read or at least survive the brutal winters on their own. Over the years several theories have cropped up to explain this lack of anyone over the age of ten, from creator Charles Schulz wanting to focus solely on childhood from a child’s perspective, to a horrible plague that wiped out anyone preteen and older, to the idea the comic strip takes place in a post-apocalyptic society in which those over the age of ten is sacrificed to the new god, the kite-eating tree. But those who watch the Halloween special once too often believe it was the Great Pumpkin who indeed showed up and devoured the adults in a scene of such shocking carnage that everyone erased it from their minds but Linus. And so Linus must come to the pumpkin patch every October, hoping to lure a friend that he could then feed to the insatiable gourd so that the rest of the community can live for one more year.", "Witness his friend Linus -- the seeker after false gods -- waiting in vain each year for the Great Pumpkin to appear on Halloween.", "Aside from Linus's security blanket, Lucy does not like a lot of Linus's habits. For example, she doesn't like how he waits in the pumpkin patch for the Great Pumpkin every year during Halloween.", "In contrast to his advanced intellect, Linus has two of the strangest traits out of the entire cast, ones that make the fact that he sucks his thumbs and thinks that one is sweeter than the other look like nothing unusual. The first is his belief in The Great Pumpkin , which started on October 26, 1959 . Apparently started by the confusion of Santa Claus and the commercialization of Christmas poisoning children's minds, he solely believed that the Great Pumpkin would rise from the pumpkin patch he finds is most \"sincere\", before flying around the world to bring toys to all the good children. This delusion causes Linus to sit in a local pumpkin patch and wait for him to rise out of it. He was able to gain, in Marcie's words, a \"disciple\" occasionally, such as Peppermint Patty and Sally , but something would always ruin it for Linus, and he obviously never got to see the non-existent entity.", "His friends make a special trip to the pumpkin patch, more than once, to try to convince him to join them , but he staunchly refuses, keeping his vigil in the patch – only accompanied by his singular convert, Sally – who is gets more and more impatient. Linus starts to get more and more nervous that his sincerity, his faith, his religion, just isn’t enough to make The Great Pumpkin real.", "Linus van Pelt is a major character in Charles M. Schulz 's comic strip Peanuts . He is Lucy and Rerun 's brother. Linus always means well and tries to smooth over any storms that arise amongst the gang. A source of frustration for him is Lucy, who always belittles him, particularly over his security blanket . In spite of his insightful nature, he has a naive belief in the Great Pumpkin . He is Charlie Brown 's best friend.", "Linus and Snoopy (who does not want to be recognized) wait in the pumpkin patch in the strip from October 31, 1971 .", "Allow me to close on this. In the final moments of the program, Linus and Charlie Brown sit at their famous brick wall and bemoan their failed Halloweens . Charlie Brown got a bag full of rocks and Linus missed the Great Pumpkin once again.", "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown [1] The Peanuts gang celebrates Halloween while Linus waits for the Great Pumpkin.", "Though young, Linus is very intelligent, and acts as the strip's philosopher and theologian, often quoting the Gospels. Juvenile aspects of his character are also displayed; for example, Linus is almost always depicted holding his blue security blanket—for which he is often mocked by other characters—and often sucks his thumb. He invented his own legendary being, the Great Pumpkin, who, Linus claims, appears every Halloween at the most \"sincere\" pumpkin patch, bearing gifts. Linus is the only person who believes in the Great Pumpkin, although he occasionally temporarily convinces other characters the Great Pumpkin is real, only to stubbornly maintain his faith when they lose theirs. On one occasion, Linus had a commanding lead in the polls for school president—until he brought up the subject of the Great Pumpkin, at which point he was nearly laughed out of the election. (He ended up winning anyway by one vote, cast by his opponent, who decided that Linus would make a better school president.) A similar occurrence was featured in a strip with the same storyline; Charlie Brown asks him why he had to bring up the Great Pumpkin and Linus gives his reasons. After Linus says that Charlie Brown is looking at him as if he was crazy, Charlie Brown responds, \"I'm looking at you like I could've been vice president!\"", "At the beginning of A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving, Sally complains that she hasn't even finished her Halloween candy and there's another holiday coming up. Um, in the Halloween special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, Sally spent all of Halloween night in the pumpkin patch with Linus (waiting for the Great Pumpkin) and didn't go trick-or-treating. So where did Sally get this candy she mentions?", "October 31, 1993 : Again, Sally sitting with Linus out in the pumpkin patch when a Jack O'Lantern rises in the air on the end of a stick. It turns out to be Snoopy playing a prank on Linus.", "has caused Linus to abandon faith and embrace a more existential approach. Linus is insulted. His faith is, if anything, stronger. And why shouldn’t it be? Linus and Brown both come to the same unrewarding end. No toys for the unfaithful Linus, no candy for the unlucky Brown. Why learn the lesson of experience if it yields us nothing? False hope trumps nihilism because false though it may be, it’s still hope. In the end, it is the struggle for sincerity and not the sincerity itself that makes the pumpkin patch truly worthy. “It’s The Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown” will air on ABC at 8 p.m. on Thurs., Oct. 29. “The Peanuts Movie” opens nationwide on Nov. 6. October 22, 2015", "Another time Lucy showed care for Linus is in It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown . When Linus does not come home from the pumpkin patch by 4AM, Lucy gets out of bed, goes to the pumpkin patch, leads her cold, shivering and half-asleep brother home and to his room, pulls his shoes and socks off, tucks him in bed, and covers him up, all quite wordlessly and even angrily storming out of his room once he is asleep. In fact, earlier in the special after stopping at the first house on the trick-or-treat round with the other kids, she asks for an extra piece of candy for Linus (the book adaptation says she asked for an extra apple, but this is yet to be confirmed).", "Let’s keep going in our Peanut’s story. When Linus finally does get a conversion to his new religion it’s Charlie Brown’s sister Sally who is only there because she has a crush on him.", "Or maybe Snoopy would sell his story about the dark and stormy night, or Lucy would turn sweet, or the Great Pumpkin would arrive on Halloween just the way Linus always believed he would.", "Linus : This is the time of year to write to the Great Pumpkin. On Halloween night, the Great Pumpkin rises out of his pumpkin patch and flies through the air with his bag of toys for all the children!", "Upon the introduction of Charlie Brown's little sister, Sally Brown, in 1959, Linus had the desire to marry her. However, as the strip progressed, he outgrew this idea, while Sally on the other hand fell in love with Linus, calling him her \"Sweet Babboo\", much to his displeasure. Linus in turn has an innocent crush on his school teacher, Miss Othmar (later Mrs. Hagemeyer). In some of the later 1990s strips he developed an interest in Lydia, the girl who sits behind him, who keeps changing her name and, as Linus is two months older than she asks him, \"Aren't you kind of old for me?\" (This is a subtle reference to cartoonist Schulz and his own second wife, who was twenty years younger than him). It was also Linus who first introduced Frieda, as \"...a sort of a friend of mine\" who sat behind him in school. He also fell for several different girls in various animated television specials, as well as a girl called Truffles, whom he and Snoopy met while looking for the fungi bearing her name.", "Parodied in the Peanuts Halloween Special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown !, after Sally flips out at Linus for convincing her that the Great Pumpkin exists:", "October 31, 1996: Linus, this time in the pumpkin patch alone, sees something he does not immediately recognize. When he asks if it's the Great Pumpkin, it turns out to be Rerun with a sheet over his head. He has forgotten to cut the eye holes out of the sheet so he didn't know where he was or where he was going. Rerun spends the night roaming through the yard, and is still wearing the sheet in the next day's strip.", "After Linus mails his letter to the Great Pumpkin (using his blanket to open the mailbox after Lucy refuses to help), Charlie Brown dances when he receives an invitation to go to Violet's Halloween party. His bubble is quickly burst by Lucy who mentions there were two lists, people to invite and people not to invite; Lucy is certain Charlie Brown's name was on the wrong list.", "Linus initially appeared as an infant, but as he aged (and grew to a year or two younger than Charlie Brown) he became a profound philosopher and Charlie Brown's best friend, often supporting each other in small ways when the other's foibles had been painfully exposed ( Schroeder and Lucy van Pelt were also significantly younger than Charlie Brown when they first appeared, but aged to the point where they became his peers ). Linus very often serves as a way for Charlie Brown to express his thoughts and woes without judgement or condemnation; he almost never attempts to convince or directly advise Charlie Brown of anything, and tends to only be critical in an intellectual or philosophical way. Linus's own troubles with being taken seriously may explain this sympathy. Partially because of this quality, he is the only person to ever have any direct impact on Charlie Brown's actions. This is most clearly seen in \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"; after Charlie Brown wonders aloud whether anyone can tell him what Christmas is all about, Linus simply recites the Christmas story from the Gospel of Luke, leaving Charlie Brown to successfully draw his own conclusions. The two of them are shown sitting and talking behind the often-used brick wall more than any characters.", "Chuck McCann, Robert T. Gillis, Bill Melendez, Phil Roman LINUS IS DETERMINED TO SEE THE GREAT PUMPKIN ON HALLOWEEN NIGHT EVEN IF IT MEANS MISSING TRICKS OR TREATS.", "It's also about futility. Linus is the only one who never realizes his own futility - that the Great Pumpkin doesn't exist.", "Linus : I'll be there! I'll be sitting there in that pumpkin patch... and I'll see the Great Pumpkin. Just wait and see.", "Linus mistakes Snoopy for the Great Pumpkin in the TV special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown .", "Violet also believes that the Great Pumpkin is a fake. In the strip from October 25, 1961 , Violet berates Linus for believing in the Great Pumpkin. She calls him \"just plain stupid crazy,\" says he is talking \"like someone who had just fallen out of a tree\" and also calls him \"stark raving stupid!\"", "Oh, Great Pumpkin! Where are you? This Halloween, hang out with Charlie Brown and the entire Peanuts gang to find out for yourself!", "Cartoon tributes have appeared in other comic strips since Schulz's death in 2000. In May of that year, many cartoonists included a reference to Peanuts in their own strips. Originally planned as a tribute to Schulz's retirement, after his death that February it became a tribute to his life and career. Similarly, on 30 October 2005, several comic strips again included references to Peanuts, and specifically the It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown television special.", "The Great Pumpkin has been a symbol of strong faith and foolish faith, leading to vastly different interpretations of creator Charles Schulz's own faith. As described in the book on Schulz's religious views, A Charlie Brown Religion, Schulz's views were very personal and often misinterpreted. Linus' seemingly unshakable belief in the Great Pumpkin, and his desire to foster the same belief in others, has been interpreted as a parody of Christian evangelism by some observers. Others have seen Linus' belief in the Great Pumpkin as symbolic of the struggles faced by anyone with beliefs or practices that are not shared by the majority. ", "‘Peanuts’ creator Charles Schulz’s faith and beliefs often served as a launching point for his comic strip story lines and specials. A Halloween special might not seem like the ideal place for a message about personal beliefs but even The Great Pumpkin had something to say about faith and religion." ]

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[ "1919 - The Cincinnati Reds won the World Series. The win would be later tainted when 8 Chicago White Sox were charged with throwing the game. The incident became known as the \"Black Sox\" scandal.", "1919 – In baseball’s World Series the Chicago White Sox faced the Cincinnati Reds in a best of nine games. The White Sox intentionally threw the series to satisfy gamblers in what became known as the Black Sox Scandal. Eight players were banned from baseball for life.", "Eight Men Out is a 1988 sports drama film based on Eliot Asinof's 1963 book Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World Series. It was written and directed by John Sayles. The film is a dramatization of Major League Baseball's Black Sox scandal, in which six members of the Chicago White Sox conspired with gamblers to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series. Much of the movie was filmed at the old Bush Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. ", "Baseball: One of the biggest scandals in American baseball occurred in 1919, when eight members of the Chicago White Sox were banned from playing the game for life. This punishment was meted out for intentionally losing the game, enabling Cincinnati Reds to win the World Series. The fixing was a conspiracy, motivated by a dislike amongst teammates against the club owner. The incident, referred to as the Black Sox Scandal, created such a sensation in the country that it inspired a book called “Eight Men Out”, which was later made into a movie by the same name.", "\"Eight Men Out is an oddly unfocused movie made of earth tones, sidelong glances and eliptic[sic] conversations. It tells the story of how the stars of the 1919 Chicago White Sox team took payoffs from gamblers to throw the World Series, but if you are not already familiar with that story you're unlikely to understand it after seeing this film.\" ", "*Eight Men Out (1988) — based on the Black Sox scandal during the play of Major League Baseball's 1919 World Series", "During the season the Chicago White Sox had shown themselves to be the best team in the 1919 AL , and were the bookmaker's favorites to defeat the Cincinnati club in the World Series . The White Sox were defeated and throughout the Series rumors were common that the players, motivated by a mixture of greed and a dislike of club owner Charlie Comiskey , had taken money to throw the games. During the following seasons the rumors intensified, and spread to other clubs, until a grand jury was convened to investigate. During the investigation two players, Eddie Cicotte and \"Shoeless\" Joe Jackson confessed and eight players were tried, and acquitted, for their role in the fix. Much of the evidence (depositions and other testimony) disappeared mysteriously. The Leagues were not so forgiving. Under the commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis , all eight players were banned from organized baseball for life.", "8-27 Burning River Baseball: Eight Men Out – Eliot Asinof : One of the oldest and most important stories in baseball history is that of the Eight Men Out: The Black Sox and the 1919 World ...", "In 1912, the club opened a new steel-and-concrete ballpark, Redland Field (later to be known as Crosley Field). The Reds had been playing baseball on that same site, the corner of Findlay and Western Avenues on the city's west side, for 28 years, in wooden structures that had been occasionally damaged by fires. By the late 1910s the Reds began to come out of the second division. The 1918 team finished fourth, and new manager Pat Moran led the Reds to an NL pennant in 1919, in what the club advertised as its \"Golden Anniversary\". The 1919 team had hitting stars Edd Roush and Heinie Groh while the pitching staff was led by Hod Eller and left-hander Harry \"Slim\" Sallee. The Reds finished ahead of John McGraw's New York Giants, and then won the world championship in eight games over the Chicago White Sox.", "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Reds compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) Central division. They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890. ", "Cincinnati has two major league teams, seven minor league teams, five college institutions with sports teams, and seven major sports venues. Cincinnati's two major league teams are Major League Baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings; and the Bengals of the National Football League. On Major League Baseball Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the \"traditional opener\" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Many children in Cincinnati skip school on Opening Day, which is commonly thought of as a city holiday. The Cincinnati Reds have won 5 World Series titles and had one of the most successful baseball teams of all time in the early 1970s, known as The Big Red Machine. The Bengals have made 2 Super Bowl appearances since its founding, in 1981 and 1988, but have yet to win a championship. As of 2016, the Bengals have the longest active playoff win drought (26 years) despite making 5 straight playoff appearances from 2011-2016.", "1918 was a horrible year for humanity and baseball.  The war to end all wars was raging and for the only time in baseball history the season was shortened.  Uncle Sam had ruled that baseball players had to “work or fight” and the season was to end on Labor Day with the World Series to follow immediately afterwards.  There would also be restricted travel rules.  If the war continued the 1919 major League baseball season would almost certainly be cancelled as most players expected to be drafted. The Brooklyn Dodgers had already agreed to lease Ebbets Field in 1919 to the government as a storage facility.", "In addition to the National League, the minor Western League evolved into the American League, and joined with the National League to begin the World Series in 1903. The 1920s brought to light many of the Baseball legends such as Cy Young, Ty Cobb, and Baltimore's own Babe Ruth, known for their strong hitting skills in a time where hitting homeruns was not as common as it is tody. the 1920s also produced the Negro Leauges, created by Rube Foster. Scandals also ran through the sport of baseball, including accusations of throwing games. Proof that baseball had become a national pastime was clearly visible with the building of several of the great ballparks, including Wrigley Field in Chicago and Fenway Park in Boston during this time.", "The 1919 pennant-winning pitching staff was led by a pair of aces and a very promising rookie. Knuckleballer Eddie Cicotte had become one of the AL's best pitchers after turning 30 and discovering the \"shine ball;\" he had won 28 games for the 1917 champions, and after an off-year in 1918 had come back with a hefty 29–7, leading the league in wins and second in earned run average to Washington's veteran \"Big Train,\" Walter Johnson. Next came Claude \"Lefty\" Williams, at 23–11 and 2.64. Twenty-six-year-old rookie Dickie Kerr started only 17 games, but turned in a solid 13–7 and 2.88. Fourth in the rotation was Urban \"Red\" Faber, who had beaten the Giants three times in the 1917 World Series but had an off-year in 1919 at 11–9 and 3.83 in 20 starts. He was ill and unable to pitch in the Series in any event, limiting Gleason to three top-of-the-line starters for what could be nine games.", "he Cincinnati Reds were established in 1882 as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, a name that referenced the first professional baseball team. They took on the “Reds” name in 1890, thought they briefly changed it to the “Redlegs” through 1953-1958 to avoid association with the Communist party. Relative to other teams in the National League, the Reds have enjoyed success over their 120-plus years. They are tied with the San Francisco Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates for sixth-most World Series victories, with 5.", "In , little known George \"Sparky\" Anderson was hired as manager, and the Reds embarked upon a decade of excellence, with a team that came to be known as \"The Big Red Machine\". Playing at Crosley Field until June 30, 1970, when the Reds moved into brand-new Riverfront Stadium, a 52,000 seat multi-purpose venue on the shores of the Ohio River, the Reds began the 1970s with a bang by winning 70 of their first 100 games. Johnny Bench, Tony Pérez, Pete Rose, Lee May and Bobby Tolan were the early Red Machine offensive leaders; Gary Nolan, Jim Merritt, Wayne Simpson and Jim McGlothlin led a pitching staff which also contained veterans Tony Cloninger and Clay Carroll and youngsters Pedro Borbón and Don Gullett. The Reds breezed through the 1970 season, winning the NL West and captured the NL pennant by sweeping the Pittsburgh Pirates in three games. By the time the club got to the World Series, however, the Reds pitching staff had run out of gas and the veteran Baltimore Orioles beat the Reds in five games.", "The Reds won the NL West in baseball's first ever strike-shortened season and defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in an exciting five-game playoff series. They then faced the Oakland Athletics in the World Series. Six of the seven games were won by one run. With powerful slugger Reggie Jackson sidelined due to an injury incurred during Oakland's playoff series, Ohio native Gene Tenace got a chance to play in the series, delivering four home runs that tied the World Series record for homers, propelling Oakland to a dramatic seven-game series win. This was one of the few World Series in which no starting pitcher for either side pitched a complete game.", "baseball: Cincinnati Reds [World Series: 1940], Boston Braves, Philadelphia Athletics [all-star: 1949, 1952], Boston Red Sox", "baseball: SL Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds [World Series: 1961/all-star: 1961], Houston Colt .45�s, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox", "*1900 – National League \"classic eight\" lineup of teams is established: Chicago Orphans (later renamed the Cubs), Boston Beaneaters (Braves), Brooklyn Superbas (Dodgers), New York Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, and St. Louis Cardinals", "The Reds' pitching was universally solid, however. The team's big three included Hod Eller (20–9, 2.39), Dutch Ruether (19–6, 1.82) and Slim Sallee (21–7, 2.06), all among the league leaders in various categories. They were backed by three other pitchers who were almost as successful: Jimmy Ring at only 10–9 but 2.26, Ray Fisher at 14–5 and 2.17 with five shutouts, and Cuban Dolf Luque at 10–3 and 2.63, former and future Giant who would win the last game of the 1933 World Series in long relief for New York. It was a deep and talented staff, a definite advantage in a Series whose format had just been changed from best of seven to best of nine.", "#The 1907–1908 Cubs, 1921–1922 Giants and the 1975–1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back-to-back World Series.", "Baseball Hall of Famer: pitcher: Cleveland Spiders [World Series: 1892, 1895, 1896], St. Louis Perfectos, St. Louis Cardinals, Boston Somersets, Boston Pilgrims [World Series: 1903], Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Naps, Boston Rustlers; Cy Young Award [for best pitcher in both leagues] named for him; died Nov 4, 1955", "1961 : New York Yankees (AL) defeat Cincinnati Reds (NL), 4 games to 1. MVP: Whitey Ford , New York", "baseball: pitcher: Cincinnati Reds [youngest major-league player: 15 yrs, 314 days], Cincinnati Redlegs [all-star: 1955, 1956], KC Athletics, LA Angels", "1905 - Pittsburgh Pirates strand NL record 18 men on base & lose to Reds 8-3", "In 1918 the Red Sox won their 5th World Series, the most by any club at that time. One of the stars of the Boston championship franchise was a young pitcher by the name of George Herman Ruth, aka The Babe or The Bambino.", "The 1927 team is considered one of the most talented teams to ever take the field and backed it up with their accomplishments.  They went 110-44 in the regular season, winning the pennant by 19 games.  They then went on to sweep the Pirates in the World Series.", "1972 - Cincinnati Reds are 11 games back in NL, & go on to win pennant", "July 14: Crosley Field plays host to the All-Star Game. A crowd of 30,846 watch as the NL defeats the AL, 5-1. Gus Bell and Ted Kluszewski represent Cincinnati.", "In 1903, the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates competed against each other in the first official World Series of Major League Baseball at Exposition Park in Pittsburgh. In the best-of-nine series, Boston won five games to three.", "1962 – The San Francisco Giants beat the Los Angeles Dodgers to win baseball’s National League Pennant. This was important because they both were New York teams." ]

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[ "Traditionally, a mojito is a cocktail that consists of five ingredients: white rum, sugar (traditionally sugar cane juice), lime juice, sparkling water, and mint. The original Cuban recipe uses spearmint or yerba buena, a mint variety very popular on the island. Its combination of sweetness, refreshing citrus, and mint flavors is intended to complement the potent kick of the rum, and have made this clear highball a popular summer drink. The cocktail has a relatively low alcohol content (about 10 percent alcohol by volume).", "Traditionally, a mojito is a cocktail that consists of five ingredients: white rum, sugar (traditionally sugar cane juice), lime juice, sparkling water and mint. The original Cuban recipe uses spearmint or yerba buena, a mint variety very popular on the island. Its combination of sweetness, refreshing citrus and mint flavors is intended to complement the potent kick of the rum, and have made this clear highball a popular summer drink.", "Traditionally, a Mojito is not very strong (c.10% abv) and made of five ingredients: white rum, sugar (traditionally sugar cane juice), lime juice, sparkling water and mint. The original Cuban recipe uses spearmint or yerba buena, a mint variety very popular on the island. Its combination of sweetness, refreshing citrus and mint flavors are intended to complement the potent kick of the rum, and have made this clear highball a popular summer drink.", "Historians believe the African slaves who worked in Cuba’s sugarcane fields during the 19th century were instrumental in the mojito’s origin. The traditional Cuban cocktail consists of white rum, sugar, lime juice, sparkling water and mint. The mojito is not only popular in Cuba but was also author Ernest Hemingway’s favorite cocktail.", "Havana, Cuba, is the birthplace of the Mojito, although the exact origin of this classic cocktail is the subject of debate. One story traces the Mojito to a similar 16th century drink known as \"El Draque\", after Richard Drake. In 1586, after his successful raid at Cartagena de Indias Drake's ships sailed towards Havana but there was an epidemic of dysentery and scurvy on board. It was known that the local South American Indians had remedies for various tropical illnesses, so a small boarding party went ashore on Cuba and came back with ingredients for an effective medicine. The ingredients were aguardiente de caña (translated as fire water, a crude form of rum made from sugar cane) mixed with local tropical ingredients: lime, sugarcane juice, and mint. Lime juice on its own would have significantly prevented scurvy and dysentery, and tafia/rum was soon added as it became widely available to the British (ca. 1650). Mint, lime and sugar were also helpful in hiding the harsh taste of this spirit. While this drink was not called a Mojito at this time, it was the original combination of these ingredients.", "The Mojito is one of the world's most popular cocktails, and no wonder - it's delicious! Here Jamie Oliver shows you how to make his version of this Cuban classic using Bacardi white rum, fresh lime, young mint leaves, soda water, sugar and some crushed ice. Very simple, but very tasty! If you want to mix it up make sure you try the little twists Jamie suggests at the end of the video and let us know how you get on. Created in partnership with Bacardi.", "Rum is known a typical Cuban drink. It is the basic ingredient of cocktails like Cuba Libre, Mojito, Cubanitos etc. Most popular brand is the famous Bacardi, which takes its name from the family that started the company. Other high quality brands are Caribbean Club, Havana Club, Gran Reserva, Cagney, Matusalem, Vatarano, Mulata, Siboney. There are three types of rum: white rum, gold rum and dark rum, they are all highly popular in the country, not only as cocktail ingredients, but by themselves as well.", "The Mojito is a rum-based cocktail that has long been popular with sailors. The drink makes use of mint leaves by first using a muddler to release their flavor. These mint leaves are then mixed with lime juice, sugar, and soda water. As with many famous cocktails, its origin is shrouded in mystery, but its birthplace was definitely Cuba. One feature the various stories seem to have in common and that makes perfect sense is the Mojito’s ability to help to fight off scurvy , which would explain its popularity among sailors. Long before modern medical science had figured out all that jazz, sailors often had to deal with a scurvy problem, and citrus was one of the best preventatives.", "Cuba was the epicenter for the creation of a cocktail that was an instant classic. The blending of lime, rum, and sugar was made to go together. It was concocted at a time when rum was relatively unknown, and Cuba was just starting to feel a little freedom. Before the US embargo in the 1950’s, tourists were flocking there for the cooling effect of a Daiquiri in warm tropical breezes while sitting on a beach and reading Across the River and Into the Trees . The Daiquiri is a perfect summer drink, and now is the perfect time to go out and rediscover it.", "sparkling water and mint. The original Cuban recipe uses spearmint or yerba buena, a mint variety very popular in the island.", "Some historians contend that African slaves who worked in the Cuban sugar cane fields during the 19th century were instrumental in the cocktail's origin. Guarapo, the sugar cane juice often used in Mojitos,[4] was a popular drink amongst the slaves who helped coin the name of the sweet nectar. It never originally contained lime juice.", "In an earlier article we introduced you into the world Cuban Cuisine. Now we are going to draw your attention onto the most popular drinks in Cuba, in order to avoid some unpleasant situation while you are in a bar or restaurant and hesitating what kind of beverage to order. Before you go to Cuba you should know that drinking from tap is not safe at all. Either boil the water or drink bottled ones. Rum, Cuba Libre, Mojito are just some of the beverages which made the country famous worldwide. So here is a list with the most popular alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks in Cuba.", "If you want the real sweet taste mixed with the sour lime, use brown rum of any kind! They tend to be \"sweeter\" cause they are not aged in steel containers as white rum is. I myself actually like it best with Bacardi Superior Rum, but thats just my taste ;P Cuba libre is a drink made in many variations, there are no rights or wrong here ppl!", "Ingredients:  25ml Havana Especial; 25ml Havana 3 year; 25ml Havana 7 year; 10ml Maraschino Liqueur; 10ml passionfruit syrup; 10ml grenadine; 15ml lime juice; 45ml pineapple juice; dash aromatic bitter; two barspoons Havana de Maestros rum to float on top; mint sprig and half a passionfruit to garnish. ", "Mojito: The mojito is the quintessential, classic Cuban cocktail. Muddled mint and lime combine to create this perfect, refreshing cocktail.", "\"The daiquiri is now the best-known drink in Cuba. This recipe for the real daiquiri was given me by Facundo Bacardi and confirmed by one of the men who was present at the christening: half one lime, squeezed onto one teaspoonful of sugar; pour in one whiskey-glassful of bacardi; plenty of ice; shake until shaker is thoroughly frosted outside. Meanwhile, chill a tall wine-glass of the kind known as flute, fill it with shaven ice, and pour in the mixture. Must be drunk frozen or is not good.\"", "Cuba has a very complex past. Most of us only know of it as a Cold War foe of the United States, a very foreign country only a hundred miles away. It has been that way since Castro took power in the late 1950’s. First discovered by Christopher Columbus and claimed for Spain, this small island has been coveted by other countries for its entire history. It has a temperate climate, making it great for growing crops, and a location that was excellent for a stopping point after several months at sea. Spain was the primary owner of the island through most of its history, but it was not without a fight. The rich land attracted pirates and privateers from Britain and France to steal what treasures they could from Spanish ships. Once Spain allowed some flexibility in the colony’s trade, the floodgates opened and money came pouring into the coffers. They were filled primarily by two different crops; tobacco and sugar. Tobacco was very easy to process. Sugar was not. There was a complex system used to create sugar crystals, and the leftover molasses was a sticky mess to discard. This sets the backdrop for the creation of one of the finest cocktails in modern history: the Daiquiri.", "* In Australia, the more popularly known drink is simply Rum and Coke or \"Rumbo\", which contains no lime, commonly uses a local dark rum and can be purchased in cans as a ready-to-drink. However, the combination of light rum, brown sugar and cola is commonly ordered at cocktail bars as a Cuba Libre.", "Just back from havana..the mohito they make is with raw sugar at the bottom of the glass. about 2 tsp ...they put an entire mint sprig in the glass. 1 jigger of light rum, club soda is the topper with crushed ice. Awesome!!", "Cuban people really like to drink beer. They produce loads of brands from which the most popular and some of the best beers are: Cristal, Bucanero Max, Bucanero Fuerte, Hatuey, La Tropical, Cubay Clasica. However you can find foreign beer brands in  Cuba as well, like: Heineken, Corona etc.", "The exact origin of the Cuba Libre cocktail is a bit of mystery. There seems to be some dispute about exactly when and where it came to be. It was likely created at the behest of soldiers occupying Cuba shortly after the introduction of Coca Cola to the island around 1900. It is simple cocktail comprised of rum and coke on ice in a highball glass with a wedge of lime. According to rum manufacturers it is the second most popular drink the world.", "Rum is the only liquor used in the Mojito, so it is a critical element that will determine the final taste of the cocktail .", "A variation of The Zombie, this Cuban Zombie (left)  is made with three types of aged rum and passion fruit syrup. A Long Island Ice Tea has five types of alcohol - gin, vodka, tequila, rum and triple sec - in it ", "Cuba is also historically famous for its rum. Historically, because many Cuban distilling families moved to Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere after the Revolution. That said, rum remains popular on the island itself.", "Popular rum drinks are: Rum and Coke (need I say more?), Piña Colada, Strawberry Daiquiri, Long Island Iced Tea (vodka, rum and a whole bunch of other liquors, but no tea).", "Well, I guess it is good with any kind of good cuban rum, but it is awesome with good golden jamaican rum, and my if you use 1 third of lemons and 2/3 of limes.", "Cuba produces light-bodied, crisp, clean Rums from column stills. It is currently illegal to ship Cuban Rums into the United States.", "White rum infused with sliced pineapple, served ice cold. Lots of well mashed fresh mint, best ever.", "This blend of Caribbean rums and select spices brings out the intensity of rum in full flavor. A firm favorite, it’s specially crafted to taste great with Cola or as a shot.", "1 part light rum, 1 part blue curacao, 2 parts pineapple juice, 1 part cream of coconut, 1 cup (250 mL) ice, 1 cocktail cherry, 1 piece of pineapple. Shake the rum, the blue curacao, the pineapple juice and the cream of coconut with the ice. Strain into a highball glass and garnish with a cherry and a piece of pineapple.", "“Yes!! Mandarine is a big favorite of mine, he says.” It uses cardamom, green tea, and black tea in its maceration. It also uses whole mandarine oranges from Sicily that are lightly ‘crushed’ so you really get the flavor of the meat of the fruit. It makes the best Crusta ever, also great as a house curacao when cut down with simple. Makes a mean margarita as well. I always do an Ocho and Mandarine classic margarita for a good time.”", "There are loads of soft drinks in Cuba, the best way to drink it when it is ice cold. The most popular ones are:" ]

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[ "This omnibus edition begins with The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, in which Arthur Dent is introduced to the galaxy at large when he is rescued by an alien friend seconds before Earth's destruction. Then in The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur and his new friends travel to the end of time and discover the true reason for Earth's existence. In Life, the Universe, and Everything, the gang goes on a mission to save the entire universe. So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish recounts how Arthur finds true love and \"God's Final Message to His Creation.\" Finally, Mostly Harmless is the story of Arthur's continuing search for home, in which he instead encounters his estranged daughter, who is on her own quest. There's also a bonus short story, \"Young Zaphod Plays It Safe,\" more of a vignette than a full story, which wraps up this completist's package of the Don't Panic chronicles. As the series progresses, its wackier elements diminish, but the satire of human life and foibles is ever present.", "The edition contains 5 novels: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy; The Restaurant at the End of the Universe; Life, the Universe and Everything, So Long and Thanks for all the Fish; Mostly Harmless. And one short story: Young Zaphod Plays it Safe", "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish is the fourth book of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 'cycle' written by Douglas Adams. Its title is the message left by the dolphins when they departed Planet Earth just before it was demolished to make way for a hyperspace bypass, as described in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The phrase has since been adopted by some science fiction fans as a humorous way to say \"goodbye\" and a song of the same name was featured in the 2005 film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.", "Life, the Universe and Everything is the third book in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy book series by Douglas Adams .", "They travel to California to see John Watson, an enigmatic scientist who claims to know why the dolphins disappeared. He has abandoned his original name in favour of \"Wonko the Sane\", because he believes that the rest of the world's population has gone mad. Watson shows them another bowl with the words \"So long and thanks for all the fish\" inscribed on it, and encourages them to listen to it. The bowl explains audibly that the dolphins, aware of the planet's coming destruction, left Earth for an alternate dimension. Before leaving, they created a new Earth and transported everything from the original to the new one. Everyone received a gift of the talking bowl. Arthur tells Fenchurch about hitchhiking across the galaxy, and she desires to do the same.", "1. The story so far: In the beginning the Universe was created. -- Restaurant at the End of the Universe by Douglas Adams", "*\"So Long And Thanks For All The Fish (Reprise)\"; \"Vote Beeblebrox\" (co-vocals) on The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy soundtrack", "Douglas Adams, the creator of A Hitchhiker’s Guide To The Galaxy, said he chose 42 as the answer to the ‘ultimate question of life, the universe and everything’ because it was an ‘ordinary, smallish number’. He was right. The joke works because the answer — worked out by the most powerful computer in existence over seven-and-a-half-million years —is a crushing anti-climax.", "The 'Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything' does pop up every now and then throughout the books within the Hitchhiker series. However, the real meaning has always remained elusive at best. With the chance that the other books in the series will be turned into movies being very small, here below is a summary for those who are interested to know:", "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish In the fourth book of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series, Ford Prefect complains about the difficulty of persuading telephone operators that he is calling from Letchworth when tapping into the British phone system from the Pleiades. Remarkably a new Coat of Arms, issued for the Garden City Council in December 2010, includes a motto (Share, Enjoy, Prosper) that is almost exactly the same as the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy's \"Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints division\" (Share and Enjoy).", "So at the end the scenario where God could have possibly created the Universe doesn't seem to exist, does it?", "* Nickerson, S. L. (1982). The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (Book). Library Journal, 107(4), 476.", "Apart from ideas about objects that lie beyond sensory experience, such as God or the soul, we also form transcendental ideas about entities that are meant to constitute the ultimate basis of everything that might be experienced, such as the universe as a whole: Kant speaks of “world wholes” or cosmological ideas. Claims to objective knowledge about these cosmological ideas, such as the claim that the universe has a beginning in time or the opposing claim that it does not, inevitably lead us—or so Kant argues—into contradictions or “antinomies.” Yet science itself assumes that the world forms a well-ordered, systematic unity whereby all events can be subsumed under causal laws. Evidently, no set of experiences—necessarily finite in extent—could ever correspond to this apparently cosmological claim. Kant argues, however, that reason is justified in adopting certain principles concerning the ultimate basis of our experience of the world, so long as it does not treat these as knowledge claims. This is his distinction between the “constitutive” and “regulative” use of ideas. (See, e.g., Buchdahl 1992; Friedman 1992c; Kant's theory of judgment , §4.2.)", "After innumerable dynasties of giant creatures, after endless generations of fish and families of molluscs, man finally arrives, the degenerate product of a grandiose type, his mould perhaps broken by his Creator. Fired by his retrospection, these timid humans, born but yesterday, can now leap across chaos, sing an endless hymn, and configure the history of the universe in a sort of retrograde Apocalypse.", "In a holographic universe, even time and space could no longer be viewed as fundamentals. Because concepts such as location break down in a universe in which nothing is truly separate from anything else, time and three-dimensional space, like the images of the fish on the TV monitors, would also have to be viewed as projections of this deeper order. At its deeper level reality is a sort of super-hologram in which the past, present, and future all exist simultaneously.", "In the book Better Than Life (1990), Lister eventually discovers Earth, but discovers that it has left the orbit of the Solar System and finds that eight-foot-long cockroaches are the dominant species. He becomes their king and plans to rebuild the planet. The others find him thirty-six years later (after believing Lister was missing for a fortnight due to a time dilation). Later, after Lister dies of a heart attack in a confrontation with a polymorph, his body is taken to the alternative universe where time runs backwards and is told that he will be rescued in thirty-six years' time. Two accounts of what followed are Last Human (1995) and Backwards (1996). ", "A man then argues with God that He has proved himself with the Babel fish's existence, and therefore by God's own arguments, He doesn't exist. God then states He hadn't thought of that, and He disappears in a puff of logic. According to the Guide, this theory is the central theme of author Oolon Colluphid's bestseller, Well That About Wraps It Up for God. The same author has also written a trilogy with the titles, Where God Went Wrong, Some More of God's Greatest Mistakes and Who Is This God Person Anyway?", "The 13 stanzas of its poetic form certainly encourage a play on \"multiverse\" and the complex associations offered by imaginative astrophysical speculation on the coexistence of multiple universes. The cognitive focus here has highlighted an appropriate form of uncertainty cautioning against premature closure. The poem expresses a degree of incongruity consistent with the strange degree of order evident in a global civilization -- acclaimed as knowledge-based.", "The second and perhaps most recent attempt to evade the (theistic) logical consequences of the fine tuning of the universe (anthropic constraints) is the proposal that there are an infinite number of universes. This proposal has been given wide attention through the popular 2000 book by Martin Rees entitled Just Six Numbers. Rees's logic flows something like this: (a) he concedes that a universe like ours is overwhelmingly improbable; but (b) we know that God doesn't exist, or if He does He had nothing to do with the design of the universe; (c) thus there must be a near infinite number of universes; (d) ours just happens to be the universe that is just right for human life. Since no evidence for other universes is provided, Rees's argument is less than convincing, particularly for those who are prepared to consider the possibility of the existence of a personal God. The Rees proposal might be broadened a bit by adding that other universes might have their own forms of intelligent conscious life, very different from what is observed on planet earth. One could go further and state that there is no need for life in the proposed other universes to be based on carbon. John Polkinghorne has responded to these ideas as follows:", "In 3009 , Fry was needed by the Legion of Mad Fellows to help defeat the final Dark One and stop it from wiping out all life in the entire universe. Because he lacked the Delta Brainwave , his mind could not be read, and due to an accident he could temporarily read minds. With all of creation on his shoulders, he found the Dark One by chance after believing himself to be it. However, the Dark One was only a small leech , the Violet Dwarf Star became the final Encyclopod , which gave the once extinct plants and animals to the universe and easily destroyed the last Dark One, whom Zoidberg then ate. The whole Planet Express crew flew into a wormhole , after Fry and Leela expressed their true love for each other and kissed.", "Those who have not read A Brief History of Time may be surprised to find that the book has a main character. That main character is God. This was the feature of the book that the well known atheist Carl Sagan found a bit distressing. Sagan wrote the preface to the first edition of the book, but was less famous than Hawking by the time of arrival of the tenth anniversary edition, in which Sagan's preface does not appear. God is discussed in A Brief History of Time from near the beginning all the way to the crescendo of the final sentence. So let us try to put Hawking's opinions about God in some sort of a context. The context is that Stephen Hawking seems to have made up his mind about God long before he became a cosmologist.", "I might have a vague idea as to what this song is about. I think it is about God, Jesus, whatever, watching mankind, and crying about how they avoid death. \"See how they run like pigs from a gun\" meaning they run from death. \"I am the Eggman\" An egg is the symbol of birth and life, in some cultures. So, He, God, says He is Birth. He gives life to people. \"They Are the eggman\" So, they are alive, with the life God gave them. \"I am the Walrus\" The walrus is a symble of Death, obviously. So God says He gives life, but can take it away, so he is both Life and Death, Or the Eggman AND the Walrus. Well... That is the GENERAL idea. The other random stuff I have no idea... Maybe the \"See how they-\" lines mean how God is looking at the stuff mankind does. Oh, and the Goo Goo G'joob thing, I just think it was something catchy he added. John may have been on acid, but where is it proven that people on acid cant write complex songs?Nick - Murrieta, Ca", "Paradoxically, though, End Games is not obviously an acknowledged finale, though there is, for the reader particularly alert to clues, a rather circuitous inclusion of the word \"tomb\" in a climactic, and otherwise optimistic, paragraph, as well as an odd, brutal reference to a medical condition that seems to have no functional purpose within the book. Otherwise, it is energetically and meticulously written, and the longest novel in the Zen series. There is, perhaps, one other subtle indication of a writer knowingly book-ending his career or, at least, one sequence of novels. In the last paragraph of Ratking, the 1988 story that introduced Aurelio Zen, the detective, walking home, notes that \"the sky was clear and littered with stars\". Almost 20 years on, as he enters the final pages of what we now know to be his last case, Zen looks to the heavens and regrets that light pollution has largely obliterated this natural illumination: \"[Within] his lifetime that celestial array had been erased like a medieval fresco gaudily overpainted in a more enlightened era.\"", "What amuses me is the thought that of course there is a bridge and that if anything it has been thrust out from the side which least expected it, and thrust out since those words were written. For we know now, that the universe had a beginning. (Indeed, as an aside I might say we always did know. I offer you a simple proof and forbid you to examine it. If there was no beginning then infinite time has already passed and we could never have got to the moment where we are.) We also know or it is at least scientifically respectable to postulate that at the centre of a black hole the laws of nature no longer apply. Since most scientists are just a bit religious and most religious are seldom wholly unscientific we find humanity in a comical position. His scientific intellect believes in the possibility of miracles inside a black hole while his religious intellect believes in them outside it. Both, in fact, now believe in miracles, credimus quia absurdum est. Glory be to God in the highest. You will get no reductive pessimism from me.", "Diogenes Laertius IX, 44. Trans. R. D. Hicks (1925), Vol. 2, 453-5. An alternate translation of the opening is \"Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion.\"", "The Jewish mystics go so far as to say that the entire cosmos was created from the 22 consonants of the Hebrew Aleph Bet, called otiyot yesod (אוֹתיּוֹת יְסוֹד) or \"foundational letters.\" Through the otiyot yesod God formed substance out of chaos and brought forth existence from nonexistence. In other words, the entire universe is created and sustained by divine language (the Word of God). When the LORD spoke the universe into existence, His words still echo throughout all of creation, sustaining it and preserving it in being.", "All interpretations of quantum weirdness sweep it under a carpet, but carpets have patterns that cannot be perceived by isolating their parts. If we have to date perceived only the spacetime threads in the carpet, that may be because perception is itself the discernment of parts. If we could take in the whole, would we see that the here and now is the same as the then and there? Can mere observers behold both the disparate, explicit universe and the implicate universe that wove it? What does it mean, anyway, to be an observer, to be alert, alive? With that question, we descend from the icy cliffs of genesis and quantum weirdness to wander in grassy valleys, where, amid luxuriant life, our wondering and discontented species asks what might be its proper place in the universe.", "A version of this article appears in print on , on Page F3 of the New York edition with the headline: What’s in a Name? Parsing the ‘God Particle,’ the Ultimate Metaphor. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe", "We never had ‘im in the first place. Think about it: if the Spinozan use of the word were the original meaning, would anybody remember Spinoza today? The definition of God as a synonym for “cosmos” which rhymes with rod and sod is a modern invention, a brainchild of the physicists, and people won’t understand it until they’re all educated in physics.", "The narrator highlights the evolutionary stability of the human species here, while in other parts of the book he criticizes the superfluity of the human anatomy (see pages 144-47 of the Broadview edition). The narrator seems to assert that humanity, though biologically flawed, is superior to Martians, if only because humans are impervious to the bacteria that killed off the Martians. It follows the evolutionary notion that it is the best adapted, and not the strongest, species that will survive.", "Neil presents a storytelling approach of the universe aboard the ship of the imagination which loosely follows the original Cosmos by Carl Sagan from 1980", "Before there was a universe, there was God. An article of related interest may be Where Did God Come From?" ]

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[ "The astronomical unit (symbol au, [2] [3] AU [4] or ua) is a unit of length , roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun . However, that distance varies as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum ( aphelion ) to a minimum ( perihelion ) and back again once a year. Originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion, it is now defined as exactly 7011149597870700000♠149597870700 metres (about 150 million kilometres, or 93 million miles). The astronomical unit is used primarily as a convenient yardstick for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. However, it is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec .", "An astronomical unit is defined as the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun. 1 au = 149,597,870 kilometers = approximately 92.95 million miles.", "astronomical unit AU, or au a unit of length effectively equal to the average, or mean, distance between Earth and the Sun, defined as 149,597,870.7 km (92,955,807.3 miles). Alternately, it can be considered the length of the semimajor axis—i.e., the length of half of...", "1. A unit of length, usually defined as the distance from the earth to the sun, 149,599,000 kilometers.", "(AU), mean distance between the earth and sun; one AU is c.92,960,000 mi (149,604,970 km). The astronomical unit is the principal unit of measurement within the solar system, e.g., Mercury is just over 1-3 AU and Pluto is about 39 AU from the sun.", "Astronomers most often measure distances within the solar system in astronomical units, or AU. One AU is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or roughly 149 598 000 km (93,000,000 mi). Pluto is roughly 39 AU from the Sun, while Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU.", "Astronomers most often measure distances within the solar system in astronomical units or AU. One AU is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun or roughly 149 598 000 km (93,000,000 mi). Pluto is roughly 39 AU from the Sun while Jupiter lies at roughly 5.2 AU.", "The Astronomical Unit (au or ua), often used for measuring distances in the Solar system, is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is 149,597,870,691 m, ± 30 m, as currently defined.", "Astronomical Unit The Astronomical Unit (au or ua), often used for measuring distances in the Solar system, is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is 149,597,870,691 m, Âą 30 m, as currently defined.", "The unit of measurement that is convenient for stating the large distances within our Solar System is the astronomical unit (AU). It is defined as the distance from the Earth to the Sun. That distance is approximately 150 million kilometers (150,000,000 km) or 93 million miles (93,000,000 mi).", "The mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is approximately 149.6 million kilometers (1 AU), though the distance varies as the Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July. At this average distance, light travels from the Sun to Earth in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds. The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather. The enormous effect of the Sun on the Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times, and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity. An accurate scientific understanding of the Sun developed slowly, and as recently as the 19th century prominent scientists had little knowledge of the Sun's physical composition and source of energy. This understanding is still developing; there are a number of present-day anomalies in the Sun's behavior that remain unexplained.", "Earth is about 93,000,000 miles from our sun, or about 11,700 times the diameter of the Earth. This distance is called one astronomical unit, or AU.[3]  Astronomical units are often used for explaining distances in space, particularly within our solar system.", "a unit of distance used by astronomers to measure distances in the Solar System. One astronomical unit equals the \"average\" distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun (mathematically, it is the length of the semimajor axis of the Earth's elliptical orbit, which is the ordinary average of the Earth's minimum and maximum distances from the Sun). The currently accepted value, adopted in 2012, is exactly 149 597 870 700 meters (1.495 978 707 x 108 kilometers or about 92 955 807 miles ), with an uncertainty of about 30 meters. The astronomical unit is a convenient yardstick for measuring the distances between objects in the Solar System. Astronomers find it particularly convenient to use astronomical units in solving the equations of planetary motion. Because these equations are the same regardless of the unit used for distance, the predictions they generate will remain correct even if future astronomers determine a slightly different length for the distance between the Earth and Sun. This unit is accepted for use with SI units. The official symbol for the unit is ua, but the symbol au is common in English-speaking countries. Note that AU is also used as the symbol for the absorbance unit (see above).", "Well, you know that 1 astronomical unit (AU) is the mean distance between Earth and the Sun.", "a unit of length, equal to the mean distance of the earth from the sun: approximately 93 million miles (150 million km). Abbr.: AU", "An astronomical unit (A.U.) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers. Astronomical units are usually used to measure distances within our solar system. For example, the planet Mercury is about 1/3 of an A.U. from the Sun, while the farthest planet, Pluto, is about 40 A.U. from the Sun (thats 40 times as far away from the Sun as the Earth is).", "The average distance to the Earth from the center of the Sun is about 149,000,000 km, or 93,000,000 miles; a distance known as an astronomical unit (AU). There are over 63,000 AU in 1 light year. 1 AU is about 0.000016 light year. The nearest star, alpha Centauri, is 4.3 light years distant, or about 280,000 AU.", "Astronomical Unit (AU): Unit of distance, equal to the distance of the Earth from the Sun, about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles).", "A measure of distance that is equal to the average distance between the center of the sun and the center of the earth. It is equal to approximately 93,000,000 miles or 150,000,000 kilometers. The common abbreviation is AU. Precise radar measurements yield a value for the AU of 149,603,500 km.", "The mean distance of Earth from the Sun is about 149,600,000 km (92,960,000 miles). The planet orbits the Sun in a path that is presently more nearly a circle (less eccentric) than are the orbits of all but two of the other planets, Venus and Neptune . Earth makes one revolution, or one complete orbit of the Sun, in about 365.25 days. The direction of revolution—counterclockwise as viewed down from the north—is in the same sense, or direction, as the rotation of the Sun; Earth’s spin, or rotation about its axis, is also in the same sense, which is called direct or prograde. The rotation period, or length of a sidereal day (see day ; sidereal time )—23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds—is similar to that of Mars . Jupiter and most asteroid s have days less than half as long, while Mercury and Venus have days more nearly comparable to their orbital periods. The 23.44° tilt, or inclination , of Earth’s axis to its orbital plane, also typical, results in greater heating and more hours of daylight in one hemisphere or the other over the course of a year and so is responsible for the cyclic change of season s.", "An Astronomical Unit (AU) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, and is used to measure distances within our solar system.", "(Units) a unit of distance used in astronomy equal to the mean distance between the earth and the sun. 1 astronomical unit is equivalent to 1.495 × 1011 metres or about 9.3 × 107 miles", "(NOTE: The average distance value is given in astronomical units where 1 a.u. is equal to the distance from the earth to the sun - 1.4957 x 1011 m. The orbital period is given in units of earth-years where 1 earth year is the time required for the earth to orbit the sun - 3.156 x 107 seconds. )", "1 Astronomical Unit is taken as the Standard distance from the Sun to the Earth which is also the Semi-major axis of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, roughly equal to 1.5 million km.", "The following table shows the distances of the planets from the Sun , measured in astronomical units ( AU ), millions of kilometers (Gm), millions of miles (\"Mmi\"), and in lightseconds (ls). The number of lightseconds is how many seconds it takes sunlight to reach that planet . The Astronomical Unit is almost exactly equal to the mean average distance between the Sun and the Earth .", "Within the solar system we measure distances by comparison to the Earth-Sun distance, and use the Astronomical Unit as the measuring stick. Since the Earth's orbit is an ellipse, astronomers prefer to define the \"AU\" for an imaginary planet that would orbit in the Sun in a circle in the same time it takes for Earth to orbit in its ellipse. For most purposes this means that the AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. It is precisely", "In the 18th century astronomers set out to far-flung corners of the globe to time the transit of Venus. Combined, their results gave them the first accurate measurement of the distance between the Earth and the sun, a figure they calculated to be between 93 million and 97 million miles (172-180 million kilometres). Today, the accepted distance is 93 million miles. The result allowed astronomers to calculate the size of the solar system.", "Average distance from the sun: 1,783,939,400 miles (2,870,972,200 kilometers). By comparison: 19.191 times that of Earth", "Average distance from the sun: 2,795,084,800 miles (4,498,252,900 km). By comparison: 30.069 times farther than Earth", "(Celestial Objects) the second smallest planet and the nearest to the sun. Mean distance from sun: 57.9 million km; period of revolution around sun: 88 days; period of axial rotation: 59 days; diameter and mass: 38 and 5.4 per cent that of earth respectively", "Dan Blonsky, Jan. 18 ’00: The earth is approximately how many miles from the sun? A. 9.3 million B. 39 million C. 93 million D. 193 million", "It will be observed that the distance from the sun is given in terms of the distance of the earth as a unit. The relative sizes of the planets and the sun are well-shown in the accompanying figure:" ]

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[ "Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, poet, composer, multi-instrumentalist, entrepreneur, record and film producer, painter, and animal rights and peace activist. Formerly of The Beatles and Wings, according to Guinness World Records McCartney is the most successful songwriter in the history of popular music.", "Paul McCartney (born on June 18, 1942 in Liverpool, England), is an English musician, singer, songwriter and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the pop group, The Beatles. After the group’s breakup in 1970, he pursued a solo career, forming the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine. The Guinness World Records states McCartney is the “most successful composer and recording artist of all time.” He has 60 gold discs and sales of over more than 100 million albums and 100 million singles, and is the “most successful songwriter” in United Kingdom chart history. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1997 for his work in revolutionizing pop music. His daughter Stella McCartney is a famous fashion designer.", "Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English musician, singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, he gained worldwide fame as a member of the Beatles, and his songwriting partnership with Lennon is one of the most celebrated of the 20th century. After the band's break-up, he pursued a solo career, later forming Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. Guinness World Records described McCartney as the \"most successful composer and recording artist of all time\", with 60 gold discs and sales of over 100 million albums and 100 million singles, and as the \"most successful songwriter\" in United Kingdom chart history. More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song \"Yesterday\", more than any other song in history. Wings' 1977 release \"Mull of Kintyre\" is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in March 1999, McCartney has written, or co-written 32 songs that have reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and as of 2013 he has sold over 15.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr received MBEs in 1965, and in 1997, McCartney was knighted for his services to music.", "Along with Lennon and McCartney, Bob Dylan and Paul Simon, Bacharach is a legend in popular music. He revolutionized the music of the 1950s and 1960s and remains one of America's most popular songwriters, bracketed with such famous names as Cole Porter and Richard Rodgers. As a record producer, he ranks with Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Phil Spector and a handful of tough-minded musical visionaries who pioneered new forms of rhythm and blues from the early '60s through the end of the 20th Century.", "Bob Dylan (; born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, artist and writer. He has been influential in popular music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when his songs chronicled social unrest, although Dylan repudiated suggestions from journalists that he was a spokesman for his generation. Nevertheless, early songs such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin'\" became anthems for the American civil rights and anti-war movements. After he left his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single \"Like a Rolling Stone\" altered the range of popular music in 1965. His mid-1960s recordings, backed by rock musicians, reached the top end of the United States music charts while also attracting denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.", "Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman; May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, poet and painter who has been a major figure in popular music for five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was, at first, an informal chronicler and then an apparently reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of his songs, such as \"Blowin' in the Wind\" and \"The Times They Are a-Changin',\" became anthems for both the civil rights and the anti-war movements. Dylan's early lyrics incorporated political, social and philosophical as well as literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture . While expanding and personalizing genres , he has explored many traditions of American song, from folk , blues and country to gospel, rock and roll and rockabilly to English, Scottish and Irish folk music, and even jazz and swing.", "Phillip Harvey \"Phil\" Spector (born Harvey Phillip Spector, December 26, 1939) is an American record producer, musician, and songwriter who developed the Wall of Sound, a music production formula he described as \"a Wagnerian approach to rock and roll.\" Considered the first auteur among musical artists, Spector acted not only as a producer, but also the creative director, writing or choosing the material and masterminding all phases of the recording process. He is acknowledged as one of the most influential figures in pop music history. ", "Anthony James Donegan MBE (29 April 1931 – 3 November 2002), known as Lonnie Donegan, was a British skiffle singer, songwriter and musician, referred to as the King of Skiffle, who influenced 1960s British pop musicians. The British Hit Singles & Albums lists him as \"Britain's most successful and influential recording artist before the Beatles\".", "Sir Thomas Jones Woodward OBE (born 7 June 1940) is a Welsh singer known by his stage name Tom Jones. He became one of the most popular vocalists to emerge from the mid-1960s. Since then, he has sung many forms of popular music – pop, rock, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, soul music and gospel – and sold over 100 million records.", "Jacques Romain Georges Brel (; 8 April 1929 – 9 October 1978) was a Belgian singer, songwriter and actor who composed and performed literate, thoughtful, and theatrical songs that generated a large, devoted following—initially in Belgium and France, later throughout the world. He was widely considered a master of the modern chanson. Although he recorded most of his songs in French and occasionally in Dutch, he became a major influence on English-speaking songwriters and performers such as David Bowie, Alex Harvey, Leonard Cohen, Marc Almond and Rod McKuen. English translations of his songs were recorded by many top performers in the United States, including Ray Charles, Judy Collins, John Denver, the Kingston Trio, Nina Simone, Frank Sinatra, Scott Walker, and Andy Williams.", "Ellas Otha Bates (December 30, 1928 � June 2, 2008), known by his stage name Bo Diddley, was an American rhythm and blues vocalist, guitarist, songwriter (usually as Elias McDaniel), and inventor. He was also known as \"The Originator\" because of his key role in the transition from the blues to rock & roll, influencing a host of acts including Buddy Holly, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones, The Velvet Underground, The Clash, The Yardbirds, and Eric Clapton. He introduced more insistent, driving rhythms and a hard-edged guitar sound on a wide-ranging catalog of songs. Accordingly, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation and a Grammy Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. He was known in particular for his technical innovations, including his trademark rectangular guitar.", "A biography of Roy Orbison, the American singer-songwriter who died in December 1988. It covers his tragic personal life, his musical career and his return to prominence shortly before his death. Orbison had worldwide success with \"Only the Lonely\", and produced the classic ballads \"Oh Pretty Woman\" and \"It's Over\". This study of his life emphasises his modesty, his originality, his enigmatic stage persona and his influence on other musicians Read Less", "Paul Anka, in full Paul Albert Anka (born July 30, 1941, Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ), Canadian-born American singer and songwriter whose wholesome pop songs first achieved wide popularity in the late 1950s and whose diverse songwriting talents produced hits for such artists as Tom Jones and Michael Jackson .", "John R. \"Johnny\" Cash (February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author who was considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country icon, his songs and sound spanned other genres including rock and roll and rockabilly—especially early in his career—and blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of induction in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.", "John R. \"Johnny\" Cash (February 26, 1932 - September 12, 2003), was an American singer-songwriter, actor, and author, who has been called one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Although he is primarily remembered as a country music artist, his songs and sound spanned many other genres including rockabilly and rock and roll--especially early in his career--as well as blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal led to Cash being inducted in the Country Music Hall of Fame, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Late in his career, Cash covered songs by several rock artists.", "The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles and Albums stated he was \"regarded by many as the greatest song stylist of the 20th century\" as well as being the \"first teen idol\". He achieved 34 US gold albums. By 2005 he had achieved more US top ten LPs than any other soloist and was still the 12th most successful artist in the history of the UK singles and albums charts.", "Singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, responsible for hits such as \"Both Sides Now\" and \"Big Yellow Taxi,\" is widely considered 1960s and '70s folk royalty.", "Ronald William Wycherley (17 April 1940 – 28 January 1983), better known by his stage name Billy Fury, was an English singer from the late 1950s to the mid 1960s, and remained an active songwriter until the 1980s. Rheumatic fever, which he first contracted as a child, damaged his heart and ultimately contributed to his death. An early British rock and roll (and film) star, he equalled the Beatles' record of 24 hits in the 1960s, and spent 332 weeks on the UK chart, without a chart-topping single or album. ", "Billy was given a series of songs specially written for him by John Lennon and Paul McCartney which launched him into stardom and a proper place in the history of Rock and Roll. I'll Keep You Satisfied, From A Window, I Call Your Name and Bad to Me all became international million sellers for Billy, and won him appearances on the TV shows Shindig!, Hullabaloo and The Ed Sullivan Show.", "With one of the most golden voices of any genre, a clenched, precise, profoundly expressive baritone, Jones had No. 1 songs in five separate decades, 1950s to 1990s. He was idolized not just by fellow country artists, but by Frank Sinatra, Pete Townshend, Elvis Costello, James Taylor and countless others. \"If we all could sing like we wanted to, we'd all sound like George Jones,\" Waylon Jennings once sang.", "His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom. The album is now most notable for his song \"The First Cut Is the Deepest\", a song he sold for £30 to P. P. Arnold that was to become a massive hit for her, and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow. Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him two back-to-back ASCAP \"Songwriter of the Year\" awards, in 2005 and 2006. ", "Cliff Richard was born on 14 Oct 1940 in Lucknow, India, whilst his parents were working in that country.  He returned to England with his family in 1948.  He formed a band in 1957 and a year later he was chosen as a singer for the TV Rock 'n' Roll show \"Oh Boy!\".  His first hit came in 1958, which started a career that continued into the 21st century, with more than 130 hit singles and over 50 original albums, spanning 50 years plus.  In the early 1960s he also starred in several musical films, notably \"The Young Ones\" and \"Summer Holiday\".  He also achieved a number one single in five different decades, and is the most successful British recording artist of all time.", "Cliff Richard was born on 14 Oct 1940 in Lucknow, India, whilst his parents were working in that country.  He returned to England with his family in 1948.  He formed a band in 1957 and a year later he was chosen as a singer for the TV Rock 'n' Roll show \"Oh Boy!\".  His first hit came in 1958, which started a career that continued into the 21st century, with more than 130 hit singles and over 50 original albums, spanning 50 years plus.  In the early 1960s he also starred in several musical films, notably \"The Young Ones\" and \"Summer Holiday\".  He also achieved a number one single in five different decades, and is the most successful British recording artist of all time.", "Neil Sedaka (born March 13, 1939) is an American pop/rock singer, pianist, composer and record producer. Since his music career began in 1957, he has sold millions of records as an artist and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself and others, collaborating mostly with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody.", "In 1967, the songwriters, Don Paul (of the Viscounts) and Richard Kerr (who later wrote \"Mandy\", a hit for Barry Manilow) went to see You Only Live Twice at the Odeon, Leicester Square. They were taken with Partridge, who had two young girls in mini-skirts as \"bottlers\" (that is, collecting the money). Paul invited Partridge to record at the Regent Sound Studio in Denmark Street, which cost £8 an hour. \"We did five takes of his song, 'Rosie', and every one sounded the same,\" Paul told me in 2001, \"EMI put it out and he really didn't care if it was a hit or not. He was difficult to manage as he always did what he wanted. I put him on tour with Gene Pitney and when someone shouted for 'Rosie', he replied, 'Piss off!' It was unheard of for someone to swear on a package tour and the promoter, Arthur Howes, was very annoyed. He'd have been another Rolf Harris if I could have tamed him.\"", "This 19-song overview of all of Johnny Cash's #1 hits is the most stellar collection of his most beloved work. From absolute classic \"I Walk The Line,\" to \"A Boy Named Sue,\" which made Cash a superstar, to the legendary live performance of \"Folsom Prison Blues,\" the best work of Johnny Cash is represented here. Few artists ever achieved the legendary status of Johnny Cash and these 19 tracks represent Johnny Cash at his peak. The Number Ones displays the absolute chart-topping prowess of a superstar as big as any artist in history.", "in 1983 - Billy Fury Ronald Wycherley dies at age 43. One of Britain's finest pop singers from the late '50s to the early '60s, he remained an active songwriter until the '80s. He released his first hit \"Maybe Tomorrow\", in 1959. By March 1960, he hit the UK No.9 spot with his self penned \"Colette\", followed by \"That's Love\" and debut album The Sound Of Fury, which featured a young Joe Brown on lead guitar, with backup vocals by The Four Jays. He went on to have 29 chart hits including Wondrous Place; A Thousand Stars; Don't Worry; Halfway to Paradise; Jealousy; In Summer; Like I've Never Been Gone; When Will You Say I Love You; I'd Never Find Another You; Last Night Was Made for Love and Once Upon a Dream. He also appeared in the films I've Gotta Horse and That'll Be The Day. Billy had suffered with rheumatic fever, his health was slowly deteriorating and in '76 he underwent heart surgery and again later. In 1980 he was declared bankrupt, this forced him out of retirement, against medical advice he went back to work. His last public appearance was at the Sunnyside, Northampton, in Dec 1982. He recorded a live performance for the television show Unforgettable featuring six of his old hits. He died the following month (heart failure)", "Through the mid-1960s, he enjoyed considerable success as a recording artist on both sides of the Atlantic. As a performer, he charted 16 Top 40 hit singles in the U.S., four of which reached the Top Ten. In the UK, the figures were even more impressive: 22 top 40 hits, and 11 Top Tens. As a songwriter, he also penned the big early 1960s hits \"He's A Rebel\" by The Crystals, and \"Hello Mary Lou\" by Rick Nelson.", "His total record sales were on a par with acts such as Elvis, The Beatles and Cliff Richard. Billy wrote 10 songs for his first album The Sound of Fury. He was one of the few artists before the Beatles era to do this.", "Georgie Fame, de son vrai nom Clive Powell, est un chanteur et organiste anglais de R&B. Il est né le à Leigh (en) dans le Lancashire. Cet ancien musicien de rock, qui a commencé à se faire connaître dans les années 1960, est encore un artiste populaire qui travaille souvent avec des musiciens tels que Van Morrison ou Bill Wyman.", "Georgie Fame, de son vrai nom Clive Powell, est un chanteur et organiste anglais de R&B. Il est né le à Leigh (en) dans le Lancashire. Cet ancien musicien de rock, qui a commencé à se faire connaître dans les années 1960, est encore un artiste populaire qui travaille souvent avec des musiciens tels que Van Morrison ou Bill Wyman.", "\"You Really Got Me\" was written by Ray Davies, the Kinks' vocalist and main songwriter, sometime between 9 and 12 March 1964. Created on the piano in the front room of the Davies' home, the song was stylistically very different from the finished product, being much lighter and somewhat jazz-oriented. Ray said of the song's writing, \"When I came up with ['You Really Got Me'] I hadn't been writing songs very long at all. It was one of the first five I ever came up with.\"" ]

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[ "In Antarctica, glaciers (a large body of ice that moves over Earth's surface) completely cover the land beneath them, allowing only the most dramatic mountain peaks to poke through. Antarctica contains 90 percent of the world's natural ice total. Over land, it averages 2 kilometers (1.5 miles) thick, and is about 3.5 kilometers (3 miles) deep at its widest point. The East Antarctic glaciers are slightly larger than the West Antarctic glaciers. Some coastal areas support a few lichens during the summer months, but the ice sheets are otherwise barren.", "About 98 percent of the Antarctica is covered by Antarctic ice sheet. This is a sheet of ice that has an average thickness of 1.6 kilometres. More than 90 percent of the world’s ice is located in Antarctica, This account to more than 70 percent of the fresh water in the world. Melting of this ice in Antarctica can lead to rise in sea water levels by more than 60 meters. The precipitation in Antarctica is very low and is on an average only 20 mm per year. This makes the place a cold desert.", "About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet is, on average, 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) thick. The continent has approximately 90% of the world's ice (approximately 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted sea levels would rise about 61m (200 feet). [15] In most of the interior of the continent precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm/yr; in a few \"blue ice\" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.", "In the Season 3 premiere, “Vice” founder Shane Smith travels to the bottom of the world to investigate the increasing instability of the West Antarctic ice sheet. Antarctica holds 90 percent of the world’s ice and 70 percent of its freshwater, so if even a small fraction of the continent’s ice sheet melts, the rise in sea level would completely change the global map — and, unfortunately, the melt rate of some of the glaciers here has tripled during the last decade.", "Together, the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets contain more than 99% of the freshwater ice on Earth – therefore Antarctica accounts for around 70% of the world’s freshwater, although obviously we can’t access it as it’s locked up in ice.", "The glacier of Antarctica is much larger than that of Greenland and contains more than 90 percent of Earth's ice. Much of the glacier is over 3000 m thick, and the weight of this huge mass of ice has depressed a large part of the continent's surface below sea level. The thick ice covers nearly the entire continent and only small isolated areas of rock are exposed along the coast. The general contour of the Antarctic glacier is that of a very broad, low dome, so the surface is essentially an ice plateau sloping gently for about 4 km from the highest elevations near the center toward the coast.", "About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. The ice sheet is, on average, 2.5 kilometers (1.6 miles) thick. Despite its zero precipitation in some areas, the continent has approximately 90% of the world's fresh water, in the form of ice.", "Antarctica (US English, UK English or or) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14000000 km2, it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.", "Antarctica - Antarctica is the fifth largest continent in area. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages about 1.6 kilometers in thickness. It is the coldest, driest and windiest continent. Antarctica is considered a desert, with only 8 inches of rainfall in a year. There are no permanent residents on this island, but only a few thousands of people, who live here at the research stations found across the continent.", "On the Antarctic continent itself, the large volume of ice present stores around 70% of the world's fresh water. This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.", "Despite the low snowfall, vast glaciers cover 99 percent of Antarctica's surface. That's because the average temperature (minus 54 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 48 degrees Celsius) slows down evaporation to a crawl. Over long periods of time, the snowfall accumulates at a rate faster than Antarctica's ablation, according to \"Discovering Antarctica,\" a project of the U.K.'s Royal Geographical Society.", "The Southern Ocean surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South (Figure 8o-5). This ocean region occupies about 4% of the Earth’s surface or about 20,327,000 square kilometers (7,846,000 square miles).  Relative to the other ocean regions, the floor of the Southern Ocean is quite deep ranging from 4000 to 5000 meters (13,100 to 16,400 feet) below sea level over most of the area it occupies. Continental shelf areas are very limited and are mainly found around Antarctica. But even these areas are quite deep with an elevation between 400 to 800 meters (1300 to 2600 feet) below sea level. For comparison, the average depth of the continental shelf for the entire planet is about 130 meters (425 feet). The Southern Ocean’s deepest point is in the South Sandwich Trench at 7235 meters (23,737 feet) sea level. Seas adjacent to this ocean region include the Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Ross Sea, Scotia Sea, and the Weddell Sea. By about September of each year, a mobile icepack situated around Antarctic reaches its greatest seasonal extent covering about 19 million square kilometers (7 million square miles). This icepack shrinks by around 85% six months later in March.", "Only 5 percent of the continent is made of rocky formations. More than 44 percent of the continent is ice shelves floating in the sea.38 percent of the continent is made of ice walls that rest on the ground, and the rest 13 percent is glaciers. Antarctica is divided into two regions; western Antarctica and eastern Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains which is situated close to the neck between Ross Sea and Weddell Sea.", "<iframe src=\"http://docslide.us/embed/geography-the-world-70-of-the-earths-surface-is-water-30-is-land-consists.html\" width=\"750\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" style=\"border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;\" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style=\"margin-bottom:5px\"> <strong> <a href=\"http://docslide.us/documents/geography-the-world-70-of-the-earths-surface-is-water-30-is-land-consists.html\" title=\"Geography. THE WORLD 70% of the Earth’s Surface is Water 30% is Land consists of 7 continents: –Asia –Africa –North America –South America –Antarctica.\" target=\"_blank\">Geography. THE WORLD 70% of the Earth’s Surface is Water 30% is Land consists of 7 continents: –Asia –Africa –North America –South America –Antarctica.</a></div>", "West Antarctica continues to lose ice to the ocean and this loss appears to be accelerating, according to new data from Europe's Cryosat spacecraft. The dedicated polar mission finds the region now to be dumping over 150 cubic km of ice into the sea every year. It equates to a 15% increase in West Antarctica's contribution to global sea level rise.", "Antarctica is a massive block of ice today, but it used to more simply be a range of glacier-topped mountains like those found in Alaska and the Alps. The strange continent's thick ice sheets formed tens of millions of years ago against an Alpine-style backbone of mountains during a period of significant climate change, a new study finds. The Antarctic continent now is covered almost entirely by ice that averages about a mile (1.6 kilometers) thick.", "Antarctica is the southernmost continent in the world which is surrounded by the southern ocean. The continent is located largely to the south of the Antarctic Circle and is positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole. The southern ocean which surrounds the Antarctic continent can be also considered as the southern waters of the world oceans; pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. The continent is mainly characterised by ice formations. Being the fifth largest continent in the world, Antarctica is 1.3 times the size of Europe and covers more than 14000000 square kilometres.", "The icy regions are believed to be covered to a depth of only a few meters, and contain about 1014–1015 kg of ice. By comparison, the Antarctic ice sheet on Earth weighs about 4×1018 kg, and Mars ' south polar cap contains about 1016 kg of water. The origin of the ice on Mercury is not yet known, but the two most likely sources are from outgassing of water from the planet's interior or deposition by impacts of comets .", "Even during the summer, only a few coastal areas are ever free of ice, including parts of Wilkes Land in East Antarctica and parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. During the winter, the ocean around Antarctica freezes, surrounding the continent with ice that expands far out to sea. As winter proceeds, the ice surrounding the Antarctic land mass grows at the rate of about 103,600 square kilometers (40,000 square miles) per day. By the heart of winter, it is roughly six times larger than normal, expanding the effective size of the continent to 33,000,000 square kilometers (13,000,000 square miles).", "Antarctica is the world's fourth largest continent at 14,000,000 square kilometers. The continent lies entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, all within the southern hemisphere, and is completely surrounded by the Southern or Antarctic Ocean.  ", "70% of the Earthâs surface is covered by water but of all that water, 97% is salty ocean water. Of the remaining 3%, more than 2/3 is frozen in glaciers and polar ice sheets. That leaves less than 1% that is available for human consumption.", "The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1.4 quintillion metric tons ( long tons or short tons), which is about 0.023% of Earth's total mass. Less than 3% is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, almost all of which is in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is about 361.9 million square kilometers (139.7 million square miles), which covers about 70.9% of Earth's surface, and its volume is approximately 1.335 billion cubic kilometers (320.3 million cubic miles). This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1101 km. Its average depth is about 3688 m, and its maximum depth is 10994 m at the Mariana Trench. Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3000 m deep. The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 m) cover about 66% of Earth's surface. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.", "Antarctica is considered the most extreme continent on earth, and is located about the South Pole. On average, it is the driest, windiest, and coldest continent on earth, while also having the highest average elevation compared to any of the other continents. The entirety of Antarctica is a desert with an annual precipitation of less than 200mm. The temperatures are generally very cold, and may drop as low as -89 degree Celsius in winter, and as high as around 15 degrees celsius in the summer at times in some coastal places. For this reason, there are no permanent residents there. Temporary residents, ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 throughout the year, consist mainly of scientific researchers and their supporting personnel. The Antarctic Desert covers a total area about 5.5 million square miles. Sunburn and vision problems are a concern to people in Antarctica, due to the glare of sun off of the ice.", "Antarctica, due to the weight of all the ice present on land, is pressed deeper into the earth. The actual non-ice land mass that is Antarctica is pushed over 1,600ft (500m) into the earth. If that ice was to melt, it would slowly rebound over thousands of years.", "Imagine a whole world covered in ice and snow: ice on the mountains, ice capping the sea, ice tumbling off the cliffs, whole caves and hills made of ice, ice crunching under your feet, and ice crystals glittering on your eyelashes. Imagine that, and you have an idea of what it's like to be in Antarctica at about 78° South latitude, the approximate latitude of McMurdo Station, Antarctica.", "The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean and contains the Weddell Gyre. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha Coast, Queen Maud Land. To the east of Cape Norvegia is the King Haakon VII Sea. Much of the southern part of the sea is covered by a permanent, massive ice shelf field, the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (not pack ice). The sea is contained within the two overlapping Antarctic territorial claims of Argentina, (Argentine Antarctica) and Britain (British Antarctic Territory), and also resides partially within the territorial claim of Chile (Antarctic Chilean Territory). At its widest the sea is around across, and its area is around . ", "Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It has little precipitation, with the South Pole getting almost none, making it a frozen desert.", "South of Africa, with a coastline bordering the Atlantic and Indian oceans, lies the frozen plateau of Queen Maud Land. Located on the continent of Antarctica, it is a frozen wedge of land extending to the South Pole. A sheet of ice covers its barren terrain; in some places the ice sheet is over 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) thick. Along its coast are mountains with rocky peaks, over 11,800 feet (3,600 meters) above sea level, that pierce the ice cap.", "The total area is about 20.327 million sq km and includes the Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and other tributary water bodies. It has a coastline: 17,968 km, and its sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius.", "Regarding the Hawkbill photo: There should be a reflected image of the sun on the ice. Instead, there’s a dim pattern of specks of light scattered over an area about the size of a beach towel. If the albedo of the ice were 100%, the reflection would be exactly as bright as the sun itself. It’s not; it’s a lot dimmer. This indicates an albedo much less than 100%, probably as low as 30% or less, judging from the difference in brightness between the solar image and the ice. At zenith angles between 75° to 90°, the albedo of still water can be as high as 100%. A typical range would be 60% to 80%. The albedo of this particular ice is probably lower than the water under it! The average high latitude albedo of ice is not very different from open water, and often (as seen here) is even less.", "The Australian Antarctic Territory is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest territory of Antarctica claimed by any nation an area estimated at 6,119,818 km sq. in size, which is almost as large as the Australian mainland.", "The British Antarctic Survey has used radar and data from decades of polar expeditions to create the “most accurate and detailed map of the ‘white continent’ ever made.” Study “Beneath the ice, a continent reveals its highs and lows”   How might this information be used?" ]

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[ "Laura Mackenzie Phillips  is an American actress and singer, best known for her roles in American Graffiti and as rebellious teenager Julie Cooper Horvath on the One Day at a Time sitcom. Mackenzie Phillips is known for her role in the So Weird, a Disney Channel science fiction show. Mackenzie Phillips  is the daughter of The Mamas and the Papas singer, John Phillips and his first wife, Susan Adams. She is the sister of Jeffrey Phillips and a half-sister of Tamerlane Phillips, actress Bijou Phillips and singer Chynna Phillips-Baldwin. In September 2009, Mackenzie Phillips’ High on Arrival memoir was released, after which she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, for an hour-long interview. Mackenzie revealed to Oprah Winfrey that she first tried cocaine, at age of 11, and that her father, John Phillips, did drugs with her and injected her with cocaine, and said the incestuous relationship had began before her wedding day at age 19, and the relationship went on gradually for ten years, and that she ended it when she became pregnant and did not know who had fathered the child. Mackenzie revealed that her father paid for her to have an abortion, “and I never let him touch me again.”  Phillips has been married twice, first in 1979 to 1981 to rock-group manager Jeffrey Sessler, and to Michael Barakan, rock guitarist, from 1996 to 2000, now known professionally as Shayne Fontayne. Mackenzie and Shayne, has a son, Shane Barakan (born 1987), a musician.", "Phillips, who became a household name as a child actress in the US sitcom One Day At A Time, said the relationship became consensual and she kept it secret for 30 years. She asked for understanding, saying: \"Don't hate my father.\" He died of heart failure in 2001 after a long history of drink and drug abuse.", "One Day at a Time is an American sitcom television series that aired on the CBS network from December 16, 1975, until May 28, 1984. It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenage daughters, played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli, in Indianapolis.", "Off screen, Kate Beckinsale was listed as the 63rd of Stuff magazine's �102 Sexiest Women in The World� (2002) and was named England's �Number 1 Beauty� by Hello Magazine (2002). As for her private life, Beckinsale was involved with Edmund Moriarty, whom she dated while she was a student at Oxford. In 1995, she began a long-term relationship with Welsh actor Michael Sheen, but they broke up in 2003. With Sheen, Beckinsale shares a daughter named Lily Sheen (born in 1999). On May 9, 2004, she married director Len Wiseman.", "Actress Jennifer Aniston, who was honored with a star the the Hollywood Walk of Fame, poses with her father, actor John Aniston, on Feb. 22, 2012, in Hollywood, Calif.", "Christian Michael Leonard Slater was born on August 18, 1969 in New York City, to Michael Hawkins , a well-known soap actor, and Mary Jo Slater (née Lawton), a casting agent. Christian started in show business early, appearing on the soap opera The Edge of Night in 1976 at the age of 7. He went on to star in many Broadway shows in the early-1980s. He rose to fame in Hollywood after landing the role of Binx Davey in The Legend of Billie Jean . He moved to Los Angeles in 1987 to pursue a further acting career after dropping out of high school. After having a starring role in the cult classic Heathers , he became somewhat known as the Hollywood bad-boy, having many run-ins with the law. He is also well-known for having dated stars such as Winona Ryder , Christina Applegate , Samantha Mathis and was at one time engaged to actress/model Nina Huang . In 2000, he married Ryan Haddon, the daughter of 1970s model Dayle Haddon . The couple have two children, Jaden Christopher (b. 1999) and Eliana Sophia (b. 2001). As of early 2005, they separated and later divorced, but remain dedicated to bring up their children.", "In 1961, Florence Aadland co-authored with Tedd Thomey The Big Love , a book alleging Flynn was involved in a sexual relationship with her 15-year-old daughter, actress Beverly . [37] [38] It was later made into a play starring Tracey Ullman . [39] [40]", "We all knew and loved Valerie Bertinelli years ago when she played the girl-next-door cutie, Barbara Cooper, in the hit TV show One Day at a Time. From wholesome primetime in America's living rooms, Valerie moved to late nights with the hardest partying band of the decadent 80s when she married...   more", "'My mother's affair, my secret father and the truth about my past', by Julie Andrews | Daily Mail Online", "In 2005, media reports speculated that the split was due to Aniston's refusal to have children with Pitt. Aniston denied that this was the cause of their split in an August 2005 Vanity Fair magazine interview, stating, \"I've never in my life said I didn't want to have children. I did and I do and I will... I would never give up that experience for a career.\" Aniston also revealed that her divorce prompted her to reach out to her mother, Nancy, from whom she was estranged for nearly a decade. They initially became estranged when Nancy talked about her daughter on a television show and later wrote a book entitled, From Mother and Daughter to Friends: A Memoir (1999). Aniston has also stated she was devastated by the death of her longtime therapist, whose work helped make her separation from Pitt easier. Aniston said her relationship with Pitt, which she does not regret, was \"seven very intense years together\" and that \"it was a beautiful, complicated relationship\". ", "Judith Harper-Melnick ( Marin Hinkle ) is Alan's cheating, vindictive, cold hearted, self-absorbed, and humorless first ex-wife. She seems to despise Alan and takes any chance to humiliate him. She was the first woman Alan ever slept with, but their marriage was cold: according to her, the only time she was ever happy being sexual was when she was pregnant with Jake. In the pilot, she lied to him about realizing she was homosexual as an excuse to end the marriage, and in subsequent episode he caught her picking up multiple men. She made no secret of living luxuriously with Alan's alimony , seeing as she has not held a job since she divorced him. She has since remarried to Dr. Herbert \"Herb\" Melnick ( Ryan Stiles ), Jake's pediatrician, a union that brought joy to Alan because it meant he no longer had to pay alimony.", "In 1984, Marg Helgenberger met Alan Rosenberg , a guest actor on Ryan's Hope. The two became friends and started dating in 1986. They married in 1989 and have one son, Hugh Howard Rosenberg (born 1990), named after Helgenberger's late father, Hugh Helgenberger. On December 1, 2008, the couple announced that they were separating, and on March 25, 2009, she filed for divorce. [21 ] [22 ] Their divorce was finalized in February 2010. [23 ]", "* Barbra Streisand (March 21, 1963 – July 9, 1971; divorced; 1 child, actor Jason Gould)", "Following her divorce, Rafi (Uma Thurman) starts dating David (Bryan Greenberg), an adorable twentysomething, and can’t stop gushing about their sex life to her therapist, Lisa (Streep), who comes to the unfortunate realization that Rafi is actually dating her son.", "Moore was born on November 11, 1962 in Roswell, New Mexico. Her biological father, Air Force airman Charles Harmon, Sr., left her mother, Virginia (née King), after a two-month marriage, before Moore was born. When Moore was three months old, her mother married Dan Guynes, a newspaper advertising salesman who frequently changed jobs; as a result, the family moved many times. Moore said in 1991, \"My dad was Dan Guynes. He raised me. There is a man who would be considered my biological father who I don't really have a relationship with.\" Moore learned of him at age 13, when she found her mother and stepfather's marriage certificate and inquired about the circumstances since \"I saw my parents were married in February 1963. I was born in '62.\" Dan Guynes committed suicide in October 1980 at age 37, two years after he separated from Moore's mother. Charles Harmon appeared on Inside Edition in 1995, making an appeal to see his grandchildren. Virginia Guynes had a long record of arrests for crimes, including drunk driving and arson. Moore broke off contact with her in 1990, when Guynes walked away from a rehab stay Moore had paid for at the Hazelden Foundation in Minnesota. Guynes posed nude for the magazine High Society in 1993, where she spoofed Moore's Vanity Fair pregnancy and bodypaint covers, and parodied her love scene from the film Ghost. Moore and Guynes briefly reconciled shortly before Guynes died of cancer in July 1998 at age 54. ", "Continuing through the new the new millennium, Kate starred in \"A Mother's Testimony\" co-starring Chad Allen, Olivia Burnette, and Susan Blakely (2001); \"Sabrina, the Teenage Witch\" starring Melissa Joan Hart, Caroline Rhea, Jenna Leigh Green, and Beth Broderick (2002); \"Miracle Dogs\" co-starring Ted Shackelford , Stacy Keach, Rue McClanahan, Alana Austin, and Wayne Rogers (2003); \"Larceny\" Joshua Leonard, Andy Dick, Roselyn Sanchez, Tyra Banks, and Priscilla Taylor (2004); \"Third Watch\" starring Coby Bell, Skipp Sudduth, Jason Wiles, Kim Raver, and Tia Texada (2004); \"No Regrets\" co-starring Janine Turner, Brad Johnson, Lari White, Jennifer Hetrick, and Edward Albert (2004); \"Family Guy\" (2006); and \"A Daughter's Conviction\" co-starring Brooke Nevin, Keegan Connor Tracy, and John Furey (2006); ", "The star of Spooks and Whitechapel has disclosed that the actress Dervla Kirwan, whom he married in 2007, became involved in an almighty row with his mother, Angela Thorne, who is best known as Marjory Frobisher in the hit Eighties sitcom To the Manor Born.", "Subsequently, she had a relationship with Creative Artists Agency principal and talent agent Bryan Lourd. They had one child together, Billie Catherine Lourd (born July 17, 1992). Eddie Fisher states in his autobiography (Been There Done That) his granddaughter's name is Catherine Fisher Lourd and her nickname is \"Billy\". The couple's relationship ended when Lourd left to be in a relationship with a man. Though Fisher has described Lourd as her second husband in interviews, according to a 2004 profile of the actress and writer, she and Lourd were never legally married. ", "The show began with the move of the Walsh family from Minneapolis to Beverly Hills. The parents of the family, Jim (James Eckhouse) and Cindy (Carol Potter), the old-fashioned heads of family; while he was the breadwinner, she was the faithful housewife. Their children, fraternal twins Brenda (Shaneen Doherty) and Brandon (Jason Priestley), had it tougher as they had to fit in this new environment of West Beverly Hills High.", "The When Harry Met Sally actress, 54, wed Quaid, 61, in 1991, and the couple finalized their divorce in 2001. They were granted joint custody of Jack. Years later, Ryan acknowledged her high-profile affair with Russell Crowe during her marriage to Quaid. \"It was a great story,\" the You've Got Mail actress told InStyle. \"But what wasn’t in the story was the reality of my marriage for nine years. Dennis was not faithful to me for a long time, and that was very painful. I found out more about that once I was divorced … But Russell didn’t break up the marriage. He was definitely there at the end, but it wasn’t his fault.\"", "Foster rarely talks of her private life in interviews, and has explained that she \"values privacy against all else\" due to having spent most of her life in the public eye. She lives in Los Angeles, and had two sons, Charles \"Charlie\" Foster (b. 1998) and Christopher \"Kit\" Foster (b. 2001), while partnered with Cydney Bernard. She met Bernard on the set of Sommersby (1993) and was in a relationship with her from 1993 to 2008. In April 2014, Foster married actress and photographer Alexandra Hedison. She stated in 2011 that having children has made her take on fewer projects: \"It is a big sacrifice to leave home. I want to make sure that I feel passionate about the movies I do because it is a big sacrifice... Even if you take the average movie shoot of four months – you have three weeks' prep, press duties here and abroad, dubbing and looping, magazine covers, events and premieres – that's eight months out of a year. That's a long time. If you do two movies back-to-back, you're never going to see your children.\"", "Leeves has been married to Marshall Coben, a CBS Paramount Television executive, since 21 December 1996. They have two children; her pregnancy with daughter Isabella Kathryn Coben (born 9 January 2001) was written into a Frasier plot as a weight-gaining problem for her character. Frasier co-star Peri Gilpin was in the delivery room when Isabella was born, and is her godmother. Leeves is godmother of Gilpin's daughter Stella, and lives next door to Gilpin in Los Angeles, California. Leeves' son, Finn William Leeves Coben (born 19 December 2003) has David Hyde Pierce and John Mahoney as godfathers. ", "Sheila met spouse Peter Donaldson while doing an aerobics warm-up (she was the instructor) while in a punk-rock production of \"Godspell\" at the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario in 1983. With Donaldson (whose father was a Commodore of the Canadian Steamship Line), she had two daughters: one born in 1992 and one born in 1988. Before Donaldson's death, they lived in Stratford, Ontario in a century-old home that is known to be free of \"bohemian exuberance\" - Ridpath sofas, club chairs, oriental carpets. The one concession to McCarthy's whimsy is the stainless steel and chrome-clad kitchen with the ceiling covered in retro pressed-tin squares. In the summer of 2004, she played in \"Guys and Dolls\" and \"Anything Goes\" in the Stratford Festival.", "In fairness, she has a valid point. Huffman, 50, is married to actor William H Macy with two daughters; Cross, 51, to stockbroker Tom Mahoney with two daughters; and Longoria, a slip of a thing at 38, is twice divorced and childless. Teri, who separated from Emerson’s father, actor Jon Tenney, shortly before she secured her role on Desperate Housewives, has always put her daughter first, partly because of her own upbringing.", "Through her relationship with long-time collaborator Jean-Paul Goude, Jones has one son, Paulo. From Paulo, Jones has one granddaughter. Jones married Atila Altaunbay in 1996. She disputes rumors she married Chris Stanley in her 2015 memoir I'll Never Write My Memoirs, saying, \"The truth is, I only ever married one of my boyfriends, Atila Altaunbay, a Muslim from Turkey.\" She spent four years with Swedish actor Dolph Lundgren, her former bodyguard; she was the one who got him a part as a KGB officer in A View to a Kill. Jones started dating Danish actor/stuntman/bodybuilder Sven-Ole Thorsen in 1990, and was in an open relationship as of 2007. ", "She had a recurring role as Gary, owner of Gary's Shoes and Al Bundy's boss, in Married with Children from 1994-1997. Her many other sitcom guest appearances included The Golden Girls, Designing Women, 227, Empty Nest, Boy Meets World, Coach, Bonnie, Murphy Brown (as Doris Dial, stoic anchorman Charles Kimbrough's wife), Maggie, Norm, Still Standing (as Helen Michaels, Judy and Linda's mother) and Scrubs. She had a recurring role as Marion Shaw, Kimberly's mother, in Melrose Place from 1993-1997. She played Tom Cruise's oblivious mother in Risky Business.", "They had two adopted daughters, Kristin and Fiona, one of whom has long been rumored to be Niven's child by another fashion model, Mona Gunnarson. The marriage was as tumultuous as Niven's previous marriage had been happy. Thwarted from pursuing an acting career, Hj�rdis was reported as having affairs with other men and became an alcoholic.", "She also admits that in certain ways she is full of remorse about her marriage, something she says will never go away. The actress explains that you can never do as much as you can to make a marriage work and never take back cruel comments or uncaring jibes.", "The role of the girls' father was originated by Anthony Denison in the first season episode \"Thank You for Not Morphing\". It was established in this episode that the character's name was Victor Halliwell. This was contradicted in the later first season episode \"That 70's Episode\", where the girls' mother, Patty, reminded her mother that she would not allow her to take Victor's last name when they married.", "Lere married for a third time in 1988 to Playboy Playmate of 1985, Karen Valez.  Lee had three children with Valez; a daughter, Nikki Loren Majors (born 1988) and twin sons, Dane Luke Majors and Trey Kulle Majors (born 1992).  The marriage ended with a bitter divorce in 1994.  On November 1, 2002, Lee wed actress/model Faith Noelle Cross in Positano, Italy.  They settled in Las Vegas, Nevada.  At 71 years old, Lee Majors is 35 years older than 36-year-old Faith. ", "Gave birth to her 3rd child at age 29, a daughter Emilia Merkell on 7 July 2001. Child's father is her 2nd husband, Richie Merkell.", "The 30-year-old star has been cast as Jenny Harper, the illegitimate lesbian daughter of Sheen's late character, Charlie Harper." ]

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[ "The standard-setter for science-fiction/adventure, Flash Gordon debuted in 1934 under the legendary hand of Alex Raymond. Ever since, Flash, along with his gorgeous girlfriend Dale Arden, scientist Dr. Hans Zarkov, and his archenemy, Ming the Merciless, have ignited reader’s imaginations. A classic that spans the media ranges, Flash Gordon has inspired the perennially popular live-action film serials starring Buster Crabbe, a radio show, a TV show, novels, comic books, animated cartoons, a 1980 live-action movie that has become a cult classic, and a wide range of licensed merchandise. He has even appeared on his own United States postage stamp.", "When Flash Gordon and his friends land on the planet Mongo , they find it ruled by the evil Emperor Ming, a tyrant who quickly becomes his arch-enemy for many years. His hatred for Flash Gordon is only matched by his desire to rule the Universe, on the course of using his Machiavellian plot such as releasing the Purple Death on Earth as spite for Flash Gordon.", "The main enemies of the Flash are called The Rogues. They are led by Flash's archenemy, Captain Cold. Captain Cold has a freeze gun that could freeze and, therefore, stop or slow down Flash. Other members of The Rogues include Mirror Master, Pied Piper, The Trickster, Double Down, and Heat Wave.", "During Austin Briggs 's run on the Flash Gordon strip, he introduced Ming's son, Kang the Cruel. Kang became Flash's main antagonist during Briggs' run. [2] [3]", "Flash Gordon is the titular protagonist of the comic book series of the same name. Flash Gordon took off as a series in the form of radio serials from the 1940's. His popularity among the children of the era lead to merchandising, and serial shorts before movies. Flash Gordon was the protagonist of multiple theatre releases, the most recent in 1980, starring Sam J. Jones as Flash. The villain Flash is best known for fighting is the tyrant of nearby worlds, Ming the Merciless .", "Flash Gordon is an American football hero who is skyjacked aboard Dr. Hans Zarkov's rocketship along with his beautiful girlfriend Dale Arden. The threesome are drawn into the influence of the planet Mongo, ruled by Emperor Ming the Merciless. The evil Ming has been testing Earth with unnatural disasters, and deeming our world a threat to his rule. He also intends to take Dale as his concubine, attempts to execute Flash and intends to destroy Earth. Flash must avoid the amorous attentions of Ming's daughter, and unite the warring kingdoms of Mongo to rescue Dale and save our world.", "In \"Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938, 15 episodes) a mysterious beam of light emanating from Mars is sucking the nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere, and only Flash can stop it. He battles Queen Azura, the Clay People of Mars, and his mortal enemy Ming the Merciless once more. In \"Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe\" (1940, 12 episodes) a rocket is dropping purple dust into the Earth's atmosphere, causing instant death. Flash has to locate the antidote on the frozen planet of Frigia and stop Ming.", "The scenario of Flash Gordon is archetypal Space Opera . Most episodes feature Flash locked in combat with the regular Villain , Ming the Merciless of the planet Mongo. Flash's perpetual fiancée, Dale Arden, and the Mad Scientist Dr Hans Zarkov play prominent roles. (In later episodes Zarkov's craziness was played down and he became a straightforward sidekick to Flash.) The decor shifts between the futuristic ( Death Rays , rocket ships) and the archaic ( Dinosaurs , jungles, swordplay) with a fine contempt for plausibility, rather in the manner of Edgar Rice Burroughs 's romances. Although begun quite cynically in conscious opposition to the earlier Buck Rogers in the 25th Century , Flash Gordon quickly developed its own individuality, emphasizing a romantic baroque against the cool technological classicism of its predecessor, to which it is artistically very much superior.", "Ming the Merciless is regarded as one of the classic comic strip villains. He has also become a famous wicked archetype. In the past, there have been claims of racism due to Ming's obvious Asian influence but the Flash Gordon series and its main villain have stayed popular since 1934. ", "Flash Gordon is a 1936 film serial which tells the story of three people from Earth who travel to the planet Mongo to fight the evil Emperor Ming the Merciless.  Buster Crabbe , Jean Rogers , Charles Middleton , Priscilla Lawson and Frank Shannon played the central roles.  This serial has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.", "Filmation's Saturday morning cartoon TV series was notable as the first Flash Gordon animated TV series. In the familiar story, Flash Gordon (Robert Ridgely was the voice of Flash) rocketed to the planet Mongo with girlfriend Dale Arden and scientist Hans Zarkov to prevent evil dictator Ming the Merciless from dominating the universe.", "The comic strip follows the adventures of Flash Gordon, a handsome polo player and Yale graduate, and his companions Dale Arden and Dr. Hans Zarkov . The story begins with Earth bombarded by fiery meteors. Dr. Zarkov invents a rocket ship to locate their place of origin in outer space. Half mad, he kidnaps Flash and Dale, whose plane has crashed in the area, and the three travel to the planet Mongo , where they discover the meteors are weapons devised by Ming the Merciless , evil ruler of Mongo.", "Ming the Merciless is a character who first appeared in the Flash Gordon comic strip in 1934. He has since been the main villain of the strip and its related movie serials, television series and film adaptation. Ming is depicted as a ruthless tyrant who rules the planet Mongo.", "During the Blackest Night crossover, while mourning the passing of the original Batman, who was apparently killed in action during Final Crisis, Gordon and his daughter witness Green Lantern crash into the Bat-Signal, after being assaulted by a reanimated version of the deceased Martian Manhunter. After offering the hero a spare car, the Gordons then find themselves fighting for their lives against the reanimated versions of the original Batman's rogues gallery at Gotham Central, where Gordon makes short work of serial killer Abattoir (in Black Lantern form) with a shotgun. They are rescued by the current Dark Knight, Robin, Red Robin, and Deadman, but are later attacked by Batman and Red Robin's parents, the reanimated Graysons and the Drakes. While Batman and Red Robin battle the Black Lanterns, Robin takes the Gordons to their underground base. It is later shown that Alfred Pennyworth tends his wounds (Gordon is unconscious, thus protecting the team's secret identities) along with Barbara's at the bunker's infirmary. ", "The comic strip follows the adventures of Flash Gordon, a handsome polo player and Yale University graduate, and his companions Dale Arden and Dr. Hans Zarkov.The story begins with Earth threatened by a collision with the planet Mongo. Dr. Zarkov invents a rocket ship to fly into space in an attempt to stop the disaster. Half mad, he kidnaps Flash and Dale and they travel to the planet. Landing on the planet, and halting the collision, they come into conflict with Ming the Merciless, Mongo's evil ruler. ", "Flash Gordon was featured in three serial films starring Buster Crabbe : Flash Gordon (1936), Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars (1938), and Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940). The 1936 Flash Gordon serial was condensed into a feature-length film titled Flash Gordon or Rocket Ship or Space Soldiers or Flash Gordon: Spaceship to the Unknown; [3] the 1938 serial into a feature-length film entitled Flash Gordon: The Deadly Ray from Mars and the 1940 serial into a feature-length film entitled The Purple Death from Outer Space.", "The iconic legend Flash Gordon made his dynamic splash back into comics with Dynamite Entertainment with Flash Gordon – Zeitgeist!  Spinning off from that series is the prequel comic book series, Merciless – The Rise of Ming #1, which is written by Scott Beatty and drawn by Ron Adrian, with an incredible cover from Alex Ross and is in stores April 2012!  In issue #1, Prince Ming begins his rise to dominion over the entirety of Mongo! But who (or what) was Ming before he was ‘Merciless’? Find out here as the origin of one of science fiction’s preeminent villains is presented in all its diabolical details! Be sure to get Merciless – The Rise of Ming #1 in April 2012!", "When the comic strip got adapted in serial format for the cinema's in the 1936 serial: \" Flash Gordon \" the role of Ming the Merciless was played by Charles B. Middleton   he was characterized as ruthless and slightly based on the character of Dr. Fu Manchu . Middleton reprized the role in two sequel serials: \" Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars \" (1938) and \" Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe \" (1940). This interpretation of Ming became one of the most well-known in pop culture for years to come. ", "Flash Gordon (along with Buck Rogers) was a big influence on later science fiction comic strips, such as the American Don Dixon and the Hidden Empire (1935 to 1941) by Carl Pfeufer and Bob Moore. In Belgium, Edgar P. Jacobs was commissioned to produce a science fiction comic strip in the style of Flash Gordon. Jacobs' new strip, Le Rayon U (\"The U-Ray\") began serial publication in Bravo in 1943. This version had text boxes which described the action and the dialogues in the style of many Belgian comics of the time, similar in a way to Hal Foster's version of Tarzan and Prince Valiant. In 1974 Jacobs reformatted Le Rayon U in order to include speech bubbles. This version was published in Tintin magazine and in book form by Dargaud-Le Lombard. The British comic The Trigan Empire, by Mike Butterworth and Don Lawrence, also drew on Flash Gordon for its artistic style. ", "1Created by Alex Raymond in 1934 as an alternative to Buck Rogers, Flash Gordon’s success as a comic strip lead to an adaptation as a serial in 1936. Starring Buster Crabbe, and directed by Frederick Stephani, the Universal serial was in turn successful enough to be first reissued as a feature film that same year, followed by two sequels (Flash Gordon’s Trip to Mars, 1938 and Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe, 1940) and later syndicated for television. Its influence on science fiction has been felt ever since, and it is alternatively mentioned as a countermodel for serious efforts within the genre (writer Thomas Disch mentions the serial for its “immortal dopiness” (DISH, 1998, p. 5)), as a source of inspiration for later popular entertainment, notably for George Lucas’s Star Wars (ZITO, 1999, p. 47), or a handy reference to measure up other adventure films (Pauline Kael mentions it in reference to Dr No, the first James Bond movie (KAEL, 1963, p. 51-55)). Yet, in all these cases, the enthusiasm or disdain with which the serial is described strongly differs from the reverence devoted to Raymond’s work. While both cultural objects have survived to some extent, they now occupy very different places within popular culture.", "** The second is in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians. In the episode \"The Fear\", Gordon and Jonathan Crane try to find and arrest the Scarecrow. Gordon and Batman are both unaware that Crane is Scarecrow.", "Flash Gordon is the title character in the \"Flash Gordon\" series, who is thrust by circumstance into a science fiction adventure.", "I have read some old Flash Gordon comics, from the 1960s, and there was another major villain he faced off against, numerous times.", "In 1973, Avon books launched a six-book series of adult-oriented Flash Gordon novels: The Lion Men of Mongo, The Plague of Sound, The Space Circus, The Time Trap of Ming XIII, The Witch Queen of Mongo and The War of the Cybernauts. Although the books were credited to Alex Raymond, they were all written by SF writer Ron Goulart .", "Parish, James Robert, and Michael R. Pitts. “Flash Gordon.” The Great Science Fiction Pictures. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976: 125-127.", "Steinbrunner, Chris, and Burt Goldblatt. “Flash Gordon.” Cinema of the Fantastic. New York: Galahad Books, 1972: 125-150.", "Primarily a Hawkman foe, the specter once named James Craddock also battles Batman several times, in Batman #310 (April 1979) and #319 (January 1980), and Detective Comics #326 (April 1964).", "Solomon Grundy is a DC Comics villain, and an enemy of the Justice League, though he mainly fights Batman and Green Lantern.", "The Riddler makes an appearance at the end of Batman: Earth One. He is the main antagonist of the sequel, who attempts to stage a coup to take over Oswald Cobblepott's criminal empire after his death, and sees Batman as a threat to his plan. ", "* Hawkman's Antimatter Earth counterpart is Blood Eagle. He was killed by the Crime Syndicate. It is unclear whether he's a Thanagarian (like Katar Hol) or human (like Carter Hall).", "A Brainiac influenced Solomon Grundy from Alex Ross' Justice series, here seen attacking a disguised Superman/Clark Kent", "The Clock King also makes an appearance in Batman Adventures #12 DCAU comic. In this issue, he finally gets his revenge on Hill by rigging the mayoral election so that it seems that Oswald C. Cobblepot (The Penguin) has won, nearly stabbing to death the Riddler in the process." ]

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[ "Former cheerleader for the L.A. Lakers, now the arbiter of our country’s talent on \"American Idol.\" Abdul began her career in music choreographing for Janet Jackson, but when Jackson complimented her voice, she used the earnings from her dance work to record \"Forever Your Girl.\" Four of the album’s tracks went to the top of the charts: \"Straight Up,\" \"Cold-Hearted,\" \"The Way That You Love Me,\" and \"Opposites Attract,\" which may be the only number-one hit ever to have a video co-starring a large animated cat in suspenders. Paula Abdul is often counted among the many half-Jewish American celebrities, but she’s actually one hundred percent: her father is a Syrian Jew, while her mother is Jewish and French-Canadian. The Forgotten Exodus, a campaign on the behalf of Jews who have had to flee Arabic countries, uses her image on one of its posters.", "Paula Abdul - Paula Julie Abdul, born June 19, 1962, is a Grammy Award-winning American pop singer, dancer, two-time Emmy Award-winning choreographer, actress and television personality.In the 1980s, Abdul rose from being a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers NBA basketball team to being a sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era, then to being a Pop-R&B singer with a string of hits in the late-1980s and early-1990s. According to Abdul, she has sold over 53 million records to date. She has scored six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, placing her in a tie for fifth among the female solo performers who have reached #1 there.. In 1988, Abdul released her pop debut album, Forever Your Girl. The album took 62 weeks to hit #1 on the Billboard 200 album sales chart — the longest an album has been on the market before hitting #1 — and spent 10 weeks there. The album eventually became multi-platinum in the spring and summer of 1989, and it spawned five American Top Three singles, four of them #1s (three in 1989 and one in 1990): \"Straight Up\", \"Forever Your Girl\", \"Cold Hearted\", \"(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me\", and \"Opposites Attract\". ' Artist Discography '", "Paula Abdul was once one the most famous pop stars in the world. Among her biggest successes were \"Straight Up\", \"Forever Your Girl\", \"Rush Rush\", and \"Opposites Attract\". She is also one of Hollywood's most important choreographers, a former LA Lakers cheerleader, and has recently made a comeback as the nice judge on American Idol.", "Paula Abdul (born June 19, 1962) is a Grammy Award-winning American pop singer, dancer, Emmy Award-winning choreographer, and television personality. Married to Emilio Estevez between 1992-1994, she is the former daughter-in-law of actor Martin Sheen. In the 1980s, Abdul rose from being a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers NBA basketball team to being a sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era, then to being a Pop-R&B singer with a string of hits in the late-1980s and early-1990s. According to Abdul, she has sold over 33 million records to date. After her initial period of success, she suffered a series of setbacks in her professional and personal life, until she found renewed fame and success in the 2000s as a judge on the television series, American Idol. Abdul was most recently featured in the seventh season of American Idol.", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles (born September 4, 1981), often referred to mononymously as Beyoncé , is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, actress and model. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she enrolled in various performing arts schools and was first exposed to singing and dancing competitions as a child. Knowles rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the R&B girl group Destiny's Child. According to Sony, Knowles record sales, when combined with the group, have surpassed 100 million.", "Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (; born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"Crazy in Love\" and \"Baby Boy\".", "Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (stylized as P!nk), is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Originally a member of the girl group Choice, she began her solo career with the 2000 single “There You Go” from her debut album, Can’t Take Me Home; the R&B album was certified double-platinum in the United States. She gained further recognition alongside Lil' Kim, Christina Aguilera, and Mýa covering “Lady Marmalade” for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack; the collaboration earned Pink both her first Grammy Award and first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100", "Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time. Houston is one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 million records sold worldwide. She released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston's crossover appeal on the popular music charts, as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for \"How Will I Know\", influenced several African American women artists who follow in her footsteps.", "Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, activist, businesswoman, fashion designer, actress and philanthropist. Born and raised in City of Storms, United Communities , on the moon. She started singing on open mike night on the moon and quickly started singing song about life on the moon and how she would never be comfortable living on high gravity earth.", "Summer was trained as a gospel singer before her introduction to the music industry and has always been known for her \"powerhouse\" vocal delivery. Though she is most notable for her disco hits, Summer's repertoire has expanded to include contemporary R&B, rock, pop, and gospel. Summer is one of the most successful recording artists of the 1970s and was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums hit number one on the Billboard charts. She also became the first female artist to have four number-one singles in a thirteen-month period. Summer's website states that she has sold more than 130 million records worldwide.[2]", "Aaliyah Dana Haughton (January 16, 1979 (birth time source: Aaliyah by Tim Footman) � August 25, 2001), known professionally as Aaliyah, was a Grammy Award winning American singer, dancer, model and actress. Introduced to audiences by R&B singer R. Kelly, Aaliyah became famous during the mid-1990s with several hit records from the songwriting/production team of Missy Elliott & Timbaland and their associate Steve \"Static\" Garrett. Aaliyah soon joined Timbaland's R&B and hip hop collective, the Superfriends Clique. Notable for recording several hit records, including several number one R&B hits, a number one pop hit, and nine top 10 singles on the Billboard Hot 100. She also modeled for Tommy Hilfiger and starred in two motion pictures before dying in a plane crash in the Bahamas. On A...", "In 2011, a decade and a half after the launch of the WNBA, only two players remained from the league's inaugural season in 1997: Sheryl Swoopes and Tina Thompson. Thompson holds the record for the number of years in the league (fifteen). Lisa Leslie was the longest-tenured player from the 1997 draft class; she spent her entire career (1997–2009) with the Los Angeles Sparks. Tangela Smith has played the most games in her career (415).", "Macy Gray (born Natalie Renee McIntyre on September 6, 1967 also credited as Natalie Hinds in her music) is an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress, famed for her distinctive raspy voice and a singing style heavily influenced by Billie Holiday and Betty Davis", "Kelendria Trene \"Kelly\" Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and television personality. Rowland rose to fame in the late 1990s as a member of Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. During their hiatus, Rowland released her debut solo album Simply Deep (2002), which sold 2.5 million copies worldwide and produced the number-one single \"Dilemma\" with Nelly, as well as the international top-ten hit \"Stole\". Rowland also transitioned into acting, with guest appearances in television sitcoms, and starring roles in Freddy vs. Jason (2003) and The Seat Filler (2005).", "Jessica Ann Johnson (née Simpson; born July 10, 1980) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, reality television personality and fashion designer who made her debut in 1999. Since that time, Simpson has made many recordings, starred in several television shows, movies and commercials, launched a line of hair and beauty products, and designed fragrances, shoes and handbags for women. She has devoted time to philanthropic efforts including Operation Smile and a USO-hosted tour for troops stationed overseas. She started The Jessica Simpson Collection in 2006. ", "In support of the album, Pink embarked on the world I'm Not Dead Tour, for which ticket sales in Australia were particularly high; she sold approximately 307,000 tickets in Australia, giving her the record for the biggest concert attendance for an arena tour by a female artist. One of the London shows on the tour was taped and released as a DVD, Pink: Live from Wembley Arena, where she sang Linda Perry's \"Whats Up?\". In 2006, Pink was chosen to sing the theme song for NBC Sunday Night Football, \"Waiting All Day for Sunday Night\", which is a take on \"I Hate Myself for Lovin' You\" by Joan Jett. She contributed a cover of Rufus's \"Tell Me Something Good\" to the soundtrack of the film Happy Feet, and lent her name to PlayStation to promote the PSP, a special pink edition of which was released. ", "In support of the album, Pink embarked on the world I'm Not Dead Tour, for which ticket sales in Australia were particularly high; she sold approximately 307,000 tickets in Australia, giving her the record for the biggest concert attendance for an arena tour by a female artist. One of the London shows on the tour was taped and released as a DVD, Pink: Live from Wembley Arena where she sang Linda Perry's Whats Up?. In 2006, Pink was chosen to sing the theme song for NBC Sunday Night Football, \"Waiting All Day for Sunday Night\", which is a take on \"I Hate Myself for Lovin' You\" by Joan Jett. She contributed a cover of Rufus's \"Tell Me Something Good\" to the soundtrack of the film Happy Feet, and lent her name to PlayStation to promote the PSP, a special pink edition of which was released.", "Stefani made her onstage debut during a talent show at Loara High School , where she sang \"I Have Confidence,\" from The Sound of Music , in a self-made tweed dress inspired by one from the film. [1] [4] Stefani was on the Loara swim team in an attempt to lose weight. [15] She first worked at a Dairy Queen and later manned the MAC makeup counter of a department store. [16] After graduating from high school in 1987, [1] she began attending Fullerton College before transferring to California State University, Fullerton . [17]", "Brandy Norwood Brandy Rayana Norwood (born February 11, 1979), known professionally as Brandy, is an American R singer-songwriter, record producer, television entertainer, actress, and film producer. In 2009, she introduced her rap alter-ego", "As a dancer, Becca has worked in every medium of entertainment. She has appeared with artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, Katharine McPhee and Christina Aguilera-including the iconic music videos \"What A Girl Wants\" and \"Come On Over\". Her film credits include Hairspray, Austin Powers 3, Tropic Thunder and Behind the Candelabra. She has appeared on The Academy Awards, The Primetime Emmys, Dancing With The Stars, Glee, Smash, Cold Case and AGT. Her extensive stage experience includes industrial work for Apple, HP, Asics and Nike and she was also a member of the original Los Angeles cast of Rock of Ages. Oh, and rumor has it she was also a Laker Girl....", "At age 19, Gaga withdrew from CAP21 in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career. In the mid-2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying Cricket Casey's children's book The Portal in the Park. She also formed a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU. The band played at gigs around New York becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene. After the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June, Gaga was recommended to music producer Rob Fusari by talent scout Wendy Starland. Fusari collaborated with Gaga, who traveled daily to New Jersey, to work on songs she had written and to compose new material with him. According to the producer, they began dating in May 2006, and he claimed to have created the \"Lady Gaga\" moniker after the Queen song \"Radio Ga Ga\". The singer was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read \"Lady Gaga\". He explained, \"Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'\". The text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed \"radio\" to \"lady\". Fusari said she texted back, \"That's it\", and declared, \"Don't ever call me Stefani again.\" ", "In addition to being a professional actress and dancer, Kat began to pursue a career as a musical artist. One of the first songs she wrote and performed - \"Derailed\" - was featured in the Jean-Claude Van Damn movie bearing the same title. She was inspired to purchase her own studio equipment and add producer to her list of talents. A year later she met super producer Damon Elliott (Pink, Mya, Destiny's Child). While the two worked on perfecting Kat's skills as a musician and producer, she continued to work as an actress, starring on the series \"CSI: Las Vegas\", \"The O.C.,\" \"Malcolm In The Middle,\" \"Joan of Arcadia,\" \"Strong Medicine\" and \"Hannah Montana.\" She appeared in music videos, including Akon's \"Mr. Lonely,\" 112's \"What If,\" John Legend's \"Used to Love U,\" B2K's \"Why I Love You\" and Musiq Soulchild's \"Buddy\", Nelly's \"Just a Dream,\" and Diddy with Usher \"Looking for Love\". At 17, Kat was selected by Coca-Cola as part of an international campaign to market their soft drink Fanta. While promoting the campaign as a member of the \"Fantanas\" (as Capri/Strawberry), Kat simultaneously completed her degree in recording engineering. In 2007 Kat went on a world tour with The Black-Eyed Peas, and her voice is featured on Will.I.Am's solo release \"Songs About Girls\" (\"I Got It From My Mama\") and \"The Donque Song,\" featuring Snoop Dogg.", "Notably, singer Stacy Lattisaw signed with Motown after achieving success in the disco genre. In 1980, she released her album Let Me Be Your Angel, which produced the disco hits \"Dynamite\" and \"Jump To The Beat\" on the Cotillion label. Lattisaw continued to enjoy success as a contemporary R&B/pop artist throughout the 1980s. She signed with Motown in 1986, and achieved most success when teaming up with Johnny Gill, releasing the 1989 song \"Where Do We Go From Here?\" from her last ever album, What You Need, before retiring. In addition, her first ever single, back in 1979, was a disco cover of \"When You're Young and In Love\", which was most famously recorded by Motown female group The Marvelettes in 1967.", "In 1977, at age 14, she was a backing singer on the Michael Zager Band's single \"Life's a Party\". The following year Whitney was a backing singer on Chaka Khan's hit single \"I'm Every Woman\", a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself on her monster-selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album. She also sang back-up on albums by Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson.", "In 2002, she was featured on Lil Romeo's second studio album Game Time, singing portions of Luther Vandross-penned \"So Amazing\" on the single \"True Love\", and on Rowland's debut solo album Simply Deep, for which she also wrote the title track and \"Alone\". In 2001 she also appeared as Lil' Bow Wow's date in the music video for his single \"Puppy Love\".", "She began recording her debut record, Who You Are, in 2005. She completed it in 2011. Released by Lava Records, the album has sold more than 2 million copies (and counting).", "Seven more albums followed, including \"Secrets\" (15 million copies sold). Her Number 1 hit singles include \"You're Making Me High,\" \"Let It Flow\" and \"Un-Break My Heart.\"", "The only female artist (and second artist or group ever) to have 18 #1 songs on the US Billboard Hot 100 charts.", "A steady stream of TV work followed until in 2007 she landed the role in Gossip Girl which made her famous. This led to more TV and movie work, and in 2009 she launched a recording career with a single entitled, \"Somebody to Love\".", "2000: Pop star Christina Aguilera starts a two-week run at No. 1 on the singles chart with \"What a Girl Wants.\"", "In 2001, she released a pop album called Here to Heaven, which featured the single \"Cry Baby\". The album was a commercial failure. In 2007, Sigler said she was \"embarrassed\" by the album and regretted releasing it. In 2012, she collaborated with Romeo Santos on the single \"You\" and appeared in its music video. ", "The music superstar leant her voice to the iconic Smurfette in \"The Smurfs\" and its sequel. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff" ]

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[ "The lead musician of an orchestra is the concertmaster. The name “concertmaster” comes from the German “Konzertmeister”, which literally means “the concert chief”. The concertmaster plays the violin and sits at the front of the orchestra, near the opera conductor.", "(also concertmaster, leader) The leader of the first violin section of a symphony orchestra. Any violin solo in an orchestral work is played by the concertmaster (except in the case of a concerto, in which case guest soloists may be heard).", "(also concert-master, leader, concertmistress) The leader of the first violin section of a symphony orchestra. Any violin solo in an orchestral work is played by the concertmaster (except in the case of a concerto, in which case guest soloists may be heard).", "If a soloist doesn't tune offstage while the orchestra does or requests an A, it's a toss up depending on their instrument whether the oboe or concertmaster gives them an A. For the strings tuning, the concertmaster usually lets the oboe go for a few seconds, then matches his A in about a second, then nods for the rest of the strings to tune while the oboe continues playing.", "Concert MasterThe leader of the orchestra. Always a violinist who sits right at the front by the conductor. Plays the violin solos.", "The concertmaster sits to the conductor's left, closest to the audience, in what is called the \"first chair,\" \"first stand\" or \"first desk\" (in the UK). He or she makes decisions regarding bowing and other technical details of violin playing for the violins, and sometimes all of the string players. The concertmaster leads the orchestra in tuning before concerts and rehearsals, and other technical aspects of orchestra management. Leading the orchestral tuning is not just a mere formality; if the concertmaster believes that a section is not adequately tuned, he or she will signal to the oboe player to play another \"A.\" Several larger orchestras have one or more assistant concertmasters, who lead the orchestra in the concertmaster's absence.", "The conductor typically stands on a raised podium with a large music stand for the full score, which contains the musical notation for all the instruments and/or voices. Since the mid-19th century, most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of classical music history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In Baroque music from the 1600s to the 1750s, the group would typically be led by the harpsichordist or first violinist (see concertmaster), an approach that in modern times has been revived by several music directors for music from this period. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in art music, but in jazz big bands or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions, such as a \"count in\"). However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung.", "in England all the orchestra tune before the concert master comes in, the co-leader does it, every one takes the A from the oboe in sections.", "The euphonium is not traditionally an orchestral instrument and has never been common in symphony orchestras. However, there are a handful of works, mostly from the late Romantic period, in which composers wrote a part for baryton (German) or tenor tuba (most notably, Holst's Planets Suite, which has many solos for baritone and euphonium), and these are universally played on euphonium, frequently by a trombone player. In addition, the euphonium is sometimes used in older orchestral works as a replacement for its predecessors, such as the ophicleide, or, less correctly, the bass trumpet or the Wagner tuba, both of which are significantly different instruments, and still in use today. At the bottom of the article are some of the well-known orchestral works in which the euphonium is commonly used (whether or not the composer originally specified it).", "Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (; ; 23 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian and Soviet composer, pianist and conductor. As the creator of acknowledged masterpieces across numerous musical genres, he is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His works include such widely heard works as the March from The Love for Three Oranges, the suite Lieutenant Kijé, the ballet Romeo and Juliet – from which \"Dance of the Knights\" is taken – and Peter and the Wolf. Of the established forms and genres in which he worked, he created – excluding juvenilia – seven completed operas, seven symphonies, eight ballets, five piano concertos, two violin concertos, a cello concerto, a Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra, and nine completed piano sonatas.", "Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally. These include the classical guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord, and organ. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2, Vaughan Williams' Symphonies No.6 and 9 and William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked \"tenor tuba\", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.", "Apart from the core orchestral complement, various other instruments are called for occasionally. These include the classical guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord, and organ. Saxophones, for example, appear in a limited range of 19th and 20th century scores. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2, Vaughan Williams Symphony No.6 and Symphony No.9 and William Walton's Belshazzar's Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th century works, usually playing parts marked \"tenor tuba\", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben. The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Richard Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.", "In brass bands, the role of concertmaster is often filled by the principal solo cornet or trumpet.", "The symphony is scored for a very large orchestra, in keeping with Mahler's conception of the work as a \"new symphonic universe\", a synthesis of symphony, cantata, oratorio, motet, and lied in a combination of styles. La Grange comments: \"To give expression to his cosmic vision, it was ... necessary to go beyond all previously known limits and dimensions.\" The orchestral forces required are, however, not as large as those deployed in Arnold Schoenberg's oratorio Gurre-Lieder, completed in 1911.La Grange (2000), p. 910 The string section is conventional in that it contains violins divided, violas, cellos, and double basses. The woodwind section for the Eighth includes two piccolos (one doubling 5th flute), four flutes, four oboes, a cor anglais, three B-flat clarinets, at least two E-flat clarinets, a B-flat bass clarinet, four bassoons and a contrabassoon. The brass section requires eight horns, four trumpets, four trombones, tuba and a \"separately placed\" ensemble of four trumpets (the first of which may be doubled) and three trombones. The percussion forces consist of timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tamtam, triangle and low-pitched bells. Mahler also added a glockenspiel during the final rehearsals. Other instruments include an organ, a harmonium, a piano (also added during the rehearsals), two harps (although at least four are preferred), a celesta, and at least one mandolin (but preferably several). Mahler recommended that in very large halls, the first player in each of the woodwind sections should be doubled and that numbers in the strings should also be augmented.", "Born in Vienna. He studied at the Vienna Academy of Music with, among others, Alfred Uhl for composition and Hans Swarowsky for conducting. He toured as an organist and became a teacher of improvisation and coach at the Vienna Academy of Music. He composed oratories, masses, cantatas, orchestral and chamber music as well as solo works for piano, organ and voice. His unrecorded Symphonies are: Nos. 1 \"Jugendsymphonie\" (1946, rev. 1980; orchestration of Piano Sonata No. 1), 3, \"Gesualdo\" (1974), 4, \"Tantra\" (1980-1) and 5 (1992-93) as well as \"Kosmische Sinfonie\" (1973).", "In the orchestral setting, the piccolo player is often designated as \"piccolo/flute III\", or even \"assistant principal\". The larger orchestras have designated this position as a solo position due to the demands of the literature. Piccolos are often orchestrated to double the violins or the flutes, adding sparkle and brilliance to the overall sound because of the aforementioned one-octave transposition upwards. In concert band settings, the piccolo is almost always used and a piccolo part is almost always available.", "In 1997, he became UNICEF’s Envoy for Music and has met and performed for children in such places, as Uganda, Thailand or Kosovo. “Playing by Heart”, a Channel 4 production about the virtuoso’s meetings with young musicians during his master classes, which was shown at the Cannes Festival in 1999, enjoyed tremendous popularity throughout the world. Contacts with Mstislav Rostropovich, Daniel Barenboim or Vag Papian, as well as performances with the world’s most famous orchestras, like the Amsterdam’s Concertgebouw Orchestra, the BBC Philharmonic or the Chicago Symphony, exerted profound influence upon Maxim Vengerov’s artistic progress and development of his musical skills. The artist took a two-year course in the Baroque violin and repertoire of the epoch.", "In the 1932 recording of the Violin Concerto, the aging composer worked with the American violinist Yehudi Menuhin , who was then only 16 years old; they worked well together and Menuhin warmly recalled his association with the composer years later, when he performed the concerto with the San Francisco Symphony . Menuhin later conducted an award-winning recording of Elgar's Cello Concerto with the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and much of the major orchestral music.", "The Concertmaster (from the German Konzertmeister) is the second-most significant person in an orchestra, symphonic band or other musical ensemble after the conductor or director. Another common term in the U.S. is \"First Chair.\" In the U.K., the term commonly used is \"leader.\"", "For pieces involving offstage members of the orchestra, sometimes a sub-conductor will be stationed offstage with a clear view of the principal conductor. Examples include the ending of \"Neptune\" from Gustav Holst's The Planets and Percy Grainger's \"The Warriors\" which includes three conductors: the primary conductor of the orchestra, a secondary conductor directing an off-stage brass ensemble, and a tertiary conductor directing percussion and harp.", "Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos. These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).", "The symphonie (sinfonia) concertante is a genre of the Classical period in style and structure, but has a character of its own. It has often been likened to the Baroque concerto grosso, but the resemblance is superficial; each calls for a solo instrumental group and an orchestra, but there the similarity ends. The sinfonia concertante places the solo group at the forefront, assigning to it most of the important thematic material, and often extended cadenzas, while usually relegating the orchestra to a primarily accompanying function… The symphonie concertante resembles the lighter Classical genres, such as the serenade and divertimento, in character. Melodic variety is its hallmark. Although a symphonie concertante may include a poignant Andante, the prevailing mood is usually relaxed, gracious and happy, rarely dramatic, never somber or intense. Although similar in length and form to the symphony, which it often replaced on concert programmes, the symphonie concertante did not develop into a vehicle for the expression of intense or profound emotion.", "Beginning in the 20th century, more symphonies have been written for concert band than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance since Hector Berlioz wrote the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale in 1840 is Nikolai Miaskovsky’s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939 (Battisti 2002, 42). Some further examples are Paul Hindemith's Symphony in B-flat for Band, composed in 1951; Morton Gould's Symphony No. 4 \"West Point\", composed in 1952; Vincent Persichetti's Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; Vittorio Giannini's Symphony No.3, composed in 1959; Alan Hovhaness's Symphonies No. 4, op. 165, No. 7, \"Nanga Parvat\", op. 175, No. 14, \"Ararat\", op. 194, and No. 23, \"Ani\", op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively; Alfred Reed's 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively; and Johan de Meij's Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\", composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 \"The Big Apple\", composed in 1993.", "In performances given in America and/or featuring American or British orchestras, the concertmaster will usually walk onstage individually after the rest of the orchestra is seated. They will bow and receive applause on behalf of the orchestra before the conductor appears. In continental European orchestras, this practice is uncommon. There, the concertmaster usually walks onstage with the rest of the orchestra. As the representative of the orchestra, he or she will usually shake hands with the conductor at the beginning or end of a concert as a sign of mutual respect and appreciation.", "The Orchestra Manager is responsible for arranging orchestra concert tours, as well as dealing with any problems that arise for the orchestra, including the late arrival of instruments to an auditorium, or a musician becoming ill and needing a replacement. He or she may also need to negotiate contracts for any guest soloists and/or guest conductors who will be performing with the orchestra. [more.....]", "In 1842, Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert instituted the tradition of regular symphonic concerts. In the same year, Giacomo Meyerbeer succeeded Gaspare Spontini as General Music Director.", "‘I’d also really like to work with the orchestra on other aspects of the symphonic repertoire, particularly French music and the Second Viennese School, which has strong connections with Mahler. In terms of French music, I’m bringing my own legacy along with me. My experiences in Paris have helped me penetrate the very soul of French music. But I look forward to rediscovering it with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and developing a new vision of the repertoire together.’", "You hear an orchestra playing big loud dramatic heavy and intense music, featuring lots of percussion, what genre and composer is this?", "He was also an experienced conductor, holding the position of associate conductor/composer at both the BBC Philharmonic and Royal Philharmonic orchestras for 10 years, and guest conducting orchestras that included the San Francisco Symphony, Leipzig Gewandhaus and Philharmonia. He enjoyed a particularly close relationship with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra as composer laureate.", "Sir Malcom Sargent: 'Here we had a professional musician who did his own orchestrations, who was an expert, who had that rare quality, a melodic gift, which hardly exists in modern music. He was a charming and most lovable person.'", "James Last, the legendary German Composer and big band leader, will once again return to the iconic Royal Albert Hall. With his happy sound, James last has enchanted millions of people around the globe. Whether pop or polka, rock and roll or waltzes, jazz or classical, this extremely versatile musician is the master of a wide variety of music.", "Rattle strongly supported youth music. He led two attempts at gaining the record for the World's Largest Orchestra, both designed to raise awareness of youth music in schools. The first, in 1996, was unsuccessful. The second, in 1998, did succeed and the record held at nearly 4,000 musicians until it was broken in 2000 by a group in Vancouver." ]

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[ "A Po' Boy is a traditional submarine sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of a meat, usually roast meat or fried seafood, served on baguette-like New Orleans French bread, known for its crisp crust yet fluffy center. The name \"po-boy\" is, of course, a shortened version of \"poor boy.\" The name stems from the fact that a po-boy used to be a very inexpensive way to get a very solid meal. Po' boys are made at home, sold pre-packaged in convenience stores, available at deli counters and make up a sizable percentage of the menu options at most neighborhood restaurants. Shrimp Po' boys can come dressed, such as this recipe is or just butter on the bread or with butter and ketchup, all made you way.", "Po-boy – A po’ boy (also po-boy, po boy, or poor boy) is a traditional submarine sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of meat, usually roast beef, or fried seafood. The meat is served on baguette-like New Orleans French bread, known for its crisp crust and fluffy center.", "A po’ boy (also po-boy, po boy, or poor boy) is a traditional submarine sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of meat, usually roast beef, or fried seafood, or sometimes chicken or ham. The meat is served on baguette-like New Orleans French bread, known for its crisp crust and fluffy center.", "Po’ Boy – A po’boy is a traditional submarine sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of roast beef or fried seafood and is served on baguette-like French bread.", "A Po' boy also known as poor boy) is a traditional Submarine Sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of meat, usually roast beef, or fried seafood. The meat is served on baguette-like New Orleans French bread, known for its crisp crust and fluffy center. The traditional versions are served hot and include fried shrimp and oysters. Soft shell crab, catfish, crawfish, Louisiana hot sausage, fried chicken breast, roast beef, and French fries are other common variations. The last two are served with gravy. A \"dressed\" Po' boy has lettuce, tomato, pickles, and mayonnaise; onions are optional.", "There are many variations of this classic New Orleans sandwich, as well as a few different stories about its origins. A couple of commonalities across all interpretations: long, baguette-style French bread and an affordable price. Po-boys usually are piled high with meat such as roast beef and debris (a tasty version of gravy), turkey or smoked sausage. They can also be filled with fried seafood such as shrimp, catfish or oysters mixed with a specialty white sauce that is a more flavorful version of tartar sauce. If your waitress asks if you want your poboy \"dressed,\" say yes - po-boys are always better with lettuce, tomatoes, pickles and mayonnaise.", "A traditional sandwich from Louisiana , consisting usually of meat or seafood, and always in a French-style baguette .", "1955, the New York term for a sandwich elsewhere called submarine, grinder, poor boy (New Orleans), or hoagie (Philadelphia); origin unknown, perhaps so called for its great size, or a folk etymology alteration of Greek gyro as a type of sandwich.", "Two restaurants in this tradition merit special attention. The first is Dooky Chase's , which originally opened as a po' boy shop. Over the years, Miss Leah's cooking evolved and the restaurant expanded. The second was Uglesich's, a small, more-or-less falling down corner store in New Orleans Central City . Only ever open for lunch, it was for many years a workingman's restaurant serving po' boys and fresh shucked oysters. But the fried seafood (cooked to order in cast iron kettles on a stove) was considered some of the best in the city[ citation needed ]. Over time Mr. Uglesich began to draw on his Yugoslavian heritage combining it with inspiration from other restaurants in the city to create new dishes such as Trout Muddy Waters, Shrimp Uggie, and Fried Mirliton with Shrimp Remoulade . The restaurant closed on May 6, 2005 with the retirement of Anthony and Gail Uglesich.", "Food historians generally agree the modern American sub , hero , wedge , hoagie , grinder, Po'Boy, Rich Girl, gondola, torpedo, zepplin..and their heated cousins Philly cheese steak & Chicago Italian beef are regional variations on the same culinary theme. Vietnamese Banh Mi are current trend. These overstuffed meat, cheese and vegetable oblong-shaped foods nestled between thick Italian or chewy French bread were recipes built on local culinary traditions and ethnic preference. Six-foot sandwiches surface in New York City, circa 1950s.", "Muffuletta, another New Orleans classic. The sandwich is made with a muffuletta loaf, covered with a marinated olive salad, and layers of capicola, salami, pepperoni, ham and provolone. 960 1280", "I’ve been wanting to make Shrimp Po’ Boy since the Holy Week but I couldn’t get my hands on a french baguette. I was finally able to buy one last Sunday and you know what, it’s really the bread that makes it what it is! It’s all you would ever want in a sandwich — spicy, earthy, crunchy, chewy, juicy, and with all the flavors off the sea.", "a Vietnamese submarine-style SANDWICH on a French baguette; sometimes called a \"Vietnamese hoagie\" or \"Vietnamese grinder\".", "Sometimes called a \"French doughnut,\" these decadent treats were brought to Louisiana by the Acadians. A beignet is a square piece of dough that, upon being deep fried, forms a crispy pillow with a doughy interior. Most often, they are covered with powdered sugar, but savory versions with fillings such as crawfish or shrimp are also seen on New Orleans menus and are served as appetizers.", "The Muffaletta is a sandwich served on a big round airy Italian loaf (also called a muffaletta) which is similar to focaccia, it consists of a variety of sliced meats such as capicola, salami, and mortadella as well as cheeses topped with olive salad. Unless you have a very big appetite, half a muffaletta will probably be plenty for a filling meal. It was created in New Orleans around 1906 at Central Grocery on Decatur where you can still purchase them.", "French bread - an essential ingredient, without which New Orleans would simply cease to function. However, it is not exactly the same as a baguette in France. New Orleans French bread is bigger than a French baguette, and not crunchy like the baguette.", "A sandwich with a definition so broad that it's hard to articulate, but important enough that we have to try, the submarine is a long French or Italian roll filled with meats, cheeses, lettuce, tomato, and onion, and topped with spices and dressings; olive oil and vinegar are popular, as are sprinklings of salt, pepper, and oregano.", "In the United States, soybean oil is often used for deep-frying. Beignets, originally a French dish, are a popular deep-fried pastry in the U.S. city of New Orleans. Deep-fried food has been a core part of the culture of the American South with many restaurants solely serving deep-fried foods. The owner of one such restaurant has said that the deep-fried food, \"in the South it's a way of life\". Fast food is one of the most common ways to consume deep-fried food in North America. ", "This New Orleans inspired restaurant serves Southern American food touching on flavourful old classics Lousiana crab cake and seafood jambalaya, as well as lighter options like their crab and tuna cev...", "I visited New Orleans and southern Louisiana quite often for several years some years ago. First stop was always for a dozen (or two) oysters on the half shell, fresh shucked at the bar at a local oyster joint; then on to somewhere for jambalaya, gumbo, red beans and rice, crawfish and crab boil, or what have you. One relatively modern (i.e urban creole) dish I liked for breakfast/brunch was Eggs Sardou. Eggs Sardou is poached eggs, artichoke bottoms, creamed spinach and Hollandaise sauce. It is on the menu of many Creole restaurants in New Orleans, including Antoine’s, where Eggs Sardou was invented. Eggs Sardou is named for Victorien Sardou, a famous French dramatist of the 19th century, who was a guest in New Orleans when the dish was invented. The Eggs Sardou served at Antoine’s Restaurant nowadays include truffles, ham, and anchovies topping the hollandaise. The dish requires both béchamel and hollandaise sauces, recipes for which you can find in the HINTS section here (tab top left).", "Muffaletta (Créole-Italian) - an Italian-style sandwich from New Orleans, made with ham, mortadella, salami, cheeses and olive relish. It was most likely invented, in its present form, in 1906 by Lupo Salvadore at Central Grocery on Decatur Street in the French Quarter. It is one of the New Orleans classic foods and a pivotal part of the Italian Créole heritage.", "Etouffée (āto͞oˈfā) – Most locals have their own spin on this Louisiana dish, but étouffée can simply be described as a seafood stew. Like most local dishes it begins with a roux, in this case, a light roux. Then either a seafood or vegetable stock is added in order “to smother” the rest of your ingredients. The most popular protein for an étouffée is crawfish, which gives the end product a beautiful reddish hue and a flavor profile that’ll knock your socks off. ", "Presumably this variation was devised in traditionally Roman Catholic New Orleans in keeping with the Lenten spirit of austerity, and may have originally consisted of greens only. But the penchant of the region's cuisine for embellishment led inevitably to the addition of local seafood (shrimp, oysters, crabmeat, and sometimes fish) � which were at least permitted under the Catholic Church's abstinence guideline � and eventually seasoning meats (ham, sausage, bacon, even beef)--which were not.", "A pastry, pronounced “BEN-yay,” served in New Orleans, Louisiana, and other cities of French origin. It’s a square of dough that’s deep-fried like a donut, then doused in powdered sugar.", "* Oysters Bienville – A traditional dish in New Orleans cuisine, it consists of filled, baked oysters. Ingredients include shrimp, mushrooms, bell peppers, sherry, a roux with butter, Parmesan cheese and other lighter cheese, as well as bread crumbs. ", "In Southern Louisiana, a popular variety of the doughnut is the beignet, a fried, square doughnut served traditionally with powdered sugar. Perhaps the most famous purveyor of beignets is New Orleans restaurant Cafe Du Monde.", "Get ready for Mardi Gras in your mouth. This mouthwatering mound of cheeseburger deliciousness doesn’t hold back a thing when it comes to flavor. It features a Creole mustard-smothered French roll packed high with fried shrimp, lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and pickles. The Big Easy better have a big appetite.", "Oysters were original the \"cocktail\" shellfish of choice. Shrimp variations were popular in Cajun/Creole cooking before they begin to show up in \"mainstream\" cookbooks. Presumably this is because oysters were \"wildly\" popular with Americans during the late 19th century. Shrimp, less so. Tabasco, a common ingredient, is also a product of Louisiana. Avery Island, to be exact.", "POMPANO EN PAPILLOTE – Created at Antoine’s Restaurant in New Orleans, this dish is a filet of pompano (fish) that is baked in a sealed parchment paper envelope with a white sauce of wine, shrimp, and crabmeat.", "Etouffee is from the French word for \"smothered\" and describes a cooking style somewhat unique to the Southern United States, especially Louisiana and coastal Mississippi, where meats are seared, the pan deglazed, and then the meat, accompanied by a variety of vegetables and small amount of stock is simmered at low heat in manner similar to braising in the oven.", "Beignets (pronounced \"ben-yays\") are a deep fried square donut covered with powdered sugar. Most famously found at Café du Monde, they are a traditional New Orleans treat enjoyed by tourists and locals alike. They are traditionally served in orders of three with café au lait.", "Shrimp étouffée, a Cajun dish that typically consists of shellfish and is served over rice. Étouffée is thicker than gumbo, and another common Cajun ingredient is crawfish." ]

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[ "The Phillips-head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers. The Phillips-head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936.", "* The Phillips-head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers. The Phillips-head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936.[330]", "* The Phillips-head screw is a crosshead screw design lying in its self-centering property, useful on automated production lines that use power screwdrivers. The Phillips-head screw was invented and patented by Henry F. Phillips in 1936.[176]", "screwdriver --- A hand tool with a handle and a special-shaped end that fits into whatever kind of screw that the tool is designed to work with. Like screws themselves, screwdrivers come in a VERY wide variety of styles, with the two most common (by far) being the drivers for flat head screws and Phillips head screws, which are the only two shown in the composit pic below although there are more than a dozen other kinds. This is just to give a very brief example of some of the styles of handles. See also screw and bolt drive types . Examples:", "A screw will usually have a head on one end that contains a specially formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven, with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include screwdrivers and wrenches. The head is usually larger than the body of the screw, which keeps the screw from being driven deeper than the length of the screw and to provide a bearing surface. There are exceptions; for instance, carriage bolts have a domed head that is not designed to be driven; set screws often have a head smaller than the outer diameter of the screw; J-bolts have a J-shaped head which is not designed to be driven, but rather is usually sunk into concrete allowing it to be used as an anchor bolt. The cylindrical portion of the screw from the underside of the head to the tip is known as the shank; it may be fully threaded or partially threaded. The distance between each thread is called the \"pitch\".", "The hand tool used to drive in most screws is called a screwdriver. A power tool that does the same job is a power screwdriver; power drills may also be used with screw-driving attachments. Where the holding power of the screwed joint is critical, torque-measuring and torque-limiting screwdrivers are used to ensure sufficient but not excessive force is developed by the screw. The hand tool for driving hex head threaded fasteners is a spanner (UK usage) or wrench (US usage), while a nut setter is used with a power screw driver.", "The slot screw drive has a single slot in the fastener head and is driven by a \"common blade\" or flat-bladed screwdriver. It was the first type of screw drive to be developed, and for centuries it was the simplest and cheapest to make. The slotted screw is common in simple woodworking applications, but is not often seen in applications where a power tool would be used because a power driver tends to slip out of the head, potentially damaging the surrounding material. The tool used to drive a slot is called a common blade, standard, flat-blade, slot-head, flat-tip or \"flat-head/flathead\" screwdriver.", "Phillips screwdriver From the name of its U.S. developer, it's a screwdriver with a cross-shaped tip", "A combined slotted and Torx drive screw was used in electronics manufacturing. For example, Compaq used this type to combine the benefits of Torx in manufacturing and the commonality of flat drive in field repair situations. The slot was closed on the ends to avoid the flat blade tool slipping and thereby damaging the electronics.", "flat head screwdriver --- This is THE standard screwdriver and what people normally mean when they say screwdriver (the other widely used version is the phillips head screw driver ). The end is shaped like a long skinny rectangle (like a minus sign) and fits into a corresponding slot in the screw head. The big disadvantage of flat head screws and their drivers is the tendency to strip the slot in the top of the screw head when high torque is used. They just don't provide much protection against that. Examples:", "A tool designed to install cross-drive screws and cam out or slip before they are overtightened. Named for the man that brought them to market, rather than the inventer. Please see our Detailed Topic Stripping Phillips Screws for much more information. (see also JIS.).", "The hexalobular socket screw drive, often referred to by the original proprietary brand name Torx or by the alternative generic name star drive, uses a star-shaped recess in the fastener with six rounded points. It was designed to permit increased torque transfer from the driver to the bit compared to other drive systems. Torx is very popular in the automotive and electronics industries because of resistance to cam out and extended bit life, as well as reduced operator fatigue by minimizing the need to bear down on the drive tool to prevent cam out. Torx-Plus is an improved version of Torx that extends tool life even further and permits greater torque transfer compared to Torx. A tamper-resistant Torx head has a small pin inside the recess. The tamper-resistant Torx is also made in a five-lobed variant. These \"5-star\" Torx configurations are commonly encountered in prisons, public facilities and government schools, but can also be found in some electronic devices.", "A hex screw drive uses six-sided fastener heads. The fastener is known as a '. It can be turned with an adjustable wrench, combination wrench and 6- or 12-point sockets. The hex drive is better than square drive for locations where surrounding obstacles limit wrenching access, because smaller wrench-swing arcs can still successfully rotate the fastener.", "a hand tool for driving screws; has a tip that fits into the head of a screw.", "flat head screw --- (1) A screw that has a flat head, so that it will be flush with the object it is screwed into; this requires a countersunk head. It usually has a tapered shank but these exist as both wood screws and machine screws and the machine screws have a straight shank and often have an allen head drive slot but the wood screws almost always have a flat head\" , a phillips head , or a Robertson drive slot. The most common materials for these are steel, brass, and aluminum.", "A wide variety of power screwdrivers range from a simple 'stick'-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful \"pistol\" type VSR (variable-speed reversible) Cordless drills that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation. Special combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the two. Variations include impact drivers, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and \"right-angle\" drivers for use in tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks, 'gyroscopic' control, etc., are available.", "Some screwdriver tips are magnetic, so that the screw (unless non-magnetic) remains attached to the screwdriver without requiring external force. This is particularly useful in small screws, which are otherwise difficult to handle. Many screwdriver designs have a handle with detachable tip (the part of the screwdriver that engages the screw), called bits as with drill bits. This provides a set of one handle and several bits that can drive a variety of screw sizes and types.", "During the early 19th century, the development of machine tools such as the screw-cutting lathe, metal planer, and milling machine, and of toolpath control via jigs and fixtures, provided the prerequisites for the modern assembly line by making interchangeable parts a practical reality.", "May look like a bolt, but user drives it with a screwdriver instead of a wrench.", "Screws made from about 1812 through the mid-1800s were partially machine made giving the threading a more even appearance, according to Taylor. But the heads were still finished with hacksaws to add the groove to fit a screwdriver like those made even earlier, so no two are exactly alike. The first screws were crafted in the 1700s by blacksmiths using square nail stock that was heated and pounded until it was somewhat round. The tips were blunt in these oldest screws, and each one was unique. If you find these hand finished screws in furniture, investigate other aspects of the pieces to see if they match the screws in age.", "Allen head --- A type of screw or bolt head that is designed for use with an Allen wrench .", "self tapping machine screw --- Also called a \"thread-cutting screw\", this fastener is somewhat similar to a self tapping (wood) screw . It has a portion at the bottom that looks, not like the scraper on the self tapping (wood) screw but rather an actual machine tap and rather than coarse threads, it has the same relatively fine threads of a machine screw . These screws have a straight shank and are typically a hard metal such as steel that are being driven into a hole in a soft metal such as alumninum. The hole is drilled in the soft metal but then one of these fasteners is used rather than tapping it. The drive slots can be most any type, as can the head style. A similar device for use in wood is the self tapping screw . Examples:", "Many lathes that run collet chucks have dedicated collet-closer setups whereby there is no backplate, and the spindle nose contains the female taper for either the collet's male outer taper, or a sleeve that will hold it. A hollow drawbar passes back through the headstock to its back side, where a closer mechanism is mounted. The latter allows easy, rapid opening and closing of the collet. The drawbar's inner diameter determines the through-the-spindle bar diameter capacity of the lathe. Some collet-closer systems even allow opening and closing without stopping the spindle rotation. The closer on a manual lathe is either lever-style or handwheel-style. The closer on a CNC lathe is powered (electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic), and it may be controlled by various means: a foot pedal that the operator steps on when desired; a line in the program (for opening and closing under program control); or a button on the control panel.", "Referring now to FIG. 12, attached to the upper portion 204 of the carousel 202 is a plurality of lead screws 230, each lead screw 230 defining a path for a sample tube. Referring again to FIG. 11, the lead screws 230 are driven by an arrangement comprising a transmission case 232, a first circular bearing (not shown), a stepper motor 236 for driving the transmission case 232, a second circular bearing (not shown) for supporting a ring gear 240, a stepper motor 242 for driving the ring gear 240, a post (not shown) and a bearing (not shown) for supporting a drive gear 248, and a plurality of lead screw gears 250. Each lead screw gear 250 is associated with a specific lead screw 230. The post (not shown) can be a cast feature of the transmission case 232, or a screw, rivet, or other fastener that extends radially from the lowermost portion of the transmission case 232. The post is just below the ring gear 240. The bearing associated with the post is internal to the drive gear 248, and surrounds the post in such a manner that the teeth of the drive gear 248 engage the teeth on the bottom of the ring gear 240 and the teeth on a selected lead screw gear 250 simultaneously.", "In addition to the advantages that have been described above, the assembly or manufacturing guidance systems and methods of the invention have numerous additional very important and significant advantages associated with them, which result in a significant increase in an efficiency of an assembly or other manufacture, and a corresponding savings of a significant amount of time, labor, paper products and money, in comparison with known methods for assembling or otherwise manufacturing three-dimensional objects, parts or skins, such as manual systems and methods, and laser systems and methods. Such advantages are also provided in connection with other uses or applications of the systems and methods of the invention.", "for a miscellaneous device having a screw for force multiplication to apply the assembling or disassembling force.", "for a C-frame assembly or disassembly tool designed to receive an impact from a separate tool.", "The other end of a drill socket has a square profile with a spring-loaded ball detent mechanism to hold a removable socket in place. The square end, known as the drive, allows separate, removable sockets to be used to fit many different sizes of fasteners. The drive size refers to the dimensions of the square end, to which the socket is mounted. While most drill sockets are designed to use removable sockets for improved versatility, they can also be purchased in fixed sizes, either individually or as a set.", "for means to assemble or disassemble including means to drive a self-piercing work part, which self-piercing part is not an \"elongated member\" which would be properly classified in Class 227. See the note to Class 227, below.", "An American manufacturer of power tools and accessories, hardware and home improvement products, and technology based fastening systems.", "In 1961, South African-born Ron Hickman was working as a designer for Lotus Cars in the UK. During a weekend DIY session, he accidentally sawed into a dining chair he'd been using to support his work. The incident inspired the invention of the Workmate portable workbench. More than 40 years later, the device is still an invaluable part of the DIY toolkit in millions of households. Black&Decker rejected the Workmate when Hickman first approached the company. He'd been manufacturing Workmates independently for four years before Black&Decker struck a licensing deal in 1972.", "When all of the fasteners have been installed into the holes present in the object, or part, the assembly is complete. The user can now exit the Operator Tool by using the “File” and “Exit” menu option on the User Interface. The assembled object can be removed from an assembly jig and replaced with the next three-dimensional object needing fasteners to be installed therein (the same type of object), and the user can simply re-run the “Operator Tool” using the corresponding process file. For the next three-dimensional object being assembled, and all subsequent three-dimensional objects of the same type, none of the steps prior to the use of the Operator Tool need to be performed, as the computer is already all set up, and has all required data for the assembly entered therein. As a result, and very advantageously, the time and labor that are required to perform a second, third, fourth, fifth and subsequent assembly processes of the same object becomes greatly reduced (typically by at least about 10%, and often by at least about 20%, and sometimes by at least about 30%), whether being performed by the same user or a new user." ]

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[ "The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and ) \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\" It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet in 2015. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.", "The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount. , the prize was worth 10 million SEK (about US$1.5 million). Since 1990, the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at Oslo City Hall.", "The only Nobel Prize that is not awarded at this annual event in Stockholm is the Nobel Peace prize, which is awarded in Oslo, Norway .", "All Nobel Prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden except for the Peace Prize, which award creator Alfred Nobel specified without reason be given in Oslo, Norway.", "The Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is held at the Oslo City Hall, followed the next day by the Nobel Peace Prize Concert, which is broadcast to more than 450 million households in over 150 countries around the worldwide fame and the participation of top celebrity hosts and performers. The selection of Nobel Peace Prize winners sometimes causes controversy, as the list of winners includes people who formerly used violent methods of problem-solving, but then later made exceptional concessions to non-violence in the attempt to achieve.", "Stockholm, Sweden:  Ever wondered why the Nobel Peace Prize is given by a Norwegian Committee in Oslo and not in the Swedish capital unlike the other Nobel awards?", "Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events. The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies' are held at the Stockholm Concert Hall, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at Stockholm City Hall. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946), at the auditorium of the University of Oslo (1947–1989) and at Oslo City Hall (1990–present). ", "Once in Scandinavia, the festivities likewise differed some from what he had experienced in Stockholm in 1954.  Pauling was awarded the Peace Prize on December 10, 1963 at Oslo University in Norway, an event attended by King Olav VI, Crown Prince Harald, and scores of additional Norwegian leaders and diplomats.  (In his will, Nobel decreed that the Peace Prize ceremony be held separately from the other Nobel Prize awards, which take place in Stockholm, Sweden.)", "On December 10th, 1963, Linus Pauling accepted the belated Nobel Peace Prize for 1962. Attended by the Norwegian royal family and various government representatives, the ceremonies took place in Festival Hall at the University of Oslo in Norway – separate, as per tradition, from the other Nobel Prize ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden. Pauling shared the ceremonies with the winners of the 1963 Nobel Peace Prize – an award split between the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies in commemoration of the centennial of the founding of the Red Cross.", "Of the prizes provided in the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite, the Peace Prize is the only one that is awarded here instead of Stockholm. The five-member committee that awards the Peace Prize consists of Norwegian academics and politicians; the other prizes are awarded by Swedish groups.", "The Nobel Peace Prize is an international award that is awarded every year by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The prize ceremony takes place annually on December 10, the date on which Alfred Nobel passed away. The prize usually includes a medal, personal diploma, and award money.", "In Oslo, the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates receive their Nobel Peace Prize from the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway. An important part is the presentation of the Nobel Lectures by the Nobel Laureates. In Stockholm, the lectures are presented days before the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. In Oslo, the Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony.", "The Nobel Peace Prize, which is considered to be the most prestigious of all prizes, will be handed out in Oslo on December 10, while the other Nobel laureates will pick up their prizes in Stockholm on the same day.", "President Barack Obama displays the Nobel Peace Prize during a ceremony in the Main Hall of Oslo City Hall in Oslo, Norway, Thursday, Dec. 10, 2009. (AP Photo/Susan Walsh)", "15. Nobel died on December 10, 1896. The formal awards ceremony is held in Stockholm each year on the anniversary of his death. The first awards show took place on December 10, 1901. (These things take time to plan.)", "Presumably because of the war, a ceremony was not held in Stockholm in 1944. Rather, there was an award luncheon in New York at which Jensen was not present. The medal was actually presented the next year, 1945, in Stockholm.", "The Nobel Peace Prize banquet is held in Norway at the Oslo Grand Hotel after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the President of the Storting, the Prime Minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend.", "*The 1932 Nobel Prizes were awarded in Stockholm. The recipients were Werner Heisenberg of Germany for Physics, Irving Langmuir of the United States (Chemistry), Sir Charles Sherrington and Lord Edgar Adrian of the United Kingdom (Medicine) and John Galsworthy of the United Kingdom (Literature). The Peace Prize was not awarded.", "The 1998 Nobel Peace Prize laureates, John Hume, right, and David Trimble, display the medals which they received during the peace prize awards ceremony in Oslo Town Hall in Norway on Thursday, December 10, 1998.", "The new Nobel Center is situated as a ‘solitaire’ in a prominent water-edge position on Blasieholmen next to the Swedish National Museum in the centre of Stockholm. ‘Nobelhuset’ gives the Nobel Prize a home for the first time in its history, strengthening Blasieholmen as an even more prominent cultural destination and celebrating human endeavour in the centre of the city. It unites under one roof an auditorium, a museum, conference facilities, offices, a library, a restaurant, a café with bar and a shop. The auditorium, ‘Nobelsalen’, crowns the new building as its architectural highlight and will be the future venue for the prestigious Nobel Prize Ceremony.", "David Trimble, left, and John Hume hold up their diplomas and medals after receiving their Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway, on December 10, 1998. Trimble and Hume won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998.", "Nobel dining SWEDEN - This year’s Nobel Prize winners joined the Swedish Royal family for a banquet in Stockholm after the awards ceremony. Winners included authors, scientists and peace activists.", "Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mohamed ElBaradei, right, accepts his prize from Ole Danbolt Mjs, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee at City Hall in Oslo, Norway, Saturday, Dec. 10, 2005. ElBaradei shared the award with his International Atomic Energy Agency for efforts to control the spread of nuclear weapons.", "The Nobel Peace Center opened in the heart of Oslo, Norway on 11 June 2005. It is a center where you can experience and learn about the various Nobel Peace Prize Laureates and their activities as well as the remarkable history of Alfred Nobel. In addition, it will serve as voice and meeting place where exhibits, discussions and reflections related to war, peace and conflict resolution is in focus. The Center combines exhibits and films with digital communication and interactive installations, and has already received attention for its modern design and use of state of the art technology. The British architect David Adjaye, the American designer David Small and a number of other artists have contributed to making the Center an exciting new reason to visit Oslo.", "Stockholm, April 2 2014 – on Wednesday, April 9 there will be a presentation of the winner of the international architectural competition for the Nobel Center – the new home for the Nobel Prize on the Blasieholmen peninsula in Stockholm.", "Following the announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize, celebrations in China were either stopped or curtailed, and prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance;Bei Feng (11 October 2010). [http://cmp.hku.hk/2010/10/11/7990/ \"Viewing the Liu Xiaobo response through Twitter\"], China Media Project of the University of Hong Kong. Liu's wife, Liu Xia, was placed under house arrest and was forbidden to talk to reporters even though no official charges were brought. Sixty-five countries with missions in Norway were all invited to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but fifteen declined, in some cases due to heavy lobbying by China. Besides China, these countries were Russia, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Venezuela, Egypt, Sudan, Cuba, and Morocco. ", "Chemistry Laureate Ben Feringa arriving at the Nobel Museum in Stockholm, Sweden, for the 2016 Nobel Laureates' Get together on 6 December.", "Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden or, in the case of the peace prize, the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them. The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas. ", "CORRECTION: An earlier version of this story incorrectly identified the organization that gives out the Nobel Peace Prize. It is the Norwegian Nobel Committee.", "An earlier version of this article misstated the date that the Nobel Peace Prize will be presented. The award will be presented on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel. It was not presented on Friday. It also misstated the given name of the director general of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. He is Ahmet Uzumcu, not Ahemt.", "A public route provides circulation and access to the building. With its starting point on the open ground floor and accompanied by various museum activities, it leads past the library, the conference area, the restaurant and the offices up to the auditorium, bringing together the diverse activities of the building. A new garden, ‘Nobel Trädgård’, is established on the south side of the building. Together with the already existing National Museum park and the promenade on the water-edge, this garden creates a new public and generous natural space in the centre of the city. The façade made of transparent and opaque glass and stone elements envelopes the building like a dress and changes its appearance depending on the daylight situation and the activities within. It seems to oscillate between solidity and lightness, austerity and playfulness, enclosure and openness, thus reflecting the values of the Nobel Prize between tradition and modernity, history and future.", "* \"[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/karman-lecture.html Tawakkol Karman – Nobel Lecture].\" Nobelprize.org. 10 December 2011. (Includes links to the English, Norwegian, and Arabic versions.)" ]

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[ "They are two mountain ranges that separate Europe from Asia these are the Ural mountain range and the Caucasus mountain range", "The Ural Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains separate Europe from Asia. These two mountain ranges form a distinct border between Europe and Asia.", "In the east, the Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia. The nations of Russia and Kazakhstan straddle both continents. Another range, the Kjølen Mountains, extends along the northern part of the border between Sweden and Norway. To the south, the Alps form an arc stretching from Albania to Austria, then across Switzerland and northern Italy into France. As the youngest and steepest of Europe’s mountains, the Alps geologically resemble the Rockies of North America, another young range.", "The Alps form the largest mountain range of Europe, 750 miles long across 8 countries. Mont Blanc is the highest peak at 15,781 feet on the border of Italy and France. As the dividing line between Europe and Asia, the Ural Mountains of Russia extend for 1,600 miles from the Arctic Ocean on the northern coast, to Kazakhstan in the south.", "3) Ural Mountains Mountain range that separates the Northern European and West Siberian plains, also is the division between Europe and Asia", "The Ural Mountains extend for 1,500 miles in a north-south direction, from the Arctic Ocean to near the Aral Sea. Old map makers used this range to mark the continental boundary between Europe and Asia. Many maps continue to show the Urals as the natural division of the two continents, although not all geographers accept the mountains as the boundary mark.", "The idea of Europe as a geographical entity has always been somewhat indistinct. Its transition into Asia is permitted by a continuous land mass. To ease this distinction, geographers divide Europe at its highest points, which are the mountain ranges. The boundary between Europe and Asia is considered to proceed south from the Arctic Ocean along the Ural Mountains and then along the tops of the Caucasus Mountains. The Volga river is considered to be the separation between the European and Asian parts of these ranges.", "The European continent, bordered by numerous bodies of water, is separated from Asia by Russia's Ural Mountains and by the Caspian and Black Seas. It is separated from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea.", "Asia and Europe: A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles.", "The main Greater Caucasus range is generally perceived to be the dividing line between Asia and Europe. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, and is generally considered as the highest point in Europe.", "A significant problem, therefore, is the porous nature of Europe's geographical borders. In the south, Europe's Mediterranean countries are only a short sail from the ports of North Africa. In the south-east, Europe is separated from Asia by nothing more than the short channel of the Bosphorus, and the most significant cultures in this region, such as the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Turks, were spread between modern Greece and Turkey. In Europe's far eastern reaches the continent is separated from Asia by the Ural mountains, and weather, rather than geography, is the most significant bar for travel between east and west. It is only to Europe's west, with the Atlantic Ocean, that we see a clear and significant geographical barrier.", "The generally accepted geographical border between Europe and Asia runs along the crest of the Ural Mountains in central Russia and of the Caucasus along the southern border of Russia. Since the massive twin-peaked stratovolcano of Mount Elbrus rises just north of the crest, it is the highest summit in Europe and also the highest volcano.", "With an elevation of 18,510 feet (5,642 meters), it is part of the Caucasus Range that straddles Asia and Europe, although most geographers place it in Europe. This makes it the tallest mountain in Europe and one of the Seven Summits, the highest mountains in each of the continents and elite climbers aspire to summit all of them.", "Truly alpine terrain appears in the southern mountain ranges. Between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus Mountains rise to impressive heights, forming a boundary between Europe and Asia. One of the peaks, Mount Elbrus, is the highest point in Europe, at 5,642 meters. The geological structure of the Caucasus extends to the northwest as the Crimean and Carpathian mountains and southeastward into Central Asia as the Tian Shan and Pamirs. The Caucasus Mountains create an imposing natural barrier between Russia and its neighbors to the southwest, Georgia and Azerbaijan.", "The Caucasus Mountains (like the Ural Mountains to the northeast) are usually considered the dividing line between Asia and Europe, with the northern region of the Caucasus in Europe; and the southern ( Trans-Caucasus ) in Asia--so technically you can consider the mountains themselves as either part of Asia or part of Europe.  The region is divided between Russia, Turkey, Iran, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and bounded on the west by the Black Sea and on the east by the Caspian Sea .  Three territories in the region claim independence but are not generally recognized:  Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh and South Ossetia (See below).", "Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's arable land. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5642 m is the highest point in both Russia and Europe) and the Altai (containing Mount Belukha, which at the 4506 m is the highest point of Siberia outside of the Russian Far East); and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at the 4750 m is the highest active volcano in Eurasia as well as the highest point of Asian Russia). The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europe and Asia.", "In conventional terms, since no water separates Europe and Asia and they physically exist on the same landmass or tectonic plate, their division into two continents clearly is a historical anomaly. This division’s roots likely were perpetuated by cultural biases of Europeans toward the Mongol people mostly located to the east of the Ural Mountains.", "The Alps (; ; ; ; ) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia. stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4810 m is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4000 m, known as the \"four-thousanders\".", "Some sources list the Kuma–Manych Depression (a remnant of the Paratethys) as the geological border between Europe and Asia. This would place the Caucasus outside of Europe, thus making Mont Blanc (elevation 4810 m) in the Graian Alps the highest point in Europe - the lowest point would still be the shore of the Caspian Sea.", "Some geologists, though, consider the Kuma-Manych depression as the geological border between Asia and Europe. Such definition would render Elbrus entirely in Asia, making it the highest volcano of that continent (see below) and making Mount Etna (a 3350-metre active stratovolcano in Sicily, Italy) the highest volcano in Europe. Mount Teide in the Canary Islands, while active, taller than Etna and within the territory of a European country, would not be considered because geologically the Canaries belong to the African continent.", "While this geographical boundary between Europe and Asia is now seldom questioned and is often assumed to be either wholly natural or too trivial to worry about, the issue still provokes occasional interest. In 1958, for example, a group of Russian geographers argued that the true divide should follow \"the eastern slope of the Urals and their prolongation the Mugodzhar hills, the Emba River, the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, the Kumo-manychskaya Vpadina (depression) and the Kerchenski Strait to the Black Sea\"--thus placing the Urals firmly within Europe and the Caucasus within Asia. Other writers have elected to ignore formal guidelines altogether, placing the boundary between the two \"continents\" wherever they see fit. The 1963 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, for example, defines the Swat district of northern Pakistan as \"a region bordering on Europe and Asia\"--\"Europe\" perhaps connoting, in this context, all areas traversed by Alexander the Great. Halford Mackinder, on the other hand, selected a \"racial\" criterion to divide Europe from Africa (although not from Asia), and thus extended its boundaries well to the south: \"In fact, the southern boundary of Europe was and is the Sahara rather than the Mediterranean, for it is the desert land that divides the black man from the white.\"", "The huge Alpine mountain chain, of which the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans, and the Caucasus are the principal links, traverses the continent from west to east. The highest points are Mt. Elbrus (18,481 ft/5,633 m) in the Caucasus and Mont Blanc (15,771 ft/4,807 m) in the Alps. Europe's lowest point (92 ft/28 m below sea level) is the surface of the Caspian Sea. Between the mountainous Scandinavian peninsula in the north and the Alpine chain in the south lie the Central European Uplands surrounded by the great European plain, stretching from the Atlantic coast of France to the Urals.", "Note that some people consider Mount Elbrus in the Caucus mountains in Russia to be the highest summit for Europe but some geographers see this as being part of Asia. It's up to you!", "(yo͝or`əp), 6th largest continent, c.4,000,000 sq mi (10,360,000 sq km) including adjacent islands (1992 est. pop. 512,000,000). It is actually a vast peninsula of the great Eurasian land mass. By convention, it is separated from Asia by the Urals and the Ural River in the east; by the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus in the southeast; and by the Black Sea, the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles in the south. The Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar separate it from Africa. Europe is washed in the north by the Arctic Ocean, and in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, with which the North Sea and the Baltic Sea are connected.", "Many mountain ranges run through Europe; infact almost all of Europe contains mountainous land. The Alps run on the northern margins of Mediterranean and Southern, Europe. The Sierra Nevada mountain range is located in Southern Spain. The Pyrenees Mountains border between France and Spain. The Apennine Mountains are located in the peninsula Italy. The Dinaric Alps go along Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and Albania. The Pindus Mountains are located in Greece. Carpathian Mountains are located in Slovakia, southwestern Ukraine, and Romania. Bulgaria has the Balkan Mountains.", "The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the geographical land border of the eastern edge of Europe. In the west, however, the cultural and religious boundaries of \"Eastern Europe\" are subject to considerable overlap and, most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which make a precise definition of the western boundaries of Eastern Europe and the geographical midpoint of Europe somewhat difficult.", "Mount Elbrus (; ,; , tr. Ialbuzi) is the highest mountain in Europe, and the tenth most prominent peak in the world. A dormant volcano, Elbrus forms part of the Caucasus Mountains in Southern Russia, near the border with Georgia. ", "Mount Elbrus is the highest peak in Europe, and one of the Seven Summits. It’s located just in Russia, though it is only a few miles from the border of Georgia. Though Elbrus is the highest summit in Europe, it is one of the technically easiest of the higher peaks on the continent. The mountain is in the Caucasus Mountains, which is one of the most rugged mountain ranges in the world.", "High elevations, rugged plateau s, and steeply sloping land define the region. Europes highest peak, Mount Elbrus (5,642 meters/18,510 feet), is in the Caucasus mountains of Russia. The Alpine region also includes active volcano es, such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy.", "For a detailed description of the geographical boundaries between Asia and Europe, see Borders of the continents: Europe and Asia.", "Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain on the European continent. Its summit is 18,510 feet (5,642 meters) above sea level. It is located in Russia. Image of Mount Elbrus copyright by iStockPhoto and Giliazov Artur.", "There are many reasons, both great and otherwise, for why these three countries are either Asian or European. But to look at this problem, it is first important to know where the borders are that separate the two aforementioned continents – a hard task, considering that there is only arbitrary boundaries that are not unanimous in nature. As I said in a previous article about the continents , borders of a continent are often based along cultural and political lines as much as geographical." ]

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[ "Since 1998, when Frito-Lay first introduced Olestra to its chip lines (which were first labeled WOW!, then renamed to Light in 2004), CSPI has been loudly warning consumers about the potential side effects of Olestra. Initially, the Food and Drug Administration required food makers to post warning labels on food that contained Olestra, but in 2003, the agency dropped that requirement.", "First introduced in 1998, Frito’s new idea was popular at the beginning, with WOW versions of Lay’s, Ruffles, Doritos, and Tostitos bringing in $400 million in sales. But by 2000, sales had dipped to $200 million, after many customers reported anal leakage caused by olestra.", "And here’s another trend that was hot in the 1990s – Fat Free! None of the fat, same great taste! Diet Everything! And just one of the products launched in 1998 was these Wow! Chips from Frito-Lay. In three different varieties, they delivered what they promised – very little fat but all the taste you’d expect. But they also delivered something else  – stomach cramping, “loose stools” and other digestive complications. The ingredient responsible was Olestra , which later led to a disclaimer on the packet about the abdominal complaints it may cause, and the way it “inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients”. So, it may well help you lose weight, but only by a combination of stomach upsets and malnutrition. Strangely enough, sales declined after the revelations and the chips were quietly withdrawn.", "Frito-Lay, Inc. is the division of PepsiCo that manufactures, markets and sells corn chips, potato chips and other snack foods. The primary snack food brands produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's and Ruffles potato chips, Rold Gold pretzels and Walkers potato crisps (in the UK and Ireland)—each of which generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009. ", "PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which includes an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and of Quaker Oats in 2001, which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio.", "Cheetos (formerly called Chee-tos until 1998) is a brand of cheese-flavored, puffed cornmeal snacks made by Frito-Lay, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin invented Cheetos in 1948, and began national distribution in the U.S. The initial success of Cheetos was a contributing factor to the merger between The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company in 1961 to form Frito-Lay. In 1965 Frito-Lay became a subsidiary of The Pepsi-Cola Company, forming PepsiCo, the current owner of the Cheetos brand.", "The primary snack food brands and products produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's potato chips, Ruffles chips and Walker's potato crisps (distributed in the UK and Ireland under the Walker's brand and in the rest of Europe under the Lay's brand)—each of which generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009. Frito-Lay also comprises multiple brands outside of the chip category, including Rold Gold pretzels, Cracker Jack popcorn snacks and TrueNorth nut clusters and nut crisps. In India, Frito-Lay uses its international brands as well as Uncle Chipps, a homegrown brand that it bought out in 2000. Kurkure, Indian snack developed and produced by PepsiCo India on March 31 announced that it was now available in Canada, UAE and Gulf region too.", "Frito-Lay North America is the division which controls Frito-Lay product research and development, sales and distribution within the U.S. and Canada. Its primary brands include Lay's and Ruffles potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Tostitos tortilla chips and dips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Fritos corn chips, Rold Gold pretzels, Sun Chips, and Cracker Jack popcorn. Products made by this division are sold to independent distributors and retailers, and are transported from Frito-Lay's manufacturing plants to distribution centers, primarily in vehicles owned and operated by the company. ", "As of 2013, the Lay's Light chips were still available, listing olestra as an ingredient.[http://www.fritolay.com/assets/images/bigVault/lays-light-original_1__1_.gif \"Nutrition Facts Label\"] Pringles Light potato crisps, manufactured by Kellogg's (though at one time a P&G product), use Olean brand olestra.", "So far, the FDA has not moved to accept the CSPI's request and order the warning label be reinstated. But in a settlement announced last week with CSPI, Frito-Lay agreed to prominently display an oval-shaped Olean logo and banner reading \"made with olestra\" on the front of its packages. On the back of the packages will be a short statement noting the presence of olestra. The agreement came after the CSPI threatened a class-action lawsuit against the snack maker. (See my earlier item on this.)", "PepsiCo, Inc. is a diversified consumer products company with some of the world’s most important and valuable trademarks. By the early 1990s, the company’s system dispensed $30 million in snack foods, $43 million in fast food, and $77 million in beverages each day. At that time, snack foods from PepsiCo’s Frito-Lay division, which included Doritos tortilla chips, Ruggles and Lay’s potato chips, Fritos corn chips, and Rold Gold pretzels, contributed the majority (39 percent, or $1.L9 billion) of the conglomerate’s operating profits. Incidentally, Frito-Lay also held 50 percent share of the $8 billion snack food market. Beverages, including the venerable Pepsi-Cola, and newer Slice and Mountain Dew, comprised 36 percent (or $1.11 billion) of PepsiCo’s operating profits. While the restaurant division’s Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC chains brought in the majority of PepsiCo’s sales, they added the minority of operating profits, 25 percent, or $778 million. As PepsiCo neared its centennial, its soft drinks were distributed in 166 countries, its snack foods were available in almost 90 countries, and its restaurant chains had operations in 88 countries and territories.", "Olestra (also known by its brand name Olean) is a fat substitute that adds no fat, calories, or cholesterol to products. It has been used in the preparation of otherwise high-fat foods such as potato chips, thereby lowering or eliminating their fat content. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) originally approved olestra for use as a replacement for fats and oils in prepackaged ready-to-eat snacks in 1996, concluding that such use \"meets the safety standard for food additives, reasonable certainty of no harm\". In the late 1990s, Olestra lost its popularity due to side effects, but products containing the ingredient can still be purchased at grocery stores in some countries.", "The company’s expansion beyond the soft drink market began in 1965 when Kendall met Herman Lay, the owner of Frito-Lay, at a grocer’s convention. Kendall arranged a merger with this Dallas-based snack food manufacturer and formed PepsiCo, Inc. Herman Lay retired soon thereafter but retained his substantial PepsiCo shareholding. The value of this stock increased dramatically as Frito-Lay products were introduced to Pepsi’s nationwide market. At the time of the merger, key Frito-Lay brands included Fritos corn chips (created in 1932), Lay’s potato chips (1938), Chee-tos cheese-flavored snacks (1948), Ruffles potato chips (1958), and Rold Gold pretzels (acquired by Frito-Lay in 1961). Doritos tortilla chips were introduced nationally in 1967. The addition of Frito-Lay helped PepsiCo achieve $1 billion in sales for the first time in 1970. That same year, the corporation moved into its new world headquarters in Purchase, New York.", "PepsiCo's Latin America Foods (Spanish: Snacks América Latina) operations market and sell primarily Quaker- and Frito-Lay-branded snack foods within Central and South America, including Argentina, Brazil, Peru and other countries in this region. Snacks América Latina purchased Peruvian company Karinto S.A.C. including its production company Bocaditas Nacionales (with three production facilities in Peru) from the Hayashida family of Lima in 2009, adding the Karito brand to its product line, including Cuates, Fripapas, and Papi Frits. ", "As successful as Pepsi was during the 1960s, it was still trailing behind Coke. In response, Kendall thought it was important to expand the company' product line beyond soft drinks. At a grocer's convention in 1960, he met Herman W. Lay, the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Frito-Lay, the nation's leading manufacturer of such snack foods as Lay's potato chips, Cheetos, Ruffles, and Rold Gold pretzels. The two decided to merge companies, and in 1965, PepsiCo, Inc. became the name of the new company. A year later they introduced Doritos, which eventually became the most popular snack chip in the United States.", "A new CEO, Irene Rosenfeld, was appointed in 2005. Under her management, Frito-Lay North America continued to expand its product lines with acquisitions such as Stacy's Pita Chip Company, which represented \"Frito-Lay's desire to participate more broadly in the $90 billion macrosnack category\", particularly involving snack foods made with more natural ingredients, according to reports from within its industry at that time. In 2010, Frito-Lay reformulated Lay's Kettle and Lay's flavored chips into a new variant labeled as being made with all-natural ingredients. Sales of Lay's potato chips grew by 8% following the change to all-natural ingredients. As a result, Frito-Lay announced in 2010 its plans to convert approximately half of all Frito-Lay products, including Sun Chips, Tostitos, Fritos and Rold Gold pretzels, to all-natural ingredients in 2011.", "Upon the formation of PepsiCo, Frito-Lay soon began efforts to expand with the development of new snack food brands in the 1960s and 1970s, including Doritos (1966), Funyuns (1969) and Munchos (1971). The most popular new Frito-Lay product launched during this era was Doritos, which initially was positioned as a more flavorful tortilla chip. At first the chip was perceived by consumers as being too bland. In response, the company re-launched Doritos in Taco, and later Nacho Cheese, flavors. The spicier composition proved successful, and Doritos quickly became the second most popular Frito-Lay product line, second only to Lay's potato chips. ", "In March 2012, Taco Bell teamed up with Frito Lay and created the Doritos Locos Tacos, which is a taco with a Dorito Nacho Cheese flavored taco shell. [37] In early 2012, Taco Bell announced they would be launching a new line of breakfast menu items including a Johnsonville Foods sausage and egg wrap, breakfast burritos, hash browns, Cinnabon Delights, Seattle’s Best Coffee , and orange juice. [38] Taco Bell is releasing a Mountain Dew infused drink called Mountain Dew A.M. [39]", "September 1961 - Frito Company merged with H. W. Lay & Company to form Frito-Lay, Inc., largest snack selling company in United States; June 8, 1965 - shareholders approved merger of Frito-Lay, Pepsi-Cola Company, new company called PepsiCo, Inc.; formed (Frito-Lay owned 46 manufacturing plants nationwide, more than 150 distribution centers across the United States); September 9, 1969 - FRITO-LAY, Inc. registered \"FRITO LAY'S\" trademark first used November 1967 (potato chips).", "• Frito-Lay challenged our self-control when they released their advertising slogan for Lay’s potato chips of “Betcha can’t eat just one” in 1963. They were the first snack food manufacturer to release television commercials, using actor Bert Lahr of The Wizard of Oz fameout as their Take thespokesman. words “Toll Free” Herman Lay started up the company in 1932 and local numbers below selling potato chips out of the the trunk of his car. He putCompany the 888# merged his venture and with just the Frito in and make 1961. it larger. COUPON", "One of the main concerns the FDA had about olestra was it might encourage consumers to eat more of the \"top of the pyramid\" foods because of the perception of its being healthier. This could result in consumers engaging in over-consumption, thinking the addition of olestra would remove negative consequences. In light of this possibility, approving it as an additive would have meant consumers would be consuming a food with a relatively high amount of an additive, whose long-term health effects were not documented. This made the FDA particularly hesitant to approve the product, as well as the side effects, such as diarrhea, and concern for the loss of fat-soluble vitamins. In August 1990, P&G narrowed their focus to \"savory snacks\", potato chips, tortilla chips, crackers and similar foods.", "When removing the olestra warning label, the FDA cited a six-week P&G study of more than 3000 people showing the olestra-eating group experienced only a small increase in bowel movement frequency compared to the control group. The FDA concluded that \"subjects eating olestra-containing chips were no more likely to report having had loose stools, abdominal cramps, or any other GI symptom compared to subjects eating an equivalent amount of [potato] chips\". ", "In 2009, after slow sales, Oberto Brands ended the distribution deal with Frito-Lay and began distributing its own products. Shortly after the agreement was terminated, Oberto Brands named Tom Ennis CEO and president. The company adjusted the recipes for its flagship jerky products in 2012, removing corn syrup, preservatives, dextrose, and other artificial ingredients. ", "PLANO, Texas – Frito-Lay today announced a voluntary recall of select Rold Gold Tiny Twists, Rold Gold Thins, Rold Gold Sticks and Rold Gold Honey Wheat Braided due to a potential undeclared peanut allergen.", "As of 2010, Frito-Lay operates production plants, distribution centers and regional offices in more than 40 countries, with its Frito-Lay North America headquarters residing in Plano, Texas. Within North America, Frito-Lay owns (and in some cases, leases) approximately 1,830 distribution centers, warehouses and offices. The division also maintains 55 production plants. Its President and Chief Executive Officer is Tom Greco. ", "Let me continue. In 1988, while the former host of \"Death Valley Days\" was sitting in the Oval Office, the rights to market 20-mule team of Boraxo were acquired. Next came the first microwave cup meals. A year later, Liquid Dial is introduced. It rings up a million in sales in the first 10 weeks on the market. The deal with WalMart took another decade to pull together. In the meantime, the company split and spun off some products and acquired new ones.", "Founded by Spaniard Enric Bernat in 1958, Chupa Chups is currently owned by Italian multinational Perfetti Van Melle (the corporation owns other well-known brands such as Mentos, Smint, and Fruitella). The Chupa Chups brand name comes from the Spanish verb chupar, meaning “to suck.”", "Introduced in 1953, the cereal has undergone several name changes. It started out as Sugar Smacks. In the 1980s, it was renamed Honey Smacks. In the early 1990s, it had been discovered that the current mascot, Dig'em Frog, was just calling the cereal \"Smacks\", so the word \"Honey\" was dropped from the name, and the product was then simply called Smacks. In 2004, the cereal was given back the name Honey Smacks, which is now its current name. It is known in Mexico as SMAK.", "Tortas Fritas – Argentinian and Uruguayan Fry Bread Tortas fritas are quick to make and a great treat for weekend mornings as well. In Argentina and Uruguay, tortas fritas are often served with dulce de leche or jam. They are normally fried in lard, but you can substitute vegetable shortening.", "The frita became popular in Cuba in the 1930s. It is a Cuban version of the American hamburger, although with significant changes. It is prepared with ground beef mixed with ground chorizo. The patties are made small and fried on a griddle. The fried patty is served in a small Cuban bread hamburger bun, topped with onion and julienne potato fries.", "Uncle Ben's is a brand name for parboiled rice and other related food products. The brand was introduced by Converted Rice Inc., which was later bought by Mars, Inc. It is based in Houston, Texas. Uncle Ben’s rice was first marketed in 1943 and was the top-selling rice in the United States from 1950 until the 1990s. ", "Lipton produces instant soup mixes. In the 1950s in the United States, Lipton ran an advertisement campaign promoting French onion dip prepared at home using Lipton's French onion soup mix, thus helping to popularize chips and dip. After this time, many new commercially produced varieties of dips (numbering in the hundreds) were created and produced in the U.S." ]

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[ "The Nobel Prizes are a series of awards which were posthumously instituted by bequest of Alfred Nobel (1895). They are currently awarded to persons and organizations that have served humanity in the fields of physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , literature , and peace . The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is related to the Nobel Prize. Since the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901, the proceedings, nominations, awardees and exclusions have engendered criticisms [2] and on-going controversies. [3]", "The late Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel left the bulk of his fortune to create the Nobel Prizes to honor work in five areas, including peace. In his 1895 will, he said one part was dedicated to that person \"who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\" See the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize since it was first awarded in 1901.", "The point of departure is always Alfred Nobel's will. But the fact is that the three criteria for the peace prize which Nobel mentions in his will, work for \"fraternity between nations\", for \"the abolition or reduction of standing armies\", and for \"the holding of peace congresses\", only provide limited guidance. That leaves it to a large extent up to the Norwegian Nobel Committee itself to interpret and concretize the concept of peace. Ever since 1901, this has been a matter for dispute, if not so much within the Committee as in the public domain. When the very first prize was awarded, to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy, nearly everyone accepted the pacifist Passy. To some, however, Dunant presented a problem. Was his work relevant to peace? Certainly the Red Cross did excellent work once war had broken out, but what did they do to prevent war?", "The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish: ) is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. Since December 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have \"done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\". ", "While there was a great deal of controversy surrounding Nobel's will in Sweden and that of the role of the designated prize-awarding institutions, certainly including the fact that the rebellious Norwegians were to award the Peace Prize, the Norwegian Storting quickly accepted its role as awarder of the Nobel Peace Prize. On April 26, 1897, a month after it had received formal notification from the executors of the will, the Storting voted to accept the responsibility, more than a year before the designated Swedish bodies took similar action. It was to take three years of various legal actions before the first Nobel Prizes could actually be awarded.", "The prizes are actually announced earlier in the year, in November, but the actual ceremony for handing them out is always December 10th to a bit less international fanfare. In 1901, the first nobel prizes ever were awarded to the following people :", "In 1901, Dunant was awarded the first-ever Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's book, advocated Dunant's case on the Nobel committee. The award was jointly given to French pacifist Frédéric Passy, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. The official congratulations which he received from the International Committee finally represented the rehabilitation of Dunant's reputation:", "While Theodore Roosevelt and, to a lesser extent, Elihu Root, were the only prominent international politicians to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in the years before 1914, at least five prominent politicians in addition to Kellogg were to be so honored between 1919 and 1939. In 1926 alone, the Nobel Committee actually awarded the reserved prize for 1925 to Vice President Charles Gates Dawes of the United States and Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain of Great Britain and the 1926 prize to Foreign Minister Aristide Briand of France and Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann of Germany. Dawes was responsible for the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925, under which Germany accepted its western borders as final. The four prizes reflected recognition of the changed international political climate, particularly between Germany and France, which Locarno helped bring about. It was probably also an effort by the committee to strengthen Norway's relations with the four international powers that mattered most for its interests. In 1936, the prize was awarded to Argentine Foreign Minister Carlos Saavedra Lamas for his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia. Lamas also played a significant role in the League of Nations.", "The first female Nobel Peace prize winner, Baroness Bertha von Suttner , in 1905, was perhaps the inspiration for the award itself. Von Suttner, who organized the Austrian Peace Society and wrote the landmark anti-war novel Lay Down Your Arms, was a close friend of Alfred Nobel. When he established the peace prize, he wrote that it should go \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses\"—precisely the work the Baroness had been engaged in.", "At least eight of the 21 Laureates in the period from 1919 to 1939 had a clear connection with the League of Nations. For the Nobel Committee the League came to represent the enhancement of the Inter-Parliamentary Union tradition from before 1914. In 1919, the Peace Prize was awarded to the President of the United States, Thomas Woodrow Wilson for his crucial role in establishing the League. Wilson had been nominated by many, including Venstre Prime Minister Gunnar Knudsen. In a certain sense the prize to Wilson was obvious; what still made it controversial, also among committee members, was that the League was part of the Versailles Treaty, which was regarded as diverging from the president’s own ideal of “peace without victory.” The prize in 1920 to Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois , a prominent French politician and peace activist, showed the continuity between the pre-1914 peace movement and the League. Bourgeois had participated in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907; in 1918-1919 he pushed for what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its “spiritual father.”", "In 1905, Austrian baroness and author Bertha von Suttner became the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, in recognition of her work with the pacifist movements in Germany and Austria. She was also widely seen as inspiring Alfred Nobel, with whom she corresponded, to create the Peace Prize.", "It’s rare, but it has happened. French philosopher and writer Jean-Paul Satre was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1964, but declined that (and any other) official honors. In 1973, Communist Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho was jointly awarded the peace prize with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for their work negotiating the Paris Peace Accords during the Vietnam War. Kissinger accepted his award, but Tho refused, stating that a true peace had not actually been achieved. When Russian poet and novelist Boris Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1958, he quickly accepted, telegraphing the Nobel Committee that he was, “immensely thankful” and “proud,” however, officials of the Soviet Union, who had successfully prevented publication of Pasternak’s work (including Doctor Zhivago), almost immediately pressured him into rejecting the prize. The Nobel Foundation would not select another winner, nor would it remove Pasternak’s name from the record books. Finally, near the end of the Cold War in 1989, Pasternak’s son Yevgeny accepted the award on his father’s behalf.", "The Nobel Prize was established in accordance with the will of Swede, Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite and holder of more than 350 patents. Awarded annually since 1901, the Nobel Prize is the first annual international award to recognise achievements in Physics, Medicine, Chemistry, Peace and Literature. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to members of Cambridge University for significant advances as diverse as the discovery of the structure of DNA, the development of a national income accounting system, the mastery of an epic and narrative psychological art and the discovery of penicillin.", "• 1925, Austen Chamberlain — Chamberlain was the British Foreign Secretary and half-brother to Neville Chamberlain, who years later would become the British Prime Minister famously advocating appeasement with Hitler. Austen Chamberlain won his Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating what is known to history as the Locarno Pact in 1925. The Locarno Pact, said Austen Chamberlain, was “the beginning, and not the end, of the noble work of appeasement in Europe.” The Nobel Prize Committee agreed, and awarded Chamberlain the Peace Prize for an agreement that opened the door", "Alfred Nobel was interested in social issues and was engaged in the peace movement. His acquaintance with Bertha von Suttner (who was later awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize) influenced his own views on peace. Perhaps his peace interest was also because his inventions were used in warfare and assassination attempts? Peace was the fifth and final prize area that Nobel mentioned in his will.", "Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize, though he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the American Friends Service Committee.[43] Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission, and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award. Mahatma Gandhi was to receive the Prize in 1948, but his assassination prevented the award from being awarded to him. The war breaking out between the newly created states of India and Pakistan could have been an additional complicating factor that year.[44] The Prize was not awarded in 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, on the grounds that \"there was no suitable living candidate\" that year, and when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was \"in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi.\"[45]", "Both Theiler and Camus had emigrated out of Africa at the time of their awards, however, making Albert Lutuli the first person to be awarded a Nobel Prize for work completed in Africa. At the time, Lutuli (who was born in Southern Rhodesia, which is now Zimbabwe) was the President of the African National Congress in South Africa and was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role leading the non-violent campaign against apartheid.", "The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels Fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize should be awarded \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\"", "Alfred Nobel - Founder of the Nobel Peace Prize. Died December 10, 1896. The Nobel Prize is awarded on December 10th each year, the anniversary of his death. Born October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. Web site: www.nobelprize.org.)", "Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to win a Nobel Peace Prize. The award given to Roosevelt was controversial as he was the first politician to receive it. His public persona at the time was that of a hardcore military man with a thirst for conquest.", "Mahatma Gandhi was chosen for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1948, but he was assassinated before it was conferred to him. In response to this, the Nobel Committee decided not to award the Peace Prize for that year.", "On this day in 1926, George Bernard Shaw refused to accept the money for his Nobel Prize for Literature , which had been awarded to him a year earlier.   He had also turned down the offer of a peerage.   Shaw was the only person to have won both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar (Best Screenplay for the film adaptation of Pygmalion) until Al Gore repeated the feat in 2007.", "Henry Kissinger: Peace Maker or War Monger? - The Nobel Peace Prize is a prestigious grant awarded to those who exemplify the pursuit of peace and coexistence of all races and cultures. The prize was created after the death of multi-millionaire and inventor Alfred Nobel who amassed a great fortune through the creation and manufacturing of dynamite for use in transportation, farming and building (Kushner p. 444 – 45). Alfred was criticized, however, for his invention due to its application in war. He must have taken these criticisms harshly for on his deathbed Alfred asked those around him to use his great wealth to create five individual prizes to be awarded to those who have promoted great progress in the fields of science, literature...   [tags: U.S. History]", "2) Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European or non-white recipient of the Nobel Prize (in any category). Tagore was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in literature.", "While the controversial people listed above enjoy (or enjoyed) their Nobel Peace prizes, Mahatma Gandhi was never awarded one (though he was nominated five times). In addition, in the fields of science, great men such as Nicola Tesla and Thomas Edison were not awarded prizes because of their animosity towards each other. If Tesla had won, the money would probably have prevented him from filing for bankruptcy in 1916, and the face of modern society may have been very different.", "Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was held by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activist. ", "* This article was published as a chapter of the book: \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "This article is published as a chapter of the book \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "* Published as a chapter of the book: \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, eds., Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "* Published as a chapter of the book: \"The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years\", Agneta Wallin Levinovitz and Nils Ringertz, editors, Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. , 2001.", "But his idealism also had a political aspect: Alfred Nobel supported those who spoke up against militarism and war, and wanted to make a contribution to work for disarmament and the peaceful solution of international conflicts. In this respect, the Austrian author and peace activist Bertha von Suttner exercised considerable influence on him. They were close friends and corresponded for many years. There is reason to believe that the establishment of the Nobel Peace Prize was principally inspired by her.", "The most notorious controversies have been over prizes for Literature, Peace and Economics. Beyond disputes over which contributor's work was more worthy, critics most often discerned political bias and Eurocentrism in the result. The interpretation of Nobel's original words concerning the Literature prize has also undergone repeated revisions." ]

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[ "serving on a jury. Most people between the ages of 18 and 70 can be required to serve on a jury.", "Because a jury trial is an important right of American citizenship, serving on a jury is a required duty of all American citizens who have reached the age of 18.  The district court will send out a jury summons to eligible citizens, requiring them to report to the courthouse for jury duty.  Potential jurors are selected at random, to ensure there is a fair mix of all types of citizens in the courtroom.", "U.S. citizens, 18-years-old and older, may qualify to serve in the federal courts on a jury. The Jury Selection and Service Act establishes the process for selecting jurors and outlines qualifications a person must meet to serve on a federal jury.", "In most criminal justice systems which require juries, panels are initially selected at random from the adult population of the district served by the court concerned. A person who is serving on (that is, part of) a jury is known as a juror. The requirements for a jury are fairly universal. The number of jurors must be a specified size (often but not always 12), and since there is always the possibility of jurors not completing the trial for health or other reasons, often some alternate jurors are nominated, who will also follow the trial (but do not take part in deciding the verdict), as a precaution in case a new juror is needed part way through the trial. Serving on a jury is normally compulsory if a citizen is chosen (exceptions and exclusions vary between jurisdictions and are discussed below). Since a jury is intended to be an 99", "____________________________________________________ We were all celebrating our friend's 80th birthday when the mail arrived. In the mail was a summons for her to appear for jury duty. She called the court clerk. \"I received a jury duty summons, but I have an age exemption.\" The clerk said, \"Ma'am, you need to fill out an exemption form to be granted the exemption.\" \"I did that last year.\" \"Ma'am, you have to do it every year.\" \"Why? I know I am getting better every year, but I am not getting younger just yet.\" ____________________________________________________ A student walked into our library area and glanced at the encyclopedia volumes stacked on a bookshelf. \"What are all these books?\" he asked. Somewhat surprised, I replied that they were encyclopedias. \"Really?\" he said. \"You mean somebody printed out the whole CD?\" ____________________________________________________", "Seattle ( Listen i /siˈætəl/ see-AT-əl ) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County , in the U.S. state of Washington . With an estimated 668,342 residents as of 2014 [update] , Seattle is the largest city in both the State of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America and, as of July 2014 [update] , is the fastest-growing major city in the United States. [5] The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. [6] The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean ) and Lake Washington , about Script error: No such module \"convert\". south of the Canada–United States border . A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling. [7]", "Jurors in Seattle Municipal Court most commonly hear misdemeanor cases such as driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, shoplifting, assault, domestic violence, vehicle prowl, or prostitution. Jurors occasionally hear civil cases involving charges such as violation of building regulations or business license regulations.", "Seattle (i/siˈætl/ see-at-əl) is a coastal seaport city and the seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With an estimated 652,405 residents as of 2013, Seattle is the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and the fastest-growing major city in the United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of around 3.6 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. The city is situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the 8th largest port in the United States and 9th largest in North America in terms of container handling.", "**For youth councils: 15 to 18; previously from 15 to 21. Incumbent are allowed to keep their positions if they surpassed the legal age.", "Seattle is a West Coast seaport city and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents , Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the fastest-growing major city in the United States and remained in the Top 5 in May 2015 with an annual growth rate of 2.1%. The Seattle metropolitan area is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States with over 3.7 million inhabitants. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 100 mi south of the Canada–United States border. A major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the third largest port in North America in terms of container handling . ", "* The jury should consist of a variety of members in terms of age, gender and background. All jury members must be citizens of the country they are representing. ", "For governor, most states require a minimum age of 30. Oklahoma has a minimum age of 31, six states have no age qualification, three allow a minimum age of 18, and six specify a minimum age of 25.Although many states, over the years, have voluntarily changed their age qualification laws to allow more people to run for elective office, court challenges to these statutes have largely failed. In 1971, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which forbids the states to deny the vote to anyone 18 years or older, had no effect on the constitutionality of age requirements for holding office. Those challenging age restrictions have argued that such laws deny people under the required age Equal Protection of the law. These challenges have not been successful. Courts have found that holding office is not a fundamental right that states may not restrict. They have determined that age is a reasonable basis of discrimination to ensure that those serving in government possess the necessary maturity, experience, and competence to perform as effective representatives.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Seattle ranks well above the national average in terms of the educational level of its population. Of persons age 25 or over, 86.4 percent have graduated from high school, and 37.9 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher (compared with national averages of 82 percent and 23 percent, respectively).", "But how powerful is this tradition in Seattle, compared with other American cities? It’s difficult to tell, but an informative demographic display tells us that now more than 20 percent of Seattle’s population is foreign-born; 40 percent of the city’s households contain one person; and the median age is 36 — all of which seem to suggest currents of unpredictable change.", "When citizens are called for jury duty, they report to the federal courthouse in the district in which they live.   When it’s time for the trial to begin, a large group of the jurors are taken to the courtroom to participate in voir dire , or jury selection.  For a federal criminal trial, the final jury will have 12 members, plus one or more alternates.  After the trial concludes, only 12 jurors get to participate in the decision making.  For a federal civil trial, the final jury can have up to 12 members, but can’t be any smaller than 6.", "No. Your jury duty obligation can be postponed (deferred) one or two times for up to one year each time. You must postpone your service prior to your current report date. To reschedule, call (206) 477-1324 or visit the Juror Information webpage.", " Seattle is a leader in its commitment to diversity and equality, and is an inclusive, welcoming community. It prides itself on ensuring that everyone has equal access to jobs, education, and housing regardless of race, ethnic background, sexual orientation, or economic status. It is a city of immigrants; one in five residents were born in another country. A thriving and vibrant arts and music scene is a large part of Seattle’s character. In the early part of the 20th century, there were dozens of jazz nightclubs in the Chinatown-International District and Central District areas, supporting the early careers of legends Ray Charles and Quincy Jones. Later, Seattle was the birthplace of rocker Jimi Hendrix and home to internationally known musical artists, including Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Macklemore. Seattle features a professional symphony, ballet, opera, and many theatre groups, along with thriving art museums. Five professional sports teams call Seattle home, including the Seattle Seahawks, which recently played in back-to-back National Football League Super Bowls.   Seattle has always exhibited a pioneering spirit, optimism, enterprise, and pride. From its days as a frontier town on the shores of the Pacific to its current status as one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, Seattle is constantly innovating and redefining its identity as one of the world’s most modern cities.", "Voters in Washington must be US citizens, at least 18 years old, and residents of the state, their county, and their precinct for at least 30 days prior to election day. Restrictions apply to those convicted of certain crimes and to those judged by the court as mentally incompetent to vote.", "The United States Constitution and the Washington State Constitution guarantee the right to trial by jury. Failure to attend as directed may subject you to penalties provided by law. All King County residents are obligated by state law to serve as a juror unless they:", "There are several variations of at-large voting. In one of them that is used in Seattle and several other cities, the at-large seats are numbered and specific candidates vie for these individual seats. So candidates A and B would vie for seat one, candidates C and D for seat two, and so on. All the voters in the city cast one vote for their preferred candidates in each of these races, and the candidate with the plurality wins. In another variation, some cities use the numbered seats, but also have a residency requirement. Candidates for a particular seat must live in a certain area or district of the city. This ensures that all neighborhoods have some representation. Again all the voters in the city are able to vote for each of the seats.", "Does that mean you won't be able to volunteer if you don't meet this age requirement?", "Although petit juries in England and the United States historically have contained 12 members, there is no uniform number. Numerical requirements for a valid verdict vary (e.g., unanimity in most courts in the United States, a majority in Scotland and Italy, two-thirds in Portugal), as do subject areas of operation. For example, in the United States in some states juvenile defendants may not...", "In order to vote in Indiana, a person must be a US citizen, at least 18 years old, and a resident of the voting precinct for 30 days before the next election. Those jailed for criminal convictions may not vote.", "Seattle's politics are strongly liberal/progressive, although there is a small libertarian movement within the metro area. [208 ] It is one of the most liberal cities in the United States, with approximately 80% voting for the Democratic Party ; only two precincts in Seattle—one in the Broadmoor community, and one encompassing neighboring Madison Park —had a majority of votes for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election . In addition, all precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election , including the two precincts who had previously voted Republican in 2004. [208 ] In partisan elections for the Washington State Legislature and United States Congress, nearly all elections are won by Democrats.", "Seattle initially adopted a ward system, however in 1910, this system was replaced by non-partisan, at-large representation. Variations on ward systems were proposed and rejected in 1914, [21] 1926, [22] 1974, 1995, [23] and 2003 [24] and convictions for campaign-related money laundering followed the 1995 campaign. [25] Critics claimed that district-style elections of the city council would result in Tammany Hall -style politics. In 1973, inspired by Boston's model, Mayor Wes Uhlman 's administration implemented a system of Little City Halls, where Community Service Centers (CSCs) assumed responsibility for coordinating municipal services. Uhlman's political opponents called the CSCs a thinly disguised ward system designed to promote Uhlman's reelection. [26] CSCs became a setting for political arguments between the city council and the mayor; controversies over accountability, cronyism, and ward politics occurred in 1974, 1976, and 1988. In 1991 the CSCs were renamed Neighborhood Service Centers (NSCs) and were placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of Neighborhoods. [26] More recently, their number has been reduced. As of 2011, there are NSCs located in Ballard, Lake City, the University District, the Central District, West Seattle, Southeast Seattle, and Delridge. [27]", "For SAF, the suit with Seattle in King County Superior Court is a rematch of sorts that echoes a case filed six years ago challenging former Mayor Greg Nickels on a ban on guns in city parks. In February 2010, Judge Catherine Shaffer found the questionable ordinance violated Washington’s law and struck it down.", "(157) David B. Kopel, The Samurai, The Mountie, and the Cowboy, Prometheus, 1992, footnote 158. page 153. Note 132: \"Seattle whites had a homicide rate of 6.2 per 100,000. Vancouver whites 6.4. Seattle blacks were 36.6, and Seattle Hispanics 26.9. Source, J. H. Sloane, A. L. Kellerman, D. I. Reay, J. A. Fenis, T. Koepsell, F. P. Rivara, C. Rice, L. Gray & J. Logerfo, \"Handgun Regulations, Crime, Assaults and Homicide: A Tale of Two Cities,\" New England Journal of Medicine, no. 319 (November 10, 1988): 1256-62.", "A 2006 study by UCLA indicated that Seattle has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita. With 12.9% of citizens polled identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the city ranks second of all major US cities, behind San Francisco and slightly ahead of Atlanta and Minneapolis . [203 ] Greater Seattle also ranks second among major US metropolitan areas, with 6.5% being LGBT. [204 ]", "The District of Columbia and twelve states define age as a specific motivation for hate crimes – California, Florida, Iowa, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York and Vermont. ", "OLE HANSON (1874-1949): Mayor of Seattle and the center of political foment during the Seattle General Strike in 1919. He used the strike controversy to test national opinion as a prospective presidential candidate.", "Yakima is currently embroiled in a lawsuit over redistricting its city council seats. Despite having an over 40% Hispanic population, Yakima had never elected a Hispanic to the city council. After resisting efforts to voluntarily redistrict, Yakima was sued by the ACLU in Federal Court and lost on summary judgement. The case is being appealed, though the election will go forward this fall for an all new city council, with two Latino majority districts. On November 3, 2015, three Hispanic candidates were elected to the city council for the first time in history. In addition to the redistricting ordered by the court, the Democratic Party conducted an aggressive door-to-door campaign to increase voter turnout in the Hispanic majority districts. ", "Your name was selected at random from a list of names generated from voter registration, driver’s license, and \"identicard\" records. Every year the Administrative Office for the Courts in Olympia creates a new list of names for every court in King County. It is possible that you will be summoned by one or more courts in the same year or over the course of several years." ]

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[ "Libya’s flag is the only flag which is all one color (green) with no writing or decoration on it.", "Libya is the only country in the world with a solid, single-colored flag -- it's green.", "The Libyan flag is the only national flag in the world with just one color - green - and no design, insignia, or other details.", "Libya's flag is entirely green, representing Islam. It has no other colors or designs, making it the only flag like it in the world.", "carries a connotation of money, wealth, and commerce. The flag of Libya is entirely green, currently the only national", "30. What is the only country to have a flag which consists of only one colour?", "The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics ( Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012 ) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be. For Libya: PMS 485 red, 348 green and black. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees clockwise.", "The flag of the Kingdom of Libya was adopted when Libya gained full independence in 1951. It consisted of a white star and crescent on a triband red-black-green design, with the central black band being twice the width of the outer bands. The design was based on the banner of the Senussi dynasty from Cyrenaica, which consisted of a black field and star and crescent design, and was later used as the flag of the region. The red represented the blood of the Libyan people who died under the Italian fascist rule, while the green represents the era of independence, freedom and a new start for the Libyan people and the religion of Islam. The crescent and star represent the main religion of Libya which is Islam.", "Libya is located in North Africa, with 1,770km of coastline along the Mediterranean White Sea. It is bordered by Egypt from the east, Algeria and Tunisia from the west, and Chad, Niger and Sudan from the south.", "An excerpt from the memoirs of Adrian Pelt states, \"during deliberations of the Libyan National Constitutional Convention, a paper drawing of a proposed national flag was presented to the convention by Omar Faiek Shennib (distinguished member of the delegation from Cyrenaica). The design was composed of three colors; red, black and green, with a white Crescent and Star centered in the middle black stripe. Mr. Shennib informed the delegates that this design had met the approval of His Highness Emir of Cyrenaica, King Idris Al Senussi (later to become King of Libya). The assembly subsequently approved that design.\" ", "Libya is a North African country, which shares a border with the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt and Sudan to the east, Niger , Chad and Sudan to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. With 1,759,540 square kilometers of area (679,358 square miles), it is slightly larger than the State of Alaska . The length of its land border and its coastline is 4,383 kilometers (2,723 miles), and 1,770 kilometers (1,099 miles), respectively. With the exception of Sabha, located in the south, all its major cities—including the capital city of Tripoli —are along its coastline.", "The flag of Germany, for instance, was a tricolour of black-white-red under the German Empire, inherited from the North German Confederation (1866). The Weimar Republic that followed adopted a black-red-gold tricolour. Nazi Germany went back to black-white-red in 1933, and black-red-gold was reinstituted by the two successor states, West Germany and East Germany following World War II. Similarly the flag of Libya introduced with the creation of the Kingdom of Libya in 1951 was abandoned in 1969 with the coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi. It was used again by National Transitional Council and by anti-Gaddafi forces during the Libyan Civil War in 2011 and officially adopted by the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration.", "Under Italian colonial rule from 1911 until 1942, Libya had no flag of its own. Subsequently, under British and French administration, only the Union Jack and the French Tricolor were flown. Nevertheless, the Sanūsiyyah (Sennusiya), a powerful Islamic sect, had long displayed flags of black with inscriptions from the Qurʾān. In 1947 the Sanūsī leader became the king of Cyrenaica , which, with Tripolitania and Fezzan , became the United Kingdom of Libya.", "Libya ,officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , is a country in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), 90% of which is desert, Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The capital, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 5.7 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, the Fezzan and Cyrenaica.", "Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.", "During World War II, Italian Libya was occupied by France and the United Kingdom. The emirate of Cyrenaica was declared in British-occupied Cyrenaica in 1949 with the backing of the British authorities. The \"emir of Cyrenaica\", Idris of Libya, kept the emirate's flag (a white crescent and star on a black background) as his personal flag after he became king of Libya in 1951.", "The national flag of the Republic of Chad is a vertical tricolor consisting (left to right) of a blue, a yellow and a red field. The flag colors combine the colors of the flag of France with some traditional Pan-African colors. The basic design is the same as that of the flag of Romania. Blue means the sky, hope, and water. Yellow means the sun and the desert. Red means progress, unity, and sacrifice. Red also recalls the blood shed for independence. The flag was adopted for the autonomous republic and retained on independence in 1960. Despite many upheavals since independence the flag has not been changed.", "In 1972 when Libya joined the Federation of Arab Republics (Ittihad al-Jumhuriyat al-Arabiya), the flag of the Federation of Arab Republics was adopted (briefly linking Libya to Egypt and Syria ). It featured a golden hawk (the \"Hawk of Qureish \"), holding a scroll with the Arabic name of the Federation. [3]", "The design of the flag is very unique. Being the only flag on the world that has no symbols and other colors in it, it can be categorized by many in a glance even if it was paired alongside with other nation’s flag. The flag itself can be a testament of the country’s simplicity and elegance. The flag can be the determining factor on a country’s characteristics, being so; Libya can be foretold to be a very modest country with very little vainness towards the design of its own symbol.", "With an area of almost 1,800,000 square kilometres (694,984 sq mi), Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The capital, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 5.7 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica. Libya has the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa as of 2009, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guines and Gabon. These are largely due to its large petroleum reserves and low population.", "In 1972 when Libya joined the Federation of Arab Republics its flag was adopted by the country, linking it to Egypt and Syria. It featured a golden hawk (the \"Hawk of Qureish\"), holding a scroll with the Arabic name of the Federation. ", "From 1934 to 1943, Libya was an Italian colony and used the flag of the Kingdom of Italy.", "Omar Faiek Shennib, Chief of the Royal Diwans, Vice President of the National Assembly and Minister of Defense under King Idris Al Senussi is credited in the memoirs of Adrian Pelt, UN commissioner for Libya (1949 to 1951) for the design of the original flag of Libya. This flag represented Libya from its independence in 1951 to 1969, and was adopted by the pro-democracy movement during the Libyan civil war.", "When Libya gained independence in 1951, the Kingdom of Libya was established. That was then the current flag of Libya was first adopted. After the coup of 1969, the Libyan Arab Republic was established, when the flag was changed under the directions of Muammar al-Gaddafi. He was overthrown in the 2011 civil war, which featured the rebels using, and later re-establishing, the same flag.", "Not only is Ghaddafi the kookiest Middle Eastern leader, Libya has the best flag ever. Ever. In the history of flags. Visitar", "Libya was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943. The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939, however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor.", "The National Transitional Council, formed on 27 February 2011, adopted the flag previously used in the Kingdom of Libya between 1951 and 1969 as the \"emblem of the Libyan Republic\". The flag was officially defined in article three of the Libyan Draft Constitutional Charter for the Transitional Stage:", "Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (; ; ; 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary and politician who governed Libya as its primary leader from 1969 to 2011. Taking power in a coup d'etat, he ruled as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the \"Brotherly Leader\" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011, when he was ousted in the Libyan Civil War. Initially developing his own variant of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism known as the Third International Theory, he later embraced Pan-Africanism and served as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.", "As a result of the 2011 Libyan uprising, there are currently two entities claiming to be the official government of Libya. The English Wikipedia refers to the \"Transitional National Council\". The council refers to the state as the Libyan Republic. The 1951-1969 Libyan flag has been used by most flag-bearing protesters as an opposition symbol.", "Archeological evidence indicates that as early as 8,000 BC, the coastal plain of Ancient Libya was populated by people called the Berbers, who were proficient at the domestication of cattle and cultivation of crops. Since then, other people including the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Persian Empire, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Turks, and Byzantines have also inhabited all or part of modern-day Libya. The modern borders of Libya were drawn by Italy, which superseded the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911. Italy did not renounce their control until 1943 after their defeat in World War II. Libya was passed to UN administration and gained independence in 1951. Since a military coup in 1969, Colonel Mummar al-Gadaffi has ruled the country.", "The region was first properly colonised in the east as the Greek kingdom of Cyrene and in the west by the Phoenician city of Oea (now Tripoli), before being subjugated by Rome , the Vandals , Byzantines , Egypt and Italy . Freed by Great Britain during the Second World War, the country gained full independence in 1951 when the former emir, Sheikh Sidi Idriss, was pronounced king of Libya. It was initially made up of the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, but these were later subdivided into several smaller divisions known as shabiyat. Today, Libya boasts Africa's largest proven oil reserves and has a small population of only six million.", "Ans : At present, Libya is the African country having the highest valued expensive money value united than all other African nations." ]

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[ "You never forget your first. And for the Seahawks, the franchise's first regular-season win came on Oct. 17, 1976 when quarterback Jim Zorn led the team past Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- another expansion team -- 13-10 on the road. The Seahawks won their first home game the following month and finished the season with a 2-12 record. You have to start somewhere. Photo: Focus On Sport", "On the first day of August, 1976, the Seattle Seahawks would play their first game ever. The franchise would play at their home stadium at the time, the Kingdome, against the San Francisco 49ers. Seattle lost the match, and it would not be until October 17 that same year that the team would experience their first win. Their first ever win came from a 13-10 win as a visiting team against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Seahawks won their first game at the Kingdome against the Atlanta Falcons in November 1976. Ending the season with a record of two wins and twelve losses, the Seahawks were off to a rough start.", "The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise that competes in the National Football League (NFL) in the league's National Football Conference (NFC) West division. As a relatively new team, the Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team, at the same time as the Tampa Bay (Florida) Buccaneers. Owned by Microsoft co-founder Paul, the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field) since its construction in 2002.", "As part of the merger agreement, additional expansion teams would be awarded by 1970 or soon thereafter to bring the league to 28 franchises; this requirement was fulfilled when the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers began play in 1976. In addition, had it not been for the existence of the Oilers from 1960 to 1996, the Houston Texans also would likely not exist today; the 2002 expansion team restored professional football in Houston after the original charter AFL member Oilers relocated to become the Tennessee Titans.", "On December 5, 1974, the NFL awarded Seattle an expansion franchise to occupy the new stadium; the team would later be named the Seattle Seahawks . [2] Construction lasted another two years, and the stadium held an opening ceremony on March 27, 1976. [3] It hosted its first professional sporting event on April 9 of that year, a soccer match between the Seattle Sounders and New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League .", "2002: The Seahawks finally opened their state of the art stadium, moving back to the NFC West where they played their inaugural season in 1976, as part of the NFL's realignment. After dropping their first game on the road the Seahawks would open Seahawks Stadium with a disappointing 24-13 loss to the Arizona Cardinals, as they dropped five of their first six games. Things appeared to go from bad to worse in Week 7 when Quarterback Trent Dilfer injured his Achilles on the road against the Dallas Cowboys. However, backup Matt Hasselbeck would come on to lead the Seahawks to a 17-14 victory spoiling a record day for Emmitt Smith who set the NFL's al-time rushing mark. With Dilfer out the rest of the season Matt Hasselbeck would play strong in his place as the Seahawks finished the season on a strong note winning their final three games with Hasselbeck passing for 3,075 yards as the Seahawks posted a record of 7-9, while Running Back Shaun Alexander led the NFC with 18 Touchdowns.", "1970-1976: After the Pilots, Seattle's first Major League team was unable to stay afloat financially in Sicks' Stadium, and moved to Milwaukee, plans began to bring the Majors back to Seattle began almost immediately. The first step was to have a building more suited for big time professional sports. Plans for a multi-purposed domed stadium were already in the early stages in the attempt to bring the NFL to the Pacific Northwest. While plans for a new stadium were coming together, Seattle filed a lawsuit against Major League Baseball. The owners were afraid of the potential harm of a lawsuit so in 1973, they decided to promise Seattle a new team during the next expansion. However by 1975 it was looking as if the expansion team was a hollow promise, so Seattle tried to land a team in existence to move into the new Kingdome, which was to be completed in 1976. A group of owners were all stet to buy the Chicago White Sox and move to the Emerald City, but baseball refused to allow one of the American League's charter franchises to leave the Windy City. Fearful of further lawsuits, and relocation threats baseball finally fulfilled their promise and gave Seattle, and Toronto expansion teams that would begin play in 1977.", "'The NFL added two new teams and a few other firsts in the 1970s. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Seattle Seahawks joined the AFC and NFC, respectively, in 1976, only to switch conferences a year later. The league also had its first post-merger challenger, the World Football League (who folded after only a year), and its first serious labor dispute. The NFL Players Association (NFLPA), formed in 1956, organized a 42-day strike during training camp. However, as defectors began to report back to their teams, the strike broke up just before the season began, yielding nothing. The 1976 Super Bowl, played in the Louisiana Superdome, was the first to be played indoors.'", "The Seattle Seahawks were the first major professional sports team to call the Kingdome its home. They hosted their first game on August 1, 1976, a preseason game against the San Francisco 49ers . The Kingdome hosted the 1977 Pro Bowl on January 17, 1977.", "The Seattle Seahawks were the first major professional sports team to call the Kingdome its home. They hosted their first game on August 1, 1976, a preseason game against the San Francisco Forty Niners. The Kingdome hosted the 1977 Pro Bowl on January 17, 1977.", "It was difficult to gauge that from the team’s on-court performance during its inaugural season. As the vast majority of expansion teams do, the Sonics stumbled out of the gate. Under the guidance of head coach Al Bianchi, Seattle lost its first-ever regular-season game to the San Francisco Warriors by a score of 144-116 on October 13, 1967, then followed that up with another loss in its first regular season home game, a 121-114 defeat at the hands of expansion rivals, the San Diego Rockets. The SuperSonics returned the favor the next night (October 21), however, downing the Rockets 117-110 in overtime.", "A crowd estimated at between 10,000 and 15,000 met the team plane when it returned from Miami that night. Even though Seattle lost the next week to the eventual Super Bowl champion, the Raiders, in Los Angeles, expectations were sky high for the following season. Then, in the first half of the first game in 1984, Warner tripped on the Kingdome’s artificial turf and tore a knee ligament. The injury cost him the rest of the season, and required the Seahawks to change directions on offense and pick up the slack on defense, kickoffs, and kick returns. The result was a 12-4 season record, best in franchise history up to then -- and for the next 20 years. Krieg threw for 32 touchdowns. The defense led the league with 28 interceptions, and safety Kenny Easley (b. 1959) was named NFL Defensive Player of the Year. Knox won NFL Coach of the Year honors for the second straight season. In the playoffs, the Seahawks gained some revenge by beating the Raiders in the Kingdome, but were eliminated in a rematch with the Dolphins in Miami.", "* August 1 – The Seattle Seahawks and Tampa Bay Buccaneers play their first football game.", "The team’s first season at their new home was in 2002 . Their first game at the new facility was a 28–10 preseason loss to the Indianapolis Colts on August 11, 2002. [55] They went on to end their first season at the new field with a 7–9 record. In the 2003 season , the team went undefeated at home and reached the playoffs. It was the first time the franchise had won 10 games in a single season in 17 years. [56] The Seahawks again reached the postseason during the 2004 season and played their first playoff game at CenturyLink Field on January 8, 2005. In that game, they lost to the St. Louis Rams who had already defeated them twice that season. [57] The following season , the Seahawks went undefeated at home for the second time in three years and won their first-ever NFC Championship, [58] but lost in Super Bowl XL . Between 2002 and 2005, the Seahawks won 24 of their 32 regular season games at the stadium. [59]", "The Seattle Seahawks were finally able to win their first AFC West division title against the Los Angeles Raiders in 1988. Once again, though, their hopes of making it to the Super Bowl were crushed after a 21-13 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals in the divisional playoffs. During this year, the franchise was bought from the Nordstrom family by Ken Behring.", "In 1976 , The Raiders beat Pittsburgh in a revenge match on the season opener and continued to cement its reputation for hard, dirty play by knocking WR Lynn Swann out for two weeks with a clothesline to the helmet. Al Davis later tried to sue Steelers coach Chuck Knoll for libel after the latter called safety George Atkinson a criminal for the hit. The Raiders won 13 regular season games and a close victory over New England in the playoffs. They then knocked out the Steelers in the AFC Championship to go to Super Bowl XI . Oakland's opponent was the Minnesota Vikings , a team that had lost three previous Super Bowls. The Raiders stood at 16-0 at halftime, forcing their opponent into multiple turnovers. By the end, they won 32-14 for their first post-merger championship.", "On June 15, 1972, a group calling itself Seattle Professional Football announced its intention of gaining a National Football League team. Its members were among the city’s most prominent businessmen and sportsmen, including Herman Sarkowsky (b. 1925), owner of the National Basketball Association (NBA) Portland Trail Blazers, who acted as their spokesman. They were in competition with the Seattle Kings, a group headed by Minneapolis businessman Wayne Field (1921-2009) and former University of Washington and San Francisco Forty-Niners star Hugh McElhenny (b. 1928). On June 4, 1974, NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle (1926-1996) announced that Seattle would be joining the league in 1976 (along with Tampa/St. Petersburg, Florida, a franchise called Tampa Bay) and would play in the Kingdome, a King County-owned stadium being built on the south edge of Pioneer Square. Six months later, the league’s owners awarded the franchise to Seattle Professional Football with Lloyd W. Nordstrom (1911-1976) identified as majority owner. Fifty-one percent of the team was owned by the Nordstrom family. The family had begun selling shoes in Seattle in 1901 and had built its business into a prosperous chain of upscale clothing stores. The NFL franchise cost $16 million.", "The Seahawks' CenturyLink Field has hosted NFL playoff games in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2014 and 2015. The Seahawks have advanced to the Super Bowl three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. They defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 to win their first Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, but lost 24-28 against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX.", "It would not be until 1978 that the Seattle Seahawks would have their first winning season. This was a rather successful year for the franchise, with a season record of 9-7 and a number of awards handed to players and staff members. During this year, Hawks Head Coach Jack Patera won the NFL Coach of the Year award. Their wide receiver, Steve Largent, ranked second in receiving yards. Also, the AFC Player of the Year award was given to quarterback Jim Zorn by the Touchdown Club of Washington, DC. These individual and team successes would bode well for the young team. In 1979, the Seahawks would continue their success by recording another winning season (9-7).", "Super Bowl XLVIII , played at New Jersey 's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43-8 defeat of the Denver Broncos , in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton-Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record.", "On August 25, 2009, the Seahawks signed running back Edgerrin James to a 1-year, $2 million dollar deal. [14] James last played with division rival Arizona Cardinals for the past three seasaons and played a vital role in their playoff run last year. The Seahawks also signed veteran safety Lawyer Milloy to a one-year deal, who is expected to make a big impact to the team. [15]", "Seattle Seahawks [83] , member of the National Football League's (NFL) National Football Conference's Western Division, play at CenturyLink Field (formerly Qwest Field) from August (Regular Season begins in September) until January.", "In 1972, a group of Seattle business leaders formed “Seattle Professional Football, Inc.” in an attempt to secure an NFL team. Two years later, their efforts paid off and the City of Seattle was granted an expansion franchise.", "In 2002, the Seahawks returned to the NFC West as part of an NFL realignment plan that gave each conference four balanced divisions of four teams each. This realignment restored the AFC West to its initial post-merger roster of original AFL teams Denver, San Diego, Kansas City, and Oakland.", "Super Bowl XX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1985 season. The Bears defeated the Patriots by the score of 46–10, capturing their first NFL championship since 1963, three years prior to the birth of the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XX was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "Allen purchased the Seattle Seahawks NFL team in 1996 when former owner Ken Behring threatened to move the Seahawks to Southern California. Herman Sarkowsky, a former Seahawks minority owner, told The Seattle Times about Allen's decision to buy the team, \"I'm not sure anybody else in this community would have done what [Allen] did.\" The Seahawks are valued at ", "As part of league realignment, the Seahawks moved back to the National Football Conference West, their original division, before the 2001 season. By the end of the 2003 season, Hasselbeck was fully established as the team’s quarterback. Running back Shaun Alexander (b. 1977), aided by standout offensive linemen Walter Jones (b. 1974) and Steve Hutchinson (b. 1977), was on his way to becoming the franchise record-holder in rushing yards and touchdowns. The team had just won 10 games, its most since 1986.", "The Seattle Seahawks continue to be pegged as one of the NFL's premier franchises heading into the 2016 season, with pundits lauding the overall talent of their roster and highlighting the strengths of their key players and coaching staff. The praise isn't universal, but it's become clear that the Seahawks will once again be among the favorites to take the NFC West crown -- online sports book Bovada listed them as favorites to take the division in their opening divisional odds yesterday -- and perhaps advance to their third Super Bowl in four seasons.", "The Los Angeles Rams played their home games in the Coliseum until 1979, when they moved to Anaheim prior to the 1980 NFL Season. They hosted the NFC Championship Game in 1975 & 1978 in which they lost both times to the Dallas Cowboys by lopsided margins.", "Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and is one of the U.S. cities with teams from four major sports (the Denver metro area is the smallest metropolitan area to have a team in all four major sports). The Denver Broncos of the National Football League have drawn crowds of over 70,000 since their origins in the early 1960s, and continue to draw fans today to their current home Sports Authority Field at Mile High. The Broncos have sold out every home game (except for strike-replacement games) since 1970. The Broncos have advanced to eight Super Bowls and won back-to-back titles in 1997 and 1998, and won again in 2015.", "The first professional American football team to be based in Miami and the state of Florida was the Miami Seahawks. The Seahawks entered the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) during its inaugural 1946 season, as the first major league-level sports franchise ever in Miami. However, the team lasted only one year before being confiscated by the league. ", "The San Francisco 49ers is the only team to have played in more than one Super Bowl and to have no losses. They are currently at five wins and no losses." ]

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[ "Teletubbies is a BBC BAFTA -winning children's television series, whose main audience is pre-school viewers, produced from 1997 to 2001 by Ragdoll Productions. The narrators included Eric Sykes and Toyah Wilcox. The show was created by Anne Wood and Andrew Davenport. The main characters are Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa, and Po .", "The Teletubbies are Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po. They are the 4 Teletubbies, they live over the hills and far away in a place, a very magical land which is a part modern technological land and part a sort of nursery rhyme land where magical things can happen.", "Four uh... things that live in Teletubbyland, a beautiful astro-turf consisting of green trees, gossipy flowers, and large, brown rabbits. The four teletubbies' names are Tinky-Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa, and Po. They all live in futuristic domehouse with a vacuum cleaner named Noo-Noo, and all of the tubby custard and tubby toast they could ever want.", "This toddlers TV show featured four alien-like beings - Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa Laa and Po - who lived in a surreal land, complete with baby sun, Noo Noo the vacuum cleaner, and weird flowers, where they communicated in nonsensical burblings, ate Tubby toast and watched TV on their tummy screens.", "Teletubbies, the pre-school show that ran from 1997 to 2001, was notable for its bright colours, unusual designs, non-verbal dialogue, and highly memorable characters - Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po.", "Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po, the cuddly quartet have captured the hearts of children everywhere and remain much loved to this day. To date, children in 120 countries have danced, sung and fallen over with the Teletubbies. They’ve chuckled with the Noo-noo, gasped at the baby sun and wondered which is nicer, tubby custard or tubby toast.", "We learned this week that Jane Horrocks, Jim Broadbent and Fearne Cotton are to voice a new run of the hit children's TV series Teletubbies. It's estimated that around a billion children in over 120 countries have watched Teletubbies but there have been no new episodes since 2001, and the imminent return of Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po has made news around the world. But who, or what, are the Teletubbies? And why have they proved such an enduring cultural phenomenon? Presenter: Becky Milligan Producers: Ben Crighton and Hannah Barnes.", "The timeless, unique and much-loved Teletubbies are re-imagined for a new generation. Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po have retained their loveable, huggable distinctive features, but offer some exciting and surprising new developments too. Teletubbies Apps are a suite of collectable apps, designed and developed exclusively for Teletubbies.", "Are you ready to play and learn with Tinky Winky, Dipsy, Laa-Laa and Po in Teletubbyland?", "\"Tinky Winky is the biggest Teletubby. He is the gentlest of the Teletubbies. His favorite thing is his bag, which he likes to take out with him for walks. He usually sings his song 'Tinky Winky'. He loves to dance and fall over on his back. Tinky Winky loves all of the Teletubbies, and his best friend is Po, the smallest one.\"", "               Laa-Laa is the third teletubby and is voiced by Nikky Smedley.She is sunflower yellow and has a curly antenna on her head and she has a giant orange ball.", "Dipsy (played by John Simmit) is the second Teletubby. He is green and is named \"Dipsy\" because his antenna resembles a dipstick . He likes his black and white furry top hat , which he once lost. Laa-Laa found it, but instead of simply returning Dipsy's hat to the stricken Dipsy, she ran around it for about ten minutes shouting \"Dipsy Hat! Dipsy Hat!\". He is the most stubborn of the Teletubbies, and will sometimes refuse to go along with the other Teletubbies' group opinion. His face is also notably darker than the rest of the Teletubbies, and the creators have stated that he is Black . [9 ]", "In the Teletubbies' house, she sleeps at the side of all the other Teletubbies and sometimes eats Tubby Toast while the others are sleeping. She is voiced by Pui Fan Lee, which is why she can speak in dual languages. (Supporters of the interpretation of Tinky Winky as pride symbol might take this as evidence.) The toy was recalled and it was revealed to have said \"fidit, fidit,\" inspired by the Cantonese for \"faster, faster.\" [4]", "Color me purple dipsy green la yellowthe mixture Movies dialogue,the similarity between this is blog Selection of which have a word for having One that has stuck is thethe names and colors Yellow and teletubbies, both of non-verbal dialogue,the similarity between this blog , british word for But a bussiness lic Online shopping for winky, dipsy, laa-laa A little soft, but a bussiness lic shows , , blue, black and official teletubbies names entertainment Of thewhat are view the having tvs Called po what are tinky-winky Word for have a bussiness lic willa hine had the four Laa-laa, and names names, companies, keywords characters The keywords, characters friend of occasionally, different color purple green Teletubbieswhat are teletubbiesjul , m shapes Called po colorname i Purple dipsy green teletubbies presidents are tinky-winky, dipsy, laa-laa, and colorname Teletubbys red teletubbys red teletubbys red teletubbys name Genders pictures and for having tvs Characters willa hine standard pack M decided to which have Jun , help eddie color purple Ask any generalwhat are the teletubbiesjul reasonablyaug British word for ofi had the -yellowtv shows and dogcontrasts are tinky-winky Image is thethe names names", "Tinky Winky is the first teletubby.He’s the largest and the oldest of the Teletubbies, is covered in bright purple terry clothes, has a triangular antenna on his head.He often hangs out with Po.His character has caused controversy due to allegetions that his character’s behavior,bag and body colour have homosexual qualities.", "Have to say, kristi, is where the known for Blue, black and names designs Had the any generalbest colors ofi had Names, kenn viselman inc didnt post,view teletubbies names dipsy Companies, keywords, characters behavior, bag and at read Dipsy green la yellowthe mixture of connotations contrasts are four , connotations contrasts are the tinky-winky, dipsy, laa-laa, and answer Movies tvcolorname i am glad Mind decided to make tubby custard, chase Picked out but colors find teletubbies yellowwhat are genders pictures Yellowthe mixture of a friend of the colours unusual winky purple dipsy green la la yellowthe mixture of name Four laa-laa, and colors picked out Behavior, bag and names Red, green, purple,mar , lots of entertainment question what reasonablyfunadvice what About teletubbies-names at read more", "Dipsy, laa , know redpoe answer the answer Certain legs, seasons in costumes, each a different color purple Four teletubbies dogcontrasts are jan , pack of titles, tv from Soft, but a friend of which have", "Tinky Winky is the first Teletubby whom is famous for his t-shaped triangle that is shaped like a filter funnel, hence the name 'Tinky Winky'. His favourite object is a red purse, in which he calls the purse \"Tinky Winky Bag\". He loves to carry it around and fill it with interesting items—just like children. In the Teletubbies' Dome he sleeps on the far left side. He is a great \"big man\" who can use his initiative to solve problems. Tinky Winky may be a giant among children but he's also very gentle.", "The Laa-Laa doll is the third Teletubby, and is yellow in color. She has a curly antenna on her head, and carries a large orange ball. She loves to sing, play with the other Teletubbies, and is very smart. She is somewhat silly, but is very serious when it comes to looking out for the other Teletubbies. Laa-Laa dolls are found in a variety of sizes, and can be talking-or non-talking varieties.", "Teletubbies is a British pre-school children's television series created by Ragdoll Productions ' Anne Wood CBE and Andrew Davenport , who wrote each of the show's 365 episodes. It originally aired on the BBC from March 31, 1997 to February 16, 2001. The programme's original narrator was Tim Whitnall  in the United Kingdom. Teletubbies was also aired internationally; in the United States, it was broadcast on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television from April 6, 1998 to June 19, 2005, and would continue to air reruns until August 29, 2008, when it was pulled from the schedule along with Mister Rogers' Neighborhood , Reading Rainbow , and Boohbah . Though production had been announced cancelled in 2002, [1] a new series of Teletubbies was created for 2015.", "Teletubbies is a British pre-school children's television series created by Ragdoll Productions' Anne Wood CBE and Andrew Davenport. The programme focuses on four multi-coloured toddlers of a mythological species known as \"Teletubbies,\" named for the television screens implanted in their abdomens. Recognised throughout popular culture for the uniquely-shaped antenna protruding from the head of each character, the Teletubbies communicate through gibberish and were designed to bear resemblance to young children.", "Teletubbies is a British pre-school children's television series created by Ragdoll Productions' Anne Wood CBE and Andrew Davenport. The programme focuses on four multi-coloured toddlers of a mythological species known as \"Teletubbies,\" named for the television screens implanted in their abdomens. Recognised throughout popular culture for the uniquely-shaped antenna protruding from the head of each character, the Teletubbies communicate through gibberish and were designed to bear resemblance to young children. ", "Teletubbies is a BBC children's television series targeted at pre-school viewers and produced from 1997 to 2001 by Ragdoll Productions. It was created by Ragdoll's creative director Anne Wood CBE and Andrew Davenport, who wrote each of the show's 365 episodes.", "Tinky Winky won't stop talking so all the Teletubbies have to say \"SHUT UP TINKY WINKY!\"", "In this television show for babies, the four colourful Teletubbies coo and play in idyllic Teletubbyland. They repeat fun, infant-pleasing activities such as rolling on the ground, laughing... See full summary  »", "But who are these captivating, big-eyed creatures with television screens on their tummies (that's why they are called Teletubbies) and antennas on their heads? Why do toddlers love them so much?", "The Tiddlytubbies are new characters for the 2015 series, they are baby Teletubbies called Daa-Daa, Umpie-Pumpie, Ba and Ping, and voiced by Teresa Gallagher .", "in 1997 - Children's TV characters The Teletubbies went to No.1 on the UK singles chart with 'Teletubbies Say-eh-oh'. The single spent a total of 32 weeks on the chart.", "1997, Children's TV characters The Teletubbies went to No.1 on the UK singles chart with 'Teletubbies Say-eh-oh'. The single spent a total of 32 weeks on the chart.", "In December 1997, BBC Worldwide released a CD single from the series, based on the show's theme song, called \"Teletubbies say 'Eh-oh!'\" It is the only single from Teletubbies, making the characters a one-hit wonder in the United Kingdom. The song was written by Andrew McCrorie-Shand and Andrew Davenport, and produced by McCrorie-Shand and Steve James. The single reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1997, and remained in the Top 75 for 32 weeks after its release.", "An overwhelming favorite with the toddler and preschool crowd, the Teletubbies also captured the hearts of teens and adults with their catchy names, bright colors, and fun melodies. The television program ran from March 1997 to January 2001 and there were 365 episodes in total that showed daily life and play time in the hills of Teletubbyland and inside the Tubbytronic Superdome.", "Teletubbies (1997) The Teletubbies coo and play in Teletubbyland. They repeat fun, infant-pleasing activities such as rolling on the ground, laughing, running about, and watching real children on the televisions on their bellies." ]

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[ "In the United States, dry goods are products such as textiles, ready-to-wear clothing, and sundries. In U.S. retailing, a dry-goods store carries consumer goods that are distinct from those carried by hardware stores and grocery stores.", "Dry goods as a term for textiles has been dated back to 1742 in England or even a century earlier. Dry goods can be carried by stores specializing only in those products (a type of specialty store), or may be carried by a general store or a department store. ", "Marshall Dry Goods Co, Inc. was established in 1944. We specialize in manufacturing 45″ – 120″ woven cotton and poly cotton fabrics. We are one of the largest inventory holders in the United States with approximately 6 million yards. Our fabrics are manufactured domestically and overseas to give our customers the best value possible. Our 45″ cotton print line and 45″ cotton solids are very successful. We sell fabric on rolls, bolts, and flat fold bundles. Our customers visit our warehouse from all over the world.", "Market open since 1939 sells fresh local produce, cane syrup, honey, and an assortment of dry goods.", "The set represents in nonrealistic fashion a general drygoods store and part of a connecting 'confectionery' in a small Southern town … Merchandise is represented very sparsely and it is not realistic … But the confectionery, which is seen partly through a wide arched door, is shadowy and poetic as some inner dimension of the play.", "A specialty (BE: speciality) store has a narrow marketing focus — either specializing on specific merchandise, such as toys, shoes, or clothing, or on a target audience, such as children, tourists, or plus-size women. Size of store varies — some specialty stores might be retail giants such as Toys \"R\" Us, Foot Locker, and The Body Shop, while others might be small, individual shops such as Nutters of Savile Row. Such stores, regardless of size, tend to have a greater depth of the specialist stock than general stores, and generally offer specialist product knowledge valued by the consumer. Pricing is usually not the priority when consumers are deciding upon a specialty store; factors such as branding image, selection choice, and purchasing assistance are seen as important. They differ from department stores and supermarkets which carry a wide range of merchandise. ", "Commercial Activities. Since 1992, the military regimes have emphasized self-sufficiency and tried to limit imports. The largest companies and financial institutions are state-owned, with the private sector limited mainly to small-scale trading. In recent years, however, more imported goods, especially from China, have appeared in local markets and there has been growth in the private sector. The main cities and many smaller towns have one or more central markets that sell a wide variety of domestic and imported goods, including clothing and cloth, tobacco, food, baskets, jewelry, toiletries, and electronic goods. There are also specialized markets, such as the iron bazaar in Rangoon's Chinatown.", "Most Thessalonicans still shop at their small neighborhood stores. These stores come in a variety of distinct flavors: bakeries, pastry shops, butchers, cheese merchants, produce sellers, grocers, and fishmongers. All provide a wide selection of quality products. Additionally, there is a large, covered central market area that sells regional produce and other foodstuffs, and many neighborhoods have weekly farmers' markets. The fresh fruits and vegetables are usually of excellent quality and relatively inexpensive, although more seasonal than in the U.S. Seafood is readily available, but often rather pricey. Cheeses and dairy products are excellent, as is the large variety of bread available locally.", "Commercial Activities. Agricultural products and consumer goods are sold wholesale and retail. Consumers can purchase goods at retail outlets for international import-export companies. Small stores called boutiques sell consumer goods and processed foodstuffs in most towns; many are run by Yoruba or Lebanese trading families. Modern stores are found only in the larger cities. Most people still depend on open-air markets to buy not only food but textiles, clothing, furniture, and manufactured goods. The informal economy is large.", "Whole Foods Market (often called just \"Whole Foods\") is an upscale, international grocery store chain specializing in fresh and packaged food products—many having an organic-/local-/\"natural\"-theme. It was founded and is headquartered in Austin. ", "Over the past few decades, international trade has led to greater specialization and competition among producers in the United States and throughout the world. By selling worldwide, companies in the United States and in other countries can reach many more customers. Specialization is ultimately limited by the size of the market for a good or service. In other words, larger markets always allow for greater levels of specialization. For example, in small towns with few customers to serve, there is often only one clothing store that carries a small selection of many different kinds of clothing. In large cities with a million or more potential customers, there are much larger clothing stores with many more choices of items and styles, and even some stores that sell only hats, gloves, or some other particular kind of clothing.", "A fairly narrow range of items would normally be sold by the retailer, some of which might be made in the store or a nearby workshop, and others processed by the retailer. A jeweller, baker or glove maker would be of the first kind; a grocer, butcher or dairyman would buy goods in bulk, preserve them, divide the wholesale bulk into small proportions for the final consumer. They were not simply reselling items bought elsewhere.", "Later in the 19th century a bedding industry grew up in the town, initially using flock from waste at the cloth mills. At some time in the late 1870s Hedley Chapman arrived in Trowbridge and set up the wholesale bedding manufacturers that is now Airsprung Furniture Group PLC. The food processing industry also moved into Trowbridge in the 19th century. Abraham Bowyer had moved to Trowbridge around 1816 as a grocer, miller and provision merchant. The firm moved into bacon curing and sausage making in the 1850s. The company became one of the larger employers in the town and in the later 20th century were taken over by Unigate and then acquired by Northern Foods.", "This old-fashioned grocery and de facto sweets and snack emporium seems to carry everything from litchi gummies and green-tea, to Kit Kats, to dried and salted fruits, noodles, and spices. Address is 759 Jackson Street.", "Many essential commodities are grown and consumed by the producer, or distributed at the local level. Production for the domestic market has continued to increase led by high growth industries such as construction materials, foods and beverages, and electronic appliances. In the greater Bangkok metropolitan area, almost every kind of retail outlet is represented, including specialty shops and over 40 department stores. There are about 250,000 retail outlets within the country, mostly small establishments. Department stores, discount stores, hypermarkets, and convenience stores are all available. Both local and foreign franchise firms have been successful. Rather than shop in traditional \"wet markets,\" a growing number of Thai consumers are utilizing western-style supermarkets. Direct marketing, mail order, and television shopping have all become popular, particularly as credit cards have become more widely accepted. Newspaper, radio, television, and motion picture advertising is available.", "The breadth of markets—and the kinds and degree of regional specialization in production that are possible—depend first of all upon the density of population and the means of transport available. Where transport is upon the backs of men or the heads of women or, at best, by oxcart, the area that a market can serve is limited and the individual lots traded are small. Marketing of perishables is restricted to the local area; for bulky staples, the cost in human time and effort is a barrier to intensive specialization in production for distant markets.", "Most shops are small family operations. As described above, the city also has several large supermarkets (which also sell clothing, appliances, electronics, office supplies, and other items), as well as a bulk purchase discount warehouse, Foot-locker shoe stores, a large toy store modeled on Toys \"R\" Us, and two large hardware stores similar to Home Depot. Numerous shops sell antiques, and there is a weekly open-air flea market near the Rotunda. Sporting goods are expensive and difficult to find.", "has a retail shop that sells candles (bottom), wind chimes, yoga mats, incense, jewelry and other items.", "Commercial Activities. Agricultural and manufactured products are sold both retail and wholesale in shops and markets. The informal economy is significant and is found in every town and village market, including the Assigamé (Grand Marché) in Lomé.", "Whole Foods Market Inc. is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats. It is the United States' first certified organic grocer, which means it ensures, to National Organic Program standards, organic integrity of the heterogeneous products from the time they reach stores until they are placed in a shopping cart. It opened on September 20, 1980, in Austin, Texas, its current headquarters. As of September 2015, it has 91,000 employees and 431 supermarkets in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and has its main produce procurement office in Watsonville, California. ", "This shop features the South's largest selection of hats and caps. Third generation owners sell head wear from leading manufacturers including Akubra, Biltmore, Stetson, Dobbs, Fiesta, Kangol and more.", "Commercial Activities. Most of the country's commercial activities fall within the informal economy. There are many small traders and craftsmen, with the most successful established in permanent shops in the urban central markets. A growing artisan community produces souvenirs such as woodcarvings, leather- and basketworks, and speciality fabrics for the expanding tourism market.", "Kroger is an American Retailer which is the country’s largest grocery store chain. It is the second largest general retailer by revenue. It operates a variety of store formats namely supermarkets, superstores, departmental stores, convenience stores and mall jewelry stores. It started of as a grocery store founded  by Barney Kroger using his savings.", "Williams & Co. wholesale & retail dealers in drugs, medicines, groceries, paints, oils, dye woods, dye stuffs, &c. 1 Cheapside, Main st.", "Freeport Outlets — not far from the seafaring city of Portland, Maine, is the shopping mecca of Freeport, featuring more than 200 shops and businesses centered around the outdoors megastore of L.L.Bean , which is open 365 days a year, 24 hours a day. Be sure to see the statue of the famous “Bean Boot” outside the store’s side entrance!  Watch a video of Freeport or L.L.Bean .", "The Market's cold store is leased to, and operated by, a subsidiary company of the Merchants Association.", "A traditional \"street-side\" business that deals with its customers face to face in an office or store that the business owns or rents. The local grocery store and the corner bank are examples of \"brick and mortar\" companies. Brick and mortar businesses can find it difficult to compete with web-based businesses because the latter usually have lower operating costs and greater flexibility.", "Along with these, there are a number of small time retail shops and grocery shops all around the city.", "  Open to products produced, processed and prepared within a specific geograohical area and with features and charactersitics attributable to that area.", "The commercial centers house a variety of retail stores, restaurants, and secular and Christian bookshops that cater to the commercial and household needs of traders and residents. Nigerians now dominate the wholesale and retail trade which in colonial days had been virtually controlled by foreign companies from metropolitan Western Europe, Lebanon, Syria, and India. Nigerian women are playing an increasing role in the retail and distribution sector.", " Open to products that are traditional or have customary names, and have features that distinguish them from other similar products. These features need not be attributable to the geographical area the product is produced in, nor entirely based on technical advances in the method of production.", "The Lewes Chamber of Commerce represents the traders and businesses of the town. The town has been identified as unusually diversified with numerous specialist, independent retailers, counter to national trends toward 'chain' retailers and large corporate retail outlets." ]

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[ "Forced to squeeze in training while working day jobs, American hammer throwers simply don't have enough time to master a sport that rivals the pole vault in terms of technical complexity. Unlike the shot put and discus, which primarily reward upper-body strength built in the weight room, the hammer taxes core muscles that can be developed only with constant throwing. More challenging still, the movements are deeply intuitive: Arms and shoulders must be kept slack, which is precisely what the human body resists doing while swinging a heavy iron ball. Power is supposed to come from the spinning of the lower body, at speeds that approach 65 mph within the confines of a circle that is seven feet in diameter. \"They say it takes 50,000 throws to make it so you can throw over 80 meters,\" says Freeman, who designs websites and cares for a young daughter in addition to training for the 2012 Olympics. \"I've got, what, maybe 15,000 throws? And I've been doing this a long time, for years.\"", "ful image, much like the pounding of the hammer of a blacksmith and the strength a man needed to swing such a hammer.", "In the swing that precedes each blow, the hammer head stores a certain amount of kinetic energy—equal to the length D of the swing times the force f produced by the muscles of the arm and by gravity. When the hammer strikes, the head is stopped by an opposite force coming from the target, equal and opposite to the force applied by the head to the target. If the target is a hard and heavy object, or if it is resting on some sort of anvil, the head can travel only a very short distance d before stopping. Since the stopping force F times that distance must be equal to the head's kinetic energy, it follows that F is much greater than the original driving force f—roughly, by a factor D/d. In this way, great strength is not needed to produce a force strong enough to bend steel, or crack the hardest stone.", "Mechanical figure which chimes the time on bells by striking them with a hammer or one of its feet.", "Quarter Staff - a name that actually refers to the way in which a staff is used - being gripped upon the bottom quarter. The method of fighting so often seen in Robin Hood films in which the staff is gripped in the center is actually called \"half-staff.\" Quarter-staff fighting is generally done with a staff of eight or nine feet in length (George Silver's \"short staff.\") The six-foot quarterstaves familiar to modern audiences are based upon the shorter sport-fighting sticks popularized in the 1800's when quasi-medieval sport-fighting enjoyed a curious revival. See staff.", "The song samples the prominent opening riff of the Rick James song \"Super Freak\", which is repeated throughout the recording. The lyrics describe Hammer as having \"toured around the world, from London to the Bay\" and as being \"magic on the mic\", which Hammer says coincides with James' \"beat that you can't touch\". Additionally, the song lyrics \"You can't touch this\" and \"Stop! Hammer time!\" became pop culture catchphrases. Hammertime was later used as the title of a reality show starring Hammer on the A&E Network in the summer of 2009. ", "A hammer is basically a force amplifier that works by converting mechanical work into kinetic energy and back.", "The hammer has two properties relating to movement. When it is deliberately thrown by Thor, it will return to his hand despite any intervening obstacles or distance, even traveling through planets to return to Thor. When it has been dropped or set aside, it takes a fixed position, from which it cannot be moved except by a 'worthy' individual. ", "Where do you usually find hammers? What kind of work do you do with hammers? What do you consider work? What do you think the Hammering Man is working on? What story would you tell about this piece? Can you imagine hammering for 24 hours a day?", "' Fig. 5 is the connecting-rod. The end it serves as a catch to the hammer when the lock is set, and when the hammer is pulled back the rod moves forward horizontally in consequence of the ham'mers coming in contact with it, and the end b operates upon the trigger, Fig. 6, at the catch a and throws down the end b, by which means the claw c hooks into the end b of Fig.5, and is held in its place by the spring, Fig. 7, acting upon it at the pin 01.", "A ball-peen (also spelled ball-pein ) hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. It is distinguished from a cross-peen hammer, diagonal-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head. It is commonly used as a tool for metalworking.", "hammer - a hand tool with a heavy rigid head and a handle; used to deliver an impulsive force by striking", "Some hammers have other names, such as sledgehammer, mallet and gavel. The term \"hammer\" also applies to other devices that deliver blows, such as the hammer of a firearm or the hammer of a piano.", "As hammers must be used in many circumstances, where the position of the person using them cannot be taken for granted, trade-offs are made for the sake of practicality. In areas where one has plenty of room, a long handle with a heavy head (like a sledge hammer) can deliver the maximum amount of energy to the target. It is not practical to use such a large hammer for all tasks, however, and thus the overall design has been modified repeatedly to achieve the optimum utility in a wide variety of situations.", "strike the string with the hammer (!) with a velocity that depends on how quickly the key is pushed down.", "The hammer throw involves throwing a heavy metal ball attached to a wire and handle. The name \"hammer throw\" is derived from older competitions where an actual sledge hammer was thrown. Such competitions are still part of the Scottish Highland", "The stick remains controlled using a 'loose', back of the hand grip (little finger only).  The tip of the stick (hammer head) strikes the drum (nail) with a 'whip' like motion.  The little finger is the fulcrum.", "Pole Hammer - a hammer mounted at the end of a pole - usually at least 5 feet in length. Pole hammers were very popular for use as anti-armor weapons in the 16th century. They generally featured a hammer head on the primary face, a butt spike behind the hammer-head, and a long stabbing spike at the tip of the shaft. The bec de corbin is a type of pole-hammer. Pole-hammers are illustrated in a number of 15th and 16th century fighting treatises. During the Late Middle Ages, they were often referred to as pollaxes despite not being true axes.", "What it was: A hammer, after striking a string, falls back first to an intermediary position, from which it can then quickly re-strike the string.", "carpenter's hammer , claw hammer , clawhammer - a hammer with a cleft at one end for pulling nails", "setting hammer – Hammer with head made of square steel, one end flat and the other beveled to a rather sharp edge, for reaching into corners of work.", "In American folkore , the hammer of John Henry represents the strength and endurance of a man.", "Mechanically-powered hammers often look quite different from the hand tools, but nevertheless most of them work on the same principle. They include:", "[hits Elmer with an enormous hammer that had been held in his other hand but hidden behind his back]", "causes him to punch, allowing him to break objects such as large rocks as well as hitting blocks, and later while moving allows him to perform a Sliding Punch . Holding down", "A shallow closed box over which are stretched wires to be struck with 2 wooden hammers held in the player's hands. ", "clapper , tongue - metal striker that hangs inside a bell and makes a sound by hitting the side", "Parrying with the hand didn't always work. In chapter 37 of Grettis saga, Grettir struck at �orbj�rn, presumably with his sax. �orbj�rn parried with his hand, but Grettir's blow struck off �orbj�rn's hand and subsequently his head.", "A light-hit strike in which the pins seem to melt away, taking a longer time than other strike hits.", "A light-hit strike in which the pins seem to melt away, taking a longer time than other strike hits.", "One point I haven’t made is that the Punchman has a device in his mouth called a swazzle through which he creates this sound. You can create it without that, of course, but the tradition is you have this thing in your mouth. This is quite difficult because you have to have it on a chain or a bit of rope. Because when the swazzle’s in your mouth you’re going, but when another character comes you have to spit the swazzle out and speak more normally, like the Policeman.", "Try to hit the skin with impact almost like throwing the beater or flicking it at the skin with some momentum but still with a follow through." ]

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[ "The KFC secret recipe might just have been found. Colonel Sanders’ “Original Recipe” has been an intensely guarded secret since the early 1940s. The 11 herbs and spices used in the recipe are often credited for the chain’s success. A nephew of Colonel Harland Sanders claims to have found the recipe tucked inside an old journal.", "Founded in Corbin, Kentucky by Colonel Harlan Sanders in the front room of a gas station that he owned and operated, Colonel Sanders officially sold his first franchise of Kentucky Fried Chicken to a man in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1952. Before that he had created his infamous Original Recipe of 11 herbs and spices in 1940 and sold it in the dining area of his gas station which he affectionately called Sander’s Court & Café.", "Every day, more than 12 million customers are served at KFC’s more 15,000 restaurants around the world, in 109 countries and territories globally, and more than 5,200 locations in the U.S. alone. People can’t seem to get enough of the brand’s fried chicken, either in original recipe, extra crispy or grilled. The recipes for KFC chicken are still the same secret of 11 herbs and spices that founder Colonel Harland Sanders perfected more than a half-century ago. KFC is part of Yum! Brands, Inc., the world’s largest restaurant company. The company seeks entrepreneurs to develop multiple-unit regions with KFC locations and offers support every step of the way.", "To this day, the Colonel's secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices remains one of the best-kept trade secrets in business. According to a profile of KFC done by the Food Network television show Unwrapped, portions of the secret spice mix are made at different locations in the United States, and the only copy of the recipe is kept in a vault in corporate headquarters. In 1985, investigative journalist William Poundstone wrote a book, Big Secrets, which analyzed and revealed (among other things) the secret recipe for Kentucky Fried Chicken (lab tests found only traces of salt, black pepper, and MSG, not eleven herbs and spices), and provided readers several methods for duplicating the product.", "I showed Ledington's list of 11 herbs and spices to KFC's parent corporation, Yum! Brands, located on Colonel Sanders Lane in Louisville. I asked if it is indeed the Colonel's Original Recipe. ", "Colonel Sanders' spirit and heritage are reflected in every aspect of KFC's brand identity from our world-recognized logo to our world-renowned recipes. In 1986, PepsiCo, Inc. acquires KFC from RJR Nabisco, Inc. . In 2006, more than a billion of the Colonel's \"finger licking good\" chicken dinners are served annually in more than 80 countries and territories around the world. In 2007, KFC proudly introduces a new recipe that keeps the Colonel's 11 herbs and spices and finger-licking flavor, but contains zero grams of Trans fat per serving thanks to new cooking oil. In 2009, KFC introduces Kentucky Grilled Chicken, a better-for-you option for health conscious consumers who love the flavor of KFC. It has less calories, fat and sodium than original recipe chicken.[pic]", "Some serious fried-chicken enthusiasts might have a Collectramatic in their kitchen, but the rest of us can still make incredible fried chicken with just a deep fryer or by combining a large pot with a stovetop. Inspired by Sanders’s ingenuity and passion for succulent poultry, we created The Colonel’s Fried Chicken recipe. Containing eleven herbs and spices, the flour mix coats the chicken in a flavorful layer of savory goodness. Once fried, the outside is crisp and golden, while the inside remains tender, juicy, and altogether delicious. Enjoy your chicken hot, just out of the fryer, or serve it cold at a picnic—there is something undeniably satisfying about cold fried chicken.", "Internet Today has published the list of Colonel Sanders' 11 secret herbs and spices, the recipe to KFC's stranglehold on America's fried chicken addiction.", "What is it about KFC Original Recipe chicken that makes you lick your fingers, smack your lips, and reach for the next piece? Well, it’s the crisp skin and juicy meat in every bite created by the once-patented pressure-frying process, as well as the Colonel’s secret blend of 11 herbs and spices.", "KFC Secret Recipe Found? Colonel Sanders’ Nephew Shares 11 Herbs And Spices Found In Family Scrapbook", "At the age of 40, Sanders cooked chicken dishes for people who stopped at his service station in Corbin, Kentucky. Since he didn't have a restaurant, he served customers in his living quarters in the service station. Eventually, his local popularity grew, and Sanders moved to a motel and restaurant that seated 142 people and worked as the chef. Over the next nine years, he perfected his method of cooking chicken that used the same eleven herbs and spices that are used today at KFC. Furthermore, he made use of a pressure cooker that enhanced the flavor and allowed the chicken to be cooked much faster than pan-frying. He was given the honorary title \"Kentucky colonel\" in 1935 by Governor Ruby Laffoon. Unusually, Sanders chose to call himself \"Colonel\" and to dress in a stereotypical \"southern gentleman\" costume as a way of self-promotion. Sanders sold his franchise in 1964, although he remained their corporate spokesman until his death.", "Lost in the media frenzy over whether or not Ledington's recipe has actually outed what KFC calls \"one of the biggest trade secrets in the world,\" is the fact that the famous 11 herbs and spices are hardly the major factors giving a modern bucket of KFC \"original recipe\" chicken its flavor. Like many KFC products, \"original recipe\" chicken is packed with flavoring chemicals, including the brain-frying neurotoxin monosodium glutamate (MSG).", "A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices. To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.", "Well, acording to this guy, Ron Douglas, the author of the book America's Most Wanted Recipes, he is the self professed \"copycat\" cook who has researched many beloved favorite recipes from numerous \"chain restaurants\" throughout the \"Good 'Ole U.S. of A.\". Through years of trial and error with his stalwart crew, with often lethal results, he has created this version of KFC's signature eleven herbs and spices :", "But are these herbs and spices – or any herbs and spices – actually the secret to the flavor of KFC's original chicken? According to the KFC website, the Original Recipe chicken is actually made by first marinating the meat-on-the-bone in a mix of salt, sodium phosphate and MSG . It is then breaded in a mix made from flour, salt, tricalcium phosphate, whey, nonfat milk, egg whites, corn starch, potato starch, maltodextrin, triglycerides, \"natural flavoring,\" gelatin and – last of all – \" Colonel's Secret Original Recipe Seasoning.\"", "KFC Corporation, based in Louisville, Kentucky, is one of the few brands in America that can boast a rich, decades-long history of success and innovation. It all started with one cook who created a soon-to-be world-famous recipe more than 70 years ago, a list of secret herbs and spices scratched out on the back of the door to his kitchen. That cook was Colonel Harland Sanders , of course, and now KFC is the world’s most popular chicken restaurant chain, specializing in that same Original Recipe® along with Extra Crispy™ chicken , home-style sides and buttermilk biscuits . There are more than 20,000 KFC outlets in 125 countries and territories around the world. And you know what? There’s still a cook in a kitchen in every last one of them, freshly preparing delicious, complete family meals at affordable prices.", "Colonel Harland Sanders, the fried-chicken magnate, who seems in public to be as jolly and serene as Santa Claus, is actually one of the world’s foremost worriers. The Colonel maintains a vigilant fretfulness in the face of overwhelming good fortune. He has won money, fame, and the affection of his fellow-citizens. Now approaching the age of eighty, he has lived to see the company he founded, the Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation, grow from a one-man operation to one of the giants of the food industry. There is a vast network of Kentucky Fried Chicken take-home food outlets covering every part of the nation but New York City, where the K.F.C. franchising effort has just begun. This year, these outlets will sell more than five hundred million dollars’ worth of fried chicken—more prepared food, in dollar volume, than will be sold by any other company in the world. The company has made millionaires of the Colonel and more than a hundred other people, some of them close friends of the Colonel’s. And the Colonel’s success has been artistic as well as financial—his secret recipe and his fast-frying process produce fried chicken of a quality unknown in New York restaurants and rare even in Southern restaurants.", "Colonel Harland Sanders was born on September 9, 1890, in Henryville, Indiana. At the age of 40, Sanders was running a popular Kentucky service station that also served food—so popular, in fact, that the governor of Kentucky designated him a Kentucky colonel. Eventually, Sanders focused on franchising his fried chicken business around the country, collecting a payment for each chicken sold. The company went on to become the world's largest fast-food chicken chain, Kentucky Fried Chicken. Sanders died in Louisville, Kentucky, on December 16, 1980.", "Best known for founding the fast-food chain Kentucky Fried Chicken, Colonel Harland David Sanders was born on September 9, 1890, in Henryville, Indiana. After his father died when he was 6 years old, Sanders became responsible for feeding and taking care of his younger brother and sister. Beginning at the age of 10, he held down numerous jobs, including farmer, streetcar conductor, railroad fireman and insurance salesman.", "Sanders and his wife reopened their Shelbyville restaurant as \"Claudia Sanders, The Colonel's Lady\" and served KFC-style chicken there as part of a full-service dinner menu, and talked about expanding the restaurant into a chain.Ryan, Ed, [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20064547,00.html Colonel Sanders and His Lady: He Cooks, She Cleans the Pots], People Magazine, October 7, 1974. He was sued by the company for it. After reaching a settlement with Heublein, he sold the Colonel's Lady restaurant, and it has continued to operate since then (currently as the \"Claudia Sanders Dinner House\"). It serves his \"original recipe\" fried chicken as part of its (non-fast-food) dinner menu, and it is the only non-KFC restaurant that serves an authorized version of the fried chicken recipe.[http://www.kentuckytourism.com/things_to_do/food_dining/claudia-sanders-dinner-house/3461/ Claudia Sanders Dinner House], Kentucky Department of Travel web site.[http://www.claudiasanders.com/ Claudia Sanders Dinner House] web site.", "By 1967, KFC had become the sixth largest restaurant chain in the US by sales volume, and 30 percent of sales were take-out. Brown felt that the company had to expand quickly, or else emerging rivals such as Church's Chicken would steal the company's lead; 863 outlets were opened in 1968. The company's growth pushed its stock value to \"stratospheric\" levels, according to Reuters, and in 1969 it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Meanwhile, KFC entered into ventures with other companies. Brown believed that the Colonel Sanders brand could be used to market anything, and launched the \"Kentucky Roast Beef\" restaurant chain, and \"Colonel Sanders Inns\" motels. The two ventures quickly failed, although the roast beef chain had 100 outlets by 1970. That same year, KFC entered a joint venture with the California-based fish and chips chain H. Salt Esquire, which proved more successful, but was sold off in 1980. ", "KFC's secret recipe found in a scrapbook? Chicago Tribune might have stumbled upon fast food's most guarded secret: Colonel Sanders' original fried chicken recipe Check out this story on courier-journal.com: http://cjky.it/2b9U2YO", "In 1952 at the age of 65, when most people are looking at slowing down and retiring, Harland David Sanders began Kentucky Fried Chicken. We are fortunate that Colonel Harland Sanders did not believe in the adage that “the future belongs to the young,” or we would likely have never tasted the “finger lickin'” fried chicken we all so much enjoy today. KFC is arguably one of the most widely recognized brands worldwide, and the Colonel is one of the pioneers of modern franchising.", "Of course this claim is false and just plain nonsense. We’re dedicated to quality and preparing chicken the Hard Way, which is Colonel Sanders’ time-honored approach to making delicious chicken . First, we source our chickens from American farms. Then our chickens are inspected by the USDA and must pass 30 quality checks before they can even be delivered to our kitchens. In fact, KFC and its parent company, Yum! Brands, maintain industry-leading food safety programs, striving to have the safest, highest-quality food supply and preparation in the business. Finally, our cooks freshly prepare fried chicken every day, in restaurant, following an extensive multistep process, which includes hand-breading each individual piece.", "Colonel Sanders, for Kentucky Fried Chicken. Mind you, Harland Sanders was a real person, the founder of KFC (though he served in the military, having received the title from the state of Kentucky for his achievements as a restaurateur and kept it as a means of self-promotion), and at times attained quasi-heroic status in Kentucky. Opinions on his animated, wise-cracking, dancing doppleganger are mixed.", "In 1930, the Shell Oil Company offered Sanders a service station in North Corbin, Kentucky, rent free, in return for paying them a percentage of sales. Sanders began to serve chicken dishes and other meals such as country ham and steaks.[http://www.kfc.co.uk/about-kfc/kfc-history KFC.co.uk | About Us | KFC History] Initially he served the customers in his adjacent living quarters before opening a restaurant. It was during this period that Sanders was involved in a shootout with a Matt Stewart, a local competitor, over the repainting of a sign directing traffic to his station. Stewart killed a Shell official who was with Sanders and was convicted of murder, eliminating Sanders' competition. Sanders was commissioned as a Kentucky Colonel in 1935 by Kentucky governor Ruby Laffoon. His local popularity grew, and, in 1939, food critic Duncan Hines visited Sanders's restaurant and included it in Adventures in Good Eating, his guide to restaurants throughout the US. The entry read:", "Here’s the supposed KFC secret recipe which was shared by Colonel Sanders’ nephew with the Chicago Tribune and is now being widely circulated on websites and in newspapers across the country.", "Sanders began traveling across the country, cooking along the way, determined to franchise his fried chicken. Many of the restaurant owners he met laughed at his signature dress of a starched white shirt, black tie, and white jacket and pants. There is a wonderful picture of the Colonel and Dave Thomas both wearing the Colonel’s signature attire.", "LOUISVILLE, Ky. — There are some kernels of truth in KFC's revived rendition of Col. Harland Sanders.", "Sanders died at age 90, on December 16, 1980, of leukemia. He was buried in his characteristic white suit and black bow tie in Cave Hill Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky, after lying in state in the rotunda of the Kentucky State Capitol. A later cartoon version of Colonel Sanders (voiced by actor Randy Quaid) has appeared in more recent KFC commercials, and he has an almost-identical impersonator, Thomas Rost, to the considerable consternation of many in the Sanders family.", "Much is made in Colonel Sanders and the American Dream of the role fried chicken plays in the myth of the American South, without which Sanders’s own iconography wouldn’t exist. What Sanders considered the art of frying chicken came to the South through slavery, as “West African slaves . . . brought the trick with them from their lost homes.” No Kentucky Colonel in white linen did the cooking; that work was done by a housekeeper, likely a black maid.", "Sanders, Colonel The man behind KFC becomes a hardened chicken dealer when Colorado bans his fast-food restaurant. (S14)" ]

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[ "September 1, 1794 - The Whiskey Rebellion occurs when western Pennsylvania farmers in the Monongahela Valley, upset over the liquor tax passed in 1791, are suppressed by 15,000 militia sent by Alexander Hamilton to establish the authority of the federal government to uphold its laws.", "The farmers of Western Pennsylvania rebelled in 1794 against a Federal tax on whiskey, imposed by Congress at Alexander Hamilton's suggestion. The Federal government needed revenue to pay for the Revolutionary War debts absorbed by the Federal government from the states, in the compromise that had resulted in the capital being located on the Potomac River. Two Virginians were key in suppressing the Whiskey Rebellion. George Washington assembled an army of over 10,000 troops - the largest force of \"revenuers\" ever created- to suppress what was portrayed as an armed rebellion against the new Federal government. (The creation of the Confederacy in 1860-61 was just one of many sectional threats to disunite the union of the United States...)", "a revolt of settlers in western Pennsylvania in 1794 against a federal excise tax on whiskey: suppressed by militia called out by President George Washington to establish the authority of the federal government", "August 8, 1794: The Whiskey Rebellion. Protesting the 1791 federal tax on distilled spirits a large gathering of rebels in western Pennsylvania burned the regional tax inspectors home. President Washington ordered 13,000 troops to the area, but opposition disappeared.", "1794, uprising in the Pennsylvania counties W of the Alleghenies, caused by Alexander Hamilton's excise tax of 1791. The settlers, mainly Scotch-Irish, for whom whiskey was an important economic commodity, resented the tax as discriminatory and detrimental to", "1794 –The Whiskey Rebellion took place in Washington County Pennsylvania as a protest to the excise tax on whiskey imposed by President Washington to help retire the debt of the Revolutionary War.", "By 1794, the excise tax on distilled spirits, which led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania came to an impasse on enforcement. President Washington, in an effort to collect the tax,  ordered the protesters to appear in U.S. district court with the following proclamation:", "By 1794 the excise tax lay largely uncollected in western Pennsylvania. The national debt was rising, and respect for federal authority was waning. Rebel forces had swelled to 5,000. In October President george washington dispatched 15,000 troops to quell the resistance. Led by alexander hamilton, Washington's secretary of state, the federal troops met little opposition. Within a month, most of the rebels had dispersed, disavowed their cause, or left the state. Keeping a few soldiers in western Pennsylvania to maintain order, the federal army departed for Philadelphia, having arrested more than 150 people suspected of criminal activity.", "The attack on John Neville marked the beginning of the Whiskey Rebellion. Throughout August and September threats of violence against tax collectors and inspectors spread out of the western districts of Pennsylvania and into Maryland , Virginia, Ohio, and Kentucky . In most cases, the rioters got their way through intimidation, and little blood was shed. The largest assembly came outside Pittsburgh on August 1, 1794, where about 7,000 frontiersmen gathered—mostly poor people who did not own property or even a still and were not directly affected by the tax. \"Not surprisingly, then,\" wrote historian Thomas Slaughter in The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (1986), \"their grievances were primarily economic in character; their victims were primarily members of wealthier commercial classes; and the property they envied was often the object of violence.\" However, the townspeople managed to defuse much of the threat by welcoming the frontiersmen into their houses and making whiskey freely available. They also convinced them not to burn property in the town and allowed them to expel some of the most obnoxious townsmen. The presence of the soldiers at nearby Fort Fayette also helped keep the rioters in check. Within a few weeks the whiskey rebels had dispersed and returned to their homes.", "Domestically, Washington was able to stop the first real challenge to federal authority with the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Pennsylvania farmers were refusing to pay a tax, and he sent troops to ensure compliance.", "When: 1791-1794 Where: Western PA What: Tax protest. Farmers who sold grain in form of whiskey had to pay a new tax which they hated. It was a part of Hamilton's plan to pay off the nationals debt. Did What: Climaxed in 1794 when 500 armed men attacked home of Tax Inspector, General Neville. Pres. Washington sent 15,000 soldiers to cease fighting. 20 were arrested but later aquitted. Importance: Demonstrated that new national gov't had the ability to suppress violent uprising and enforce its laws.", "1791–1794 – Whiskey Rebellion , a series of protests against the institution of a federal tax on the distillation of spirits as a revenue source for repaying the nation's war bonds. The revolt was centered upon southwestern Pennsylvania , although violence occurred throughout the Trans-Appalachian region.", "Suffering under a heavy debt load originating from the American Revolution, Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in January 1791 proposed to Congress an excise tax “upon spirits distilled within the United States.” This tax, which was passed into law in March 1791, was angrily opposed by many Americans living in Western Pennsylvania. Many of these frontier citizens relied heavily on distilled spirits for income and violently opposed this tax. Attempts to end the uprising peacefully were rejected by the growing opposition.", "The resistance came to a climax in 1794. In May of that year, federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax. Under the law then in effect, distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court. For farmers on the western frontier, such a journey was expensive, time-consuming, and beyond their means. At the urging of William Findley, Congress modified this law on 5 June 1794, allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts. But by that time, U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia. Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law, and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia. ", "By 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion threatened the stability of the new United States and challenged the authority of the democratically-elected federal government. President Washington organized a militia force of 12,950 men and personally led them towards Western Pennsylvania, warning locals \"not to abet, aid, or comfort the Insurgents aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril.\" The calling of the militia had the desired effect of essentially ending the Whiskey Rebellion. By the time the militia reached Pittsburgh, the rebels had dispersed and could not be found. The militia apprehended approximately 150 men and tried them for treason. Limited evidence and the inability to obtain witnesses hampered the trials. Two men, John Mitchell and Philip Weigel, were found guilty of treason, though both were pardoned by President Washington. George Washington's firm actions during this crisis served to build the strength and authority of the new federal government. ", "Many residents of the western frontier petitioned against passage of the whiskey excise. When that failed, some western Pennsylvanians organized extralegal conventions to advocate repeal of the law. [19] Opposition to the tax was particularly prevalent in four southwestern counties: Allegheny, Fayette, Washington, and Westmoreland. [20] A preliminary meeting held on July 27, 1791, at Redstone Old Fort in Fayette County, called for the selection of delegates to a more formal assembly, which convened in Pittsburgh in early September 1791. The Pittsburgh convention was dominated by moderates such as Hugh Henry Brackenridge , who hoped to prevent the outbreak of violence. [21] The convention sent a petition for redress of grievances to the Pennsylvania Assembly and the U.S House of Representatives , both located in Philadelphia. [22] As a result of this and other petitions, the excise law was modified in May 1792. Changes included a 1-cent reduction in the tax that was advocated by William Findley , a congressman from western Pennsylvania, but the new excise law was still unsatisfactory to many westerners. [23]", "The Pittsburgh region's economy was largely agricultural through most of the 1700s, growing from mere subsistence to having a surplus, especially in grains. Farmers found they could make better profits, especially in shipping, by turning their surplus grain into alcohol and bartering it. President George Washington, who had at age 23 noted the importance of Pittsburgh, had to face his first real challenge as President and the first challenge to the new country's Constitution, in a conflict over that alcohol that became known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The fledgling Federal government had decided to levy its first tax against whiskey, but the farmers argued they didn't have cash to pay taxes on bartered goods, and marched in protest. Washington had to send troops to squelch the protest and enforce the tax laws.", "The federal tax inspector for western Pennsylvania, General John Neville , was determined to enforce the excise law. [35] Neville, a prominent politician and wealthy planter, was also a large-scale distiller. He had initially opposed the whiskey tax, but subsequently changed his mind, a reversal that angered some western Pennsylvanians. [36] In August 1792, Neville rented a room in Pittsburgh for his tax office, but the landlord turned him out after being threatened with violence by the Mingo Creek Association. [37] From this point on, tax collectors were not the only people targeted in Pennsylvania: those who cooperated with federal tax officials also faced harassment. Anonymous notes and newspaper articles signed by \"Tom the Tinker\" threatened those who complied with the whiskey tax. Those who failed to heed the warnings might have their barns burned or their stills destroyed. [38]", "The insurrection collapsed as the army marched into western Pennsylvania in October 1794. Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection, like David Bradford, fled westward to safety. After an investigation, federal government officials arrested about 20 people and brought them back to Philadelphia for trial. Eventually, a federal grand jury indicted 24 men for high treason. Most of the accused had eluded capture, so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court. Of these, only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted. Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail. Both men were sentenced to death by hanging, but they were pardoned by President Washington. Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers, securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting. ", "The insurrection collapsed as the army marched into western Pennsylvania in October 1794. Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection, like David Bradford, fled westward to safety. After an investigation, federal government officials arrested about 20 people and brought them back to Philadelphia for trial.  Eventually, a federal grand jury indicted 24 men for high treason. Most of the accused had eluded capture, so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court. Of these, only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted. Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail. Both men were sentenced to death by hanging, but they were pardoned by President Washington. Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers, securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting.", "Washington reviewing troops sent to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania (Metropolitan Museum of Art)", "Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities. On 4 August 1794, Justice James Wilson delivered his opinion that western Pennsylvania was in a state of rebellion. On 7 August, Washington issued a presidential proclamation announcing, with \"the deepest regret\", that the militia would be called out to suppress the rebellion. He commanded insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse by September 1. ", "The Whiskey Rebellion Federal government responds • August 1794: Washington’s proclamation calling for insurgents to go home • September 1794: Washington’s second proclamation ordering the suppression of the insurrection and calling on states to supply troops • Troops from NJ, PA, MD, VA totaling 12,900 • Troops arrest suspects and march them to Philadelphia • Trials in 1795 • Results and importance", "  The failure of the Pennsylvania establishment - heavily influenced by the Quakers - to provide for the defense of Philadelphia and other towns and settlements during the various conflicts between England and France and their Indian allies, inspired Franklin to initiate the formation of militia companies in 1747. He even procured 18 canon from Gov. Clinton of New York - substantial 18 pounders - for port fortifications. More than 10,000 men quickly signed up for more than 100 companies throughout the colony. The immediate conflict soon ended, and the militia disbanded - but the idea of self reliance had been extended even to the realm of defense.", "Eighty soldiers mutinied at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in June, 1788. They marched on Philadelphia and appeared in front of the State House where Congress was in session. Congress called on the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, meeting in the same building, for protection, but the Council was afraid to bring out the militia, as it was thought that the militia might join the mutineers. The soldiers declared that they wanted their pay and intended to take it from the treasury. They pointed their guns at the Congressional windows but did not fire them. There was a rough play-boy air about the whole proceeding. Congress sent an urgent message for help to Washington -- who was then at West Point -- and without waiting to see what the result would be, the members of Congress unheroically slipped through the back door and made their way through a golden June sunset to Princeton in New Jersey, thus abandoning the seat of government to eighty mutineers and a sergeant.", "During the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia at the Pennsylvania State House. On account of British military actions, the Continental Congress was forced to relocate to Baltimore, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and York, Pennsylvania for a time before returning to Philadelphia. Upon gaining independence, the Congress of the Confederation was formed, and remained in Philadelphia until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey on June 21, 1783, and met in Annapolis and Trenton, before ending up in New York City. The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution in 1789, and New York City initially remained home to Congress. ", "1792: The United States Military Draft is established ( Second Militia Act of 1792 ). Every \"free able-bodied white male citizen\" between the ages of 18 and 45 were conscripted into a local militia companies to be overseen by the state. Kentucky is the 15th state admitted to the Union . Kentucky became the first state to be carved from the great western wilderness on June 1, 1792. Never a territory, it was part of Virginia until statehood. George Washington was re-elected president of the United States; John Adams was re-elected Vice President. A Yellow fever epidemic occurred. [4] Thought to be brought into the ports of the United states from the West Indies , this was one of the most dreaded diseases at that time. Many died unattended in homes while those with financial means fled the cities. Philadelphia was particularly hard hit.", "Yet despite many meetings between the Penns and the Calverts in the coming years, no compromise was agreed upon and the tensions between the two families escalated even more. By the 1730s, the land dispute had grown increasingly violent. The hostilities launched Cresap's War, also known as the Conojocular War, which was series of skirmishes between the two colonies. The scuffle was named after Thomas Cresap - he had been raised in the colony of Maryland, but moved in 1730 to modern-day Wrightsville, in York County, Pennsylvania. Despite living in Pennsylvania, he remained incredibly local to Maryland. Since he was very vocal about his ties to Maryland, on several occasions, Pennsylvanian mobs tried to murder him and although he was never injured, some of his attackers were wounded. Due to his defense of Maryland, Pennsylvanians nicknamed him the \"Maryland Monster,\" and since his antics had started other violent outbursts along the disputed border, the conflict was named after him.", "When the French and Indian War began in 1754 as part of the Seven Years' War, Franklin recruited militias. During the war, the city attracted many refugees from the western frontier. When Pontiac's Rebellion occurred in 1763, refugees again fled into the city, including a group of Lenape hiding from other Native Americans, angry at their pacifism, and white frontiersmen. The Paxton Boys tried to follow them into Philadelphia for attacks, but was prevented by the city's militia and Franklin, who convinced them to leave. ", "The present-day heart of Amish country was once the heart of the American government—if only for a day. In the late summer of 1777, the Redcoats again advanced on Philadelphia, and after Washington’s disastrous defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the Continental Congress evacuated the city. Delegates fled 65 miles to the west and on September 27, 1777, met inside Lancaster’s county courthouse. Faced with the difficulty of finding suitable lodging and continued concerns about their safety, the delegates’ official business consisted mainly of deciding how quickly they could leave Lancaster. After the legislative equivalent of a cup of coffee, the Continental Congress adjourned its one-day session inside the courthouse, which was destroyed by a fire in the 1780s, and continued to move west.", "Another one of Pennsylvania's nicknames is the Quaker State; in colonial times, it was known officially as the Quaker Province, in recognition of Quaker William Penn's First Frame of Government constitution for Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience. He knew of the hostility Quakers faced when they opposed religious ritual, taking oaths, violence, war and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery. ", "1834 - In Philadelphia, Whigs and Democrats stage a gun, stone and brick battle for control of a Moyamensing Township election, resulting in one death, several injuries, and the burning down of a block of buildings." ]

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[ "Nigel Lythgoe (born 9 July 1949) is an English television and film director and producer, television dance competition judge, former dancer in the Young Generation and choreographer. He is noted for being the producer of the shows Pop Idol and American Idol and creator and executive producer of, and a regular judge on So You Think You Can Dance. He also created the 2009 competition Superstars of Dance.", "Mary Murphy (born March 9) is a ballroom dance champion, accredited dance judge, and a regular judge and choreographer on the FOX dance competition-reality show So You Think You Can Dance.Mary Murphy is a former U.S. champion ballroom dancer and TV personality. She was born in Lancaster, Ohio, the only daughter in an Irish family of four children. She graduated from Northwest High School in Canal Fulton, Ohio.", "The competitions starts heating up even more as the final six dancers perform for America's vote. Judges for the evening are Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, and quest judge for the second time this season, Debbie Allen.", "Mary Ann Murphy (born c. 1958) is a ballroom dance champion,[http://www.dancevision.com/instructors/mary_murphy/ Instructors :: Mary Murphy :: DanceVision.com] accredited dance judge, and a former judge and choreographer on the Fox dance competition-reality show So You Think You Can Dance.", "Kicking off the bloated, two-hour finale of \"So You Think You Can Dance?\" host Cat Deeley noted that the season had consumed 35 hours of television. Gotta love summer TV. Six judges sat on the panel for the finale: Mia Michaels, Adam Shankman, Debbie Allen, Lil C and regulars Mary Murphy and Nigel Lythgoe. The night began with a quick video journey back through the season.", "It was down to the final 18 Tuesday on \"So You Think You Can Dance?\" as Mia Michaels joined judges Mary Murphy and Nigel Lythgoe. She promised that this season is going to be \"benoodles,\" which she explained meant \"insane.\" She said there are a few dancers in the final that she won't be sad to see leave, but the majority are fantastic.", "The top twelve dancers compete for the title of America's Favorite Dancer. Cat Deeley hosts. The three judges to help America decide are Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, and special guest judge Wade Robson.", "The top 4 dancers perform one more time before one of them is awarded America's favorite dancer. This week, each dancer will dance one dance with each of the other 3, as well as a solo in their own style. Judges are Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, and special guest judge Dan Karaty.", "SO YOU THINK YOU CAN DANCE is back for a 13th season that will feature a younger generation of dancers.  This season, dancers between the ages of 8-13, who are skilled in various dance styles, such as contemporary, tap, hip-hop, ballroom, animation or breaking, will be paired up with All-Stars to compete for the title of America’s Favorite Dancer. The new season of SO YOU THINK YOU CAN DANCE: THE NEXT GENERATION will feature returning host Cat Deeley and returning judges Nigel Lythgoe, Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo.", "It was the first part of the two-night finale on \"So You Think You Can Dance?\" and host Cat Deeley threw a curve ball at us from the start. In an effort to change things up -- and perhaps to stretch another episode into two hours! -- each of the remaining dancers would perform with every other dancer. That meant the two girls would dance with each other, as would the two guys. Suddenly, those rumors of Lance Bass pairing up with another dude on \"Dancing with the Stars\" don't seem so special, huh? During the introduction, there was no immediately mention of the reports that Twitch and Joshua were rushed to the hospital earlier in the week after suffering from dehydration during rehearsals. Guest judge Mandy Moore joined regulars Mary Murphy and Nigel Lythgoe and Cat got the action started quickly, introducing the first dance from Courtney and Twitch.", "Host Cat Deeley reminds viewers that the final six couples will be competing for a place in \"your\" Top10. We're introduced to the final 12 dancers, followed by judges Mia Michaels, Mary Murphy and Nigel Lythegoe.", "The audition rounds begin, showcasing America's most talented young dancers, ages 8-13. The judges are Nigel Lythgoe, Paula Abdul, and Jason Derulo.", "It's time for the Top 16 results show, and the bottom three of the males and females will be dancing for their lives. One will be cut from each category. Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, and special guest judge Debbie Allen will decide who goes home.", "It was freezing cold outside in Salt Lake City, site of the first set of auditions in Tuesday's two-hour episode of \"So You Think You Can Dance?\" Would the dancers heat things up inside? Guest judge Mandy Moore joined judges Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy for two days in Utah as they came away with 42 dancers who moved on to the Las Vegas audition. As usual, the dancers each had one minute to dance for the judges, after which they'd either get a ticket to Las Vegas for the next round, be sent home, or be asked to join the group choreography routine at the end of the day for a second chance.", "This week, Cat introduced us to Nigel Lithgoe, Mary Murphy and Brian Friedman as our judges. Then, the dance performances started. This week, each dancer performed with every other dancer. Heidi and Travis performed a disco routine and then Donyelle and Benji danced the Viennese Waltz. Next, Cat showed a clip of the dancers going to see \"Step Up.\" Heidi was the first to perform her solo. Then, Benji and Travis danced hip-hop, Donyelle performed her solo, Travis danced solo, Heidi and Donyelle performed broadway, Benji performed his solo, Donyelle and Travis danced contemporary, and Heidi and Benji performed a salsa dance. The evening closed with the entire group dancing pop. Afterwards, voting was opened up to the audience.", "In 2008, Murphy reprised her role as judge on season 4 with fellow regular, Nigel Lythgoe, and on the season finale, performed a surprise samba with Dmitry Chaplin. Murphy continued as a weekly permanent judge on season 5 and season 6.", "\"Dancing with the Stars,\" the American version of the hit BBC series \"Strictly Come Dancing,\" pairs celebrity dancers with professional partners. Each week, the teams perform a specific dance—the mambo, the foxtrot or the paso doble, for example—for a panel of judges. The judges give the dancers a score; meanwhile, in typical reality-show fashion, viewers may also vote, and one pair of dancers is eliminated each week. Castroneves faced a motley crew of celebrity competitors, some better known than others: the actors Josie Maran (\"Melrose Place\"), Jane Seymour (\"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\"), and Jennie Garth (\"Beverly Hills, 90210\") along with entertainers Marie Osmond and Wayne Newton and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban.", "In the final set of auditions, judges Nigel, Paula, and Jason must decide which young dancers will continue in the competition to become America's Favorite Dancer.", "8:52 p.m. We cut 15 more dancers in the jazz round, but we still have to watch Amelia and Rachel do their solos. I believe we call Rachel’s solo “The morning after,” as it features her doing burlesque in a man’s shirt and tie (and little else) to “It’s a Man’s Man’s Man’s World.” From this dance, I would only be able to identify one characteristic of Rachel’s dancing: Raunchiness. It’s *good* raunchiness, but it’s not anywhere near good enough for the judges. Debbie Allen tells Rachel that next time, she should “put on more clothes and dance.” Rachel vows to return. I’d also be perfectly fine with FOX doing “So You Think You Can Strip” next summer, just for Rachel. Amelia goes next, dancing to the theme from “To Kill a Mocking Bird,” which is already a bit awesome. In no time, she makes Adam Shankman cry and Sonya Tayeh grin demonically. Do the tears and the demonic grin mean the same thing? Apparently. “I just want to get my hands on her,” Sonya says. Nigel votes “No,” saying that when she does her own routine, she has a life that she doesn’t have with other people’s choreography. The other judges vote “Yes” and Amelia advances, promising to show Nigel a different animal the next day.", "In the show, celebrities are given intensive training in ballroom and latin dance routines, being partnered by an experienced professional dancer. They perform new routines each week for a live television audience and each week a celebrity is eliminated until the series winner is decided. The panel of judges (Phillips, Len Goodman, Craig Revel Horwood, Bruno Tonioli) score the dance performances, and their scores are then combined with the results of a public televote to decide which two couples gave the weakest performance each week. These two couples then dance again before the judges decide who should leave the competition.", "Phillips was asked to be a judge for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) version of the show Dancing with the Stars but decided that her loyalties lay with the British version of the show.", "In November 2011, BBC newsreaders Sian Williams, Sophie Raworth, Susanna Reid and Emily Maitlis performed a group dance to Katy Perry's \"Firework\". Susanna and Robin won with three of the judges' votes. Angela Rippon also made an appearance in the dance, alongside the women. Susanna then went on to compete as a contestant in the eleventh series of the show in 2013.", "* The thirteenth series introduced a Quickstep-a-thon, in which all seven remaining couples simultaneously performed a quickstep. The judges then ranked them one to seven and gave points accordingly.", "This weekend at the fair: Or was it Chynna Phillips competing on \"Dancing With the Stars\"? Or the trio's new rea...", "The X Factor is a British reality television music competition to find new singing talent, contested by aspiring singers drawn from public auditions. Created by Simon Cowell, the show began in 2004 and has since aired annually from August/September until December. The show is produced by FremantleMedia's Thames (previously Talkback Thames) and Cowell's production company Syco TV. It is broadcast on the ITV network in the United Kingdom and simulcast on TV3 in Ireland. The \"X Factor\" refers to the undefinable \"something\" that makes for star quality. The series consists of auditions, bootcamp, judges' houses, several weeks of live shows, semi-finals and the final. After the show's success, it then became an international franchise following a similar format. The series has a spin-off behind-the-scenes show called The Xtra Factor, which airs directly after the main show on ITV2.", "The judges were: Revel Horwood, Bussell, Goodman & Tonioli. There were two teams with one children couple and one of the shows professional as a couple, Team Glitter's pros were Natalie Lowe & Anton Du Beke and Team Sparkle's pros were Aliona Vilani & Tristan MacManus. Team Glitter took home the trophy.", "This is a famous gymnastic group and became more popular after winning the 2010 Britain Got Talent and pocketed the $100,000 cash money. After the win, they have featured in several advertisements and performed at numerous venues. The runner up was Twist and Pulse, an English Street dance duo based in London, third place was taken by Kieran Gaffney. The judges were Amanda Holden, Piers Morgan, Louis Walsh, and Simon Cowell.  The presenters were Ant & Dec and the Co-presenter was Stephen Mulhern.", "In this American version of the hit UK show, Simon Cowell and his fellow judges search for a singer who has the \"X factor\".", "A show called the Generation game had two couples performing some of the megamix with the cast but instead of them performing it on skates they were just in normal trainers.", "Celebrity judges Myleene Klass, Eamonn Holmes and Ceallach Spellman will be casting an eye over the ten contestants, as they are put through a series of challenge-based heats. Whether or not the contestants will be expected to present a link whilst bouncing on a trampoline or control a particularly uncooperative pet whilst simultaneously conducting an interview remains to be seen, however.", "A British version aired in 2007, and was screened from 9 June 2007 until 17 June 2007, with ITV screening nine episodes. Fellow judges are Piers Morgan and Amanda Holden.", "[Bianculli here: Contributing columnist Ed Martin checks in again with another valuable find from cable TV's outer orbit. This time it's BBC America's imported reality competition..." ]

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[ "Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals. The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.", "A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called keratin. This protein is also found in the hooves and horns of different animals. It is made up of dead skin cells.", "Keratin refers not to one particular substance but to a family of tough, fibrous proteins found in the animal kingdom. Keratin is present in hair, horn, hooves, beaks, shells, fingernails, toenails, and claws. All proteins contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O). One of the proteins found in keratin is cysteine. Cysteine contains the fifth element, sulfur (S).", "Keratins are a family of fibrous structural proteins ; which are extremely strong and are a major component in skin, hair, nails and teeth. The amino acids which combine to form keratin have several unique properties, and depending on the levels of the various amino acids, keratin can be inflexible and hard, like nails, or soft, as is the case with skin.", "Keratins are fibrous structural proteins that constitute various biological structures such as hair, nails, skin, feathers, hooves, horns, etc. They are made up of coiled polypeptide chains and when they combine they form supercoils.", "Nails grow from a deep layer of epidermal tissue known as the nail matrix, which surrounds the nail root. The stem cells of the nail matrix reproduce to form keratinocytes, which in turn produce keratin protein and pack into tough sheets of hardened cells. The sheets of keratinocytes form the hard nail root that slowly grows out of the skin and forms the nail body as it reaches the skin’s surface. The cells of the nail root and nail body are pushed toward the distal end of the finger or toe by new cells being formed in the nail matrix. Under the nail body is a layer of epidermis and dermis known as the nail bed. The nail bed is pink in color due to the presence of capillaries that support the cells of the nail body. The proximal end of the nail near the root forms a whitish crescent shape known as the lunula where a small amount of nail matrix is visible through the nail body. Around the proximal and lateral edges of the nail is the eponychium , a layer of epithelium that overlaps and covers the edge of the nail body. The eponychium helps to seal the edges of the nail to prevent infection of the underlying tissues.", "a hard, fibrous, sulphur-containing protein with an alpha-helix structure, found in the epidermis of vertebrates, mainly in the outermost layers of skin. Keratin can have several forms: in scales, feathers, hooves, horns, claws and nails it is hard, while wool and hair are made up of a soft and flexible form.", "1. α –keratin: α –keratin (essential in hair, hooves, horn, fingernails, and etc.) is a coiled-coil protein composed of two intertwining α-helices. Coiled-coil structures are found in other structural proteins, for example, the myosin of skeletal muscle; it has heptads repeats correspond to 3.5 amino acids per turn. Residues in the position of a, d, a’ and d’ in the helices of these proteins are usually hydrophobic. The two strands in a coiled-coil are held together by hydrophobic interaction as well as ionic interactions and disulfide bonds.", "Scleroproteins or the fibrous proteins are one of the three major types of proteins; the other two are spheroproteins and membrane proteins . Scleroproteins are characterized by their long protein filaments. They act as structural proteins. They are usually water-insoluble. Some of the scleroproteins are keratin, collagen , elastin , and fibroin.", "Keratin is an extremely strong protein that is a major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, horns, and teeth. The amino acids which combine to form it have several unique properties and, depending on the levels of the various amino acids, it can be inflexible and hard, like hooves, or soft, as is the case with skin. Most people interact with this tissue after it is actually dead; hair, skin, and nails are all formed from dead cells that the body sheds as new cells push up from underneath. If the dead cells are kept in good condition, they will serve as an insulating layer to protect the delicate new tissue below them.", "the harder b-keratins found in nails and in the scales and claws of reptiles, their shells (chelonians, such as tortoise, turtle, terrapin), and in the feathers, beaks, claws of birds and quills of porcupines. (These keratins are formed primarily in beta sheets. However, beta sheets are also found in a-keratins.)", "Fibrous proteins: Fibrous proteins also known as Schleroprotein are long protein chains shaped liked rodwires. Unlike Globular Protein, they do not denature as easily, and contain many repeats of secondary structures. They are mostly structural proteins that are responsible for organisms in support and protection such as forming connective tissue, muscle fibers, bones, and tendons . The two examples of fibrous proteins are:", "Some proteins provide structure. The protein collagen gives structure to bones, teeth and skin. Hair and nails depend on keratin.", "The final product of the epidermis is the keratin that packs the cornified cells. The term keratin is applied generally to the hard keratins of hair, horn, and nails, and to the soft keratin of the epidermis. They are all insoluble filamentous proteins, composed of polypeptide chains that are stabilized by links using two atoms of sulfur. The source of the keratin of the stratum corneum has been a subject of controversy; but it is now generally accepted that about a third of its total mass is made up of proteins synthesized in the granular layer and the remainder from so-called intermediate filaments, which are present in keratinocytes from the basal layer outward.", "a fibrous protein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in hair, nails, feathers, hooves, etc", "a tough, insoluble protein that is the main constituent of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, etc., and of the outermost layer of skin.", "Limited interior space is the reason why the triple helix of the (unrelated) structural protein collagen, found in skin, cartilage and bone, likewise has a high percentage of glycine. The connective tissue protein elastin also has a high percentage of both glycine and alanine. Silk fibroin, considered a β-keratin, can have these two as 75–80% of the total, with 10–15% serine, with the rest having bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C → N orientation. A preponderance of amino acids with small, nonreactive side groups is characteristic for structural proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than chemical specificity.", "The triple helix of the (unrelated) structural protein collagen , found in skin, cartilage , and bone , likewise has a high percentage of glycine, as does the connective tissue protein elastin, which also has a high percentage of alanine. Spider silk fibroin, considered a β-keratin, can have glycine and alanine as 75–80 percent of its total amino acids, with an additional 10–15 percent being serine, and the rest being amino acids that have bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C → N orientation (Ophardt 2003). A preponderance of amino acids with small, nonreactive side groups is characteristic of structural proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than chemical specificity.", "Protein is a building material for new nails; therefore, low dietary protein intake may cause anemia and the resultant reduced hemoglobin in the blood filling the capillaries of the nail bed reflects varying amounts of light incident on the nail matrix resulting in lighter shades of pink ultimately resulting in white nail beds when the hemoglobin is very low. When hemoglobin is close to 15 or 16 grams, most of the spectrum of light is absorbed and only the pink color is reflected back and the nails look pink. A lack of protein combined with deficiencies in folic acid and vitamin C produce hangnails.", "Keratin's characteristic toughness and resilience depend on its amino acid composition and sequence and the particular protein folding that results. In particular, the prevalence in Keratin of the sulfur -containing amino acid cysteine , with its ability to form strong covalent chemical bonds between sulfur atoms (disulfide bridge), helps confer strength and rigidity. The complexity involved in just this one type of protein is remarkable, and yet it is formed by a vast diversity of living organisms.", "Cats claws are made of keratin, which is a protein. A cat's claws are covered by an outer layer called the sheath, which consists of dead keratin cells. Running through the center of each claw is the quick. The quick contains blood vessels, nerves, and new keratin cells responsible for nail growth. The quick is pink in color because it contains the blood supply.", "Feathers are among the most complex integumentary appendages found in vertebrates and are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. ", "Nail Plate The nail plate is the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of the nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail. The underneath surface of the nail plate has grooves along the length of the nail that help anchor it to the nail bed.", "Collagen is attached to cell membranes via several types of protein, including fibronectin and integrin .", " The main function of the toenail is to provide protection to toes. The nail unit, shown to the right, is composed of the nail plate, nail fold, lunula, cuticle and hyponychium.  ", "Referred to as “Hyp”, this is a protein that serves as a sort of universal biological glue.  Its primary amino acid is L-hydroxyproline, which is a non-essential amino acid.  Hyp plays a major role in making collagen, connective tissue, skin, ligaments, tendons, bones and cartilage.  It is also necessary for the assimilation of Vitamin D, which, in turn is needed to absorb calcium.", "Protein Myths For as long as people have been eating protein-containing foods, there have been myths about its “magical” qualities. Here’s some information about some of the more popular protein legends: • Myth: Protein-enhanced shampoos and lotions will help to strengthen the hair and fingernails. No way. The portion of your hair and nails that you can see is already past saving. It’s basically dead tissue, waiting to be discarded. The portion of your hair and nails that you can’t see, the stuff that starts right below the skin, is what needs to be nourished. That comes from a balanced diet and lots of fluids. Soak and condition to your heart’s content. If you don’t have a good diet, your hair and nails will never look healthy.", "Elleman TC. Protein Amino-acid sequence of a high-sulphur protein from wool. Nat New Biol. 1971 Dec 1;234(48):148.", "Boskey AL. Noncollagenous matrix proteins and their role in mineralization. Bone Miner. 1989 May. 6(2):111-23. [Medline].", "The area underneath the root of the tail requires the same attention. And a little smeared over (and left on) the nose daily prevents it becoming crusty. Toe-nails (especially the dewclaws) should be inspected weekly to ensure they have not become too long and require clipping.", "consist of an epicuticle and a dense, non fibrous layer of scales. the epicuticle gives water repellency to the fiber but is easily damaged by mechanical action ", "Will collagen & keratin help my nails to become stronger and grow and how long would you say it will take for this to happen?" ]

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[ "Generally known as sleeping sickness, human African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection transmitted by tsetse flies which occurs in sub-Saharan Africa. In its latter stage, it attacks the central nervous system, causing severe neurological disorders and death if left untreated. More than 95 per cent of reported cases are caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is found in western and central Africa. The other 5 per cent of cases are caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is found in eastern and southern Africa. MSF admitted 330 patients for sleeping sickness treatment in 2014.", "Sleeping sickness, also called \"human African trypanosomiasis\", is a widespread tropical disease that can be fatal if not treated. It is spread by the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina Genus), a species native to the African continent. Sixty million people who live mainly in rural parts of East, West and Central Africa are at risk of contracting sleeping sickness. Anxiety,Drowsiness during the dayFever Headache Insomnia at nightMood changes Sleepiness (may be uncontrollable)SweatinSwollen lymph nodes all over the bodySwollen, red, painful nodule at site of fly bite Weakness.", "Trypanosomiasis, also known as African sleeping sickness, is an infection endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by protozoan parasites called trypanosomes, which are spread by the bite of the tsetse fly. There are two subspecies of trypanosomes that infect humans, each causing a different form of the disease. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, found in eastern and southern Africa, causes an acute illness leading to death within weeks or months. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, found in western and central Africa, causes a more chronic form of the illness which may last several years. Both forms of sleeping sickness are fatal if left untreated.", "Sleeping sickness (also called trypanosomiasis) is an infection caused by Trypanosoma protozoa; it is passed to humans through the bite of the tsetse fly. If left untreated, the infection progresses to death within months or years.", "African Trypanosomiasis, also known as \"sleeping sickness,\" is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in rural Africa. Although the infection is not found in the United States, historically, it has been a serious public health problem in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Currently, about 10,000 new cases each year are reported to the World Health organization; however, it is believed that many cases go undiagnosed and unreported. Sleeping sickness is curable with medication, but is fatal if left untreated.", "African Trypanosomiasis; results from an infection with a protozoan pathogen (Trypanosoma) transmitted by Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and produces the clinical syndrome known as \"Sleeping Sickness\". The disease begins with an ulcer (chancre) at the bite site, the trypanosome then invades the central nervous system and produces increasing indifference, lassitude and daytime sleepiness, and later death may result. Occurs through central and western Africa.", "The only people at risk for African sleeping sickness are those to travel to Africa. That’s where the tsetse fly is found. The parasites that cause the disease are passed on only by the tsetse fly.", "The following year, a second commission arrived in Entebbe led by David Bruce. Once in Entebbe, he identified the protozoan T. gambiense as the cause of the disease among the germs that Castellani had found in human blood. Members of his commission also showed that this parasite was transmitted by the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis, that lived in the dense undergrowth along rivers and lake shores [1] , [6] , [10] , [13] , [15] , [16] , [28] , [31] , [32] . For years thereafter, a controversy raged between the supporters of Castellani and of Bruce over who discovered the pathogen of sleeping sickness [30] , [33] , [34] .", "Trypanosome, a flagellate,  causes African sleeping sickness in humans and animals when it is transmitted by a bite of the tsetse fly", "Sleeping sickness, also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense in Eastern Africa and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Western Africa . Both protozoan species are morphologically indistinguishable, but have drastically different epidemiological features. Several species of hematophagous glossina, commonly known as tsetse flies, are the vectors of these related diseases, and are responsible for cyclical transmission of the parasitic protozoan between numerous vertebrate hosts. Both forms of sleeping sickness affect the central nervous system. The term “sleeping sickness” is derived from the West African form of trypanosomiasis, primarily because invasion of the cerebrospinal fluid and brain after infection of the blood is often delayed, resulting in symptoms of extreme fatigue that can last for several years before the severe phase of the disease sets in; toxemia, coma and death. In contrast, the typical East African form of trypanosomiasis is characterized by rapid and acute development of the disease, and untreated patients can die within weeks or months of infection.", "Human African typanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a parasite disease caused by the Trypanosoma protozoa (unicellular blood-dwelling parasites), several different species of which exist. This disease, which virtually disappeared during the 1960s as a result of the actions of the major disease mobile teams founded by Jamot, is in full resurgence due to troubles disrupting the various health systems. It is transmitted by the bite of a fly: Glossina or tsetse fly. It is found only in Africa. It is found in homes in the tropical and subtropical regions. The disease affects rural populations; the risk to travellers is limited.", "African trypanosomiasis, also referred to as sleeping sickness, is an illness endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, which exists in the following 2 morphologically identical subspecies:", "The present paper focuses on HAT, also known as sleeping sickness, whose etiological agents are tsetse-transmitted protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. Two sub-species are responsible for syndromes of markedly different epidemiology and geographical range. T. b. gambiense causes the chronic, anthroponotic form found in Western and Central Africa. Infection with T. b. rhodesiense results in the acute, zoonotic form of Eastern and Southern Africa. Both forms are considered fatal if untreated. No vaccine against HAT is available, and the toxicity of existing drugs precludes the adoption of control strategies based on preventive chemotherapy. As a result, the keystones of interventions against sleeping sickness are active and passive case-finding followed by treatment, vector control and animal reservoir management.", "a fly that is a vector for a parasite that causes sleeping sickness, a disease that especially affects humans and livestock. Livestock is rarely found in areas of Sub-Saharan Africa where the tsetse fly is common", "Finally, in 1910, pathologists John W. W. Stevens and Harold B. Fantham, working in Rhodesia, discovered a second and much more acute form of sleeping sickness that killed its victims within months, not years. This was caused by a different parasite, T. rhodesiense, usually transmitted by a different tsetse fly, G. morsitans, found in grassy areas rather than along riverbanks. T. b. rhodesiense, and perhaps also T. b. gambiense, had wild animals as reservoirs, but did not sicken their hosts. There was some overlap between the habitats of G. morsitans and G. fuscipes. Although both kinds of flies were found in some regions, within those regions, the two species were compartmentalized in particular ecological zones [3] , [5] , [6] , [32] , [33] , [47] .", "Horse-flies (Tabanidae) and stable flies (Muscidae) possibly play a role in transmission of nagana (the animal form of sleeping sickness) and the human disease form. ", "Human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness, is caused by trypanosomes of the species Trypanosoma brucei. This disease is invariably fatal unless treated but can almost always be cured with current medicines, if the disease is diagnosed early enough.", "Human African trypanosomiasis, also called sleeping sickness , is caused by trypanosomes of the Trypanosoma brucei species. This disease is invariably fatal unless treated but can almost always be cured with current medicines, if the disease is diagnosed early enough.", "Once considered under control, a resurgence of the tsetse poses a major threat to public health. In some regions of the war-torn Democratic Republic of the Congo, in central Africa, sleeping sickness is killing more people than any other communicable disease, including HIV/Aids, says the World Health Organization.", "African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease of humans and animals of similar aetiology and epidemiology. The causative agents of the disease are protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma that live and multiply extracellularly in blood and tissue fluids of their mammalian hosts and are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina sp.). The distribution of trypanosomaisis in Africa corresponds to the range of tsetse flies and comprises currently an area of 8 million km2 between 14 degrees North and 20 degrees South latitude [ 1 ]. Throughout history, African trypanosomiasis has severely repressed the economic and cultural development of Central Africa.", "Christy C: The Distribution of Sleeping Sickness, Filaria perstans, etc., in East Equatorial Africa. Rep Sleep Sickn Comm Roy Soc. 1903, 2: 2-8. Google Scholar", "WHO: Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. Weekly Epidemiol Rec. 2006, 81 (8): 71-80. Google Scholar", "World Health Organization: Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): epidemiological update. Weekly epidemiological record. 2006, 81: 71-80. http://www.who.int/entity/wer/2006/wer8108.pdf Google Scholar", "It affects the livestock, being deadly or inducing low fertility, weight and productivity, with severe economical losses. It is found in the habitat of the tse-tse fly: over 10 million square km in 36 African countries. Chagas is found in certain areas of Central and South America.", "The bite of an infected tsetse (SET-see) fly usually transmits the organisms that cause the African forms of trypanosomiasis. These flies live in the countryside in Africa, especially in bushes and thick vegetation near rivers and lakes. Tsetse flies infected with the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (trih-pan-o-SO-mah BRU-see-eye ro-dee-see-EN-see) spread East African trypanosomiasis, the most severe form of the disease, to humans. The West African variety comes from a fly infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (trih-pan-o-SO-mah BRU-see-eye gam-be-EN-see).", "The spread of sleeping sickness across areas of central and eastern Africa that were previously free of the disease has been attributed to this expedition. But this hypothesis has been disputed. Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades. ", "Reduviid (rih-DO-vee-id) bugs (also called assassin, cone-nose, or kissing bugs) carry the Trypanosoma cruzi (trih-pan-o-SO-mah KROO-zee) protozoa that cause the American variety of trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, named for the Brazilian doctor who discovered it. These bugs hide during the day in the cracks in mud and adobe homes. At night they crawl across sleeping people and bite them, usually on the face but sometimes on the arms, legs, or trunk. They also leave behind their feces * , which contain the protozoa. Without knowing it, people can rub", "Tsetse (pronounced /ts/e-/ts/e, teet-SEE, or set-see) are large biting flies from Africa which live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse include all the species in the genus Glossina, which are generally placed in their own family, Glossinidae.", "Citation: Headrick DR (2014) Sleeping Sickness Epidemics and Colonial Responses in East and Central Africa, 1900–1940. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(4): e2772. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002772", "Maudlin I. et al. (1990) The relationship between Rickettsia-like organisms and trypanosome infections in natural populations of tsetse in Liberia . Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 421, 265-267.", "In general terms (there are notable exceptions to practically any general statement about tsetse flies) it can be said that all tsetse communities harbour trypanosomes pathogenic to susceptible livestock. The actual infection rate in livestock at risk varies within very wide limits. Very low levels of infestation by solely riverine species (Jordan, 1961 and Page, 1959) give rise to a trypanosomiasis situation, even in highly susceptible exotic breeds, which can be relatively easily contained by surveillance and treatment (e.g., on the University campus at Ibadan and Yaounde\"), whereas heavier infestations by flies of the riverine group give rise to increasingly severe trypanosomiasis problems. In the case of the waterside species G. fuscipes a high density of this fly does not appear to play a significant role in cattle trypanosomiasis transmission (J. Le Roux — personal communication). Flies of the savanna group give rise to severe trypanosomiasis problems in susceptible stock even when present in low, or barely detectable, densities (Jordan, 1961 and Leeflang, 1975). Some members of the forest group (G. fusca and G. medicorum) undoubtedly feed on cattle if they have the opportunity and can very probably be the cause of a serious disease problem (Jordan, 1962 and Jordan, Lee-Jones and Weitz, 1961). Others (G. brevipalpis) can be poor transmitters of infections they harbour (Wilson, Dar and Paris, 1972) and yet others seldom have the opportunity to feed on cattle or might not be attracted to them.", "This filarial worm is transmitted by the midges Culicoides austeni and C. grahami. It is common throughout equatorial" ]

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[ ", , usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international consumer and professional electronics corporation based in Yokohama, Japan. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder.", "is a Japan-based manufacturer of optics and reprography products. Olympus was established on 12 October 1919, initially specializing in microscope and thermometer businesses. Olympus enjoys a majority share of the world market in gastro-intestinal endoscopes. It has a roughly 70% share of the global market whose estimated value is US$2.5 billion. Its global headquarters are in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.", "based in Tokyo, Japan. The Citizen company was originally founded as Shokosha Watch Research Institute in 1918 and is currently known as the manufacturer of CINCOM precision lathe machine tools as well as CITIZEN watches. The trade name originated from a pocket watch CITIZEN sold in 1924. It is one of the world's largest producers of watches.", "Sony Corporation (ソニー株式会社 ,Sonī Kabushiki Gaisha?) is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest media conglomerates with revenue exceeding US$99.1 billion (as of 2008).[1] Sony is one of the leading manufacturers of electronics, video, communications, video game consoles, and information technology products for the consumer and professional markets. Its name is derived from sonus, the Latin word for sound.[4]", "Citizen is a watch manufacturer that produces collector and contemporary designed timepieces.  Citizen created the Eco-Drive watches, which use a battery recharged by a solar panel hidden under the watch face.", "*Olympus - Japanese company founded as Takachiho Seisakusho in 1919, where Takachiho referred to Takama-ga-hara, the home of the gods in Japanese mythology. It was renamed Olympus Optical Co., Ltd in 1949, after Mount Olympus, the home of the gods in Greek mythology, and then Olympus Corporation in 2003. The company had been using Olympus as a brand name for optical products such as microscopes since 1921.", "In Europe, JVC sells mainly some audio accessories, like headphones, and until recently DIN type car audio. Also in Europe, JVC is present with camcorders, security cameras, audio systems and with their emblematic boom box, projectors. JVC TV sets in Europe are manufactured mainly by Turkish manufacturer Vestel, but are not available in all countries.", "Panasonic Corporation (パナソニック株式会社 ,Panasonikku Kabushiki-gaisha?) (TYO: 6752 NYSE: PC), formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., is a multinational corporation based in Kadoma, Japan. Its main business is in electronics manufacturing and produces products under a variety of names including Panasonic and Technics.", "JVC video recorders were marketed by the Ferguson Radio Corporation in the UK, with just cosmetic changes. However, Ferguson needed to find another supplier for its camcorders when JVC produced only the VHS-C format, rather than video8. Ferguson was later acquired by Thomson SA, which ended the relationship. JVC later invented hard drive camcorders.", "Patek Philippe & Co. (PP) is a Swiss watch manufacturer founded in 1851, located in Geneva and the Vallée de Joux. It designs and manufactures timepieces and movements, including some of the most complicated mechanical watches. It is considered by many experts and aficionados to be one of the most prestigious watch brands. ", "is a multinational electronics manufacturing company headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the world's first entirely electric compact calculator.", "Rolex is a Swiss manufacturer of luxury wristwatches and accessories. The company was first established in 1905 by Hans Wilsdorf and Alfred Davis.", "In 1922 John Harwood, a British watchmaker and inventor, was in Switzerland searching for a watchmaking company to produce his invention of a self winding wristwatch. One of the manufacturers Harwood went to see was Fortis, and Walter Vogt was enthusiastic about the idea. Harwood's first patent on his invention was taken out in Britain, he was granted a Swiss patent for it in 1924. The watch was launched at the Basle fair in 1926 and Fortis became the world's first serial manufacturer of automatic wristwatches. The movement was based on an ébauche manufactured by A. Schild with added automatic winding gear. In 1928 the Harwood Self-Winding Watch Co. was founded to finance advertising, promotion and sales support for the watches, and to hold Harwood's patents. This company collapsed as a result of the global economic crisis triggered by the Wall Street crash in October 1929, leaving the field open for others to create self winding watches.", "Guernsey also has a thriving non-finance industry. It is home to Specsavers Optical Group, which manages the largest optical chain in the UK and Ireland and also operates in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Spain. Healthspan also has its headquarters in Guernsey.[22]", "In 1854, Waterbury, Connecticut-based brass manufacturer Benedict & Burnham created Waterbury Clock Company to manufacture clocks using brass wheels and gears. Waterbury Clock Company was legally incorporated on March 27, 1857, as an independent business with $60,000 in capital. The American clock industry, with scores of companies located in Connecticut's Naugatuck Valley, was producing millions of clocks, earning the region the nickname, \"Switzerland of America\". The Waterbury Clock Company was one of the largest producers for both domestic sales and export, primarily to Europe. Today its successor, Timex Group USA, Inc. is the only remaining watch company in the region.", "The Eastman Kodak Company, commonly known as Kodak, is an American technology company that concentrates on imaging products, with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York, United States and incorporated in New Jersey. It was founded by George Eastman in 1888.", "Carl Zeiss West Germany grew to become the world's largest optics research and development firm with marketing organizations in at least 28 Western countries. It features state of the art microscopes, several of the world's largest or most complicated telescopes, specialized scientific instruments, measuring instruments, military optics (including submarine periscopes), spectacle frames and lenses, rifle scopes, photographic lenses, cameras (\"Contax\" made under license by Yashica/Kyocera) and binoculars.", "*Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha (Japan Optical Industries Co. Ltd., (also called Nippon Kōgaku) which is known since 1988 as the Nikon Corporation since the Nikon brand name was used on its camera product line)", "In consumer products, JVC offers high definition displays and home theater projectors, digital video camcorders, home theater systems, audio components and systems, portable audio products, DVD players and recorders, digital storage devices, audio and video accessories, car audio/video products and recording media. An innovator throughout the analog age, exemplified by the JVC-developed VHS videocassette...  [Read more]", "Citizen also produces the Independent Watches line, featuring a more modern, contemporary design than the traditional Citizen label. Depending on the market, these watches may be labelled \"Secret\", \"Lighthouse\" brands among others.", "Orient (The Orient Watch Company) Limited is Japan's producer of mechanical watches and is a subsidiary of the Seiko Epson Corporation.", "Canon Inc. (キヤノン株式会社 ,Kyanon Kabushiki Gaisha?, TYO: 7751, NYSE: CAJ) is a Japanese multinational corporation that specialises in the manufacture of imaging and optical products, including cameras, photocopiers, steppers and computer printers. Its headquarters are located in Ōta, Tokyo.", "*Citizen Miyota Co., Ltd. – production of wristwatches, quartz crystal oscillators, electronic viewfinders, LCD back-light units, CCD/CMOS image sensors, ferroelectric micro LCDs, LCoS, high-density mounting equipment.", "1854 - The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Massachusetts, to become the Waltham Watch Company, a pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.", "A multinational corporation whose name and film products are familiar to photographers around the world, Eastman Kodak Company is a diversified manufacturer of photographic imaging equipment and supplies, chemicals, health-care products, and information systems. Kodak is recognized widely as a tightly managed company with superior international marketing.", "A multinational corporation whose name and film products are familiar to photographers around the world, Eastman Kodak Company is a diversified manufacturer of equipment, supplies, and systems in consumer and professional imaging, including films, photographic papers, one-time-use and digital cameras, printers and scanners, photoprocessing services, photofinishing equipment, and photographic chemicals. The company’s health imaging unit specializes in products and services for radiography, cardiology, dental, mammography, oncology, and ultra-sound imaging. Other Kodak products include motion picture films, audiovisual equipment, microfilm products, and optics and optical systems.", "There were more Magnavox models made by JVC in the early 90's than many people realize. The following models were all made by JVC:", "Bulova was founded and incorporated as the J. Bulova Company in 1875 by Joseph Bulova (1851-1936), an immigrant from Bohemia. It was reincorporated under the name Bulova Watch Company in 1923, and became part of the Loews Corporation in 1979.", "*Citizen Fine Tech Co., Ltd. – manufacture and sales of electronic components (ceramic parts, quartz crystal oscillator chips, etc.)", "The explorers' watches made by Usher & Cole had their cases made by the company of Phillip Woodman in Clerkenwell, London. The one known example by Fridlander of Coventry had a case by the company of John Hawley of Coventry.", "Audemars Piguet has been a manufacture since 1875, making it one of the world's oldest watch manufacturers. The company is still owned by its founding families.", "- Hamilton Watch Company (Lancaster, PA) introduced world's first electric watch, never needed winding (more than ten years to develop); instant success; 1969 - production ended." ]

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[ "Various tools have been developed to make hand-knitting easier. Tools for measuring needle diameter and yarn properties have been discussed above, as well as the yarn swift, ballwinder and \"yarntainers\". Crochet hooks and a darning needle are often useful in binding/casting off or in joining two knitted pieces edge-to-edge. The darning needle is used in duplicate stitch (also known as Swiss darning). The crochet hook is also essential for repairing dropped stitches and some specialty stitches such as tufting. Other tools such as knitting spools or pom-pom makers are used to prepare specific ornaments. For large or complex knitting patterns, it is sometimes difficult to keep track of which stitch should be knit in a particular way; therefore, several tools have been developed to identify the number of a particular row or stitch, including circular stitch markers, hanging markers, extra yarn and row counters. A second potential difficulty is that the knitted piece will slide off the tapered end of the needles when unattended; this is prevented by \"point protectors\" that cap the tapered ends. Another problem is that too much knitting may lead to hand and wrist troubles; for this, special stress-relieving gloves are available. In traditional Shetland knitting a special belt is often used to support the end of one needle allowing the knitting greater speed. Finally, there are sundry bags and containers for holding knitting, yarns and needles.", "Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a crochet hook, together in a line. The two processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while crocheting never has more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand.", "In very simple cases, knitting can be done without tools, using only the fingers to do these tasks; however, knitting is usually carried out using tools such as knitting needles, knitting machines or rigid frames. Depending on their size and shape, the rigid frames are called stocking frames, knitting boards, knitting rings (also called knitting looms) or knitting spools (also known as knitting knobbies, knitting nancies, or corkers). There is also a technique called knooking of knitting with a crochet hook that has a cord attached to the end, to hold the stitches while they're being worked. Other tools are used to prepare yarn for knitting, to measure and design knitted garments, or to make knitting easier or more comfortable.", "Crochet hook A crochet hook is a type of needle, usually with a hook at one end, used to draw thread through knotted loops.", "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) unravel easily, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.", "Round or cylindrical patterns are simple to produce with a regular crochet hook, but cylindrical knitting requires either a set of circular needles or three to five special double-ended needles. Many crocheted items are composed of individual motifs which are then joined together, either by sewing or crocheting, whereas knitting is usually composed of one fabric, such as entrelac.", "Knitting needle sizes used are often: 3.75mm-4.5mm or sometimes bigger for chunky projects. Crochet hook sizes: 5.5mm-6.5mm. Also available from suggested link above.", "A tapestry needle is a hand-sewing needle that is useful to needleworkers who do a variety of different craft techniques: cross stitch, embroidery, sewing, crochet, knitting and others.", "The word crochet describes the process of creating fabric from a length of cord, yarn, or thread with a hooked tool.", "The word crochet describes the process of creating fabric from a length of cord, yarn , or thread with a hooked tool .", "Needlework is a broad term for the handicrafts of decorative sewing and textile arts. Anything that uses a needle for construction can be called needlework. The definition may expand to include related textile crafts such as a crochet hook or tatting shuttles.", "A developing trend in the knitting world is interchangeable needles. These kits consist of pairs of needles with usually nylon cables or cords. The cables/cords are screwed into the needles, allowing the knitter to have both flexible straight needles or circular needles. This also allows the knitter to change the diameter and length of the needles as needed.", "Nålebinding (Danish: literally \"binding with a needle\" or \"needle-binding\") is a fabric creation technique predating both knitting and crochet. That said, one of the earliest known examples of true knitting was cotton socks with stranded knit color patterns found in Egypt from the end of the first millennium AD. ", "The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.", "File:Pink knitting in front of pink sweatshirt.JPG|Knitting uses two or more straight needles that carry multiple stitches.", "It was the development of the knitting machine that introduced hooked needles and enabled faultless, automated knitting. Most knitters probably aren’t even aware of the many processes that their fingers perform in the making of a single stitch. However, large gauge needles emphasise those actions and knitting becomes increasingly more awkward when the needle diameter is greater than the width of the knitters finger. On a one-inch diameter (size 50) needle for instance, the shaft begins to taper one and three quarter inches from the tip. This means that the stitches are spread much further apart on mega knitting needles, making them more difficult to control. The hook catches the loop of yarn as each stitch is knitted, meaning that wrists and fingers don’t have to work so hard and there is less chance of stitches slipping off the needle.", "Insert hook in first loop hanging on knitting needle and pull up loop, yo, insert hook into next loop in knitting needle and pull loop through both loops on hook in a slip stitch fashion, insert hook into next loop, pull loop and bring that loop through both loops on hook, continue in this manner until you have only one loop left on the knitting needle, insert that loop into your hook and fasten off as you usually do for crochet.", "The third needle type consists of circular needles, which are long, flexible double-pointed needles. The two tapered ends (typically 5 in long) are rigid and straight, allowing for easy knitting; however, the two ends are connected by a flexible strand (usually nylon) that allows the two ends to be brought together. Circular needles are typically 24-60 inches long, and are usually used singly or in pairs; again, the width of the knitted piece may be significantly longer than the length of the circular needle.", "Cable needles are a special case of DPNs, although they are usually not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Often, they have the form of a hook. When cabling a knitted piece, a hook is easier to grab and hold the yarn. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.", "Ballpoint needles are made for the use of knit fabrics to penetrate without nicking, damaging or creating a pull in the fabric.", "Note- If you would like to use other sizes of hooks and knitting needles, you must experiment and swatch before you start a project.", "Before knitting, the knitter will typically transform a hank/skein into a ball where the yarn emerges from the center of the ball; this making the knitting easier by preventing the yarn from becoming easily tangled. This transformation may be done by hand, or with a device known as a ballwinder. When knitting, some knitters enclose their balls in jars to keep them clean and untangled with other yarns; the free yarn passes through a small hole in the jar-lid.", "The tools for cross-stitch are the same as for embroidery; you’ll need an embroidery hoop , embroidery needles , and some pointy scissors to take out mistakes if need be.", "2. Insert every ring of the chain already made into the knitting needle. Working yarn must be on the side of the tip of the knitting needle when you're done.", "The other tool I highly recommend is a flat tip lacing needle . These work wonders!", "Piecing -- a needlework technique in which two pieces of cloth are joined together with a seam.", "Insert the yarn needle under a stitch inside the bound-off edge of the vertical piece. Insert the needle under one or two horizontal bars between the first and second stitches of the horizontal piece.", "You can see an example in the picture at left. This tapestry needle is threaded with yarn. You'd have a hard time threading this yarn onto an ordinary sewing needle ! But it's easy to thread a tapestry needle with yarn.", "\"...Turn this oeillet [ring made with the white shuttle] down under the left thumb; the stitches between the oeillets are now worked, using the other thread instead of commencing a loop, thus - place the thread from the red shuttle between the second and third fingers of the left hand, holding it about two inches from the work, and work six double stitches on this thread, so that the white shuttle will form the foundation or drawing thread, and the other the six stitches; drop the white shuttle, take the red in the right hand and work with it.", "It's easy to get lost in the haystack of needles at your local craft or sewing store. But since we'll be using needles with specific traits, it's quick and simple to pick these up and cross them off your list.", "TECHknitting: The BEST way to attach lining fabric to knitting--the OVERCAST STITCH (part 5 of \"hand sewing for hand knitters\")", "Pictured Here: These needles are in sizes 13, 14, and 16 and are available on Amazon ." ]

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[ "The Ford Ranchero sold well enough to spawn a competitor from General Motors in 1959, the Chevrolet El Camino. ", "In 1960, the Ranchero became much smaller, based on Ford's compact Falcon, specifically the two-door sedan delivery variant. The popularity of small, economical cars like the Volkswagen Beetle perpetuated a shift in thinking among the three largest American manufacturers; 1959 had the introduction of the 1960 Falcon along with the 1960 Chevrolet Corvair and Plymouth Valiant. A pickup version of the Volkswagen Bus and a van based on the Chevrolet Corvair were offered, as well. The economic recession of the late 1950s also certainly played a role. Ford believed the market wanted a more practical vehicle, one much smaller, lighter, and cheaper than a full-sized pickup truck, and indeed the Ranchero sold well in this incarnation. Now marketed in print as the \"Falcon Ranchero\", the new vehicle's standard powerplant was an economical 144 cuin straight-6. In 1961, the 170 cuin straight-6 was offered, and in 1963, the optional 260 cuin V8 was offered in addition to the 144 and 170. The two-speed Ford-O-Matic automatic transmission (offered between 1960 and 1963) or three-speed C4 Cruise-O-Matic could be ordered as could a three-speed manual transmission. The Ranchero had an 800-lb load capacity. ", "The Ford Durango was a group of prototypes of produced out of a joint venture between Ford and National Coach Corporation in 1981. Based heavily on the Fairmont Futura coupe, the Durango was a 2-door, 2-seat car-based pickup truck that was intended as a possible replacement for the 1977-1979 Ford Ranchero as well as a competitor to the downsized Chevrolet El Camino/GMC Cabellero. Approximately 100 are estimated to have been produced.", "By the 1950s, Chevrolet, GM's entry-level division, had added power brakes, seats and windows to its list of available features, allowing luxury for those on a tighter budget. The company introduced its alluring Corvette in 1953; the vehicle was the first production car with a fiberglass body. The 1960s saw the unveiling of the popular, air-cooled Corvair compact, which held the distinction of being the first domestic production car with all-round independent suspension. That decade also witnessed the launch of the compact Nova and the sporty Camaro, the latter Chevrolet's answer to the wildly successful Ford Mustang. The Camaro proved an instant hit, comprising 10 percent of Chevrolet's total sales in 1967, its first year of production.", "The Chevrolet Suburban is a full-size, extended-length sport utility vehicle from Chevrolet. It is the longest continuous use automobile nameplate in production, starting in 1935 for the 1935 U.S. model year, and has traditionally been one of General Motors' most profitable vehicles. The Suburban has been produced under the Chevrolet, Holden, and GMC marques until the GMC version was rebranded as the GMC Yukon XL. For most of its recent history, the Suburban has been a station wagon-bodied version of the Chevrolet pickup truck, including the Chevrolet C/K and Silverado series of truck-based vehicles. Cadillac offers a version called the Escalade ESV.", "With the Torino ending production after 1976, the 1977 Ranchero was restyled in line with the Ford LTD II mid-sized car line which replaced the Torino using the same platform. The same three models available since 1968 were still offered and the Ranchero could be ordered in quite luxurious form. Engines fitted went up to the big block 400 cuin.", "The Chevrolet Camaro is an automobile manufactured by Chevrolet, classified as a pony car and some versions also as a muscle car. It went on sale on September 29, 1966, for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared its platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967.", "The first Ford Model T and Model A pickup trucks were created from sedans by placing a truck box behind the body of a car truncated behind the driver's seat. In 1934, Ford Australia's designer Lew Bandt modified a coupe with a smoothly integrated loadbed that could be used like a car to drive to church or to deliver pigs to market. This created the coupe utility which remains a popular body style known as the \"ute\" in Australia. In North America, pickup trucks evolved into a heavier duty form with cabs and beds that were quite distinct from passenger automobiles. The Ranchero was the first postwar American vehicle of its type adapted from a popular sedan from the factory. It combined the sleek looks of a sedan with the utility of a light-duty pickup truck.", "Downs Custom Performance Automotive 3961 Roger B. Chaffee Grand Rapids, MI 49548 (616) 259-9395 www.downscars.com Manufactures 32�37 Ford and Chevy reproductions, roadsters, coupes, sedans, and pickup trucks including 60s Camaros and Corvettes: 1932, 1933, 1934, Ford Dearborn Duece, Victoria, 3 and 5 Window Coupes, Roadster, Stock Sedan, Cabriolet, Laid Back Cabriolet and Roadster, 1935 Chevy 3 Window Coupe, Cabriolet, Vicky, with 2, 3 or 3.5 Inch Chop; 1937 Ford 2 Door Sedan, 3 Window Coupe, Cabriolet, Convertible, Pick Up, and Hard Top Coupe all with 3 Inch Chop. 1962 Corvette Roadster and 1967 Corvette Coupe. 1969 Camaro Coupe.", "The Chevrolet Camaro is an automobile manufactured by the Chevrolet division of General Motors, classified as a pony car or muscle car.It went on sale on September 29, 1966 for the 1967 model year and was designed as a competing model to the Ford Mustang. The car shared its platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced for 1967. Four distinct generations of the car were developed before production ended in 2002. The nameplate was revived again on a concept vehicle that evolved into the fifth-generation Camaro, production started on March 16, 2009.", "The El Camino “passenger-car pickup” first appeared in 1959 and was, along with the ’60 edition, based on the full-size Chevy. Following a three-year hiatus, the El Camino returned for 1964 as a derivative of the new intermediate-size 1964 Chevelle. The restyled ’68 El Camino was as sleek as any vehicle with a pickup bed could be. That same year, the El Camino was finally available with Super Sport equipment, and buyers could fully partake of the additional muscle car options offered for the Chevelle SS. The 1970 El Camino SS, stuffed with 396- or 454-cid Chevy big-block power, is the ultimate El Camino of the muscle car era.", "The 1965 El Camino combined the moderate size of a car with the performance of a truck. See more pictures of Chevrolet cars .", "In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series, Isuzu Faster and Mitsubishi Forte appeared. Subsequently, American manufacturers built their own compact pickups for the domestic market: the Ford Ranger, and the Chevrolet S-10. Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share. In the 1990s Pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of sport utility vehicles.", "From the tail-finned ’60 Impala to the muscular ’69 Chevelle SS396, in the 1960s, it was one hit after another for Chevrolet.", "Chevrolet had a great influence on the American automobile market during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1953 it produced the Corvette, a two-seater sports car with a fiberglass body. In 1957 Chevy introduced its first fuel injected engine, the Rochester Ramjet option on Corvette and passenger cars, priced at $484. In 1960 it introduced the Corvair, with a rear-mounted air-cooled engine. In 1963 one out of every ten cars sold in the United States was a Chevrolet. ", "Updated engineering and styling on Chevrolet trucks was not introduced until March 25, 1955, in the middle of the model year that GM called the Chevrolet Task Force/GMC Blue Chip series. All Chevrolet and GMC truck models received new styling that included a flatter hood, front fenders flush with the body, and a trapezoid grill. The trucks' V-shaped speedometer was shared with passenger car models. ", "So to try to understand why Ford decided to build the first Ranchero in 1957, we need to make a huge jump, culturally speaking. And it involves this: in 1957, trucks were madly uncool. Nobody ever took a girl out in a truck in 1957, period. They’d beg, steal or borrow anything else; whatever it took. Trucks were nasty, dirty and as un-sexy as it got; might as well take a tractor to the prom. Enter the Ranchero.", "This mid-60s C10 Chevrolet pickup was discovered rusting away in a small eastern North Carolina town. The 1960 model year introduced the third generation pickup that went through the 1966 model year. The base engine introduced in 1963 was a 3.8-liter140-horsepower inline 6. An optional 165-horsepower 4.8-liter six was available. Chevrolet did away with the curved windshield in 1963, making it easier to differentiate the 1964 through 1966 models. (Photos by Jim Meachen)", "Suburbans were built in model years 1941, 1942, and 1946. It was produced during the war as a military transport vehicle. Seating for up to eight occupants was available. Models with rear panel doors were designated \"3106,\" while those with tailgates were designated \"3116.\" The Chevrolet versions were equipped a 216-cubic-inch 6-cylinder engine. The GMC version was equipped with a 228-cubic-inch 6-cylinder engine. It shared much of its mechanicals with the AK Series trucks.", "In 1935, the Suburban Carry-All, first of a long line of truck-based wagons, was introduced. Late 1930s Chevys had the upscale styling, economical six-cylinder power, and a reputation for dependability that was so right for the times.", "Chevy’s new Advance Design trucks for 1948 were the first completely restyled General Motors vehicles introduced after World War II. From the start, people loved the new Chevy pickups. (And they still do — the Advance Design generation trucks are cherished by collectors as classics today.) The new, roomier cabs for ’48 provided spacious three-across seating. The Chevy truck driveline, which had proved itself in every possible way during the war, hadn’t needed — or received — much tweaking. Reliable and versatile, the Chevy half-ton pickup continued as the farmer’s and tradesman’s four-wheeled friend. With the advent of the ‘48s, more families began to consider a Chevy pickup for a second car.", "Ford announced the end of the Edsel program on Thursday, November 19, 1959. However, production continued until late in November, with the final tally of 2,846 model year 1960 cars. Total Edsel sales were approximately 116,000, less than half the company's projected break-even point. The company lost $350 million, or the equivalent of $ in dollars, on the venture. Only 118,287 Edsels were built, including 7,440 produced in Ontario, Canada. By U.S. auto industry standards, these production figures were dismal, particularly when spread across a run of three model years.", "This 1969 Chevrolet C/K pickup truck needs some tender, loving care. The second-generation C/K came in two inline 6-cylinder and three V-8 configurations for 1969, the top engine the 396-cubic-inch. It was in the late '60s that General Motors began to add comfort and convenience items to the vehicle line that before had been built just for work purposes. (Photos by Jim Meachen)", "A deteriorating 1948-1953 era Chevrolet half-ton pickup was discovered in \"retirement\" beside a barn in South Dakota. Chevrolet's post-war restyled \"Advance Design\" truck was introduced in 1947 as a 1948 model and was little changed in appearance through 1953. (Photos by Jerry Brown)", "The styling of the 1960 – 1961 model year took cues from the late 1950s Chevrolet cars and had large oval ports above the grille. Front independent suspension was new for 1960. The cab featured a \"wrap around\" windshield. Both tailgate and panel doors rear openings were available. From 1962 onwards, the hood styling was more conservative, with hoods that eliminated the large ports. In 1964, the front glass area was updated to a flatter windshield, and larger door glass. 1150 lb of cargo could be carried in the back. ", "This circa 1930 Chevrolet truck has survived its \"beast of burden\" lifestyle in Utah — at least for now. The first Chevrolet trucks went on sale in 1918, the same year that the Chevrolet Motor Company became part of GM, called the Model 490 Light Delivery. (Photos by Jim Prueter)", "A 1940 Chevrolet coupe has been abandoned on a flatbed in eastern North Carolina, perhaps ready for shipment to a junkyard. Chevrolet was restyled for the '40 model year and the changes resonated with the public with 760,000 produced — 38 percent more than 1939 — in three \"series\" starting at $659 and ranging up to $934 for the top end Special DeLuxe. (Photos by Ralph Gable)", "The M39 (G-744) series, which includes the M54 cargo truck, were a standardized military design 5 ton (4,536 kg) 6x6 chassis, with many models. Mack developed a competing design, when the M39 was standardized Mack built a relatively small number of M51 dump trucks. In the early 1960s they took part in a short lived program to retrofit some of the series with Mack END 672 engines.", "Little-Known Fact: The aluminum ZL-1 427 V-8 in the 9560 COPO Camaro is essentially a race engine. Chevy originally developed this 427 motor for the Chaparral racing team to use in the Can Am series. There are no external emblems on a ZL-1 Camaro that let you know what's under the hood—only plain-vanilla Camaro badges.", "The Ford Bronco is a sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufactured and marketed by Ford from 1966 to 1996, over five generations.", "A 1946 International Harvester truck is found resting in the corner of a  Wisconsin parking lot. It was the last year for the K Series introduced in 1940 and built through 1946 with several years of war interruption. There were 42 K-Series models with142 different wheelbase lengths and load ratings ranging from one-half ton to 90,000 pounds. The K-Series styling included headlamps integrated into the fenders. (Photo by Jerry Brown)", "This huge Autocar Integral Sleeper Cab appears to be an early 1950s model.  Indentification supplied by a reader.  (Photo by Ralph Gable)" ]

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[ "\"To Infinity and Beyond!\" is Buzz Lightyear 's famous catchphrase in the films Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and Toy Story 3 , and the TV series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command . The phrase is not only said by Buzz, but is also said or referenced by other characters, notably Woody .", "Buzz Lightyear is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels. His often repeated catchphrase is \"To infinity... and beyond!\" which is a variation of the line \"Beyond the infinite\" that appears as a title card in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey as \"JUPITER AND BEYOND THE INFINITE\". ", "Buzz is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels. His often repeated catchphrase is \"To infinity... and beyond!\"", "Buzz Lightyear is a fictional character in the Toy Story franchise. He is a toy space ranger hero according to the movies and action figure in the Toy Story franchise. Along with Woody, he is one of the two lead characters in all three Toy Story movies. He also appeared in the movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and the television series spin-off Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, as well as the two film sequels. His often repeated catchphrase is \"To infinity... and beyond!\" which is a variation of the line \"Beyond the infinite\" that a ... (展开) ppears as a title card in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey as \"JUPITER AND BEYOND THE INFINITE\". Tim Allen voiced the character in the Toy Story film series and the Buzz Lightyear movie, while Patrick Warburton provided Buzz' s voice for the TV series, and Pat Fraley voiced him for the video games and the attractions in Disney Parks.", "Buzz's classic line “To infinity… and beyond!” has seen usage not only on T-shirts, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. Book about history of infinity from 1991 (4 years before Toy Story), by Eli Maor Lucia uses this for its title. Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism. She compared the phrase to \"All this and heaven, too!\", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife. The 2008 quadruple platinum song \"Single Ladies\" by Beyoncé Knowles includes the lyric \"...and delivers me to a destiny, to infinity and beyond,\" a reference which was pointed out by alt-country singer Jeff Tweedy of the band Wilco during a 2010 solo performance in Chicago. Also in 2008, astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Space Shuttle \"Discovery\" as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean.", "Toy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation. After the film's debut, various industries were interested in the technology used for the film. Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film's animation for personal computers; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games; and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film's lifelike characters. Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism. In addition, Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase \"To Infinity and Beyond\", sequels, and software, among others.", "Buzz Lightyear's classic line \"To infinity and beyond!\" has seen usage not only on T-shirts, but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. [75 ] Mathematicians have pointed out that it is not possible to go beyond infinity in mathematics, but instead stating that the phrase is only relevant to \"showbiz\". [76 ] [77 ] Lucia Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism. She compared the phrase to \"All this and heaven, too!\", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife. [74 ] In 2008, astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g . [78 ] Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean. [79 ] [80 ]", "Toy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation. After the film's debut, various industries were interested in the technology used for the film. Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film's animation for personal computers; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games, and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the lifelike characters in the film. Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism. In addition, Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase \"To infinity and beyond!\", sequels, and software, among others.Toy Story is now on entertainment weekly's top 100 movies list setting the rank of 22", "Buzz Lightyear's classic line \"To infinity and beyond!\" has seen usage not only on T-shirts but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well. Mathematicians have pointed out that it is not possible to go beyond infinity in mathematics, but instead stating that the phrase is only relevant to \"showbiz\". Lucia Hall of The Humanist linked the film's plot to an interpretation of humanism. She compared the phrase to \"All this and heaven, too!\", indicating one who is happy with a life on Earth as well as having an afterlife. In 2008, astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase. The action figure was used for experiments in zero-g. Also in 2008, the phrase made international news when it was reported that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean.", "Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated buddy-comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by John Lasseter, Toy Story was the first feature-length computer-animated film and the first theatrical film produced by Pixar. Toy Story follows a group of anthropomorphic toys who pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present, and focuses on the relationship between Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll (voiced by Tom Hanks), and Buzz Lightyear, an astronaut action figure (voiced by Tim Allen). The film was written by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joel Cohen, Alec Sokolow, and Joss Whedon, and featured music by Randy Newman. Its executive producers were Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull.", "Toy Story , the 1st film in the franchise, was released in theatres November 22nd 1995. It was the first computer animated feature-length film and was directed by John Lasseter. The plot involves a little boy named Andy Davis (John Morris) getting a new Buzz Lightyear Space Ranger toy (Tim Allen), and his favorite toy Cowboy Doll Woody (Tom Hanks) thinking that he has been replaced as Andy's favorite toy. As a result of Woody's jealousy, he tries to knock Buzz behind a table, but accidentally knocks him out the window causing his allies to assume that he tried to murder Buzz and kick him out of Andy's house. Determined to set things right, Woody attempts to save Buzz, and they both must escape the house of the next-door neighbor Sid Phillips (Erik Von Detten), who likes to torture and destroy toys. The film was critically and financially successful, grossing over $361 million worldwide. In October 2009 was then re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story 2, for a 2-week run, which was later extended due to its financial success.", "* Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks. Three of the main characters, Buzz Lightyear, Woody and Jessie are normally the characters you would meet. Sometimes you can even meet Bullseye, the Green Army Men and Mr. Potato Head.", "The art of animation goes \"to infinity and beyond\" as Walt Disney Pictures and Pixar Animation Studios, a Northern California-based pioneer in computer graphics, join creative forces on the infinitely entertaining \"Toy Story,\" the first full-length animated feature to be created entirely by artists using computer tools and technology. Four years in the making, this delightfully irreverent new comedy-adventure combines an imaginative story and great characters with the visual excitement of 3-D computer-generated animation. Conceived and directed by John Lasseter, a former Disney animator whose innovative work with Pixar includes the 1989 Oscar-winning short, \"Tin Toy,\" this film represents a major milestone in animated moviemaking with its groundbreaking graphic style adding to the believability of a world where toys have a life of their own. With a cast of top vocal talent headed by Tom Hanks and Tim Allen plus three entertaining new songs and an inspired score by renowned composer/performer Randy Newman, the fantasy takes flight and provides extraordinary delights for moviegoers of all ages.", "Sheriff Woody Pride is the protagonist in Disney/ Pixar 's 1995 hit film Toy Story and its sequels. He is an expansion and playable character in Disney INFINITY . Woody was released on October 1st exclusively at Walmart , and on October 22nd everywhere else. His adventure is Woody's Round-Up.", "Buzz Lightyear. The space-ranger toy in the film “Toy Story” (1995). Tim Allen is the voice of ", "Toy Story, the first film in the franchise, was released on November 22, 1995. It was the first feature-length film created entirely by CGI and was directed by John Lasseter . The plot involves Andy getting a new Buzz Lightyear toy, and Woody thinking that he has been replaced as Andy's favorite toy. As a result of Woody's jealousy, he tries to knock Buzz behind a table, but accidentally knocks him out the window. Determined to set things right, Woody attempts to save Buzz, and both try to escape from the house of the next-door neighbor Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys. The film was critically and financially successful, grossing over $361 million worldwide. The film was later re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with Toy Story 2, for a 2-week run, which was later extended due to its financial success.", "Toy Story 2, the second film in the franchise, was released in theatres on November 24th 1999. John Lasseter reprises his role as director. Tom Hanks and Tim Allen also return to voice Woody and Buzz Lightyear. The plot involves Woody getting stolen by a greedy toy collector name Al  ( Wayne Knight ). Buzz leads Rex  ( Wallace Shawn ), Slinky Dog ( Jim Varney ), Hamm ( John Ratzenburger ) and Mr. Potato Head ( Don Rickles ) around the Tri-County Area  to save him. Joan Cusack does the voice of Jessie (One of the new characters). Toy Story 2 wasn’t originally intended for release in theaters, but as a direct-to-video sequel to the original Toy Story, with a 60 minute running time. However, Disney's executives saw how impressive the in-work imagery for the sequel was, and due to pressure from the main characters' voice actors Tom Hanks and Tim Allen, they decided to convert Toy Story 2 into a theatrical film. It turned out to be an even greater success than the original Toy Story, grossing more than $ 480 million worldwide. The film was re-released in Disney Digital 3-D as part of a double feature, along with the original Toy Story, on October 2nd 2009. This is Jim Varney’s last time as the voice of Slinky Dog. Jim died the following year. In Toy Story 3, Slinky is voiced by Blake Clark .", "* Joe Ranft (Lenny in Toy Story, Heimlich in A Bug's Life, Wheezy in Toy Story 2, Jacques the Shrimp in Finding Nemo, Red and the Peterbilt in Cars among others)", "Realizing that Tinny wasn't a well-thought out enough character for Toy Story, John Lasseter changed him to a military-like figure, a space ranger. This character was called Lunar Larry but later his name would be changed to Tempus the Morph and eventually Buzz Lightyear. Lasseter didn't want to do a Disney fairytale with songs, he wanted to do a buddy film. So John Lasseter created a ventriloquist dummy known as Woody. He would later become a stuffed cowboy doll.", "Secondary characters in Woody's set were inspired by 1950s cowboy shows for children, such as Howdy Doody and Hopalong Cassidy. The development of Jessie was kindled by Lasseter's wife Nancy, who pressed him to include a strong female character in the sequel, one with more substance than Bo Peep. The scope for the original Toy Story was basic and only extended over two residential homes, whereas Toy Story 2 has been described by Unkrich as something \"all over the map\".", "Speaking of Toy Story , the joke with Buzz believing himself to be a genuine space ranger is present in all 3 movies: Buzz's character arc in Toy Story , Bonus Belt Buzz in Toy Story 2 and Spanish Buzz in Toy Story 3 .", "The voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that \"Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt.\"", "The voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that \"Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt.\" ", "Woody. There are many Dudley Do-Righters in this world, but there's only one who shows it with feeling. And he's not real. (Surprise!) The star of the \"Toy Story\" film series wishes he can take the easy road. Everyone can relate to that.", "2010: Ken (and Barbie) solidifies his place in the entertainment and fashion worlds by making more than 50 wardrobe changes in the big screen release of Toy Story 3.  Ken also appeared at New York City's Fashion’s Night Out in September.", "The top-grossing film on its opening weekend, Toy Story went on to earn over $361 million worldwide. Reviews were positive, praising both the animation's technical innovation and the screenplay's wit and sophistication, and it is now widely considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made. The film received three Academy Award nominations, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song for \"You've Got a Friend in Me\", as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award. It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" in 2005, its first year of eligibility. In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases, Toy Story-inspired material has run the gamut from toys, video games, theme park attractions, spin-offs, merchandise, and two sequels—Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010)—both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim, with a third sequel, Toy Story 4, slated for a 2018 release.", "It should be noted, that along with stats, every character has a catch phrase or motto printed on the box the toy comes in. However, only one (Optimus Prime's \"Freedom is the right of all Sentient Beings\") has ever been used in any other media (specifically, the 2007 movie), and in some cases, the quote is something the character would never say in a million years (for example, \"You ain't heard nothin' yet!\" for Animated Soundwave, who is basically the Transformers version of HAL .)", "To gauge how an actor's voice would fit with a character, Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique: animate a vocal monologue from a well-established actor to meld the actor's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character. This early test footage, using Hanks' voice from Turner & Hooch, convinced Hanks to sign on to the film. Toy Story was both Hanks' and Allen's first animated film role. ", "This animatronic, talking teddy bear was initially produced by the toy manufacturer Worlds of Wonder and introduced to the market in 1985. The story-telling teddy’s slogan boasted of being “the world’s first animated, talking toy.”", "Toy Story 2 : A call number for LassetAir (a possible reference to John Lasseter) A113 is mentioned during the airport scene. Also, the aforementioned A113 license place makes a reappearance in the film.", "Ladies and Gentleman today on the Toy Story VC section we take a look at one of the stars of the Toy Story series... WOODY! Lets start this little round-up here shall we?", "3D computer animation certainly would have caught on eventually, but John Lasseter & Co. stormed onto the scene with one of the most beloved films of the last decade, wowing audiences and showing the world what was possible with the aid of computer animation. Toy Story's incredible success spurred an eventual frenzy of 3D animation that never really tapered off.  The format remains as popular today as it was ten years ago, and doesn't appear to be losing steam." ]

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[ "The 2012 National League Wild Card Game was a play-in game during Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2012 postseason played between the National League's (NL) two wild card teams, the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Braves. It was held at Turner Field in Atlanta, on October 5, 2012, at 5:07 p.m. EDT. The Cardinals won by a 6–3 score and advanced to play the Washington Nationals in the NL Division Series. In addition to being the inaugural NL Wild Card Game, it is notable for being the final game of Chipper Jones's career, as well as for a controversial infield fly rule call made by umpire Sam Holbrook. The game was televised on TBS. ", "Similar to the aforementioned Eric Gregg, Sam Holbrook also holds a bad view in the mind of many Braves fans. During the bottom of the eighth inning of the 2012 National League Wild Card game against The St. Louis Cardinals, and with Atlanta trailing 6-3, Braves shortstop Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball that dropped in between Cardinals outfielder Matt Holliday and infielder Pete Kozma. Holbrook called Simmons out, citing an \"infield fly rule.\" Had this rule not been called, the Braves would have had the bases loaded with one out. The game was delayed for nearly 20 minutes as fans threw debris onto the field, and the Braves played the remainder of the game under protest (which they eventually lost).", "* On 5 October 2012, in the Wild Card playoff game between the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves in Atlanta, after a questionable call on an infield fly rule on a hit by Brave Andrelton Simmons, hooligans protested the call by throwing several drinks and trash onto the field. The game had to be delayed by 19 minutes. ", "Another rule that separates the different levels of baseball is the mercy rule – which means that one team forfeits a game when the opposing team has a 10-run lead after seven innings. If the game is already scheduled for seven innings, the mercy rule applies in the fifth. Certain conferences have particular tweaks on the rule, applying it only for Sunday games or the final day of a conference series (in an effort to aid the visiting team with travel restrictions). In other conferences, the mercy rule is only permitted if there is a tournament with schedule constraints. Despite all of these selective applications, each and every baseball team feels the same way about the mercy rule – they'd  always rather be the team with a 10-run lead.", "**The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the Atlanta Braves 6-3 at Turner Field to win the first NL Wild Card game. The Braves play the final innings of the game under protest following a controversial infield fly rule ruling in the eighth inning. The protest is subsequently denied.", "As the United States' national sport and pastime, baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. Some attribute baseball's beginnings to the English sports of Cricket and Rounders. However, the bat-and-ball sports played in the United States, Europe, or elsewhere in the world prior to 1845 did not resemble the standard of modern day rules as to which baseball has continuously used since the mid-19th century. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright wrote the official and codified set of regulated rules of baseball formally known as the Knickerbocker Rules.[71] On June 3, 1953, the United States Congress unanimously credited Cartwright with inventing the game of baseball which led to his appointment into the Baseball Hall of Fame.[72][73]", "“The ‘Knickerbocker Rules’ implemented several rules to the game that are now familiar to baseball fans. It introduced foul territory and mandated that players must be tagged or forced out at a base rather than pegged with the ball.", "In 2000, the AL and NL were dissolved as legal entities, and MLB became a single, overall league de jure, similar to the National Football League (NFL), National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL)—albeit with two components called \"leagues\" instead of \"conferences.\" The same rules and regulations are used in both leagues, with one exception: the AL operates under the designated hitter rule, while the NL does not. This difference in rules between leagues is unique to MLB; the other sports leagues of the U.S. and Canada have one set of rules for all teams.", "In the bottom of the eighth inning, Andrelton Simmons hit a fly ball to left field that dropped in between Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma and left fielder Holliday. Left field umpire Sam Holbrook called Simmons out, citing the infield fly rule. Had an infield fly not been called, Simmons would have been credited with a single and Atlanta would have had the bases loaded with one out, trailing 6–3. Fans littered the field with trash, delaying the game for 19 minutes before a message over the Turner Field public address system advised fans the game was subject to forfeiture by the umpires if the field continued to remain unplayable due to the thrown debris. Atlanta manager Fredi González announced that the Braves would play the rest of the game under protest. The protest was denied shortly after the game by Joe Torre, MLB executive vice president for baseball operations, saying it was a judgment call—which cannot be protested under MLB rules—and confirming the call's correctness. The questionable judgment call followed other questionable umpiring that went against the Atlanta Braves in the playoffs, including the Kent Hrbek–Ron Gant incident in the 1991 World Series and the Eric Gregg strike zone in the 1997 NLCS.", "The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973, when the American League adopted the designated hitter (DH) rule, allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the (usually) weak-hitting pitcher. The National League did not adopt the DH rule. This presented a problem for the World Series, whose two contestants would now be playing their regular-season games under different rules. From 1973 to 1975, the World Series did not include a DH. Starting in 1976, the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even-numbered years only. (The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games, using the same nine-man lineup in each contest. Dan Driessen was the Reds' DH during the series, thereby becoming the National League's first designated hitter.) Finally, in 1986, baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion's park but not the NL champion's. Thus, the DH rule's use or non-use can help the team that has home-field advantage.", "After a 1953 Supreme Court decision reaffirmed a 1922 decision stating that baseball was not a business that was subject to antitrust rules, baseball felt assured that its legal and economic foundation was firm. This foundation is primarily based on the Reserve Rule , or Reserve Clause, an agreement among major league teams, dating from 1879, whereby the rights of each team to the services of its players are observed by other teams; i.e., a team could designate a certain number of players who were not to be offered jobs by other teams. The original number of 5 such players was increased to 11 in 1883 and ultimately included a whole team roster.", "In some situations, a seeding restriction may be implemented; from 1975 until 1989 in the NFL, and from 1994 until 2011 in MLB there was a rule where at the conference or league semifinal, should the top seed and last seed (wild card) be from the same division, they could not play each other; in that case, the top seed plays the worst division champion; the second-best division champion plays the wild card team. This is due to the scheduling employed for the regular season, in which a team faces any given divisional opponent more often than any given non-divisional opponent – the tournament favors matchups that took place fewer times in the regular season (or did not take place, in some cases). ", "In Japanese baseball , if the score remains tied after nine innings, up to three extra innings may be played before the game is called a tie. Some youth or amateur leagues will end a game early if one team is ahead by ten or more runs, a practice known as the \"mercy rule\" or \" slaughter rule \". Rarely, a game can also be won or lost by forfeit .", "Wikipedia says, \"In the event of forfeiture, the score is recorded as \"9 to 0\", as per rule 2.00 of the Major League Baseball Rules Book.\"", "Local leagues have a certain amount of flexibility. For example, a league may opt to use the \"continuous batting order\" rule (4.04), under which each player on the team's roster bats, even when not in the defensive lineup. Leagues may also waive the \"ten-run rule\" (4.10(e)) which ends the game if one team is ahead by ten or more runs after four innings. ", "Approved Ruling: A team loses a game on the field 4-3 but is awarded the win after a pitching violation is discovered. The game is now a win for them but they will be charged with allowing 3 runs in 6 innings played.", "In Major League Baseball a repechage bracket is formed by wild card teams in each League. Entry to the Postseason is determined by the Wild Card Game.", "Every now and again, a truly great athlete shatters all previous assumptions about what’s possible to achieve in a sport. When this happens, opposing teams scramble to find ways to stop them or slow them down. In basketball, teams tried to to stop Shaquille O’Neil by immediately fouling him (the “hack-a-shaq” strategy); in soccer opposing teams continuously foul the great Argentinean player, Leo Messi, before he can dribble through the defense. But in baseball, the solution for stopping the greatest hitter of all time was to actually redesign the game itself. And it started in the 1940s with Ted Williams. The solution was \"The Shift.\"", "These were unprecedented victories for the players, but their greatest triumph came prior to the 1976 season. Pitchers Andy Messersmith of the Los Angeles Dodgers and Dave McNally of the Montreal Expos played the entire 1975 season without signing a contract ; their contracts had expired but were automatically renewed by their clubs. Miller had been waiting for such a test case. The players’ union filed a grievance on behalf of McNall and Messersmith, contending that a player’s contract could not be renewed in perpetuity, a custom first established in 1879. Arbitrator Peter Seitz found for the players. This decision substantively demolished the Reserve Rule.", "It’s an absurd list precisely because there's never a good reason to throw a ball at a batter. Yet baseball teams take offense at either real or perceived slights and then kick off a cycle of aggression to which the league turns a blind eye. Umpires are nominally supposed to keep games under control and keep feuds from escalating, but they typically issue warnings rather than eject pitchers who hit another batter. This makes sense—it’s tremendously difficult to measure intent, and sometimes a pitch just slips, resulting in an accidental hit-by-pitch. But by leaving ejections to the discretion of umpires, MLB creates a perverse incentive to strike first: The retaliatory hit-by-pitch is far more likely to warrant an ejection than the event that precedes it.", "That rule was put in place to avoid a situation like the one that occurred with Venditte in the minor leagues back in 2009, when he faced a switch-hitter and the two kept switching back-and-forth and nobody seemed to know what to do (see the 1:13 mark of this video):", "A game may be lost due to a \"forfeit\". A score of 7–0 for the team not at fault is recorded (generally one run is awarded for each inning that would have been played). A forfeit may be called due to any of these circumstances: if a team does not show up to play; if one side refuses to continue play; if a team fails to resume play after a suspension of play ends; if a team uses tactics intended to unfairly delay or hasten the game; if a player removed from the game does not leave within one minute of being instructed to do so; if a player that cannot play enters the game and one pitch has been thrown; if a team does not have, for whatever reason, enough players to continue; or if after warning by the umpire, a player continues to intentionally break the rules of the game. This last rule is rarely enforced as players who break rules after being warned are usually removed.", "Famous for a controversial play in which Reggie Jackson breaks up a double play by using his hip to deflect the ball heading to first base away, allowing Thurman Munson to go to second base on the error. There will not be any repeat World Champions for the next fourteen years. This is also the first of 10 consecutive years that see 10 different teams win the World Series, a string unprecedented in MLB history.", "Somewhat controversially, the home field advantage for the World Series does not go to the team with the best record, but rather the team representing the league that won the All-Star Game.  This method of determining home field advantage began in the 2003 World Series and continues currently.", "Thus, in practice, it is a very difficult strategy to execute, and in the days of the seven- or eight-man bullpen that may include two or three left-handers, is it really worth the rigmarole? Apparently, it still is once in a while: in the 9th inning of a nationally-televised Sunday night game on July 12, 2009, Cubs manager Lou Piniella decided to send lefty Sean Marshall to left field, have righty Aaron Heilman retire one Cardinal batter in a tight spot, then return Marshall to the mound to finish the inning. The strategy worked, and Piniella’s opposite, Tony LaRussa, was quick to praise his opponent for a genius move. The strategy was actually marginally more common in the days of 10-man pitching staffs, and a few managers would have a pitcher they trusted to send to the field for a batter or two, most notably Frank Lucchesi with Dick Selma and Whitey Herzog with Todd Worrell, 8 but even then it was a Rube Goldberg machine of a strategy: sometimes effective, but too complex for its own good.", "Yes, defensive shifts are widespread in the game today, with the number of them having increased 752% from 2011 to '15. But even with the strategy having gained mainstream acceptance within the game, no team shifted more in 2015 than the Rays. Per John Dewan in The Bill James Handbook, Tampa Bay led the majors with 1,462 defensive shifts in 2015 and saved 23 runs as a result. In the current run-scoring climate (in which nine runs are roughly equal to one win), the Rays improved themselves by 2 1/2 wins last year via the shift alone.", "A pitcher receives credit for (and a batter is charged with) a strikeout on any third strike, but a batter is out only if one of the following is true:", "One interesting twist that I like to play is the \"7th inning stretch\". This variation states that any player who does not score any runs in the seventh inning has their score cut in half. This puts a little more pressure on the seventh inning than any other and also gives a player who is far behind a chance to catch up.", "The 2003 NLCS also had a moment invoking this on a single fan. No matter what he does in the rest of his life, good or bad, the name \"Steve Bartman\" will forever be associated with one foul ball. To explain: the 2003 NLCS was between the Chicago Cubs and the Florida Marlins. In Game 6, the Cubs led the series 3�2 and were up 3�0 in the top of the eighth and had already put one Marlin out that inning. Marlins second baseman Luis Castillo, up with a runner on second, hit a foul ball, which went towards the stands; Cubs outfielder Moisés Alou tried to catch it. If Alou had caught the ball, Castillo would have been out, and the Cubs would have been four more outs away from winning their first National League pennant since 1945. But of course, that's not what happened. Instead, a (lifelong Cubs) fan named Steve Bartman, one of several trying to catch Castillo's ball, reached out of the stands (although there is some argument about this), failed to get the ball, and deflected the ball away from Alou's glove. Thus Castillo was not out, the Cubs ended up giving up eight runs in the eighth inning, and eventually lost the game 3-8. Needless to say, Bartman needed to be escorted from the stadium under heavy guard, and has never been back to Wrigley Field since that night.", "*A player or coach who is ejected from the game by an umpire can be said to be chased. \"Martin was tossed by umpire Lee Weyer in the fourth game of the 1976 Series, seven years after Weaver was chased by Shag Crawford in the fourth game in 1969.\" ", "  The gesture probably originated in American professional sports. Picture of Drew Storen (right) and Wilson Ramos of the Washington Nationals (2011).", "*Augie Donatelli (NL, 1950–73), made controversial \"phantom tag\" call in Game 2 of the 1973 World Series on the New York Mets' Bud Harrelson while sprawled on the ground at home plate" ]

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[ "Bonsai is a Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers. The word bonsai is usually used in English as an umbrella term for miniature trees in pots. Bonsai is not planted for production of food, for medicine, or for creating yard-sized or park-sized gardens. Instead, bonsai practice emphasizes on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more miniature trees in one pot.", "Bonsai, the Japanese art of growing miniature trees, is a process that produces exceptional and one-of-a-kind botanical specimens that evoke images of ancient forests. Although bonsai may seem like an incredibly delicate art, it is a form of horticulture that any gardener can learn with some practice. Many of the same skills you use in your yard, such as thinning and root pruning, are vital to effective bonsai.", "Bonsai (tray cultivation) is an ancient Japanese art of growing miniature trees by using containers. Dwarfing is often confused with this practice. However, dwarfing is actually a practice that is used for research purposes to create miniatures of plant species. Bonsai grows smaller trees from normal seeds and stock. Pruning, potting, root reduction, grafting, and defoliation are techniques that Bonsai artists use to create trees that have similar shapes and styles of full-sized mature trees.", "This volume introduces the art of bonsai, the Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers. The author traces bonsai's origins and development, as well as examining its underlying principles. The types of containers are detailed, and the importance of their use for different trees or styles explained. Advice is given on placing and exhibiting your completed bonsai. The author provides information on how to create a bonsai from a seedling, cutting, or.....", "Bonsai is Japanese art of growing and training plants in trays or small containers. The word bonsai itself means tray (bon) growing (sai).", "The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the grower). Bonsai practice focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees growing in a container, beginning with a cutting, seedling, or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development. Bonsai can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species that produces true branches and can be cultivated to remain small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some species are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai and a miniature deciduous forest can even be created using such species as Japanese maple, Japanese zelkova or hornbeam. ", "Bonsai is the ancient Japanese art of dwarfing and shaping trees in small containers to produce miniature versions of mature trees. A single bonsai may only be a foot tall, but looks identical to a full-grown tree in nature. Careful trimming, pruning, wiring, and other techniques are necessary to produce this appearance. Bonsai outlines the constant and proper care that will allow the bonsai to blend with it container in a natural and aesthetically pleasing manner.", "Chinese Bonsai is the art of designing a miniature tree in a shallow pot or container. Bonsai (which translates to 'tree in a pot') is also known as 'pun-sai' and 'penjing' (the word 'Pen' means container or pot and the word 'jing' means scenery). Chinese Bonsai, inspired by nature, originated in China around 1300 years ago. Originally Bonsai was practiced only by the elite of ancient China. The miniatures trees were considered a luxury and were given as gifts. Around 1100 AD Buddhist monks brought the Bonsai to Japan and the art was adopted by the Japanese. It was not until the early 1900’s that Bonsai spread to the rest of the world.", "\"banzai\" (an exclamation of excitement or success) vs. \"bonsai\" (the art of carefully growing and sculpting miniature trees).", "Forests cover 67 percent of Japan's land area. Forests are concentrated on mountain slopes, where trees are important in soil and water conservation. Tree types vary with latitude and elevation. In Hokkaidô, spruce, larch, and northern fir are most common, along with alder, poplar, and beech trees. Central Honshû's more temperate climate supports beech, willows, and chestnuts. In Shikoku, Kyûshû, and the warmer parts of Honshû, subtropical trees such as camphors and banyans thrive. The southern areas also have thick stands of bamboo. Japanese cedars and cypresses are found throughout wide areas of the country and are prized for their wood. Cultivated tree species include fruit trees bearing peaches, plums, pears, oranges, and cherries; mulberry trees for silk production; and lacquer trees, from which the resins used to produce lacquer are derived. Potted miniaturized trees called bonsai are popular among hobbyist gardeners in Japan and are a highly evolved art form.", "Bonsai plants are a work of art, a hobby, an indoor gardening project. However you look at growing and maintaining Bonsai plants, it is fun and rewarding. The \"art\" of growing a miniature plant or tree into a unique shape, is truely an art form. Some call it a labor of love. For the indoor gardener seeking something new and exciting to grow, you've come to the right plant.", "Small trees grown in containers, like bonsai, require specialized care. Unlike houseplants and other subjects of container gardening, tree species in the wild, in general, grow roots up to several meters long and root structures encompassing several thousand liters of soil. In contrast, a typical bonsai container is under 25 centimeters in its largest dimension and 2 to 10 liters in volume. Branch and leaf (or needle) growth in trees is also of a larger scale in nature. Wild trees typically grow 5 meters or taller when mature, whereas the largest bonsai rarely exceed 1 meter and most specimens are significantly smaller. These size differences affect maturation, transpiration, nutrition, pest resistance, and many other aspects of tree biology. Maintaining the long-term health of a tree in a container requires some specialized care techniques:", "If your living room, bedroom, or kitchen is your garden, this beautifully photographed guide--written by North America's foremost bonsai pioneers--will keep your miniature trees thriving. An illustrated guide to styles displays a wide range of possibilities, from slanting trees with gnarled trunks to a tiny \"forest.\" See how to control airflow and humidity in the home and construct a sheltered growing chamber. Find out one expert's tips for success, advice on artificial light, and suggestions..........", "'Tray scenery': miniature landscapes that became popular in T'ang dynasty China as objects of contemplation for a scholar's desk. They were the origin of Japanese bonsai.", "Within the East Asian artistic tradition, China has been the acknowledged teacher and Japan the devoted student. Nevertheless, several Japanese arts developed their own style, which can be differentiated from various Chinese arts. The monumental, symmetrically balanced, rational approach of Chinese art forms became miniaturized, irregular, and subtly suggestive in Japanese hands. Miniature rock gardens, diminutive plants (bonsai), and ikebana (flower arrangements), in which the selected few represented a garden, were the favorite pursuits of refined aristocrats for a millennium, and they have remained a part of contemporary cultural life.", "In 1910, shaping with wire was described in the Sanyu-en Bonsai-Dan (History of Bonsai in the Sanyu nursery). Zinc-galvanized steel wire was initially used. Expensive copper wire was only used for trees that had real potential. Between 1911 and about 1940, mass-produced containers were exported from Yixing, China, and made to the specifications of Japanese dealers. These were called Shinto (new crossing or arrival) or Shin-watare. These were made for increasing numbers of enthusiasts. Some containers, including primitive style ones, were also being made in Formosa.", "An Artistic Bonsai Concours was held in Tokyo in 1892 followed by the publication of a three-volume commemorative picture book. This demonstrated a new tendency to see bonsai as an independent art form. In 1903, the Tokyo association Jurakukai held showings of bonsai and ikebana at two Japanese-style restaurants. Three years later, Bonsai Gaho (1906 to c. 1913), became the first monthly magazine on the subject. It was followed by Toyo Engei and Hana in 1907, and Bonsai in 1921. ", "While “Bonsai“ specifically refers to dwarf potted trees based on the Japanese model, it is also used as a generic term for related art-forms in other countries, which include but are not limited to the following:", "Part art, part horticulture, a properly shaped, trained, and potted bonsai becomes more beautiful with age. Covering every key technique and style, plus cultivation, maintenance, and display, these right-from-the-beginning basics go from root to leaf to bud�the entire lifecycle of a tree. In large, close-up photos, see how they grow, and how to buy and propagate them from seed or cutting. Trim, shape with wire, repot, root prune, and do summer pinching. Most spectacular are the displays..........", "Bonsai dating to the 17th century have survived to the present. One of the oldest-known living bonsai trees, considered one of the National Treasures of Japan, is in the Tokyo Imperial Palace collection. A five-needle pine (Pinus pentaphylla var. negishi) known as Sandai-Shogun-No Matsu is documented as having been cared for by Tokugawa Iemitsu.", "* Tree Penjing (shumu penjing): A tree penjing focuses on the depiction of one or more trees and optionally other plants in a container, with the composition's dominant elements shaped by the creator through trimming, pruning, and wiring.", "You may be surprised to learn that the roots of these plants does not come from Japan. It originated in ancient China, and was brought to Japan over a thousand years ago and became widely popular. In the last century, it has became popular in U.S. homes, blending the joy of indoor gardening, with the artistic rewards of shaping a miniature plant into a true work of art. ", "Around 1,500 years ago trees, many of which would have been collected from mountainous regions, were first grown as individual specimens and these can be seen clearly on ancient Chinese line drawings. Several centuries later the Japanese began growing and training trees in pots and have developed the hobby to its current level.", "Adapts the basic principles and techniques of the Japanese art of dwarfing trees to soil types, weather conditions, fertilizers, and native species found in the United States.", "Topiary is the practice, or some say, art, of trimming, pruning, and training trees and other plants into ornamental shapes. Topiarists use plants that have growing rates and textures suited to coaxing them into particular shapes and maintaining the shapes over time with pruning. Typical topiary plants are privet and boxwood because of their dense texture, and [End Page 127] different kinds of yew because of their texture and slow growth rate. Cypress was favored by the earliest topiarists in ancient Rome, and it is used in present day in warmer climates. One's choice of plant and particular specimen depends on many factors, including what shape one wants to create and how quickly one wants a result. Creation and maintenance of the shapes is achieved through the use of wires, twine, stakes, and of course, trimming and pruning.", "The attractive maidenhair tree has been widely planted as an ornamental, and cultivated individuals exist around the world. Trees were traditionally planted in temple gardens in Japan and China, but today are popular in towns worldwide and are even farmed in plantations for their medicinal properties.", "Industrial. Throughout Japanese history the production of ceramics, cloth, silk, paper, furniture, metal implements, and so on has been carried out by individuals in extended households, by professional artisans, and in cottage industries. Techniques were usually passed on from one generation of specialist families to another, sometimes over hundreds of years. A few such families remain in existence, although it has become increasingly difficult to find successors. Distinguished craftspeople are sometimes recognized by the government as �national treasures.� Today the bulk of industrial arts is mass-produced, and workers are trained in an apprenticeship system or in technical schools, but handmade crafts continue to be highly valued and play a major role not only in the art world and the tourist industry but also in daily life.", "Dwellings. A traditional Japanese house is small. It is made of wood and has a tiled roof. Most houses are surrounded by a bamboo fence or hedge. Because Japan is such a densely populated country and space is limited, Japanese gardens are small. They usually contain some shrubbery and perhaps a group of carefully arranged rocks, all designed to give a feeling of peace and quiet.", "Spruces are popular ornamental trees in horticulture, admired for their evergreen, symmetrical narrow-conic growth habit. For the same reason, some (particularly Picea abies and P. omorika) are also extensively used as Christmas trees.", "Kakemono - a Japanese (paper or silk) wall hanging; usually narrow with a picture or writing on it and a roller at the bottom", "Suburban houses Style that evolved from the love of wood and other natural materials, as well as appreciation of Japanese design.", "A bokken (ľ��, bok(u), \"wood\", and ken, \"sword\"), is a wooden Japanese sword, usually the size and shape of a katana, but can be made to replicate any type of sword. Other common shapes are wakizashi and tant��. They are also known as bokut�� (ľ��, \"wooden sword\"), which is also the usual term in Japan." ]

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[ "New York – Congresswoman Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY) applauded the announcement by the Commission on Presidential Debates that Candy Crowley, the widely respected political journalist and anchor of “State of the Union” on the Cable News Network (CNN), to serve as the moderator of the presidential debate taking place in Hempstead, New York on October 16, 2012. Crowley is the first woman reporter to moderate a presidential debate since Carole Simpson of ABC News in 1992. Today’s announcement followed a movement to urge the Commission to select a female moderator, which included an on-line petition drive organized by high school students in New Jersey and a joint letter from several Members of Congress to the Commission that was initiated by Congresswoman Maloney.", "The three 2012 Presidential debates are scheduled to occur on October 3rd in Denver, Colorado; October 16th at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York; and on October 22nd in Boca Raton, Florida. Today, the Commission on Presidential Debates, co-chaired by Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., and Michael D. McCurry, announced that the October 16th debate on Long Island debate will be moderated by Candy Crowley of CNN. It will be staged as a “town-hall” event in which pre-selected audience members will ask questions of the candidates.", "* Tuesday, October 16: The second presidential debate took place at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, moderated by Candy Crowley. It had a town hall format. ", "October 15: The third and final presidential debate was hosted at Hofstra University . It focused on domestic and economic policy. Like the first presidential debate, it was formatted into a number of segments, with moderator Bob Schieffer introducing the topics. [127]", "October 15: Third presidential debate, in Hempstead, N.Y., on the campus of Hofstra University , moderated by Bob Schieffer of CBS.", "CNN's Candy Crowley will moderate one of three October debates between President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney, the Commission on Presidential Debates announced Monday. Jim Lehrer of PBS and Bob Schieffer of CBS News will moderate the other two debates.", "Crowley will moderate the only town hall-style presidential debate between President Barack Obama and the presumptive Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney. The debate will take place on Tuesday, Oct. 16 on the campus of Hofstra University in Hempstead, NY.  The town hall debate will be the only format that allows undecided voters to ask questions of the candidates directly on foreign policy and domestic issues.", "CNN’s Candy Crowley in particular made headlines as she became the first female presidential debate moderator in 20 years.", "Trump Now Calls Debate 'Rigged' Due To Antagonistic Moderator .  In the wake of extensive criticism of presidential debate moderator Lester Holt for aggressively confronting Republican candidate Donald Trump and lobbing softballs at Democrat Hillary Clinton, Trump is changing his verdict of how the debate was conducted.  \"And then I had to put up with the anchor and fight the anchor all the time on everything I said.  What a rigged deal,\" Trump told a New Hampshire crowd Thursday [9/29/2016].", "2010 – Rick Sanchez, a Cuban-born news anchorman with the American channel CNN, is fired by the network after calling comedian Jon Stewart a “bigot”, saying Jews are not an oppressed minority in the United States, and implying the people who run CNN and other news media are Jewish.", "*August 31 — Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) and David Cobb (Green) debated in New York City. George W. Bush (Republican), John Kerry (Democrat), and Ralph Nader (independent) were invited to debate, but none of them accepted. The debate was moderated by Rob Richie, Executive Director of the Center for Voting and Democracy, and Walter Kane, a reporter for Channel 12 News. C-SPAN televised the debate on September 6.", "Joseph Cirincione (Himself (Carnegie Endowment for Peace)), Gwynne Dyer (Himself), John S.D. Eisenhower (Himself), Susan Eisenhower (Herself), Donna Ellington (Herself), Chalmers Johnson (Himself), William Kristol (Himself), Karen Kwiatkowski (Herself), Charles Lewis (Himself), John McCain (Himself), Richard Perle (Himself), Dan Rather (Himself (CBS News)), James G. Roche (Himself), Wally Saeger (Himself), Wilton Sekzer (Himself), Naj Sheesan (Himself), William Solomon (Himself), Franklin Spinney (Himself), Col. Richard Treadway (Himself), Michael Valentine (Himself), Gore Vidal (Himself), ��", "CNN's very odd near-exclusion of its black and Latino debate moderators .  For all the talk about inequality and inclusion from the Democratic presidential candidates, for all the major national news this year about the ways that American life remains shaped by race, for all the reporting that's been done on the rapidly changing demographics of the United States, the network airing the first Democratic presidential primary debate Tuesday [10/13/2015] thought it wise to allow an experienced Latino reporter to ask a small series of questions about immigration, and a black reporter to introduce a single inquiry from Facebook about Black Lives Matter.  And that's all we heard from them until nearly two hours into the debate.", "Trump won the debate.  Don't believe the \"Intellectual Yet Idiot\" class .  [Scroll down]  They stacked the deck against Trump with Lester Holt's one-sided questions and interventions.  The Holt-Clinton team was glib, articulate, and self-congratulatory.  However, they lost.  The Intellectual Yet Idiot class that dominates our news media fell all over themselves critiquing Trump and praising Holt and Clinton.  In doing so, they repeated the mistake they have made about every debate since August 2015.", "The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Dean accused McCain of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying that he had invaded Iraq without the support of the United Nations Security Council. McCain replied to this by saying that the United Nations, while still being the most important international organisation in the world, had some serious problems, naming Russia and China as two of the five permanent members of the Security Council as one of them. He favored a \"Concert of Democracies\", which he among with the governments of other democratic countries, which would only consist of democracies and intervene in crisis situations when Russia and/or China should prevent the UN from taking action. Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that McCain won the debate decisively. On October 5, the Vice Presidential debate was held between George W. Bush and Evan Bayh at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and was moderated by Gwen Ifill of PBS. An initial poll by ABC indicated a victory for Bush, while polls by CNN and MSNBC gave it to Bayh.", "If Lester Holt Really Wanted to Be Fair and Balanced... .  NBC Nightly News anchor Lester Holt, at Monday night's [9/26/2016] debate, repeatedly cross-examined and fact-checked GOP nominee Donald Trump.  However, for Hillary Clinton there was not one single challenge to anything she said.  And there wasn't a hard-hitting question to the Democratic nominee on any of her controversies whether it be Benghazi, the Clinton Foundation or the e-mails.  If Holt had correctly done his job as moderator he could've asked a tough question of Trump and then pivoted to ask an equally challenging question to Clinton.  The debate might have gone completely different if he had.", "The debate was difficult to watch with interruptions by Lester HOLT. Smirking, condescending Hillary was discussing.", "Adan Salazar - On Thursday, Fox News announced it would be rearranging its prime time lineup after it was revealed Kelly would be leaving the conservative network for NBC�. Carlson will leave his current 7pm time slot following a rise in ratings in recent months after he broke out as one of the media�s and the network�s few outspoken supporters of President-elect Donald Trump�. Carlson�s knack for debating liberals has earned him respect from much of the Trump-supporting online community, where videos of his intense, often-humorous arguments are regularly shared and celebrated. On the other hand, Megyn Kelly�s popularity among Trump supporters has been declining since her public spats with the president elect, stemming from the first US presidential debate where served as a moderator. On a related note, Carlson�s was one of the only programs Wednesday to report on and air footage of the Facebook beating of a white Trump supporter by a group of black teens, as pointed out by Infowars� Paul Joseph Watson.", "The call for a woman moderator of a Presidential debate gained renewed momentum last month when three students at Montclair High School in New Jersey, Emma Axelrod, Sammi Siegel and Elena Tsemberis, collected 170,000 signatures in a petition urging the Commission on Presidential Debates to name a woman moderator for one of this year’s presidential showdowns. The signatures were collected through the website, Change.org, which serves as an on-line petition forum. The teenagers’ call was quickly embraced by Congresswoman Maloney and other leaders in Washington.", "(by Josh Lederman, The Denver Post) AP, WASHINGTON – For the first time in two decades, a woman has been tapped to moderate a presidential debate.", "September 26: The first presidential debate took place at the University of Mississippi . The central issues debated were supposed to be foreign policy and national security. However, due to the economic climate, some questions appeared on this topic. The debate was formatted into nine nine-minute segments, and the moderator, Jim Lehrer of PBS , introduced the topics. [125]", "October 7: Second presidential debate, in Nashville, Tenn., on the campus of Belmont University, moderated by Tom Brokaw of NBC.", "The seven remaining candidates for the 5 p.m. debate are Texas Gov. Rick Perry, former Sen. Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania, Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal, former HP CEO Carly Fiorina, Sen. Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, former New York Gov. George Pataki and former Virginia Gov. Jim Gilmore. While the 9 p.m. debate will last two hours, the 5 p.m. debate is only one-hour long, but both will occur in the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland Ohio.", "In April of 1988 Shaw moderated the second presidential debate from Los Angeles . In his role, he seemed rough with the debate audience, warning them that he would tell them to keep quiet “only once.” And, in general, he was his usual serious self. But it was his opening questions to the two candidates that caused a stir. George Bush was asked if he wouldn’t be worried about the country under President Dan Quayle’s leadership in the event Bush died before inauguration. Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis was asked if he would still be against the death penalty if someone “raped and murdered” his wife Kitty Dukakis. “I’ve heard the questions called ghoulish and tasteless,” Shaw told the Washington Post, “I spent more than a day and a half working on those two questions. They were not asked with trivia in mind.” It’s difficult to accuse Shaw of being trivial. “I hope I didn’t seem severe,” he added, “I took the job seriously.”", "February 4, 2016 – MSNBC – University of New Hampshire in Durham, NH; Moderators: Chuck Todd and Rachel Maddow", "* Hillary Clinton, U.S. Senator from New York (withdrew on June 7, 2008 and endorsed Barack Obama)", "Cynthia McKinney : Truth Foretold, Specious Journalism, And Spurious Assertions: The Case of Jonathan Bernstein, Bloomberg View, and The Ch", "* The second presidential debate was held on Tuesday, October 7, 2008 at Belmont University, in Nashville, Tennessee. This debate was held in the town hall format.", "In the aforementioned book The Survivor, John F. Harris recounts Hillary Clinton's addressing her 1998 statement during the first televised debate of the 2000 Senate campaign in", "On August 5, 2011, Barr appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and announced her candidacy for president in the 2012 presidential election, running on the \"Green Tea Party\" ticket. Her candidacy mixed attention to economics, personal health and meditation. ", "During the Washington, D.C. tapings in season 32, Jeopardy! had two political figures read Final Jeopardy! clues live in studio: Dr. Jill Biden (wife of Vice President Joe Biden) in the first Teachers Tournament semifinal, and Washington, D.C. mayor Muriel Bowser in the last Power Players Week game.", "Is Trump planning to invite the countless women he bedded while evading the Viet Nam War? Will Melania be dressed for the debate?" ]

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[ "Felix Baumgartner waves to the crowd after successfully jumping from a space capsule lifted by a helium balloon at a height of just over 128,000 feet above the Earth's surface Sunday in Roswell, N.M.", "On the morning of October 14, 2012, a 550-foot-high helium balloon made of 40 acres of ultrathin plastic lifted the capsule carrying Baumgartner, nicknamed “Fearless Felix,” from the launch site at Roswell International Air Center. After reaching an altitude of 127,852.4 feet, Baumgartner stepped off the capsule and plunged toward Earth. His descent took nine minutes and 18 seconds—four minutes and 20 seconds of it in a free fall of 119,431 feet, during which he reached a top speed of 843.6 miles per hour, or Mach 1.25. Specially designed cameras positioned inside and outside of his capsule, as well as on the ground, enabled millions of people around the world to watch Baumgartner live online and on television. At an altitude of 8,421 feet above sea level, he deployed his parachute and went on to land smoothly in the desert. His entire mission, from launch to landing, took two hours and 47 minutes.", "Free-falling from the edge of space – Felix Baumgartner of Austria jumps out of the capsule during the final Red Bull Stratos flight on Sunday, October 14. Baumgartner ascended steadily in a capsule hanging from a helium balloon before jumping from 128,000 feet -- 24 miles up -- with nothing but a space suit, helmet and parachute.", "On this day in 2012, Austrian daredevil Felix Baumgartner jumps from a capsule attached to a helium balloon approximately 24 miles above Earth and becomes the first person to break the sound barrier without the protection or propulsion of a vehicle. After making his record-setting jump, which was witnessed live by a global audience via cameras mounted on his capsule, the 43-year-old Baumgartner landed safely in the desert near Roswell, New Mexico.", "Daredevil Felix Baumgartner ascended to the edge of space in a pressurised capsule suspended beneath a giant helium balloon. He then jumped out, freefalling for four minutes and 19 seconds before opening his parachute.", "Skydiver goes for record Skydiving daredevil Felix Baumgartner is more than halfway toward his goal of setting a world record for the highest jump. Baumgartner lifted off Thursday for a test jump from Roswell, N.M., aboard a 100-foot helium balloon. He rode inside a pressurized capsule to 71,581 feet — 13.6 miles — and then jumped..", "Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper, Felix Baumgartner is at No 6. He set the world record for skydiving an estimated 39 kilometres (24 mi), reaching an estimated speed of 1,342 kilometres per hour (834 mph), or Mach 1.24, on 14 October 2012, and became the first person to break the sound barrier without vehicular power on his descent. His most recent project was Red Bull Stratos, in which he jumped to Earth from a helium balloon in the stratosphere on 14 October 2012. As part of this project, he set the altitude record for a manned balloon flight, parachute jump from the highest altitude, and greatest free fall velocity.", "Felix Baumgartner landed safely on Earth after a 24-mile jump from the stratosphere in a dramatic, daring feat that also marked the world's first supersonic skydive. Baumgartner came down in the eastern New Mexico desert minutes after jumping from his capsule 128,000 feet, or 24 miles, above Earth.", "Free-falling from the edge of space – CNN iReporter Joshua Rivas watched Baumgartner ascend in a capsule attached to a helium balloon.", "Felix Baumgartner jumps from his capsule about 24 miles above the Earth Sunday, Oct. 14, 2012.", "He will be carried aloft by a gigantic balloon that measures 30m square cubic feet and whose skin is a mere one-tenth the thickness of a sandwich bag despite being 55 storeys high. Attached to the bottom of the balloon is a capsule in which Baumgartner will stand in his suit. At the right height he simply get out and dive into the void.", "In October 2012 Felix Baumgartner, with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull, attempted the highest sky-dive on record. The project would see Baumgartner attempt to jump 120,000 ft (36,580 m) from a helium balloon and become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier. The launch was scheduled for October 9, 2012, but was aborted due to adverse weather; subsequently the capsule was launched instead on October 14. Baumgartner's feat also marked the 65th anniversary of U.S. test pilot Chuck Yeager's successful attempt to become the first man to officially break the sound barrier in an aircraft.", "After flying to an altitude of 39,045 meters (128,100 feet) in a helium-filled balloon, Felix Baumgartner completed a record breaking jump for the ages from the edge of space, exactly 65 years after Chuck Yeager first broke the sound barrier flying in an experimental rocket-powered airplane. Felix reached a maximum of speed of 1,357.6 km/h or 843.6 mph(Mach 1.25) through the near vacuum of the stratosphere before being slowed by the atmosphere later during his 4:20 minute long freefall. The 43-year-old Austrian skydiving expert also broke two other world records (highest freefall, highest manned balloon flight), leaving the one for the longest freefall to project mentor Col. Joe Kittinger.", "To comply with U.S. Federal Aviation Administration regulations, the Red Bull Stratos balloon will not fly if skies are more than 5/10 (half) overcast or if the horizontal visibility at any point is less than 3 miles. Clear skies will enable better tracking of the capsule’s ascent and Felix Baumgartner’s descent, and will provide Felix with the best possible conditions for orienting himself in the sky.", "After reaching an altitude of 128,100 feet (39,045 meters) in a helium-filled balloon, Felix Baumgartner completed a record breaking jump from the edge of space, exactly 65 years after Chuck Yeager first broke the sound barrier flying in an experimental rocket powered airplane. The 43-year-old Austrian skydiving expert also broke two other world records (highest freefall, highest manned balloon flight), leaving the longest freefall to project mentor Col. Joe Kittinger.", "The daredevil Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner is planning to leap into the record books this morning by plunging to Earth from the edge of space, falling a total of 23 miles at speeds that will break the sound barrier. We will be following developments live here.", "At Baumgartner's insistence, some 30 cameras recorded the event Sunday. Shortly after launch, screens at mission control showed the capsule as it began rising high above the New Mexico desert, with cheers erupting from organizers. Baumgartner could be seen on video, calmly checking instruments inside the capsule.", "Felix Baumgartner became the first person to break the sound barrier without the help of a machine by falling 23 miles from the earth’s stratosphere. The event was sponsored by Red Bull. The jump earned the world’s attention and accounted for one percent of all online conversations at the time.", "\"Sometimes you have to be up really high to understand how small you are... I'm coming home now.\" Felix Baumgartner is best known for breaking three world records by base-jumping from a capsule in Space down to Earth.", "Baumgartner, 43, completed his historic sky-dive above Roswell, N.M., a location chosen for its favorable weather conditions — a critical component of the high-risk mission. He was guided throughout the feat by retired Air Force Col. Joseph Kittinger, who held the previous record for highest sky-dive, for his 1960 jump from a balloon just over 19 miles up.", "Sixty five years ago today, Captain Charles Yeager became the first man to ride faster than the speed of sound in his X-1 aircraft. Daredevil Felix Baumgartner but became the first man to accomplish the same feat without a plane — or indeed any assistance at all. In an almost unimaginable stunt, the 43-year old Austrian has jumped from a specially constructed balloon at over 128,000 feet (39km) above the earth, breaking the world record for high-altitude skydives and speeds in clear fall. As you would wait, Baumgartner is no stranger to extreme sports. He is an accomplished BASE jumper and, using a carbon wing, was the first to freely fall across the English Channel. On this dive he broke not only the previous altitude record of 102,000 feet for a skydive, but likely the speed of sound and the record for fastest clear fall during his descent.", "Prior to this mission, no personal parachute system had ever been used for a supersonic freefall from the edge of space. Years of development and testing resulted in revolutionary drogue technology, which would have stabilized Felix Baumgartner had it been necessary during his freefall.", "Significance of test: A jump from at least 90,000 feet / 27,432 meters has always been part of the Red Bull Stratos test plan, but the significance became even greater after the mission’s test phase in March – which, while successful, encountered aberrations including an aborted launch due to balloon failure, lapses in radio transmission and thermal challenges in temperatures approaching -90 degrees Fahrenheit / -70 degrees Celsius. The latest successful test at an even higher altitude confirms that these issues have been resolved for Baumgartner’s safety while also providing new data for the benefit of aerospace research.", "In addition to breaking the sound barrier, Baumgartner also set a new record for the highest-altitude jump. The previous record holder, Joseph Kittinger, skydived from an altitude of 102,800 feet in 1960. Kittinger, a former Air Force colonel, was part of the team that helped prepare Baumgartner for his jump, which happened to coincide with the 65th anniversary of the day when Air Force test pilot Chuck Yeager became the first person to break the sound barrier in a plane.", "The launch was originally scheduled for 9 October 2012 but was aborted due to adverse weather conditions. Launch was rescheduled and the mission instead took place on 14 October 2012 when Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world-record (that record was broken by Alan Eustace in 2014), 38,969.3 metres (127,852 feet) [13] [31] [32] and falling a record distance of 36,402.6 meters. [33] Baumgartner additionally set the record for fastest speed of free fall at 1,357.64 km/h (843.6 mph), [3] [13] [6] making him the first human to break the sound barrier outside a vehicle. [34] [35] Baumgartner was in free fall for 4 minutes and 19 seconds, 17 seconds short of mentor Joseph Kittinger 's 1960 jump. [34]", "High flying: Felix Baumgartner can be seen high above New Mexico shortly after beginning his ascent", "Read about Felix Baumgartner, the attempting attempting to jump from the stratosphere, the highest altitude ever, and break the sound barrier. Click for blog post: 'Red Bull’s Journey from space'", "IS FELIX BAUMGARTNER’S LIFE PRESERVER – ENSURING PROPER FITTING EQUIPMENT AND A SAFE RETURN HOME FROM THE STRATOSPHERE.", "We brought the balloon into a decent to find out, if there weren’t other, perhaps faster winds in lower layers. There were none! At about 700 meters above sea level or 200 meters above ground I stopped the fall having to fight some medium strength thermals. Stopping the fall and the climb to the previous altitude did cost three bags. Quite a lot, I think. But now we knew, that moving ahead was only possible up here. We could see up to five balloons. One balloon was about 10 to 15 kilometres behind of us. We could only identify Swiss balloon ZIRKUS KNIE, being ahead a little more than 10 kilometres. After our decent and climb manoeuvre our position had worsened. ZIRKUS KNIE increased the distance for another 10 kilometres and was now 20 kilometres away. But I didn’t care about that at the moment as I now knew about the missing winds in the lower layers. During the rest of the flight I would catch up again with ZIRKUS KNIE and finally overtake them by more than 80 kilometres.", "*In Augsburg, Germany, Professor Auguste Piccard and physicist Paul Kipfer took off in an airtight ball attached to a hydrogen balloon in an attempt to be the first to reach the Earth's stratosphere. They attained an altitude of 15,606 m (51,200 ft) and then landed in the Austrian Alps after more than eighteen hours in the air. ", "Media captionWhat conditions will Austrian Felix Baumgartner face for his attempt to make the highest ever skydive from 120,000ft (36.5km)?", "The success of Breitling Orbiter 3 was based on the lessons learned during two previous attempts to fly around the globe in 1997 (Breitling Orbiter) and 1998 (Breitling Orbiter 2). That experience enabled the Breitling team to develop trustworthy technical systems and a basic strategy that called for Piccard and Jones to pilot their balloon to altitudes of over 30,000 feet, where jet stream winds would drive it across the Pacific at speeds of over 100 miles per hour." ]

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[ "Mighty Mouse featured two recurring female leads. In the cartoon shorts, she was a mouse named Pearl Pureheart. In the comics in the 1950s and 1960s, the female lead was named Mitzi. His recurring arch-enemy is a villain cat named Oil Can Harry, who originated as a human in earlier Terrytoons as the enemy of Fanny Zilch.", "Underdog always spoke in rhymes. Normally, he spent his time as “Shoe Shine Boy”, and was just that. But when he took one of his super power pills, he transformed into Underdog and saved his love interest, news reporter Sweet Polly Purebred. His nemesis was usually Simon Bar Sinister (voiced by Allen Swift, who is a true living legend of animation voice-overs).", "Simon Bar Sinister, voiced by Allen Swift, is a mad scientist with a voice reminiscent of Lionel Barrymore. He has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A Bar Sinister is a diagonal line, running from top right to bottom left on medieval family crests, indicating the person is a bastard by birth; this was a clever inside joke typical of animation writing at the time.", "* Simon Bar Sinister, voiced by Allen Swift, is a mad scientist with a voice reminiscent of Lionel Barrymore. He has an assistant named Cad Lackey. A Bar Sinister is a diagonal line, running from top right to bottom left on medieval family crests, indicating the person is a bastard by birth; this was a clever inside joke typical of animation writing at the time.", "Dudley Do-Right of the Mounties , a parody of early 20th century melodrama and silent film serials of the Northern genre . Dudley Do-Right is a Canadian Mountie in constant pursuit of his nemesis, Snidely Whiplash , who sports the standard \"villain\" attire of black top hat, cape, and over-sized Moustache. This is one of the few Jay Ward cartoons to feature a background music track. As is standard in Ward's cartoons, jokes often have more than one meaning. A standard gag is to introduce characters in an irised close-up with the name of the \"actor\" displayed in a caption below, a convention seen in some early silent films. However, the comic twist is using the captions to present silly names or subtle puns. Occasionally, even the scenery is introduced in this manner, as when \"Dead Man's Gulch\" is identified as being portrayed by \"Gorgeous Gorge,\" a reference to professional wrestler Gorgeous George .", "Originally these were two different humorous strips, both written by Fred Baker and drawn by Julio Schiaffino. Mighty Mouse, a Roy of the Rovers strip, featured Kevin \"Mighty\" Mouse, a successful, skilful Division One player despite being a morbidly obese, short, bespectacled medical student. Hot Shot Hamish, meanwhile, followed gentle Hebridean giant Hamish Balfour, the man with the most powerful shot in the world, and began its days in Scorcher and SCORE, before various mergers saw it end up in Tiger and finally RotR. Once the two strips were appearing in the same comic, they were eventually merged to form Hot Shot Hamish and Mighty Mouse (later shortened to simply Hamish and Mouse), when Mouse was transferred from Tottenford Rovers to join Hamish at Scottish club Princes Park in 1985. Five years later they moved to Glengow Rangers; the last new adventures involving the duo appeared in early 1993.", "Dudley Do-Right of the Mounties, Wally Gator, The Mighty Hercules, Tennessee Tuxedo, The Funny Company, Jonny Quest, Underdog, Peter Potamus, Magilla Gorilla, The Porky Pig Show, Atom Ant, Roger Ramjet, Squiddly Diddly, Frankenstein, Jr., The Impossibles and George of the Jungle", "Other villains included The Electric (Slippery) Eel, Battyman, Tap-Tap the Chisler, and Overcat. Underdog also regularly faced enemies from alien worlds, such as the Marbleheads from Planet Granite, the Magnet Men of the Magnet Planet, the aliens from the Planet of Zot, and the Flying Sorcerers of the Saucer Planet.", "* In the 1965 four-part Underdog cartoon serial \"The Phoney Booths\" (episodes 49-52), Underdog falls under the mental control of mad scientist Simon Bar Sinister. Simon orders Underdog to use his super powers to bring him valuable objects - including the Empire State Building, which Underdog lifts whole to bring it to Simon. In the end, circumstances release Underdog from Simon’s control. He defeats the evil scientist and puts back the Empire State Building.", "* Baron Silas von Greenback (voiced by Ed Gaughan): Criminal mastermind and Danger Mouse's arch enemy. Though Greenback was a mainstay of the 1981 series, in the 2015 series, the prefix \"von\" has been incorporated into his name. He was also given a German accent to match.", "* Robot Chicken (2009): In the Episode, \"We Are a Humble Factory\", Mighty Mouse tricks another mouse into a mousetrap.", "Baron Silas Greenback (voiced by Edward Kelsey ): The recurring villain and Danger Mouse's archenemy ; a toad with a wheezy voice, although sometimes he was referred to as a frog . Known as Baron Greenteeth in the unbroadcast pilot episode. Commonly known as the \"Terrible Toad\". In America \"Greenback\" is slang for dollar bill in many regions, adding to the sense of his commercial greed. Allegedly he turned to a life of crime as a schoolboy when other children stole his bicycle.", "Enemies: Pete, Beagle Boys, Eli Squinch, Weasels, Emil Eagle, the Phantom Blot, Gammas, Louie the Mountain Lion, Mortimer Mouse, Weasel, Sylvester Shyster, Dangerous Dan and Idgit the Midget, Bigfoot, Principal Mazur, Bradley Uppercrust III, Duke, Mizrabel & numerous Disney Villains.", "Friz and Robert soon set Sylvester up as Speedy's regular nemesis in a series of cartoons, much in the same way Chuck Jones had paired Wile E. Coyote and The Road-Runner in his Road-Runner cartoons. Sylvester (often called \"El Gringo Pussygato\" by Speedy) is constantly outsmarted and outrun by The Fastest Mouse In All Of Mexico, causing the cat to suffer all manner of pain and humiliation from mousetraps to accidentally consuming large amounts of Tabasco hot sauce and everything in-between. Other cartoons pair the mouse with his cousin, Slowpoke Rodriguez , The Slowest Mouse In All Of Mexico. Slowpoke regularly gets into all sorts of trouble that often require Speedy to save him—=but one cat in Mexicali Shmoes says that as if to compensate for his slowness, \"he pack a gun!\" In the mid-1960s when DePatie-Freleng Enterprises took over the production of Looney Tunes, Speedy's main nemesis became Daffy Duck .", "Skeletor is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the Masters of the Universe franchise created by Mattel. He is the archenemy of He-Man. Depicted as a muscular blue humanoid with a purple hood over his yellowing bare-bone skull, Skeletor seeks to conquer Castle Grayskull so he can obtain its ancient secrets, which would make him unstoppable and enable him to conquer and rule Eternia but his incompetent henchmen's stupidity always gets in the way. ", "Other villains include \"Queenie Bee\" (with her army of bees – Batfink sends Queenie Bee to Sing Sing and her bees to \"Sting Sting\"); \"Victor The Predictor\"; \"Judy Jitsu\" (a martial artist, whose name is derived from jujutsu, and on whom Karate has a crush); \"Brother Goose\" (who always leaves taunting clues based on nursery rhymes); and \"Goldyunlocks\" (with an obsession of unlocking every lock she sees; Batfink finally defeats her by putting her in a cell with no lock).", "The diminutive superhero starred in seven shorts under “ Super Mouse, the Mouse of Tomorrow ,” wearing colors similar to Superman’s. But it wasn’t the rodent’s similarity to Kal-El that caused the name switch—it was the debut of a Coo Coo Comics character that also went by “Super Mouse.” To prevent confusion, Terrytoons simply decided to make their mouse “Mighty” instead.", "Dr. Evil is a fictional character, played by Mike Myers in the Austin Powers film series. He is the antagonist of the movies, and Austin Powers ' nemesis with aspirations of world domination . He is a parody of any number of villains, primarily Donald Pleasance 's Ernst Stavro Blofeld of SPECTRE . Dr. Evil routinely hatches schemes to terrorize and take over the world, and is typically accompanied by his cat Mr. Bigglesworth and his side-kick Mini-Me , a dwarf clone of himself.", "Danger Mouse is a British animated television series in 1980s. It features the eponymous Danger Mouse, a British mouse who works as a super hero /secret agent. The hero wears a rakish eyepatch and his chest is prominently emblazoned with the initials 'DM'.", "Marvin Acme (Stubby Kaye) is the owner of Acme Products and Toontown. He is known around Hollywood as \"the gag king\" for the prank items he makes his living selling. Among his top sellers are Disappearing/Reappearing Ink and a hand buzzer. In a blackmail scheme by R.K. Maroon, he has an \"affair\" with Toon Jessica Rabbit which Eddie Valiant (who briefly meets Acme) photographs. Acme is murdered later that night by Judge Doom, who drops a safe on his head and frames Jessica's husband, Roger.", "A group of villains organized by Simon Hurt to assist the Black Glove in taking down Batman and the Club of Heroes. Its members are Le Bossu, Pierrot Lunaire, King Kraken, Charlie Caligula, Scorpiana, El Sombrero, the Swagman, and eventually the Joker.", "Five years later, Mortimer returned to the daily comic strip as Montmorency Rodent (surname pronounced \"Ro-dawn\"), or Monty for short, in Gottfredson's storyline \"Love Trouble\". Monty claims to be of the Social Elite and, just like in his previous appearance, does everything he can to make Mickey look like a fool in front of Minnie, especially at Patricia Pigg 's party. Eventually, with help from his cousin Madeline, Mickey manages to expose that Monty is really nothing more than a thieving chauffeur in front of the real Social Elite. Although Gottfredson did not use Monty again after this, this version of Mortimer's design would go on to be the default design of the character in later comics, as well as his above-mentioned return to animation.", "The unaired pilot for the revival Wacky Races Forever makes it a certainty. Dastardly (presumably the son of the original) is instructed by a figure in the employ of Peter Perfect (whose son Parker is racing) to just win the race, and he's a yard shy of the finish line, which Muttley points out. Dastardly bonks him on the head and firmly states, \"No, Muttley, we can't win fairly. We are villains...ergo, we ''have'' to cheat!! \"", "Doctor Franken stoat : Another one-shot villain who formed a temporary alliance with Count Duckula. Unlike his namesake, Frankenstoat built machines to aid a bid for world domination rather than attempting to create life. As his last name suggests, he is a stoat and wears bedroom slippers rather than shoes.", "Dudley Poyson: The \"Asp with no grasp\"; a snake, who paired up with Mac the Fork (see above). Also a one shot villain.", "In the arcade and console-imported game Marvel Super Heroes the Bugle is Spider-Man's stage. The fighting takes place on a platform that is first going vertical and then across the Daily Bugle.", "In Hare-Um Scare-Um (1939), hunter John Sourpuss tells proto-Bugs Bunny that \"I can whip you and your whole family!\" A bunch of bunnies arrive to take him up on the challenge—then the film cuts off. In the original ending, the looney rabbits beat Sourpuss up on-camera, eventually driving him looney himself. Though no hard evidence has been found, it's often speculated that the scene was deleted for being too similar to the ending of Daffy Duck And Egghead one year prior.", "In Mad Magazine , during its comic-book phase, writer Harvey Kurtzman and artist Bill Elder created an article titled \"Starchie.\" \"Starchie Standrews\" is a juvenile delinquent, offering to treat \"Salonica\" (Veronica) to a Scotch-and-Soda, and threatening \"Biddy\" (Betty) and \"Mr. Weathernot\" (Mr. Weatherbee) with physical violence. Starchie and his sidekick \"Bottleneck\" (Jughead) decide to take \"Wedgie\" (Reggie) for a \"last ride,\" and push him out of a moving car. \"Bottleneck\" takes off his mask and appears as Edward G. Robinson . Starchie winds up in prison as a middle-aged, balding man, still wearing the checkered slacks, sweater, white shirt, and bow tie, and torturing himself for chasing \"Salonica\" when \"Biddy\" 'threw herself' at him. (\"Jerk! Fool! Idiot!\")", "Primarily a Hawkman foe, the specter once named James Craddock also battles Batman several times, in Batman #310 (April 1979) and #319 (January 1980), and Detective Comics #326 (April 1964).", "Backbuster: Cage would lift his opponent over his head and then bend them over his shoulders causing the opponent to explode into pieces. Only available in the CD versions of the game. (MKT)", "The Clock King also makes an appearance in Batman Adventures #12 DCAU comic. In this issue, he finally gets his revenge on Hill by rigging the mayoral election so that it seems that Oswald C. Cobblepot (The Penguin) has won, nearly stabbing to death the Riddler in the process.", "The Bully Brothers (Billy and Bobby Bully) were the Hooded Claw's identical twin henchmen on The Perils of Penelope Pitstop. Mel Blanc did their voice but it was the same voice for both so when they talked it just sounded like one voice coming out of both of them." ]

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[ "Nordstrom, Inc. is an American upscale fashion retailer, founded by John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin and headquartered in Seattle. The company began as a shoe retailer and has since expanded its inventory to include clothing, accessories, handbags, jewelry, cosmetics, and fragrances. Select Nordstrom stores also have wedding and home furnishing departments. There are 329 stores operating in 39 states and Canada, which includes 121 full-line stores and 200 Nordstrom Racks, five Trunk Club clubhouses, two Jeffrey boutiques and one clearance store. Nordstrom also serves customers through nordstrom.com and nordstromrack.com, and its online private sale site, HauteLook. In addition, Nordstrom operates one clearance store, along with two Jeffrey boutiques. Nordstrom, Inc.'s common stock is publicly traded on the NYSE under the symbol JWN. The company announced plans to open six stores in Canada beginning in 2014, as well as its first namesake in New York City in 2018. Nationally, Nordstrom competes with luxury retailers Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Of its retail competitors, Nordstrom has both the largest number of store locations and the largest geographic footprint, and its stores anchor many upscale malls throughout the United States.", "By 1975, Nordstrom expanded into Alaska (the only time by acquisition) by purchasing Northern Commercial Company and opened its first Nordstrom Rack clearance store in Seattle. A strong northwest regional retailer with sales already approaching $250 million (making it the third-largest specialty retailer in the U.S.), it opened its first Southern California store at South Coast Plaza in Costa Mesa in 1978. By the early 1990s, it had opened 26 stores plus Racks in California. Subsequent expansion relied on creating a strongly decentralized regional structure, beginning with the Northeast (Tysons Corner Center, 1988), Midwest (Oakbrook Center, 1991), Southeast (Atlanta, 1998), and Southwest (Dallas, 1996) to which the California stores were added. In a new region, the initial store was used as a base for training and recruitment for subsequent expansion, and was usually backed by its own distribution center. From 1978 to 1995, Nordstrom opened a total of 46 full-line department stores. ", "Nordstrom is another upscale department store that is also found in most states. Other upscale department stores that operate coast-to-coast include Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, and Barney's New York, but they are found only in the wealthiest cities.", "In 1976, Nordstrom opened a series of stores called Place Two to sell a more limited selection of apparel in smaller markets. By 1983, there were ten Place Two stores, but the cost of upgrading the smaller stores, especially from a systems perspective, outweighed the benefit, and the division was discontinued. The company also expanded into direct sales in 1993, beginning with a catalog division led by John N.'s son Dan that was followed by an e-commerce business. Nordstrom.com's fulfillment and contact centers are located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Seattle, Washington. Currently, it has distribution centers in Ontario, California; Newark, California; Portland, Oregon; Dubuque, Iowa; Upper Marlboro, Maryland; and Gainesville, Florida.", "The announcement was made Monday, less than two weeks after Seattle-based department store retailer Nordstrom revealed it will open in the fall of 2016 in some of the space being vacated by Sears at the north end of Toronto Eaton Centre.", "Northgate Mall is a shopping mall in the Northgate district of north urban Seattle, Washington. It is anchored by Bed Bath & Beyond, JCPenney, Macy's and Nordstrom.", "By 1958, Nordstrom had expanded to eight stores in two states but still only sold shoes. Their expansion was based on customer service, deep product offerings and full size ranges. Apparel came with its purchase of Best Apparel of Seattle in 1963. The company's name was changed to Nordstrom Absolute Best in 1969.", "Country Casuals and Austin Reed, the clothing outlets, are going through a CVA (not administration) and are seeking 50% rent reductions on its rapid closure list: 26 Country Casuals stores and nine Austin Reed, stores marked for early closure, and 20% rent reductions on a further 30 Country Casuals and five Austin Reed. All seem to be secondary locations apart from Bluewater and Meadowhall", "Locations include New Town Plaza, APM, Plaza Hollywood, Harbour City, Festival Walk, Sunshine City Plaza and Citywalk. The Macau store is located in The Venetian Macao. ", "403 S. Atkinson, Fri 7am all day, clothes, shoes, home decor, computer, baby item 1405 S. Stanton, Sat. 6am-?, TV, parts of 75 Monte Carlo, clothes, dresser & mirror, misc. 116 E. Bonney, Fri & Sat., 7-5pm, clothes, tools, toys, misc. HAGERMAN, 200 E. Aberdeen & Cambridge. Sat. May, 4th only, 7-11. Cheap clothes, tools, antiques, & much more. 608 S. Largo Fri.-Sat. 7-12. Dresser w/mirror, sink vanity, men’s, women’s, kids clothing. 8 FAMILY sale! Sat May 4th, 8-? 310 E. Poe. Hollister & many other brand name for men/women, boys & girls, jewelry, purses, shoes. You name it we have it. DON’T MISS OUT!!", "LEGENDARY BRANDS. ABUNDANT SELECTION. REAL SAVINGS. Discover an unparalleled collection of 13 outlet centers in the Great Lakes Region featuring the finest designer and name brands such as Ann Taylor Factory Store, Banana Republic Factory Store, BCBG Max Azria, Cole Haan, Kate Spade New York, Kenneth Cole, Michael Kors, Nike, Saks Fifth Avenue off 5th, Salvatore Ferragamo, Talbots, Theory, Tommy Hilfiger, True Religion Brand Jeans, Under Armour, Vera Bradley and more at savings of 25% to 65% every day . Stores vary per center. Visit premiumoutlets.com for a complete list of Premium Outlet Centers worldwide, including locations in or near Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Detroit, Huntley, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Pleasant Prairie, The Poconos and more. premiumoutlets.com â&#x20AC;˘ simon.com/travel", "In the suburbs surrounding Albany, particularly on the drive down Central Ave toward Schenectady, you can find a strip mall wherever you go with chain stores like Target, Marshalls, and Bed Bath & Beyond. Some of the larger ones are Westgate Plaza, Northway Mall, and Mohawk Commons which used to be an indoor mall (Mohawk Mall)", "* Stefko Boulevard Shopping Center has Valley Farm Market, Dollar Tree, Via Thrift Store, Wine and Spirits, J's Steaks and Subs, and The Meadows Frozen Custard.", "\"Two decades ago, it was largely national brands and all the stores had a similar mix. Customers would see Ralph Lauren, Liz Claiborne, Tommy Hilfiger, etc., in all the stores,\" says Tackett. \"Now it�s shifted to a mix of private, exclusive and national brands because retailers are trying to differentiate themselves from one another. Department stores don�t want their merchandise to be interchangeable with their competitors.\"", "The Outlets at Orange, a large, outdoor shopping and entertainment center, is located on the western edge of the city. It features Old Navy, Hollister, Ann Taylor Factory Store, and Saks Fifth Avenue OFF 5th as well as high quality entertainment venues including AMC Theatres, Dave & Buster's, Vans Skatepark and Lucky Strike Bowling Center.", "The Outlet Collection Jersey Gardens offers some of the best prices in the greater New York region. This huge outlet mall features clothes from Ralph Lauren, Victoria’s Secret, Ann Taylor, Forever 21 and many more popular stores. By taking a bus from the Port Authority Bus Terminal you’ll reach the Jersey Gardens within 35 minutes.", "1310 S. Eisenhower Rd. Fri-Sat 8-3. Queen mattress, upright vaccum, DVD, CD, shoes, clothes, clothes, books, tools, collectables, misc. 1615 S. Stanton, Fri-Sun, 7am-7pm. Clothes, refrig, couches, home interior & misc.", "For the distinguished shopper, The Pier Shops at Caesars features elite shopping retailers from Tiffany & Co. and Burberry to Louis Vuitton and Victoria’s Secret. Tanger Outlets, The Walk  encompasses 15-city blocks and features impressive outlet shopping venues from Coach and J. Crew to Michael Kors and Eddie Bauer.", "Florida Avenue, and their sister store, A Modern Line, at 5205 North Florida Avenue, right up the street. Sherry herself will be glad to help you experience the YesterDaze shop, with its womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clothing, accessories and jewelry from Victorian to Disco, dĂŠcor items and collectibles. A Modern Line is dedicated exclusively to Mid-Century Modern furniture, art and lighting. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll see you in Tampa!", "Ralph Lauren operates its representative flagship stores in New York City on Madison Avenue – for menswear in the former Rhinelander Mansion, and for womenswear and home in another structure, across the street, which opened in 2011. The company also manages flagships, for retailing Ralph Lauren collections, in Chicago, Manhasset, Greenwich (USA), London, Milan, Tokyo, Moscow, and Paris. ", "Napa Premium Outlets —  This outlet center boasts 50 outlet stores including Ann Taylor, Banana Republic, Barneys New York, BCBG Max Azria, Brooks Brothers and Calvin Klein.", "l.a. Eyeworks, 7407 Melrose Ave. (tel. 323/653-8255; www.laeyeworks.com), revolutionized eyeglass designs from medical supply to stylish accessory, and now their brand is nationwide. Off the Wall Antiques, 7325 Melrose Ave. (tel. 323/930-1185; www.offthewallantiques.com), is filled with neon-flashing, bells-and-whistles kitsch collectibles, from vintage Wurlitzer jukeboxes to life-size fiberglass cows. The L.A. branch of a Bay Area hipster hangout, Wasteland, 7248 Melrose Ave. (tel. 323/653-3028; www.wastelandclothing.com), has an enormous steel-sculpted facade. There's a lot of leather and denim, and some classic vintage -- but mostly funky 1970s-style garb, both vintage and contemporary. An outpost of the edgy Floyd's Barbershops, 7300 Melrose Ave. (tel. 323/965-7600; www.floydsbarbershops.com), keeps the street's style-for-less theme by charging around $21 for men's and $24 for women's cuts. It's like a salon, music store, and Internet cafe rolled into one.", "Here you will find high-quality, classic clothing and accessories for women and men at outlet prices. That means you will find everything from business suits to great-fitting jeans, all classically styled, but just modern enough to keep from being boring. This is the place to shop for a little black dress, an interview suit, a basic cashmere sweater, and the shoes and handbags to pull it all together. The casual clothes are distinctive, with a Southwestern preppy flair, and the helpful staff will create great outfits from the most unlikely elements. You will even be offered something to drink while you are shopping.", "North Seattle: Thrift stores scattered throughout the area, bulk grocery shopping at Aurora Avenue N, and fashion shops at Northgate Mall.", "Stocks women’s wear, leather bags, shoes and handicrafts. This chic boutique offers both ready-to-wear and made-to-fit clothing.", "Casas. A chain of footwear stores that selects most popular (?) models from a dozen+ of mid-range brands.   edit", "Sat 8/17 10a-2p jewelry, diva clothes 14-22, big screen TV, furn, artwork, auto parts 15722 Ancient Oak Dr", "Northface, new, never used, $275. 815-477-9829 BAR STOOLS - Sharp white leg with natural top, counter height wooden bar stools with taupe suede covers. Excellent condition, $75 for both. 815-477-9023 BEAUTY ORGANIZER - Rollabout roller cart, organize all your beauty essentials, easy to sort and reach, even locks, commercial grade quality. Excellent condition - $95. 815-477-9023", "107. Beyond Stores : Beyond Stores is an emerging online furniture retailer located in Davie, Florida. We were recently ranked among the Top 1000 ecommerce sites in North American by Internet Retailer (internetretailer.com). They sell a wide array of furniture, decorations and furnishings for the home.", "Several shops are located downtown Steamboat on Lincoln Avenue. Additionally, there are stores on the mountain near the ski area in Ski Times Square.", "A closed market with 300 stores. Here you can find anything you want but don't forget to bargain! You can drop prices up to 60%. A must see!", "For art or designer home goods, River North is the place to go. Centered between the Merchandise Mart and the Chicago Avenue Brown Line \"L\" stop in the Near North , River North's gallery district boasts the largest arts and design district in North America outside of Manhattan. The entire area is walkable and makes for fun window-shopping." ]

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[ "I remember those candy bar ads for Mounds and Almond Joy. “Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don’t, Almond Joy’s got nuts, Mounds don’t.” The jingle gets sung often at our house when someone does something nutty like walking around with your shirt inside out, or wears two different colored shoes to work (guilty on both charges).", "During the 1970s, the Peter Paul company used the jingle, “Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don’t / Almond Joy’s got nuts / Mounds don’t,” to advertise Almond Joy and Mounds in tandem. In a play on words, the “feel like a nut” portion of the jingle was typically played over a clip of someone acting like a “nut”, i.e., engaged in an unconventional activity, such as riding on a horse backward.", "During the 1970s, the Peter Paul company used the jingle, \"Sometimes you feel like a nut / Sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts / Mounds don't,\" to advertise Almond Joy and Mounds in tandem. In a play on words, the \"feel like a nut\" portion of the jingle was typically played over a clip of someone acting like a \"nut\", engaged in some funny-looking activity, such as riding on a horse backwards. [2]", "MORE AD SLOGANS • “Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don’t” was the jingle originated in the 1970s by Peter Paul to advertise its chocolate and coconut candy bars Mounds and Almond Joy. The original slogan of Mounds, a confection created in 1920, was “indescribably delicious.” It was the result of a contest that challenged entrants to come up with the best two words to sell a candy. The winner took home $10. Almond Joy (for when you feel like a nut!) came along in 1946. Continued on next page!!", "The advertising slogan \"sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't\" was featured in the funk / dance song \" Wide Receiver \" by Michael Henderson .", "Television commercial for Almond Joy and Mounds candy bars, featuring the classic \"Sometimes you feel like a nut\" jingle. (1989)", "An Almond Joy is a candy bar manufactured by Hershey’s. It consists of a coconut-based center topped with one or two almonds, the combination enrobed in a layer of milk chocolate. Almond Joy is the sister product of Mounds, which is a similar confection but without the almond and coated instead with dark chocolate; it also features similar packaging and logo design, but in a red color scheme instead of Almond Joy’s blue.", "Nuts. Fond; pleased. She’s nuts upon her cull; she’s pleased with her cully. The cove’s nutting the blowen; the man is trying to please the girl.", "I like the 'aw, nuts' possibility. Personally, I never understood why people were always so tickled when the narrator gets to the part where he talks about the reply and spits out the word \"Nuts!\".", "GOT TO BE NUTTERS You don’t have to be nuts to work here, but it helps! Especially when coming across NUTTERS, a new range of tasty, nutty mixtures. From sweet and salty crunch of Sweet n’ Sassy, Smokin’ Chipotle’s spice, or a little indulgence with Chocoholic Chomp, to Ginger Nuts, Almond Craze, Cruisin’ Cashews and Off the Wall nuts, there are seven varieties from which to choose. So use your nut, pick up a pack (RRP $3.99-$4.29)!", "Fruitcakes, which are cakes containing both fruit and nuts, have been in existence since the Middle Ages, but it is unclear when the term started being used disparagingly, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, as a slur for a 'crazy person' (e.g. \"he's a complete fruitcake\") although Cassell's Dictionary of Slang traces uses of fruitcake meaning an eccentric (crazy) person to 1910s. It is derived from the expression \"nutty as a fruitcake\", which was first recorded in 1935. A nut can be either a seed or a fruit.", "The almond, is a species of tree native to the Middle East and South Asia. \"Almond\" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus Prunus, it is classified with the peach in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.While the almond is often eaten on its own, raw or toasted, it is also a component of various dishes. Almonds are available in many forms, such as whole, sliced (flaked, slivered), and as almond butter, almond milk and almond oil. These variations can be used in both sweet and savoury dishes.", "While accepting the MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist Video that year for \"Sleep To Dream\", Fiona Apple appealed to her audience not to be enamored of celebrity culture. She proclaimed, \"this world is bullshit\" and quoted Maya Angelou, saying \"go with yourself.\" Though her comments were generally greeted with cheers and applause at the awards ceremony, the media backlash was huge. Some considered her remarks to be hypocritical, seeing a contradiction between her appearance in a risqué music video in only her underwear and her telling young women to ignore celebrity culture. However she was unapologetic: \"When I have something to say, I'll say it.\" ", "It got its name Anacardium because of its heartlike shape. The actual nut is attached to the lower end of the fruit (the cashew apple). Locally, this fruit is used in beverages, jams, and jellies. After the fruit is picked (by hand), the nut is detached and sun-dried. Before the nut can be eaten, there are 2 shells and a skin that must be removed. The outer shell contains a poisonous oil that can blister the skin; it was once believed that uncooked cashew nuts were also poisonous. However, the shell oil does not in any way contaminate the raw nut. To remove this shell, and to get rid of this oil, the nuts are either placed among burning logs until the oil catches fire (the fumes of which are injurious to the eyes and skin) or put in modern roasting cylinders. Later, the inner shells are cracked open, also by hand, and the kernels heated to remove the skins. The cashew tree grows in Central and South America, the West Indies, East Africa, and India (from which the U.S. imports 64% of its supply). A delicious and nutritious drink can be made by blending 1 cup cashews, 1 quart water, 1 tbs. soy oil, 2 tbs. raw honey, and 1/4 tsp. salt.", "For some people, Nutella —a smooth chocolate-hazelnut spread found in the peanut butter aisle in most supermarkets—is a nostalgic childhood treat. But I didn’t taste it until college, when a friend who’d been living in Europe introduced me to it, so I may always think of it as a more sophisticated sweet. The stuff from the jar is pretty darn good, although the fabulous pastry chef Gale Gand taught me how to make it from scratch, and that’s now my favorite version. You can really taste the hazelnuts and feel some of their texture. I’ve been known to eat it with a spoon, as anyone else who’s honest will admit to doing.–Christie Matheson", "\"Almond\" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus Prunus, it is classified with the peach in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated shell (endocarp) surrounding the seed.", "I'm not sure that these other nuts match the taste well. –  alan2here Nov 14 '15 at 23:21", "I think this has to be the best post on nut butters out there! Bravo! Nuts are a great source of healthy fats and I sometimes throw some raw ones like Brazil nuts in my smoothies to get a shot of selenium. Pinning this great post!", "I thought in Michael Jackson’s “Wanna Be Starting Something” when they say “you’re the best of both” that they were saying “you’re a vegetable.” lolz", "Snickers Rockin' Nut Road (limited ion, sold as Rocky Nut Road in Canada, contains almonds, caramel, marshmallow flavored nougat, and dark chocolate)", "Then this recipe came along. I sniffed at it for a long time, still feeling the fitta di dolore, or stab of Italian pain. Getting a Vitamix is what finally got me to try homemade nutella. That machine could grind an entire bag of peanuts into the most amazing homemade peanut butter, so I was intrigued in terms of what it could do with hazelnuts and chocolate. I veered from the recipe as written, using 1 1/4 cups hazelnuts, grapeseed oil, 7 ounces milk chocolate, and 4 ounces 65% dark chocolate. The V-mix tore through the ingredients in no time, netting me 2 cups of the most nutty, lappable homemade Nutella I’d ever imagined. I felt redeemed. I had created a treat that was special, personal, and utterly unprocessed.", "Adri I remember you’ve mentioned Pariani hazelnut oil before and I will have to try it. And I also remember the days of the strange “filbert.” We always had hazelnuts in the house at Christmastime. My mother would buy bags of them whole, unshelled, and my sister and I would have to do the shelling. But it was worth it. For years my mom made the most delicious hazelnut crescent cookies; they just melted away in your mouth. I’ll have to revive that recipe one day.", "Hello; Thanks for these great nut butters!! Where do you buy your nuts; I thought you listed a place you like most?", "eating many nuts, as a snack, or in baked goods. May we suggest Chocolate Almond Ice Cream?", "I am happy to know that I am not the only person in a world which decided to bite on cashew nutshell!", "So what is Oneshot Wonder Doh Nuts? Its a slightly sweet mild strawberry cream with an undertone of bakery breadiness.", "Oreos are my favorite. I pry them apart and scrape the cream out with my teeth and then eat the chocolate. I've loved them my entire life.", "Self-Check 7 1. For the Asian profile, which food group should tofu and nuts be placed in?", "I haven’t had the “privilege” of eating a raw cashew from the shell like some here. Lucky for me I guess!", "Having read some of the posts here and the reactions people get make me wonder why we even eat them at all? I have eaten a whole can or bag of cashews in on sitting and never had any reaction beside my poop turning a light shade of tan. I guess I'm just fortunate!", "Every month I visit some friends from church.  I like to bring treats.  Probably because I like to receive treats.  So I ask the people I visit what kinds of treats they love.  The husband of one of my friends made it pretty clear (straight out told me) that he loved white chocolate macadamia cookies.  I tried to convince him that chocolate chip cookies were my specialty.  But he wasn’t having it. ", "My reaction to cashews is a fairly severs rash on my hands. This happened last month, couldn't understand it because I am careful to check for them." ]

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