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[ "Door knobs, knockers and letterboxes should be in keeping with one another and sympathetic to the size and style of the door. Simple brass ring knockers and \"Doctor's\" door knockers, popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, are two simple styles that suit both panelled and plank doors. Octagonal or round door knobs and handles and plain letterboxes work well with this simple look. Lionhead knockers and knobs with ornate embellishment are typical of the Queen Anne period while reeded (ridged) door furniture was used in late Georgian and early Victorian times. Edwardian door furniture is plain, with simple reeding, while Victorian is slightly heavier. Traditional-style door furniture coated in brushed and polished chrome and nickel creates a more contemporary look and works well with flatter, lighter colours. For top-of-the-range or custom-made door furniture, visit Drummonds (020 7376 4499; www.drummonds-arch.co.uk ), or JBBeardmore, which still uses original casts and molds from the 19th century and top-quality British brass ( www.beardmore.co.uk ). Good-quality generic door furniture is available at Danico ( www.danico.co.uk ) and Magnet ( www.magnet.co.uk ).", "Also called strike plate. a metal plate on a jamb holding the bolt of the lock on a door when closed.", "Striking plate. Flat metal plate fixed to the door frame or jamb with one or more bolt holes into which the bolt or bolts shoot.", "An ornamental or protective metal plate that surrounds a keyhole, drawer pull, doorknob, light switch, etc.", "A finial is an ornamental knob crowning, sometimes found on stretchers on a table, chairs and stools, on cabinets and at the top of pole screens.", "In the 19th century, a bell pull was used to summon servants by making bells in the bell room ring. So, you pulled the bell pull in your room and that would ring a bell in the bell room. The servant/s would then come up!", "bell - a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed", "With bells, an exterior striking agent of metal, pivoting from above, which is usually activated mechanically. Tolling hammers (common on early American church bells) are pivoted from below, and mounted so as not to interfere with the swinging of the bell.", "Metal plate installed in a shallow mortise on the door jamb and struck by the latchbolt when the door closes. May have a curved lip or a straight lip. Types include:", "Decoration may use brass inlay, marquetry, gilt metal, or ormolu. Either the dial or case, or both, may be painted.", "c. A part of an apparatus that strikes a gong or bell, as in a clock.", "A circular cover plate attached to the stile directly behind a knob or door handle. May be plain or have a decorative design embossed into the cover.", "There is, of course, no evidence for this at all: it is merely a plausible story, like so many that are taken to be history of technology. Nevertheless, it gives a motive for the creation of such a mechanism, and such mechanisms have indeed been used to strike bells. The interesting thing is that this application could have come first, before its use as an escapement. Our word clock is from a Latin word for bell (glocca), so there is a very close connection. This mechanism, the verge and foliot, is a mechanical relaxation oscillator, the balance beam or foliot being positively driven in one direction, brought to a stand, and impelled in the other direction at the end of each half-period. The mechanism is illustrated in the Figure on the right.", "bell hollow vessel usually of metal, but sometimes of horn, wood, glass, or clay, struck near the rim by an interior clapper or exterior hammer or mallet to produce a ringing sound. Bells may be categorized as idiophones, instruments sounding by the vibration...", "A generic term used to describe any metal fitting that goes onto furniture i.e., handles, locks, hinges, escutcheons, etc.", "Mechanical figure which chimes the time on bells by striking them with a hammer or one of its feet.", "an ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.", "A decorative door handle plate attached to the stile directly behind the handle(s). Generally square or rectangular shaped.", "Early English term was chime bells, from cymbals, an Anglicization of the Latin cymbala, a set of bells usually numbering up to 16 (but not more than 22) and hung stationary. They are played melodically (occasionally with simple harmony) either by automatic action from an electric keyboard or from a chime stand of wooden levers or sometimes pedals. If sounded automatically, the chime may be set off by clock action or by controls which permit designated periods of play. To chime refers to the automatic ringing of the bells of the chime. In England it also refers to the ordinary swinging of a church bell in a limited arc (as opposed to the full circle of 360 degrees for bells in change ringing).", "Some bells are used as musical instruments, such as carillons, (clock) chimes, agogô, or ensembles of bell-players, called bell choirs, using hand-held bells of varying tones. A \"ring of bells\" is a set of four to twelve or more bells used in change ringing, a particular method of ringing bells in patterns. A peal in changing ringing may have bells playing for several hours, playing 5,000 or more patterns without a break or repetition. They have also been used in many kinds of popular music, such as in AC/DC's \"Hells Bells\" and Metallica's \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\".", "The finial is an architectural device, typically carved in stone and employed decoratively to emphasize the apex of a gable or any of various distinctive ornaments at the top, end, or corner of a building or structure. Smaller finials can be used as a decorative ornament on the ends of curtain rods or applied to chairs and furniture. These are frequently seen on top of bed posts or clocks. Decorative finials are also commonly used to fasten lampshades, and as an ornamental element at the end of the handles of souvenir spoons. Architectural finials were once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on one's roof. Finial is also a term given to straw animals at the ridges of thatched cottages. Finial maker is the term given to the artisan that makes the straw animal.", "Dial Plate (Face): the physical plate on which the hour lines and furniture lie. It (usually) supports the gnomon.", "Wheel mounted on yoke of a swinging bell in order to facilitate swinging. All existing bell wheels of wood or cast iron must be replaced with a Verdin rolled channel steel wheel. If the customers have constructed their own wheel, it must have a 2” groove in it; no other wheel can be used.", "Soldiers heading to off to the trenches during the First World War used to touch the lion head door knocker for good luck. Then it was made of cast iron, whereas today it is brass and painted black to replicate the original.", "English brass sheet metal chamberstick with push-up signed Turner & Co., circa 1860. With original douter. Measures: Height: 4 1/2″, diameter of base: 5 1/2″.", "The carillon is a collection of tuned bells for playing conventional melodic music. The bells are stationary and struck by hammers linked to a clavier keyboard.", "FINIAL - decorative hardware , wood, metal or cast materials used to cap drapery rods , newel posts , furnishings , woodwork , etc.", "I already knew that Latin mottos were very common on sundials . As it turns out, clocks at one time also featured Latin phrases. Obviously, you can still custom engrave a quality mantle clock. But this particular masterpiece replicates Wedgwood's original designs from the 1880s and is already ornamented with a Tempus Fugit inscription. As for the price, it is unapproachable, alas!", "The protective housing for the movement. May be a simple wood and glass case or extremely decorative using polished fine marble and additional statue embellishments.", "Popular during the early 1600's. This style is mostly straight lined and squared. Prominent features of this design include twisted columns, turned balusters and spiraled legs. Favored decorations include marquetry, inlays, incrustation and elaborate relief carvings. Predominant woods used are walnut, ebony and oak.", "The piece is made of light-coloured wood and has been coloured to be darker; it is decorated in some places with red cloth and hammered sheets of yellow metal.", "A British table clock circa 1680. It had a square-fronted squat case with a domed top either of wood or pierced metal. The domed top was fitted with a small metal handle so it could be carried. The case was usually of ebony or walnut and decorated with elaborately pierced mounts of brass and mounted on small feet." ]

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[ "The Wasatch and Teton mountains were uplifted during the Cenozoic as a result of faulting, possibly due to processes related to extension in the Basin and Range region. Both ranges stretch in a north-south direction, and both border the Basin and Range: the Tetons stretch along the border of Wyoming and Idaho, and the Wasatch Range extends from the southeastern edge of Idaho down through Utah. The Wasatch Mountains (called the Bear River Mountains where they enter Idaho) formed from Cretaceous thrust faulting and the erosion of granitic batholiths followed by more recent uplift. The Teton Mountains are the youngest range in the Rockies, formed as the rocks along one side of a normal fault were uplifted due to crustal extension between nine and six million years ago. Rocks along the other side of the fault were downdropped, creating a valley that is today known as Jackson Hole. Thanks to the fault at the base of the range, the Tetons lack foothills on their eastern side, and rise sharply up to 2100 meters (7000 feet) above the valley floor.", "Jackson Hole is a valley between the Teton Mountain Range and the Gros Ventre Range in Wyoming. The term \"hole\" was used by early trappers or mountain men, who primarily entered the valley from the north and east and had to descend along relatively steep slopes, giving the sensation of entering a hole. These low-lying valleys are surrounded by mountains and contain rivers and streams, which were good habitat for beaver and other fur-bearing animals.", "-  The Teton Range is a mountain range of the Rocky Mountains in North America. A north-south range, it is on the Wyoming side of the state's border with Idaho, just south of Yellowstone National Park. The two principal summits are the Grand Teton at 13,770 ft (4198 m) and Mount Owen at 12,928 feet (3,940 m); most of the range is within the Grand Teton National Park.", "Stretching and thinning of the earth's crust caused movement along the Teton fault to begin about 6 - 9 million years ago. Every few thousand years, when the elasticity of the crust stretches to its limit, a fault (or break) of about 10 feet occurs, relieving stress in the earth's crust. The blocks on either side of the fault moved, with the west block swinging skyward to form the Teton Range, the youngest and most spectacular range in the Rocky Mountain chain. The east block dropped downward, forming the valley called Jackson Hole. The valley block under your feet has actually dropped down four times more than the mountain block has uplifted.", "From the end of the Mesozoic to present, the region went through a series of uplifts and erosional sequences. Commencing 66 million years ago the Laramide orogeny was a period of mountain-building and erosion in western North America that created the ancestral Rocky Mountains. This cycle of uplift and erosion left behind one of the most complete non-marine Cenozoic rock sequences found in North America. Conglomerate rocks composed of quartzite and interspersed with mudstone and sandstones were deposited during erosion from a now vanished mountain range that existed to the northwest of the current Teton Range. These deposits also have trace quantities of gold and mercury. During the Eocene and Oligocene, volcanic eruptions from the ancestral Absaroka Range buried the region under various volcanic deposits. Sedimentary basins developed in the region due to drop faulting, creating an ancestral Jackson Hole and by the Pliocene (10 million years ago), an ancestral Jackson Lake known as Teewinot Lake. During the Quaternary, landslides, erosion and glacial activity deposited soils and rock debris throughout the Snake River valley of Jackson Hole and left behind terminal moraines which impound the current lakes. The most recent example of rapid alteration to the landscape occurred in 1925 just east of the park, when the Gros Ventre landslide was triggered by spring melt from a heavy snowpack as well as heavy rain.", "Early nineteenth century fur trappers referred to high mountain valleys as \"holes\". When they named this valley Jackson Hole, they were geologically correct! Today the sheer east face of the Teton Range, rising abruptly more than a mile above the valley, captures our attention more than the valley does. Rocks and soil, thousands of feet thick, transported into the valley over the past several million years, mask the subsidence of the valley.", "Jackson Hole is a 55 mi long by 6 to wide graben valley with an average elevation of 6800 ft, its lowest point is near the southern park boundary at 6350 ft. The valley sits east of the Teton Range and is vertically displaced downward 30000 ft, making the Teton Fault and its parallel twin on the east side of the valley normal faults with the Jackson Hole block being the hanging wall and the Teton Mountain block being the footwall. Grand Teton National Park contains the major part of both blocks. Erosion of the range provided sediment in the valley so the topographic relief is only 7700 ft. Jackson Hole is comparatively flat, with only a modest increase in altitude south to north, however a few isolated buttes such as Blacktail Butte and hills including Signal Mountain dot the valley floor. In addition to a few outcroppings, the Snake River has eroded terraces into Jackson Hole. Southeast of Jackson Lake, glacial depressions known as kettles are numerous. The kettles were formed when ice situated under gravel outwash from ice sheets melted as the glaciers retreated.", "Second in mean elevation to Colorado, Wyoming has many attractions for the tourist trade, notably Yellowstone National Park . Hikers, campers and skiers are attracted to Grand Teton National Park and Jackson Hole National Monument in the Teton Range of the Rockies. Cheyenne is famous for its annual “Frontier Days” celebration. Flaming Gorge, the Fort Laramie National Historic Site, and Devils Tower and Fossil Butte National Monuments are other points of interest.", "The geographic position of the Teton Range and Jackson Hole is significant. Both are situated in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, the great chain of peaks dividing the North American continent in a north-south direction from Alaska to Mexico. Classified as one of the major natural regions of the continent, the Rocky Mountain cordillera is subdivided into three physiographic provinces. The Teton Range and Jackson Hole are in the Middle Rocky Mountain Province, characterized as \"an assortment of different kinds of mountains with differing trends and semiarid intermontane basins.\" [ 1 ] The Jackson Hole area divides two very different geophysic provinces: the Wyoming Basin to the southeast and the Columbia River Plateau to the west.", "The Yellowstone National Park lies in the recesses of the Rocky Mountains in northwestern Wyoming. It slightly overlaps Montana on the north and northwest, and Idaho on the southwest. It is rectangular, with an entrance about the middle of each side. It is the largest of the national parks, enclosing 3,348 square miles. It occupies a high plain girt with mountains. The Absarokas bound it on the east, their crest invading the park at Mount Chittenden. The Gallatin Range pushes into the northwestern corner from the north. The continental divide crosses the southwestern corner over the lofty Madison Plateau and the ridge south of Yellowstone Lake. Altitudes are generally high. The plains range from six to eight thousand feet; the mountains rise occasionally to ten thousand feet. South of the park the Pitchstone Plateau merges into the foot-hills of the Teton Mountains, which, thirty miles south of the southern boundary, rise precipitously seven thousand feet above the general level of the country.", "Wyoming is located in the Rocky Mountain section of the western United States. It is bounded on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado and Utah, and on the west by Utah, Idaho and Montana. Wyoming is one of three states entirely bounded by straight lines. It is the ninth largest state in the United States containing 97,914 square miles and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles; from the east to the west border, 375 miles.", "An ethereal mountain landscape where jagged peaks tower more than a mile above the Jackson Hole valley, Grand Teton National Park is located in northwestern Wyoming just south of Yellowstone National Park and just north of the town of Jackson. Visitors can reach the park through U.S. 191.", "Wyoming’s topography is dominated by several large basins and the ranges of the Rocky Mountains that border them. The broad basins are synclines. The mountains dominating Wyoming’s horizon were formed during a period of mountain-building activity known as the Laramide orogeny , which affected the region from about 70 million to 40 million years ago. The land surface of Wyoming has a mean elevation of 6,700 feet (2,040 metres) above sea level, the highest of any state except Colorado. Three-fourths of Wyoming lies more than 1 mile (1.6 km) in elevation, and two-fifths exceeds 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). The state’s lowest point, at 3,125 feet (953 metres), lies in the channel of the Belle Fourche River as it flows from the state into South Dakota; its highest point, Gannett Peak , part of the Wind River Range in west-central Wyoming, reaches 13,804 feet (4,207 metres) in elevation.", "Topographic maps show Jackson Hole's other distinctive features, such as Emma Matilda and Two Ocean Lakes, tucked in the hills between Buffalo Fork and Pacific Creek. Several buttes, possible remnants of ancient mountains scoured by glaciers, protrude from the valley floorincluding Signal Mountain adjacent to Jackson Lake, Blacktail Butte in the central part of the valley, and East Gros Ventre and West Gros Ventre Buttes in the southern portion of the valley. In the park, Timbered Island and Burned Ridge stand out as prominent stands of lodgepole forest surrounded by gray-green sagebrush flats. The sagebrush flats in the valley seem inconspicuous, yet they are a distinct topographic element. The sage plain east of the Snake and north of Blacktail Butte is Antelope Flats. Baseline Flat is the plain located between the Teton Range and the Snake River. And, of course, the Potholes are situated northeast of Burned Ridge and west of the river.", "Yellowstone National Park is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, the first National Park in the U.S. and widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.", "The Canadian Rockies include the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains of the Yukon and Northwest Territories (sometimes called the Arctic Rockies) and the ranges of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia. The Northern Rockies include the Lewis and Bitterroot ranges of western Montana and northeastern Idaho. These ranges formed along the eastern edge of a region of carbonate sedimentation some 17 miles (27 km) thick, which had accumulated from the late Precambrian to early Mesozoic time (i.e., between about 1 billion and 190 million years ago). This structural depression, known as the Rocky Mountain Geosyncline , eventually extended from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and became a continuous seaway during the Cretaceous Period (about 145 to 66 million years ago). The ranges of the Canadian and Northern Rockies were created when thick sheets of Paleozoic limestones were thrust eastward over Mesozoic rocks during the mountain-building episode called the Laramide Orogeny (65 to 35 million years ago). Some of these thrust sheets have moved 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 km) to their present positions. The western margin of the Canadian Rockies and Northern Rockies is marked by the Rocky Mountain Trench , a graben (downfaulted, straight, flat-bottomed valley) up to 3,000 feet (900 metres) deep and several miles wide that has been glaciated and partially filled with deposits from glacial meltwaters.", "The Bitterroot Mountains—one of the longest continuous ranges in the entire Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico—along with smaller ranges, including the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Cabinet Mountains, divide the state from Idaho. The southern third of the Bitterroot range blends into the Continental Divide. Other major mountain ranges west of the Divide include the Cabinet Mountains, the Anaconda Range, the Missions, the Garnet Range, Sapphire Mountains, and Flint Creek Range.", "Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It borders the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north, Montana to the northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. The network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.", "From its headwaters on Two Ocean Plateau in Yellowstone National Park, the Snake River flows north to south through the park, entering Jackson Lake near the boundary of Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway. The Snake River then flows through the spillways of the Jackson Lake Dam and from there southward through Jackson Hole, exiting the park just west of the Jackson Hole Airport. The largest lakes in the park all drain either directly or by tributary streams into the Snake River. Major tributaries which flow into the Snake River include Pacific Creek and Buffalo Fork near Moran and the Gros Ventre River at the southern border of the park. Through the comparatively level Jackson Hole valley, the Snake River descends an average of 19 ft/mi, while other streams descending from the mountains to the east and west have higher gradients due to increased slope. The Snake River creates braids and channels in sections where the gradients are lower and in steeper sections, erodes and undercuts the cobblestone terraces once deposited by glaciers.", "Idaho is a state in the northwestern portion of the US. Idaho is a mountainous state that borders the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north, Montana to the northeast, Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. Idaho is the 14th largest state in the US but the smallest of the eight rocky mountain states. Idaho is known as the Gem State due to the large amounts of Gems that are found and mined in Idaho, also Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State due to the amount of potatoes farmed and distributed from Idaho.", "As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97814 sqmi and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 mi; and from the east to the west border is 365 mi at its south end and 342 mi at the north end.", "The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13804 ft, to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3125 ft. In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges.", "Several points are worth noting about the Teton Range. Five to ten million years old, the Tetons are the youngest mountain range in the Rocky Mountains. In contrast, the great chain of the Rockies is 50 to 60 million years old. More important for people today, the Teton fault zone is active and, as a result, the range is still rising while the valley is sinking. Hence, the area is an active earthquake zone. Last, this dramatic rise of mountains explains, in part, the rugged beauty of the mountains today.", "More» The Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River in Wyoming are the largest by volume in the Rocky Mountains of the western United States, and they stand more than 300 feet tall-- almost twice as high as Niagara Falls. «Less", "At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road (established and built with government contractors in 1858), which had gone west from near South Pass, over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present-day Auburn, Wyoming, and entering Idaho. From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 mi. One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs. Another branch headed almost due west past Gray's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 mi west of Fort Hall.", "The Seven Devils Mountains rise along Idaho's border with Oregon in the west. To the west of the Seven Devils Mountains , lies the Snake River and Hells Canyon . From the summits of the Seven Devils Mountains to the bed of the Snake River, the deepest gorge in North America is over 7,800 feet, deeper than the Grand Canyon.", "In addition to 13775 ft high Grand Teton, another nine peaks are over 12000 ft above sea level. Eight of these peaks between Avalanche and Cascade Canyons make up the often-photographed Cathedral Group. The most prominent peak north of Cascade Canyon is the monolithic Mount Moran (12605 ft) which rises 5728 ft above Jackson Lake. To the north of Mount Moran, the range eventually merges into the high altitude Yellowstone Plateau. South of the central Cathedral Group the Teton Range tapers off near Teton Pass and blends into the Snake River Range.", "Ten miles northwest of Heart Lake is Madison Lake, the source of Madison River, the country between being a somewhat rugged range of mountains, of which Red Mountain is the most conspicuous. To the eastward from Heart Lake is [127] Mount Sheridan, from the summit of which a magnificent view of the Yellowstone Basin can be obtained. Nearer the great lake is Flat Mountain, whose altitude falls a little short of 10,000 feet. Between Flat Mountain and the Yellowstone Range the divide is very low, some of the branches of Snake River extending up to within two miles of the lake, where the elevation is not more than 400 feet above the lake level. It is doubtless this singular interlacing of the headwaters of the Yellowstone and Snake River that gave rise to Bridger's story of the \"Two Ocean River.\"", "Originally Yellowstone Lake was a hundred and sixty feet higher and very much larger than it is to-day. It extended from the headwaters of the present Yellowstone River, far in the south, northward past the present Great Fall and Inspiration Point. It included a large part of what is now known as the Hayden Valley. At that time the Continental Divide, which now cuts the southwest corner of the park, encircled the lake on its north, and just across the low divide was a small flat-lying stream which drained and still drains the volcanic slopes leading down from Dunraven Peak and Mount Washburn.", "One of the main routes to Old Faithful is from the south via Jackson, Wyoming, and the South Entrance. The park road crosses the Continental Divide three times. Waters flow east of the divide to the Atlantic, or west to the Pacific. This park route passes five geysers", "The Snake River—a major tributary of the Columbia River—originates in the Teton Wilderness, flows north into Yellowstone National Park, and then turns south, passing through the John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway into Grand Teton National Park. The river flows through Idaho and joins the Columbia in Washington. The Snake River is 1,040 miles long (1,674 km); 42 miles (68 km) of it are in Yellowstone National Park. The river feeds Jackson Lake—a natural lake augmented by a dam, resulting in regulated downstream flows since 1907. Visitors enjoy a multitude of recreational opportunities on the river such as rafting, fishing, and photography. The river is home to a wide variety of riparian and aquatic species, including the native Yellowstone cutthroat trout and an endemic variety, the Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat. The 2009 Snake River Headwaters Legacy Act designated the river above Jackson Lake as a Wild and Scenic River. More: Snake River", "A V-shaped, narrow, steep-walled canyon along the Shoshone River 6 miles west of the town of Cody drew the attention of Reclamation engineers as the perfect site for the new dam. At the onset of the project, crews carved a road through the rugged terrain to the dam construction site. (After the dam was completed, this road was expanded west to connect with the route to Yellowstone National Park. This scenic stretch of road was heralded as the �most wonderful 90 miles in America,� and became part of the National Park Service�s Park-to-Park Highway system, which was established in 1920.)" ]

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[ "A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.", "Theodolites are primarily used to measure horizontal and vertical angles though they can also be used to determine horizontal distances and elevations. Theodolites are primarily used by professional surveyors, though they are sometimes used in other disciplines like metrology and rocket launch technology.", "The Theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the vertical angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.", "Everyone has seen them - surveyors at a construction site or along a highway pointing what looks like a small telescope at a target. It is a small telescope, but they are not just looking at the scenery. Chances are, the surveyors are using a theodolite or transit to measure angles. By using the principles of trigonometry, the surveyors can use measured angles to figure out exactly where they are and where they (or the construction they are responsible for) are going.", "A theodolite (also known as a transit) was commonly used before the institution of total stations, but theodolites can still be found in abundance on eBay. It is an instruments used to measure angles of horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites consist of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes: the horizontal (or trunnion) axis and the vertical axis. The theodolite uses triangulation to provide the angles. Some theodolites are also equipped with an infrared-based distance measuring device for measurement of three-dimensional vectors.", "Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of the Earth. Surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, are used for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerisation, electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have to a large extent supplanted traditional instruments. Data collected by survey measurement is converted into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a structure must be sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Although surveying is a distinct profession with separate qualifications and licensing arrangements, civil engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic information systems. Surveyors also lay out the routes of railways, tramway tracks, highways, roads, pipelines and streets as well as position other infrastructure, such as harbors, before construction.", "There is a long history of theodolite use in measuring winds aloft, by using specially-manufactured theodolites to track the horizontal and vertical angles of special weather balloons called ceiling balloons, or pilot balloons or pibal. Early attempts at this were made in the opening years of the nineteenth century, but the instruments and procedures weren't fully developed until a hundred years later. This method was extensively used in World War II and thereafter, and was gradually replaced by radio and GPS measuring systems from the 1980s onward.", "Used to observe both horizontal angles to build triangles and vertical angles to determine elevations, the theodolite remained the backbone of geodetic surveys from the first fieldwork of the Survey of the Coast in the 1800s until today's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) largely replaced triangulation and traverse work with global positioning system (GPS) surveys in the early 1980s. Theodolites are still an essential part of the \"total\" of the \"total stations\" used by crews of NGS's Aeronautical Survey Program and by many private surveyors.", "Cheves also said there are some surveyors who like the traditional feel of a theodolite, and use it because of some closely held beliefs. In the early 1900s, before electric total stations and GPS technologies were available, surveyors had to use either a theodolite or even a compass and chain to measure angles, distances and borders. Since this was the only technology available, and state governments had to create official land boundaries for businesses and citizens, measurements taken by surveyors using these instruments were made official in governmental logs. Some highly traditional thinkers in the surveying industry, Cheves said, believe that in order to arrive at these early official borders, one must use the same instruments they had available back then.", "Surveying is essentially concerned with the direct measurement of three fundamental quantities: (1) the angle subtended at a point; (2) the distance between two points; and (3) the height of a point above some datum, normally mean sea-level. From the measurement of these three quantities, it is then possible to compute the three-dimensional positions of points. With the exception of electronic methods of determining distance, the instruments used by the surveyor have not radically changed in principle for 40 to 50 years. The advances in technology may have reduced the size and increased the efficiency of the instruments, but the fundamental principles remain unchanged. 6.2.1 Angular measurement using the theodolite The theodolite is used for the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. In simple terms, a theodolite consists of a", "Before GPS devices were available, geologists and cartographers used trigonometry and high-powered protractors called theodolites and transits to measure the height of mountains. An observer standing at a known distance away from a mountain and figuring out the angle from where he is on the ground to the peak can calculate the peak’s height. Scientists make more exact measurements by placing a GPS receiver on the peak and measuring the time it takes for radio signals to travel between the receiver and orbiting satellites.", "laws of plane trigonometry, which state that, if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the other two sides and angle can be readily calculated. One side of the selected triangle is measured; this is the baseline. The two adjacent angles are measured by means of a surveying device known as a theodolite, and the entire triangle is established. By constructing a series of such triangles, each adjacent to at least one other triangle, values can be obtained for distances and angles not otherwise measurable. Triangulation was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and other peoples at a very early date, with crude sighting devices that were improved into the diopter, or dioptra (an early theodolite), and were described in the 1st century CE by Heron of Alexandria.", "Prior to the invention of the theodolite, the goniometer was used in surveying. The application of triangulation to geodesy was described in the second (1533) edition of Cosmograficus liber by Petri Appiani as a 16-page appendix by Frisius entitled Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione.", "As technology progressed, in the 1840s, the vertical partial circle was replaced with a full circle, and both vertical and horizontal circles were finely graduated. This was the transit theodolite. Theodolites were later adapted to a wider variety of mountings and uses. In the 1870s, an interesting waterborne version of the theodolite (using a pendulum device to counteract wave movement) was invented by Edward Samuel Ritchie. It was used by the U.S. Navy to take the first precision surveys of American harbors on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. ", "There is some confusion about the instrument to which the name was originally applied. Some identify the early theodolite as an azimuth instrument only, while others specify it as an altazimuth instrument. In Digges's book, the name \"theodolite\" described an instrument for measuring horizontal angles only. He also described an instrument that measured both altitude and azimuth, which he called a topographicall instrument . Thus the name originally applied only to the azimuth instrument and only later became associated with the altazimuth instrument. The 1728 Cyclopaedia compares \"graphometer\" to \"half-theodolite\". Even as late as the 19th century, the instrument for measuring horizontal angles only was called a simple theodolite and the altazimuth instrument, the plain theodolite.", "Mark Cheves, editor of The American Surveyor magazine, says that there are really only two situations in which to use a theodolite today. In the third world, where access to electricity is spotty or nonexistent, theodolites are a natural alternative to the electric-powered total station. It can do this because intead of using computer driven measurements and calculations, the theodolite employs two discs, one on the vertical and one on the horizontal plane, that are manually rotated to set an angle. The surveyor then reads the angle using a tiny microscope attached to the side of the instrument.", "In surveying, reticles are designed for specific uses. Levels and theodolites would have slightly different reticles. However, both may have features such as stadia marks to allow distance measurements.", "Surveying. a glass or metal disk mounted concentrically with the spindle of a theodolite or level and graduated so that the angle at which the alidade is set may be read.", "The term diopter was sometimes used in old texts as a synonym for theodolite. This derives from an older astronomical instrument called a dioptra.", "A surveying instrument consisting of a shaft marked off in units of metres and centimetres, and used in conjunction with a transit to create a contour map of an archaeological site, or to record the vertical provenience of an artifact.", "DEFINITION: An instrument used in topographic and planimetric surveying, mapping, and planning with the plane-table method. It consists of a telescopic sight with stadia hairs mounted on a graduated metal ruler. This term is also used for any sighting device used for angular measurement. The device has a prismatic eyepiece and a spirit level for the plane-table. Some include compasses and most modern models can measure angles up to 30?.", "The fundamental technique is based of trigonometry and is known as surveying. It uses the phenomenon of parallax.", "A compass is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs. As dividers, they can also be used as tools to measure distances, in particular on maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and other purposes.", "Surveying instrument designed for use in the rapid determination of distance, direction, and difference of elevation from a single observation, using a short base which may be an intergraph part of the instrument.", "A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles . It consists of a magnetized pointer (usually marked on the North end) free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel. A compass can be used to calculate heading , used with a sextant to calculate latitude , and with a marine chronometer to calculate longitude . It thus provides a much improved navigational capability that has only been recently supplanted by modern devices such as the Global Positioning System (GPS).", "Note 1 to entry: Surveying is the science of measurements necessary to determine the locations of points (features) on or beneath the surface of the earth.", "Science that deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to their use for navigation.", "a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the Earth; Arabs introduced the compass from China to Europe, although current textual evidence only supports the fact that Chinese use of the navigational compass preceded that of Europe and the Middle East; critical to navigation and development of maritime trade and navigation, exploration;", "Early navigational device for measuring altitudes of heavenly bodies, also called a fore-staff, based on an Arab instrument called a Kamel.", "* Optical or prismatic hand-bearing compass, most often used by surveyors, but also by cave explorers, foresters, and geologists. These compasses generally use a liquid-damped capsule and magnetized floating compass dial with an integral optical sight, often fitted with built-in photoluminescent or battery-powered illumination. Using the optical sight, such compasses can be read with extreme accuracy when taking bearings to an object, often to fractions of a degree. Most of these compasses are designed for heavy-duty use, with high-quality needles and jeweled bearings, and many are fitted for tripod mounting for additional accuracy.", "“For quite some time researchers have been documenting the astronomical alignments of ancient archaeological and megalithic stone sites all over the world. But discovery of their geodesic alignment has been more recent. Geodesy refers to the theory and practice of surveying to determine the position of specific points on Earth’s surface. It is distinguished from plane surveying in that it deals with areas whose dimensions are so great that the curvature of the Earth must be taken into account. Geometric geodesy involves the creation of a mathematical model of Earth, while physical geodesy studies Earth’s gravity field.  The discovery of the precise alignment of Mayan sites along the 90th parallel is significant because it demonstrates that the Maya were aware of Earth’s curvature and knew the advanced formulas used in geodesy.", "The Geologist Model 1 Core Goniometer is a tool for holding orientated core firmly in position while planar and linear features are marked and measured. It is manufactured using non-magnetic materials so that accurate compass measurements can be made on the core without concern for magnetically induced errors." ]

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[ "Paul Marcarelli is an American actor best known as the ubiquitous \"Test Man\" character in commercials (\"Can you hear me now?\") for Verizon Wireless. He appeared in all of his Verizon commercials wearing a gray Verizon jacket and his own horn-rimmed glasses until 2011. He now appears as a spokesman for the Sprint network.", "The \"Can you hear me now?\" campaign, which was created for the newly formed Verizon Wireless, started running in 2001 and featured actor Paul Marcarelli in the role of \"Test Man,\" a character based on a Verizon network tester who travels the country asking \"Can you hear me now?\" The campaign, originally conceived by the agency Bozell in New York, ran from early 2001 to September 2010. Data from the technology tracking firm The Yankee Group shows that, in the early years of the campaign, net customers grew 10% to 32.5 million in 2002 and 15% more to 37.5 million in 2003. In addition, customer turnover dropped to 1.8% in 2001, down from 2.5% in 2000. In 2011, Marcarelli parted ways with Verizon and is now a spokesperson for Sprint.", "Tidbits® of Franklin & Crawford Counties ADVERTISING SLOGANS (continued): • The name of Paul Marcarelli is probably not familiar, but it’s almost certain that his face is. Paul was the actor who traveled the country for Verizon Wireless beginning in 2002 asking, “Can you hear me now?” The campaign was a huge success because most people are familiar with having to move to a place with better cell phone reception. The first year Verizon ran the ad, their sales improved by 10%, and numbers grew by another 15% the following year. Today, Verizon’s slogan is “Never settle.” NOTEWORTHY INVENTORS:", "*In 2009, Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone. The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why, when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage. (Verizon's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T's.) The toy airplane replies: \"You're gonna fit right in here!\" and falls on the ground laughing.", "# A follow up to the fourth commercial shows the same caveman talking on his cell phone, complaining about the offending billboard, saying \"I'm looking right at it!\".", "Cuddy: [To person on phone] I'm going to call you from my cell. [Hangs up phone] And then I will come back in here! [To person on cell phone] Hey. Yeah... I just had to explain to him that I had his balls and he's not getting them back. [Walks by House] Excuse me.", "In an era before cell phone use, Cannon was using a \"mobile phone\" in his car, which was highly rare at the time. (TV detectives Richard Diamond and Peter Gunn each had one in the late '50s as did Mannix in the '60s.) Cannon would begin by asking the mobile operator to dial a call for him. Phones of this type were precursors to modern cell phones. The phone prop itself, in his car, was a Motorola brand MTS mobile phone.", "So this ad started and we all thought it was part of the show: clips that showed characters answering the phone. Only after it was over do you see it was an ad, indicated by the word \"hello\" and an image of the iPhone. The device won't appear for 4 months after I write this, but I will make a prediction about the product that will make this ad seem important in retrospect.", "“Where’s the beef?” was a slogan of Wendy’s used in a T.V. commercial that debuted in 1984. The character of the elderly lady who poses the proverbial question was played by", "In the mid-1980s, Adams reprised his role of Maxwell Smart for a series of telephone banking commercials for Empire of America Federal Savings Bank in Buffalo, New York. The telephone banking service was called SmartLine, and Sherwin Greenberg Productions (a video production company and bank subsidiary) produced radio and television ads, as well as a series of still photos for use in promotional flyers that featured Don Adams' Maxwell Smart character wearing the familiar trenchcoat and holding a shoe phone to his ear. The television commercials were videotaped in Sherwin Greenberg Productions' studio on a set that resembled an old alleyway which utilized fog-making machinery for special effect. The production company even secured a lookalike of the red Alpine that Adams used in the television series, making it a memorable promotion for those familiar with the series of nearly 20 years earlier.", "Adams played Smart in a 1989 TV commercial for Kmart. He was seen talking on his trademark shoe phone, telling the Chief about the great selection of electronics available at Kmart. An exact replica of himself approaches him, and Smart says, \"Don't tell me you're a double agent.\" (This was a reference to a running gag on the original series, in which Max detected some sort of setback or danger, and would say to 99, \"Don't tell me...\" and then 99 replied by stating a confirmation of whatever Max was afraid to hear, to which Max would always respond, \"I asked you not to tell me that!\")", "* Lincoln Financial — Three spoofs of the investment company's \"Get to know the future you\" campaign, specifically an ad in which an airline passenger meets the future version of himself. In Ad #1, a man (Jason Sudeikis) has oral sex with his future self; in Ad #2, another man (Bill Hader) is told by his future self that he's going to gain weight, go bankrupt, fly to Hawaii, and kill himself (but not before making out with him); Ad #3 finds another man (guest Ben Stiller) mistaking a female passenger (Abby Elliott) for his transgender future self. ", "\"I'm gonna describe a scene from a popular commercial, and all you have to do is tell me the product that I'm talking about.\" - David Ruprecht (about the questions that was based on the popular commercials)", "gs: James Hong (Bruce) David Tress (Mr. Cohen) Judy Kain (Lorraine) Kate Benton (Woman on Phone) Michael Mitz (Phone Guy) Kendall McCarthy (Man)", "Under the guidance of the BBDO agency in New York, \"The Joy of Pepsi\" made its debut during the telecast of the 2001 Super Bowl and did so with someone who was not a persona of youthfulness. In the television spot \"Testimonial\" former politician Dole offered a spoof of his earlier commercial for Viagra, a drug used to treat erectile disfunction, which claimed that the little blue pill had returned him to a feeling of youth. In the \"Testimonial\" spot Dole once again made the connection between a feeling of youthfulness and a \"faithful little blue friend,\" this time referring to Pepsi. The 60-second spot ended with Dole doing a back flip on a beach.", "••• Alan Kalter with Big Show Highlights and the CBSO with U2's \"Beautiful Day\" ••• \"Mystery Missile\" / Alan Kalter emcees the second episode of this cool new feature: \"Dave, tonight's mystery missile is a whole-wheat baguette. Sponsored by Super Poli-Grip®. It's Crazy Glue® for your gums!\" Dave: \"Alan, when... since when does 'Mystery Missile' have a sponsor?\" \"Mind your own business, ass****,\" Alan replies. Then the smoking baguette flies through, with the Poli-Grip® banner on its side. ••• It's a call on the 1979 Touch Tone phone, with Jeff Altman as a drunken ne'er-do-well.", "Barry Edwards' sketch consists of him with a new answerphone. When he tries to enter the 'please call me back' message, he tries many different ways of saying 'Hi, this is Barry. I'm sorry I can't answer your call, please call me back'. He tries out so many vocies, but is very indecisive over which one to use.", "The first of these Priceless ads was run during the 1997 World Series and there are numerous different TV, radio and print ads. MasterCard registered Priceless as a trademark. Actor Billy Crudup has been the voice in the US market; in the UK, actor Jack Davenport is the voice. The original idea and concept of the campaign stems from the advertising agency of McCann Erickson (as it was named in 1997). ", "* Tom Selleck (AT&T 1990s commercials, Florida Orange Juice, and Cornelius Robinson in Meet the Robinsons)", "* Wade Blasingame: Not the ballplayer, the Attorney-at-Law – the lawyer (Will Ferrell) people call to sue dogs. Ad features Chris Parnell acting like a dog. ", "* Phone Company – Features Lily Tomlin as a grouchy, apathetic operator who relates the goings-on and imperfections of her company. \"We don't care. We don't have to. We're the Phone Company.\" Sketch called Ernestine. ", "••• glass breaking FX: \"See the man today!\" (jingle) ••• Don Rickles was on last night. / \"Don Rickles Joke That Makes No Sense\" / video:", "* Appeared in television commercials promoting the Pitney Bowes personal post office. His sign off tag line is \"Hey, I look good in red!\"", "One pops up in Meet the Robinsons . He's actually not so bad once the bowler hat comes off. He did hog up a lot of the ads, though. The focus on his only speaking scene lead to him becoming the Ensemble Darkhorse .", "In November 2012, EE launched a series of advertisements promoting its 4G mobile service. All of the adverts, which featured actor Kevin Bacon, were filmed in Lewes.", "Robby has made few appearances after the 1970s, but he does make a cameo appearance in Gremlins (1984); he can be seen standing in the background and speaking some of his trademark lines. He was also featured in a 2006 commercial for AT&T.", "In the late 80's/early 90's, the show launched a 1-900 number where you could play at home for $5 a minute. The commercial featured Alex Trebek promoting the game. (See below the page for these hilarious outtakes from the commercials.)", "GROSS: And you get the picture from the cell phone message that we played. Who did you model Jesse on, early in the series?", "Catch Phrase : \"You kind of like me, don't you, Chuck?\" \"You're weird, Marcie.\" \"Stop calling me 'sir'!\"", "\"Lost Verizon\" featured a dedication to Paul Newman , who appeared as himself in \"The Blunder Years\".", "On March 11, 2010, Welch cameoed as himself in the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, appearing in the season four episode 'Future Husband'. In the episode, Welch confronts Alec Baldwin's character, Jack Donaghy, to confirm the sale of NBC Universal to a fictional Philadelphia-based cable company called Kabletown. The sale is a satirical reference to the real-world acquisition of NBCUniversal from General Electric by Comcast in November 2009.", "* In an episode of the television show, What's My Line?, in 1956. Charles Atlas was the mystery guest, calling himself Mr. X. " ]

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[ "Caving — also traditionally known as spelunking in the United States and Canada and potholing in the United Kingdom and Ireland — is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment. ", "Caving—also occasionally known as spelunking in the United States and potholing in the United Kingdom—is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems. No matter what you call it or where you want to do it, Funfix.com has a wide choice of locations and degree of difficulty to explore.", "Caving - also occasionally known as spelunking or Potholing - is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems.", "Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called caving, potholing, or spelunking.", "      scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of caves and cave systems. Exploration and description of caves and their features are the principal focus of speleology, but much work on the chemical solution of limestone, rates of formation of stalagmites and stalactites, the influence of groundwater and hydrologic conditions generally, and on modes of cave development has been accomplished within this discipline. Speleology requires, essentially, the application of geological and hydrological knowledge to problems associated with underground cavern systems. Amateur exploration of caves, as a hobby, is called spelunking.", "speleology — noun a) The scientific study of caves. b) The recreational activity of exploring caves. See Also: speleological, spelunk …   Wiktionary", "..... Click the link for more information. , popularly called spelunking. It includes the measuring and mapping of caves and reporting on the flora and fauna found in them. One application of speleology is the tracing of the movement of underground waters to prevent water pollution.", "Caving is the recreational pastime of exploring wild cave systems. It is also called potholing. We have come up with a well sorted list of caving options in the country. Available in various locations, caving is available for all experience levels and ages too. We have special caving leisure activities for groups and can offer helpful tips and party planning ideas so that you can organize your day out perfectly.", "Urban exploration is the exploration of man-made structures, usually abandoned ruins or not usually seen components of the man-made environment. Photography and historical interest/documentation are heavily featured in the hobby and, although it may sometimes involve trespassing onto private property, this is not always the case. Urban exploration is also commonly referred to as infiltration, although some people consider infiltration to be more closely associated with the exploration of active or inhabited sites. It may also be referred to as draining, urban spelunking, urban rock climbing, urban caving, or building hacking. The nature of this activity presents various risks, including both physical danger and the possibility of arrest and punishment. Some activities associated with urban exploration may violate local or regional laws and certain broadly interpreted anti-terrorism laws or be considered tr... This channel was generated automatically by YouTube's video discovery system.", "So what is a caver? Unlike spelunkers, whose skills are questionable, and speleologists, who seem distinctly serious and un-fun, a caver may be considered the middle of the road cave explorer.Cavers enjoy caves for their own sake, and most people whose interest in caving is primarily recreational consider themselves cavers. Cavers often possess the best technical skills in moving safely underground, and many of the innovations in new equipment have been invented by cavers.", "Spelunx is an educational game cleverly disguised as an exploration in a cave. The cave contains many toys, games, and activities that are fun to play with but also happen to teach principles of math, biology, physics, etc.  ", "Sometime in the 1960s (according to Joe Walsh, and probably during an earlier upsurge of interest in venturing underground), spelunker began to take on the connotation of rank amateur, while those \"in the know\" but not degreed scientists began to refer to themselves as cavers. Steve Knutson (editor of American Caving Accidents) makes the same distinction in a 1995 article given at a Risk Management conference:", "speleology — [ˌspi:lɪ ɒlədʒi, ˌspɛl ] noun the study or exploration of caves. Derivatives speleological adjective speleologist noun Origin C19: from Fr. spéléologie, via L. from Gk spēlaion cave …   English new terms dictionary", "Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the outdoor activity or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to mountaineering or diving. Caving, like many other outdoor activities, are not inherently dangerous. The danger comes when you are unprepared either without the right skills or without the right equipment.", "A first-person exploration game where you explore a deserted island and try to understand how it came to be the way it is, and who left all these weird puzzles lying around.  ", "People interested in initiation in caving or canyoning can contact the “bureau des moniteurs” (guides association). A personal guided initiation or exploration of a cave or a canyon will be proposed to them. In this structure, you can expect a more classic customer/salesman relationship. The “bureau des moniteurs” can also organize for you other sporting activities such as escalating and via ferrata.", "ClimbingClimbing is the activity of using hands and feet or indeed any other part of the body to ascend a steep object. It is done both for recreation to reach an inaccessible place, or for its own enjoyment.", "An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving. The genre's focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, encompassing a wide variety of literary genres. Many adventure games (text and graphic) are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult. Colossal Cave Adventure is identified as the first such adventure game, first released in 1976, while other notable adventure game series include Zork, King's Quest, The Secret of Monkey Island, and Myst.", "The Speleological Exploration Club is a founder member of the national caving body, the Speleological Association of South Africa. We are based in Gauteng, South Africa, and are dedicated to exploration, conservation and the scientific study of caves.", "Dark Cave 350.000 VND. Cave that you explore with headlamps, as it's not illuminated, whose main attraction is to be filled with mud. You follow a narrow passageway that leads to a mud pool, where you can lay down without sinking. It's silly, but fun. You zipline to the entrance of the cave, then return kayaking, and do a zipline jump into the river. They have lockers at the entrance, so you can leave all your clothes there and go into the cave just in your swimsuit.", "Exploration games are narrative-focused adventures that allow players to experience their story through exploration and discovery. They are story-focused and feature fewer puzzles or even no puzzles at all. They allow players to roam around an environment freely and often tell their story through discovering elements like books, journals, or clues rather than through dialog and cutscenes as in more traditional adventure games. As puzzles are de-emphasized, story and atmosphere are placed at the forefront. The lack of actions has led to these types of games being referred to by the sometimes derogatory term walking simulators. Some examples of exploration games include Gone Home, Dear Esther, The Stanley Parable, Jazzpunk, and Thirty Flights of Loving. ", "Caving is great for stag groups, birthdays, teenagers, adventurous families, group activities, shared experiences or just that unique experience", "Too much emphasis on the labeling of caving as a sport can narrow the goals of caving as a whole. Caving often puts the needs and welfare of a cave before those of the active participants. It is fair to say that while caving shares some attributes of sport activities, for many it transcends sports as many cavers pursue cave science, mapping, photography, and the management and conservation of cave resources.", "So now that you know the difference--what are you? A Spelunker? A Speleologist? or A Caver?", "/ad'vent/ n. The prototypical computer adventure game, first designed by Will Crowther on the PDP-10 in the mid-1970s as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming, and expanded into a puzzle-oriented game by Don Woods at Stanford in 1976. (Woods had been one of the authors of INTERCAL.) Now better known as Adventure or Colossal Cave Adventure, but the TOPS-10 operating system permitted only six-letter filenames. See also vadding, Zork, and Infocom. This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style since expected in text adventure games, and popularized several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: \"A huge green fierce snake bars the way!\" \"I see no X here\" (for some noun X). \"You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike.\" \"You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different.\" The `magic words' xyzzy and plugh also derive from this game. Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually has a `Colossal Cave' and a `Bedquilt' as in the game, and the `Y2' that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a secondary entrance. ADVENT sources are available for FTP at ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/doc/misc/if-archive/games/source/advent.tar.Z. There is a Colossal Cave Adventure page. From Jargon Dictionary http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/index.html", "Free MountaineeringMountaineering or mountain climbing is the sport, hobby or profession of walking, hiking, backpacking and climbing mountains.", "Well, swerve your path here to learn about the ancient creatures, at the same time edifying your knowledges about the world !", "A few miles north of the village of Sant Miquel, which has an attractive hill-top church and some good tapas bars, is the tourist attraction cave complex of Cova de Can Marca. The caves have been commercialised and fitted with some spectacular sound and lighting effects, providing for an entertaining guided tour. The caves are situated atop a rocky inlet and there is a spectacular view over the bay and of the islands of Murada and Feriradura from the cave site. The cave is said to be more than 100,000 years old and features underground lakes, stalactites and stalagmites. There was once a natural waterfall in the cave system but the waterfall featured on the tour today is a replica, as the waterbeds of the cave system are now fossilized. Only in some of the deepest caverns are stalactites and stalagmites still being formed. The caves were once used by smugglers to hide their cargo and it is still possible to see the marks they made on the walls to guide them through the cave system. Tours are held in various languages and take about 40 minutes. The tours are suitable for people of all ages and fitness levels and are very popular with tourists. It is not necessary to book in advance.", "A: Yes there are, and you're gonna have to find out what and where they are by yourself thats the fun part.", "Cross the bridge and head west. Follow the cave south, then east until you reach a chasm. On one side is a Swinging Rope, and the other has two spikes in the floor. Use your Rope with the spikes. When the Rope catches, you will walk across to the other side. ", "Cavers will survey and map, just for the privilege of naming the passages with some awful pun. Some cavers are ardent photographers, not so much for documentation, as for slideshows and videos to entertain fellow cavers.", "The Historic Tour was interesting and the park ranger who led the tour was funny and entertaining. You won’t see stalactites and stalagmites on this tour, but you will see huge cave “rooms” and interesting rock formations." ]

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[ "On Oct. 17, 1931, Chicago gangster Al Capone was convicted of income tax evasion and later sentenced to 11 years in federal prison, ending his control of the Chicago underworld.", "Oct. 17, 1931: Al Capone is convicted of income tax evasion and later sentenced to 11 years in prison", "Al Capone, also called Scarface, was a major gangster during the Prohibition era in Chicago. He was eventually prosecuted and convicted for tax evasion in 1931. He was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison and served 8 before he was released. He died from a stroke in 1947.", "On the 4th May 1932, Al Capone began life as a convict in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. Found guilty on October 17th 1931 of Federal Income Tax Evasion, he was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment. Capone.... . .", "October 24, 1931 - Chicago gangster \"Scarface\" Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for Federal income tax evasion. In 1934, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison near San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939, suffering from syphilis. He retired to his mansion in Miami Beach where he died in 1947.", "Related subject: Prohibition gangsters. Alphonso Gabriel <a href=\"/name/nm0135330/\">Al Capone</a> (January 17, 1899 - January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently also became known as the 'Capones', was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities, such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931. <br/>{1931}: Capone was convicted of federal charges of tax evasion and sentenced to federal prison; he was released on parole in 1939.<br/><br/>FBI - Al Capone: <a class=\"offsite-link\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"//www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/al-capone\">//www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/al-capone</a>.", "1931: Chicago gangster boss, Al Capone, was given an 11-year jail sentence and fined $80,000 for tax evasion. He served eight years.", "The notorious American gangster Al Capone committed a litany of crimes, but it was a tax evasion charge that finally brought him down, leading to a prison sentence of 11 years that he served starting in 1932. Capone was already sufferi Continue Reading", "Also featured, the guilty verdict for one of the most infamous gangsters of the era, Al Capone, who was convicted in Chicago in 1931and sentenced to 11 years in prison for not paying taxes on money earned from his illegal operations.  Capone also famously spent a year incarcerated at Eastern State Penitentiary Historical Site for a 1929 charge of gun possession.", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), commonly nicknamed \"Scarface\", was an Italian-American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. Known as the \"Capones\", the group was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.Born in Brooklyn, New York to Italian immigrants, Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14. In his early twenties, he moved to Chicago to take advantage of a new opportunity to make money smuggling illegal alcoholic beverages into the city during Prohibition. He also engaged in various other criminal activities, including bribery of government figures and prostitution. Despite his illegitimate occupation, Capone became a highly visible public figure. He made various charitable endeavors using the money he made from his activities, and was viewed by many to be a \"modern-day Robin Hood\".However, Capone gained infamy when the public discovered his involvement in the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, which resulted in the death of seven of Capone's rival gang members. Capone's reign ended when he was found guilty of tax evasion, and sent to federal prison. His incarceration included a stay at Alcatraz federal prison. In the final years of Capone's life, his mental and physical health deteriorated due to neurosyphilis, a disease which he had contracted earlier. On January 25, 1947, he died from cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke.", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone ( / æ l k ə ˈ p oʊ n / ; January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate . The Chicago Outfit , which subsequently also became known as the \"Capones\", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor , and other illegal activities, such as prostitution , in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.", "On this day in 1931: Al Capone was convicted of tax evasion | Crime | Pinellas County News", "His attempt to bribe and intimidate the potential jurors was discovered by Ness's men, The Untouchables . The venire (jury pool) was switched with one from another case, and Capone was stymied. Following a long trial, on October 17 the jury returned a mixed verdict, finding Capone guilty of three counts of tax evasion (for years 1925, 1926 and 1927) under section 1114(b) of the Revenue Act of 1926 and two counts of failing to file tax returns (years 1928 and 1929) under section 146 of the Revenue Act of 1928 [25] [26] [27] (the Volstead Act violations were dropped). Capone was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment, at the time the longest tax evasion sentence ever given, along with heavy fines, and liens were filed against his various properties. [28] His appeals of both the conviction and the sentence were denied. [29] One of the Capone properties seized by the federal government was an armored limousine. The limousine was later used to protect President Franklin D. Roosevelt after the attack on Pearl Harbor . [30]", "The federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone, and they prosecuted him for tax evasion in 1931, a federal crime and a novel strategy during the era. During the highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capone’s admissions of his income and unpaid taxes during prior (and ultimately abortive) negotiations to pay the government any back taxes he owed. Capone was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison . After conviction, he replaced his old defense team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling, but his appeal ultimately failed.", "In 1931 Capone was indicted for income tax evasion and various violations of the Volstead Act. Facing overwhelming evidence, his attorneys made a plea deal, but the presiding judge warned he might not follow the sentencing recommendation from the prosecution, so Capone withdrew his plea of guilty. Attempting to bribe and intimidate the potential jurors, his plan was discovered by Ness's men. The venire (jury pool) was then switched with one from another case, and Capone was stymied. Following a long trial, he was found guilty on some income tax evasion counts (the Volstead Act violations were dropped). The judge gave him an 11-year sentence along with heavy fines, and liens were filed against his various properties. His appeal was denied. In May 1932, Capone was sent to Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary, a tough federal prison, but he was able to obtain special privileges. Later, for a short period of time, he was transferred to the Lincoln Heights Jail. He was then transferred to Alcatraz on August 11, 1934, where tight security and an uncompromising warden ensured that Capone had no contact with the outside world. His isolation from his associates and the repeal of Prohibition in December, 1933, precipitously diminished his power.[citation needed]", "By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission’s “public enemies” list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone’s criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income tax invasion.", "1931 - Al Capone and 68 of his henchmen were indicted for violating U.S. Prohibition laws.", "By the end of the 1920s, Capone had gained the attention of the Federal Bureau of Investigation following his being placed on the Chicago Crime Commission's \" public enemies \" list. Although never successfully convicted of racketeering charges, Capone's criminal career ended in 1931, when he was indicted and convicted by the federal government for income-tax evasion .", "For years Capone remained immune to prosecution for his criminal activities. In June 1930, after an exhaustive investigation by the federal government, Capone was indicted for income tax evasion. One of the most notorious criminals of the 20th century--the man held most responsible for the bloody lawlessness of Prohibition-era Chicago--was imprisoned for tax evasion.", "Chicago, Oct. 17-- Al Capone was found guilty here tonight on five of the twenty-three counts contained in the two indictments brought against him by the Federal Government for income tax evasion from 1924 to 1929.", "After detailed investigations, U.S. Treasury agents were able to arrest Capone for failure to file an income tax return. Forced to defend himself while being tried on a different charge in Chicago, Capone's testimony regarding his taxes did not match previous statements he had made, and he was found guilty of tax fraud. In October 1931 he was sentenced to ten years of hard labor, which he served in a prison in Atlanta, Georgia, and in prison on Alcatraz Island in California's San Francisco Bay.", "One of the most famous criminals in American history was active during the nineteen twenties. Al Capone was often called \"Scarface.\"  He was the head of a criminal group in Chicago, Illinois. He became known as \"Public Enemy Number One.\" Capone was involved in many illegal activities as well as murder.  He finally was sent to jail for not paying income taxes in nineteen thirty-one.  He lived a wealthy life, which you can see in the jail cell recreated to look like the one Capone occupied when he was in prison.", "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone , Dion O'Banion , Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. [67] Chicago was the location of the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929, where Al Capone sent men to gun down members of his rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran . [68]", "Alphonse Gabriel \"Al\" Capone (1899 – 1947) was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of recent Italian immigrants. His entrance into a life of crime began when he moved to Chicago and became a friend and bodyguard to Johnny Torrio, head of a criminal syndicate that illegally supplied alcohol during America’s Prohibition era. ", "Prohibition, which went into effect in 1920, proved to be an economic windfall for those in the Italian American community already involved in illegal activities, and those who had fled from Sicily. This entailed smuggling liquor into the country, wholesaling it, and then selling it through a network of outlets. While other ethnic groups were also deeply involved in these illegal ventures, and the associated violence, Chicago mobster Al Capone became the most notorious figure of the Prohibition era. Though eventually repealed, Prohibition had a long-term effect as the spawning ground for later criminal activities.", "The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw gangsters , including Al Capone", "Al Capone was an American gangster who rose to fame during the Prohibition era. Capone and many of his associates would travel 90-miles east and frequently vacation in the Michigan cities of St. Joseph and Benton Harbor.", "Although he controlled a criminal empire and ordered hits on a multitude of his enemies, Capone managed to avoid prosecution for years by paying off police and public officials and threatening witnesses. The mob boss finally was slapped with his first criminal conviction in May 1929, after he was arrested for carrying a concealed weapon in Philadelphia—at the time, he was on his way back to Chicago following a summit of organized-crime honchos in Atlantic City, New Jersey—and swiftly sentenced to a year in jail. He was freed in March 1930 and a month later the Chicago Crime Commission released its first-ever list of the city’s worst criminals; Capone was named Public Enemy No. 1.", "On March 13, 1931, a federal grand jury met secretly on the government's claim that in 1924 Al Capone had a tax liability of $32,488.81. The jury returned an indictment against Capone that was kept secret until the investigation was complete for the years 1925 to 1929.", "June 1931 - Capone is Sent to Prison - This is the U.S. Department of Justice Photo:" ]

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[ "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "North Dakota was admitted into the Union on November 2, 1889, becoming our Nation's 39th State. Nicknamed the \"Peace Garden State,\" North Dakota's quarter depicts a pair of grazing American bison in the foregound with a sunset view of the rugged buttes and canyons helping to define the State's famed Badlands in the background.", "November 2, 1889, North Dakota was admitted to the union as the 39th U.S. state and South Dakota as the 40th.", "Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, when the railroads were constructed into the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.", "Since 1957, “The Peace Garden State” has been the state’s official nickname and pays tribute to the International Peace Garden that straddles the Canadian border. The garden features a number of highlights including the Historic Interpretive Center, a 9/11 Memorial, and large floral clock that stretches 18 feet in diameter.", "Both North and South Dakota became states on November 2, 1889.  Was part of Dakota Territory before statehood. Admitted on same day as South Dakota", "Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)", "Both Dakotas became states on November 2, 1889. Was part of Dakota Territory before statehood. Admitted on same day as North Dakota", " Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the eighteenth most populous state. It comprises 114 counties and one independent city. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The largest city is Kansas City, and the four largest urban areas are, in descending order, St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri was originally purchased from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and part of the Missouri Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state in 1821.", "After settling a dispute with New York, Vermont was admitted to statehood in 1791, formally completing the defined area of New England. On March 15, 1820, as part of the Missouri Compromise, the territory of Maine, formerly a part of Massachusetts, was admitted to the Union as a free state. Today, New England is defined as made up of the six states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. ", "When Texas joined the Union in 1845, the vast territory of the republic was mostly unsettled and was considered public land. The state did not turn over ownership of those public lands to the federal government upon joining the Union. Instead, the classic, if peculiar, shape of Texas known today was determined as part of the Compromise of 1850. For a $10 million price tag, Texas sold 98,300 square miles of that public land to the United States. The land included parts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.", "* March 6 – The legislature of New York consents to the admission to the Union of a new state, Vermont, formed within the boundaries of New York, contingent upon the successful conclusion of negotiations concerning disputed real-estate claims and the boundary between the two states.", "The political conflict between the North and the South took definite form in 1819, when Missouri applied for admission into the Union. Application was made entirely in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Constitution, closely adhering to procedures established in the admission process of other states.", "Texas successfully achieved independence as a republic in 1836 and joined the United States. A border dispute between the US and Mexico led to the Mexican–American War, which began in 1846 and lasted for two years. Many Southerners intended that slavery should be extended to the west in these newly acquired territories but the United States generally would not permit it, except in Texas. The War was settled via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico was forced to give up more than one-third of its land to the U.S., including Alta California, New Mexico, and the disputed parts of Texas. A much smaller transfer of territory in what is today southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico—known as the Gadsden Purchase—occurred in 1854. ", "In the 19th century, the United States acquired land from France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over states' rights and the expansion of the institution of slavery provoked the American Civil War of the 1860s. Many haunted battlefields live long past their legendary bloodshed. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, the national economy was the world's largest. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for approximately 50% of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.", "The \"Blue Grass\" region of the US once extended from Pennsylvania in the east to Ohio in the west, and down into Tennessee in the south. Although the grass is green, the bluish buds produced in the spring give the grass a distinctly blue colour. Kentucky itself was the Bluegrass State from the time of the Civil War, and remains so (the name appears on the state licence plates). One suggestion for the origin of the name \"Kentucky\" is that it means \"dark and bloody ground\", and this led to the state (actually its a commonwealth) being known as Dark and Bloody Ground. This refers to battles between tribes of Indians, and not to any conflict with the white man, despite the fact that references as early as 1839 were saying that it was an allusion to battles between Indians and the first white settlers, and brought to the language by Daniel Boone. Over the years, Kentucky has been known as the Hemp State, the Rock-Ribbed State and the Tobacco State.", "As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States. Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844. On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union. ", "1820: The U.S. population is about 9.6 million. About 151,000 new immigrants arrive in 1820 alone. Maine is the 23rd state admitted to the Union. Its admission to the Union balanced the simultaneous admission of Missouri as a slave state. What is now the state of Maine was, before statehood, called the District of Maine and belonged to Massachusetts. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions passed in the United States Congress concerning Western Territories.", "With the gold rush came a huge increase in population and a pressing need for civil government. In 1849, Californians sought statehood and, after heated debate in the U.S. Congress arising out of the slavery issue, California entered the Union as a free, nonslavery state by the Compromise of 1850. San Jose became the capital. Monterey, Vallejo, and Benicia each served as the capital before it was moved to Sacramento in 1854. In 1853, Congress authorized the survey of a railroad route to link California with the eastern seaboard, but the transcontinental railroad was not completed until 1869. In the meantime communication and transportation depended upon ships, the stagecoach, the pony express, and the telegraph.", "On this day in 1876, Colorado became the 38th state to join the Union when President Ulysses Grant signed a proclamation of statehood. President Andrew Johnson had vetoed its first bid.", "New Mexico (; ) is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 47th state on January 6, 1912. It is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the fifth-most extensive, the 36th-most populous, and the sixth-least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "1796: Tennessee, formerly part of North Carolina, is the 16th state admitted to the Union . On June 8, 1861, it joined the Confederacy and became a major battleground for the Civil War, re-entering the Union after war's end. Electors chose John Adams to be the second president of the United States.", "Wyoming, nicknamed the \"Equality State,\" was admitted into the Union on July 10, 1890, becoming the Nation's 44th state. The reverse of Wyoming's quarter features a bucking horse and rider with the inscriptions \"The Equality State,\" \"Wyoming\" and \"1890.\"", "Missouri was admitted as a slave state on August 10, 1821, after an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise in which Maine was admitted as a free state. The state was much smaller than the territory. The area to the west and northwest of the state, which had been in the territory, was commonly known as the \"Missouri Country\" until May 30, 1854, and certain of the post offices in this area show a Missouri abbreviation in the postmark.", "Illinois was admitted to the Federal Union as the twenty-first state on December 3, 1818. Since that historic date, Illinois has been governed from three different cities and from six Capitol buildings, one leased and the rest state-owned.", "Most newly acquired regions of the U.S. went through long periods as territories before they had the 60,000 inhabitants needed to achieve statehood, and prior to the Gold Rush, emigration to California had been so slow that it would have been decades before the population reached that number. But with gold fever reaching epidemic proportions around the world, more than 60,000 people from around the globe came to California in 1849 alone. Faced with such rapid growth, as well as a thorny congressional debate over the question of slavery in the new territories, Congress allowed California to jump straight to full statehood without ever passing through the formal territorial stage. After a rancorous debate between the slave-state and free-soil advocates, Congress finally accepted California as a free-labor state under the Compromise of 1850, beginning the state’s long reign as the most powerful economic and political force in the far West.", "On December 18th 1787, New Jersey was the 3rd state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and entered as a \"Free State\".", "Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.", "Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation-state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.", "Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65), in which a northern Union of states defeated a secessionist Confederacy of 11 southern slave states, and the Great Depression of the 1930s, an economic downturn during which about a quarter of the labor force lost its jobs. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most powerful nation state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.", "        Learn what year your state joined the Union and became part of the \"United States of", "32. This is the 42nd state of the USA. It was admitted to statehood on November 11th 1889. Its state capital is Olympia & it is nicknamed the \"Evergreen State\"." ]

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[ "Trees that lose their leaves in the autumn are called deciduous trees. They grow in temperate regions – places that have warm summers and cold or cool winters. In autumn, temperatures start to fall and there are fewer hours of daylight for photosynthesis. To conserve energy during winter the trees shed their leaves and stop growing. This also helps them save water, which would otherwise evaporate from the surface of their leaves.", "Trees that lose their leaves in the fall are called deciduous. They grow in temperate places that have warm summers and cool or cold winters.", "Deciduous trees are those that lose their leaves each fall and enter a stage of dormancy for the winter months, according to the University of Minnesota's Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Site. The leaves that fell in the autumn chill grow anew in the springtime on deciduous trees, repeating this cycle of rebirth and death for the lifespan of the tree. Many families of trees go through this process in the United States, including the maples, most of the oaks, many nut and fruit trees, and other recognizable and common species.", "These tall, seed-producing plants live for many years and do not die in winter. Trees have a single woody stem, called a trunk, which thickens as they get older and supports their increasing bulk. In some parts of the world, trees grow together in FORESTS . Trees are divided into two main groups: conifers and broad-leaved trees. Many broad-leaved trees are DECIDUOUS , which means they lose their leaves in autumn. Conifers are mainly EVERGREEN TREES and they keep their leaves throughout the year.", "Beech trees lose their leaves in the fall and can therefore be classified as deciduous trees. Other deciduous trees include oak trees , birch trees , elm trees, maple trees ,and most ash trees .", "Deciduous -- Trees and plants that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season.", "These trees are sometimes referred to as broadleaf trees because of their leaves. They have larger and wider leaves as compared to those of coniferous trees. They spread out as they grow and they have rounded shapes as compared to conifers. Deciduous trees tend to drop their leaves during autumn. This is because the larger the size of the leaf the greater the surface area for photosynthesis and as such the leaf can not certain weather conditions. Most of these trees are hardwood trees. These trees are predominantly grown for their highly valued timber. The following is a list of deciduous trees", "The other common name of this group of plants is \"evergreens\". The term evergreen derives from the habit of these plants not to shed their leaves (needles) at one particular time, as do deciduous plants. The needles of evergreens are just thick, waxy, needle-shaped leaves. Individual needles stay on the tree branch for more than one year, although each is eventually shed and replaced with new needles. Needles are shed continuously, though not all at once, as in deciduous trees that drop their leaves for the winter. One exception, however, is the tamarack (Larix laricina) which drops its soft needles each fall. It is a deciduous evergreen. Tamaracks turn colour and drop their needles like a deciduous tree in autumn.", "Evergreens produce new greenery and shed part of their old foliage every autumn. While some evergreens drop significant amounts of foliage, others lose only small quantities annually depending on varying growth rates and individual age of trees. For needle-leaf species, it is the older, inner needles on branches that should change color and drop. However, whether broadleaf or needle-leaf, if the tips or entirety of evergreen branches dry out, this may signal a problem.", "Beech Tree Pictures Gallery contains many pictures of different varieties list of different types of beech trees , useful information and facts about the beech tree. The beech tree loses its leaves in the fall and is therefore classified as a deciduous tree.", "A moderately-sized to large tree with a spreading crown usually growing 12-25 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 35 m in height. It loses all of its leaves during autumn and winter, and new foliage emerges each spring (i.e. it is deciduous).", "The shedding of leaves is a habit broad-leaved trees have [Pg 17] learned by experience in contact with cold winters. The swamp magnolia is a beautiful evergreen tree in Florida. In Virginia the leaves shrivel, but they cling throughout the season. In New Jersey and north as far as Gloucester, where the tree occurs sparingly, it is frankly deciduous. Certain oaks in the Northern states have a stubborn way of clinging to their dead leaves all winter. Farther south some of these species grow and their leaves do not die in fall, but are practically evergreen, lasting till next year's shoots push them off. The same gradual change in habit is seen as a species is followed up a mountain side.", "Many Lauraceae are aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs adapted to high rainfall and humidity, but the Sassafras genus is deciduous. Deciduous sassafras trees lose all of their leaves for part of the year, depending on variations in rainfall. In deciduous tropical Lauraceae, leaf loss coincides with the dry season in tropical, subtropical and arid regions. In temperate climates, the dry season is due to the inability of the plant to absorb water available to it only in the form of ice.", "Leaves are essentially short-lived structures. Even when they persist for two or three years, as in coniferous and broad-leaved evergreens, they make little contribution to the plant after the first year. The fall of leaves, whether in the first autumn in deciduous trees or after several years in evergreens, results from the formation of a weak zone, the abscission layer , at the base of the petiole. Abscission layers may form when leaves are seriously damaged by insects, disease, or drought. Their normal formation in autumn appears to be, in part at least, due to the shortening of the day. Perhaps the shorter days accentuate the senile changes normal in older leaves. As a result, a zone of cells across the petiole becomes softened until the leaf falls. A healing layer then forms on the stem and closes the wound, leaving the leaf scar, a prominent feature in many winter twigs and an aid in identification.", "There are about 20 species, however, that straddle both worlds and are dubbed deciduous conifers. These trees form cones and sprout needles like conifer trees. On the other hand, they change colors in the fall and lose their needles every year like deciduous trees.", "The leaves of broadleaf trees are easily distinguished from the resinous, usually evergreen ones of the conifers. Most of them are deciduous, that is, shed every season, although some are persistent, that is, \"evergreen.\" \"Broadleaf,\" \"deciduous,\" and \"hardwood\" trees are the same. [p011]", "Many deciduous trees are found in regions which have cold, dark, harsh winters. Trees lose their leaves to protect themselves during the winter months, as the cold dry winds in these regions will readily strip moisture from the trees through the leaves, which have a large surface area. By losing their leaves, trees can conserve their moisture in the trunk and branches, rather than drying out and dying. In addition, the leaf loss puts the tree into a state of dormancy, and greatly reduces the amount of energy that the tree needs to stay alive.", "Normally, as deciduous trees (which include hardwoods and some conifers) prepare to shed their leafy summer coats, cells at the interface between the twig and the end of the leaf stem release enzymes and form an abscission layer that “unglues” the leaf – separating it from the vascular bundles, allowing it to fall free. All trees shed leaves, even conifers; however, they generally retain their needles for more than one year. Leaf drop benefits deciduous trees by reducing water loss and allows them to develop leaves that efficiently use available sunlight during warmer seasons. ", "Majority of the coniferous trees are evergreen, meaning they retain their green foliage throughout the year. While a very few species (e.g., tamarack and bald cypress) shed their leaves annually (deciduous habit).", "The horse-chestnut will serve as a type of deciduous trees. Its leaves are large, and they write out, as if in capital letters, the story of the fall of the leaf. It is a serial, whose chapters run from July until November. The tree anticipates the coming of winter. Its buds are well formed by midsummer. Even then signs of preparation for the leaf fall appear. A line around the base of the leaf stem indicates where the break will be. Corky cells form on each side of this joint, replacing tissues which in the growing season can be parted only by breaking or tearing them forcibly. A clean-cut zone of separation weakens the hold of the leaf upon its twig, and when the moment arrives the lightest breath of wind—even the weight of the withered leaf itself—causes the natural separation. And the leaflets simultaneously fall away from their common petiole.", "Most needle-like and scale-like leaves are evergreen. Exceptions are the needle-like but deciduous leaves of the American and Eurasian larches that turn a bright yellow before shedding in the fall.", "A tree that looses its leaves to inhibit or halt photosynthesis during the harsh season. While most commonly leaves fall before the cold winter, deciduousness can also take place as plants prepare for a hot and dry summer", "European Beech Tree, also known as common beech. It is the tallest of the beech trees which loses its leaves in Spring", "No, they are not. Evergreens refers to live leaves remaining on a plant year-round. Genus is a plant (and animal) classification similar to a last name. All members of the Smith family share the name Smith. Similarly all pines share the genus Pinus, all spruce share the genus Picea and junipers are in the genus Juniperus.", "A particularly noticeable manifestation of pigmentation in plants is seen with autumn leaf color, a phenomenon that affects the normally green leaves of many deciduous trees and shrubs whereby they take on, during a few weeks in the autumn season, various shades of red, yellow, purple, and brown. ", "Midsummer is the time to hunt for \"mittens\" and to [Pg 133] note how many different forms of leaves belong on the same sassafras tree. First, there is the simple ovate leaf; second, a larger blade oval in form but with one side extended and lobed to form a thumb, making the whole leaf look like the pattern of a mitten cut out by an unskilled hand; third, a symmetrical, three-lobed leaf, the pattern of a narrow mitten with a large thumb on each side. Not infrequently do all these forms occur on a single twig. Only the mulberry, among our native trees, shows such a variety of leaf forms as the sassafras. There is quite as great variation in the size of the leaves. One law seems to prevail among sassafras trees: more of the oval leaves than the lobed ones are found on mature trees. It is the roadside sapling, with its foliage within easy reach, that delights boys and girls with its wonderful variety of leaf patterns. Here the size of the leaves greatly surpasses that of the foliage on full-grown trees, and the autumnal colors are more glorious in the roadside thickets than in the tree-tops far above them.", "In the growing season the leaves are the tree's chief attraction. They are closely plaited, and covered with silvery down, when the bud scales are pushed off in the spring. In a day, the protective fuzz disappears, and the full-grown leaf is seen, thin, strongly feather-veined, uniformly green, saw-toothed. Summer shows the foliage mass almost as fresh, and autumn turns its green to pale gold. Still unblemished, it clings, often until the end of winter, lighting the woods with a ghostly glow, as the rain fades the color out. The silky texture is never quite lost.", "The stem is covered with a bark layer, which may be 50-100 mm thick. The bark is greyish brown and normally smooth but can often be variously folded and seamed from years of growth. The leaves are hand-sized and divided into 5-7 finger-like leaflets. Being deciduous, the leaves are dropped during the winter months and appear again in late spring or early summer.", "As the fall colors appear, other changes are taking place. At the point where the stem of the leaf is attached to the tree, a special layer of cells develops and gradually severs the tissues that support the leaf. At the same time, the tree seals the cut, so that when the leaf is finally blown off by the wind or falls from its own weight, it leaves behind a leaf scar.", "Leaves are by far the easiest way to identify trees. When using the leaves to identify trees, you have to consider their arrangement on the stem, whether they are simple (a single leaf) or compound (several leaves attached to a midrib) and the overall shape of the leaf. Shape characteristics include: the edges (or margins) and if they are smooth, toothed or lobed; the length of stems, or petioles; the shape of the tips and bases of leaf; and the surface details - all important in distinguishing a leaf from one species to another.", "In summer, these leaves are packed with the green pigment (coloring) chlorophyll, which captures sunlight energy. In fall, chlorophyll breaks down and is reabsorbed by the tree, revealing previously hidden pigments, such as reds, yellows, and oranges.", "Look at these pictures to see what some different types of leaves look like in the fall ." ]

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[ "Cookie Monster is a fictional Muppet character on the children’s television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases: “Me want cookie!”, “Me eat cookie!”, and “Om nom nom nom” (said through a mouth full of food).", "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\" \"Me eat cookie!\" and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He often eats just about anything, including ice cream, hot dogs, cake, pizza, doughnuts, lettuce, apples, bananas, watermelon, as well as normally inedible objects. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind; oatmeal cookies are his second favorite. In a song in 2004, Cookie Monster revealed that, before he ate his first cookie, he believes his name was Sid. Despite his voracious appetite for cookies, Cookie Monster shows awareness of healthy eating habits for young children, and since 2006 he has said that cookies are \"a sometime snack,\" and that he also enjoys fruits and eggplant.", "\"Om nom nom nom\" -- Cookie Monster's voracious appetite for his favorite chocolate chip treats have endeared him to viewers since \"Sesame Street's\" first season. He's even managed to fit in teaching some important lessons: Thanks to him, generations of kids have grown up knowing that \"C\" is for cookie.", "Familiar to generations of Sesame Street watchers, Cookie Monster is remembered for his gluttony and his distinctive voice.", "The Three Bears from the story of Goldilocks appear in Muppet form on Sesame Street. Also appearing on the show are an unidentified species of furry characters referred to as \"monsters\". Among these are Cookie Monster, a blue monster who is addicted to the baked goods for which he is named but ironically also likes healthy foods; Telly Monster, a purple worrywart who overthinks everything, was described by writer David Borgenicht as \"neurotic\", and was originally portrayed as a television addict; Zoe, a yellow-orange female monster who is \"simultaneously dainty and strong, practical and impulsive\" and loves to dance ballet; and Rosita, a bilingual turquoise monster (also female) who speaks both English and Spanish. Grover, a blue monster described by Borgenicht as \"self-confident, furry, cute, capable, and intelligent\", has a superhero alter-ego named \"Super Grover\", who is more well-meaning than helpful. In addition to Ernie and Bert, recognizable humanoid Muppets appearing on the show also include Count von Count, a number-obsessed vampire based on Bela Lugosi's interpretation of Count Dracula; and Prairie Dawn, a methodic and driven young girl who loves to write and direct pageants featuring her friends.", "Henson became famous in the 1960s when he joined the children's educational television program Sesame Street, and there helped develop characters for the series. He also appeared in the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. In 1976, after scrapping plans for a Broadway show, he produced The Muppet Show. He won fame for his creations, particularly Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, and Ernie, and he was involved with Sesame Street for over 20 years. He also had frequent roles in Muppets films such as The Muppet Movie, The Great Muppet Caper and The Muppets Take Manhattan, and created advanced puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth. During the later years of his life, he also founded the Jim Henson Foundation, and Jim Henson's Creature Shop. His involvement in two television programs—The Storyteller and The Jim Henson Hour—led to Emmy Awards wins.", "There’s a fictional neighborhood where some of the residents are named Kermit, Big Bird, Bert & Ernie, Miss Piggy, and Oscar the Grouch. It’s called Sesame Street. The creator of the lifelike characters, Jim Henson, was born on this day. The puppeteer first named his puppets, Muppets, in 1954 when he was working as a producer of the Washington, D.C. TV show, Sam and Friends. Henson moved his Muppets to network TV in 1969. Children of all ages were able to enjoy the Muppets’ antics on the educational, yet entertaining Sesame Street. The Muppets then got their own show, The Muppet Show; which generated The Muppet Movie and other films, like The Muppets Take Manhattan and The Great Muppet Caper. And Jim Henson got the awards: 18 Emmys, 17 Grammys, 4 Peabody Awards and 5 Ace Awards (National Cable Television Association). The premier muppeteer, and voice of Kermit the Frog, died suddenly in May of 1990 . Jim Henson lives on through his Muppets.", "Two years later, Henson used a similarly-designed and equally ravenous monster for three commercials selling Munchos, a Frito-Lay potato chip. This time, the puppet was called Arnold, the Munching Monster. After the three ads were produced, Henson had the opportunity to renew the contract. He chose not to, because at that point he was working on Sesame Street — and that monster puppet was moving on to the next stage in his career. According to Frank Oz, in a later routine the then unnamed monster won a quiz show and for winning was \"given the choice of $10,000 cash, a new car, a trip to Hawaii, or a cookie.\" He took the cookie and from then on he was Cookie Monster. ", "In Asia he is probably the most popular sesame street character, because most parents play his videos to their toddler childs. He is a furry red monster with large white eyes and an orange nose. He currently hosts the last full 15 minute segment on Sesame Street, Elmo's World, which is aimed at toddlers. He is accompanied by his goldfish Dorothy and silent Charlie Chaplin–like characters named Mr. Noodle, Mr. Noodle's Brother Mr. Noodle, and sometimes, Mr. Noodle's sister Miss Noodle.Elmo is self-described as three-and-a-half years old and characteristically refers to himself in the third person.You should know that Elmo is the only non-human puppet ever to testify before the U.S. Congress. At the request and with the assistance of Rep. Duke Cunningham, he testified before the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services and Education in April 2002, urging support for increased funding in music education.", "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson's most well-known creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the straight man protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably on Sesame Street, and The Muppet Show, as well as in movies, specials, and public service announcements throughout the years. Henson originally performed Kermit until his death on May 16, 1990; Steve Whitmire has performed Kermit since that time. He was voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects.", "Oscar the Grouch is a Muppet character on the television program Sesame Street. He has a green body (during the first season he was yellow and then orange), has no visible nose, and lives in a trash can. His favorite thing in life is trash, as evidenced by the song \"I Love Trash\". A running theme is his compulsive hoarding of seemingly useless items. \"The Grouch\" aptly describes his misanthropic interaction with the other characters, but also refers to his species. His birthday, as noted by Sesame Workshop, is on June 1. The character is performed by Caroll Spinney, and has been performed by him since the show's first episode. In 2015 Eric Jacobson became the understudy since then.", "We all remember and love elmo, the furry red guy with the yellow nose who graced the show so wonderfully. There’s good reason why he’s in the top 5 today as one of the most popular sesame street characters of all time.", "Oscar the Grouch is a Muppet character on the television program Sesame Street. He has a green body, has no visible nose, and lives in a trash can. His favorite thing in life is trash, as evidenced by the song \"I Love Trash\". A running theme is his compulsive hoarding of seemingly useless items. \"The Grouch\" aptly describes his misanthropic interaction with the other characters, but also refers to his species. His birthday, as noted by Sesame Workshop, is on June 1. The character is performed by Caroll Spinney, and has been performed by him since the show's first episode.", "* Eric Jacobson - Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle, from The Muppets, replacing Frank Oz beginning in 2001. Also replaced Oz in the roles of Sesame Streets Bert and Grover beginning in 1998.", "Bert is Ernie 's best friend and roommate on Sesame Street . The pair share the basement apartment at 123 Sesame Street . In contrast to the practical-joking, extroverted Ernie, Bert is serious, studious, and tries to make sense of his friend's actions. His own passions include reading Boring Stories, collecting paper clips and bottle caps (especially the rare Figgy Fizz ), consuming oatmeal, and studying pigeons. While Ernie's best companion outside of Bert is Rubber Duckie , Bert has his pet pigeon, Bernice . True to his detail-oriented, organized mind, Bert is president of the National Association of W Lovers . Unfortunately for Bert, his nose has come off of his face on a number of occasions. He has a distinctive, bleating laugh .", "Morning Trivia: This filmmaker, puppeteer, and actor began his career as a puppeteer. He performed the Muppet characters of Miss Piggy and Fozzie Bear in The Muppet Show, and Cookie Monster, Bert, and Grover in Sesame Street. Who is he?", "The Count has a compulsive love of counting, which was called arithmomania, he will count anything and everything, regardless of size, amount, or how much annoyance he causes others around him. In one song he stated that he sometimes even counts himself, LMAO. When he finishes counting, The Count laughs and announces his total, which sometimes even appears on screen. Then it usually accompanied by a crash of thunder and a flash of lightning, what a way to make us laugh out loud, truly one of the best moment for one the funniest sesame street characters, well deserved.", "* He had a guest appearance in Episode 876 of Sesame Street, performed by Frank Oz.", "* The Glutton (February 21, 1971) – An incredibly fat man called The Glutton (performed by Jim Henson and assisted by Frank Oz) kept eating things, before being shrunken by a small purple creature and then eaten by a duplicate of himself. After the sketch was over, the Glutton attempted to swallow Ed Sullivan's hand after giving him a handshake.", "Two of television's most famous roommates, Bert and Ernie, were the only muppets created by Jim Henson to appear in the pilot episode of \"Sesame Street.\" Ernie was originally performed by Henson and his affectionate song about his squeaky toy duck, \"Rubber Duckie,\" became a modest hit, reaching No. 16 on the Billboard chart. Here are some other famous faces that have appeared on \"Sesame Street.\"", "Everyone born in the 70’s & 80’s has their own favorite Sesame street character… Who’s yours?", "The Glutton (February 12, 1971) \" An incredibly fat man called The Glutton (performed by Jim Henson and assisted by Frank Oz ) kept eating things, before being shrunken by a small purple creature and then eaten by a duplicate of himself. After the sketch was over, the Glutton attempted to swallow Ed Sullivan's hand after giving him a handshake.", "Some slogans become associated not only with a brand, but with a mascot. The phrase \"They’re G-r-r-r-eat!\" is identified not only with Kellogg's Frosted Flakes, but with the character Tony the Tiger. Kellogg's has used this phrase continuously since the 1950s, making it one of the longest running slogans in television history.", "The answer to the question was Lee... can anyone verify this information or recall any point in Henson history where this has been disclosed? I checked the muppet wiki and there wasnt any information there about it... I figured if it would be anywhere it would be there...", "J. Wellington Wimpy, who first appears (nameless) as a referee in one of Popeye's fights. he eventually was given a name and became famous for his phrase, I will gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.", "Kermit with some of The Jim Henson Hour cast; Bean Bunny , Leon , Lindbergh , Waldo C. Graphic , and Digit.", "Moo goo gai pan is a stir-fry dish common to Cantonese (Chinese) cuisine. It consists of chicken, mushrooms, snow peas, and so on. Mr. Magoo was the elderly, nearsighted star of a series of short cartoons that first appeared in 1949 and lasted well into the late 1970s. He was voiced by Jim Backus, who played Thurston Howell on Gilligan’s Island.", "Referenced in a Crispy Critters cereal commercial (1987). The commercials for the cereal featured a puppet named \"Crispy\" with pom-pom antennae and a furry yellow body. Crispy spoke and sang with a voice based on that of Jimmy Durante including the nonsense phrase \"Ah-cha-cha-cha\".", "In 1979 Kermit guest-hosted an episode of The Tonight Show , and several other Muppet Show characters appeared to lend assistance and promote The Muppet Movie . See it here", "The Happy Meal Gang – A hamburger, fries, and soft drink in regular size in 1984. They were later joined by the McNugget Buddies in 1989. The Happy Meal Hamburger was voiced by Bob Arbogast , the Happy Meal Fries was voiced by Jeff Winkless and later voiced by Bob Bergen , and the Happy Meal Drink was voiced by Hal Smith .", "Java (November 27, 1966) – Two tube-like Muppets (which were designed by Frank Oz ) dance to the Al Hirt song \"Java.\" Jim Henson and Frank Oz performed the two puppets and the explosion that provides the punchline was achieved by Jerry Juhl shooting off a fire extinguisher . It should be noted that as the three of them prepared to go onstage that night right before Ed Sullivan introduced them, Jerry Juhl suddenly realized that he left the fire extinguisher in their dressing room which was up on the second floor. Jerry Juhl raced to the elevator hearing the \"Java\" music through the speakers in the elevator so he knew exactly how much time he had left until it was too late. Jerry Juhl managed to grab the fire extinguisher, run back to the elevator, and make the trip back down to the stage just in time for the climax. This sketch was reprised on May 26, 1968. The act even was done on Stuffed and Unstrung (an evolved counterpart of Puppet Up! ).", "Actor who provided the voice for a number of memorable Disney characters including Winnie the Pooh, Mr. Stork in Dumbo and the Cheshire Cat in Alice in Wonderland." ]

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[ "A piranha is a member of family Characidae in order Characiformes, an omnivorous freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers. Piranhas are normally about 14 to 26 cm long (5.5 to 10.25 inches), although some specimens have been reported to be up to 43 cm (17.0 inches) in length.", "A piranha or piraña (,, or;, ) is a member of family Characidae in order Characiformes, an omnivorous freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers. In Venezuela, they are called caribes. They are known for their sharp teeth and powerful jaws.", "The piranha (also known as the caribe) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish . It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America , east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil , Hawaii , and parts of Central and North America . There are many species of piranha; they belong to the genera Pygocentrus and Serrasalmus. They reproduce by laying eggs.", "Notorious for their sharp teeth and voracious appetites, piranhas inhabit several of the major river basins in South America. These omnivorous fish are known for their taste for meat, although attacks on human beings are quite rare, despite breathless accounts from early explorers.", "This family of fish, native to the rivers of South America, has a very bad reputation for biting (and stripping cows to bare bones in a few minutes), but several fish on the Pacu side of the family are farmed for sale in markets, and they are really rather good eating. They do bite, and one has a reputation for biting off the balls of skinny dippers, but Pacu don't run in shoals like the famous Red Piranah. The Piranha Family now has its own page.", "The Amazonian fish fauna is the center of diversity for neotropical fishes. 5,600 species are currently known, and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year. The arapaima, known in Brazil as the pirarucu, is a South American tropical freshwater fish, one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, with a length of up to 15 ft. Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the arowana (or aruanã in Portuguese), such as the silver arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima, but only reaches a length of 120 cm. Also present in large numbers is the notorious piranha, an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock and even humans. There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha. However, only a few of its species are known to attack humans, most notably Pygocentrus nattereri, the red-bellied piranha. The candirú, native to the Amazon River, is a species of parasitic fresh water catfish in the family Trichomycteridae, just one of more that 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin. Other catfish 'walk' overland on their ventral fins, while the kumakuma (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum), aka piraiba or \"goliath catfish\", can reach in length and 200 kg in weight. The electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and more than 100 species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) inhabit the Amazon basin. River stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) are also known. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) has been reported 4000 km up the Amazon River at Iquitos in Peru.", "The Spraying Characin: a member of a family that includes the feared Piranha-probably the most rapacious of all fresh-water fish.  Otherwise, the Characin family of fish is made up of mostly small and peaceful species, many of which are familiar Aquarium fish.  Fish like the Neon, Glowlite Tetra, Black Skirt Tetra and Buenos Aires Tetra to name a few.", "By Itachi666 1189785017 Reply Spam [-1] Moderate Up Moderate Down Remove 4603878 0 Not a piranah It is a Tiger fish Found in lakes and rivers in southern africa .", "Piranha South American Indians use the jaws of these fish as scissors, The Portuguese got the name for this toothed fish from the Tupi Indians who live along the Amazon", "Piranhas range from northern Argentina to Colombia, but they are most diverse in the Amazon River, where 20 different species are found. The most infamous is the red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), with the strongest jaws and sharpest teeth of all. Especially during low water, this species, which can grow up to 50 cm (about 20 inches) in length, hunts in groups that can number more than 100. Several groups can converge in a feeding frenzy if a large animal is attacked, although this is rare. Red-bellied piranhas prefer prey that is only slightly larger than themselves or smaller. Generally, a group of red-bellied piranhas spreads out to look for prey. When located, the attacking scout signals the others. This is probably done acoustically, as piranhas have excellent hearing. Everyone in the group rushes in to take a bite and then swims away to make way for the others.", "4. Mega Piranha -- An unusual alliance tries to stop a mutant strain of giant ferocious piranhas that have escaped from the Amazon and are eating their way to Florida.", "The larger piranhas were originally classified as belonging to the Characidae, but various revisions place them in their own related family, the Serrasalmidae. This reassignment has yet to enjoy universal acceptance, but is gaining in popularity among taxonomists working with these fishes. Given the current state of flux of the Characidae, a number of other changes will doubtless take place, reassigning once-familiar species to other families. Indeed, the entire phylogeny of the Ostariophysi - fishes possessing a Weberian apparatus - has yet to be settled conclusively. Until that phylogeny is settled, the opportunity for yet more upheavals within the taxonomy of the characoid fishes is considerable.", "Gatun Lake also serves to provide the millions of gallons of water necessary to operate the Panama Canal locks each time a ship passes through, and provides drinking water for Panama City and Colón. Fishing is one of the primary recreational pursuits on Gatun Lake. Non-native peacock bass were introduced by accident to Gatun Lake around 1967 by a local businessman, and have since flourished to become the dominant angling game fish in Gatun Lake. Locally called Sargento and believed to be the species Cichla pleiozona, these peacock bass are not a native game fish of Panama, but originate from the Amazon, Rio Negro, and Orinoco river basins of South America, where they are called Tucanare or Pavon and considered a premier game fish.", "the extinct fish Santanichthys is the oldest known member of Order Characiformes , which includes the tetras and the piranha ?", ". Piranhas belong to the subfamily Serrasalminae , which also includes closely related herbivorous fish such as pacus . ^  ", "Several exotic freshwater fish species, including brown , brook and rainbow trout, Atlantic and Chinook salmon, redfin perch, carp and mosquitofish, have been introduced to Australian waterways. The mosquitofish is a particularly aggressive species known for harassing and nipping the fins of other fish. It has been linked to declines and localised extinctions of several small native fish species. The introduced trout species have had serious negative impacts on a number of upland native fish species including trout cod, Macquarie perch and galaxias species as well as other upland fauna such as the Spotted Tree Frog. The carp is strongly implicated in the dramatic loss in waterweed, decline of small native fish species and permanently elevated levels of turbidity in the Murray-Darling Basin of southwest Australia.", "More than 1,000 species of birds frequent the Orinoco region; among the more spectacular are the scarlet ibis, the bellbird, the umbrella bird, and numerous parrots. The great variety of fish include the carnivorous piranha, the electric eel, and the laulao, a catfish that often attains a weight of more than 200 pounds. The Orinoco crocodile is one of the longest of its kind in the world, reaching a length of more than 20 feet; among other inhabitants of the rivers are caimans (an alligator-like amphibian) and snakes, including the boa constrictor. The arrau , or side-necked turtle, the shell of which grows to a length of about 30 inches, nests on the sandy islands of the river. Insects include butterflies, beetles, ants, and mound-building termites.", "Nov 30, 06: Scientists have found a new type of piranha and a ray among 13 new species of freshwater fish in an area of Venezuela where pollution from gold mines is emerging as a threat, a conservationist said.", "The black caiman, Melanosuchus niger, is a large crocodilian, and are carnivorous reptile living commonly along slow-moving rivers and lakes, or in the seasonal- flooded Amazon basin savannas, and fresh water habitats in South America.", "Any of the carnivorous freshwater fish living in South American rivers and belonging to the families of Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus.", "Dolomedes facetus captured pond fish (genus Xiphophorus) in a garden pond near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The number of spiders who catch and eat fish is on the rise across the world, scientists believe", "The Mekong giant catfish, Pangasianodon gigas (ปลาบึก,,; ត្រីរាជ /trəy riec/; cá tra dầu), is a very large, critically endangered species of catfish (order Siluriformes) in the shark catfish family (Pangasiidae), native to the Mekong basin in Southeast Asia and adjacent China.", "◦Creature from the black lagoon-A scientific expedition traveling up the Amazon River encounter a dangerous humanoid amphibious fish creature (1954)", ". Some species of piranha have broad geographic ranges, occurring in more than one of the major basins mentioned above, whereas others appear to have more limited distributions. ^  ", "[2] . As both predators and scavengers , piranhas influence the local distribution and composition of fish assemblages. ^  ", "The freshwater fish life of the Oriental region is rich. The carp and catfish families have many native genera and species. The labyrinth fish (so named for a labyrinthine outpocketing of the gill chamber that permits them to take oxygen from air as well as from water), to which the climbing perch and the gourami belong, are characteristic of the fish life of the region, as are spiny eels.", "Gourami, any of several of the freshwater, tropical labyrinth fishes (order Perciformes), especially Osphronemus goramy, an East Indian fish that is caught or raised for food; it has been introduced elsewhere. This species is a compact, oval fish with a long, filamentous ray extending from each pelvic fin. It attains a weight of about 9 kg (20 pounds). As an adult, it is brown or gray with a paler belly; when young, it is dark-banded and reddish brown. It is the only member of the family Osphronemidae.", "The candiru, (Vandellia cirrhosa), is a scaleless, parasitic catfish of the family Trichomycteridae found in the Amazon River region. It is translucent and eellike, and it grows to a length of about 2.5 cm (1 inch). The candiru feeds on blood and is commonly found in the gill cavities of other fishes. It sometimes also attacks humans and has been known to enter the urethras of bathers and swimming animals. Once in the passage, it erects the short spines on its gill covers and may thereby cause inflammation, hemorrhage, and even death to the victim.", "Also part of the Great Lakes is Lake Tanganyika, the world's second largest in volume as well as the second deepest. Lake Tanganyika’s only outlet is the Lukuga River, which flows into the Congo River. It is home to hippos and crocodiles and varieties of fish, of which are almost 200 unique Cichlid species.", "Some freshwater crab species eat dead leaves and algae, while a small number of species are carnivorous. Platythelphusa armata, for example, lives almost exclusively on snails found in Lake Tanganyika. However, most freshwater crabs are not particular about what they eat, and many subsist on the detritus that accumulates at the bottom of rivers, lakes or aquariums.", "...The question as to why this interesting giant newt has hitherto escaped scientific attention remains a mystery, especially considering the large numbers in which it is found on the islands of Rakahanga and Tongarewa in the Manihiki archipelago. Neither Randolph nor Montgomery make mention of it in their publication Two Years in the Manihiki Islands (1885). The local inhabitants insist that this animal--which they also consider to be poisonous--began to appear no more than six or eight years ago. They say that these sea demons are capable of speech (!), and that in the bays where they live they construct entire systems of weirs and sea-walls in a way that resembles underwater cities; that the water in their bays remains as still as a mill pond throughout the entire year; that they excavate dens and passages in the ground under the water which are many meters long and in which they remain during the day; that at night they come out into the fields to steal sweet potatoes and yams and take hoes and pickaxes and other tools from the human population. The native people have developed a strong aversion to the newts and even live somewhat in fear of them; many of them have preferred to move away to other areas. It is clear that this is nothing more than primitive legends and superstitions resulting from the revolting appearance and upright stance and gait, somewhat resembling the walk of a human being, of these harmless giant newts.", "[image]The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area." ]

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[ "On this day in 1867, the United States took possession of Alaska after purchasing the territory from Russia. The handover occurred in a ceremony in Sitka. The transfer price was $7.2 million, or about $110 million in today’s dollars. In the aftermath of the Civil War, the United States had acquired a remote and sparsely populated territory comprising586,412 square miles, about twice the size of Texas.", "1867 - United States takes possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day.", "On this day in 1867, the U.S. formally takes possession of Alaska after purchasing the territory from Russia for $7.2 million, or less than two cents an acre. The Alaska purchase comprised 586,412 square miles, about twice the size of Texas, and was championed by William Henry Seward, the enthusiasticly expansionist secretary of state under President Andrew Johnson.", "This Date in Native History: On October 18, 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for two cents an acre, or $7.2 million in gold, which amounts to about $16.5 billion in 2007 currency according to an Economix blog .", "The purchase of Alaska was the acquisition of the Alaska territory by the US from the Russian Empire in the year 1867 by a treaty ratified by the US Senate. Russia, fearing a war with Britain that would allow the British to seize Alaska, wanted to sell. Its major role had been forcing Native Alaskans to hunt for furs for them, along with missionary work to convert them.", "Following the Civil War, America's intervention into Latin America and elsewhere expanded. The 1867 Alaska Purchase was the acquisition of what is now the US State of Alaska from the Russian Empire. During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the US seized several colonies from Spain including Cuba and Puerto Rico.", "On October 18, 1867 Alaska officially became the property of the United States. Many Americans called the purchase \"Seward's Folly.\"", "Russia, the original \"owners\" of Alaska, held the territory from 1741. As British and American settlers encroached upon Alaska's southern border in the mid nineteenth century, increasing the likelihood of territorial disputes, the financially-strapped Russia offered to sell the territory to the United States. The formal transfer of Alaska from the ownership of Russia to the United States of America took place on 18 October 1867. Alaska was sold for $7.2 million in gold, which equated to about 2 cents an acre.", "October 18, 1867, After much opposition, a deal negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State William Seward for the U.S. purchase of the Russian colony of Alaska was approved, and on this day in 1867 the U.S. flag was flown over the capital, Sitka.", "The United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, or about two cents per …", "Alaska is the largest state in the United States, the United States bought the territory from Russia on March 30, 1867, at a price of $ 7.2 million. Alaska is close to Canada.", "1867 U.S.A. Buys Alaska 30th March, 1867 : The United States government purchases Alaska. The purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million meant the US was paying roughly two cents per acre of land.", "When the agreement to purchase the Alaska territory from Russia was struck in 1867 by Secretary of State William H. Seward, there were many in the lower 48 states, who looked upon the deal with skepticism and were critical of the secrecy that had surrounded it and of the high price tag. Though Seward finalized agreement with Russia in March, it was a long and bitter battle to get final Congressional approval for the purchase and then get Congress to approve the money for the purchase. During this period, critics of Seward's agreement to purchase the Alaska territory from Russia called the plan referred to the plan as \" Seward's Folly .\" Congress, finally relented and on October 18, 1867, in Sitka, the Imperial Russian Flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes was raised.", "The United States acquired the Pribilof Islands when it purchased Alaska for $7.2 million in 1867. Russia ceded to the United States all the territory and dominion it then possessed on the North American continent and adjacent islands. The geographical boundaries of the ceded territory as set forth in the treaty were as follows:", "During Andrew Johnson’s presidency, his secretary of state, William Seward, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. At the time of the 1867 deal, critics dubbed it “Seward’s Folly.” Alaska became the 49th U.S. state on January 3, 1959.", "Alaska Day celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867. The date is by the Gregorian calendar, which came into effect in Alaska the following day to replace the Julian calendar used by the Russians (the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar). Alaska Day is a holiday for all state workers. ", "The northern portion of the Pacific Coast, known as the Pacific Northwest , had a somewhat different history from that of California. Initial Russian interest in the Bering Strait area led to the formation in 1799 of the Russian-American Company , which established trading posts in parts of Alaska. In 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, and in 1959 Alaska became the 49th state in the Union.", "The United States purchase of Alaska was the final step in the country's steady expansion across the North American continent. In 1803, less than 15 years after George Washington became the first President of the United States, the new country bought 827,192 square miles of additional territory from France. Known as the Louisiana Purchase, the addition included lands from the Gulf of Mexico to what is now the northwestern United States.", "● The USA bought Alaska from Russia for about 2 cents per acre ($4.74/km2). Treaty signed at 4 a.m. on March 30, 1867 with the purchase price set at $7.2 million.", "In March 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States. Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine River, was considered to be in American territory. The Hudson's Bay Company was forced to build a new trading post, Rampart House, further east on the Porcupine River.", "On October 18, 1867, Capt. Alexis Pestchouroff turned over control to Gen. Lovell Rousseau, saying, General Rousseau, by authority from His Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska.\" (A strange coincidence linked Sumner and Rousseau. In 1856 a southern congressman had attacked Sumner with a cane in a dispute over slavery, while in 1866 Rousseau had attacked a fellow member of the House of Representatives with a cane in a dispute over Reconstruction. In both cases the attacker resigned and was reelected to his seat.) Five months later Gen. Jefferson C. Davis (a Union general and no relation to the Confederate president) became the first commander of the Department of Alaska. Alaska would not become a territory until 1912. By that time the wisdom of buying Alaska had long since been clear, especially after the discovery of gold in the Klondike.", "Under the aegis of explorer Vitus Jonassen Bering, Russia established a presence in Alaska in the early eighteenth century. Russia initially approached the United States about selling the territory during President James Buchanan's administration, but the Civil War stalled negotiations. Seward, secretary of state under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, supported American expansion and was eager to acquire Alaska. However, convincing skeptics that Alaska was an important addition to the United States was a challenge. Thanks to strong support by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, then chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, the Senate approved the treaty by a vote of 37-2 on April 9, 1867. Nonetheless, the appropriation of money needed to purchase Alaska was delayed by more than a year due to opposition in the House of Representatives. The House finally approved the appropriation on July 14, 1868, by a vote of 113-48.", "Formal transfer of the Territory was made at Sitka on October 18, 1867 when Secretary of State William H. Seward signed an agreement with Baron Edouard de Stoeckl, the Russian Minister to the United States. The agreement ceded possession of the vast territory of Alaska to the United States for the sum of $7.2 million, about two cents an acre. A check for payment was issued on August 1, 1868 and made payable to Stoeckl.", "Vitus Bering , a Dane working for the Russians, and Alexei Chirikov discovered the Alaskan mainland and the Aleutian Islands in 1741. The tremendous land mass of Alaska—equal to one-fifth of the continental U.S.—was unexplored in 1867 when Secretary of State William Seward arranged for its purchase from the Russians for $7,200,000. The transfer of the territory took place on Oct. 18, 1867. Despite a price of about two cents an acre, the purchase was widely ridiculed as “Seward's Folly.” The first official census (1880) reported a total of 33,426 Alaskans, all but 430 being of aboriginal stock. The Gold Rush of 1898 resulted in a mass influx of more than 30,000 people. Since then, Alaska has contributed billions of dollars' worth of products to the U.S. economy.", "March 30, 1867, William H. Seward, secretary of state under U.S. President Andrew Johnson, signed the Alaska Purchase, a treaty ceding Russian North America to the United States for a price—$7.2 million—that amounted to about two cents per acre.", "The first European contact with Alaska occurred in the 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia bearing sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784, and the Russian-America Company carried out expanded colonization program during the early to mid-1800s. Despite these efforts, the Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. William H. Seward, the U.S. Secretary of State, engineered the Alaskan purchase in 1867 for $7.2 million.", "Russia initially tried to interest the United States in purchasing Alaska in 1859, during President James Buchanan's administration. But the Civil War stalled negotiations. Seward, Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, supported American expansion and was eager to acquire Alaska. However, convincing the Senate that Alaska was an important addition to the United States proved difficult. The upper house ratified the treaty by just one vote.", "In 1898, the United States annexed Hawaii, and it became the Hawaii Territory. In 1912, Alaska became the organized Alaska Territory.", "For three decades after its purchase the United States paid little attention to Alaska, which was governed under military, naval, or Treasury rule or, at times, no visible rule at all. Seeking a way to impose U.S. mining laws, the United States constituted a civil government in 1884. Skeptics had dubbed the purchase of Alaska “Seward’s Folly,” but the former Secretary of State was vindicated when a major gold deposit was discovered in the Yukon in 1896, and Alaska became the gateway to the Klondike gold fields. The strategic importance of Alaska was finally recognized in World War II. Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959.", "The Alaska purchase was championed by William Seward, secretary of state under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Critics dubbed it “Seward’s folly,” “Seward’s icebox” and “Andrew Johnson’s Polar Bear Garden,” among other derogatory names. Nonetheless, the Senate went along on May 27, 1867. Johnson signed the agreement the next day.", "Immediately after the 1867 Treaty of Cession, the United States occupied Alaska militarily, using both the army and the navy. The 1884 Organic Act ended military rule in Alaska and made Alaska a customs district governed by several federal officials. The Second Organic Act of 1912 made Alaska into a territory of the United States and provided for a legislature. 23", "The European discovery of Alaska came in 1741, when a Russian expedition led by Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Alaskan mainland. Russian hunters were soon making incursions into Alaska, and the native Aleut population suffered greatly after being exposed to foreign diseases. In 1784, Grigory Shelikhov established the first permanent Russian colony in Alaska on Kodiak Island. In the early 19th century, Russian settlements spread down the west coast of North America, with the southernmost fort located near Bodega Bay in California." ]

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[ "On October 20, 1944, General Douglas MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by setting foot to the shore of Palo, Leyte with his naval, marine and airborne forces that ended the cruelty of the Second World War. Today, his monument is now a famous landmark not only in the Philippines but to the entire Asia. The history that he made, now remains in the heart and mind of every Leyteño.", "Do you remember Gen. Douglas MacArthur? He was the Supreme Commander , Allied Forces in SW Pacific Area and was stationed in PI in 1941. He left PI with his family on March 12, 1942 for Australia, with increasing *** invasion. He made his famous speech upon his arrival in Australia. He fulfilled his promise and redeemed himself on October 20, 1944, when he landed the shores of Tacloban, Leyte to meet the Army he left behind. On Sept. 2, 1945, Gen.Douglas MacArthur officially accepted Japan's surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay ( History.com). The monument in Tacloban, Leyte is a reminder of his famous speech, the respect he gained as he fulfilled his promise, and his role in ending WWII. ( photo credit to Ms.Gaynor Dumatol Daleno, PDN Journalist, with GU Med Mission, May 25,2014).", "General MacArthur fulfilled his promise to return to the Philippines by landing at Leyte on 20 October 1944. The grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao.", "October 20, 1944 - During World War II in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur set foot on Philippine soil for the first time since his escape in 1942, fulfilling his promise, \"I shall return.\"", "1944 - General Douglas MacArthur fulfills his promise to return to the Philippines when he commands an Allied assault on the islands, reclaiming them from the Japanese during the Second World War.", "However, Leyte is most famous for its role in the reconquest of the Philippines in World War II. On 20 October 1944, General Douglas MacArthur waded ashore on Leyte, saying, \"I have returned\", but the Japanese did not give up so easily, as the ensuing Battle of Leyte proved, and convergence of naval forces resulted in the four-day Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history.", "20: The Battle of Leyte: U.S. forces land on Leyte, Philippines. MacArthur lands and states: \"I have returned\". ", "After advancing island by island across the Pacific Ocean, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore onto the Philippine island of Leyte, fulfilling his promise to return to the area he was forced to flee in 1942.", "The Visayas, a collection of islands large and small in the central Philippines, are considered to be the cradle of the country. It was here that Ferdinand Magellan laid a sovereign hand on the archipelago for Spain and began the process of colonization and Catholicization that shaped so much of the nation’s history. The islands were also the scene of some of the bloodiest battles fought against the Japanese during World War II, and where General Douglas MacArthur waded ashore to liberate the country after his famous promise, “I shall return”.", "In March 1942 General Douglas MacArthur, who was to become Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA), escaped from the Philippines to Australia. He landed at Batchelor, near Darwin, in the Northern Territory and during the subsequent rail journey south stopped at Terowrie, South Australia, where locals and reporters crowded the railway station. In an address to the assembled people, he famously declared:", "In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia. On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean, son Arthur, and Arthur's Cantonese amah, Ah Cheu, fled Corregidor. MacArthur and his party reached Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao, where B-17s picked them up, and flew them to Australia. His famous speech, in which he said, \"I came through and I shall return\", was first made on Terowie railway station in South Australia, on 20 March. Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to \"We shall return\". He ignored the request.", "Manila was captured by Japanese forces on January 2 , 1942 but on February 5 , 1945 American General Douglas MacArthur fulfilled a promise to return to Manila and on February 23 the city was liberated.", "The American return to the Philippines began with troops landing on the island of Leyte on 20 October 1944, with major fighting continuing in Luzon until the end of June 1945. On Mindanao and more isolated islands, fighting continued until the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945.", "MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand.", "\"I have returned.\" - A famous photo of Gen. MacArthur coming ashore back to the Philippines.", "After leaving Corregidor, MacArthur and his family traveled by boat 560 miles to the Philippine island of Mindanao, braving mines, rough seas, and the Japanese navy. At the end of the hair-raising 35-hour journey, MacArthur told the boat commander, John D. Bulkeley, “You’ve taken me out of the jaws of death, and I won’t forget it.” On March 17, the general and his family boarded a B-17 Flying Fortress for northern Australia. He then took another aircraft and a long train ride down to Melbourne. During this journey, he was informed that there were far fewer Allied troops in Australia than he had hoped. Relief of his forces trapped in the Philippines would not be forthcoming. Deeply disappointed, he issued a statement to the press in which he promised his men and the people of the Philippines, “I shall return.” The promise would become his mantra during the next two and a half years, and he would repeat it often in public appearances.", "Island hopping continued on December 15 with the invasion of Mindoro, 155 miles south of Manila, without the loss of a single man. But the dramatic climax of the campaign was reached on the dawn of January 21 when General MacArthur returned to Luzon with a convoy of over 800 ships, going ashore at Lingayen Gulf against light resistance. Quickly consolidating an extensive beachhead, the Yanks poured inland and headed south for Manila. They overran the big air base at Clark Field on January 25 and on February 6 liberated most of Manila, freeing 5,000 prisoners of war and civilian internees.", "For subsequent operations, Admiral Ernest J. King and other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and attacking Formosa (Taiwan) to give the Americans and Australians control of the sea routes between Japan and southern Asia. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur championed an invasion of the Philippines, which also lay across the supply lines to Japan. Leaving the Philippines in Japanese hands would be a blow to American prestige and a personal affront to MacArthur, who in 1942 had famously pronounced \"I shall return.\"", "MacArthur's and Nimitz' forces continued westward from Biak and the Marianas. On 2 July 1944 American troops had landed on Noemfoor Island, 90 miles beyond Biak, and near the end of the month other troops had pushed on to the western tip of New Guinea. With the capture of Morotai Island in mid-September, MacArthur was at last in position to make his return to the Philippines. Except for an abortive attack in mid-July on Aitape by Japanese troops that had been bypassed at Wewak, and mopping-up operations in other areas, troops of the Southwest Pacific Command spent the next weeks in preparation for reconquest of the Philippines.", "General Douglas MacArthur, Vice Commanderin-Chief of US and Philippine troops in the Far East, congratulates Captain Jesus Villamor of the Philippine Air Force for his bravery in the defence of the Bataan peninsula. MacArthur was eventually ordered to leave in March 1942, but vowed: \"I shall return.\"", "President Truman’s firing of General MacArthur, one of the great heroes of the Second World War, the man who accepted the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on behalf of all Allied forces, caused a firestorm of criticism. When the general returned to the United States, he was fêted in New York with the largest ticker tape parade ever conducted in that city. He was greeted by enthusiastic admirers as he toured the country, accepting salutes and parades in his honor in a number of cities. In his farewell address to a joint session of the United States Congress, he gave a moving speech in which he claimed that, “In war there can be no substitute for victory.”", "Gen. Douglas MacArthur was a prominent U.S. military official during World War II. A West Point Military Academy graduate and veteran of World War I, MacArthur spent his career in the Army and retired to the Philippine Islands in December 1937. Almost three years after the start of World War II, MacArthur was called out of retirement to lead Philippine forces against an enemy attack. By the end of the war in September of 1945, the general had risen to the position of Supreme Allied Commander and the sole authority over the reconstruction of Japan and its government. As a leader in World War II and during his previous military career, MacArthur was known for clashing with military and political officials. President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called the general \"one of the two most dangerous men in America. \"", "Gen. MacArthur coming ashore back to the Philippines. Photo taken by Carl Mydans of Life magazine.", "*1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur.", "In twin drives, illustrative of the principles of maneuver, objective, economy of force, surprise, and mass, the Allied forces of the Pacific had arrived in mid-September 1944 at the threshold of their strategic objective, the Luzon-Formosa-China coast triangle. In seven months MacArthur's forces had moved forward nearly 1,500 miles from the Admiralties to Morotai; in ten months Nimitz' forces had advanced over 4,500 miles from Hawaii to the Palaus. The time had now arrived when a final choice had to be made of the main objective in the target area.", "In April 1945, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff appointed General Douglas MacArthur to lead the final invasion force against Japan. Code-named Operation Downfall, the plan called for a whopping 2.5 million soldiers . The plan itself was divided into two parts: Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet. Both would have been larger than the Normandy D-day landings. Given that the Japanese were prepared to fight to the death, the Allies were willing to use chemical warfare.", "On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the capital city, on 19 October 1950. On 15 October 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean, for a meeting much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President in the US.", "In April 1951, Douglas MacArthur returned to the United States, where he was welcomed as a hero and honored with parades in various cities. On April 19, he gave a dramatic televised address before a joint session of Congress in which he criticized Truman’s Korean policy. The general ended with a quote from an old army song: “Old soldiers never die; they just fade away.”", "1945 – World War II: The American flag is raised again over Corregidor, with General Douglas MacArthur and members of his staff present.", "The Normandy invasion in Europe, which began on June 6, 1944, resulted in some 42,000 Americans dying in the first days. It was estimated that there would be some 230,000 casualties in the November 1, 1945 invasion of the Japanese islands! The war in Europe had been successfully concluded by the Allied forces in May 1945 and the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had died on April 12, 1945. His Vice President, Harry S Truman was quickly sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States of America and the war in Europe eventually came to a halt, with Germany surrendering on May 5, 1945 and \"Victory in Europe\" Day, or V-E day being celebrated on May 8, 1945: President Truman's 61st birthday. Plans were then implemented to move American troops to the Pacific Theatre of Operations:", "1946 – General Douglas MacArthur establishes the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo to try Japanese war criminals.", "I was 22 years old and had just come back to the U.S. in May 1945 after spending 28 months overseas. I was on my way home when President Roosevelt died.  I toured the Pacific, spending time in New Zealand, Papa New Guinea, Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands), Guam, and Iwo Jima. Once home, I was stationed at the Marine Corps Barracks at the Navy Supply Depot in New Cumberland, preparing to go back to serve more time. When the announcement was made that the war was over, I was in Harrisburg on liberty. The bar closed immediately and we rushed to the liquor store to purchase whiskey to consume in the square as we joined in the celebrations in the street. It was a happy victory party for all! I finished serving my time in Mechanicsburg until my discharge in February 1946. The picture is from my wedding in January 1946. – James Moran, Camp Hill continued" ]

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[ "Crisco is a popular brand of shortening, first marketed in 1911 and was the first shortening to be made entirely of vegetable oil. When William Procter and James Gamble started the company Procter & Gamble, they hired chemist Edwin C. Kayser and developed the process to hydrogenate cottonseed oil, which ensures the shortening remains solid at normal storage temperatures. The initial purpose was to create a cheaper substance to make candles than the expensive animal fats in use at the time. Electricity began to diminish the candle market, and since the product looked like lard, they began selling it as a food. This product became known as Crisco, with the name deriving from the initial sounds of the expression \"crystallized cottonseed oil\". The product acquired a large market share through the technique of giving away free cookbooks, with every recipe calling for Crisco", "Over the next 30 years cottonseed oil became the pre-eminent oil in the United States. Crisco and Wesson oil became direct substitutes for lard and other more expensive oils in baking, frying, sautéing, and salad dressings. But by World War Two cottonseed oil shortages forced the utilization of another direct substitute, soybean oil. By 1944, soybean oil production outranked cottonseed oil production due to cottonseed shortages and soybean oil costs falling below that of cottonseed oil. By 1950, soybean oil replaced cottonseed oil in the use of shortenings like Crisco due to soybeans comparatively low price. Prices for cottonseed were also increased by the replacement of cotton acreage by corn and soybeans, a trend fueled in large part by the boom in demand for corn syrup and ethanol. Cottonseed oil and production continued to decline throughout the mid and late 20th century.", "In modern times, cottonseed oil was marketed by Procter & Gamble as a creamed shortening in 1911. Ginning mills were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and can it under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning rancid. ", "1887 - Southern Cotton Oil Company incorporated in New Jersey to consolidate, carry on business of number of cottonseed crushing works, refineries located in Southern States; 1899 - David Wesson, company chemist, developed process for deodorizing cottonseed oil through high-temperature vacuum process; first commercial all-vegetable shortening marketed as Snowdrift; 1920s - vegetable oil division spun off as Wesson Oil & Snowdrift Company; January 3, 1922 - The Southern Cotton Oil Company registered \"Wesson 22\" trademark first used September 3, 1903 (prepared fatty oleaginous or unctuous food substances); registered \"Wesson 44\" first used September 1901 (prepared fatty oleaginous or unctuous food substances); registered \"Wesson 77\" (prepared fatty oleaginous or unctuous food substances); registered \"Wesson 88\" first used September 1901 (prepared fatty oleaginous or unctuous food substances); 1960 - merged with Hunt's Foods, Inc., became Hunt-Wesson Foods; acquired by Beatrice Foods; 1990 - acquired by ConAgra.", "Production of the chief byproduct, cottonseed oil, has grown into a separate industry since its establishment in the late 19th cent. The oil content of cotton seeds is about 20%. After being freed from the linters, the seeds are shelled and then crushed and pressed or treated with solvents to obtain the crude oil. In its highly refined state, cottonseed oil is employed as salad and cooking oil, for cosmetics, and especially in the manufacture of margarine and shortenings. Paint makers use it to some extent as a semidrying oil. Less refined grades are used in the manufacture of soap, candles, detergents, artificial leather, oilcloth, and many other commodities. Cottonseed oil is increasingly important to cotton growers as cotton fiber meets competition from cheaper and stronger synthetic fibers.", "cottonseed oil – A clear yellow oil with almost no taste.  It is produced from the seeds of the cotton plant and it is primarily used for commercial margarine and salad dressings.", "A viscous oil obtained from the seed of the cotton plant. Most of the cottonseed oil produced is used in combination with other oils to create vegetable oil products. It's used in some margarines and salad dressings, and for many commercially fried products. See also� FATS AND OILS.", "- American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Bestfoods , now part of Unilever . ^  ", "In the 1820s and 1830s Europe experienced fats and oils shortages due to rapid population expansion during the Industrial Revolution and the after-effects of the British blockade during the Napoleonic Wars. The increased demand for fats and oils, coupled with a decreasing supply caused prices to rise sharply. Consequently, many Europeans could not afford to buy the fats and oils they had used for cooking and for lighting. Many United States entrepreneurs tried to take advantage of the increasing European demand for oils and America’s increasingly large supply of cottonseed by crushing the seed for oil. But separating the seed hull from the seed meat proved difficult and most of these ventures failed within a few years. This problem was resolved in 1857, when William Fee invented a huller, which effectively separated the tough hulls from the meats of cottonseed. With this new invention, cottonseed oil began to be used for illumination purposes in lamps to supplement increasingly expensive whale oil and lard. But by 1859, this use came to end as the petroleum industry emerged.", "It also used the Esso brand in New York and the six New England states, where the Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony - Vacuum, later Socony - Mobil) had the rights, but did not object to the New Jersey company's use of the trademark (the two companies did not merge until November 1999). However, in the other states, the other Standard Oil companies objected and forced Jersey Standard to use other brand names. In most states the company used the trademark Enco (\"Energy Company\"), and in a few \"Humble\".", "Flying A gasoline became the primary brand of Tidewater Oil Company in 1936 and was used on the  East Coast through 1970 when it was permanently discontinued. Phillips Petroleum purchased Tidewater's western refining, distribution and retailing network in 1966 and dropped the brand name on the West Coast. The Flying A continued to be used on the East Coast until 1970 when it was discontinued by Getty Oil Company, which in 1966 merged with Tidewater. This remnant of days gone by was photographed near Bailey, N.C. (Photo by Jim Meachen)", "In 1949, Procter and Gamble launched a radio advertising campaign for its Prell shampoo, using a jingle and the character \"Tallulah the Tube\". Miss Bankhead was so closely identified by her first name that she sued, eventually settling out of court.", "Cavendish is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type. The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the tobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type, but is usually one of, or a blend of Kentucky , Virginia , and burley , and is most commonly used for pipe tobacco and cigars.", "Henry Clay Folger was head of Socony until 1923, when he was succeeded by Herbert L. Pratt. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920. After dissolution of Standard Oil, Socony had refining and marketing assets but no production activities. For this reason, Socony purchased a 45% interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter, in 1918. In 1925, Magnolia became wholly owned by Socony. In 1926, Socony purchased General Petroleum Corporation of California. In 1928, Socony joined the Turkish Petroleum Company (Iraq Petroleum Company). In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Company, an industry pioneer dating back to 1866, to form Socony-Vacuum. ", "A machine, reputedly invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney in the USA (a cotton gin was used in 11th-c China), which separated the seeds from the cotton boll quickly and efficiently. It greatly increased productivity, meant that the short staple cotton grown in the USA could be used, and provided a large, cheap supply of raw cotton for the world. The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easil…", "the Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company, selling canned evaporated milk to prospectors heading north to the Yukon gold rush. Stuart's faith in the general marketability of evaporated milk was well-founded, and, as sales began to grow, legend has it that he stumbled across the now-famous name for his product while strolling through downtown Seattle. Spotting a display of \"Carnation\" cigars in a tobacconist's window, Stuart thought the brand name an odd one for a stogie but a good one for his own product, and thus began the association of canned evaporated milk with a red-and-white label bearing the name Carnation.", "Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term \"kerosene\" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.", "Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term \"kerosene\" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.", "Carnipure in beauty drinks Under the brand Carnipure Lonza offers not only Carnipure crystalline, which is pure L-Carnitine, but also Carnipure tartrate, a nonhygroscopic alternative for liquid and solid applications. Both forms have excellent technological properties: they are bright white, stable at a wide range of pH and temperatures, highly water", "The brand was first introduced by R.A. Patterson of Richmond, Virginia, in 1871 as cut-plug chewing tobacco and later a cigarette. In 1905, the company was acquired by the American Tobacco Company (ATC).", "Oil pressed from sesame seeds, which imparts to it their nut-like flavor. Used primarily as a seasoning.", "Flax is still produced in the United States for its oil rich seed. Linseed oil has been used as a drying agent for paints, varnishes, lacquer, and printing ink. Unfortunately these markets have eroded somewhat over the years with the production of synthetic resins and latex. One bright spot in the market has been the use of linseed oil as an antispalling treatment for concrete where freezing and thawing effects have created problems on streets and sidewalks. Occasionally the straw is harvested and used to produce some paper products.", "Linseed oil is a traditional finish for gun stocks, though very fine finish may require months to obtain. Several coats of linseed oil is the traditional protective coating for the raw willow wood of cricket bats; it is used so that the wood retains some moisture. New cricket bats are coated with linseed oil and knocked-in to perfection so they last longer. Linseed oil is also often used by billiards or pool cue-makers for cue shafts, as a lubricant/protectant for wooden recorders, and used in place of epoxy to seal modern wooden surfboards.", "Sulfurized Pickle Oil - An oiled applied at the Pickle Line (on cold reduced product only) which contains a sulfur based emulsifier which enhances lubricity in cold reduction and burn off of oil in annealing.", "On a large scale, rosin is treated by destructive distillation for the production of rosin spirit, pinoline and rosin oil. The last enters into the composition of some of the solid lubricating greases, and is also used as an adulterant of other oils.", "Because linseed oil readily absorbs oxygen when exposed to air, the oil is incorporated as a drying agent in the manufacture of house paints as well as artists oils. The linseed oil used to polish furniture and to provide a drying medium in paints is raw, unrefined oil. What was unknown in the U.S. is that linseed oil is actually flaxseed oil.", "Most applications of linseed oil exploit its drying properties, i.e., the initial material is liquid or at least pliable and the aged material is rigid but not brittle. The water-repelling (hydrophobic) nature of the resulting hydrocarbon-based material is advantageous.", "Shellac coating applied with either a standard or modified Huon-Stuehrer nozzle , can be economically micro-sprayed onto various smooth candies, such as chocolate coated peanuts. Irregularities on the surface of the product being sprayed typically result in the formation of unsightly aggregates (\"lac-aggs\") which precludes the use of this technique on foods such as walnuts or raisins (however, chocolate-coated raisins being smooth surfaced, are able to be sprayed successfully using a modified Huon-Stuehrer nozzle).", "In the process of coal-tar distillation, the distillate is collected into four fractions; the “light oil”, which remains lighter than water, the “middle oil” which passes over when the light oil is removed; the “heavy oil”, which sinks; and the “ anthracene oil “, which when cold is mostly solid and greasy, of a buttery consistence. Creosote refers to the portion of coal tar which distills as “heavy oil”, typically between 230–270°C, also called “dead oil”; it sinks into water but still is fairly liquid. Carbolic acid is produced in the second fraction of distillation and is often distilled into what is referred to as “ carbolic oil “. [47] [48] [49] [50]", "There has been some confusion between these. Flax oil is also called linseed oil which is sold in hardware stores as varnish. Flaxseed and linseed are often used interchangeably but there is an important difference. North Americans use flaxseed to describe flax when used for human consumption and linseed to describe when it has been processed for industrial purposes.", "Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named \"paraffine oil\" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.", "In 1941, two chemists—Rex Whinfield and James Dickson—working at a small company named Calico Printer's Association in Manchester, England, developed \"polyethylene terephthalate\" (PET or PETE). It came to be used for synthetic fibers in the postwar era, with names such as \"polyester,\" \"dacron,\" and \"terylene.\"" ]

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[ "Charlie Brown is the lovable loser, and also the protagonist of Peanuts. He's very insecure and self- concious, and always says to himself that nobody likes him. He's the manager of the Peanuts Gang's baseball game, and everyone on the team believes that they will never win the little league with him on their team. Charlie Brown also has a huge crush on Heather, or the little red-haired girl as he calls her, but has never had the guts to talk to her.", "Let’s keep going in our Peanut’s story. When Linus finally does get a conversion to his new religion it’s Charlie Brown’s sister Sally who is only there because she has a crush on him.", "It's Valentine's Day. Charlie Brown pines to be the little red-haired girl's valentine. He doesn't even have the courage to rescue her from a bully. Peppermint Patty also wants a Valentine. She sends one to Charlie Brown. Marcie also wonders if Charlie Brown likes her. Lucy is willing to settle for kisses and a hug from Schroeder. Sally wants Linus to be her sweet baboo no matter what he actually wants.", "Peanuts' leitmotif was unrequited love: Charlie Brown for the never-seen, red-headed girl; Lucy for Schroeder, who pined only for Beethoven; Sally for Linus, who preferred the security of his blanket. \"I find unrequited love funny,\" Schulz observed more than once.", "Linus van Pelt is Charlie Brown's younger best friend who first appeared on September 19 , 1952 . Though very young, Linus is unusually smart, and he acts as the strip's philosopher and theologian, often quoting Scripture and is fervent in his belief in the Great Pumpkin. Sally has an unrequited crush on him.", "Charlie Brown first pines for the Little Red-Haired Girl during lunch at school in the strip from November 19, 1961 . He continued loving her until the end of the strip in 2000. In a series of strips from July 1969 , the Little Red-Haired Girl moves away, causing Charlie Brown sheer grief. He sees her again during a ski trip  a few months later , and Peppermint Patty and Marcie run into her at summer camp in 1972. On May 30, 1978  Charlie Brown says that he thinks about the Little Red-Haired Girl constantly, suggesting that she has moved back to the neighborhood. It is confirmed that she has returned in the strip from December 27, 1978 , in which Charlie Brown stands outside her house. Even though she is often referred to in the comic strip, the Little Red-Haired Girl is never seen, except for the May 25, 1998 strip, in which she is seen in silhouette.", "Charlie Brown is in love with an unseen character known simply as \"the Little Red-Haired Girl\", though he rarely has the courage to talk to her, and when he does it always goes badly. For instance, when he finally gets the nerve to call her, he accidentally calls Marcie's house instead.", "Upon the introduction of Charlie Brown's little sister, Sally Brown, in 1959, Linus had the desire to marry her. However, as the strip progressed, he outgrew this idea, while Sally on the other hand fell in love with Linus, calling him her \"Sweet Babboo\", much to his displeasure. Linus in turn has an innocent crush on his school teacher, Miss Othmar (later Mrs. Hagemeyer). In some of the later 1990s strips he developed an interest in Lydia, the girl who sits behind him, who keeps changing her name and, as Linus is two months older than she asks him, \"Aren't you kind of old for me?\" (This is a subtle reference to cartoonist Schulz and his own second wife, who was twenty years younger than him). It was also Linus who first introduced Frieda, as \"...a sort of a friend of mine\" who sat behind him in school. He also fell for several different girls in various animated television specials, as well as a girl called Truffles, whom he and Snoopy met while looking for the fungi bearing her name.", "Snoopy is Charlie Brown 's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz . He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, like The Peanuts Movie . Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs.", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post , The Chicago Tribune , The Minneapolis Tribune , The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post , The Seattle Times , The New York World-Telegram & Sun , and The Boston Globe . It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "Snoopy: As the star of the Peanuts comic strip (sorry, Charlie Brown), Snoopy has demonstrated his exceptional skills since his debut on October 4, 1950. Initially a silent character, Snoopy grew into a dog that essentially thought he was a person: he walks on two legs, reads Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, and plays the accordion. He also takes on other persona, like the World War I Flying Ace, Joe Cool, and even a Flashdance-type character named \"Flash Beagle.\"", "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe. It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "Schulz, the son of a barber, studied cartooning in an art correspondence school after graduating in 1940 from high school. He served in the army from 1943 to 1945 and returned first as an instructor with the art school and then as a freelance cartoonist with the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Saturday Evening Post (1948–49). He created the Peanuts strip (originally entitled Li’l Folks) in 1950, introducing a group of three-, four-, and five-year-old characters based upon semiautobiographical experiences. The main character is Charlie Brown , who represents a sort of “everyman,” a sensitive but bland and unremarkable child. Schulz channeled the loneliness that he had experienced in his army days and the frustrations of everyday life into Charlie Brown, who is often made the butt of jokes. One of Schulz’s initial themes arose from the cruelty that exists among children. The character of Snoopy , a beagle hound with frustrated dreams of glory, is often portrayed as being wiser than the children. Other characters include Sally, Charlie Brown’s little sister; the tyrannical and contrary “fussbudget,” Lucy; her younger brother, Linus, who drags his security blanket wherever he goes; and Schroeder, whose obsession is playing Beethoven on a toy piano.", "Snoopy is a fictional character in the long-running comic strip Peanuts , by Charles M. Schulz. He is Charlie Brown's pet beagle. Snoopy began his life in the strip as a fairly ordinary dog, but eventually evolved into perhaps the strip's most dynamic character — and among the most recognizable comic characters in the world. The original drawings of Snoopy were based on Schulz's childhood dogs, Snooky and Spike.", "Schulz continued to introduce new characters into the strip, particularly including a tomboyish, freckle-faced, shorts-and-sandals-wearing girl named Patricia Reichardt, better known as \" Peppermint Patty .\" \"Peppermint\" Patty is an assertive, athletic but rather obtuse girl who shakes up Charlie Brown's world by calling him \"Chuck\", flirting with him, and giving him compliments he is not so sure he deserves. She also brings in a new group of friends (and heads a rival baseball team), including the strip's first black character, Franklin , a Mexican-Swedish kid named José Peterson, and Peppermint Patty's bookish sidekick Marcie , who calls Peppermint Patty \"Sir\" and Charlie Brown \"Charles\". (Most other characters call him \"Charlie Brown\" at all times, except for Eudora , who also calls him \"Charles\"; Charlie Brown's sister Sally Brown , who usually calls him \"big brother\"; and a minor character named Peggy Jean in the early 1990s who called him \"Brownie Charles\" after he could not remember his own name. Also, Snoopy calls his owner, Charlie Brown, \"that round-headed kid.\" At one point, in A Charlie Brown Christmas , Lucy calls Charlie Brown \"Charlie.\")", "Schulz said he developed much of his material by listening to his children. But the content of \"Peanuts\" also was influenced by his upbringing and early manhood, which was colored by depression, the death of his mother to cancer when he was 20 and losing his first love to another man just as his strip began syndication. (His former girlfriend would become Charlie Brown's \"little red-haired girl,\" a figure his biographer, Rheta Grimsley Johnson, likened to \"Beethoven's Immortal Beloved and Shakespeare's Dark Lady of the Sonnets.\")", "Charles M. Schulz’s “Peanuts” is, without question, not only among the world’s iconic comic strips but also one of the most well-loved. The very first strip of this long running series was published on October 2, 1950, a Monday , in nine newspapers across the USA – The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe, as listed on the comic’s Wikipedia page – and starred Charlie Brown, Shermy, and the original Patty.", "Michaelis shows how autobiographical Peanuts was. Joyce was Lucy, the willful bedeviler of Charlie Brown as he lost his early scampishness and became the eternally decent loser. And Charlie had much of Schulz in him. Joyce once said: \"I really loved Sparky, even though he was homely. … He had very bad skin … terrible skin.\"", "When stars fill the skies, Charlie Brown, Lucy, and Linus must seek out the one star that can be called Charlie Brown's own. \"Charlie Brown's Star\" and many more brand-new adventures like \"Dogstoyefsky\" and \"Sally's Great Pumpkin\" can be found in this exciting issue of PEANUTS.", "Linus Van Pelt is the best friend of Charlie Brown and Lucy's little brother. He tends to have the bad habits of sucking his thumb and taking his beloved blanket wherever he goes. He is also the love interest of Sally, yet he shows no affection for her. In \"Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown,\" he crushes on his own teacher, Ms. Othmar, who breaks his heart on Valentine's Day. He also fights over a girl with Snoopy on an episode of \"The Charlie Brown And Snoopy Show,\" over a girl named Truffles. Linus also is the older brother of Rerun.", "In the early days, Lucy was introduced as a baby who would deliberately annoy her father, asking for a drink of water at the worst times. She was shown to have a slight crush on Charlie Brown and wondered if they would ever get married, and she liked to annoy him too by asking him to read her stories among other things. In 1953, Lucy started to become known as a \"fussbudget\" as she fussed a lot, a name which Lucy took as a compliment. Lucy was able to complain about anything, even dumb things, for instance in the strip from October 28, 1954 she is upset when she receives a Halloween pumpkin that is not blue.", "The Peanuts gang celebrates Halloween, with Linus hoping that, finally, he will be visited by The Great Pumpkin; while Charlie Brown is invited to a Halloween party. Written by Chuck Warner <deepwell@ix.netcom.com>", "It is eventually revealed that the first person to have called him \"Charlie Brown\" was Poochie, a girl who played with Snoopy as a pup, and who first appeared in the strip on January 7, 1973. This can imply, that before this, people used to refer to him as Charlie.", "Snoopy is a small white beagle with many anthropomorphic characteristics and a comically large head. This beloved character is a regular part of the Peanuts comic drawn by Charles M. Schultz. The cartoonist died in 2000, and no new Peanuts comics have since been created. However, the extreme popularity of the comic strip caused many newspapers to continue printing the series in reruns.", "Cartoon tributes have appeared in other comic strips since Schulz' death in 2000, and are now displayed at the Charles Schulz Museum. In May 2000, many cartoonists included a reference to Peanuts in their own strips. Originally planned as a tribute to Schulz' retirement, after his death that February it became a tribute to his life and career. Similarly, on October 30, 2005, several comic strips again included references to Peanuts, and specifically the It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown television special.", "Two characters in the comic became the \"stars\" of the strip, the runaway favorites. The two were, as we all know, Charlie Brown and his dog, Snoopy.", "One reason Schulz never drew the Little Red-Haired girl in the strip, is to show Charlie Brown's hopeless longing for her. Schulz also admitted in 1997, \"I could never draw her to satisfy the readers' impression of what she's probably like.\"", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being\". At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U.S. newspaper.", "In the first comic strip to mention Joe Shlabotnik, August 18, 1963 , Charlie Brown offers Lucy every card he owns in trade for the one Joe Shlabotnik card she has, but Lucy, knowing nothing about baseball, refuses to trade and maintains, \"He's kind of cute.\" After Charlie Brown leaves in obvious misery, Lucy throws the card into a trash bin, claiming \"He wasn't as cute as I thought.\"", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz's death). In total 17,897 different Peanuts strips were published. The strip was one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, and considered the most beloved comic strips of all time. It was \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being,'\"' according to Professor Robert Thompson of Syracuse University. At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in many newspapers.", "Charlie Brown says that he is six years old in the strip from November 17, 1957 .", "\"This article below originally appeared in the November 28, 1997 issue (#1254) of the COMICS BUYER'S GUIDE on the occasion of Charles M. Schulz's 75th birthday. It was fandom's first attempt to collate all the information together about the comic book appearances of Schulz's Peanuts characters and I've left it as it was originally published except for the updated material where mentioned.\"" ]

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[ "North Dakota is located in the Northern Midwest of the United States. It became the 39th state on November 2nd, 1889, the same day as South Dakota. The state's total area is 70,704 sq. miles and has a population of 723,393 people, making it the 3rd least populous state in the country. The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo.", "Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. Bismarck , located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River , has been North Dakota’s capital city since 1883, first as capital of the Dakota Territory , and then as state capital since 1889. Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest. Located a few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . New Salem is the site of the world’s largest statue of a holstein cow ; the world’s largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown .", "Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. Bismarck, located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River, has been North Dakota's capital city since 1883, first as capital of the Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889. Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest. Located a few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New Salem is the site of the world's largest statue of a holstein cow; the world's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown.", "It is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. [5] The state capital is Bismarck , and the largest city is Fargo . North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States .", "Bismarck was founded in 1872 and has been North Dakota's capital city since the state was created from the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union in 1889.", "North Dakota has a great number of Native Americans, and the word \"Dakota\" is a corruption of a Sioux (Lakota) word meaning \"allies\" or \"friends\". The primary tribal groups originating in or around North Dakota, consist of the Lakota and the Dakotah (often lumped together as \"Sioux\"), the Blackfoot, the Cheyenne, the Chippewa, and the Mandan (now extinct as a tribe). Social gatherings known as \"powwows\" (or pow-wows) are an important aspect of Native American culture, and occur regularly throughout the State. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet up with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture, and are attended by Native and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow, held each September in the capital of Bismarck, is one of the largest powwows in the United States.", "North Dakota is one of the most rural states in the United States, with over half of its population living outside metropolitan areas. The Fargo metropolitan area had an estimated population of 181,520 in 2004. The Bismarck metropolitan area had a population of about 97,924 and the Grand Forks area had a population of about 96,046.", "Bracketing a curve in the Missouri River, Bismarck, North Dakota, looks across the water at its sister city, Mandan. This second-largest city in the state (after Fargo) is the capital. Most folks would wisely choose not to visit this northern Great Plains city in winter, as the average temperature in January is 10 degrees Fahrenheit. Better to wait until July, the warmest month, when temperatures soar into the 70s.", "North Dakota is a large, sparsely populated state. It was settled mainly by farmers of Scandinavian and German descent. North Dakota's population has scarcely changed since 1915, but its urban-to-rural ratio has changed dramatically over the years. One-sixth of the people in the state live in Fargo, and that figure is growing all the time. The state's economy is (the the most vibrant in North America. It's close to being one of the top five oil and wind energy producers in the world. It has also year after year posted the least crime and unemployment rate in the Country. Plus, it is on the verge of being the world's main base for testing, research and development of UAV's) based on its agriculture, food processing, mining, tourism and machinery.", "Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMC-TV ) in Minot started operations. [138] North Dakota’s television media markets are Fargo - Grand Forks , (117th largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and Minot - Bismarck (152nd), making up the western half of the state. [139] There are currently 31 full-power television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 digital subchannels .", "Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines . Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems. [111]", "North Dakota is located in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east; South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70762 sqmi, North Dakota is the 19th largest state. ", "North Dakota - Fargo, population of 105,549. Made most famous by the movie of the same name, Fargo was recently ranked the 4th fastest-growing small town in the USA. ", "Bismarck is home to North Dakota State Capitol, seat of the state's legislature, the North Dakota Heritage Center , the state's official history museum. The Bank of North Dakota , the only state-owned bank in the US.", "North Dakota is located in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains . The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east; South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the “Geographic Center of the North American Continent”. With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273 km2), [9] North Dakota is the 19th largest state. [10]", "The most popular tourist spot in North Dakota is the Wild West town of Medora, which was founded in 1883 by the Marquis de Mores, a French nobleman. According to the 2010 census, its population is 112 people.n", "Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark, is administered by the National Park Service and located just off North Dakota State Hwy. 1804, 25 miles southwest of Williston, North Dakota and 24 miles northeast of Sidney Montana. The site is open from 8:00am to 8:00pm daily Memorial Day through Labor Day and from 9:00am to 5:30pm Labor Day through Memorial Day. Please call 701-572-9083, or visit the park's website for further information.", "Jamestown is a city in Stutsman County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Stutsman County. The population was 15,427 at the 2010 census, making it the ninth largest city in North Dakota. Jamestown was founded in 1872.", "Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City, with an incorporated population of almost 70,000 and a metropolitan population of 125,000. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with bison and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base, and some manufacturing, including Black Hills gold jewelry, cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition.", "North Dakota’s major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium , Empire Arts Center , the Fargo Theatre , North Dakota Museum of Art , and the Plains Art Museum . The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra , Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra , Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra , Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.", "Located in the state of North Dakota, the ND-46 W is 120 miles (193km) stretch of straightness near Fargo. This asphalted road links Oxbow (in Cass County) and Streeter (Stutsman County). It’s a straight road with a few kinks breaking up slightly the straight parts for 1 h 56 min.", "North Dakota has six level-II trauma centers, 44 hospitals, 52 rural health clinics, and 80 nursing homes. Major provider networks include Sanford, PrimeCare, Trinity, and Altru.", "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Dakota was 757,952 on July 1, 2016, a 12.7% increase since the 2010 United States Census .[1] This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. Only Alaska, Wyoming, and Vermont have fewer residents. [30]", "Historically, North Dakota was populated by the Mandan, Hidatsa, Lakota, and Ojibwe, and later by the Sanish and Métis. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:", "North Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: , only approximately 2–3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture. North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27500000 acre of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000 km2), the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, 1800000 acre were shifted into soybean and corn production, the largest such shift in the United States. There is concern about too much in monoculture, making the economy liable to risk from insect or crop diseases, in addition to adverse effects on habitat of wildlife and birds, and balance of the ecosystem.", "According to the US Census Bureau's Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) for 2004, North Dakota's manufacturing sector covered some seven product subsectors. The shipment value of all products manufactured in the state that same year was $7.371 billion. Of that total, food manufacturing accounted for the largest share at $2.370 billion. It was followed by machinery manufacturing at $1.874 billion; computer and electronic product manufacturing at $454.510 million; wood product manufacturing at $305.188 million; and fabricated metal product manufacturing at $261.463 million.", "The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.", "Much recent commercial and residential growth has happened in the northern section of the city, largely because of expanding retail centers. Among the shopping centers in northern Bismarck are Gateway Fashion Mall, Northbrook Mall, Arrowhead Plaza, and the new Pinehurst Square \"power center\" mall.", "“Just over 21% of North Dakota’s total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining.” [70]", "Don't forget about the small towns, either. Some of the best stops you can make in North Dakota are in the small little communities littered across the state, many of which have less than 2,000 people -- and some have less than 100. Drive-ins, pizza places, Mexican restaurants, and more are all over the place, and most of them serve genuine homemade food, and often from scratch.", "Downtown Bismarck is near the center of the city, and is distinctive because the city's major shopping center, Kirkwood Mall, is there rather than in a suburban setting. Several other major retail stores are in the vicinity of Kirkwood Mall, as is the Bismarck Civic Center. The two Bismarck hospitals, St. Alexius Medical Center and Sanford Health (previously Medcenter One Health Systems) are both downtown, and the streets are lined with small stores and restaurants.", "Bismarck is on the east bank of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area." ]

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[ "Last part of a fully qualified domain name. The traditional top level domains are: .com (Commercial bodies), .edu (Educational institutions), .gov (U.S. government), .mil (U.S. armed services), .net (Network operators) and .org (Other organizations). In 2001, seven new top level domains were added: .biz, .info, .name, .pro, .aero, .coop, and .museum. Additionally, over 240 countries have registered 2 letter top level domains such as .us, .uk and .jp.", "The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Every domain name consists of one top or high-level and one or more lower-level designators. Top-level domains (TLDs) are either generic or geographic. Generic top-level domains include .com (commercial), .net (network), .edu (educational), .org (organizational, public or non-commercial), .gov (governmental), .mil (military); .biz (business), .info (informational),.name (personal), .pro (professional), .aero (air transport and civil aviation), .coop (business cooperatives such as credit unions) and .museum. Geographic domains designate countries of origin, such as .us (United States), .fr (France), .uk (United Kingdom), etc.", "This generic codes table depicts the history of the Internet and the codes range from '.arpa' which is now rarely used to '.com' which is the most sought after top-level Domain in the World.", "Top-Level Domain – TLD. The last part of a domain address on the Internet, for example .com (commerce), .gov (government), etc.", "ICANN is the internet's key oversight agency responsible for managing and coordinating the Domain Name System (DNS) to ensure that every internet address is unique and that all users of the internet can find all valid addresses. ICANN was selected by the U.S. government in 1998 to oversee internet policies. However, the US Department of Commerce retains a vetoing power over ICANN’s decisions. It has asked ICANN to delay approval of a new \".xxx\" domain name as a virtual red-light district for porn websites.", "The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is tasked with managing the Domain Name System root zone as part of a set of functions governed by a contract with the U.S. Government. This includes the delegation and redelegation of top-level domains.", "A top-level domain (TLD) is the last segment of the domain name . The TLD is the letters immediately following the final dot in an Internet address.", "The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population used the services of the Internet.", "Several networks, such as BITNET, CSNET, UUCP, existed that were in widespread use among computer professionals and academic users, but were not interoperable directly with the Internet and exchanged mail with the Internet via special email gateways. For relaying purposes on the gateways, messages associated with these networks were labeled with suffixes such as bitnet, oz, csnet, or uucp, but these domains did not exist as top-level domains in the public Domain Name System of the Internet.", "Infrastructure Top-Level Domains: There is only one TLD in this category, which is \".arpa\". The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority controls this TLD for the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).", "How Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assign the .co.dm domain. IANA is a department of ICANN , a non-profit private American corporation, they oversees IP address allocation, root zone management in the Do main Name System (DNS), and other Internet related symbols and numbers.", "Google owns the top-level domain 1e100.net which is used for some servers within Google's network. The name is a reference to the scientific E notation representation for 1 googol, . ", "The .NG top-level domain was initially delegated in 1995 to Ms Iyabo Odusote of the Yaba College of Technology. Initially technical operations were performed by Instituto per le Applicazioni Telematiche (IAT) based in Italy, although these were later transferred and executed by Mr Randy Bush.", "This list of Internet top-level domain extensions contains all top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. The official list is at http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db", "The following is a list of Internet top-level domains. The top-level domain article provides the background information. The official list of all top-level domains is maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).", "The DNS forms a tree-like hierarchy. Each TLD includes many second-level domains (such as \"icann\" in \"www.icann.org\"); each second-level domain can include a number of third-level domains (\"www\" in \"www.icann.org\"), and so on.", "The Internet is the largest example of an internetwork. It is a global system of interconnected governmental, academic, corporate, public, and private computer networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW).", "ICANN created a set of top-level Internationalized domain names in October 2007 for the purpose of testing the use of IDNA in the root zone and within those domains. These testing domains were abolished on 31 October 2013. Each of these TLDs encoded a word meaning \"test\" in the respective language. ", "As the Internet grew, it became harder and harder for the NIC to keep the list current. Anticipating that this problem would only get worse as the network expanded, researchers at USC Information Sciences Institute launched an effort to design a more distributed way of providing this same information. The end result was the Domain Name System (DNS) [xvi] which allowed hundreds of thousands of \"name servers\" to maintain small portions of a global database of information associating IP addresses with the names of computers on the Internet.", "In 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was formed as a private sector, non-profit, organization to oversee the orderly progression in use of Internet names and numbers, as well as certain protocol related matters that required oversight. The birth of this organization, which was selected by the Department of Commerce for this function, has been difficult, embodying as it does many of the inherent conflicts in resolving discrepancies in this arena. However, there is a clear need for an oversight mechanism for Internet domain names and numbers, separate from their day-to-day management.", "RFC 6761 reserves the following four top-level domain names to avoid confusion and conflict. Any such reserved usage of those TLDs should not occur in production networks that utilize the global domain name system:", "A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS).", "By 1995, the Internet had become so commercialized that most access to the Internet was handled through Internet service providers (ISPs), such as America Online and Netcom. At that time, NSF relinquished control of the Internet, which was now dominated by Web traffic.", "The authors feel strongly that efforts should be made at top policy levels to define the Internet. It is tempting to view it merely as a collection of networks and computers. However, as indicated earlier, the authors designed the Internet as an architecture that provided for both communications capabilities and information services. Governments are passing legislation pertaining to the Internet without ever specifying to what the law applies and to what it does not apply. In U.S. telecommunications law, distinctions are made between cable, satellite broadcast and common carrier services. These and many other distinctions all blur in the backdrop of the Internet. Should broadcast stations be viewed as Internet Service Providers when their programming is made available in the Internet environment? Is use of cellular telephones considered part of the Internet and if so under what conditions? This area is badly in need of clarification.", "Domain Name is a domain name under the domain \".ch\" or \".li\" without the ending \".ch\" or \".li\" (Second-Level Domain).", "In this case, the destination was the name server. The name server looks up the number of the computer www.w3.org from its name.", "The Internet is a global network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body.", "In addition to the content on Web sites or pages changing rapidly, Web sites themselves may disappear and be replaced by sites with entirely different content. If an IP address associated with a particular Web site is blocked under a particular category and the Web site goes out of existence, then the IP address likely would be reassigned to a different Web site, either by an Internet service provider or by a registration organization, such as the American Registry for Internet Numbers, see http://www.arin.net . In that case, the site that received the reassigned IP address would likely be miscategorized. Because filtering companies do not engage in systematic re-review of their category lists, such a site would likely remain miscategorized unless someone submitted it to the filtering company for re-review, increasing the incidence of over- and underblocking.", "Berkeley Internet Name Domain. The standard TCP/IP naming service that links network names with IP addresses.", "[xvi] The Domain Name System was designed by Paul Mockapetris and initially documented in November 1983.  Mockapetris, P., \"Domain names - Concepts and Facilities\", RFC 882 , USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1983 and Mockapetris, P.,\"Domain names - Implementation and Specification\", RFC 883 , USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1983. (see also  http://soa.granitecanyon.com/faq.shtml )", "The site is offered with regional variations based on your IP address with popular United States content only available with a USA IP address.", "From right-to-left, the portions of the domain name are more general to more specific in terms of location. In the United States, the rightmost portion of a domain is typically one of the following:" ]

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[ "A rare metal of extraterrestrial origin, vibranium is – like adamantium – virtually indestructible and is the main constituent of that most iconic of superhero weaponry, Captain America’s shield . Thanks to an unknown factor in the lab of the scientist that created it (the alloy that the shield was made from was somehow formed as the scientist was asleep from exhaustion); the material has never been replicated.", "Captain America's signature weapon is his shield, which is made of the rare vibranium alloy that renders it light, vibration-proof and indestructible. He uses the shield not only for defensive measures, but offensive attacks in close combat and throwing the shield as a projectile at a target from long range. Rogers somehow managed to master a boomerang-like return effect meaning he's able to retrive the shield without anything of it to ricochet off of.", "As Captain America, Rogers wears a blue costume made from a fire retardant material with a lightweight bulletproof 'duralumin' armor layer beneath. This is emblazoned with an American flag motif. He carries a vibranium-steel alloy shield which is used for both defense and as a weapon.", "During the early 1940s, a small amount of Wakandan Vibranium came into the possession of the scientist Myron MacLain. He tried to combine Vibranium with iron to form a new tank armor, but was unable to fuse the elements. One morning, he found that the two materials had bonded on their own in an unknown manner. The ultra-resilient alloy was used to create Captain America's shield. MacLain worked for decades (without success) to duplicate the accident. However, during an experiment in the 1960s, he developed the virtually indestructible metal adamantium.", "The adamantium-vibranium error first arises in the Captain America entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe (the composition of the shield was described in the adamantium entry as \"vibranium-iron\") and is propagated in several subsequent stories by writers using the Handbook as a reference. The error is corrected in Captain America #303–304 (March–April 1985), which establishes that the shield is made of vibranium and an \"experimental iron alloy\", but that did not prevent the error's repetition over the years.", "Barnes learns of Rogers' dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick. During their adventures, Franklin D. Roosevelt presents Captain America with a new shield, forged from an alloy of steel and vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst, so effective that it replaces his own firearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name. Captain America fights in numerous battles in WWII, primarily as a member of 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment \"Blue Spaders\". Captain America battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, the Hangman, the Fang, the Black Talon, and the White Death, among others.", "Barnes accidentally learns of Roger's dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick . Rogers agrees and trains Barnes. Rogers meets President Franklin Roosevelt , who presents him with a new shield made from a mixture of steel and vibranium , fused by an unknown catalyst. The alloy is indestructible, yet the shield is light enough to use as a discus-like weapon that can be angled to return to him. It proves so effective that Captain America forgoes the sidearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders (as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name). Giant-Sized Invaders #1 (Jun. 1975)", "MacLain began experimenting with the process that created Adamantium as a young scientist in the employ of the United States government in the early 1940s. Assigned to create a super-metal with which to build tanks, MacLain labored for month, experimenting with various iron alloys. One of his experiments utilized the rare meteoric ore now known as Wakandan Vibranium . He tried to fuse the Vibranium to the iron alloy numerous times without success. Then one night when he dozed off, some as yet unknown factor entered the process, and permitted the fusion to occur. Upon discovering his success, MacLain poured the molten metal into a disc-shaped mold. The disc, once solidified, has proven to be the most impervious object ever created on Earth. MacLain turned the discover to the government and it was given to Captain America to use as his shield. Neither MacLain nor anyone else has ever been able to discover what was the x-factor that entered the process, or has been able to fuse Vibranium with another metal. (The unknown iron-Vibranium alloy of which the shield is composed resembles True Adamantium, although Adamantium itself contains no Vibranium,)", "Captain America uses several shields throughout his history, the most prevalent of which is a nigh-indestructible disc-shaped shield made from an experimental alloy of steel and the fictional vibranium . [94] The shield was cast by American metallurgist Dr. Myron MacLain , who was contracted by the U.S. government, from orders of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , to create an impenetrable substance to use for tanks during World War II. This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the discovery of adamantium .", "The U.S government, disappointed at the loss of their planned super soldier army was determined to use Rogers to his fullest potential. To this end, they decided to use him as a superhero to fight the Nazis; to become a symbol of freedom and hope against Nazi forces as well as a counter-intelligence agent. He also would be their answer to and main weapon against the leader of the Nazi terrorist operations - the Red Skull . The U.S. Government gave him a costume based on the American flag, an unbreakable shield (given to him by President Franklin Roosevelt ), a sidearm, and the name Captain America. From that point on, Steve Rogers was Captain America. A short time later he was stationed on an army base in Virginia serving as Private Steve Rogers.", "But Mr. Simon’s most enduring character, which he created with Mr. Kirby, is that defender of (among other things) the national honor, Captain America. The alter ego of a decent but wimpy young fellow named Steve Rogers who has volunteered to take an experimental serum that turns him into a perfect specimen of human athleticism, Captain America was a supersoldier. Muscular, masked, clad in red, white and blue and carrying a shield he could fling as a weapon — though not possessed of any explicit superpowers — he appeared for the first time in December 1940 (the issue was dated March 1941), a year before the United States entered World War II . On the cover he was pictured delivering a right cross to Adolf Hitler. It was Hitler who provided the impetus for the character.", "Unable to create new Super-Soldiers, and willing to hide the Project Rebirth fiasco, the U.S.A. Government casts the now-powerful Rogers as a patriotic superhero, able to counter the menace of the Red Skull as a counter-intelligence agent. As such, he's supplied with a patriotic uniform (designed by Rogers himself) [32] ) a bulletproof shield, a personal side arm, and the codename Captain America, while Steve Rogers himself poses as a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. He forms a friendship with the camp's teenage mascot, James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes. [34]", "When a small sub-molecular imperfection was introduced into Captain America's shield, each impact over the years spread to neighboring molecules. It grew until the molecular bonds of the shield were completely broken down, shattering the shield. The shattering effect continued to spread to other vibranium, unconnected to the shield. This created a vibranium \"cancer\", a shock wave propagating throughout the world. It violently detonated any vibranium it found, from mineral deposits to components of ships or equipment. The shock wave was traveling to the \"Great Vibranium Mound\" in Wakanda, where the resulting explosion could destroy the world. With the unwitting aid of the villain Klaw, Captain America was able to stop the cancer and restore his shield.", "When without his trademark shield, Captain America sometimes uses other shields made from less durable metals such as steel,[ volume & issue needed ] or even a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix.[ volume & issue needed ] Rogers, having relinquished his regular shield to Barnes, carried a variant of the energy shield which can be used with either arm, and used to either block attacks or as an improvised offensive weapon able to cut through metal with relative ease. [91]  Much like his vibranium shield, the energy shield can also be thrown, including ricocheting off multiple surfaces and returning to his hand. [92]", "Steve Rogers was born on July 4, 1922 in the Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York City , to Irish immigrants Sarah and Joseph Rogers.Adventures of Captain America–Sentinel of Liberty #1-#4 (Oct. 1991 - Jan. 1992) By the early 1940s, before America's entry into World War II , Rogers is a tall but scrawny fine arts student specializing in illustration. Disturbed by the rise of the Third Reich, Rogers attempts to enlist, only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. A U.S. Army officer looking for test subjects offers Rogers the chance to serve his country by taking part in a top-secret defense project — Operation: Rebirth, which seeks to develop a means of creating physically superior soldiers. Rogers volunteers for the research and, after a rigorous selection process, is chosen as the first human test subject for the Super-Soldier serum developed by the scientist \"Dr. Joseph Reinstein,\"Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941)Captain America #109 (Jan. 1969) later retroactively changed to a code name for the scientist Abraham Erskine.Captain America #255 (March 1981)", "During Captain America’s absence, several heroes wore the costume in his honor, including Guardian. During the 1950’s, a government agent was given the super-soldier serum and cosmetic alterations to make him an exact duplicate of Steven Rogers.", "* In an effort to reproduce the special vibranium composition of Captain America's Shield, Dr. Myron MacLain, the maker of said composition created \"True\" Adamantium.", "At one point, when Rogers was exiled from the United States and was briefly unable to use his shield, Sharon Carter provided him with a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix. This shield was also able to turn into an energy staff that could be used as a weapon, but the generator that created the shield was eventually destroyed in a confrontation with Ultron when Hank Pym 's use of vibranium resulted in the destruction of the generator.", "In \"What If both Professor X and Magneto was both killed by Legion ?\", Captain America is the leader of the Defenders , which is composed of Weapon X , Captain Britain , Brother Voodoo , the Thing , Colossus , Sauron , Molecule Man and Nate Summers . The Defenders have learned the truth of their reality and have sworn not to change the past but defeat Apocalypse in the present. In this reality, Steve appears unmasked, wearing an eyepatch, and is in possession of Thor's hammer, Mjolnir along with his shield.", "His standard piece of equipment is a metallic shield designed by Hank Pym (later destroyed by Valkyrie but reforged by Asgardians), and his uniform has a vibranium chesplate and is Kevlar-lined to be bulletproof. Ultimate Cap also frequently makes use of firearms and explosives.", "During the final days of the war, presumably on or before April 18, 1945, [30] Captain America and Bucky were trying to stop a bomb-loaded drone-plane, launched by Baron Zemo, when the plane exploded, apparently killing his partner Bucky and throwing Rogers into icy Arctic waters of the English Channel . The Super-Soldier Formula prevented crystallization of Rogers' bodily fluid, allowing him to enter a state of suspended animation . Although Rogers and Bucky had seemingly perished, the war still raged on and U.S. presidents and the government picked different volunteers, such as William Naslund , Jeffrey Mace , and another Steve Rogers , over the years, to keep the morale alive, and even after World War II ended.", "To prevent this, Rogers travels to Wakanda with the pieces of the shield taped together, prepared to sacrifice what remains of it in an attempt to absorb the shock wave. However, the villain Klaw , who is made up of living sound waves, has reached Wakanda ahead of him. Klaw stands in the path of the shock wave, absorbing it himself and increasing his own powers considerably. When Klaw next attacks Rogers, the latter instinctively raises the taped-together shield in defense. When Klaw strikes the shield, his shock wave–augmented power realigns its vibranium molecules and restores the shield, allowing Rogers to defeat Klaw.", "In the Marvel Mangaverse , Captain America uses a photonic shield before his death in Volumes 1 and 2, and his bodyguards use shields of metal. The shield also appears in the Rings of Fate mini-series, having been acquired by Carol Danvers from Avengers Mansion when she uses the costume of Captain America. This shield was able to pierce Iron Man's robotic body, but its exact composition is unknown.", "Sickly and frail young man Steve Rogers attempted to join the Army to fight Allied foes in WWII, but was rejected. He was selected to participate in a secret project called \"Operation Rebirth\" - he was the first test subject in an experiment to create physically-superior Super Soldiers for the military. When he was given the chemical super-serum by \"Dr. Josef Reinstein,\" he was transformed and reborn into a superhero (with a dual identity) - he became the only one after a German spy killed the doctor who had memorized the formula.", "Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight, bulletproof duralumin scale armor beneath his uniform for added protection. Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device.", "In the winter of 1940 the final preparations were made and Steve Rogers underwent the final test. He was injected and made to ingest Erskine's formula and then was bathed in Vita Rays which caused his body to transform into the peak of human perfection. By this time, the project was infiltrated by Nazi agent Heinz Kruger who fatally shot Erskine, and he himself was slain by the newly empowered Steve Rogers. Without any complete copies of the super-soldier formula available in writing, Steve Rogers was the only man to receive the complete treatment at that time, but there would be others eventually. [18] [17] [12] [19] [9] [3] Right after the project, an attempt by Nazi spies to steal a urine sample from Steve Rogers was foiled. [20]", "During the war, \"Cap\" served as both a symbol of freedom and America's most effective special operative. In addition to working with his young sidekick Bucky, Cap regularly fought alongside other Allied super-powered heroes such as Namor the Sub-Mariner and the android Human Torch, who were the recognized core of the World War II super-team known as the Invaders - a name suggested by English premier Winston Churchill. Rogers sometimes came into contact with a Canadian paratrooper named Jim Howlett, the man who would come to be known as Wolverine.", "During the time when the shield was lost in the Atlantic, Rogers tried using a pure adamantium shield, but was unable to get used to the balance. He also tried fighting without a shield but also found it awkward. While up against HYDRA agents in the Smithsonian, he picked up the triangular shield that was being exhibited there and used it for a time before it was crushed by a Kree warrior. Sharon Carter next provided him with another photonic shield, but one whose shape could be controlled to morph the energy field into a wider force field, a bo staff or even fire a projection of the shield. While he enjoyed the versatility, Rogers noticed a number of drawbacks, particularly its inability to ricochet. Rogers gave one of the energy shield gloves to a freedom fighter in an oppressive future he traveled to and received a replacement from S.H.I.E.L.D. when he got back to his own time.", "Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight, bulletproof Duralumin scale armour beneath his uniform for added protection. Although he had his own motorcycle during the war, when he returned as an Avenger he was given a new one modified by the SHIELD weapons laboratory.", "* Steel: An engineer genius named John Henry Irons who creates a high-tech, mechanized suit of armor to fight crime in, after Superman's death in the Death of Superman storyline, and still serves as a superhero today. His niece Natasha Irons has also fought crime as Steel.", "Originally, SHIELD stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage, Law-Enforcement Division. The group constantly battled Hydra, a terrorist organization that also appeared in Captain America and was led by the Red Skull (Hugo Weaving) in the film, but instead squared off against characters including Arnold Brown and Baron Wolfgang Von Strucker in the comics.", "Secret Warriors features a great story called \"Nick Fury, Agent of Nothing\" that has Fury build a team made up of the children of super-villains. SHIELD: Architects of Forever is a story that reveals the organization has been around for generations, with its first members being Leonardo Da Vinci, Isaac Newton, Imhotep, Zhang Heng and Galileo." ]

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[ "The slogan \"More saving. More doing.\" was introduced by The Home Depot in the March 18, 2009 circular, replacing \"You can do it. We can help.\" which had been used since 2003. Other slogans used in the past 25 years include \"The Home Depot, Low prices are just the beginning\" in the early 1990s and \"When you're at the Home Depot, You'll feel right at home\" in the late 1990s and \"The Home Depot: First In Home Improvement!\" from 1999–2003.", "Home Depot’s has had several slogans since its inception, the first one being “When you’re at Home Depot, You’ll feel right at home”, later came “The Home Depot, Low prices are just the beginning”. But after several slogan changes, the one that has stuck is “More Saving, More Doing”.", "While browsing Home Depot's online selection, you might find the same type of \"warehouse style\" theme as their brick-and-mortar stores. And although you can't physically attend a clinic or one of their free 'how-to' workshops online, you can still obtain the details regarding the latest events occurring at your nearest Home Depot. In the past, the company followed a 'You can do it, we can help' type of attitude as seen in their previous slogan, but now Home Depot concentrates on 'More saving. More doing' and a 'Let's do this' mindset by actively encouraging the regular Joe or Jane to tackle home improvement or remodeling projects more than ever before. ", "For more than half a decade, Home Depot has been the leader of the do-it-yourself, cheap home improvement retail industry (and the second largest retailer overall behind Walmart ).  To hammer that message home to consumers, the company used a simple slogan, “You can do it.  We can help.”  It was inspirational.  During a time when everyone and their brother was watching HGTV and more home remodeling and redecorating programs on television than any sane person had time for, the slogan worked very well.  Consumers heard it and said to themselves, “you know what?  I can do it!  I’m going to Home Depot.”", "Walmart's advertising slogan has been \"Save Money, Live Better\" since 2007. Its latest move will certainly save money, although the second part of the motto is up for debate.", "Home Depot is not alone in the business of supplying shoppers with the latest in home improvement products and services, and is often compared to Lowe's – another company related to the industry.", "Frankly, as a consumer, I like the “more saving” part, but I don’t like the “more doing” part.  Just because the economy is in the toilet doesn’t mean I want to do more work.  How about, “More saving. Easier doing”?  I don’t like that either, but at least it combines my two biggest motivators these days — leaving more money in my wallet, and giving me more time to do far more important things than install laminate flooring. ", "In December 2007. Sam's Club launched a new slogan, \"Enjoy the Possibilities\". Since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. As of January 2008, the \"Enjoy the Possibilities\" slogan was no longer in use. Sam's Club launched their latest slogan \"Savings Made Simple\" in the fourth quarter of 2009.", "Twenty-nine years later, This Old House has grown into a multi-faceted lifestyle brand, inspiring and informing millions of adults every month about home improvement and renovation. It is the No. 1 multi-media home enthusiast brand, offering homeowners trusted information and expert advice through award-winning television, a highly-regarded magazine, a comprehensive line of books, and an information-driven Web site.", "Yet the ubiquitous tagline, which has thrived on being open to interpretation, has endured even as others have tried to come up with their own memorable slogans. Under Armour's \"Protect This House\" and adidas' \"Impossible is Nothing\" echo some of the same qualities, but neither has overtaken \"Just Do It.\"", "* The \"money savers\" campaign enlisted actors to portray average consumers who have resorted to various humorous extremes in order to save money, such as teaching a dog to sing or teaching a group of Guinea pigs to row a boat and perform some mundane task for the consumer, and then presented switching to GEICO as an easy alternative to such endeavors with the common line \".... there's an easier way to save money.\"", "In the late 1950s, Proctor and Gamble asked Chicago ad agency Tathum-Laird to come up with a name, logo and ad campaign for their new cleaning product. Ad exec Harry Barnhart and illustrator Ernie Allen came up with a brawny man with a shiny bald head and a gold earring - supposedly modeled after a sailor, not a genie. Within 6 months, Mr. Clean became the best-selling household cleaning product on the market.", "Designed and created by advertising agency BBDO for General Electric in 1979, “We Bring Good Things to Life” was an advertising tagline or slogan that highlighted the diversity of products and services GE catered to. The tagline, ever since it appeared in the advertisement campaigns of GE is said to be responsible for increasing the company’s popularity and image worldwide.", "\"Don’t Leave Home Without It.\" In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with \"Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be.\" And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with \"There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.\" Priceless.", "What do you think about the new Home Depot tagline?  Will it get the job done and motivate consumers to go buy some crown molding?", "Its the same with 1001 - the generation that grew up thinking Babycham was a great drink also grew up thinking that when it came to cleaning your carpet or rug there was only one name and that name was 1001. The slogan that accompanied the TV adverts was distinctive and memorable but must in the end have been a bit limiting on profits.", "American Express launched this campaign, created by Ogilvy & Mather, in 1975. The slogan was intended to establish traveler's cheques and traveler's check cards as essential accessories for daily life, right up there with the house keys. Since its release, this catchy tagline has been quoted, parodied, and repeated so often that it has worked its way into the American lexicon, with people everywhere holding up important objects and urging friends and family not to leave home without them.", "By the 1970s, GE had shifted once again to a focus to the service and high-tech fields. In this increasingly diversified market, the company saw that a more comprehensive advertising strategy was needed. Prior to 1979, GE’s image was primarily that of an appliance company. Each one of the company’s products and services used its own advertising theme, not an overall company slogan. To remedy the situation, the advertising agency BBDO began to develop the “We Bring Good Things to Life” campaign to create a unified brand image.", "Home improvement (series) – tv tropes, A description of tropes appearing in home improvement. a sitcom starring tim allen as tim taylor and his family, consisting of his wife jill and their three ….", "They should take advantage of Kenmore’s leadership, and position it as the No. 1 family of appliances in the end. They should do the same for Craftsman, which is America’s favorite brand of tools, by far. Perhaps it’s time for a next generation of DieHard battery that dies a little harder. Could their paints use some sprucing up?", "This commercial is about a family who just moved into a house. A boy comes running into the kitchen with his dog behind him carrying a football in his mouth. The kid takes the football from the dog's mouth and exclaims, \"mom, mom, look what the people left in the yard.\" The mom then shows a disgusting pile of dirt and grime to the kid where a refrigerator had been and says \"Yeah, well look what they left in the kitchen.\" She then grabs a thing of Mr. Clean and starts cleaning the kitchen. Before you know it, the kitchen is sparkling clean. After it is clean the husband says \"now for the rest of the house.\" The woman says, \"let's just live in the kitchen.\"", "Arm & Hammer is a registered trademark of Church and Dwight, an American manufacturer of household products. The logo of this brand is a muscular arm holding a hammer. Originally associated only with baking soda and washing soda, the company began to expand the brand to other products in the 1970s using baking soda as a deodorizing ingredient, including toothpaste, laundry detergent, underarm deodorant, and cat litter. The Arm & Hammer brand is one of the longest-running and most recognized U.S. trademarks.", "BMW sells cars all over the world, but in North America, it's known by its slogan: \"The Ultimate Driving Machine.\" This slogan was created in the 1970s by a relatively unknown ad agency named Ammirati & Puris and was, according to BMW's blog , directed at Baby Boomers who were \"out of college, making money and ready to spend their hard earned dollars. What better way to reflect your success than on a premium automobile?\"", "Moving forward, there are a lot of policies that are win-win for the environment and the economy. Energy efficient homes save money on heating and cooling, and protect the planet. Cars with higher gas mileage require less gas at the pump, and release fewer emissions per mile. Even our diet can be a win-win: meals with less meat and more vegetables are required less energy to produce per calorie, not to mention being healthier and cheaper. These are savings that directly show up in consumers' pockets.", "Wonder Washer. Wonder Washerby Montgomery Ward. (Visit the Hot New Releases in Appliances list for authoritativâ¦", "Dave and Pete race to finish a renovation and snag qualified buyers away from a project next door. 1:30 p.m. Q HGTV Flip or Flop Tarek and Christina make an offer on a short sale.", "Episode #2508 · Host Kevin O'Connor opens the show around the corner from the project house at Formaggio Kitchen - a world-class gourmet food shop that also has a cheese-ripening cave in the basement - the first ever to be installed in a retail store in the USA. Back at the project house, Kevin finds stone specialist Jason Buechel installing natural quartzite veneer on the landscape walls. At three dollars more per square foot, it's more expensive than fake stone, but worth it to homeowner George Mabry for its authenticity. Designer Todd Tsiang shows Kevin how obscure glass, custom shoji screens and low-E coatings will work together to provide privacy, UV protection and lower energy bills. On the roof, general contractor Tom Silva oversees the installation of the low slope EPDM roofing system. Kevin meets up with George and kitchen designer Amy Leonard to review a few possible layouts for the new kitchen and wet bar.", "In the following you can find corporate mottos of really huge and commonly known corporations and companies; some of these slogans are great, others might be missleading or are missing the point completely:", "Don't Interrupt Me While I'm Talking. I rarely publish newly created acronyms in this listing, but this one is so good I had to include it. This was created and sent to me by writer Sandra McCarthy, thanks. An alternative interpretation (thanks P Myers) is Dual Income Mortgage We're In Trouble.", "Don't Interrupt Me While I'm Talking. I rarely publish newly created acronyms in this listing, but this one is so good I had to include it. This was created and sent to me by writer Sandra McCarthy, thanks. An alternative interpretation (thanks P Myers) is Dual Income Mortgage We're In Trouble.", "Another sign hangs in the background of the bank run scene. In giant letters, it reads, “Own Your Own Home,” the very core of the American Dream.", "A 1966 ad shows kitchen appliances. The average cost of a new house that year was about $14,200." ]

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[ "WWU offers a variety of bachelor's and master's degrees. In 2014, there were 15,060 students, 14,407 of whom were undergraduate students, and 764 faculty. Its athletic teams are known as the Vikings and the school colors are Western blue, bay blue, and white.", "Western Washington University, located in Bellingham, is home to NCAA Division II National Women's Rowing Champions. Although always nationally ranked, the Lady Vikings, in 2005, became Western's very first NCAA champion team and won again in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2011. The 2011-2012 Western Men's Basketball team won the NCAA Division II National Championship.", "Washington Huskies is the nickname of the University of Washington's athletic teams. The school is a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The athletic program is made up of 9 men's sports (baseball, basketball, crew, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track and field) and 10 women's sports (basketball, crew, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, volleyball, sand volleyball).", "UW students, sports teams, and alumni are called Washington Huskies, and often referred to metonymically as \"Montlake,\" due to the campus's location on Montlake Boulevard N.E. (It should be noted that the traditional bounds of the Montlake neighborhood do not extend north of the Montlake Cut to include the campus.) The husky was selected as the school mascot by student committee in 1922. It replaced the \"Sun Dodger,\" an abstract reference to the local weather that was quickly dropped in favor of something more tangible. The costumed \"Harry the Husky\" performs at sporting and special events, and a live Alaskan Malamute, currently named Dubs, has traditionally led the UW football team onto the field at the start of games. The school colors of purple and gold were adopted in 1892 by student vote. The choice was inspired by the first stanza of Lord Byron's :", "The sports teams participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I-A and in the Pacific-12 Conference . Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium (football, track and field), the Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), Husky Ballpark (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium , The Nordstrom Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the Conibear Shellhouse (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the Weyerhaeuser Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. (The university eliminated its men's and women's swim teams in May, 2009.) [83]", "WWU is located in Bellingham, a city of about 80,000 people, overlooking Bellingham Bay and many of the San Juan Islands. The university is 90 mi north of Seattle, 55 mi south of Vancouver, British Columbia, and an hour’s drive from 10778 ft Mount Baker. The university is located close to Interstate 5.", "Formerly known as the “Sun Dodgers,” the Washington Huskies compete in the NCAA Division I-A and in the Pac-12 Conference. “The Wave” originated at UW and the late popular movie martial artist Bruce Lee was an alumni of UW. The school has one of the best graduation rates in our survey (84%).", "Washington’s athletic teams had been called the Sun Dodgers since 1919, but a lot of people thought that didn’t do much for the school’s—or the region’s—image.", "The sports teams participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I-A and in the Pacific-12 Conference. Among its facilities on campus are Husky Stadium (football, track and field), the Alaska Airlines Arena at Hec Edmundson Pavilion (basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics), Husky Ballpark (baseball), Husky Softball Stadium, The Bill Quillian Tennis Stadium, The Nordstrom Tennis Center, Dempsey Indoor (Indoor track and field, football) and the Conibear Shellhouse (rowing). The golf team plays at the Washington National Golf Club and until recently, the swimming team called the Weyerhaeuser Aquatic Center and the Husky pool home. (The university eliminated its men's and women's swim teams in May, 2009.)", "Lower division NCAA teams have played at the stadium throughout the years. From 2003 to 2008, the Division II football teams from Western Washington University and Central Washington University met each year in a rivalry game called “The Battle in Seattle”. Central won all but the 2004 game, and each meeting attracted more than 11,000 people. [109] Western discontinued its football program after the 2008 season, but Central came to an agreement to continue the series with Western Oregon University for games in 2009 and 2010. “Battle in Seattle VII” saw Central make a comeback to win 23–21 in front of 5,374. [110]", "The institution that is now Western Washington University has since undergone several name changes. In 1901, the school's name was changed to State Normal School at Whatcom to reflect New Whatcom's name change. Again, in 1904, the name was changed to Washington State Normal School at Bellingham when the townships of Whatcom and Fairhaven joined, and again in 1937, to Western Washington College of Education when it became a 4-year college. Twenty-four years later it became Western Washington State College and finally, in 1977, the institution gained university status.", "Washington Huskies [88] – The sports teams representing the University of Washington, competing in the Pacific-12 Conference. Virtually all venues are on campus, with the best-known being Husky Stadium (football) and Hec Edmundson Pavilion (many indoor sports, most notably basketball). Husky Stadium, which reopened for the 2013 football season after major renovations, is notable as the largest stadium in the Pacific Northwest and for its scenic setting next to Lake Washington; a significant number of fans arrive at the stadium by boat. Tickets can be difficult to come by for football and men's basketball games.", "- WSU's victory over Washington gives the Cougars four Apple Cups in the last five years, the first time in the history of the rivalry that WSU has accomplished the feat...the victory is the fi rst in Martin Stadium for the Cougars since 2004 (28-25).", "During the 2005-06 year, the WSU Cougars had a football and men’s basketball “sweep” of rival University of Washington Huskies. In fall 2005, WSU beat the UW in the annual Apple Cup football game. In the winter of 2006, the Cougars beat the Huskies in both basketball games. The last time the Cougars had such an academic year “sweep” of the Huskies was 1968-69.", "The football team is traditionally competitive, having won the 1960 and 1991 national title, to go along with eight Rose Bowl victories and an Orange Bowl title. From 1907 to 1917, Washington football teams were unbeaten in 64 consecutive games, an NCAA record. [84] Tailgating by boat has been a Husky Stadium tradition since 1920 when the stadium was first built on the shores of Lake Washington . The Apple Cup game is an annual game against cross-state rival Washington State University that was first contested in 1900 with UW leading the all-time series, 65 wins to 31 losses and 6 ties. Robert Neil is the former Head Football coach.", "There were 1,700 unique names among the more than 20,000 submitted in a name-the-team contest in 1975, including Skippers, Pioneers, Lumberjacks, and Seagulls. About 150 people suggested Seahawks. A Seattle minor league hockey team and Miami’s franchise in the All-America Football Conference both used the nickname in the 1950s. “Our new name suggests aggressiveness, reflects our soaring Northwest heritage, and belongs to no other major league team,” Seattle general manager John Thompson said. The Seahawks’ helmet design is a stylized head of an osprey, a fish-eating hawk of the Northwest.", "The University of Washington Husky Lacrosse Club plays college lacrosse in the Division 1 of the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA) against local rivals such as Washington State, Oregon, Oregon St. and Western Washington. The Huskies have made the Pacific Northwest Collegiate Lacrosse League (PNCLL) playoffs 5 of the last 6 years. The Lacrosse team plays their home games on the IMA fields, and are regularly attended and popular amongst UW students; especially when in-state rival, Washington St. comes into town. The Husky's Lacrosse team is funded by annual dues paid by the players, as well as assistance from the IMA, and fundraisers.", "Baseball was also popular during the Buck Bailey and Bobo Brayton eras when WSU was a powerhouse of the Pac-10. The 2006 season has been the most successful campaign since the eighties, as the Cougars were ranked as high as 28th in the nation after winning the series against Stanford the weekend of March 26th, 2006. Another popular program is track and field, which has given WSU one of its two national championships.", "Strong rivalries also exist between WSU and the other Pac-10 teams of the Pacific Northwest: the University of Oregon Ducks and Oregon State University Beavers. Competition between the schools in football has been very competitive over the years, as the Cougars hold a 46-41-3 advantage in the series against OSU and trail UO by a tally of 37-39-7.", "Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities . Its research budget is among the highest in the United States. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12).", "The Raiders led the conference in scoring with 78.8 points per game, which ranked ninth in the NCAA. WSU competed for the Horizon League Championship but fell short to Green Bay 86-77 in an overtime battle. It would make a WNIT appearance against Toledo, but lost 7264 to end its season last Friday. “Unselfish, happy and have fun with it, that’s the culture here right now,” said Mingo. facebook.com/theguardianonline", "In 1927 during the Homecoming football game against the University of Idaho, Washington State Governor Roland H. Hartley presented a cougar cub to the WSU students. Butch was originally to be called \"Governor Hartley,\" in honor of its donor. The governor gracefully declined and suggested the name \"Butch,\" in honor of Herbert \"Butch\" Meeker of Spokane, who was WSU's gridiron football star at the time.", "The home Huskies, which were winless last season including a 16-13 double-overtime Apple Cup defeat in Pullman, are better at 3-7 overall and 2-5 in the Pac-10. Washington is in the bottom 10 of the NCAA statistics in just one category – kickoff returns – but is in the bottom 20 in three more, including total defense.", "While much of Fort Worth's sports attention is focused on the Metroplex's professional sports teams, the city does have its own athletic identity. TCU competes in NCAA Division I Athletics, including the football team that is consistently ranked in the Top 25, the baseball team has competed in the last six NCAA Tournaments and came within a win of making the College World Series in 2009. The women's basketball team that has competed in the last seven NCAA Tournaments. Texas Wesleyan University competes in the NAIA , and were the 2006 NAIA Div. I Men's Basketball champions and three-time National Collegiate Table Tennis Association (NCTTA) team champions (2004–2006). Fort Worth is also home to the NCAA football Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl as well as four minor-league professional sports teams. One of these minor league teams, the Fort Worth Cats baseball team, were reborn in 2001. The original Cats were a very popular minor league team in Fort Worth from the 19th century (when they were called the Panthers) until 1960, when the team was merged into the Dallas Rangers .", "The Seattle home of the University of Washington football program outranks the nearby facility for the NFL's Seahawks. The Huskies can seat about 70,000 fans on game days, their pro counterparts only about 67,000.", "The Apple Cup is an American college football rivalry between the University of Washington Huskies and Washington State University Cougars. Both are members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference.", "Vancouver Island University Mariners volleyball players embrace moments after match point of the Pacific Western Athletic Association championship on Saturday night at Victoria’s Pacific Institute for Sport Excellence.", "In 1986, the Pac-10 began sponsoring women's athletics. Prior to this time members' women's teams competed with other large universities on the Pacific coast in either the Northern Pacific Conference or the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.", "In April 2009, it was proposed that the annual Apple Cup between the Seattle-based Huskies and the Pullman -based Cougars be hosted at CenturyLink Field for six years beginning in 2010. The two programs could not reach an agreement on how to divide tickets. Pullman’s business community had expressed concerns that playing the game away from the area would be detrimental to the local economy. [105]", "In April 2009, it was proposed that the annual Apple Cup between the Seattle-based Huskies and the Pullman-based Cougars be hosted at CenturyLink Field for six years beginning in 2010. The two programs could not reach an agreement on how to divide tickets. Pullman's business community had expressed concerns that playing the game away from the area would be detrimental to the local economy. ", "Contrary to the most popular, Washington State has 49 schools with unique mascot names. Here’s a sampling of our favorites.", "Saturday's game against Hawaii will be shown live in selected part of Washington. Produced by FSN Northwest, the game will be seen throughout eastern Washington on KHQ-TV and KHQ's SWX Channel in Spokane, in the Tri-Cities on KNDU and in the Yakima area it will be shown on KNDO. Additionally, it will be distributed on the Universal Sports channel in the Seattle area." ]

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[ "Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum fineness of 925.", "Sterling Silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925.", "Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum millesimal fineness of 925.", "You may have heard of the term sterling silver, this is the name given to an alloy (combination of metals) that is at least 92.5% silver by weight. The other 7.5% is made up of other metals, usually copper .", "A major use of silver is as a precious metal and it has long been used for making high-value objects reflecting the wealth and status of the owner. Jewellery and silverware are traditionally made from sterling silver (standard silver), an alloy of 92.5% silver with 7.5% copper. Sterling silver is harder than pure silver and has a lower melting point (893 °C) than either pure silver or pure copper. Britannia silver is an alternative hallmark-quality standard containing 95.8% silver, often used to make silver tableware and wrought plate. With the addition of germanium, the patented modified alloy Argentium Sterling Silver is formed, with improved properties including resistance to firescale.", "Sterling Silver, 925: alloy of 92.5% silver with 7.5% copper. Sterling silver is harder than pure silver, and has a lower melting point (893 °C) than either pure silver or pure copper.", "Next to gold, it is the most malleable and ductile metal known. It is harder than gold but softer than copper. This softness limits its use, even for coinage, unless it is alloyed with about 10% copper. When alloyed with 7.5% copper, it is known as sterling silver. As a pure element it can absorb oxygen in the amount of 20 times its own volume at its melting point of 960.8 deg C (1,761.4 deg F). The boiling point of the metal is 2,210 deg C (4,010 deg F). Silver's atomic number is 47, and its atomic weight is 107.868. Naturally occurring silver consists of two stable isotopes: silver-107 (51.82%) and silver-109 (48.18%). Crystals of silver have a face-centered cubic lattice structure", "Among these various silver-containing alloys, sterling silver must contain at least 92.5% pure fine silver. The balance of this alloy may be some other metal, but typically includes a substantial percentage of copper. The presence of copper tends to increase the hardness of the resulting alloy.", "..... Click the link for more information. ). Large quantities are used for silver utensils and jewelry, and in plating tableware electrolytically from a solution of sodium silver cyanide. Alloys of silver with copper, in which the copper adds hardness, are important. Coin silver is an alloy consisting of 90% silver and 10% copper. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper. Silver alloys are used in dental amalgams and for electrical contacts. Silver was one of the first metals to be used by humans (see silverwork silverwork,", "The word electrum has also been applied to the alloy called German silver, although this is an alloy that is silver in color, not elemental composition. German silver typically consists of  60% copper, 20% nickel and 20% zinc. ", "Also called German silver, alpaca or new silver, This alloy was originally developed by the Chinese who called it paktong. Its strength and silvery white appearance made it attractive for the same decorative and utilitarian purposes for which it is known today. It contains no silver and takes its name from its sterling silver-like color and luster. Various alloys contain high percentages of copper, in addition to nickel in ranges of 10% and higher. It is used worldwide for coinage, eating utensils, musical instruments and other decorative purposes.", "SILVER 800: Silver alloy which contains 800 parts per 1000 (80%) silver and 200 parts per thousand (20%) copper, and is used primarily for casting.", "It is an alloy of approximately 65% copper with nickel , in addition zinc is often added, and sometimes antimony, tin, lead or cadmium . Some nickel silver alloy s, usually those containing high proportions of zinc, are stainless ( corrosion -resistant).", "NICKEL SILVER – Also called GERMAN SILVER. Alloy with composition copper 60%, zinc 20%, and nickel 20%. Class of alloys used in the manufacture of electrical resistance coils and elements, decorative articles for which its lustrous colour (which increases in whiteness with nickel content) make it very suitable, or for heavy duty works such as high pressure steam fittings.", "The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin (currently called a nickel) consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel in homogeneous composition. The alloy of 90% copper and 10% nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Shakudō is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4-10%, that can be patinated to a dark blue or black colour.", " /ˈsɪlvər/ sil-vər) is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag (Latin: argentum, from the Indo-European root *arg- for \"grey\" or \"shining\") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such asargentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.", "In order for sterling silver to be usable as tableware, 7.5 percent copper is mixed with 92.5 percent silver, making the metal hard and sturdy.", "Two groups of cast silver alloys were used for the restoration of the analogous had the following compositions (per weight): Ag - 80% , Sn – 19%, Cu – 1% (Silver Pratalloy Degussa-Hüls), designated as Ag; and Ag - 58.5% - Pd 27.4%, Cu – 10.5, Au – 2%, Zn 1.5%, Ir 0.1% (Silver Palladium Palliag M Degussa-Hüls), designated as Ag-Pd.", "Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag (Latin: argentum, from the Indo-European root *arg- for “grey” or “shining”) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.", "Fine silver: Fine silver is 99.9 percent silver or more. This is what silver bullion bars are made from. In jewellery however silver is too soft and so is usually mixed with another harder metal for durability.", "Silver has atomic number 47, atomic weight 107.880, and density 10.5 g/cc. Its naturally-occurring isotopes have mass numbers 107 (52%) and 109 (48%). The electron configuration has one 5s electron outside a filled 4d shell in the ground state, just like copper. However, the energies of the 4d and 5s orbitals are about equal, so a 4d95s2 configuration is as favored as a 4d105s. Silver exhibits valence +1 in most of its compounds, and forms complex ions. Silver metal has a face-centered cubic structure, with a = 0.408 nm. Each ion has donated one electron to the Fermi sphere. The work function of silver is about 3.7 eV (tabulated values range from 3.0 to 4.75). The Fermi energy is 5.5 eV. The electrical resistivity of silver is 1.62 μΩ-cm and the temperature coefficient is 0.0038 per °C. The thermal conductivity is 0.974 cal/cm-s-K, and the linear coefficient of expansion is 18.6 x 10-6 per °C. The electrical and thermal conductivities are slightly greater than those of copper, and the largest of any metal's. The specific heat is 0.0558 cal/g-K. The melting point of silver is 961°C, boiling point 1955°C, and the heat of fusion is 24.3 cal/g. Its hardness is 2.7 on the Mohs scale. The tensile strength of cast silver is about 40 ksi, of hard-drawn, 51 ksi. The Young's modulus is 10.3 x 106 psi.", "A silver-colored metal that is a mixture of 80% silver and 20% copper. A lot of European silver pieces are coin silver and are marked 800, the number of parts out of 1000 that are silver.", "[Solved] Sterling silver contains 925 parts silver and 75 parts copper by mass. What is t", "Fine Silver (marked .999) is the most pure form of silver commonly available, and is used in photographic film, some electrical applications and as a decorative plating. The appearance is less gray in color than nickel or rhodium, though it will tarnish with exposure to air.", "Silver is a very ductile, malleable (slightly harder than gold) metal with a brilliant white metallic lustre that can take a high degree of polish. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper. Silver metal is used industrially in electrical contacts and conductors, in mirrors and in catalysis of chemical reactions. ", "Silver: Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag. This comes from the Latin for silver, argentum. Silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal and occurs in minerals and in free form. Silver is used in coins, jewelry, tableware, photography, and in mirrors.", "Silver is a very ductile, malleable (slightly harder than gold), monovalent coinage metal, with a brilliant white metallic lustre that can take a high degree of polish. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals, even higher than copper, but its greater cost has prevented it from being widely used in place of copper for electrical purposes.", "Silver is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag (Latin: argentum) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal.", "Many silver alloy compositions are known. Some of these are used for jewelry and flatware, while others are used in brazing compositions and as electrical conductors.", "A. Because alloy (of some baser metal) is used to make it more hard and lasting; and this alloy oxidizes more quickly than silver itself.", "This metal alloy is denoted by the symbols of its main constituent metals. The symbol for this alloy is Au,Ag.", "Its lustre shine has been coveted since ancient times. It's not just rare or precious, as its more expensive cousin, gold, but there is evidence from as early as 3000 BC that humans extracted silver from naturally occurring silver sulphide deposits in rocks to make coins and jewellery. These coins actually form the basis for the economies of some ancient Mediterranean civilizations. It's a soft and pliable metal with a relatively low melting point and that means it can be hammered and moulded into shape, so the same metal that was used to make money that was gradually outdated could also be transformed into vases, platters, cutlery and goblets; tableware that has created displays of household wealth through the centuries. But a gleaming collection of silverware isn't easy to maintain. The metal reacts with sulphur in the air, rapidly forming a dull, dark silver sulphide tarnish that has to be polished off. So it's a high maintenance element; another reason why it has always been outshone by gold. But the same chemical properties that tarnished its image let it to make another mark in history, by allowing history itself to be recorded in the photograph." ]

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[ "Gerund: a verb form, ending in -ing, which acts as a noun. Running in the park after dark can be dangerous. Gerunds are frequently accompanied by other associated words making up a gerund phrase (\"running in the park after dark\").", "A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.", "Nouns based on verbs can end in either 'ing' (the gerund) or another ending such as 'tion' or 'ment'. If there is an object in the sentence, the gerund form is usually correct.", "Gerund - a verbal that always ends in ing and is used as a noun. Example: Eating is fun.  The gerund can be a subject (Eating is fun.); a direct object (I like eating.); a predicate nominative (A fun time is eating.); an appositive (A fun time, eating, takes much time.); an indirect object (I give eating too much time.); or an object of a preposition (I give much time to eating.) Lessons 206 , 207 , 208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 , & 240", "GERUND � The present participle of a verb that is used as a noun. The verb form that ends in \"ing\" when used as a noun. Although the gerund is used like a noun, it retains certain characteristics of a verb, such as the ability to take an object (e.g. Preparing lasagna is time-consuming or Golfing is his first love). The same word can be used as an adjective (I spied the running figure) or part of a verb (She was knitting). See also PARTICIPLE", "gerund - a verb used in the form of a noun , typically by using the 'ing' suffix, for example 'when the going gets tough' (going being the noun) or 'it's the screaming and wailing that upsets people' (both screaming and wailing here being gerunds). Originally from Latin gerundum, which is the gerund of the Latin verb gerere, to do.", "In English, the gerund is identical in form to the present participle (ending in -ing) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: Editing this article is easy.", "One common error (seen in the edit summaries of this very page) is to claim that \"a gerund is the -ing form of a verb\". Not true, since a straight verb, and a gerundive (a verb used as an adjective — a gerund is a verb used as a noun) can also end in \"-ing\":", "Gerunds are behind some of the most confusing and persistent grammar problems. These verbals are found in many sentences, and they function in many ways, which only adds to the confusion. In order to understand how verbals work, it’s essential to understand their meaning and purpose. The definition of gerund describes these verbals as words that are derived from verbs but function as nouns. Gerunds can be recognized by the ending –ing. Unfortunately, this causes a problem because present participles use the same suffix. This causes a number of mistakes and questions as to which form must be used with different pronouns and subjects. These gerund examples will explain proper pronoun usage and will end the confusion between gerunds, infinitives and participles.", "amare dulce est Loving is delightful, ars amandT the art of loving studuit amando He devoted himself to loving, nescit amare He does not know how to love. (Literally, he does not know loving.) paratus ad amandum ready for loving feminas amando by loving women The last example above is not, in fact, ideal Latin. While the gerund can take an object in English, Latin usually prefers to harmonize the endings of the gerund and its object. (The process is known as 'gerundival attraction', a faintly comic expression which makes it sound more difficult than it is.) feminas amando by lovi ng women Clearly the ablative must not be changed; if it is, the meaning by will be lost. The object of the gerund must therefore be put into the case of the gerund, which then becomes an adjective (ending in -andus, -a, -um or -endus, -a, -um) which then agrees with the noun. This adjective is called the 'gerundive'. Thus we have feminls amandls. ars clues regend! 'the art of ruling the citizens' becomes ars cluium regenddrum.", "A gerund phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:", "Gerund ( or) is a term for a verb form that functions as a noun. In English, the term has been applied to -ing forms in certain uses. Traditional grammar made a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern linguistically-informed grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.", "A present participle can also function as a noun. When a present participle acts as a noun, you call it a gerund. A gerund is a verbal noun. It often follows the verb ‘go’; for example: We like to go swimming, shopping, walking, riding, jogging and yachting.", "  However a few verbs require a gerund, not an infinitive (Examples 14 - 16 above). The most common of these are admit, consider, dislike, deny, enjoy, finish, involve, miss, mind,  suggest,", "You can put any noun on these red lines (as long as it makes logical sense).  What if you want to say an action is fun or difficult?  That is when you need a gerund.  If you want to use an action word in a place that requires a noun, you can usually use a verb with an -ing ending.  For example, ", "The term gerund is used to describe certain uses of -ing clauses as 'complementation' of individual English verbs, that is to say the choice of class that are allowable after that word.", "In examples 1 and 2 above, practising is clearly a gerund; in example 2 it is followed by a complement, an instrument.  But in example 3 it is preceeded by an adjective regular; so this time it is being used differently, as a verbal noun. We can verify this if we try to add a complement, as in example 4. It is not possible. We cannot say \"For musicians, regular practising an instrument is essential.\".  An -ing word cannot simultaneously be preceeded by an adjective and followed by a direct complement. Other solutions are needed; the ing word must either be used as a gerund, or as a verbal noun, but not both at once. So while example 4 does not work, there are two solutions.", "Although a gerund and an infinitive will often have practically the same meaning (\"Running in the park after dark can be dangerous\" and \"To run in the park after dark can be dangerous\"), there can be a difference in meaning. Gerunds are used to describe an \"actual, vivid, or fulfilled action\" whereas infinitives are better used to describe \"potential, hypothetical, or future events\" (Frodesen & Eyring 297). This is especially true with three kinds of verbs: verbs of emotion, verbs of completion/incompletion, and verbs of remembering.", "Q: Is the word in your writing ending in '...ing' acting as a verb or a noun form? This may help you decide whether the word form you need is a gerund or a type of noun.", "A gerund phrase can also form the subject, object or complement in a sentence. For example:", "It is the most common form of the verb used as a noun, and can be the subject (examples 1 to 7), or the object of a sentence (8 & 9) , or follow prepositions (10 to 13)", "I presume you mean the gerund form. I have written an explanation on how to use this here:- Gerunds and infinitives", "As applied to English , it refers to the usage of a verb (in its -ing form) as a noun (for example, the verb \"learning\" in the sentence \"Learning is an easy process for some\"). This is also the term's use as applied to Latin ; see Latin conjugation.", "American English has always shown a marked tendency to use nouns as verbs.Trudgill, p. 69. Examples of verbed nouns are interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, service (as a car), corner, torch, exit (as in \"exit the lobby\"), factor (in mathematics), gun (\"shoot\"), author (which disappeared in English around 1630 and was revived in the U.S. three centuries later) and, out of American material, proposition, graft (bribery), bad-mouth, vacation, major, backpack, backtrack, intern, ticket (traffic violations), hassle, blacktop, peer-review, dope and OD, and, of course verbed as used at the start of this sentence.", "the form of a noun, pronoun, adjective or article that shows the part it plays in a sentence; there are six cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.", "Verb : Usually a word which describes an action (such as 'he reads poems', 'she excels at cricket'). More technically 'That part of speech by which an assertion is made, or which serves to connect a subject with a predicate.' This technical definition includes the most frequent verb in the language: the verb 'to be' which can be used to connect a 'subject', such as 'he', with a 'predicate', such as 'good at hockey'. There are verbs which take an object ('he raps the desk'), which are called transitive verbs. Other verbs do not, and are termed intransitive verbs ('I sit, he lives'). Some verbs can be used either transitively or intransitively: 'I sing' is an intransitive usage; 'Paul McCartney sings \"God save the Queen\"' is a transitive usage. The main verb is the verb on which the structure of the sentence depends, and without which the sentence would not make any sense. In the following sentence the verb 'fell' is the main verb: 'The boy, who had run too quickly, fell'.", "A verb is a word that denotes action, or a state of being, in a sentence.", "a verb used with a direct object either expressed or understood, e.g. pick apples or pick till you are tired (but not he picked at the scab â&#x20AC;&#x201D; here 'picked' is intransitive).", "I know that verbs ending in -ing can function as verbs or nouns or adjectives in a sentence, but can a verb ending in -ing ever function as an adverb? If so, can you cite some examples?", "Because the -ing noun or adjective is formed from a verb it can have any of the patterns which follow a verb, for example:", "When an auxiliary word is used, the whole verb goes to the end of the clause:", "A group of words that contains a verb and either forms part of a sentence or is a complete sentence in itself. For example:" ]

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[ "Famous Amos is a brand of cookie founded in Los Angeles in 1975 by talent agent Wally Amos. The company expanded quickly, selling more than 1 million dollars of cookies by its second year. ", "Wallace \"Wally\" Amos, Jr. (born July 1, 1936) is an American TV personality, entrepreneur and author from Tallahassee, Florida. He is the founder of the \"Famous Amos\" chocolate chip cookie brand. He also was the host of the adult reading program, Learn To Read. He later co-founded Uncle Wally's muffins. He currently resides in Kailua, Hawaii, and also Long Island, New York, where he runs the Chip & Cookie gourmet cookie brand and stores.", "Wally Amos had been a successful talent agent with the William Morris Agency in New York City when he decided to start his own talent management firm in 1967. When the new agency experienced problems Amos moved his company to Los Angeles, California. By 1974, Amos tired of show business and turned to his love of baking. Always comfortable in the kitchen, where his mother and grandmother had taught him to cook and bake in his teens, Amos considered baking cookies professionally. He took what money he had and rented a small storefront to sell his cookies. In 1975, with financial support from celebrity friends and former clients, Wally Amos created the Famous Amos Chocolate Chip Cookie Company.", "Brand familiarity with Famous Amos cookies received a boost when the cookies, and their maker, were prominently featured in an episode of the television sitcom Taxi (season 3, episode #55, February 5, 1981). In the episode, entitled \"Latka's Cookies,\" Sunshine Cab Company mechanic Latka Gravas strives to become a famous cookie mogul like his idol, Famous Amos. Latka's cookies, however, contain a narcotic ingredient that makes the nearly inedible cookies (based on his grandmother's secret recipe) addictive. Cookie maker Wally Amos appears to Latka in a vision. It was, at the time, an unparalleled instance of product placement for a prime-time television show.", "In 2001, the ownership of Famous Amos shifted for a seventh time as Keebler was gobbled up by cereal titan Kellogg Company (see entry) for $4.5 billion. While the deal had little impact on Famous Amos, which had reached sales of $100 million, it marked another turning point in the cookie maker's long and remarkable journey. From its promising start as a Los Angeles gourmet cookie shop to part of one of the world's largest food companies, Famous Amos had indeed come a very long way.", "In March 2001, Kellogg's made its largest acquisition, the Keebler Company. Over the years, it has also gone on to acquire Morningstar Farms and Kashi divisions or subsidiaries. Kellogg's also owns the Bear Naked, Natural Touch, Cheez-It, Murray, Austin cookies and crackers, Famous Amos, Gardenburger (acquired 2007), and Plantation brands. Presently, Kellogg's is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation.", "Kellogg's was founded as the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company on February 19, 1906, by Will Keith Kellogg as an outgrowth of his work with his brother John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium following practices based on the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The company produced and marketed the hugely successful Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes and was renamed the Kellogg Company in 1922.", "CAPS: Kellogg, Kellogg's, Will Keith Kellogg, John Harvey Kellogg, Battle Creek Michigan, Sanitas Food Company, Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flakes Co., Kellogg Company, ARY, invention, cereal, corn flakes, Kellogg's' corn flakes, cornflakes, SIP, history, biography, inventor. The Story:", "Throughout the 1950s the company extended its cereals product line and started to create more powerful and enduring brands such as: Kellogg's® Corn Pops®, Kellogg's Frosted Flakes®, Kellogg's® Honey Smacks™, Kellogg's® Cocoa Krispies™ and Kellogg's® Special K®, (which was the first high-protein breakfast cereal ever offered to consumers). Sales of Kellogg's Frosted Flakes were boosted by the introduction of its ‘spokesperson’ Tony the Tiger® who made his first appearance in the 1950s. In the 1960s Kelloggs strengthened its position with the introduction of even more new consumer products: Froot Loops®, Kellogg's Apple Jacks®, Kellogg's Frosted Mini-Wheats®, Kellogg's Bran Buds®, Kellogg's Product 19®, Kellogg's Pop-Tarts®, and Kellogg's® Croutettes™ croutons.", "Quaker was not the only company that benefited from the FDA ruling. Raloff noted that, for instance, General Mills' Cheerios, a ready-to-eat cereal, was also covered, and indeed General Mills ran its own newspaper ads, accompanied by a television spot, which appeared before a Quaker commercial with a voice-over reporting the results of the FDA ruling. The FDA's ruling was welcome news to cereal giant Kellogg as well: earlier, the company had been required to change the name of its Heartwise cereal to Fiberwise because the FDA held that the brand name could be deceptive.", "In 1945, Kellogg's inserted a prize in the form of pin-back buttons into each box of Pep cereal. Pep pins have included U.S. Army squadrons as well as characters from newspaper comics and were available through 1947. There were five series of comic characters and 18 different buttons in each set, with a total of 90 in the collection. Other manufacturers of major brands of cereal, including General Mills, Malt-O-Meal, Nestlé, Post Foods, and Quaker Oats, followed suit and inserted prizes into boxes of cereal to promote sales and brand loyalty.", "An advertising company employed by General Mills and Company suggested marketing the new cereal around the idea of charm bracelets. Thus, the charms of Lucky Charms were born. Lucky Charms is the first cereal to include marshmallows in the recipe. The mascot of Lucky Charms is Lucky the Leprechaun, also known as Sir Charms, and originally called L.C. Leprechaun. Created in 1963, the cartoon character's voice was supplied by Arthur Anderson until 1992. In 1975, Lucky the Leprechaun was briefly replaced by Waldo the Wizard in New England, while Lucky remained the mascot in the rest of the United States. ", "Summer: Calder writes the Kellogg Company and suggests they modify their cereal packaging, putting the wax paper on the inside rather than on the outside of the boxes. The company adopts his suggestion and sends him a note of thanks along with a case of Corn Flakes. (Hayes 1977, 76) ", "When General Foods introduced Crispy Critters in its line of Post Cereals back in 1963, its spokescharacter, Linus the Lionhearted, would get stampeded by the cereal's animal shapes whenever he said \"Cripsy Critters.\" Similarly in 1966, Kellogg's introduced Froot Loops, and Toucan Sam (voiced then by Mel Blanc ) insisted that it be verbally called out in Pig Latin (\"Oot-fray Oops-lay\"). Not doing so gave him conniptions, and one of his nephews would yank Sam's chain by deliberately saying \"Froot Loops.\"", "Cracker Jack is a U.S. brand of snack consisting of caramel-coated popcorn and peanuts. It is also well known for being packaged with a \"Toy Surprise Inside\" of nominal value. This attained pop-culture status with the term \"came in a Cracker Jack box\" referring to an object of limited value.", "Allen's produces its own line of spinach called, 'Popeye Spinach' and comes in various canned varieties. The cartoon Popeye serves as the mascot on the can.", "In addition to this, Gremlins brand breakfast cereal was produced by Ralston concurrent to and for a few years after the first film was released in 1984. The front of the cereal box featured Gizmo, and inside were decals of the malevolent gremlins, including Stripe. ", "June 1891 - F. Schumacher Milling Company (founded 1856 by Ferdinand Schumacher as German Mills American Oatmeal Company) consolidated operations with Hower Oatmeal Company, Quaker Milling company, Cereal Milling Company, Rockford Oatmeal Milling Company, Iowa City Oatmeal Company, formed The American Cereal Company (capitalization of $3.4 million) in Akron, OH; 'oatmeal trust' - represented about 85% of oatmeal output in U.S.; 1901 - Ferdinand Schumacher (The American Cereal Company), Henry Parsons Crowell (Quaker Mill Company, founded in September 1877 by Henry D. Seymour and William Heston [received a patent for an \"Oatmeal-Machine\" on June 8, 1880], acquired by Crowell, James H. Andrews for $25,000 in 1881), Robert Stuart (Stuart, Higley, Douglas families established North Star Oatmeal Mills in Cedar Rapids. IA in 1874) combined their companies, founded Quaker Oats Company; Robert Stuart as CEO; 1907 - reorganized as operating company; June 26, 1906 - American Cereal Company registered \"Quaker\" trademark first used in September 1877 (oatmeal, rolled oats, [cracked wheat, rolled wheat,] farina, hominy grits, pearled barley, [prepared rice,] and breakfast foods); 1926 - acquired Aunt Jemima Mills Company; October 16, 1951 - registered \"Shot From Guns\" trademark first used in 1909 (puffed wheat and puffed rise, for human consumption); August 2001 - acquired by Pepsico.", "But cereal has no monopoly on food animation. Charlie Tuna, spokes-fish for StarKist brand, acts as a real �wise guy,� though his hip attitude invariably leads to the much-imitated catch phrase �Sorry Charlie,� you may be hip, but your tuna meat isn�t quite up to our standards. The Kool Aid Man, fabricated from a glass pitcher presumably filled with the sugary refresher, came into being when foods giant Kraft purchased the company in 1970. Created by General Mills in 1921, fictitious baking expert �Betty Crocker� has enjoyed eight different images since that time. Elsie the Cow, originally a cartoon celebrity in her own right, was adopted as spokeswoman by the Borden dairy company in the 1960s.", "2. What food manufacturer headquartered in Battle Creek MI’s cereal said: “Snap! Crackle! Pop!” (Kellogg’s Rice Krispies)", "During the 1850's Ferdinand Schumacher created the first cereal company.By 1877, the Quaker Oats became a trademark for cereals and got its famous quaker man logo on the front of every box.Henry Crowell later brought Quaker Mill after it went bankrupt in1881,keeping the famous name Quaker. Soon after advertising, of the quick breakfast cereal at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and by door to door ads , great business came to the company.", "Cheetos (formerly called Chee-tos until 1998) is a brand of cheese-flavored, puffed cornmeal snacks made by Frito-Lay, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. Fritos creator Charles Elmer Doolin invented Cheetos in 1948, and began national distribution in the U.S. The initial success of Cheetos was a contributing factor to the merger between The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company in 1961 to form Frito-Lay. In 1965 Frito-Lay became a subsidiary of The Pepsi-Cola Company, forming PepsiCo, the current owner of the Cheetos brand.", "After the consolidation, the president of Nabisco, Adolphus Green, asked Frank Peters to create a package to distribute fresher products. This paved its way for In-Er Seal package, whose logo is a prototype for the \"Nabisco Thing\", an animated character created in 1995 to sell its products to kids. The In-Er Seal package is a system of inter-folded wax paper and cardboard to \"seal in the freshness\" of the product. At the beginning of his presidency, Green decided the National Biscuit Company, often shortened to NBC, needed a new idea that grabbed the public's attention. He got it when his employees created a new cracker that was flakier and lighter than any of their competitors' versions.", "Introduced in 1953, the cereal has undergone several name changes. It started out as Sugar Smacks. In the 1980s, it was renamed Honey Smacks. In the early 1990s, it had been discovered that the current mascot, Dig'em Frog, was just calling the cereal \"Smacks\", so the word \"Honey\" was dropped from the name, and the product was then simply called Smacks. In 2004, the cereal was given back the name Honey Smacks, which is now its current name. It is known in Mexico as SMAK.", "Before Dig'Em Frog debuted in 1972, there were other mascots for the cereal. They included: Cliffy the Clown, Smaxey the Seal, Quick Draw McGraw, The Smackin' Bandit, The Smackin Brothers and Wally Bear who replaced Dig'Em for a short time in 1986.", "Rocky and Bullwinkle (voiced by June Foray and Bill Scott respectively) represented a number of General Mills cereals from 1959 to 1970. Rocky is a smart flying squirrel, and Bullwinkle is a dimwitted moose. A number of the Cheerios spots in the mid-to-late 1960's were written by Tony Jaffe, and produced by Jay Ward Studios.", "Lucky Charms was created in 1962 by John Holahan. General Mills management challenged a team of product developers to use the available manufacturing capacity from either of General Mills' two principal cereal products—Wheaties or Cheerios—and do something unique. Holahan came up with the idea after a visit to the grocery store in which he decided to mix Cheerios with bits of Brach's Circus Peanuts. ", "In 1972 Ralston launched Freakies, a presweetened cereal that was \"grown\" at the site of the legendary Freakies Tree. Helping youngsters dig into their Freakies were seven freaky creatures named BossMoss, Cowmumble, Gargle, Grumble, Goody-Goody, Hamhose and Snorkeldorf.", "Kix® (stylized as KiX) is a brand of American cold breakfast cereal introduced in 1937 by the General Mills company of Golden Valley, Minnesota. The product is an extruded, expanded puffed-grain cereal made with cornmeal.", "Funyuns is the brand name of an onion-flavored corn snack introduced in the United States in 1969 and invented by Frito-Lay employee Ray Trinidad of Arlington, Texas. While consisting primarily of cornmeal, Funyuns are ring-shaped using an extrusion process, representing the shape and texture of fried onion rings. A salt and onion mix gives them the flavor. They are a product of PepsiCo's Frito-Lay company. They were named \"Funyuns\" by University of North Texas professor and copywriter Jim Albright after it was discovered that the first choice of name for the product, \"OnYums\", had already been taken by Rudolph Foods. In 2005, the \"window cutout\" showing the actual product inside the bag was replaced by a photograph of the product, falling in line with the design of the rest of Frito-Lay's product line. The big-bag Funyuns was one of the last Frito-Lay brands to completely phase out the \"window.\" In Brazil these snacks are sold under the name \"Cebolitos\".", "B&Q grew rapidly through a combination of mergers, acquisitions and expansions. In 1980, B&Q bought the Hampshire-based company Dodge City, and was itself acquired by the F. W. Woolworth Company. ", " In October, Houghton Mifflin and Curious George will be sponsoring Sesame Street in select markets throughout the United States. This is the first time a major publisher will act as a sponsor for this popular show." ]

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[ "USS CONSTITUTION is a wooden hulled, three masted heavy sailing frigate. Built in Boston, MA, she was launched on Oct. 21, 1797. As a fully active U.S. Navy warship, she is the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. USS CONSTITUTION was built for the fledgling U.S. Navy in response to the threat of Barbary Corsairs. She won all of her engagements during the two ensuing wars, the Quasi war with France (1798-1801) and the Barbary Wars (1801-1805.) But it was during the War of 1812 that she really gained fame and legend. USS Constitution defeated four British warships and earned the nickname \"Old Ironsides.\" She gained this title during the battle with HMS GUERRIERE when British cannonballs were seen bouncing off of CONSTITUTION's thick oak hull. Actively participating in many public events, USS CONSTITUTION continues her duty homeported in Charlestown Navy Yard near Boston, MA.", "October 21, 1797, One of the first frigates built for the U.S. Navy, the Constitution (byname Old Ironsides), was launched in Boston.", "United States Ship Constitution is a three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy. Named after the Constitution of the United States of America by President George Washington, she is the oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat in the world. Launched in 1797. Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane and Levant. The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping.", "1797 – The 44-gun 204-foot U.S. Navy frigate USS Constitution, also known as Old Ironsides, was launched in Boston’s harbor. It was never defeated in 42 battles. 216 crew members set sail again in 1997 for its 200th birthday. Although her construction is almost halted by a 1796 peace treaty with Algiers, the CONSTITUTION is launched-christened by visiting Capt. James Sever using a bottle of Madeira. It is actually the third attempt to launch her; the first was a month earlier, when the ship sticks after moving only 27 feet. Two days later she moves another 31 feet before sticking once again. For the third attempt, workers make the launching ways steeper, which finally enables a successful event. The public, which includes several French aristocrats, is warned beforehand that the launch of such a large ship might cause a dangerously large wave, but none actually materializes during the event.", "During the battle, against HMS Guerriere, Constitution earned her nickname Old Ironsides when British cannonballs bounced off her thick oak hull. During the war, one of Constitution's jobs was to protect America's eastern seaboard, and Hull's spectacular victory helped raise American morale. Learn more about this battle and the War of 1812 in All Hands on Deck, 'Old Ironsides' is Born and the War of 1812 Resources. There are a number of activities, artifacts, and primary sources in the Museum's collection that can be used to teach about the battle. Try out the skit, poetry activity, critical thinking art discussion, and much more with our full list of classroom activities. Learn about Marine Lieutenant Bush through a letter, and study a battle diagram.", "The USS Constitution earns the nickname \"Old Ironsides\" during the battle off Nova Scotia that saw her defeat the HMS Guerriere. Often venturing into harm's way, America's most famous sailing ship twice came close to oblivion--once at the hands of a British squadron, and once at the hands of her own navy.", "But one month later on August 19, she met with one of them again—the frigate HMS Guerriere offs the coast of Nova Scotia. The British ship fired the first shot of the battle; 20 minutes later, Guerriere was a dismasted hulk, so badly damaged that she was not worth towing to port. Hull had used his heavier broadsides and his ship's superior sailing ability, while the British, to their astonishment, saw that their shot seemed to rebound harmlessly off Constitution's strong live oak hull—giving her the nickname \"Old Ironsides\".", "over 40 of them! She earned her nickname \"Old Ironsides\" after a sailor saw a cannonball bounce off her hull. Resting in Boston Harbor, she's the oldest commissioned US warship. USS Constitution went through several restorations during her career. A major restoration between 1993 and 1997 prepared the frigate for her 200th anniversary. Workers restored the thick deck strakes and diagonal riders to strengthen the hull and make her seaworthy. They fitted fore, main and mizzen topsails, jib, flying jib, and spanker sails for the day when \"Old Ironsides\" would move under her own power once more. That historic moment arrived on July 21, 1997, when Constitution set sail from Marblehead Harbor to a point just one mile short of Halfway Rock. The five-", "Over the next two decades, Constitution saw action in three wars: a) the Quasi-War with the French Republic (1798-1800); b) the First Barbary War (1801-1805); and c) the War of 1812 (1812-1815). The highlight of its career undoubtedly occurred in August of 1812, when the frigate engaged the HMS Guerriere 400 miles southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. During the early stages of the battle, several British cannon balls bounced off Constitution's hull, prompting one of the crew to exclaim, \"Huzzah! Her sides are made of iron.\" This inspired the frigate's nickname \"Old Ironsides.\"", "Meanwhile, the USS Constitution, commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from Chesapeake Bay on July 12. On July 17, Broke's British squadron gave chase off New York, but the Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days. After briefly calling at Boston to replenish water, on August 19, the Constitution engaged the British frigate HMS Guerriere . After a 35-minute battle, Guerriere had been dismasted and captured and was later burned. Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory. On October 25, the USS United States, commanded by Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port. [37] At the close of the month, the Constitution sailed south, now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29, off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours, Java struck her colours and was burned after being judged unsalvageable. The USS Constitution, however, was undamaged in the battle and earned the name \"Old Ironsides.\"", "Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane and Levant. The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" after a sailor saw a cannonball bounce off her hull. She continued to actively serve the nation as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, and circled the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy and carried artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1931 she started a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, and in 1997 she finally sailed again under her own power for her 200th birthday. She is berthed at Pier 1 of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail.", "Meanwhile, the USS Constitution, commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from Chesapeake Bay on July 12. On July 17, Broke's British squadron gave chase off New York, but the Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days. After briefly calling at Boston to replenish water, on August 19, the Constitution engaged the British frigate HMS Guerriere. After a 35-minute battle, Guerriere had been dismasted and captured and was later burned. Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory. On October 25, the USS United States, commanded by Captain Decatur, captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian, which he then carried back to port. At the close of the month, the Constitution sailed south, now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge. On December 29, off Bahia, Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java. After a battle lasting three hours, Java struck her colours and was burned after being judged unsalvageable. The USS Constitution, however, was undamaged in the battle and earned the name \"Old Ironsides.\"", "The Constitution left the Washington Navy Yard three days after the was declared, on 21 June, and after taking crew and stores, Hull set course to join Commodore Rodgers' squadron. On 19 August, she met the British 39-guns frigate HMS Guerriere (a captured French ship), commanded by Captain Dacres, and fought her legendary battle, which gave her the nickname “Old Ironsides.”", "Using his heavier broadsides and his ship's sailing ability, Hull had managed to surprise the British. Adding to their astonishment, many of their shots rebounded harmlessly off Constitutions hull. An American sailor reportedly exclaimed \"Huzzah! her sides are made of iron!\" and Constitution acquired the nickname \"Old Ironsides\". ", "Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane and Levant. The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to serve as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, and circled the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War, she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy. She carried US artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878.", "Constitution is most famous for her actions during the War of 1812 against Great Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British warships: HMS Guerriere, Java, Pictou, Cyane and Levant. The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to actively serve the nation as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons, and circled the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy and carried artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1931 she started a three year 90-", "She is most well known for her actions during the War of 1812 against Britain, when she captured numerous merchant ships and defeated four British warships: , , , and . The battle with the Guerriere earned her the nickname of \"Old Ironsides\" and public adoration that has repeatedly saved her from scrapping. She continued to actively serve the nation as flagship in the Mediterranean and African squadrons and made a circumnavigation of the world in the 1840s. During the American Civil War she served as a training ship for the United States Naval Academy and carried artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of 1878. Retired from active service in 1881, she served as a receiving ship until designated a museum ship in 1907. In 1931 she made a three-year, 90-port tour of the nation, and in 1997 she finally sailed again under her own power for her 200th birthday.", "On November 17, 1717, Blackbeard captured la Concorde, a French slaving vessel. He realized that it would make a perfect pirate ship : it was large yet fast and big enough to mount 40 cannons on board. He renamed it Queen Anne's Revenge: the name referred to Anne, Queen of England and Scotland (1665-1714). Many pirates, including Blackbeard, were Jacobites: this meant that they favored the return of the throne of Great Britain from the House of Hanover to the House of Stuart: it had changed hands after Anne's death.", "One minute later, the allied Santa Ana, Fougueux, Indomitable and perhaps Pluton and Neptuno, loosed their first broadsides at Collingwood’s Royal Sovereign, the balls and rough chunks of anti-sail iron skipping harmlessly into the ocean. That first salvo had fallen short, but as the range decreased, the irregular pieces of iron shot began to sheer away rigging, gouge huge holds in the tails and ran down on the exposed deck. Collingwood, supremely at his ease, strolled the upper gun deck, munching apples, refusing to seek shelter or return fire. Each of his heavy 32 and 24-pounders were double-shotted, his carronades were filled with ball and sacks or baskets of nails and musket balls. His first broadsides would be devastating, but only at close range.", "The second is the Queen Anne's Revenge, the flagship of the infamous pirate Blackbeard. He used the ship for less than a year, but it was an effective tool in his prize-taking. In June 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. In late 1996, Intersal, a private firm working under a permit with the state of North Carolina, discovered the remains of the vessel. The shipwreck lies in 28 feet (8.5m) of water about one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Fort Macon State Park, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Thirty-one cannons have been identified to date and more than 250,000 artifacts have been recovered. The cannon are of different origins, such as Swedish, English and possibly French, and of different sizes, as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew.", "Originally named La Concorde de Nantes, the Concorde was captured by pirate Captain Benjamin Hornigold on November 28, 1717 near the island of Martinique. Hornigold turned the ship over to one of his lieutenants - Edward Teach, who was later known as Blackbeard , and made him captain. Blackbeard converted La Concorde into his flagship and renamed it the Queen Anne's Revenge. Teach upgraded the already potent vessel by adding numerous guns to her decks. Most pirates at the time preferred sloops for their small size and quick speed for attack and escape. The Queen Anne's Revenge made up for any loss in speed with sheer firepower for a vessel of her size; outgunning some smaller warships. By 1718, Blackbeard used his new ship to blockade Charlestown Harbor. He continued using the ship for years, pirating and pillaging wherever she sailed. However, while attempting to flee the Royal Navy, Teach attempted to slip into the shallower waters off the Beaufort Inlet but, the large vessel ran aground on the ocean sandbar and sank to the bottoms. It was later renamed the Hardesty after a town was already named the Queen Anne.", "Queen Anne's Revenge was launched in England in 1710 during the War of the Spanish Succession (called Queen Anne's War in the American colonies.) She was named Concord, capable of 300 tons. In late 1710, she was \"taken\" as a prize of war by French privateers. Her stern was altered so that she would be more suitable for use as an armed transport. This change gave her a silhouette similar to Dutch-built ships of that era, thus causing later confusion about her origin. The spelling of her name was also changed to Concorde.", "The Black Pearl is heavily armed; she carries 32 6-pound cannons: 18 on the gun deck and 14 on the upper deck. It's full broadside is 16 cannonballs and weighs 96 lbs. (35,8 kg).", "To date three identifiable pirate shipwrecks have been discovered. One is the Whydah Gally, a former slave ship seized on its maiden voyage from Africa by the pirate captain \"Black Sam\" Bellamy. Since 2007 the Wydah collection has been touring as part of the exhibit \"Real Pirates\" sponsored by National Geographic. The other is the Queen Anne's Revenge, the flagship of the infamous pirate Blackbeard. He used the ship for less than a year, but it was an effective tool in his prize-taking. In June of 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. In late 1996, Intersal, a private firm working under a permit with the state of North Carolina, discovered the remains of the vessel. The shipwreck lies in 28 feet (8.5m) of water about one mile (1.6 km) offshore of Fort Macon State Park (34°41′44″N 76°41′20″W), Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Thirty-one cannons have been identified to date and more than 250,000 artifacts have been recovered. The cannon are of different origins such as; Swedish, English and possibly French, and of different sizes as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew. ", "Blackbeard, now in charge of two good ships, continued to prowl the waters of the Caribbean and North America. On November 17, 1717, he captured La Concorde, a large French slaving ship. He kept the ship, mounting 40 guns on it and naming it Queen Anne's Revenge . The Queen Anne's Revenge became his flagship, and before long he had a fleet of three ships and 150 pirates. Soon the name of Blackbeard was feared on both sides of the Atlantic and throughout the Caribbean.", "1813 – Essex becomes first U.S. warship to round Cape Horn and enter the Pacific Ocean.", "She mounted twelve brass guns, guns being a feature of all merchant vessels in those days for protection against pirates and marauders in foreign waters. With her lower masts fitted into place, the standing rigging attached, and topgallant masts raised at the top and flag-bedecked, she was launched at 4:30 o'clock on the afternoon of June 4, 1833, and named in honor of the owner's wife.", "With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for a great many maritime incidents during the 17th and 18th centuries. The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers had early in the 18th century decided to use the then empty island of New Providence as a base for their operations; the island was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes filled with European vessels going to and from Europe. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships, and was too shallow for the Royal Navy's larger vessels to navigate. The island then was not the popular tourist destination it later became; the author George Woodbury described it as \"no city of homes; it was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population,\" continuing, \"The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on; all others were transient.\" Law and order were unheard of; in New Providence the pirates found a welcome respite.", "The Southern Outer Banks, particularly Ocracoke Island , is notorious as the stomping grounds for some of history's most infamous pirates. Notable swashbucklers from Calico Jack to Anne Bonney and Mary Reed, arguably the most famous women pirates, have made a splash in this area, robbing privateers blind and making intricate, sneaky escapes in the inlets and soundside waters off of these barrier islands.", "* In 1780, a pirate flag was captured in battle off the North African coast by Lt Richard Curry, who later became an admiral. The flag is red with a yellow skull and crossbones. ", "*The video game Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships features a character named Horatio Hornblower who offers his services to the player if the right questions are asked.", "With its history of colonialism, trade and piracy, the West Indies was the setting for many 17th and 18th-century maritime incidents. The privateer-turned-pirate Henry Jennings and his followers decided, early in the 18th century, to use the uninhabited island of New Providence as a base for their operations; it was within easy reach of the Florida Strait and its busy shipping lanes, which were filled with European vessels crossing the Atlantic. New Providence's harbour could easily accommodate hundreds of ships, and was too shallow for the Royal Navy 's larger vessels to navigate. The island then was not the popular tourist destination it later became; the author George Woodbury described it as \"no city of homes; it was a place of temporary sojourn and refreshment for a literally floating population,\" continuing, \"The only permanent residents were the piratical camp followers, the traders, and the hangers-on; all others were transient.\"" ]

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[ "Alfred Nobel, in full Alfred Bernhard Nobel (born October 21, 1833, Stockholm , Sweden —died December 10, 1896, San Remo , Italy ), Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist, who invented dynamite and other, more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes .", "Swede Alfred Nobel was a chemist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He was born on 21 October 1833, in Stockholm and died on 10 December 1896, in San Remo. He was devoted to the study of explosives, and his inventions include a blasting cap, dynamite and smokeless gunpowder. Nobel became famous across the world when the St. Gotthard Tunnel was built in 1882 and dynamite was used for the first time on such a large scale.", "Alfred B. Nobel (1833–1896), the Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite , left $9 million in his will to establish the Nobel Prizes, which are awarded annually, without regard to nationality, in six areas ( peace , literature , physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , and economic science ) \"to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\"", "Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions of which dynamite is the most famous. He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to Ivan Pavlov's laboratory in Russia, and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories. ", "Alfred Bernhard Nobel (; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.", "1833: Birth of Alfred (Bernhard) Nobel, Swedish industrialist, chemist and inventor of dynamite. His factory once made nitro-glycerine until it blew up in 1864 killing his younger brother. Three years later he found a safer explosive and patented dynamite in 1867. With the vast fortune he made from this and his oil field holdings, he founded the Nobel prize to honour the worlds leading scientists, artists and peacemakers from 1901.", "A pacifist at heart and an inventor by nature, Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite. However, the invention that he thought would end all wars was seen by many others as an extremely deadly product. In 1888, when Alfred's brother Ludvig died, a French newspaper mistakenly ran an obituary for Alfred which called him the \"merchant of death.\"", "The safe use of nitroglycerin as a blasting explosive became possible after the Swedish chemist Alfred B. Nobel developed dynamite in the 1860s by combining liquid nitroglycerin with an inert porous material such as charcoal or diatomaceous earth . Nitroglycerin plasticizes collodion (a form of nitrocellulose) to form blasting gelatin, a very powerful explosive. Nobel’s discovery of this action led to the development of ballistite , the first double-base propellant and a precursor of cordite .", "Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite. Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. Gelignite, or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances.", "Alfred Nobel   © Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist and the inventor of dynamite, who established the Nobel Prize.", "The annual Nobel Prizes are usually announced in October and are handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the 1896 death of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite.", "Alfred Nobel, the Swedish industrialist and inventor of dynamite, offered only vague guidance about the prizes in his will, saying only the award should go to those who \"shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind\" and \"who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction.\" The awards always are handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.", "In the 18th and early 19th centuries the growing understanding of gases and the reactions that produce them was of great importance to modern industrial society. Not least was the production of explosives—substances that undergo reactions involving the release of heat and rapidly expanding gaseous products. In making black powder Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier  and E. I. du Pont were improving a technology known to Western cultures since the 14th century and even earlier in China and the Far East. By the mid-19th century much more powerful explosives were being created by treating various organic substances with nitric acid. Among these new explosives was dynamite, a stabilized form of nitroglycerin, invented in 1867 by Alfred Nobel (1833–1896).", "� Alfred Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish inventor who devised military weapons such as mines, torpedoes, and dynamite.", "Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1867. He successfully applied for patents in Sweden and England in the same year and marketed his product as “Nobel’s Blasting Powder”. There were many others who tried to copy his invention, but he was able to shut them down. However, in America some people were able to avoid the patents by changing the formula slightly.", "14/7/1867. Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel first demonstrated the use of dynamite in Merstham Quarry, Redhill, Surrey.", "Alfred Nobel invents dynamite (patented in Britain, 1867). Seven Weeks' War : Austria defeated by Prussia and Italy.", "Swedish engineer and chemist and the inventor of dynamite. He amassed an enormous fortune, a great portion of which at his death he set apart as a fund for annual prizes for those who have contributed most materially to the benefit of mankind. Initially five prizes were awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace and each was worth 8000 pounds sterling.", "Nitroglycerin itself, however, remained difficult to transport and extremely dangerous to handle. So dangerous, in fact, that Nobel’s nitroglycerin factory blew up in 1864, killing his younger brother Emil and several other people. Undaunted by this tragic accident, Nobel built several factories to manufacture nitroglycerin for use in concert with his blasting caps. These factories were as safe as the knowledge of the time allowed, but accidental explosions still occasionally occurred. Nobel’s second important invention was that of dynamite in 1867. By chance, he discovered that nitroglycerin was absorbed to dryness by kieselguhr , a porous siliceous earth, and the resulting mixture was much safer to use and easier to handle than nitroglycerin alone. Nobel named the new product dynamite (from Greek dynamis, “power”) and was granted patents for it in Great Britain (1867) and the United States (1868). Dynamite established Nobel’s fame worldwide and was soon put to use in blasting tunnels, cutting canals, and building railways and roads.", "1867: At a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England, Alfred Nobel carried out the first demonstration of dynamite.", "Nobel invented dynamite as a means to stabilize nitroglycerin. He combined it with absorbent materials such as diatomaceous earth, sawdust, powdered shells, clay and wood pulp to reduce the physical shock sensitivity of pure nitroglycerin. The absorbed explosive was rolled into a tube with paper, sealed and topped with a blasting cap that could be triggered with a detonator.", "Swedish chemist and industrialist. He elaborated the method of production of dynamite (1866) and other explosive materials. He is a founder of Nobel Prize.", "In the 1870s and ’80s Nobel built a network of factories throughout Europe to manufacture dynamite, and he formed a web of corporations to produce and market his explosives. He also continued to experiment in search of better ones, and in 1875 he invented a more powerful form of dynamite, blasting gelatin , which he patented the following year. Again by chance, he had discovered that mixing a solution of nitroglycerin with a fluffy substance known as nitrocellulose results in a tough, plastic material that has a high water resistance and greater blasting power than ordinary dynamites. In 1887 Nobel introduced ballistite , one of the first nitroglycerin smokeless powders and a precursor of cordite . Although Nobel held the patents to dynamite and his other explosives, he was in constant conflict with competitors who stole his processes, a fact that forced him into protracted patent litigation on several occasions.", "The inventor, chemist and benefactor received his first patent in 1863 for a method for handling nitroglycerin by mixing it with black powder and lighting the mixture with a fuse. Nobel went on to produce dynamite and other explosives. The Nobel Prizes were a bequest from Nobel for achievements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace.", ", 1833–96, Swedish chemist and inventor. Educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, he traveled as a youth and returned to St. Petersburg in 1852 to assist his father in the development of torpedoes and mines.", "In 1863, Nobel invented the Nobel patent detonator or blasting cap for detonating nitroglycerin. The detonator used a strong shock rather than heat combustion to ignite the explosives. The Nobel Company built the first factory to manufacture nitroglycerin and dynamite.", "The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War (1853–1856); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy. In 1859, Nobel’s father left his factory in the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), who greatly improved the business. Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use ofnitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow students under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin). Nobel invented a detonator in 1863; and, in 1865, he designed the blasting cap.", "on his father’s estate. At the time, the only dependable explosive for use in mines was black powder, a form of gunpowder. A recently discovered liquid compound, nitroglycerin, was a much more powerful explosive, but it was so volatile that it could not be handled with any degree of safety. Nevertheless, Nobel in 1862 built a small factory to manufacture nitroglycerin, and at the same time he undertook research in the hope of finding a safe way to control the explosive’s detonation. In 1863 he invented a practical detonator consisting of a wooden plug inserted into a larger charge of nitroglycerin held in a metal container; the explosion of the plug’s small charge of black powder serves to detonate the much more powerful charge of liquid nitroglycerin. This detonator marked the beginning of Nobel’s reputation as an inventor as well as the fortune he was to acquire as a maker of explosives.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ topic/416842/Alfred–Bernhard–Nobel (accessed December 8, 2008)", "As a young man, Nobel shared his father's interest in explosives, and sought a way to make the violent explosion of liquid nitroglycerin somehow more controllable. In 1863 he succeeded in detonating nitroglycerin from a distance with a gunpowder charge, and two years later he patented the mercury fulminate detonator -- a crucial component for the development of high explosives. Nobel then established factories in Hamburg and Stockholm, and soon New York and California, but his name became controversial after numerous fatal accidents in the transit and use of his inherently unstable product, including an 1864 explosion that killed Nobel's brother, among other casualties.", "1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869 – 1937) Swedish industrialist and inventor, for his \"invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys\".", "Blasting gelatin, also known as gelignite, was invented by Nobel in 1875, using nitroglycerin, wood pulp, and sodium or potassium nitrates. This was an early low-cost, flexible explosive.", "            1878- Happy Birthday, Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-American electrical engineer and television pioneer who developed a device that converts direct current into alternating current, called a high-frequency alternator" ]

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[ "Deere is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols DE. The company's slogan is \"Nothing Runs Like a Deere\", and its logo is a leaping deer, with the words 'JOHN DEERE' under it. The logo of the leaping deer has been used by this company for over 135 years. Over the years, the logo has had minor changes and pieces removed. Some of the older style logos have the deer leaping over a log. The company uses different logo colors for agricultural vs. construction products. The company's agricultural products are identifiable by a distinctive shade of green paint, augmented by yellow trim.", ", Deere & Company employed approximately 67,000 people worldwide, of which half are in the United States and Canada, and is the largest agriculture machinery company in the world. In August 2014 the company announced it was indefinitely laying off 600 of its workers at plants in Illinois, Iowa and Kansas due to less demand for its products. Inside the United States, the company's primary locations are its administrative center in Moline, Illinois and manufacturing factories in central and southeastern United States. ", "New Holland is a global brand of agricultural machinery produced by CNH Industrial. New Holland agricultural products include tractors, combine harvesters, balers, forage harvesters, self-propelled sprayers, haying tools, seeding equipment, hobby tractors, utility vehicles and implements, as well as grape harvesters.", "In 1991, Fiat purchased an 80 per cent interest in Ford New Holland. Also Fiat was present in the agriculture machinery industry since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1918, Fiat Model 702 tractor was launched and went into full production a year later at the car and truck plant in Turin, and won the International Ploughing Contest in Senlis (France). Model 702 was the first Fiat agricultural tractor, as well as the first Italian tractor to be built on an industrial scale. In the 1930s, Fiat’s founder, Senator Giovanni Agnelli, wanted his tractor to become an integral part of Italy’s agriculture and so he began an association with the Italian agricultural co-operatives. The company kept on growing and by the end of the 1970s, Fiat Trattori have built over one million tractors. ", "1930 Consolidations leave only seven full-line farm equipment companies: John Deere, IH, Case, Oliver, Allis-Chalmers, Minneapolis-Moline, and Massey-Harris. Deere and IH dominate most product categories.", "By 1963 Deere and Company was the world's largest farm equipment manufacturer. The company had an industrial equipment line and had added the John Deere Credit Company which became one of the twenty-five largest finance companies in the nation. Next, it expanded into the lawn and ground-care business and the insurance business. In 1985 it founded Heritage National Health Plan, which became one of the twenty largest multi-state health management organizations in the country. Development in the late 1980s of the golf and turf equipment line was followed by the purchase of Homelite�hand-held and walk-behind products company. In 1995 yield-mapping precision farming systems were introduced to keep the company in step with the fast changing high-tech agriculture.", "Saturday September 21, 2013 @ 9:00 A.M. Routes 39 & 219, Springville, NY Selling: Tractors: Case IH Farmall 80; Case IH MXM175 MFD/ cab; Case IH 4210; Ford 1210 w/mower; JD 7810; JD 8300T; JD 2510; JD 4630; JD 5420 4wd, loader; JD 5510N 4wd, cab, orchard; JD 5525 4wd, w/loader, JD 60; Ford 8N; Ford 1920; Farmall M- narrow; Farmall H w/loader; Farmall Super C w/ 3pt hitch; Farmall 100 w/ woods belly mower & Cultivators; Farmall A w/ pneumatic lift; Farmall A, Farmall B; Farmall BN; Allis Chalmers G w/ plow & cultivators; Cub LoBoy w/ front plow; IH 154 LoBoy; IH 560; IH 886; Kubota BX1500; Kubota BX1860; (2) Kubota BX2200, Kubota BX2230; Kubota BX2350; Kubota BX2360; Kubota B2400 w/ loader, mower; Kubota B2910HSD; Kubota L3010; Kubota L3400 HST; Kubota L4400HST; Kubota MX5000SU; Kubota MXS100DT; Leyland 262; Long 460DT; MF 1205; NH TC29D w/loader, mower; NH TN65; NH TS 110A, MFD, Cab, loader; NH 35 Boomer w/ loader; NH 30 Boomer w/loader; NH TS 100; (2) NH TZ22DA; NH 3045; Valtra 8950-4; Ford 340B industrial w/loader; Ford 3500; Ag King 2240 Also Selling: combines, harvesters, balers, skid steer loaders, tillage equipment, feeders, wagons, planters, tedders, spreaders, trailers, ATVs, lawn & garden equipment and much more!", "An HO scale Chesapeake & Ohio diesel struggl es with an M KT covered hopper. One can guess from their green calor th at the tractors being delivered to a miniature farm are John Deere products.", "Increased competition during the early 1900s from the new International Harvester Company led the company to expand its offerings in the implement business, but it was the production of gasoline tractors which would come to define Deere & Company's operations during the twentieth century. In 1912, Deere & Company president William Butterworth (Charles' son-in-law), who had replaced Charles Deere after his death in 1907, began the company's expansion into the tractor business. Deere & Company briefly experimented with its own tractor models, the most successful of which was the Dain All-Wheel-Drive, but in the end decided to continue its foray into the tractor business by purchasing the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company in 1918, which manufactured the popular Waterloo Boy tractor at its facilities in Waterloo, Iowa. Deere & Company continued to sell tractors under the Waterloo Boy name until 1923, when the [http://www.tractordata.com/farm-tractors/000/0/2/23-john-deere-d.html John Deere Model D] was introduced. The company still manufactures most of its tractors in Waterloo, Iowa.", "Supplier and Exporter of Agricultural Machineries, Corn Grinding Mills, Domestic Grinders, Horizontal Grinding Mill, Fully Automatic Mini Micro Pulveriser and ...", "1992 A program is launched to encourage installation of rollover protective structures and seat belts on older tractors. In 1966, John Deere introduced the first commercially available rollover protective devises for farm tractors, later releasing the patent to the industry without charge. The company establishes eight Strategic Business Units for the first time.", "Production of agricultural machinery and implements had occurred since the 1930s, such as the 1933 number 22e Fordson farm tractor, and such offerings were maintained post-war. One interesting model was the odd Opperman 3-wheeled Motocart , a tilting flat-bed vehicle with engine hanging off to the side of its large front wheel (Rixon 2005, pp. 122–123).", "1962 John Deere marks its 125th anniversary. Construction begins on a product-engineering center in Dubuque, Iowa. Company buys a majority interest in South African Cultivators, a farm implement firm near Johannesburg.", "2004 Record full-year earnings of $1.4 billion are more than twice the level of 2003 earnings. Deere & Company announces plans to build a new tractor factory in Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The facility is expected to be in full production by the second half of 2006.", "A worker paints out the private company logo, GWR, from a lorry now owned by the people. ", "Daimler made a 105 hp 15.9 L sleeve-valve straight-six engine for use in large tractors co-developed with William Foster & Co. for the South American market.", "Built shortly after Harry Ferguson's break with Henry Ford and two to five years before he bought Massey-Harris, this handsome little tractor makes a great impression with its compactness and aerodynamic styling. Yes, there is a small dent in the nose, but that is just sheet metal and easily repaired; besides, it adds character. It is still possible to see beneath the skin to the brutish strength that is a tractor; this machine is essentially an engine and gearbox with a seat bolted on.", "Product by Siku. The English high speed tractor is now also available with authentic front loader and large shovel;.", "Land Rover is a car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles, owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which is in turn owned by India's Tata Motors since 2008. ", "The invention of the Caterpillar track and its practical application by Benjamin Holt gave birth to a new land transportation system with great torque and pulling power, up to agricultural tasks and with good military potential. Internationally known and widely used by agriculturally-reformed large farms, but also moving and transporting logs in the New World, the Holt tractor was already a mechanical legend. The flagship model, the 120 Holt, had been marketed since 1914. It was purchased in large numbers, first by Great Britain and then France, to be used as an artillery tractor. Nearly 10,000 were used. So, it was natural to choose a large tractor to pull the weight of an armored box, its equipment and fuel. It took little time to discover the best suitable model for the worst terrains.", "Their company has been committed to the principles of organic farming and sustainability since they planted their first seed in the 90s. Back then, green was just a color. Today, they try to heal the Earth by...", "Today, this area is dominated by mostly Indian companies with Hero MotoCorp emerging as the world's largest manufacturer of two wheelers. Its Splendor model has sold more than 8.5 million to date. Other major producers are Bajaj and TVS Motors. ", "“The desire to decrease reliance on solvent-based paints has led to the development of some very interesting new technologies. The solids content of many paints, particularly in the heavy duty and the protective coatings area, has increased substantially. Powder coatings are now widely used in a number of areas, but predominantly in the industrial area. In the decorative area, low odour paints have begun to make their mark,” says Hambrook.", "Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries due to the use of chemicals and risk of injury. Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries (general traumatic injury and musculoskeletal injury), work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, chemical-related illnesses, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. In an average year, 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. (1992–2005). Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injuries, and about 5% of these result in permanent impairment. Tractor overturns are the leading cause of agriculture-related fatal injuries, and account for over 90 deaths every year. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of roll over protection structures on tractors to reduce the risk of overturn-related fatal injuries.", "Giant Manufacturing Co. Ltd. (, commonly known as 捷安特) is a Taiwanese bicycle manufacturer that is recognized as the world's largest bicycle manufacturer. Giant has manufacturing facilities in Taiwan, the Netherlands, and China.", "In Egyptian agriculture, the tasks that can be done by a tractor (e.g., plowing, hauling) or a water pump are mechanized. Other tasks (e.g., planting, weeding, harvesting) are still done by hand. Since most farmers cannot afford to own machinery, they rent it as they need it. On the whole, tractors and pumps are owned by the richer farmers who rent out their excess capacity.", "Although most people think first of four-wheel vehicles when they think of tractors, a tractor may have one or more axles. The key benefit is the power itself, which only takes one axle to provide. Single-axle tractors, more often called two-wheel tractors or walk-behind tractors, have had many users since the beginning of internal combustion engine tractors. They tend to be small and affordable. This was especially true before the 1960s, when a walk-behind tractor could often be more affordable than a two-axle tractor of comparable power. Today's compact utility tractors and advanced garden tractors may negate most of that market advantage, but two-wheel tractors still enjoy a loyal following, especially where an already-paid-for two-wheel tractor is financially superior to a compact or garden tractor that would have to be purchased. Countries where two-wheel tractors are especially prevalent today include, Thailand, China, Bangladesh, India, and other Southeast Asia countries.", "Some farm-type tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universities' gardening departments, in public parks, or for highway workman use with blowtorch cylinders strapped to the sides and a pneumatic drill air compressor permanently fastened over the power take-off. These are often fitted with grass (turf) tyres which are less damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tires.", "Motorized equipment used on farms and on lawns; usually does not require a title or registration. Also calledoff-road equipment.", "1953 The Model 70 is launched as the largest row-crop tractor to date. Initially available with gasoline, all-fuel, or LP-gas engine, it will become the first diesel row-crop tractor.", "A disc brake on a modern tractor with the disc visible in the middle of the wheel centre (white ring) and the Brake calliper at the middle left of the photo (silver block) - the axle is to the right", "Wheels can be placed under the end of the \"tractor\" when it is to be moved. English photo." ]

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[ "Lactose is the sugar found in milk. The body breaks it down to glucose and galactose.", "Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose. Lactose makes up around 2~8% of milk (by weight), although the amount varies among species and individuals. It is extracted from sweet or sour whey. The name comes from lac or lactis, the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. It has a formula of C12H22O11.", "Lactose: The natural sugar found in milk, it is composed of one galactose unit and one glucose unit; sometimes called milk sugar.", "Lactose is a disaccharide sugar derived from galactoseand glucose that is found in milk. Lactose makes up around 2~8% of milk (by weight), although the amount varies among species and individuals. It is extracted from sweet or sour whey. The name comes from lac or lactis, the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. It has a formula of C12H22O11.", "There are no sugars added to fat-free, low-fat, reduced-fat or whole milk. The sugars listed in the tables below refer to the natural sugars (primarily lactose) found in milk. The nutrient content of chocolate and other flavored milks is similar to that of unflavored milk with the addition of sugar or a sugar substitute. If sugar or high-fructose corn syrup is used, it generally adds about 13 grams of sugars (about 60 calories) per cup.", "The carbohydrate lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes about 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a composite of two simple sugars , glucose and galactose . In nature, lactose is found only in milk and a small number of plants. [5] Other components found in raw cow's milk are living white blood cells , Mammary-gland cells, various bacteria , and a large number of active enzymes . [5]", "Milk contains many nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Sugar is a specific type of carbohydrate, and lactose is the primary source of sugar in milk. Lactose is a disaccharide, meaning it is composed of two smaller sugars, namely glucose and galactose. It is less soluble than the other types of dietary sugars and has about one-sixth the sweetness of pure glucose.", "Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria which can convert sugars into lactic acid by means of fermentation. Milk contains a sugar called lactose, a disaccharide (compound sugar) made by the glycosidic bonding between glucose and galactose (monosaccharides). When pasteurized milk is heated to a temperature of 30-40 °C, or even at room temperature or refrigerator temperature, and a small amount of old curd or whey added to it, the lactobacillus in that curd or whey sample starts to grow. These convert the lactose into lactic acid, which imparts the sour taste to curd. Raw milk naturally contains lactobacillus.", "Lactose , the disaccharide sugar component of all milk must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase in order for its constituents (galactose and glucose) to be absorbed. The production of this enzyme declines significantly after weaning in all mammals. Consequently, many humans become unable to properly digest lactose as they mature. There is a great deal of variance, with some individuals reacting badly to even small amounts of lactose, some able to consume moderate quantities, and some able to consume large quantities of milk and other dairy products without problems. When an individual consumes milk without producing sufficient lactase, they may suffer diarrhea , intestinal gas , cramps and bloating , as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora who excrete gas, a process known as anaerobic respiration.", "Lactose , the disaccharide sugar component of all milk must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme lactase in order for its constituents ( galactose and glucose ) to be absorbed. The production of this enzyme declines significantly after weaning in all mammals. Consequently, many humans become unable to properly digest lactose as they mature. There is a great deal of variance, with some individuals reacting badly to even small amounts of lactose, some able to consume moderate quantities, and some able to consume large quantities of milk and other dairy products without problems. When an individual consumes milk without producing sufficient lactase, they may suffer diarrhea , intestinal gas , cramps and bloating , as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora who excrete gas, a process known as anaerobic respiration .", "The \"Sugars\" on food labels consist of mono- and di-saccharides. That's why you see sugar in milk; that's lactose, not added by the manufacturer.", "The most common of the single sugars is glucose; the sweetest, fructose. Galactose is the third. Each of the three double sugars (sucrose, lactose, and maltose) contains a molecule of glucose paired with fructose, galactose, or another glucose. Sucrose or table sugar contains both glucose and fructose(The source of energy from concentrated sweets such as sodas, cakes, and candy is sucrose). Lactose, or milk sugar, is made up of a molecule each of glucose and galactose. The third double sugar, maltose, is made up of two molecules of glucose.", "Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations that lactose in milks.", "Galactose is a sugar component of the disaccharide lactose, as found in milk. It is not as sweet as glucose and is separated from the glucose in lactose via hydrolysis.In addition, galactose is an aldohexose that does not occur in the free form in nature; galactose has an important role in the cellular membrane of the brain and nervous system. D-galactose has a structure similar to D-glucose and the only difference between them is in the arrangement of the –OH group on carbon number 4. Galactose can be found in human breast milk and is incorporated into the structure of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. The backbone of Human Milk Oligosaccharides is the disaccharide lactose, which is formed by the linkage between galactose and glucose sugars..", "There are also trace amounts of natural sugar in the form of lactose (which is in all dairy products).", "2. Disaccharides: Sugars containing two simple sugars, or that can be broken into two monosaccharides. The ordinary cane sugar or sucrose of commerce is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose. Invert sugar found in honey is a mixture of glucose and fructose. Maltose or malt sugar is composed of galactose and glucose. Maple sugar (sucrose) and milk sugar (lactose) are also disaccharides.", "The dictionary definition of sugar is \"any of a class of water soluble crystalline carbohydrates...having a characteristically sweet taste.\" This would include fructose (fruit sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar) and dextrose (corn sugar). The sugar most commonly known and used in baking, however, is sucrose and is most easily obtained from sugar cane or sugar beets.", "1. Monosaccharides: Sugars containing only one sugar group or radical. Among the monosaccharides are grape sugar (glucose or dextrose), fruit sugar (fructose or levulose), and galactose of honey . These are the assimilable forms of carbohydrate. Dextrose is the principle member of the glucose group and much less sweet than cane sugar. It is known as grape sugar and is found in fruits, some vegetables and honey. Glucose occurs in both plants and animals and is formed by the action of heat and the ultraviolet rays upon starch in the presence of an acid. Corn syrup is commercially known as glucose. Glucose may also be made by treating starch with sulphuric acid in the presence of heat. Fructose and levulose are derived from fruits and honey. Galactose is a crystaline glucose obtained by treating milk sugar with dilute acids.", "*In general, galactose does not occur in the free state but is a constituent with glucose of the disaccharide lactose or milk sugar. It is less sweet than glucose. It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood groups. ", "Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars , glucose and galactose .Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependant upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations that lactose in milks. [46]", "This is why milk doesn't taste sweet, but it does have lactose, a type of sugar molecule. Does this make sense?", "Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula C12H22O11. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.", "glucose one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars (monosaccharides). Glucose (from Greek glykys; “sweet”) has the molecular formula C 6 H 1 2 O 6. It is found in fruits and honey and is the major free sugar circulating in the blood of higher animals....", "Sucrose: A disaccharide or double sugar made of equal parts of glucose and fructose. Known as table or white sugar, sucrose is found naturally in fruits and vegetables. Appearing most abundantly in sugar cane and sugar beets, sucrose comes from these foods for commercial use.", "The white stuff we know as sugar is sucrose, a molecule composed of 12 atoms of carbon, 22 atoms of hydrogen, and 11 atoms of oxygen (C12H22O11). Like all compounds made from these three elements, sugar is a carbohydrate. Its found naturally in most plants, but especially in sugarcane and sugar beetshence their names.", "Simple sugars consist of single sugar units (monosaccharides) and disaccharides (which are made up of two monosaccharides). The names of sugars often end in the suffix -ose. Common monosaccharides include:", "The milk produced by human mammary glands contains about the same percentage of fat and less protein than cow's milk, but it has more carbohydrate than that of other mammals. This carbohydrate is in the form of lactose, a disaccharide. Mammalian infants depend on their mother's milk for nourishrnent and immunological protection. As a fresh, temperature-controlled, uncontaminated food source, the milk from mother's breast is the best at meeting the needs of the infant.", "when the milk has come to a gentle heat, add 5 tbsp sugar. stir very well so that the sugar dissolves.", "4. when the milk has come to a gentle heat, add 5 tbsp sugar. stir very well so that the sugar dissolves.", "What is the common word for the monosaccharide substance found in certain fruit, flower nectar and honey, with the chemical formula C6H12O6? Fructose", "The term milk is also used for white colored, non-animal beverages resembling milk in color and texture (milk substitutes) such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, and coconut milk. In addition, a substance secreted by pigeons to feed their young is called \"crop milk\" and bears some resemblance to mammalian milk, although it is not consumed as a milk substitute. Dairy relates to milk and milk production, e.g. dairy products. Milk can be synthesized in a laboratory, from water, fatty acids and proteins. ", "If the disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucose monosaccharides, which are hexose sugars, how many atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose contain and why?" ]

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[ "USS CONSTITUTION is a wooden hulled, three masted heavy sailing frigate. Built in Boston, MA, she was launched on Oct. 21, 1797. As a fully active U.S. Navy warship, she is the world's oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. USS CONSTITUTION was built for the fledgling U.S. Navy in response to the threat of Barbary Corsairs. She won all of her engagements during the two ensuing wars, the Quasi war with France (1798-1801) and the Barbary Wars (1801-1805.) But it was during the War of 1812 that she really gained fame and legend. USS Constitution defeated four British warships and earned the nickname \"Old Ironsides.\" She gained this title during the battle with HMS GUERRIERE when British cannonballs were seen bouncing off of CONSTITUTION's thick oak hull. Actively participating in many public events, USS CONSTITUTION continues her duty homeported in Charlestown Navy Yard near Boston, MA.", "October 21, 1797, One of the first frigates built for the U.S. Navy, the Constitution (byname Old Ironsides), was launched in Boston.", "USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world. Constitution was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. Constitution was built in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt's shipyard. Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.", "The first description we have of an American warship christening is that of Constitution, famous \"Old Ironsides\", at Boston, October 21, 1797. Her sponsor, Captain James Sever, USN, stood on the weather deck at the bow. \"At fifteen minutes after twelve she commenced a movement into the water with such steadiness, majesty and exactness as to fill every heart with sensations of joy and delight.\" As Constitution ran out, Captain Sever broke a bottle of fine old Madeira over the heel of the bowsprit.", "USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy. Named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America, she is the world’s oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. Launched in 1797, Constitution was one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed.", "mast frigate of the United States Navy. Named after the United States Constitution, she is the oldest commissioned ship afloat in the world and is still in service in the US Navy (while HMS Victory is the oldest commissioned ship in the world by three decades, she is permanently in dry dock). The Constitution was one of the six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794. Joshua Humphreys designed them to be the Navy's capital ships and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed than the standard run of frigates from the period.", "While these two venerable frigates jostle over the title for “elder lady of the sea”, the award for oldest commissioned warship in the world lies firmly with British first-rate ship of the line HMS Victory, launched in 1765. A veteran of the Napoleonic wars, Victory was Nelson’s flagship at the battle of Cape Trafalgar and remains today the flagship of the Royal Navy First Sea Lord – presently Admiral Sir George Zambellas.", "The claim that USS Constitution is the “oldest” commissioned warship is fraudulent, as I pointed out to the sailor taking me around forty years ago. HMS Victory, launched in 1765 is the oldest, and not only is she commissioned, she is the flag-ship for the C-in-C Portsmouth..", "On December 22, Esek Hopkins, Stephen's brother, was appointed the first commander in chief of the Continental Navy. Congress also named four captains to the new service: Dudley Saltonstall, Abraham Whipple, Nicholas Biddle and John Burrows Hopkins. Their respective vessels, the 24-gun frigates Alfred and Columbus, and the14-gun brigs Andrew Doria and Cabot, as well as three schooners, the Hornet, the Wasp and the Fly, became the first ships of the Navy's fleet. Five first lieutenants, including future American hero John Paul Jones, five second lieutenants and three third lieutenants also received their commissions.", "bracing of the ship's skeleton that contributed considerably to the ship's structural strength. Paul Revere forged the copper spikes and bolts that held the planks in place and the copper sheathing that protected the hull. It took several abortive attempts to launch Constitution in 1797 before she finally slipped into Boston Harbor. Thus armed, Constitution first put to sea 22 July 1798 and saw her first service patrolling the southeast coast of the United States during the Quasi-", "Type: Frigate (44 guns) Launched: October 21, 1797 At: Edmond Hartt Shipyard, Boston, Massachusetts Major Overhaul: 1992-1996 Length: 204 feet (overall) Beam: 43 feet, 5 inches Draft: 22 feet, 6 inches Displacement: 2,200 tons Armament: Twenty 32 pounder carronades, thirty 24 pounder long ... read more", "The USS Constitution was commissioned and named by George Washington back in 1797; at the time, it was capital ship (a.k.a. one of the navy’s most important warships). The Constitution gained her nickname, Old Ironsides, during the War of 1812, when the ship defeated more than five British warships; after that victory, she became a darling of the public, who fought hard to save her from scrapping and devoted a museum to the ship’s history. Today the ship, which is technically still fully commissioned by the navy, is actually being restored in dry docks, which are open to the public. When it’s not being restored, its permanent home is in Pier 1 at Charlestown Navy Yard, where it can be boarded and explored by visitors to the museum. If you must see ships in the water before Old Ironsides’ makeover is finished, check out the Boston Tea Party Museum’s ingenious replicas at the seaport.", "The first English and oldest surviving dry dock still in use was commissioned by Henry VII of England at HMNB Portsmouth in 1495 (see Tudor navy). This dry dock currently holds the world's oldest commissioned warship, HMS Victory.", "This is a nice scale model of the American ship Constitution. After two abortive attempts, she was finally launched on 31st. December 1797. She became known as Old Ironsides and continued in service until 1897 when she was towed back to the scene of her launching in Boston and remains there as an American shrine and museum.", "Known as “Old Ironsides” due to her sturdy construction, the oldest still intact ship in America serves as a museum in Boston, Massachusetts. Still afloat after 213 years, she had an usually long service life, having remained in commission on and off between 1797 all the way to the Civil War, after which she was made a training ship and continued sailing periodically right up to her final decommissioning in 1881.", "On August 19, the USS Constitution engaged HMS Guerriere. The battle held off the coast of Nova Scotia became the first naval encounter. The HMS Guerriere was led by Captain Dacres, who was confident that the British navy could take the USS Constitution, \"There is a Yankee frigate at forty-five minutes, she is surely ours. Take her in fifteen minutes and I promise you four months pay.\" The Constitution didn't fire until it was twenty-five feet away, shooting both cannon and grape shot. In the middle of the battle, a Guerriere cannonball bounced off of the Constitution's side. An American seaman exclaimed, \"Huzzah! Her sides are made of iron!\" The Guerriere, which had been instrumental in enforcing the British blockade, lost decisively. Her crew was brought on board as prisoners. When American Captain Hull realized that the British ship had been too badly damaged to be salvaged, it was set fire and blown up. The news of the victory made all Boston celebrate.", "The Navy was rooted in the American seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders in the colonial era. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own navy. The establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, and make it easier to seek out support from foreign countries. Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned seven ocean-going cruisers, starting with the schooner USS Hannah, to interdict British supply ships, and reported the captures to the Congress.", "For today's excursion into military history, we will look into this nation's oldest commissioned naval vessel, built in the late eighteenth century, veteran of three wars, and a publically adored reminder of our nation's early greatness.", "The Naval History and Heritage Command Detachment Boston is responsible for planning and performing her maintenance, repair, and restoration, keeping her as close to her 1812 configuration as possible. The detachment estimates that approximately 10–15 percent of the timber in Constitution contains original material installed during her initial construction period in the years 1795–1797. ", "In 1513 Henry VIII founded a dockyard here to build the royal ship Henri Grace à Dieu, popularly known as the ‘Great Harry’. Subsequent naval expansion brought a rope yard, ordnance storage and a gun battery to the waterfront, which at that time may have lain as much as 200 feet south of the present shoreline. Elizabeth I came to Woolwich in 1559 to mark the launch of her ship Elizabeth Jonas.", "1813 - Essex becomes first U.S. warship to round Cape Horn and enter the Pacific Ocean", "Since May of 1774 the Province of Massachusetts Bay had been under martial law under General Thomas Gage. After armed conflict with the colonists started on April 19, 1775 at the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Gage's forces had been besieged in Boston by 8,000 to 12,000 militia led mainly by General Artemas Ward. In May, the British garrison was increased by the arrival of about 4,500 additional troops and Major General Howe. Admiral Samuel Graves commanded the fleet within the harbor.", "In December 1775, to aid in drafting plans in expanding the Continental Navy and to supervise the construction of vessels and procurement of naval equipment, the Continental Congress established a permanent committee for the Marine Corps, the Marine Committee (the forerunner of the United States Department of the Navy). It would supersede the duties of the naval affairs committee; which the majority of the personnel were also appointed in the same office of the Naval Committee. The Marine Committee contained thirteen members, one for each colony, included important figures, such as Robert Morris, John Hancock, and Samuel Chase. The Naval Committee would oversee the Marine Committee on matters concerning naval expeditions and projections. It exercised legislative, judicial, and executive powers. However, the lack of an administrative head and of actual authority over the states, impeded the Marine Committee as they did Congress. Since the Marine Committee was responsible in drafting plans for the expansion of the Continental Navy, three days later after its establishment it recommended to Congress to build a force of thirteen frigates, outfitted with 24–36 guns. Congress accepted the program as it would protect colonial merchant trade from the British blockaders; on the recommendation that the construction of warships will be decentralized. ", "On November 21st (that’s today!), 1794, William Brown’s ship the HMS Butterworth made the first European anchorage in the Honolulu Harbor on the Hawaiian island of O’ahu. Captain William Brown commanded the ship, and after passing a peaceful night’s rest among the lapping waves and pleasant evening air he decided to name the harbor Fair Haven, which, it turns out, is a rough translation of the native Hawaiian name for the harbor.", "The 500 year old southern live oak was salvaged from the Charlestown Navy Yard, one of the oldest shipbuilding facilities in the United States Navy. It was the wood of choice for shipbuilding components in the frigates built in that era.", "Massachusetts is one of three states with its own naval ensign, the others being South Carolina and Maine. In April 1776, the Massachusetts Navy adopted as its flag (naval ensign) a white field charged with a green pine tree. It also flew this flag over the floating batteries which sailed down the Charles River to attack the British in Boston. This naval militia was active during most of the American Revolutionary War. It was founded to defend the interests of Massachusetts from British forces. The navy used 25 vessels over the course of the war, acting in various roles such as prison ships, dispatch vessels, and combat cruisers. Unlike most other states, the Massachusetts State Navy was never officially disbanded and simply became part of the United States Navy.", "At the first regular organization of the military of the colony in 1644 he was lieutenant of the Dorchester Company. He was afterwards captain of the company and August 10, 1665 was appointed by the general court, captain of the castle (now Fort Independence) in Boston Harbor. He held this office for 21 years until he was 77 years old when he resigned on account of political troubles. In an ancient journal is the following: \"Sept. 24, 1686, Captain Clapp leaves ye Castle; about nine guns going off at his going.\"", "October 13, 1775 - The United States Navy was born after the Second Continental Congress authorized the acquisition of a fleet of ships.", "1775 — The Continental Congress creates the Continental Navy on December 22, 1775 and names Esek Hopkins as fleet commander in chief.", "On this day in 1775, the Continental Congress appoints seven members to serve on an administrative naval committee tasked with the acquisition, outfitting and manning of a naval fleet to be used in defense against the British. Almost two weeks earlier, on October 13, 1775, Congress had authorized the construction and arming of vessels for the country's first navy.", "Henry learned much from Commodore Christopher Mings when he sailed as part of the flotilla which first attacked and plundered Santiago (Cuba) and in 1663 when he commanded a vessel in the attack on the Mexican coast. In this, 1100 men described as privateersmen, buccaneers and volunteers sailed more than 1000 miles to attack Campeche. The town, defended by two forts and regular Spanish troops, fell after a day of fighting and the buccaneers took fourteen Spanish ships from the port as prizes.", "On November 17, 1775, the colony's new capital was ransacked by Massachusetts-based privateers, participants in the American Revolutionary War. During the attack, the colonial seal was stolen and several prisoners, including Phillips Callbeck and Thomas Wright, were taken to Cambridge, Massachusetts and later released." ]

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[ "Thomas \"Tommy\" Hearns (born October 18, 1958) is an American former professional boxer. Nicknamed the \"Motor City Cobra\" and more famously \"The Hitman\", Hearns' tall and slender build allowed him to move up over fifty pounds in his career and become the first boxer in history to win world titles in four weight divisions: welterweight, light middleweight, middleweight, and light heavyweight. By later winning a super middleweight title, he also became the first to win world titles in five weight divisions.", "Thomas \"Tommy\" Hearns (born October 18, 1958) is a retired American professional boxer. Nicknamed the \"Motor City Cobra\" and more famously \"The Hitman,\" Hearns became the first boxer in history to win world titles in four divisions. He would also become the fi...", "Thomas Hearns has the distinction of having not one but two great boxing nicknames. Whether you prefer to go with the more well-known \"Hitman\" or the \"Motor City Cobra,\" there is no doubt that Hearns belongs on this list.", "Morning Trivia: He's a retired professional boxer and occasional actor. He was the first boxer to earn more than $100 million in purses. He won world titles in five weight divisions and defeated future fellow International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Wilfred Ben�tez, Thomas Hearns, Roberto Dur�n and Marvin Hagler. He was named Boxer of the Decade for the 1980s. Who is he?", "Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer, generally considered among the greatest heavyweights in the sport's history. Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Ali remains the only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Between February 25, 1964 and September 19, 1964 Muhammad Ali reigned as the Undisputed Heavyweight Boxing Champion.Notable wins:Sonny Liston, George Foreman,Joe Frazier 2x.", "Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post- Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. [1] [2] Louis’s championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles , was a challenge to Charles’ heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis’ reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, [3] and was ranked #1 on The Ring ‘s list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.", "On February 25, 1964, underdog Cassius Clay, age 22, defeats champion Sonny Liston in a technical knockout to win the world heavyweight boxing crown. The highly anticipated match took place in Miami Beach, Florida. Clay, who later became known to the world as Muhammad Ali, went on to become the first fighter to capture the heavyweight title three times.", "On Sept. 15, 1978, the night Muhammad Ali made boxing history by defeating Leon Spinks to win the heavyweight championship for a record third time, a security guard was robbed and killed while on duty at a Masonic temple in Harvey. Four days later, Harvey police detectives said Anthony McKinney, 18, had confessed to killing Donald Lundahl with a single shotgun blast to the head. No physical evidence linked McKinney to the crime -- the shotgun and Lundahl's wallet were never found. ", "“It was the money,” said Wali Muhammad, Ali’s assistant trainer, in the film Muhammad and Larry, explaining how the thirty-eight-year-old, overweight, out-of-shape boxer had been induced to come out of retirement to fight strapping new heavyweight champ, Larry Holmes. Sure, $8 million was a considerable lure, but there was also a title belt up for grabs, one that Ali wanted. Larry Holmes, the “Easton Assassin,” grew up poor in Pennsylvania and performed a series of menial jobs before taking up boxing at age nineteen. After accumulating an impressive amateur record of 19-3, he turned pro in 1973. Much of his early training came from the stellar boxers he worked for as a sparring partner— Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Earnie Shavers, and Jimmy Young. As a pro, he posted an astonishing series of wins, 35-0, and when he bested Shavers in 1978, it set Holmes up for a shot at WBC champ Ken Norton. That highly competitive fight went to Holmes in a split decision. He was now the bearer of the WBC title, the one title Ali craved. And so Ali came out of retirement to battle Holmes in an outdoor arena at Caesar’s Palace on October 2, 1980. He was determined to take the cash, win the belt, and become the first fourtime world heavyweight champion.", "The professional male heavyweight has always had the highest profile in the boxing world, for two reasons: the attraction of fights between larger-than-life males, and the national prestige attached to boxers as representatives of a nation or ethnic group. J.L. Sullivan was a national celebrity in the USA in the late 19th century, but was also lauded as an Irish American. In the 1960s, Muhammad Ali, previously Cassius Clay, symbolized civil rights and cultural and religious politics as much as physical and athletic prowess. Professional boxing appealed to the working populations of growing cities. Poor boys, some as young as 12, were recruited to fight in local competitions and on regional circuits. Defensive skills were appreciated, but the influence of international promoters, and then radio and television broadcasting encouraged a more aggressive form of fighting. In the 1950s, support switched from local boxing heroes to national and international stars as professional boxing became part of the trend towards globalized consumerism. The number of weight categories expanded, and rival organizations competed to represent the sport internationally, shifting the centre of organizational power from the east coast of the USA to Central America.", "(1949–  ) boxer; born in Marshall, Texas. Coming from a broken home, he joined the Job Corps (1965–67) while training and boxing as an amateur. He won the gold medal as a heavyweight at the 1968 Olympics, then turned professional in 1969. He held the world heavyweight championship (1973–74) until he was defeated by a resurgent Muhammad Ali in Zaire, Africa. He became an ordained minister in 1977 and devoted his money and energies to community work among poor African-Americans in Texas. Needing more money for his projects, he made a comeback as a heavyweight (1987) that was noted less for his being a serious threat and more for his becoming everyone's favorite boxer. In 1994 he knocked out Michael Moorer in a fight sanctioned by two of the three main boxing organizations to become the oldest heavyweight champion in history.", "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American professional boxer who held the undisputed world heavyweight championship. At the age of 21, he became the youngest boxer to win the world heavyweight title, and was also the first heavyweight to regain the title after losing it. As an amateur he represented the United States at the 1952 Olympics, winning a gold medal in the middleweight division.", "On February 25, 1964, Clay challenged Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship of the world. Liston was widely regarded as the most intimidating, powerful fighter of his era. Clay was a decided underdog. But in one of the most stunning upsets in sports history, Liston retired to his corner after six rounds, and Clay became the new champion. Two days later Clay shocked the boxing establishment again by announcing that he had accepted the teachings of the Nation of Islam . On March 6, 1964, he took the name Muhammad Ali, which was given to him by his spiritual mentor, Elijah Muhammad .", "FILE - In this March 1, 1964, file photo, world heavyweight boxing champion, Muhammad Ali, right, is shown with Black Muslim Leader, Malcolm X, outside the Trans-Lux Newsreel Theater in New York City, after watching a screening of films on Ali's title fight with Sonny Liston in Miami Beach. Ali, the magnificent heavyweight champion whose fast fists and irrepressible personality transcended sports and captivated the world, has died according to a statement released by his family Friday, June 3, 2016. He was 74. (AP Photo)", "Ali retired for good after the fight, finishing his career with an overall record of 56-5 and earning a lasting reputation as one of the 20th century’s most influential sportsmen. For his part, Berbick won the WBC heavyweight title in 1986 but was beaten in his first defense by the 20-year-old Mike Tyson. Berbick continued boxing for another 14 years but was plagued by issues in his personal life, including various arrests and a conviction for sexual assault. His boxing license was revoked in 2000 after a post-fight CAT scan found a blood clot in his brain. In October 2006, Berbick was found dead, with massive wounds to the head, in a church courtyard in his native town, Norwich, near Kingston, Jamaica. His 20-year-old nephew and a friend were charged in the killing.", "Floyd Patterson rose to the highest level of professional boxing, becoming the youngest world heavyweight champion and then the first man to ever regain a world heavyweight championship. \"Along with [President Dwight] Eisenhower, Mickey Mantle and Elvis [Presley], Floyd Patterson was one of the recognizable faces of the '50s,\" boxing historian Bert Sugar told the Chicago Tribune. But boxing was much more than a chance at fame to Patterson. \"Without boxing, I'd probably be dead or in jail,\" Patterson had once remarked about his career as a professional boxer, according to Newsday. Paterson credited boxing for giving him \"the opportunity to lift myself from the mean streets of Bedford-Stuyvesant.\" Indeed, Patterson overcame many obstacles to become a boxing legend. Yet, his legacy rests not on those obstacles, but on his athleticism and his kindness to his opponents. \"He ennobled the sport,\" Sugar told the Chicago Tribune.", "Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali stands over fallen challenger Sonny Liston on May 25, 1965, in Lewiston, Maine. The bout lasted only one minute into the first round. Ali is the only man ever to win the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times.", "Jack Dempsey was the king of the boxing world from 1919 to 1926. He defeated Jess Willard – the man who had ended the reign of Jack Johnson – in dominating fashion to capture the heavyweight championship. He was a massive draw, and his celebrity status had grown so much throughout his reign that the fight against Gene Tunney in 1926, where he lost the championship, was contested in front of 120,557 people in Philadelphia. Unlike many athletes, Dempsey managed to hold on to his wealth long after retirement. He died in 1983 of natural causes.", "Larry Holmes, “the Easton Assassin,” is known as much for his retirements and comebacks as his skill in the boxing ring. The world heavyweight champion from 1978 to 1985, he emerged from a small shack in Cuthbert, Georgia to become, as Arthur Ashe wrote in A Hard Road to Glory,” the most underrated and underpublicized heavyweight champion in history.” With one of the greatest left jabs in boxing—the result of training while his right hand was in a cast—Holmes is not content to sit idly and talk about the old days. Whether it’s continuing to fight into his late 40s, or being the biggest entrepreneur Easton, Pennsylvania ever saw, Holmes lives up to the title of his 1998 autobiography, Against All Odds.", "A Tribute dedicated to Walker Smith Jr better known as Sugar Ray Robinson who in many peoples eyes was the greatest boxer of all time.", "Ali began to employ a new style of boxing, one that he called his \"rope-a-dope.\" He would let his opponents wear themselves down while he rested, often against the ropes; then he would lash out in the later rounds. During his ensuing reign Ali successfully defended his title ten more times. Ali held the championship until he was defeated by Leon Spinks on February 16, 1978, in a bout held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Seven months later, on September 15, 1978, Ali regained the heavyweight title by defeating Spinks in a bout held at New Orleans. Ali thus became the first boxer in history to win the heavyweight championship three times. At the end of his boxing career he was slowed by a neurological condition related to Parkinson's disease. His last fight, the 61st, took place in 1981.", "The former heavyweight boxing champion died from liver cancer on November 7, aged 67. Nicknamed “Smokin Joe”, he fought fellow boxing legend  Muhammad Ali three times, including the famous Thrilla In Manila fight in 1975 - widely regarded as the best fight of all time.", "September 3, 1999: Heavyweight boxer Cleveland �Big Cat� Williams was killed in an auto-pedestrian accident. Williams fought Muhammad Ali at the Astrodome in 1966.", "1921 - Angelo Dundee [Angelo Mirena], Philadelphia, boxing trainer and cornerman (Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, George Foreman), (d. 2012)", "James-J-Braddock James Walter “The Cinderella Man” Braddock (June 7, 1905 – November 29, 1974) was an Irish American boxer who held the world heavyweight championship from 1935 to 1937.", "Muhammad Ali (Formerly Cassius Clay) in action against Sonny Liston. Ali was the winner in Miami Beach, Florida on February 25, 1964. ", "The “Cinderella Man,” who started boxing as a sparring partner when he could not find work on the docks, was the 15-1 underdog going into his fight against Max Baer. His victory was regarded as the biggest upset in heavyweight championship boxing. He was a reasonably good and courageous boxer.", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian-British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion.", "Hogan \"Kid\" Bassey MBE (3 June 1932 – 26 January 1998) was a Nigerian - British boxer, he was the first man of Nigerian descent to become a world boxing champion.", "The skinny: Ali’s best friend, Howard Bingham, said this about Coopman, a Belgian: “By all accounts he was a very nice man. He just couldn’t fight.” At the news conference to announce the fight, Coopman was so pleased to meet his hero he kept trying to kiss him. “Get this guy away from me,” Ali said. Coopman’s American manager, George Kanter, trying to sell the fight, found a voodoo witch doctor whom he claimed would help Coopman win. Coopman believed in witches and was happy to be put into a deep hole and have water poured over him. He drank champagne in his locker room before the fight. Ali toyed with him until the fifth round, then dropped him.", "Black heavyweight who was hated by white America because of his arrogant manner. He was forced to win the heavyweight title in Australia after bigotry prevented him fighting in his native land. Despite the controversy of his life he was an outstanding boxer.", "He did much to restore the reputation of boxing at the time which had become famous for corruption. He was a hard-working and honest man who became an icon on the sport." ]

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[ "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Emerson and American transcendentalism.", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772 – July 25, 1834) (pronounced [ˈkəʊlərɪdʒ]) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as his major prose work Biographia Literaria.", "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England. He is probably best known for his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.", "William Wordsworth is one of a group of poets known as the Lakeland Poets. Perhaps the group's most notable members are Samuel Coleridge (known for works such as “ The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ” and “Kubla Khan”) and Robert Southey (a very popular poet in his time who also wrote “The Three Bears”). The Lakeland Poets were given their name because they all came from a district of England known as the Lake District (Wordsworth's house is pictured above). Located in the northern area of England, the district is known for its dozens of lakes, beautiful mountains, and fields full of flowers. Many other writers found inspiration in the Lake District, including Alfred Lord Tennyson, John Ruskin, Beatrix Potter, Hugh Walpole, and Wordsworth’s sister, Dorothy.", "Coleridge was a famous eighteenth-century English poet, one we all probably learned about in school. Two of his better-known poems are The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan (“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan, A stately pleasure-dome decree”). Coleridge was also one of the most infamous procrastinators of all time.", "Kubla Khan /ˌkʊblə ˈkɑːn/ is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , completed in 1797 and published in 1816. According to Coleridge's Preface to Kubla Khan, the poem was composed one night after he experienced an opium -influenced dream after reading a work describing Xanadu , the summer palace of the Mongol ruler and Emperor of China Kublai Khan . Upon waking, he set about writing lines of poetry that came to him from the dream until he was interrupted by a person from Porlock . The poem could not be completed according to its original 200–300 line plan as the interruption caused him to forget the lines. He left it unpublished and kept it for private readings for his friends until 1816 when, on the prompting by George Gordon Byron , it was published.", "In English literature, the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and the much older William Blake, followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare. Also such novelists as Walter Scott from Scotland and Mary Shelley, and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb. The publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads, with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, is often held to mark the start of the movement. The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth, and many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District, or his feelings about nature—which he more fully developed in his long poem The Prelude, never published in his lifetime. The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism, and the exotic settings that many works featured. In the period when they were writing, the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals, though they were supported by the critic and writer William Hazlitt and others.", "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literaturewith the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.", "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).", "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).", "William Wordsworth ( April 7 , 1770 – April 23 , 1850 ) was a major English poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge , launched the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads .", "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge , helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).", "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge , helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads .", "William Wordsworth (April 7, 1770 – April 23, 1850) was a major English romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, an autobiographical poem of his early years that was revised and expanded a number of times. It was never published during his lifetime, and was only given the title after his death. Up until this time it was generally known as the poem \"to Coleridge\". Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.", "- William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.", "In 1795, Wordsworth received a legacy from a close relative and he and his sister Dorothy went to live in Dorset. Two years later they moved again, this time to Somerset, to live near the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was an admirer of Wordsworth's work. They collaborated on 'Lyrical Ballads', published in 1798. This collection of poems, mostly by Wordsworth but with Coleridge contributing 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner', is generally taken to mark the beginning of the Romantic movement in English poetry. The poems were greeted with hostility by most critics.", "Coleridge was born in 1772 in Devonshire, England. His father died when he was 19, and he had a turbulent relationship with his mother. He attended Cambridge, but never recieved a degree. He and Wordsworth founded the Romantic movement, and he is best known for his long narrative poems, such as The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.", "\"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment\" is a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge , which takes its title from the Mongol and Chinese emperor Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty. Coleridge claimed he wrote the poem in the autumn of 1797 at a farmhouse near Exmoor , England, but it may have been composed on one of a number of other visits to the farm. It also may have been revised a number of times before it was first published in 1816.", "In 1795 Coleridge met poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. The two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads (1798), which proved to be a manifesto for Romantic poetry. The first version of Coleridge's great poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner appeared in this volume.", "The early Romantic Poets brought a new emotionalism and introspection, and their emergence is marked by the first romantic manifesto in English literature, the \"Preface\" to Lyrical Ballads (1798). The poems in Lyrical Ballads were mostly by Wordsworth, though Coleridge contributed, \"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\".\"Samuel Taylor Coleridge.\" Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 May. 2013. . Among Wordsworth's most important poems, are \"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey\", \"Resolution and Independence\", \"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood\" and the autobiographical, epic The Prelude. ", "In poetry, the Romantic movement emphasised the creative expression of the individual and the need to find and formulate new forms of expression. The Romantics, with the partial exception of Byron, rejected the poetic ideals of the 18th century, and each of them returned to Milton for inspiration, though each drew something different from Milton. They also put a good deal of stress on their own originality. To the Romantics, the moment of creation was the most important in poetic expression and could not be repeated once it passed. Because of this new emphasis, poems that were not complete were nonetheless included in a poet's body of work (such as Coleridge's \"Kubla Khan\" and \"Christabel\").", "Coleridge then moved to Nether Stowey in England’s West Country. Lamb, William Hazlitt, and other writers visited him there, making up an informal literary community. In 1796 William Wordsworth, with whom Coleridge had exchanged letters for some years, moved into the area. The two poets became instant friends, and they began a literary collaboration. Around this time Coleridge composed “Kubla Khan” and the first version of “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; the latter work was included as the opening poem in Coleridge and Wordsworth’s joint effort, Lyrical Ballads, with a few Other Poems, which was published in 1798. That same year, Coleridge traveled to Germany where he developed an interest in the German philosophers Immanuel Kant, Friedrich von Schelling, and the brothers Friedrich and August Wilhelm von Schlegel; he later introduced German aesthetic theory in England through his critical writing. Soon after his return in 1799, Coleridge settled in Keswick near the Lake District, which now gained for him—together with Wordsworth and Southey who had also moved to the area—the title “Lake Poet.” During this period, Coleridge suffered poor health and personal strife; his marriage was failing and he had fallen in love with Wordsworth’s sister-in-law, Sarah Hutchinson—a love that was unrequited and a source of great pain. He began taking opium as a remedy for his poor health.", "Coleridge, Samuel Taylor English lyrical poet, critic, and philosopher. His Lyrical Ballads, written with William Wordsworth, heralded the English Romantic movement, and his Biographia Literaria (1817) is the most significant work of general literary criticism produced in the...", "Coleridge's collection Poems On Various Subjects was published in 1796, and in 1797 appeared Poems. In the same year he began the publication of a short-lived liberal political periodical The Watchman. He started a close friendship with Dorothy and William Wordsworth , one of the most fruitful creative relationships in English literature. From it resulted Lyrical Ballads, which opened with Coleridge's \"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\" and ended with Wordsworth's \"Tintern Abbey\". These poems set a new style by using everyday language and fresh ways of looking at nature.", "The years 1797 and 1798, during which he lived in Nether Stowey, Somerset, and Wordsworth, having visited him and being enchanted by the surroundings, rented Alfoxton Park, a little over three miles away, were among the most fruitful of Coleridge's life. Besides the Rime of The Ancient Mariner, he composed the symbolic poem Kubla Khan, written—Coleridge himself claimed—as a result of an opium dream, in \"a kind of a reverie\"; and the first part of the narrative poem Christabel. During this period he also produced his much-praised \"conversation\" poems This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, and The Nightingale.", "The years 1797 and 1798, during which he lived in what is now known as Coleridge Cottage, in Nether Stowey, Somerset, were among the most fruitful of Coleridge's life. In 1795, Coleridge met poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. (Wordsworth, having visited him and being enchanted by the surroundings., rented Alfoxton Park, a little over three miles [5 km] away.) Besides the Rime of The Ancient Mariner, Coleridge composed the symbolic poem Kubla Khan, written—Coleridge himself claimed—as a result of an opium dream, in \"a kind of a reverie\"; and the first part of the narrative poem Christabel. The writing of Kubla Khan, written about the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan and his legendary palace at Xanadu, was said to have been interrupted by the arrival of a \"Person from Porlock\" – an event that has been embellished upon in such varied contexts as science fiction and Nabokov's Lolita. During this period, he also produced his much-praised \"conversation\" poems This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, and The Nightingale.", "Encouraged by Coleridge and stimulated by the close contact with nature, Wordsworth composed his first masterwork, Lyrical Ballads, which opened with Coleridge's \"Ancient Mariner.\" About 1798 he started to write a large and philosophical autobiographical poem, completed in 1805, and published posthumously in 1850 under the title The Prelude.", "The Lyrical Ballads were the poetic fruits of their companionship. Out of their frequent discussions of the relative value of common life and supernatural incidents as themes for imaginative treatment grew the idea of writing a volume together, composed of poems of the two kinds. Coleridge was to take the supernatural; and, as his industry was not equal to his friends, this kind was represented by the Ancient Mariner alone. Among Wordsworths contributions were The Female Vagrant, We are Seven, Complaint for a Forsaken Indian Woman, The Last of the Flock, The Idiot Boy, The Mad Mother (\"Her eyes are wild\"), The Thorn, Goody Blake and Harry Gill, The Reverie of Poor Susan, Simon Lee, Expostulation and Reply, The Tables Turned, Lines left upon a Yew-tree Seat, An Old Man Travelling (\"Animal Tranquility and Decay\"), Lines above Tintern Abbey. The volume was published by Cottle of Bristol in September, 1798.", "0:13Skip to 0 minutes and 13 seconds William Wordsworth is one of the greatest poets in the English language. And he wrote much of his most famous work here at Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the heart of the English Lake District.", "From the title page alone we recognize one element from “the Rime of the Ancient Mariner”: a hermit who talks to visitors who arrive in ships. There’s also a second key element in this work, written nearly 20 years prior to the voyage narrative Wordsworth claimed to have introduced. At one point, the hermit Philip Quarll notices that the fish in a lake are being depleted rapidly, and that something big is snatching up the small ones. After staking out and learning that it’s the albatross, he “studies means to kill the destroyer.”", "1770–1850, English poet, b. Cockermouth, Cumberland. One of the great English poets, he was a leader of the romantic movement in England. Life and Works", "i need books' name about Gothic elements in The Rime of ancient mariner or any info." ]

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[ "Knitting and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle or on a crochet hook, together in a line. The two processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while crocheting never has more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand.", "One of the more obvious differences is that crochet uses one hook while much knitting uses two needles. In most crochet, the artisan usually has only one live stitch on the hook (with the exception being Tunisian crochet), while a knitter keeps an entire row of stitches active simultaneously. Dropped stitches, which can unravel a fabric, rarely interfere with crochet work, due to a second structural difference between knitting and crochet. In knitting, each stitch is supported by the corresponding stitch in the row above and it supports the corresponding stitch in the row below, whereas crochet stitches are only supported by and support the stitches on either side of it. If a stitch in a finished crocheted item breaks, the stitches above and below remain intact, and because of the complex looping of each stitch, the stitches on either side are unlikely to come loose unless heavily stressed.", "Various tools have been developed to make hand-knitting easier. Tools for measuring needle diameter and yarn properties have been discussed above, as well as the yarn swift, ballwinder and \"yarntainers\". Crochet hooks and a darning needle are often useful in binding/casting off or in joining two knitted pieces edge-to-edge. The darning needle is used in duplicate stitch (also known as Swiss darning). The crochet hook is also essential for repairing dropped stitches and some specialty stitches such as tufting. Other tools such as knitting spools or pom-pom makers are used to prepare specific ornaments. For large or complex knitting patterns, it is sometimes difficult to keep track of which stitch should be knit in a particular way; therefore, several tools have been developed to identify the number of a particular row or stitch, including circular stitch markers, hanging markers, extra yarn and row counters. A second potential difficulty is that the knitted piece will slide off the tapered end of the needles when unattended; this is prevented by \"point protectors\" that cap the tapered ends. Another problem is that too much knitting may lead to hand and wrist troubles; for this, special stress-relieving gloves are available. In traditional Shetland knitting a special belt is often used to support the end of one needle allowing the knitting greater speed. Finally, there are sundry bags and containers for holding knitting, yarns and needles.", "Crochet (; ) is a process of creating fabric by interlocking loops of yarn, thread, or strands of other materials using a crochet hook. The name is derived from the French term \"crochet\", meaning small hook. These are made of materials such as metal, wood, or plastic and are manufactured commercially and produced in artisan workshops. The salient difference between crochet and knitting, beyond the implements used for their production, is that each stitch in crochet is completed before proceeding with the next one, while knitting keeps a large number of stitches open at a time. (Variant forms such as Tunisian crochet and broomstick lace keep multiple crochet stitches open at a time.)", "Knitting needles used are generally: 2.0mm – 3.5mm. Crochet hooks: 2.25-3.5mm. Good quality ones can also be purchased cheaply by clicking on the link picture above.", "The blogger's group of friends stitched several swatches with worsted weight yarn, and 6mm sized tools. Their conculsions were that Knitting and Crochet used about the same, but TC used significantly more yarn.", ":\"Crochet needles, sometimes called Shepherds' hooks, are made of steel, ivory, or box-wood. They have a hook at one end similar in shape to a fish-hook, by which the wool or silk is caught and drawn through the work. These instruments are to be procured of various sizes...\" ", "In an 1868 issue of Harper�s Baazar there were instructions for using a crochet hook for tatting. The illustrations show a crochet hook being used much like modern tatting needles, with the stitches being formed on the hook/needle and the thread being pulled through the formed stitches. Other than this reference, I have not seen mention of this method, but it seemed similar to Japanese hook tatting which was introduced in the 1970s.", "Needlework is a broad term for the handicrafts of decorative sewing and textile arts. Anything that uses a needle for construction can be called needlework. The definition may expand to include related textile crafts such as a crochet hook or tatting shuttles.", "Cro-tatting combines needle tatting with crochet. The cro-tatting tool is a tatting needle with a crochet hook at the end. One can also cro-tat with a bullion crochet hook or a very straight crochet hook. In the 19th century, \"crochet tatting\" patterns were published which simply called for a crochet hook. One of the earliest patterns is for a crocheted afghan with tatted rings forming a raised design. Patterns are available in English and are equally divided between yarn and thread. In its most basic form, the rings are tatted with a length of plain thread between them, as in single-shuttle tatting. In modern patterns, beginning in the early 20th century, the rings are tatted and the arches or chains are crocheted. Many people consider cro-tatting more difficult than crochet or needle tatting. Some tatting instructors recommend using a tatting needle and a crochet hook to work cro-tatting patterns. Stitches of cro-tatting (and needle tatting before a ring is closed) unravel easily, unlike tatting made with a shuttle.", "File:Pink knitting in front of pink sweatshirt.JPG|Knitting uses two or more straight needles that carry multiple stitches.", "In knitting, the use of two needles, the knitter must learn to use both needles seamlessly. Several factors also lead to ambidexterity, the chief one being if a person either favors their left hand over their right or if they learned to crochet before learning to knit. In that case, they either use the Continental method (yarn in left hand, work moving from left needle to right needle; sometimes called 'picking') or the English method (yarn held in right hand, work still moving from left to right needle; sometimes called 'throwing' and more common in the United States.) For colour work both methods can be used at the same time.", "Knitting creates multiple loops of yarn, called stitches, in a line or tube. Knitting has multiple active stitches on the needle at one time. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of interlocking loops. As each row progresses, a newly created loop is pulled through one or more loops from the prior row, placed on the gaining needle, and the loops from the prior row are then pulled off the other needle.", "The word crochet describes the process of creating fabric from a length of cord, yarn, or thread with a hooked tool.", "The ability to work from either end of one needle is convenient in several types of knitting, such as slip-stitch versions of double knitting. Circular needles may be used for flat or circular knitting.", "blanket stitch blanket stitch knitting embroidery directions sewing machine fleece applique crochet used reinforce edge thick materials depending circumstances also called whip defined decorative holiday crafts creations start your first true poke needle down from photo this should about over where thread came steps wikihow school today talking surprise here make towel back side sarah hand tutorials often confused with buttonhole rather said that oftern futuregirl craft blog tutorial felt using post actually contains involving blankets pieces together pinterest discover pins more stitches brazilian needlepoint crafty mummy learn instructions photos help than trim stich these easy follow step embroidering create edging surface", "Insert hook in first loop hanging on knitting needle and pull up loop, yo, insert hook into next loop in knitting needle and pull loop through both loops on hook in a slip stitch fashion, insert hook into next loop, pull loop and bring that loop through both loops on hook, continue in this manner until you have only one loop left on the knitting needle, insert that loop into your hook and fasten off as you usually do for crochet.", "It was the development of the knitting machine that introduced hooked needles and enabled faultless, automated knitting. Most knitters probably aren’t even aware of the many processes that their fingers perform in the making of a single stitch. However, large gauge needles emphasise those actions and knitting becomes increasingly more awkward when the needle diameter is greater than the width of the knitters finger. On a one-inch diameter (size 50) needle for instance, the shaft begins to taper one and three quarter inches from the tip. This means that the stitches are spread much further apart on mega knitting needles, making them more difficult to control. The hook catches the loop of yarn as each stitch is knitted, meaning that wrists and fingers don’t have to work so hard and there is less chance of stitches slipping off the needle.", "B - Ballpoint needles -  are sewing machine needles specially designed for sewing with knit fabrics. They have rounded tips, specially designed to slip in between fabric fibres and to prevent piercing them, which would damage knits.", "Cable needles are a special case of DPNs, although they are usually not straight, but dimpled in the middle. Often, they have the form of a hook. When cabling a knitted piece, a hook is easier to grab and hold the yarn. Cable needles are typically very short (a few inches), and are used to hold stitches temporarily while others are being knitted. Cable patterns are made by permuting the order of stitches; although one or two stitches may be held by hand or knit out of order, cables of three or more generally require a cable needle.", "Needle felting, punching, embellishing, all refer to the technique of �punching or felting� one fiber into another. Interweave Felt explores the three major techniques of feltmaking: felted knitting (known as shrinking your knitting), traditional wet felting, and needle felting. Interweave Felt also includes a few tried-and-true projects.", "A craft where yarn is made up into a patterned fabric by looping yarn with a hooked needle.", "Row 2- Insert F hook in first loop on knitting needle and pull up a loop, insert that loop in second knitting needle. Insert hook in next loop hanging on knitting needle and pull up a loop,", "Row 1- Insert hook vertically, and pull up a loop, insert that loop into the tip of the second knitting needle. Now insert your hook sideways in next st, wrap yarn around hook and pull yarn through loop on knitting needle, with loop on hook, insert that loop into the second knitting needle, adjust loop so that it will not be too loose. Repeat this same step all across the row.", "2. Insert every ring of the chain already made into the knitting needle. Working yarn must be on the side of the tip of the knitting needle when you're done.", "Plain-stitch knitting is a filling knit construction and can be made by hand and on both flat and circular knitting machines. The fabric produced is flatter and lighter in weight than other knit types, with more stretch in the width than in the length. The plain stitch is used for underwear, hosiery, T-shirts, gloves, and sweaters.", "In the late 20th century, tatting needles became commercially available in a variety of sizes, from fingering yarn down to size 80 tatting thread. Few patterns are written specifically for needle tatting; some shuttle tatting patterns may be used without modification. There are currently two manufacturers of tatting needles.", "A cable stitch is a hand-knit stitch that produces a twisted, ropelike design by crossing groups of knitting stitches over each other.", "atherine Recommends \"Get several blunt-tipped needles, approximately 1-1/2\" long, with large eyes (tapestry needles, size #24 and/or #26) and a couple of sharp-tipped needles, approximately 1-1/2\" long, with large eyes (chenille, size #24 and/or #26).\"", "TECHknitting: The BEST way to attach lining fabric to knitting--the OVERCAST STITCH (part 5 of \"hand sewing for hand knitters\")", "Tatting needles, sizes #5 and #3 (the #3 is not needed for a bookmark). I recommend getting a variety pack from your favorite craft store, or look for a pack like this online.", "Pictured Here: These needles are in sizes 13, 14, and 16 and are available on Amazon ." ]

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[ "The name Kitty Fisher might be familiar to some from the old nursery rhyme : “Lucy Locket lost her pocket, and Kitty Fisher found it.” Both of them were real people—18th-century prostitutes, to be exact. However, Ms. Fisher climbed the social ladder and came to be regarded as the world’s first celebrity.", "It is suggested that the nursery rhyme Lucy Locket lost her pocket / Kitty Fisher found it / There was not a penny in it / But a ribbon 'round it refers to a spat she had with a rival prostitute. However, there isn’t really any evidence for that, and as the name Lucy Lockit (sic) comes from the Beggar’s Opera of 1728, 30 years before Kitty’s heyday, it seems unlikely.", "Lucy Locket was a barmaid at the Cock, in Fleet Street, London, for a while in the 1700s. Lucy discarded one of her lovers (her 'pocket') when she had run through all his cash. Kitty Fisher, a renowned courtesan, took up with him, still although he had no cash. Lucy Locket is an English nursery school rhyme.", "The Pocket referred to was the old Middle English word for a pouch or a small bag. The implication is that poor Lucy Lockett made very little money as opposed to the similarly employed Kitty who was envied for her great beauty and vast wealth!", "Seven stories are built around words from well known children’s nursery rhymes : And Then There Were None (from “ Ten Little Indians “), One, Two, Buckle My Shoe (from “ One, Two, Buckle My Shoe “), Five Little Pigs (from “ This Little Piggy “), Crooked House (from “ There Was a Crooked Man “), A Pocket Full of Rye (from “ Sing a Song of Sixpence “), Hickory Dickory Dock (from “ Hickory Dickory Dock “), and Three Blind Mice (from “ Three Blind Mice “). Similarly, the novel Mrs McGinty’s Dead is named after a children’s game that is explained in the course of the novel.", "In London Oliver meets Jack Dawkins, the Artful Dodger, who offers him a place to stay, where he meets up with Fagin and his band of young thieves. Oliver innocently goes \"to work\" with Dawkins and Charley Bates, but sees the real nature of their \"work\" when Dawkins picks the pocketof a gentleman. When the gentleman, Mr. Brownlow, realises he is being robbed, Oliver is mistaken", "Humpty Dumpty is a character in an English nursery rhyme, probably originally a riddle and one of the best known in the English-speaking world. He is typically portrayed as an anthropomorphic egg, though he is not explicitly described so. The first recorded versions of the rhyme date from late eighteenth-century England and the tune from 1870 in James William Elliott's National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs. Its origins are obscure and several theories have been advanced to suggest original meanings.", "\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\" is a well-known English nursery rhyme, perhaps originating in the 18th century. It is also listed in the Roud Folk Song Index as number 13191.", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep is one of the oldest English nursery rhymes and was first printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, circa 1744 and is certainly much older than the 18th century. The original printed form is almost the same as the version familiar today:", "NURSERY RHYMES.Little Bo-peep has lost her sheep,And can't tell where to find them;Leave them alone, and they'll come home,And bring their tails behind them.Little Bo-peep fell fast asleep,And dreamt she heard them bleating; .And when she awoke, she found it a joke,For they were all still fleeting.Then up she took her little crook,Determined for to find them;She found them, indeed, but it made herheart bleed, Little Tommy Tittlemouse- For they'd left all their tails behind 'em. lived in a little house;He caught fishesLittle Boy Blue come blow up your horn, in other men's dishes.The sheep's in the meadow, the cow's inthe corn ;Sr Little Polly FlindersWhere's the little boy that looks after the .sheep ? Sate among the cindersHe's under the hay-cock fast asleep. Warming her prettylittle toes 1Her mother came.... and caught her,` *0\\ .' And whippedher little daughter,For spoilingher nice new clothes.Little Miss Muffet,' She sat on a tuffet,Eating her curds and whey;-- But there came a greatspiderWho sat down beside her,And frightened Miss Muffetaway.The Baldwin Library\"N IUniv\" itr", "Agatha Christie's short story, \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\", was first published in 1929. Her 1953 Miss Marple mystery, A Pocket Full of Rye, features the rhyme, and her 1960 short story collection, The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding, contains a story called \"Four and Twenty Blackbirds\".", "Lucy Locket Lost Her Pocket - English Children's Songs - England - Mama Lisa's World: Children's Songs and Rhymes from Around the World", "Origins:   Many of us fondly recall the rhyming ditties we learned as children, such as \"Jack Be Nimble\" and \"The Farmer in the Dell.\" But how many of us realize that several of our most fondly-recalled nursery rhymes (e.g., \"A Tisket, A Tasket\" and \"Little Jack Horner\") were not mere nonsense songs, but actually originated as coded references to such dark events as plagues and religious persecution? Such was the case with another childhood favorite, \"Sing a Song of Sixpence.\"", "Hi Kids, here is learning activity with Animated Cartoons in Nursery Rhymes from England (Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son\" is a popular English language nursery rhyme- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom,_Tom... ).", "We Are All in the Dumps with Jack and Guy: Two Nursery Rhymes with Pictures (traditional nursery rhymes) (Harper Collins) (1993)", "Christopher Robin is first seen giving Pooh signs to post around the woods informing the residents about a very important meeting. The meeting is centered around Eeyore's missing tail and Owl suggests a contest for its recover, or replacement. However, Owl also suggests a prize to be issued, and after being puzzled as to what the prize should be, Pooh decides on honey. The contests begins and but the team decides on Kanga's knitted tail. Later on, Pooh goes over to Christopher Robin's house for some honey. Instead, Pooh finds a note but, being a bear of very little brains, is unable to read it.", "The rhyme Polly Put the Kettle on was first published in 1797. The history behind this nursery rhyme is my favorite so far!", "Goosie, goosie gander - an attention grabber to a nursery rhyme which uses alliteration in the lyrics designed to intrigue a child. The 'lady's chamber' is a room that no longer exists today but English history refers to a high born lady having her own chamber, which was once referred to as a solar. The origins of the nursery rhyme are said to date back in history to the 16th century and refer to Catholic priests hiding in 'Priest Holes' ( very small secret rooms found in great houses in England) to avoid persecution from zealous Protestants who were completely against the old Catholic religion. If caught the priest and also members of any family found harbouring them would be executed. The moral to the story and in the lyrics is to point out that something unpleasant would occur to anyone found not saying their prayers!", "A favourite nonsense nursery rhyme amongst most children whose famous lyrics aid memory retention and whose origins have no basis in history! Just look at a child's face the first time the rhyme is repeated to them! Sheer delight in what is happening - the imagery paints a very strong picture which stimulates the imagination whilst clarifying the relative size and order of all of the animals mentioned. The words become more incredulous as they progress and there is almost a sense of relief and also astonishment at the abrupt ending of the tale! There is no basis for the words and lyrics in history -it is perhaps better described as a traditional folksong, the lyrics of which have been set to music and recorded by many various artists.", "The bit about part of the song being based on a schoolyard nursery rhyme is absolutely true. I grew up twenty or so miles from Liverpool, and remember the rhyme being recited to me, although I didn't recognise it in the song until years later. Today I live in the English midlands, about eighty miles from Liverpool, and its curious no one here has ever heard of the rhyme, meaning it must be peculiar to Liverpool and the countryside around it.Russell - Bridgnorth, United Kingdom", "The phrase \"Find a pin and pick it up,\" the first line of a poem in \"The Real Mother Goose\" book of nursery rhymes is now misquoted as \"Find a penny pick it up\".", "He often discusses philosophy with the new baby (an unseen character in a pram). He is also frequently seen questioning the plausibility of fairy tales or nursery rhymes read out by Maisie, while at the same time vandalising an alarm clock or other household item. His teddy bear Gladly ( short for \"Gladly, my cross-eyed bear\" ) puts in occasional appearances.", "He often discusses philosophy with the new baby (an unseen character in a pram). He is also frequently seen questioning the plausibility of fairy tales or nursery rhymes read out by Maisie, while at the same time vandalising an alarm clock or other household item. His teddy bear Gladly (short for \"Gladly, my cross-eyed bear\") puts in occasional appearances.", "The lyrics of this nursery rhyme are not based on origins dating back in history. This is an education rhyme with the lyrics devised with the specific intention of teaching a child to count.", "Goldilocks and the Three Bears is a children's story first recorded in narrative form by English author and poet Robert Southey and first published in a volume of his writings in 1837. The same year, writer George Nicol published a version in rhyme based upon Southey's prose tale, with Southey approving the attempt to bring the story more exposure. Both versions tell of three bears and an old woman who trespasses upon their property.", "File:A Christmas Puzzle, Punch, Dec 1895.jpg|\"Where's your stocking?\" 1895|alt=1895 engraving of Father Christmas asking a ragged child \"Where's your stocking?\"", "The fifth rhyme tells of Diggory Delvet, the first mole in Potter's work. He may have been inspired by the mole in Hans Christian Andersen's Thumbelina or possibly Moley in Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows. \"Diggory Delvet\" and the last rhyme in the book about a guinea pig are two of the few limericks written for children by someone other than Edward Lear. ", "This is probably the cutest English rhyme ever, depicting a little kid caught in the act of stealing the sugar and eating it. Sounds familiar? Well a lot of us have been there, done that. Anyways, what makes this poem even more funny is the way kids do “hahaha” in the end while reciting it. Strangely not much is known about the origin of this poem.", "1931 Aesop's Fables Hankie Book. No author acknowledged. Cover illustration (and others?) by Pearl Gilligan. Pamphlet. Printed in USA. Los Angeles: N.R. Woodard Co. $20 from Joe Jordan, Cape Neddick, ME, July, '99.", "In the 1940s, Dutton invited the Winnie-the-Pooh and friends collection to visit the United States. Upon their arrival, it was discovered that A. A Milne had sent along Pooh's official, signed birth certificate to ensure his authenticity. The collection of toys was insured for $50,000 and proceeded to embark on an extended tour of the country.", "This cute little book was written and illustrated by the great Beatrix Potter (1866-1943) in 1906, the eighth of her many wonderful stories. This book tells the tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher, a frog who decides to go fishing for minnows, so that he can have his friends over for dinner. But, Mr. Fisher never anticipated the many problems his little fishing excursion would run into!", "In 1837, Robert Southey published \"The Story of the Three Bears\" in his collection of essays and miscellanea entitled The Doctor. The tale was not an original creation by Southey, but was a retelling of a story that had long been in circulation. Southey had been telling the story to others as early as September 1813, and in 1831 Eleanor Mure versified the tale as a birthday gift for her nephew Horace Broke." ]

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[ "The Mason–Dixon line, also called Mason's and Dixon's line, was surveyed between 1763 and 1767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the resolution of a border dispute involving Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware in Colonial America. It is still a demarcation line among four U.S. states, forming part of the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia (originally part of Virginia).", "On this day in 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon complete their survey of the boundary between the colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland as well as areas that would eventually become the states of Delaware and West Virginia. The Penn and Calvert families had hired Mason and Dixon, English surveyors, to settle their dispute over the boundary between their two proprietary colonies, Pennsylvania and Maryland.", "Mason-Dixon Line, boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland (running between lat. 39°43′26.3″N and lat. 39°43′17.6″N), surveyed by the English team of Charles Mason, a mathematician and astronomer, and Jeremiah Dixon, a mathematician and land surveyor, between 1763 and 1767. The ambiguous description of the boundaries in the Maryland and Pennsylvania charters led to a protracted disagreement between the proprietors of the two colonies, the Penns of Pennsylvania and the Calverts of Maryland. The dispute was submitted to the English court of chancery in 1735. A compromise between two families in 1760 resulted in the appointment of Mason and Dixon. By 1767 the surveyors had run their line 244 mi (393 km) west from the Delaware border, every fifth milestone bearing the Penn and Calvert arms. The survey was completed to the western limit of Maryland in 1773; in 1779 the line was extended to mark the southern boundary of Pennsylvania with Virginia (present-day West Virginia). Before the Civil War the term \"Mason-Dixon Line\" popularly designated the boundary dividing the slave states from the free states, and it is still used to distinguish the South from the North.", "Less than a decade after the 1763-67 survey settled their long-running boundary dispute, the Penns and Calverts lost their colonies to the American Revolution. On June 15, 1776, the \"Assembly of the Lower Counties of Pennsylvania\" declared that New Castle, Kent and Sussex Counties would be separate and independent of both Pennsylvania and Britain. So Mason and Dixon�s tangent, north and west lines became the boundaries between the three new states of Delaware, Maryland and Pennsylvania.", "In 1763-67 Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed and marked most of the boundaries between Maryland, Pennsylvania and the Three Lower Counties that became Delaware. The survey, commissioned by the Penn and Calvert families to settle their long-running boundary dispute, provides an interesting reference point in the region�s history. This paper summarizes the historical background of the boundary dispute, the execution of Mason and Dixon�s survey, and the symbolic role of the Mason-Dixon Line in American civil rights history.", "the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, partly surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon between 1763 and 1767, popularly considered before the end of slavery as a line of demarcation between free and slave states.", "Negotiations continued until a final agreement was signed in 1760. The agreement defined the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania as the line of latitude now known as the Mason–Dixon line. Maryland's border with Delaware was based on a Transpeninsular Line and the Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle.", "Over 50 years later, the boundary between the two states along the Mason-Dixon line came into the spotlight with the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Compromise established a boundary between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North (however its separation of Maryland and Delaware is a bit confusing since Delaware was a slave state that stayed in the Union).", "Part of the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland established by the English surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in the 1760s. The line resolved disputes caused by unclear description of the boundaries in the Maryland and Pennsylvania charters.", "1779, named for Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, English astronomers who surveyed (1763-7) the disputed boundary between the colonial holdings of the Penns (Pennsylvania) and the Calverts (Maryland). It became the technical boundary between \"free\" and \"slave\" states after 1804, when the last slaveholding state above it (New Jersey) passed its abolition act. As the line between \"the North\" and \"the South\" in U.S. culture, it is attested by 1834.", "From 1763 to 1767, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon surveyed Maryland's northern boundary line with Pennsylvania. In 1791, Maryland ceded land to form the District of Columbia .", "An early map of the Mason and Dixon line , Pennsylvania and Maryland border, 1768. A map by Charles Mason, Jeremiah Dixon, James Smither, and Robert Kennedy. Published by Robert Kennedy. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, www.loc.gov/resource/g3841f.ct002075 .", "The surveyors also extended the boundary line 40 miles west of Maryland's western boundary, into territory that was still in dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia, though this was contrary to their original charter. Mason's and Dixon's survey was finished on October 9, 1767, about 31 miles east of what is now Pennsylvania's southwest corner. ", "The issue was unresolved until the Crown intervened in 1760, ordering Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore to accept the 1732 agreement. As part of the settlement, the Penns and Calverts commissioned the English team of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the newly established boundaries between the Province of Pennsylvania, the Province of Maryland, Delaware Colony and parts of Colony and Old Dominion of Virginia. After Pennsylvania abolished slavery in 1781, the western part of this line and the Ohio River became a border between free and slave states, although Delaware remained a slave state.", "They finished surveying the West Line in 1767, and soon reached a point due north of the headwaters of the Potomac River. Maryland's western border was defined by a north-south line between the \"headspring\" of the Potomac River (marked by the Fairfax Stone in 1746) on the south and the Mason-Dixon line on the north. West of the headspring, Mason and Dixon were no longer defining the Pennsylvania-Maryland boundary. They began defining the boundary between Pennsylvania-Virginia.", "The surveyors also extended the boundary line to run or extend between Pennsylvania and colonial western Virginia, which became West Virginia after the American Civil War, though this was contrary to their original charter; this extension of the line was only confirmed later. The Mason–Dixon Line was marked by stones every mile and ”crownstones” every five miles, using stone shipped from England. The Maryland side says (M) and the Delaware and Pennsylvania sides say (P). Crownstones include the two coats-of-arms. Today, while a number of the original stones are missing or buried, many are still visible, resting on public land and protected by iron cages. Mason and Dixon confirmed earlier survey work which delineated Delaware's southern boundary from the Atlantic Ocean to the ”Middle Point” stone (along what is today known as the Transpeninsular Line). They proceeded nearly due north from this to the Pennsylvania border.", "Luckily for Mason and Dixon, by the end of 1766 they were on the move again and were able to extend the West Line eastward to the Delaware River. While they waited for the spring of 1767 to travel, they spent the winter making the first gravity observations in America. Mason and Dixon continue west again in July 1767 and made it to the Cheat River, which is part of the modern-day Fayette County. It had been nearly four years since they started their survey, but they had reached an impassable roadblock - hostile citizens. Mason and Dixon were unable to get any closer than about 36 miles away from the westernmost end of the line. The portion of the boundary line surveyed by Mason and Dixon was formally approved in early November 1768, which ended a battle between the Penns and the Calverts that had been ongoing for nearly 80 years. Ultimately, Mason and Dixon were not the ones to finish the project although the boundary still bears their names in memorial. In 1774, David Rittenhouse, the city surveyor for Philadelphia, set the remaining borders for between Pennsylvania and the surrounding colonies Maryland, New York and Virginia, as well as what would later become the Northwest Territory. His boundary lines between Pennsylvania and Maryland extended Mason and Dixon's work the 36 miles needed to reach its western destination.", "In 1760, tired of border violence between the colonies’ settlers, the British crown demanded that the parties involved hold to an agreement reached in 1732. As part of Maryland and Pennsylvania’s adherence to this royal command, Mason and Dixon were asked to determine the exact whereabouts of the boundary between the two colonies. Though both colonies claimed the area between the 39th and 40th parallel, what is now referred to as the Mason-Dixon line finally settled the boundary at a northern latitude of 39 degrees and 43 minutes. The line was marked using stones, with Pennsylvania’s crest on one side and Maryland’s on the other.", "In April 1765, Mason and Dixon began their survey of the more famous Maryland–Pennsylvania line. They were commissioned to run it for a distance of five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware River, fixing the western boundary of Pennsylvania (see the entry for Yohogania County). However, in October 1767, at Dunkard Creek near Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, nearly 244 mi west of the Delaware, their Iroquois guides refused to go any further, having reached the border of their lands with the Lenape, with whom they were engaged in hostilities. As such the group was forced to quit, and on October 11, they made their final observations, 233 mi from their starting point. ", "In April 1765, Mason and Dixon began their survey of the more famous Maryland-Pennsylvania line. They were commissioned to run it for a distance of five degrees of longitude west from the Delaware River, fixing the western boundary of Pennsylvania. But in October 1767 at Dunkard Creek near Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, nearly 244 miles west of the Delaware, their Iroquois guides had reached the border of the Lenape, an enemy, and forced them to halt their progress. On October 11, they made their final observations at 233 miles from their starting point. In 1784, surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their crew completed the survey of the Mason-Dixon Line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania, five degrees from the Delaware River. Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River. The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the county line between Marshall and Wetzel counties, West Virginia.", "In 1766, they surveyed east from the \"Post marked West\" to the Delaware River. Penn's charter defined the western edge of the colony to be five degrees west of the eastern edge, and that point on the Delaware River ultimately determined the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania separating it from Virginia. Mason and Dixon also returned in 1766 to North Mountain and surveyed further west to Little Allegheny Mountain, the line today that separates Somerset and Bedford counties in Pennsylvania. Each mile, they set a monument stone to mark the boundary.", "In the meantime Virginia claimed most of what is now southwestern Pennsylvania. Both colonies tried to exercise jurisdiction in the area, which led to conflicts in 1774 and 1775. That dispute ended when joint commissioners of the two states agreed to extend the Mason and Dixon line westward, a settlement not completed until 1784. Historically the Mason-Dixon line embodies a Pennsylvania boundary triumph.", "Beginning in November 1763, Mason and Dixon set about determining the exact location of Philadelphia, so they could then base all measurements off that point of reference. Based on the land charters, the Pennsylvania-Maryland border was to be laid 15 miles due south of Philadelphia; this would become known as the \"Post mark'd West.\" Nearly six months after they arrived in the colonies, Mason and Dixon had established that \"Post mark'd West\" lay in the latitude of 39 degrees 43 minutes 18.2 seconds north. From this spot, the famous Mason-Dixon Line would extend due west and east. The rest of their journey seemed simple: all they need to do was to walk the line east and west putting down markers as they went. However, before they laid the north-south line, they needed to finalize Pennsylvania's eastern border between what would become Delaware. This boundary became known as the \"Tangent Line\" and ran more than 80 miles from the Delaware Middle Point, which had been established 1751, to where it intersected 12-mile circle surrounding New Castle, Delaware.", "The most difficult task was fixing the tangent line, as they had to confirm the accuracy of the transpeninsular line midpoint and the 12-mile circle, determine the tangent point along the circle, and then actually survey and monument the border. They then surveyed the north and arc lines. They did this work between 1763 and 1767. This actually left a small wedge of land in dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921. ", "In 1784, surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their crew completed the survey of the Mason–Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania, five degrees from the Delaware River.Four surveyors were appointed by each of the states: Virginia appointed Dr. James Madison, Robert Andrews, John Page, and Andrew Ellicott, Pennsylvania appointed Dr. John Ewing (provost of University of Penn.), John Lukens (surveyor general of Penn.), Thomas Hutchins, and David Rittenhouse. Andrews and Ellicott completed the west end of the line for Virginia, () while Hutchins and Ewing did so for Pennsylvania. () Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River. The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the county line between Marshall and Wetzel counties, West Virginia. ", "The boundary between Massachusetts and New York was from an early period a subject of controversy, New York claiming to the west bank of the Connecticut River, under the charters of 1664 and 1674 to the Duke of York, and Massachusetts claiming to the \"South Sea\", under the old charters. After many fruitless attempts at a settlement, the western boundary of Massachusetts was fixed in 1773 where it now meets New York territory. The Revolution soon following, the line was not run. In 1785 Congress appointed three commissioners to run the line, who performed that duty in 1787. The line was as follows:", "The line was established to end a boundary dispute between the British colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania/Delaware. Maryland had been granted the territory north of the Potomac River up to the fortieth parallel. Pennsylvania's grant defined the colony's southern boundary as following a 12-mile (radius) circle counter-clockwise from the Delaware River until it hit \"the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude.\" From there the boundary was to follow the fortieth parallel due west for five degrees of longitude. But the fortieth parallel does not in fact intersect the 12-mile circle, instead lying significantly farther north. Thus Pennsylvania's southern boundary as defined in its charter was contradictory and unclear. The most serious problem was that the Maryland claim would put Philadelphia, which became the major city in Pennsylvania, within Maryland.", "Pennsylvania and Virginia were extremely large colonies compared with the square miles of Delaware, Rhode Island and Connecticut and several others in the original British 13. As a display in the Fort Pitt Museum points out, “Boundaries outlined in William Penn’s 1681 charter for Pennsylvania conflicted with those of Maryland, Connecticut and Virginia. These boundaries were not seriously contested until the colonies began to grow.”", "The survey party stored their instruments at the house of a Captain Shelby near North Mountain, and returned east in the fall, checking and resetting their marks. In November 1765 they returned to the middle point to place the first 50 mile markers along the tangent line. These had been quarried and carved in England, and were delivered via the Nanticoke and Choptank rivers. They spent January 1766 at the Harland farm. In February and March, Mason traveled \"for curiosity\" to York PA; Frederick MD; Alexandria, Port Royal, Williamsburg and Annapolis VA.", "On January 24, 1791, President George Washington announced the Congressionally-designated permanent location of the national capital, a diamond-shaped ten-mile tract at the confluence of the Potomac and Eastern Branch Rivers. A survey of the area was undertaken by Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker. Forty boundary stones, laid at one-mile intervals, established the boundaries based on celestial calculations by Banneker, a self-taught astronomer of African descent and one of the few free blacks living in the vicinity. Within this 100 square mile diamond, which would become the District of Columbia, a smaller area was laid out as the city of Washington. (In 1846, one-third of the District was retroceded by Congressional action to Virginia, thus removing that portion of the original district which lay west of the Potomac River.) In March 1791,the surveyors' roles were complemented by the employment of Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant to prepare the plan.", "On January 24, 1791, President George Washington announced the Congressionally-designated permanent location of the national capital, a diamond-shaped ten-mile tract at the confluence of the Potomac and Eastern Branch Rivers. A survey of the area was undertaken by Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker. Forty boundary stones, laid at one-mile intervals, established the boundaries based on celestial calculations by Banneker, a self-taught astronomer of African descent and one of the few free blacks living in the vicinity. Within this 100 square mile diamond, which would become the District of Columbia, a smaller area was laid out as the city of Washington. (In 1846, one-third of the District was retroceded by Congressional action to Virginia, thus removing that portion of the original district which lay west of the Potomac River.) In March 1791,the surveyors' roles were complemented by the employment of Major Pierre Charles L'Enfant to prepare the plan.", "included in their list of priorities the need for a permanent meeting place for the governmental officials. In 1783, it was decided the new country should have two capitals, one near Trenton, the other on the Potomac River. A year later it was decided one would be enough, and that place would be Trenton, with Congress meeting in New York City until construction on the federal property was completed. However, some Southerners felt the nation's permanent capital was too far north, and some in Philadelphia felt the legislators should return to the original site of Congress." ]

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[ "Baritone (or barytone) is a type of male singing voice that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice. Originally from the Greek βαρύτονος, meaning 'deep (or heavy) sounding', music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C (i.e. F2–F4) in choral music, and from the second G below middle C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4) in operatic music, but can be extended at either end.", "A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice types.", "Baritone Voices - Baritone is a type of male singing voice that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice. Music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C.", "Even so, one nearly ubiquitous facet of choral singing is the shortage of tenor voices. Most men tend to have baritone voices and for this reason the majority of men tend to prefer singing in the bass section of a choir (however, true basses are even rarer than tenors). Some men sing tenor even if they lack the full range, and sometimes low altos sing the tenor part. In men's choruses which comprise 4 male vocal parts TTBB (tenor 1, tenor 2, bass 1, bass 2), tenors will often sing both in chest tone and falsetto, extending the vocal range of the choir.", "Luciano Pavarotti is possibly the most operatic tenor (the highest male singing voice) since Enrico Caruso (1873–1921). He is noted for combining accuracy of pitch and quality of sound production with a natural musicality.", "Bass - For female singers, the soprano is the highest voice type, while for men, the bass is the lowest. One of the famous bass singers of our time is Samuel Ramey who played the role of Archibaldo in the opera L’amore dei tre Re by Italo Montemezzi.", "Subdivisions: In the musical-theater world, a subdivision of the tenor, called the bari/tenor, reigns. This voice type is someone with the power to project in the middle voice and the higher ringing money notes of the tenor. The other voice type that you frequently hear of in the opera world is the countertenor — a male singer who sounds like a female. This voice type sings in the same range as the mezzo (sometimes soprano) and sounds similar. When you’ve heard the countertenor singing enough, you can distinguish him from a mezzo. Until then, just enjoy the unique quality that these gentlemen bring to the singing world.", "a male singing voice in the alto range. Singing in this range requires either a special vocal technique called falsetto, or a high extension of the tenor range.", "Countertenor range: The countertenor is the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for a castrato in baroque operas. Except for a few very rare voices (such as the American male soprano Michael Maniaci or singers with a disorder such as Kallmann syndrome), singers called countertenors generally sing in the falsetto register, sometimes using their modal voice for the lowest notes. Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French haute-contre. Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering C4 to C6 (some as high as F6) to a range just above tenor covering D3 to about D5.", "The Bass Voice is the lowest of the male voice types. It is also quite rare to find a good bass voice, which means that bass singers will be very much in demand in choirs and also in A Cappella groups! Famous Bass singers include Barry White, James Morris and Samuel Ramey.", "A bass is a type of male singing voice and possesses the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i.e., E2–E4). Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef.", "This is the highest of the male voices, with a vocal range of  C below middle C to G above middle C (C3-G4). In Opera, the Primo Uomo (principle male) is most often a tenor.  Famous pop tenors would include Michael Jackson, Phil Collins and Freddie Mercury.", "A bass ( ) is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a vocal range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i.e., E2–E4).; The Oxford Dictionary of Music gives E2–E4/F4 Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef. The bass voice type is generally divided into the basso cantante (singing bass), hoher bass (high bass), jugendlicher bass (juvenile bass), basso buffo (\"funny\" bass), Schwerer Spielbass (dramatic bass), lyric bass, and dramatic basso profondo (low bass).", "This intermediate male voice type tends to have the lower extension and 'depth' of timbre of a baritone, yet the lightness, agility and upper extension of a lower tenor. He will switch into middle voice at C4 (his primo passaggio) and into head voice around F4.", "Tenor: The range of male voice, which usually covers the octave below the middle C and the range up to the first A above it (an octave lower than the soprano range).", "The middle range for the male voice, and is the most common of the male singing voices.. It ranges from the second G below middle C to the F above (G2-F4).   Most male pop singers sing within this baritone range.", "Typically, the term \"soprano\" refers to female singers but at times the term male soprano has been used by men who sing in the soprano vocal range using falsetto vocal production instead of the modal voice. This practice is most commonly found in the context of choral music in England. However, these men are more commonly referred to as countertenors or sopranists. The practice of referring to countertenors as \"male sopranos\" is somewhat controversial within vocal pedagogical circles as these men do not produce sound in the same physiological way that female sopranos do. The singer Michael Maniaci is the only known man who can refer to himself as a true male soprano because he is able to sing in the soprano vocal range using the modal voice as a woman would. He is able to do this because his larynx never fully developed during puberty.", "Most men would have a vocal range similar to that of a Baritone voice, as this is the most common of the male voice types! A typical Baritone Voice Range would be between the A flat note one octave below the middle C (A Flat 2) to the A flat note above the middle C (A Flat 4).", "The dramatic baritone is voice that is richer, fuller, and sometimes harsher than a lyric baritone and with a darker quality. Its common range is from the G half an octave below low C to the G above middle C (G2 to G4). The dramatic baritone category corresponds roughly to the Heldenbariton in the German Fach system except that some Verdi baritone roles are not included. The primo passaggio and secondo passaggio of both the Verdi and Dramatic Baritone are at Bb and Eb respectively, hence the differentiation is based more heavily on timbre and tessitura. Accordingly, roles that fall into this category tend to have a slightly lower tessitura than typical Verdi baritone roles, only rising above an F at the moments of greatest intensity. Many of the Puccini roles fall into this category. However, it is important to note, that for all intents and purposes, a Verdi Baritone is simply a Dramatic Baritone with greater ease in the upper tessitura (Verdi Baritone roles center approximately a minor third higher). Because the Verdi Baritone is sometimes seen as subset of the Dramatic Baritone, some singers perform roles from both sets of repertoire. Similarly, the lower tessitura of these roles allow them frequently to be sung by bass-baritones.", "José Plácido Domingo Embil (; born 21 January 1941), known as Plácido Domingo, is a Spanish tenor, conductor and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French, German, Spanish, English and Russian in the most prestigious opera houses in the world. Although primarily a lirico-spinto tenor for most of his career, especially popular for his Cavaradossi, Hoffmann, Don José, and Canio, he quickly moved into more dramatic roles, becoming the most acclaimed Otello of his generation. In the early 2010s, he transitioned from the tenor repertory into almost exclusively baritone parts, most notably Simon Boccanegra. He has performed 147 different roles.", "The ability of vocalists to sing competently in the first octave is rare, even for males. A singer who can reach notes in this range is known as a basso profondo, Italian for \"deep bass\". A Russian bass can also sing in this range, and the fundamental pitches sung by Tibetan monks and the throat singers of Siberia and Mongolia are in this range.", "* David, lyric tenor. The lyric tenor is a warm graceful voice with a bright, full timbre that is strong but not heavy and can be heard over an orchestra. Lyric tenors have a range from approximately the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the D one octave above middle C (D5). The extent of his range evident in Il Divo's recordings shows he can sing from C3 up to E5. A very quick, falsettoed F5 can be heard on their first album in the song Hoy Que Ya No Estas Aqui.", "A Tenor buffo or spieltenor is a tenor with good acting ability, and the ability to create distinct voices for his characters. This voice specializes in smaller comic roles. The range of the tenor buffo is from the C one octave below middle C (C3) to the C one octave above middle C (C5). The tessitura of these parts ranges from lower than other tenor roles to very high and broad. These parts are often played by younger tenors who have not yet reached their full vocal potential or older tenors who are beyond their prime singing years. Only rarely will a singer specialize in these roles for an entire career. In French opéra comique, supporting roles requiring a thin voice but good acting are sometimes described as 'trial', after the singer Antoine Trial (1737–1795), examples being in the operas of Ravel and in The Tales of Hoffmann. ", "Luciano Pavarotti, (born October 12, 1935, Modena , Italy —died September 6, 2007, Modena), Italian operatic lyric tenor who was considered one of the finest bel canto opera singers of the 20th century. Even in the highest register, his voice was noted for its purity of tone, and his concerts, recordings, and television appearances—which provided him ample opportunity to display his ebullient personality—gained him a wide popular following.", "The lyric bass-baritone is a higher bass-baritone. Its common range is from about the F below C3 to the F above middle C (F2 to F#4). Some bass-baritones are baritones, like Friedrich Schorr, George London, James Morris and Bryn Terfel. The following are more often performed by lower baritones as opposed to high basses.", "Within Choral and pop music , singers are classified into voice parts based almost solely on range with little consideration for other qualities in the voice. Within classical solo singing, however, a person is classified as a tenor through the identification of several vocal traits, including vocal range (the lowest and highest notes that the singer can reach), vocal timbre , vocal weight, vocal tessitura, vocal resonance, and vocal transition points (lifts or \"passaggio\") within the singer's voice. These different traits are used to identify different sub-types within the tenor voice sometimes referred to as fächer (sg. fach, from German Fach or Stimmfach, \"vocal category\"). Within opera, particular roles are written with specific kinds of tenor voices in mind, causing certain roles to be associated with certain kinds of voices.", "The lowest voice of all. The standard operatic bass range is from the E above middle C to the E two octaves below. Some bass singers can go even lower, though this is seldom called for in the standard bass repertoire.", "He was a tenor who could reach falsetto pitch, and his version of Hallelujah gave his extraordinary voice full play.", "Hidden Depths : He makes the cut for the church choir after it is revealed that he has a gifted operatic singing voice.", "Man of a Thousand Voices : Otherwise known as 'character singers'. Singers who specialise in art songs (as opposed to opera only) can also modulate their voice on demand.", "Sitting between the coloratura and the dramatic, a flexible, but still rich sound. This is the most commonly heard voice within the classification.", "Opera singer and English tenor who has released singles and albums of both operatic-style and pop songs." ]

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[ "A Rhombus has got 4 sides of equal length and opposite sides are parallel and angles are equal.", "A rhombus has exactly four sides and has a diamond shape. All the sides of a rhombus are the same length, and its opposite sides are parallel to each other. The difference between a rhombus and a square is that the angles in a rhombus cannot be 90 degrees.", "A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.", "*Rhombus or rhomb: all four sides are of equal length. An equivalent condition is that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other. Informally: \"a pushed-over square\" (but strictly including a square too).", "Every rhombus has two diagonals connecting pairs of opposite vertices, and two pairs of parallel sides. Using congruent triangles, one can prove that the rhombus is symmetric across each of these diagonals. It follows that any rhombus has the following properties:", "Square A rectangle that is also a rhombus. It has four equal sides and four equal angles that measure 90 degrees each.", "rhomb , rhombus , diamond - a parallelogram with four equal sides; an oblique-angled equilateral parallelogram", "A square has two pairs of parallel sides, therefore it is a parallelogram; in the figure, we see that $\\overline{AB}$ is parallel to $\\overline{CD}$ and $\\overline{AC}$ is parallel to $\\overline{BD}$. A square also has 4 right angles, so therefore it is a rectangle. A square also has 4 congruent sides, therefore it is a rhombus.", "The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, so triangles APB and CPB are congruent by SAS.  Therefore the corresponding parts, sides AB and CB are congruent.  Likewise, triangles BPC and DPC are congruent, so sides BC and DC are congruent, and similarly sides AD and CD are congruent.  So all 4 sides are congruent, which makes the parallelogram a rhombus.", "A rhombus is quadrilateral with all side of equal length. Thus a quadrilateral with all sides of equal length and all angles right angles is still a rhombus but it is also a square. It is also a quadrilateral, a rectangle and a parallelogram.", "Is a rectangle always a rhombus? No, because all four sides of a rectangle don't have to be equal. However, the sets of rectangles and rhombuses do intersect, and their intersection is the set of squaresall squares are both a rectangle and a rhombus.", "The square, rectangle, rhombus and rhomboid are considered parallelograms – tetragons with two pairs of parallel sides.", "A parallelogram is a two-dimensional rhomboid or quadrilateral with four sides. The four sides, or edges, consist of two pairs, each with the opposite side parallel and congruent. The two pairs of consecutive angles, or vertices, in a parallelogram are supplementary, which means that the sum of the angles in each consecutive pair is 180 degrees.", "A square is a rectangle and also a rhombus. Everything that is both a rectangle (90° angles) and a rhombus (all equal sides) is a square.", "Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2m-gon can be divided into m(m-1)/2 rhombs. For the dodecagon, m=6, and it can be divided into 15 rhombs, with one example shown below. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 6-cube, with 15 of 240 faces. ", "The surface we refer to as rhombus today is a cross section of this solid rhombus through the apex of each of the two cones.", "These 4 symmetries can be seen in 4 distinct symmetries on the tridecagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is r26 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.", "These 4 symmetries can be seen in 4 distinct symmetries on the hendecagon. John Conway labels these by a letter and group order. Full symmetry of the regular form is r22 and no symmetry is labeled a1. The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars), and i when reflection lines path through both edges and vertices. Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders.", "The rhombic enneacontahedron is a polyhedron composed of 90 rhombic faces, with three, five, or six rhombi meeting at each vertex. It has 60 broad rhombi and 30 slim ones.", "* Identical rhombi can tile the 2D plane in three different ways, including, for the 60° rhombus, the rhombille tiling", "As for all parallelograms, the area K of a rhombus is the product of its base and its height (h). The base is simply any side length a:", "*An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length.Euclid defines isosceles triangles based on the number of equal sides, i.e. only two equal sides. An alternative approach defines isosceles triangles based on shared properties, i.e. equilateral triangles are a special case of isosceles triangles. An isosceles triangle also has two angles of the same measure; namely, the angles opposite to the two sides of the same length; this fact is the content of the isosceles triangle theorem, which was known by Euclid. Some mathematicians define an isosceles triangle to have exactly two equal sides, whereas others define an isosceles triangle as one with at least two equal sides. The latter definition would make all equilateral triangles isosceles triangles. The 45–45–90 right triangle, which appears in the tetrakis square tiling, is isosceles.", "Squares, rectangles and rhombi all have parallel sides, so they are all parallelograms.  There are some parallelograms that don't fit rectangles, rhombi or squares.", "A regular triangle, enneagon, and octadecagon can completely surround a point in the plane, one of 17 different combinations of regular polygons with this property. However, this pattern cannot be extended to an Archimedean tiling of the plane: because the triangle and the enneagon both have an odd number of sides, neither of them can be completely surrounded by a ring alternating the other two kinds of polygon.", "This can be seen by subdividing the unit-sided heptagon into seven triangular \"pie slices\" with vertices at the center and at the heptagon's vertices, and then halving each triangle using the apothem as the common side. The apothem is half the cotangent of \\pi/7, and the area of each of the 14 small triangles is one-fourth of the apothem.", ". The square or regular quadrilateral is both a rectangle and a rhombus. See table of regular polygons", "not every rectangle is a rhombus.true or false? if false please leave a short explanation. thank you:)", "Rhombic.   With widest axis at midpoint of structure, and with straight margins; elliptic but margins straight and middle angled", "One proof observes that triangle ABC has the same angles as triangle ABD, but in opposite order. (The two triangles share the angle at vertex B, both contain the angle θ, and so also have the same third angle by the triangle postulate.) Consequently, ABC is similar to the reflection of ABD, the triangle DBA in the lower panel. Taking the ratio of sides opposite and adjacent to θ,", "rhomboid facet – A parallelogram-shaped facet in which the angles are oblique and the adjacent sides are unequal.", "Let \\(C\\) be the center of the regular hexagon, and \\(AB\\) be one of its sides. Draw \\(CA\\) and \\(CB\\), and the apothem \\(CD\\) (which, you need to remember, is perpendicular to \\(AB\\) at point \\(D\\).) Then, since \\(CA \\cong CB\\), \\(\\triangle ABC\\) is isosceles, and in particular, for a regular hexagon, \\(\\triangle ABC\\) is equilateral.", "Here is a regular triangle, a regular quadrilateral, and a regular pentagon. Do you see how all the sides are the same and no matter how you flip it, it will look the same?" ]

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[ "A. Yes, chippers are iron clubs not putters, and therefore must conform with the requirements for woods and irons. For example, chippers may not have a putter grip or two striking faces. USGA RULE 4-1 Chippers. The Perfect Chipper conforms to USGA Rules & Regulations.", "Present in some golfers' bags is the chipper, a club designed to feel like a putter but with a more lofted face, used with a putting motion to lift the ball out of the higher grass of the rough and fringe and drop it on the green, where it will then roll like a putt. This club replaces the use of a high-lofted iron to make the same shot, and allows the player to make the shot from a stance and with a motion nearly identical to a putt, which is more difficult with a lofted iron due to a difference in lie angle.", "A set of irons will comprise the bulk of the 14 different golf clubs you’re allowed to carry in your bag. A typical bag might comprise: A driver (sometimes called a 1 wood), a fairway wood , a putter , maybe a utility wood . The other ten will be irons – some of which will be wedges – a sand wedge, pitching wedge, or maybe a lob wedge. There is more information about wedges HERE .", "In compiling this ranking, I used two primary criteria: achievement and impact. Who won important golf tournaments, and who transcended the game while doing so? You'll notice that today's superstars — Rory McIlroy, Jordan Spieth, Jason Day — are missing, but as their achievements accumulate, they'll no doubt force their way into future rankings. Stay tuned.", "While the most common modern clubset includes only one fairway wood, the 3-wood, woods are typically available from major brands in lofts up to a 9-wood. A 4-wood is sometimes seen instead of a 3-wood (to fine-tune range differences between a player's driver and fairway wood), while a 5-wood is a common addition to the 3-wood for players who prefer fairway woods to long irons for play through the green. 7-woods are rarer in men's clubs but more common in ladies' and seniors' sets, again as a substitute for lower-lofted irons which are difficult to hit well and whose low launch angle can be risky on a hilly or undulating fairway. Some custom clubmakers offer woods in lofts up to 55° (a \"25-wood\" equivalent to a sand wedge); these can be used to replace the entire standard set of irons with woods, for players who prefer the swing mechanics and behavior of woods to that of irons and wedges.", "Woods went another year before adding Nike's 56-degree wedge, and three weeks later he went to the lob wedge. The 3-wood was added at Doral in 2005 and the 5-wood came into play at the Tour Championship seven months later. The last change was the putter, first used at St. Andrews in 2010.", "The chipper has been labeled by most accomplished players as the sure sign of a hack.  I remember back a number of years ago chippers seemed to be all the rage at my local muni.  I found many golfers giving them a try only to dump them a short time later.  With this kind of stigmatism, Cleveland set out to challenge that image and design a club to truly help any golfer struggling with their short games.  I think that most of us fit into this category.", "There were often at least two Play Clubs (driver) included should one become broken during the game which was quite a common occurrence. These vintage clubs had long shafts of approx 45 inches. There was a club called the Grass Driver for use on the fairway plus two or three Spoons also for use on or just off the fairway and a wooden Niblick for use from more difficult lies in the rough. All of these clubs would normally have been fitted with a 'lead back weight' to help improve the overall balance of the club. The set was completed by including two or three different Putters. The Driving Putter was used to hit shots into the wind from quite a distance from the green. The Approach Putter had a lofted face and was used for shorter shots into the green and the Green Putter was used for actual putting as we do today. All these clubs would be of the Long-Nose variety.", "Putts and short chips are ideally played without much movement of the body, but most other golf shots are played using variants of the full golf swing. The full golf swing itself is used in tee and fairway shots.", "Titleist is a respected and popular golf brand, with such players as Adam Scott, Steve Stricker, Bill Haas, Geoff Ogilvy, and Jordan Spieth under contract. Tiger Woods, Rory McIlroy, Matteo Manassero and Nick Watney were also contracted to use Titleist before moving to Nike. When the Nike contract began Woods refused to use the Nike drivers for a long time and continued to use his Titleist one. Up until the 2010 British Open, Woods carried a Titleist putter, but has since switched to a Nike Method putter. However, after the third round, Tiger switched back to his Titleist putter (Scotty Cameron). Phil Mickelson was also a contracted Titleist player, shortly after his 2004 Masters Tournament.", "[golf, golf driver, golf wood, golf putter, golf iron, metalwood, U.S. Golf Association, Houston Open, titanium, carbon composites]", "Mark Calcavecchia, Stewart Cink (2,5,6,16,20), Ben Curtis (2,4), John Daly, David Duval (2), Ernie Els (2,4,5,6,7,16,20), Nick Faldo, Todd Hamilton (2), Pádraig Harrington (2,4,6,7,14,16), Paul Lawrie, Tom Lehman, Justin Leonard (4,5,20), Sandy Lyle, Mark O'Meara, Tom Watson (4,5), Tiger Woods (2,4,6,12,14,16,20)", "When Woods first joined the professional tour in 1996, his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf . However, when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years (insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel-shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance), many opponents caught up to him. Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods' using \"inferior equipment\" (meaning outdated technology), which did not sit well with either Nike or Woods. During 2004, Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft, which coupled with his prodigious clubhead speed made him one of the Tour's lengthier players off the tee once again.", "THE GEAR EFFECT WINNERS’ BAGS ON TOUR HUNTER MAHAN The Barclays DRIVER: Ping G25 (10.5) FAIRWAY WOOD: Titleist 913 F.d (15) HYBRID: Ping i25 (17) IRONS: Ping S55 (3-PW) WEDGES: Ping i25 (54, 59) PUTTER: Ping TR Anser 2 BALL: Titleist Pro V1x JAMIE DONALDSON D+D REAL Czech Masters DRIVER: TaylorMade SLDR (9.5) FAIRWAY WOODS: TaylorMade RBZ Tour (15), Callaway Big Bertha SteelHead III (19) IRONS: Ping i15 (3-9) WEDGES: Titleist C-C (48, 54, 60) PUTTER: Odyssey Versa Sabertooth BALL: Titleist Pro V1x CAMILO VILLEGAS Wyndham Championship DRIVER: TaylorMade JetSpeed (13) FAIRWAY WOOD: TaylorMade SLDR (17) HYBRID: TaylorMade SLDR (21) IRONS: TaylorMade TP CB (5-PW) WEDGES: TaylorMade TP ATV Grind (52, 58, 60) PUTTER: Titleist Scotty Cameron Select Newport Squareback BALL: TaylorMade TP", "* Driving Range: OK, so you don't have the time or money to play golf more often and your family may disown you if you spend any more weekends on the links. But maybe instead of investing half a day on the golf course you can spare an hour or two at the local driving range and practice green. Pick a target and try hitting it close consistently, starting with your short game and working your way up to your driver. That way you are working on your swing first and gradually adding power to it. For chipping and putting, spend time working on various distances and angles. You know you strength and weaknesses, so spend more time trying to plug the holes in your game. If you can find time to hit the range a couple of times a week you will see a dramatic improvement in your overall game.", "(Past champions who did not play: Tommy Aaron, Seve Ballesteros, Jack Burke, Jr., Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Nick Faldo, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bob Goalby, Jack Nicklaus, José María Olazábal, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, and Fuzzy Zoeller). Nicklaus joined Palmer as \"honorary starters\" and teed off on the first day at the first hole to kick off the tournament.", "The above set is only 12 clubs; these (or equivalent hybrid substitutes) are found in virtually every golf bag. To this, players typically add two of the following:", "^ Pigna, Kris (March 29, 2012). \"Tiger Woods Takes Backseat in New Game\". 1up.com. Retrieved April 5, 2012.", "It's sad, but I do support the changes. The fault lies not with the course but with the ball. It is long overdue for the R&A and the USGA to rein in the ball to preserve the world's classic courses.", "Tommy Aaron, Seve Ballesteros, Gay Brewer, Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Fred Couples (9,13), Ben Crenshaw, Nick Faldo (3,9,10,12,13), Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bernhard Langer, Sandy Lyle, Larry Mize (9,11), Jack Nicklaus, José María Olazábal, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Craig Stadler, Tom Watson (10,12,13), Ian Woosnam, Fuzzy Zoeller", "\"They've taken away a lot of choices. There was always a little cherry dangling. For instance, on the first hole it was 265 over the bunker, so you looked at the wind, at the pin position, and decided whether to go for it. If it came off you got your reward. Now it's 320 to carry that bunker, and it's scary to watch one of the old champions, like Gary Player, teeing off. There's this wonderful ball flight, then the ball comes down, plunk. He's got a 260-yard second shot and he can't even see the green. So I think they've spoilt the course a little bit and, although it doesn't necessarily play into the hands of the long hitters – [2007 champion] Zach Johnson isn't that long – it means that fewer guys can be competitive out there.\"", "The reason for the Scottish golfing hiatus during this period may be simply statistical, as the game had grown to the extent that the numbers now playing in every developed country dwarfed the numbers playing in Scotland. There is no doubt that the game itself had changed with the new courses that were being built throughout the world. American architects led by Robert Trent Jones were building courses that were both long and difficult. Greens were soft and holding in contrast to the hard running greens of the links. The grassy fairways presented another type of problem as the ball sat up on the lush grasses and required club contact quite different to that on the tight lies of the links. Possibly of greater significance was the early adoption in the US of the 'big ball' - the 1.66-inch ball that required a different strike and made for greater control.", "As time went on, Eisenhower’s Tree did play less and less of a role in the golf tournament. Golfers just hit the ball so much longer and higher than they did before the explosion in golf equipment technology. Don’t get Nicklaus started on how far golf balls fly these days. Bubba Watson , one of the longest hitters in the world, won at Riviera on Sunday and when asked about the tree said, “Yeah that’s a historic tree. I’ve never had a problem with that tree so it doesn’t really affect me much.” That’s frank but true. In the words of golf announcers, Eisenhower’s Tree was “not in play” for today’s golfers.", "1. Golf Xtreme Complete Bag Set Contents: ^ *'! /- ( # '4 \" ^ Ě&#x2018;Ě&#x201D; *'! -\" / ''. ^ Ě?Ě&#x17D; *'! /- ( -*). a $\"#/ ) ^ Ě? *'! /- ( -*). a !/ ) ^ Ě?Ě&#x17D; *'! /- ( 0// -. ^ Ě? / *! Ě&#x201C;Ě&#x17D; -& - *) . +'0. / ) ^ Ě? / *! Ě&#x2014; -\" / - ). ^ Ě?Ě&#x17D; $-. *! **/a . ^ Ě?Ě?Ě&#x17D; '(*./ *'! ''. dĚ&#x2018;Ě&#x17D; # *! 2#$/ I 4 ''*2I '0 ) *- )\" e ^ /$1$/4 )0 '[ - .", "Dog-balls is an expression concerning the score. In fact a golfer reached a score of eight strokes at any hole. Dog-balls in golf are more commonly known as the Snowman .", "What has been golf’s best technological improvement? The golf ball, undoubtedly. It’s phenomenal these days. Talking to people like Tom Watson and Jack", "Terms exist for even rarer events — \" ostrich \" for 5 under par (-5) and \" phoenix \" for 6 under par (-6) — but no one has ever made these shots. Some consider them impossible — they require a hole-in-one on a par -6 or par -7 hole — because these holes themselves are very rare.", "Nevertheless, the game's popularity has been increasing outside the Anglo sphere, notably in East Asia. In Latin America, there are now more golf players and courses than ever before . In the Mexican metropolitan area in which I resided for a decade and a half, there was a very nice golf course, and a couple more new ones were added during my stay there.", "I can see a scenario where having different cups for each ability level enables those players to have a better match. One could play to the regular cups, the other to the big ones. Rather than give a lesser opponent two shots a hole, it could be one shot and the different size cups.", "Two of the most exciting projects in the United States are vastly different. At the historic Greenbrier Resort, a design collaboration between Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, Lee Trevino and the late Arnold Palmer started last year. Earth has started moving on site in the Appalachian Mountains, and meaningful progress has been made over the last several months. About 800 miles west, in the heart of the Ozark Mountains, Gary Player Design’s 12-hole short course is nearing completion. The unique design creates a playable course that brings people and families together. Not to mention your round can be complete in under two hours.", "David Shefter is a USGA communications staff writer. E-mail him with questions or comments at dshefter@usga.org .", "In Australia we're caught right between the UK and America. Those that fall on the side of the great links courses are easily the best - both to look at and to play - but unfortunately there are a lot that creep over to the other side of the line. Unfortunately like design, presentation is largely subjective. Lots of people think stripes look great and that stepped rough adds definition." ]

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[ "Ike –– President Dwight David Eisenhower. Known for being in his campaign slogan “I like Ike”", "Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) had been supreme commander of the European Allied forces during World War II, and he ordered the Normandy invasion on D-Day. His popular presidential campaign slogan was \"I like Ike!\"", "The last hurrah of campaign songs came in the 1952 election. The great songwriter Irving Berlin wrote the song, \"I like Ike\" for Republican nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower. The song was popular and was probably the last famous song for elections. Eisenhower's opponent, Adlai Stevenson, had his fair share of songs. On was \"Don't Let 'Em Take It Away!\" by Robert Sour and Bernie Wayne. The songs were not as important as they used to be, but \"I like Ike\" was the last great campaign song and slogan, which led him to win the election. In 8 years, there would be the first \"modern\" election. In 1960, John F. Kennedy ran against Richard M. Nixon. Kennedy beat Nixon on the television. This was the first election that had televised debates, and Kennedy's youth showed. He still had an election song. The song \"High Hopes\" by James Van Heusen was popular, so Sammy Cahn changed the lyrics to fit the election. Richard Nixon had a song, Click With Dick, by Oliva Hoffman, George Stork, and Clarence Fuhrman. One of the better attempts at a campaign song Nixon was, \"Buckle Down With Nixon\", to the tune of \"Buckle Down Winsocki\", which Wallace first used 12 years earlier. Kennedy won, maybe with a little corruption, but mostly with youth and vigor. JFK was the first Catholic president.", "Kelly used Pogo to comment on the human condition, and from time to time, this drifted into politics. Pogo was a reluctant \"candidate\" for President (although he never campaigned) in 1952 and 1956. (The phrase \"I Go Pogo,\" originally a parody of Dwight D. Eisenhower's iconic campaign slogan \"I Like Ike,\" appeared on giveaway promotional lapel pins featuring Pogo, and was also used by Kelly as a book title.) A 1952 campaign rally at Harvard degenerated into chaos sufficient to be officially termed a riot, and police responded. The Pogo Riot was a significant event for the class of ’52; for its 25th reunion, Pogo was the official mascot. In 1960 the swamp's nominal candidate was an egg with two protruding webbed feet — a comment on the relative youth of John F. Kennedy. The egg kept saying: \"Well, I've got time to learn; we rabbits have to stick together.\"", "Not long after his return in 1952, a \" Draft Eisenhower \" movement in the Republican party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the  1952 presidential election  to counter the candidacy of  non-interventionist  Senator  Robert Taft . (Eisenhower had been courted by both parties in 1948 and had declined to run then.) Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes in his native Texas, but came to an agreement that Taft would stay out of foreign affairs as Eisenhower followed a conservative domestic policy. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, \" I Like Ike \", and was a crusade against the  Truman administration's policies regarding \" Korea ,  Communism  and Corruption.\" [41]", "Democrats sought a candidate who could help them retain the White House after Truman, who many felt could not win re-election. Hoping that Eisenhower would run on behalf of the Democratic Party, Truman wrote to Eisenhower in December 1951, saying: \"I wish you would let me know what you intend to do.\" Eisenhower responded: \"I do not feel that I have any duty to seek a political nomination.\" Republican New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts meanwhile worked to persuade him to run. Lodge began encouraging Eisenhower to run more than two years before the 1952 Republican National Convention, and Dewey on 15 October 1950 had announced his support for the general. Republican admirers coined the phrase \"I like Ike\" (referring to \"Ike\", Eisenhower's nickname) in the spring of 1951 as a symbol of their hopes. The \"I Like Ike\" slogan was created when Peter G. Peterson of Market Facts (he would be Secretary of Commerce for Nixon), did research for the campaign and found out more people wanted to talk about how they trusted and felt comfortable with Ike, but didn't like to describe their views on all the issues. Thus, 'I Like Ike' went on all Ike paraphernalia.", "Dwight D. Eisenhower was the most famous U.S. Army general of World War II and the 34th president of the United States. A career Army man, “Ike” rose to the level of five-star general and oversaw the Allied forces in Europe, including the famous D-Day invasion of France in 1944. After the war he served briefly as president of Columbia University, then was chosen over Robert A. Taft as the Republican candidate for U.S. president in 1952. He won handily in 1952 and again in 1956, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson both times. His administration is remembered as peaceful and prosperous, despite the rise of the Cold War with the Soviet Union and China. His wife, Mamie , was known as a good hostess who was happy to stay out of politics. Eisenhower was succeeded by John F. Kennedy , who defeated Eisenhower’s vice president, Richard Nixon , in the elections of 1960. Eisenhower survived a half-dozen heart attacks over 15 years before succumbing to a final attack in 1969.", "As Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, Eisenhower was a hero years before he was elected president. Having played a key role in bringing World War II to an end in Europe, his 1952 campaign slogan \"I like Ike\" seemed almost redundant. Who didn't like Ike?", "Other Republican ads featured a grim looking General Eisenhower attacking Democratic misdeeds, but “I Like Ike” radiated the same cheerful positivity of the Patti Page school. This was no coincidence; “I Like Ike” was the sophisticated product of the very highest echelon of the American culture industry, with animated visuals provided by Roy Disney, and music by Irving Berlin.", "The United States presidential election of 1948 was the 41st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. Incumbent President Harry S. Truman, the Democratic nominee, who had succeeded to the presidency after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, successfully ran for election for a full term against Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican nominee.", "Eisenhower was the highly respected commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War Two. Many members of both parties supported “Ike,” as he was popularly known. Eisenhower agreed to campaign as a Republican.", "The 1992 United States presidential election had three major candidates: incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor William Jefferson \"Bill\" Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. In the election, Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a wide Electoral College margin. ", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt (, his own pronunciation, or; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and total war. His program for relief, recovery and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.", "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). The final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health. Under Truman, a Democrat, the U.S. successfully concluded World War II ; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, the start of the Cold War .", "The United States presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3, 1908. Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt, honoring a promise not to seek a third term, persuaded the Republican Party to nominate William Howard Taft, his close friend and Secretary of War, to become his successor. Having badly lost the 1904 election with a conservative candidate, the Democratic Party turned to two-time nominee William Jennings Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900 by Republican William McKinley. Despite his two previous defeats, Bryan remained extremely popular among the more liberal and populist elements of the Democratic Party. Despite running a vigorous campaign against the nation's business elite, Bryan suffered the worst loss in his three presidential campaigns, and Taft won by a comfortable margin.", "As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Ike then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: \"I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore.\" [119]", "Teddy Roosevelt was a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most robust and ambitious U.S. presidents ever. A former New York City police commissioner (1895-97), author, and hero of the Spanish-American War (1898), he reluctantly accepted an offer to become William McKinley 's vice president upon McKinley's re-election in 1900. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest man ever to become president. (He was 42.) He served two terms, built up the Navy, used \"battleship diplopmacy\" to create an independent Panama and then build the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping to end the Russo-Japanese War, designated dozens of national forests, parks, and monuments, and strengthened the executive branch through his progressive agenda and the sheer force of his personality. He is often remembered for his policy pronouncement, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" He was succeeded in 1909 by William Howard Taft . Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912, as a candidate of the National Progressive (or \"Bull Moose\") Party; he beat Taft but came in second to the next president, Democrat Woodrow Wilson . In the last years of his life he traveled widely, explored Brazil, supported America's entry into World War I, and published several books including Theodore Roosevelt - An Autobiography in 1913.", "-nicknamed \\\"Ike\\\", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician,", "The end of the Cold War in 1990 left the United States in search of a \"new world order,\" while major economic and social transformations suggested the need for a new domestic agenda, and the 1992 campaign occurred in a time of great change. These strains produced high levels of disaffection with politics and government. Republican President George Bush's popularity after the Persian Gulf War reduced the number of contenders for the Democratic nomination. Arkansas Gov. William J. (Bill) Clinton emerged early as the front-runner, and a unified national convention nominated another southerner, Tennessee Sen. Albert Gore, for the vice presidency.", "William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896. As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States. In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. In general, McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs. Reelected in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo, New York, in September 1901.", "In 1952 Eisenhower is nominated by the Republican Party for US President. On November 4, 1952, Eisenhower wins the election by a landslide and is elected as the 34th US President.", "Theodore Roosevelt became the twenty-sixth president after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901. Roosevelt strongly supported American expansionism, and increased the size of the military to implement it. His policy was epitomized in the phrase, Speak softly, but carry a big stick. Following the fall of Cuba, the Spanish possessions of Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guam, and Wake Island became American territories.", "July 16, 1992 -- Clinton officially becomes the party's candidate for president at the Democratic National Convention in New York. Sen. Al Gore, D-Tenn., is his running mate.", "*\"Let's Get Another Deck\" – 1936 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of Alfred M. Landon, using a card game metaphor to answer the \"new deal\" cards metaphor of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against \"communism, Korea and corruption.\" He won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U.S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment.", "*\"Defeat the New Deal and Its Reckless Spending\" – 1936 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of Alfred M. Landon", "1952 – Republican presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower declared, “I shall go to Korea” as he promised to end the conflict if elected.", "Eisenhower was such a popular President during his first term that there seemed little doubt that he would win reelection no matter who the Democrats nominated to run against him. Eisenhower had agreed to an armistice that ended the Korean War in July 1953. The return of peace brought strong economic growth that some people called the \"Eisenhower prosperity.\" During 1955, the President's approval rating in the Gallup poll ranged between 68 and 79 percent.", "•1896 – Presidential Contenders – William Jennings Bryan & William McKinley both from Chicago started modern political campaign", "During his presidential campaign, the song “ Happy Days Are Here Again ” became Roosevelt’s personal and political theme song.", "A staunch supporter of the Republican Party, he wrote the theme song for the 1924 presidential campaign, \"Keep Cool with Coolidge\".", "Bryan was the first nominee of either major party in the United States to run a campaign that was targeted almost exclusively at the lower classes. He viewed the election as a battle between the forces of good in rural areas against those of evil in the cities. “Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.”" ]

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[ "A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood or plastic ) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond shaped rack used for nine-ball.", "A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood , plastic or aluminum ) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond shaped rack used for nine-ball.", "A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminium) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond-shaped rack used for nine-ball.", "The game is played with a stick called a cue, which developed from a golf-club-like implement called the mace by the mid-1800s. Modern billiard cues have leather tips, are usually wooden, are often hand-made, and may have inlaid or other decorations.", "In previous articles we have traced the development of the billiard table from the early models with wooden beds and stuffed cushions, and we have traced the development of the billiard cue, from the original mace to the present day billiard cue, and we have also referred to the introduction of leather cue tips etc,. Now we look back at the development of the balls, which are such an important requirement for all the games played on billiard tables.", "There are two main varieties of billiard games: carom and pocket. The main carom billiards games are straight billiards, balkline and three cushion billiards. All are played on a pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one object ball. In all, players shoot a cue ball so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well as the object ball.", ", an implement similar to a golf club , which was the forerunner to the modern cue ; the term's origin may have also been from French bille, meaning \"ball\". [6] The modern term \"cue sports\" can be used to encompass the ancestral mace games, and even the modern cueless variants, such as finger billiards , for historical reasons. \"Cue\" itself came from queue, the French word for a tail . This refers to the early practice of using the tail of the mace to strike the ball when it lay against a", "There are two main varieties of billiard games: carom and pocket. The main carom billiards games are straight rail, balkline and especially three cushion billiards. All are played on a pocketless table with three balls; two cue balls and one object ball. In all, players shoot a cue ball so that it makes contact with the opponent's cue ball as well as the object ball. Others of multinational interest are four-ball and five-pins.", "English Billiards — sometimes just called Billiards, requires two cue balls and a red object ball. The game features both cannons (caroms) and the pocketing of balls as objects of play, scoring points for each of these. See Cue Sports .", "      pocket-billiards game named for its similarity to the original outdoor stick-and-ball game of golf. In the billiards version, each player tries to play an assigned object ball into the six holes, or pockets, of the table, beginning with the left side pocket and moving in clockwise rotation around the table. The object balls are respotted after each hole is completed, and the player who completes the “course” in the lowest number of strokes is the winner.", "billiards any of various games played on a rectangular table with a designated number of small balls and a long stick called a cue. The table and the cushioned rail bordering the table are topped with a feltlike tight-fitting cloth. Carom, or French, billiards...", "According to Clive Everton's History of Billiards, ground billiards was being played in the 1340s and continued to be played into the 1600s. In Italy the game was known as biglia, in France bilhard, in Spain virlota and in England \"ball-yard.\" I believe the early date derives from an illustration of ground billiards in Sports and Pastimes of England by James Strutt, created around 1344. But if the picture dates to 1344, the game it illustrates could be considerably older. In any case, the first documented billiard table was ordered by King Louis XI of France in 1470; it resembled an indoor putting green, having a single hole at the center. Maces with large heads, similar to putters and croquet mallets, were used to push the balls around. The slender cue (a tapering tail) was used only when a ball was close to the rail, making it difficult or impossible to employ the bulky mace head.", "Some of the tables had obstacles. Over time, pockets were added, initially as \"hazards\" to be avoided. Other tables remained pocket-less, with the object being to carom one ball into another: the French carambole or English carom billiards. The illustration below is from the first known English book containing instructions for billiards, Charles Cotton's The Compleat Gamester, published in 1674.", "The early croquet-like games eventually led to the development of the carom or carambole billiards category – what most non-Commonwealth and non-US speakers mean by the word \"billiards\". These games, which once completely dominated the cue sports world but have declined markedly in many areas over the last few generations, are games played with three or sometimes four balls, on a table without holes (and without obstructions or targets in most cases), in which the goal is generally to strike one with a , then have the cue ball rebound off of one or more of the cushions and strike a second object ball. Variations include three-cushion, straight rail and the balkline variants, cushion caroms, five-pins, and four-ball, among others.", "In the early years, billiards kept in touch with its 'grass roots' by using hoops and posts, but they died out by the end of the 18th Century. During this century, English billiards also became distinct from the continental version. The French, closely followed by the British, introduced a red ball into play and the British incorporated cannons into their point scoring. The French took a different route and abandoned pockets altogether to concentrate solely on cannons. To this day continental billiards is still played on pocketless tables.", "This game is a variant of billiards, designed for two players. The object is to alternately play red and coloured balls in order to win the most points. At the start of the game there are 22 balls on the table, 15 red (one point each), 6 coloured (yellow=2 points, green=3 points, brown= 4 points, blue= 5 points, pink= 6 points and black= 7 points) and one white ball. The break is made from the „D“ (a mark on the table in the shape of a D).", "The similarity of indoor billiards to ground billiards can clearly be seen by comparing the images above and below. Note the similarities of the rectangular playing area, the clubs (maces) and the hoop. The image below dates to around 1650. The games that probably evolved from ground billiards include billiards, pool, jeu de mail, croquet, pall-mall (aka pell-mell and paille-maille), trucco (aka trucks), field hockey and ice hockey.", "Some games combine aspects of both carom and pocket billiards.  English billiards is played with carom balls on a snooker-sized table with larger pockets, and there various ways to earn different amounts of points.  Russian billiards is played with even larger balls, pockets barely large enough to admit them, and the goal of pocketing the cue ball by caroming it off of numbered object balls into a pocket to earn the point value of the numbered balls struck.", "The beds and rail cusions of all kinds of billiard-type tables (carom, pool, and snooker) are covered with a tightly-woven, napless cloth called baize , generally of worsted wool, although wool-nylon blends are common and some 100% synthetics are in use.  Baize is principally a Commonwealth term, with \"cloth\" being preferred in North American English. It is often erroneously referred to as \"felt\". Blends and synthetics are more common in the bar/pub market (they are more durable, but slow the balls down, and many serious players eschew them). Faster-playing 100% woolen cloth is most commonly used on home tables and in high-end billiard parlours and pool halls. The cloth plays faster because it is smoother, thinner, more tightly-woven, and less fuzzy, providing less friction and thus allowing the balls to roll farther across the table bed.  Billiard cloth has traditionally been green for centuries, representing the grass of the ancentral lawn game.  Some have theorized that the color may serve a useful function, as (non-color-blind) humans allegedly have a higher sensitivity to green than to any other color.  However, no known studies have demonstrated any noticeable effect of cloth color on professional or amateur play.  Today, billiard cloth is available in a wide array of colors, with red, blue, grey and burgundy being very common choices. In recent years cloth with dyed designs has become available, such as sports, university, beer, motorcycle and tournament sponsor logos. ", "The history and evolution of Billiards and the table that it is played upon is a long story that starts at least as early as the thirteenth century but by the early 1800s, the game of Billiards consisting of just 2 white balls and one red ball was an extremely popular game.The development of cue sports had not stopped with Billiards in England, however, and another popular game played on the same table was called 'Life Pool' known at the time simply as \"Pool\". Life Pool is a game for up to 14 players each of which uses a different coloured ball as their own cue ball in order to pot the cue balls of the other players. Each time a player's ball is potted, that player loses a life and the last player left in the game receives the pool of money that was bet at the start. The game was played with the white plus 6 coloured balls that later came to be used for Snooker.", "Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. Russian pyramid use a set of fifteen numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball, that may be even larger than carom billiards balls, at 68 mm (211⁄16 in) or 72 mm (24⁄5 in). The related Finnish/Russian game kaisa has the same pocket and ball dimensions but it has only five balls: one yellow, two reds and two cue balls, one for each player. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other the opposite; all are usually inch (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter.", "In Europe and some other parts, Billiards or Billard simply refers to Carambole, the primary game that is played there. Again, the term Carambole will be used for this family of games so as to be clear. ", "There are novelty billiard tables, often for pool, that come in various shapes including zig-zag, circular, and hexagonal. For the home market, many manufacturers have produced billiard tables (in the broad sense) that double as dining tables or as table tennis or other gaming tables, with removable hard tops.", "Dating to approximately 1800, English billiards is a hybrid of carom and pocket billiards played on a 6-foot (1.8 m) by 12-foot (3.7 m) table. Like most carom games, it requires two", "There are various cue aids.  Chalk, which comes in hard, often dyed, paper-wrapped cubes, must be periodically applied to the tip of the cue during every game to prevent miscuing, especially when attempting to impart spin to the ball. The mechanical bridge, or bridge stick, is a cue-like stick with a head on it upon which the cue can be rested in a groove or crook; this is used to give support to the cue in shots not reachable by or too awkward for the bridge hand.  A tip tool or scuffer is an abbraisive or micro-puncturing hand-held tool that is used to prevent the tip from becoming too hard and smooth from repeated cue ball impacts to properly hold chalk.  Hand talc (also sometimes mislabeled \"chalk\") or a pool glove may be used on the bridge hand to keep the stroke smooth; this is especially helpful in moist environments.", "All types of tables are covered with billiard cloth (often called \"felt\", but actually a woven wool or wool/nylon blend called baize). Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century.", "Designed to make a game of pool that would last longer and have more strategy than traditional small billiard tables, the compact size allows players to aim from a table top or on the floor.", "Pool and snooker cues average around 59 in in length and are of three major types. The simplest type is a one-piece cue; these are generally stocked in pool halls for communal use. They have a uniform taper, meaning they decrease in diameter evenly from the end or butt to the tip. A second type is the two-piece cue, divided in the middle for ease of transport, usually in a cue case. A third variety is another two-piece cue, but with a joint located three-quarters down the cue (usually 12 or 16 inches away from the butt), known as a \"three-quarter two-piece\", used primarily by snooker players.", "1. Billiards evolved from a lawn game similar to croquet played sometime during the 15th century in Northern Europe (probably in France).", "A stick with an X-shaped head that is used to support the cue when the cue ball is out of reach at normal extension.", "Let the pool table be the unit square in the xy plane, with x running from 0 to 1 and y running from 0 to 1. As a warmup, launch the ball out of the origin with slope 1/3. It hits the right side of the table at the coordinates x = 1 and y = 1/3. Then the ball bounces back, traveling to the left along a line whose slope is -1/3, but instead, let the ball break through the right side and into a reflected copy of the pool table. It is a mirror image of the original, reflected through the vertical line x = 1. Now the ball can continue on its original trajectory with slope 1/3. When x = 2, the ball hits the right side of the reflected pool table, which is the left side of the original pool table. Instead of bouncing back, push the ball through into a third copy of the pool table, which is a reflection of the second, and a direct copy of the first. The ball continues on with slope 1/3 until it reaches the point x = 3 and y = 1. This is a pocket in our pool table. Returning to the original square, the ball launches out of the lower left corner, bounces off the right wall, bounces off the left wall, and lands in the upper right pocket.", "Substance used to maintain friction between the cue tip and the cue ball so that you don't miscue." ]

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[ "October 20, 1977: The Lynyrd Skynyrd plane crash killed lead singer and song writer Ronnie VanZant, guitarist Steve Gaines, vocalist Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick. Also killed were pilot Walter McCreary and co-pilot William Gray.", "On October 20, 1977, one of the greatest tragedies in rock 'n' roll history took place when a plane crash killed three members of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . Just three days after the release of the band's fifth studio album, and at the peak of their success, lead singer Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist Steve Gaines, and backing vocalist Cassie Gaines were all killed on impact when their tour plane crashed in a Mississippi forest.", "In October 1977, a plane crash in Mississippi killed Skynyrd lead singer Ronnie Van Zant ; guitarist Steve Gaines; Gaines's sister, vocalist Cassie Gaines; an assistant road manager; and the pilot and copilot.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd Off Highway 568, near Gillsburg, Mississippi. Near dusk on October 20, 1977, while flying from Greenville to Baton Rouge, the plane carrying southern rock legends Lynyrd Skynyrd crashed, killing singer/songwriter Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist Steve Gaines, backup singer Cassie Gaines (Steve’s sister) and road manager Dean Kilpatrick. Pilot Walter Wiley McCreary and co-pilot William John Gray, both from Dallas, also died. The aircraft had become low on fuel and both engines quit before the twin engine Convair 240 (built in 1947) could reach McComb Airport, so a forced landing was made in a wooded area. The swamp where the plane crashed is eight miles from McComb Airport. In all, 20 other members of the band and road crew were injured, many critically. The actual crash site is a good distance from the nearest road, so a track had to be cut from the thick forest. Today, the track has grown over, so the site is nearly impossible to reach.", "On October 20, 1977, just three days after the release of Street Survivors, and five shows into their most successful headlining tour to date, Lynyrd Skynyrd's chartered Convair CV-300 ran out of fuel near the end of their flight from Greenville, South Carolina, where they had just performed at the Greenville Memorial Auditorium, to LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Though the pilots attempted an emergency landing on a small airstrip, the plane crashed in a forest in McComb, Mississippi. Ronnie Van Zant, Steve Gaines, Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary and co-pilot William Gray were killed on impact; the other band members (Collins, Rossington, Wilkeson, Powell, Pyle, and Hawkins), tour manager Ron Eckerman, and road crew suffered serious injuries.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd were traveling from Greenville, S.C., to Baton Rouge, La., when their plane apparently ran out of fuel toward the end of the flight. The pilots attempted to land on a small air strip, but the bottom of the plane clipped some trees, and the aircraft went down in a remote stand of forest. Skynyrd singer Ronnie Van Zant, guitarist Steve Gaines, vocalist Cassie Gaines, assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary and co-pilot William Gray were killed instantly, while the other band members and road crew suffered terrible injuries. Drummer Artimus Pyle and two crew members crawled from the wreckage and hiked through swampy woods until they finally flagged down a local farmer, who sent for help.", "Steven Earl \"Steve\" Gaines (September 14, 1949 – October 20, 1977) was an American musician. He is most well known as a guitarist, vocalist and songwriter for Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from May 11, 1976 until his death on October 20, 1977 and is the younger brother of Cassie Gaines, who was a back up vocalist for the band's live performances.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd - is an American Southern rock band. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition before several members, including lead vocalist and primary songwriter Ronnie Van Zant, died in a plane crash in 1977 five miles northeast of Gillsburg, Mississippi. A tribute band of the same name was formed in 1987 for a reunion tour with Johnny Van Zant, Ronnie's younger brother, at the helm, and continues to record music today. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006. In 1972 the band was discovered by musician, songwriter, and producer Al Kooper of Blood, Sweat, and Tears, who had attended one of their shows at a club in Atlanta. They changed the spelling of their name to \"Lynyrd Skynyrd\", and Kooper signed them to MCA Records, producing their first album the following year. 1973's (pronounced 'lĕh-'nérd 'skin-'nérd) featured the hit song \"Free Bird\", which received national airplay, eventually reaching #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, and is still considered a Rock and Roll anthem today.", "Lynyrd Skynyrd (pronounced /ˌlɛnərd ˈskɪnərd/ LEN-ərd-SKIN-ərd) is a Southern Rock band, formed in Jacksonville, Florida, USA in 1964. The band became prominent in the Southern United States in 1973, and rose to worldwide recognition before three members and one road crew member died in an airplane crash in 1977. The band reformed in 1987 for a reunion tour with lead singer Ronnie Van Zant's younger brother Johnny as the frontman. Lynyrd Skynyrd continues to tour and record. Of its original members, only Gary Rossington remains with the band as of 2010. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 13, 2006.", "Three members of the southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd die in a Mississippi plane crash - Oct 20, 1977 - HISTORY.com", "— Oct. 21, 1977: Lead singer Ronnie Van Zant and guitarist Stevie Gaines of the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd died in a plane crash in McComb, Miss.", "Cassie Gaines - background singer for Lynyrd Skynyrd was killed on October 20th, 1977 when a plane carrying the band crashed into the Mississippi swamp lands, the result of a tragic pilot error. She was 29", "Saturday was the 35th anniversary of Lynyrd Skynyrd 's plane crash of 1977. Rest in Peace, Ronnie Van Zant Steve Gaines Cassie Gaines", "Happy birthday to the late great Ronald Wayne \"Ronnie\" Van Zant (January 15, 1948 â October 20, 1977) an American lead vocalist, primary lyricist, and a founding member of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . He was the older brother of current lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant and of the founder and vocalist of 38 Special, Donnie Van Zant. He is the father of singer Tammy Van Zant and cousin of musician Jimmie Van Zant. He was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida, to Lacy (1915â2004) and Marion (1929â2000) Van Zant. Van Zant aspired to be many things before finding his love for music. Notably, Ronnie was interested in becoming a boxer (as Muhammad Ali was one of his idols) and in playing professional baseball. Ronnie also tossed around the idea of becoming a stock car racer. He would say that he was going to be the most famous person to come out of Jacksonville since stock car racer Lee Roy Yarbrough. On October 20, 1977, a Convair CV-300 carrying the band between shows from Greenville, South Ca ...", "Steve Gaines - guitarist who joined Lynyrd Skynyrd when Ed King left the band, was killed on October 20th, 1977 in the plane crash that also took the life of his sister Cassie and Ronnie Van Zandt. Steve Gaines was 28", "With their tally of gold discs increasing each year and a series of sell-out tours, the band suffered an irrevocable setback in late 1977. On 20 October, Van Zant, Steve Gaines, his sister and backup singer, Cassie and manager Dean Kilpatrick were killed in a plane crash en route from Greenville, South Carolina to Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (The twin-engine Convair 240 plane short of fuel crashed into a swamp in Gillsburg, MS). Gary Rossington, Allen Collins, Billy Powell and Leon Wilkenson were all seriously injured but eventually recovered. That same month, Lynyrd Skynyrd's new album STREET SURVIVORS was withdrawn as the sleeve featured a macabre design of the band surrounded by flames. To read more link to: Lynyrd Skynyrd: An Oral History", "Lynyrd Skynyrd (pronounced ) is an American rock band best known for popularizing the Southern rock genre during the 1970s. Originally formed in 1964 as My Backyard in Jacksonville, Florida, the band used various names such as The Noble Five and One Percent, before coming up with Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1969. The band attracted worldwide recognition for its live performances and signature songs \"Sweet Home Alabama\" and \"Free Bird\". At the peak of their success, three members died in an airplane crash in 1977, putting an abrupt end to the band's most popular incarnation.", "In the early 1970s, another wave of hard rock Southern groups emerged. Their music emphasized boogie rhythms and fast guitar leads with lyrics extolling the values, aspirations - and excesses - of Southern working-class young adults, not unlike the outlaw country movement. Lynyrd Skynyrd of Jacksonville, Florida dominated this genre until the deaths of lead singer Ronnie Van Zant and two other members of the group in a 1977 airplane crash. After this tragic plane crash, members Allen Collins and Gary Rossington started The Rossington-Collins Band. Groups such as Ozark Mountain Daredevils, .38 Special, Confederate Railroad, Outlaws, Molly Hatchet, Blackfoot, Point Blank, Black Oak Arkansas, and the Edgar Winter Group also thrived in this genre. ", "R.I.P. Ronnie Van Zant founding member of Lynyard Skynyrd. Would have been his birthday today. One of the great early southern rock bands. He died in 77 with band mates Stephen and Cassie Gaines when the bands plane crashed going between gigs", "On October 20, 1977, a  Convair CV-300  carrying the band between shows from  Greenville, South Carolina , to  Baton Rouge, Louisiana ,  crashed  outside  Gillsburg, Mississippi . The passengers had been informed about problems with one of the plane's engines and told to brace for impact. [8]  Van Zant died on impact from head injuries suffered after the aircraft struck a tree. Bandmates  Steve Gaines , and  Cassie Gaines , along with assistant road manager Dean Kilpatrick, pilot Walter McCreary, and co-pilot William Gray were also killed. Remaining band members survived, although all were seriously injured. [9]", "* October 20 – Members of the American southern rock group Lynyrd Skynyrd (killed in a plane crash):", "Steve Gaines (Steven Earl Gaines) - Died 10-20-1977 near Gillsburg, Mississippi, U.S. - Plane crash after it ran out of fuel ( Southern Rock ) Born 9-14-1949 in Seneca, Missouri, U.S. - Guitarist and singer - Was a member  Lynyrd Skynyrd - Worked with RIO Smokehouse, Rusty Day and Detroit - Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "Dean Kilpatrick - Died 10-20-1977 near Gillsburg, Mississippi, U.S. - Plane crash after it ran out of fuel ( Southern Rock )  Was a road manager for Lynyrd Skynyrd .", "35 years ago today, Lynyrd Skynyrd front man Ronnie Van Zant along with Steve & Cassie Gaines sadly passed on", "Ronnie van Zant (Ronald Wayne Van Zant) - Died 10-20-1977 near Gillsburg, Mississippi, U.S. - Plane crash after it ran out of fuel ( Southern Rock ) Born 1-15-1948 in Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. - Singer -  Was a member of Lynyrd Skynyrd (They did,\"Free Bird\" and \"Sweet Home Alabama\") - Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee .", "Lynyrd Skynyrd \" Street Survivors \" (1977). The original cover featured a photograph of the band, particularly Steve Gaines , engulfed in flames. The original came out three days before their plane ran out of fuel and crashed near Baton Rouge , killing Gaines, Ronnie Van Zant , and Cassie Gaines along with three crew members. Out of respect for the deceased, MCA Records withdrew the controversial cover and replaced it with a similar image without the flames (actually the back cover photo from the original album cover.) The \"Flame\" cover is somewhat more desirable to possess.", "Three young rock 'n' roll stars have been killed in a plane crash in the United States.", "Lead singer Ronnie Van Zant , vocalist Steve Gaines , backup Cassie Gaines of Lynyrd Skynryd all killed in an aircrash-Oct 20,1973", "But despite a successful reunion, tragedy and drama continued to plague the group; guitarist Allen Collins had become paralyzed after a drunk driving accident in 1986 that killed his girlfriend, and he died in 1990. Judy Van Zant Jenness and Teresa Gaines Rapp — the widows of Ronnie Van Zant and Steve Gaines — sued Skynyrd for violating an agreement they struck after the plane accident not to exploit the band’s name for profit, and as the years went on, most of the original members either left or were forced out for various reasons. Bassist Leon Wilkeson died in 2001, and keyboardist Billy Powell died in 2009. Ean Evans — who replaced Wilkeson on bass — also died in 2009, leaving Gary Rossington as the sole survivor from the original band. The group continues to tour heavily every year.", "Today in 1977, Ronnie Van Zant , Steve Gaines & Cassie Gaines of died in a plane crash httâ¦", "Ronnie Van Zant , Lead Singer Steve Gaines , Guitarist Cassie Gaines, Vocalist (Gainesâ sister) Dean Kilpatrick , Assistant Road Manager Walter Wiley McCreary, Pilot Willian john Gray, Co-pilot Before the wreck, there was no hysteria. The âplane was completely quiet. No one was freaking out. ⦠I felt at that moment that everyone was speaking to their concept, whatever it was, of God. Artimus Pyle , drummer, 1977. It was early Thursday evening when the crash happened. News didn't travel that fast on a college campus. Saturday morning breakfast with some buddies at the the Carolina Coffee Shop and I decided to buy a newspaper (Larry and Duane's conversation must have been a bit slow that morning). What a shock for a southern boy to learn about the demise of some of his musical heroes. October 20th 1977.", "11 In October 1977 three members of which US rock band died in a plane crash in Mississippi, three days after the release of their album ‘Street Survivors’?" ]

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[ "What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs, and makes a slinkity sound? - Democratic Underground", "1     \"What walks down stairs, alone or in pairs, and makes a slinkity sound? A spring, a spring, a marvelous thing, everyone knows it's Slinky...It's Slinky, it's Slinky, for fun it's a wonderful toy. It's Slinky, it's Slinky, it's fun for a girl and a boy.\" That jingle helped to make Richard and Betty James's invention famous. They invented the Slinky.", "What Walks Down Stairs Alone Or In Pairs??? : I Love My Slinky Story & Experience", "2. pounding , beat , rhythm , thump , thumping , throb , vibration , patter , pitter-patter the drum of heavy feet on the stairs", "A flight of stairs may reflect an acoustic impulse in the form of a musical tone. For reinforcement, the depth of the tread of the stairs should be a half wavelength. Since this depth is about 22 cm, the tone should have a frequency of 769 Hz, about a g\" (second g above middle C). Rayleigh remarked that a flight of stairs on his estate of Terling returned a handclap as a sound resembling the chirp of a bird. The best situation for observing this effect would be a circular flight of stairs, with the observer standing at the centre of curvature so the sound will be reflected back. So that the delay between the clap and the return will be enough that the return will be easily detected, say about 0.1 s, the distance to the steps and back should be about 33 m, or 100 ft, so the radius of the steps should be about 50 ft. I cannot get the result from an ordinary flight of stairs in a house, probably because one must be too close for the echo to be distinguished.", "This warbler gets its name from its simple distinctive song, a repetitive cheerful chiff-chaff. This song is one of the first avian signs that spring has returned. Its call is a hweet, less disyllabic than the hooeet of the willow warbler or hu-it of the western Bonelli's warbler . [31]", "Whenever Toad walks, his footsteps make squeaky sounds. This is a possible reference to the The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! and The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 TV series where Toad always made squeaky sounds when he walked.", "(Literally ‘chased.’) A slide forward, backward, or sideways with both legs bent, then springing into the air with legs straight and together. It can be done either in a gallop or by pushing the leading foot along the floor in a plié to cause an upward spring. It is typically performed in a series or as part of a combination of other movements.", "(Literally 'chased.') A slide forward, backward, or sideways with both legs bent, then springing into the air with legs straight and together. It can be done either in a gallop or by pushing the leading foot along the floor in a plié to cause an upward spring. It is typically performed in a series or as part of a combination of other movements.", "Behavior �They are most active on cloudy nights, to get around they hop instead of walking or running (hint the name).� They make a noise that is like that of a bird chirping.", "One of the most famous riddles is that of the Sphinx. In this mythology, the Sphinx asked people a question to gain entrance to Thebes. The question asks, \"What has four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening.\" The answer to this riddle is people, as babies crawl in the morning of their life. Adults walk on two legs during the afternoon of their life. Finally, elderly people use a cane during the twilight of their life.", "The death-watch beetle has been living in our buildings for centuries and was first noted for the tapping sound the adult makes. When people usually died at home in ancient Europe, the death vigil, or death watch, would have allowed this tapping noise to be clearly audible when the house was quiet, the noise emanating from the structure of the house. The tapping noise subsequently became associated with bad omens, implying that when the tapping noise was heard a loved one would soon die. We now know the tapping is a form of communication employed for finding mates,through research conducted by Martin Birch and colleagues at Oxford University (Goulson et al., 1994; Birch and Keenlyside, 1991).", "Lurch is the household butler. Morticia and Gomez summon him by means of a bell pull in the form of a hangman's noose, which rings the massive bell located in the mansion's bell tower (the resulting gong shakes the entire house when the noose is pulled). When Lurch appears (usually immediately thereafter), he responds in a very deep bass voice, \"You rang?\" According to IMDb, Lurch was intended to be a non-speaking part, as the Charles Addams cartoon character was silent. However, Cassidy improvised the line during his audition, and it was well received and incorporated into the show. When questions are posed to Lurch his primary response is a deep annoyed grunt, from which the family glean complex meanings.", "Things That Go \"Bump\" in the Night : The Creature Under The Bed and The Man Under The Stairs are both based on two common monster archetypes that children fear. The \"Who\" When You Call \"Who's There?\" might also qualify.", "Before we left, I noticed a set of steps going upstairs. I asked my guest, \"What's upstairs?\"", "No description is given; even the very presence of the bird is questioned. Why, because the thrilling voice which is termed as: \"Or but a wandering voice\". Whether the cuckoo is visible or not at the moment, it is out of question, the real matter is the feelings of the heart and the melodious voice in the surrounding, the situation is full of enjoyment, Wordsworth wants to celebrate it by saying: \"O blithe new comer!...\"", "A Woozle is a weasel -like creature imagined by the characters in the third and ninth chapters of Winnie-the-Pooh. No Woozles actually appear in A. A. Milne 's original stories, but the book depicts them as living in cold, snowy places. They are first mentioned when Pooh and Piglet attempt to capture one, which they assume made the tracks in the snow going around a larch spinney. The more they follow them, the more sets of tracks they find, but Christopher Robin shows them that the tracks around the spinney are their own.", "- a staircase with no center post but has two outside handrails; also see 'helical stairs'; a type of staircase characterized by its number of turns", "For their benefit, acoustical engineers have empirically demonstrated that a duck's quack does, in fact, echo. They have also ventured a few explanations as to how beliefs to the contrary might have arisen in the first place — for example, the fact that ducks aren't typically found near sound-reflecting surfaces, or that perhaps ducks quack too quietly to generate an easily audible echo outdoors. In any case, using an echo chamber and standard recording equipment, engineers have successfully captured the echo of a duck's quack .", "A: A person! As a baby you crawl (4 legs), as an adult you walk (2 legs), then when you are older you use a cane (3 legs)", "Gremlins are spirits of tools and machinery. They are thought to be responsible for mishaps and breakdowns with tools and equipment. Each house has an Gremlin which entered the house as an occupant of an household appliance. Originally Gremlins were friendly towards mankind and helped engineers and inventors build things but when these people took all the credit the Gremlins were insulted and from that point on they work against us.", "What I'm listening to: Wroof, wroof, arf, woof! Stupid neighborhood dogs. There was also a chicken rustling around somewhere behind me a little while ago though. It was making me a little jumpy.", "What walks on eight legs until the age of one, four legs until the age of twenty, and two legs after?", "Bouncing Barney : Follow Barney's walking pattern to determine how many times he will reach a wall before returning to his starting point.", "“What is the creature,” she asked him, “which moves in the morning on all fours, walks upright on two legs at noon, and in the evening walks three-legged?”", "This song is too catchy. I mean it. Walking round in public singing it is not a good idea. People look at you funny. Basically the brave and somewhat inept Beaky and team manage to defeat an evil snake that's been eating small critters in the woods. They win by luck, but hey, there's nothing wrong with that...", "trill Musical ornament that consists of two notes a half step or a whole step apart played in rapid alternation.", "*\"The Burbles\" – A couple of unseen people living inside a grandfather clock who converse in speech bubbles, mainly telling puns. Occasionally they are heard speaking the lines as if they are underwater, but other times there are just the speech bubbles.", "Gnarler. A little dog that by his barking alarms the family when any person is breaking into the house.", "What travels from house to house and is sometimes narrow and sometimes wide but always stays outside?", "* The name of one of the monsters in the cartoon television show Seven Little Monsters.", "They move over the ground sniffling and snuffling as they go, and find insects by smelling them. They also have the ability to detect worms and grubs under the soil and quickly dig down with their narrow front feet. The front feet have three toes with long curving claws, so the holes they dig are narrow and pointed at the bottom, and the narrow snout fits neatly into the hole to get the worm or grub at the bottom of the hole." ]

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[ "It's amazing to not think of the Walkman when it comes to portable music players but the introduction of the iPod and iTunes and the iPod's ensuing dominance has pretty much phased that idea out. The iPod was introduced on October 23, 2001 and though also originally ignored, the iPod has grown at a ridiculous rate and seamlessly moved on to various versions, different form factors and more power and capability. A portable music player couldn't just be a music player anymore, largely because of the iPod.", "On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the iPod digital music player. Several updated models have since been introduced, and the iPod brand is now the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin. More than 350 million units have shipped . Apple has partnered with Nike to offer the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with iTunes and the Nike+ website.", "CUPERTINO, California—October 23, 2001—Apple® today introduced iPod™, a breakthrough MP3 music player that packs up to 1,000 CD-quality songs into an ultra-portable, 6.5 ounce design that fits in your pocket. iPod combines a major advance in portable music device design with Apple’s legendary ease of use and Auto-Sync, which automatically downloads all your iTunes™ songs and playlists into your iPod, and keeps them up to date whenever you plug your iPod into your Mac®.", "2001: Apple reveals its new iMac with built-in CD-RW drive. It runs at 400, 500 or 600 MHz and ships with the color options “Indigo”, “Blue Dalmatian”, “Flower Power” and “Graphite”.  Later that year they release the Power Macintosh G4 Quick Silver.  And in October of 2001, Jobs introduces the revolutionary iPod, a portable hard disk MP3 player with 5 GB capacity, holding up to 1,000 MP3 songs.", "The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8\" hard drive compared to the 2.5\" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes. The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry. Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone. After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based IPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.", "Jobs's endless quest for technological innovation soon led him to tackle the digital music industry. In 2001 Apple launched a sleek new handheld product, a portable digital music player called the iPod. Comparable to MP3 players introduced by other companies, the iPod allowed users to download music from CDs or from online sites. Thanks in part to a memorable advertising campaign and good word-of-mouth, Apple sold three million iPods in less than three years. By 2004, almost half of the digital music players bought by consumers were iPods.", "iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Computer and launched in 2001.  ( link )", "The iPod was far from the first portable MP3 player. The devices had been on the market for years before the iPod debuted in October 2001, so Apple didn’t invent the concept. But none of the devices prior to the iPod had been big hits and the iPod was the first product to really make the music loading and listening process elegant and enjoyable.", "A flash-based iPod from Apple that is essentially an iPhone without the phone. Introduced in 2007, the first iPod touch models came with up to 16GB of flash memory later increased to 32GB and beyond. The touch broke away from the illustrious click wheel that helped make the iPod successful and replaced it with a touch screen interface and one physical button. In 2008, a thinner touch added a speaker, physical volume control and increased battery life. ", "They include the iMac G3 - the \"Bondi blue\" computer launched in 1998 - and the iPod, released in 2001, which helped to revolutionise the music industry.", "The team at Apple took about a year to design and launch the first iPod in October 2001. That team consisted of:", "Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 after a succession of CEOs and Macintosh models failed to gain much success in the marketplace in his absence. His introduction of the colorful iMac (which sold over 6 million units) brought the company back to profitability. In 2001, Apple released the first generation of iPods and included media jukebox software called iTunes. Apple introduced an online media store as part of iTunes, initially selling only music for .99 cents per song. Eventually, the iTunes Store grew to include videos, television shows and music videos. ", "A second generation iPod mini was introduced in February 2005 with a new chipset, much longer battery life (18 hours vs. 8 hours), and a 6 GB version was added. The unpopular gold finish was discontinued.", "Keen to capitalize on the iPod's mass-market appeal, Apple made a smart move in 2004 by launching the colorful iPod mini, which featured a new Click Wheel interface.", "Following the debut of the iPhone earlier in the year, Apple launched the first iPod touch in September 2007.", "In early 2001, Apple began shipping computers with CD-RW drives and emphasized the Mac's ability to play DVDs by including DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives as standard. Steve Jobs admitted that Apple had been \"late to the party\" on writable CD technology, but felt that Macs could become a \"digital hub\" that linked and enabled an \"emerging digital lifestyle\". Apple would later introduce an update to its iTunes music player software that enabled it to burn CDs, along with a controversial \"Rip, Mix, Burn\" advertising campaign that some felt encouraged media piracy. This accompanied the release of the iPod, Apple's first successful handheld device. Apple continued to launch products, such as the unsuccessful Power Mac G4 Cube, the education-oriented eMac, and the titanium (and later aluminium) PowerBook G4 laptop for professionals.", "Thus began one of the most remarkable second acts in the history of business. Over the next decade, Jobs wowed launch-event audiences, and consumers, with one game-changing hit after another: iTunes (2003), the iPhone (2007), the App Store (2008), and the iPad (2010).", "As mentioned above, Apple was far from the first company to bring a portable digital music player to the market. But would you believe that the basic concept for the iPod was invented in England in 1979?", "In early October, Apple began hyping the iPod’s release (which was still a secret from the press after eight months of development). The hype culminated in an announcement that Apple would make a major announcement on 2001.10.23, and that it was “not Mac”.", "Among Jobs’s other accomplishments as CEO were the launch of the iTunes Music Store in 2003, which went on to become the top music retailer in the U.S. The store, combined with the iconic iPod, popularized the selling of digital music, and later expanded its content to include movies, television shows, podcasts, audiobooks, ebooks, and, of course, apps for Apple’s mobile iOS platform.", "In September 2004, two rumors emerged from Cupertino. The first revolved around Apple stockpiling small, color LCD panels. The entire industry speculated that Apple would release a PDA or video iPod. The second was based on quantity flash memory purchases Apple made in large capacities (the hard drive-based iPod used only 32 MB of flash memory). Both rumors proved somewhat correct – Apple released the color iPod photo in October, and the iPod shuffle followed in January 2005.", "The transistor radio was a technological marvel that put music literally into consumers’ hands in the mid-1950s. It was cheap, it was reliable and it was portable, but it could never even approximate the sound quality of a record being played on a home stereo. It was, however, the only technology available to on-the-go music lovers until the Sony Corporation sparked a revolution in personal electronics with the introduction of the first personal stereo cassette player. A device as astonishing on first encounter as the cellular phone or digital camera would later be, the Sony Walkman went on sale for the very first time on July 1, 1979.", "2010: Apple releases the Apple iPad.  And adds the newest version of the iPhone, the iPhone 4.  Apple also unveils an all new line of iPods, including the iPod Shuffle, the world’s smallest iPod, with 2 GB of memory, the new smaller iPod Nano with a Multi-touch user interface and a 24 hour battery life and the new iPod Touch which now includes Face time between iPods Touches and iPhone.  Apple also created a new Social Network for music lovers they call Ping which is on your computer, the iPhone and the iPod touch.  Finally Apple released the 2nd generation Apple TV that is a 4th of the size of the original Apple TV released in 2006.", "Ive’s dominance wasn’t immediate. Michael Ive recalled a conversation he had with his son in 2001: “ ‘It’ll have a thousand songs, Dad.’ I said, ‘Who wants a thousand songs?’ He said, ‘You’ll see.’ ” Tony Fadell, a former Apple engineer who can take much of the credit for the iPod’s functionality, was recently quoted by Fast Company as saying, “We gave it to Jony to skin it.” That is, Ive’s contribution was to combine, as elegantly as possible, elements decided largely by engineers and others: a battery, a disk drive, an L.C.D. screen, a track wheel. Fadell went on to found Nest, which was later bought by Google; he recently took charge of Google Glass. His phrase may have been strategically irreverent—“We’ve never skinned anything,” Tim Cook told me in response—but it contained at least a partial truth. Ive gave the music player an irresistible white-and-silver form, causing a generation of designers to endure clients asking for the “iPod version” of this or that. (Richard Seymour, in London, recalled a meeting about the iPod of moisturizers.) But the industrial-design studio was not yet the company’s central workshop.", "In 2010 Apple borrowed multi-touch functionality from the iPod touch, as well as adopted the shuffle's clip for what was called \"the biggest reinvention of the iPod nano since its debut in 2005.\"", "Jobs did not rest. In 2007, he transformed the cellphone. Apple's iPhone, with its iconic touch screen, was a handheld computer, music player, messaging device, digital wallet and -- almost incidentally -- telephone. Major competitors, such as BlackBerry, Nokia and Motorola, struggled after it appeared.", "*1994: Apple Quicktake, a consumer digital camera was debuted by Apple Computer. Some models were manufactured by Kodak.", "He revolutionized the entertainment world with the iPod, iPad, iPhone, Macintosh computer and iTunes music store.", "2009 - Steve Jobs announced that Apple's iTunes had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market.", "2009 - Steve Jobs announced that Apple's iTunes had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market.", "plz can sum1 tel me hu invented the ipod as im doing a project and it would be very helpful if someone could kindly tel me who invented it.", "Other MP3 players used plus and minus buttons that would move, one item at a time, through a list of songs, which would grow tedious if the unit held a thousand songs—basically, you’d have to push the button a thousand times. With a wheel, a quick flick of the finger would navigate through the list at any rate the user wanted—especially since Apple would make the scroll speed accelerate the longer you spun the wheel." ]

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[ "The Fazioli Grand – The largest of modern concert grands is the Fazioli Grand measuring just over 10 feet.", "The largest concert grands made today are the Fazioli F308, 10 feet 2 inches long; and the Bosendorfer 290, 9 feet 6 inches, with 97 keys instead of the normal 88. Historically, the largest grand ever made was built in 1935 by an English manufacturer, Challen. This Concert grand was 11 feet 8 inches long and weighed 2000 lbs.", "Stunningly sleek and quite wonderful to listen to, a concert grand is at the top of the piano chain. In order to keep a concert grand in your home, you will need to have quite a lot of room. These pianos range from 9 to 10 feet long, which means that they will really fill your entire home with sound given the right amount of space and acoustics. If you want to buy a piano that will really impress all of your guests, the concert grand is it.", "Names for pianos usually indicate their sizes. Grand (wing-shaped) pianos range in length from 4 ft 7 in-9 ft 6 in (1.4-2.9 m) from the front of the keyboard to end of the bend. The \"baby\" grand is 5 ft-S ft 2 in (1.52-1.57 m) in length; smaller grand pianos are called \"apartment size.\" The larger sizes are the medium grand and concert grand. Modern vertical piano design has changed little since 1935. Verticals range in height from 36-52 in (91-132 cm) with small variations in width and depth. The five standard sizes from smallest to tallest are the spinet, consolette, console, studio, and professional pianos. Pianos are frequently chosen for appearance, and cabinets are available in most furniture styles and finishes.", "Sizes and Types : The standard width of a grand piano is also about 5'. The length varies from 4�' to 9�'. The total floor space allowance for the smallest grand should be at least 5' wide by 6�' long, including bench space. Grand pianos are measure by the length from the very front of the keyboard to the farthest end of the piano along the spine, with the lid closed. The smallest Steinway is 5 ft. 1 in. (The size stated is always the over-all length of an instrument.) There are several types of grand pianos, based on piano length.  Click on image for example of size and specifications:", "The parlor grand piano or the smallest of concert grand pianos ranges from 6'2\" to 6'9\". The size of this piano is large enough to satisfy those who demand a full, rich bass—yet small enough to beautifully fit into almost any home. The parlor grand piano can be found in small recital halls or in recording studios that don't have the space for a seven-foot grand piano or nine-foot concert grand piano.", "Other manufacturers, usually those with larger productions, will often vary the quality and type of materials used in different, and also in similar, sizes of pianos. Up until just recently, the Japanese manufacturers (Kawai and Yamaha) had a number of different qualities of grands in overlapping sizes, and prices. For Yamaha, there was a GH-series, a G series, a C series, an S and Concert Grand (CF) series. For Kawai, there was a GE-series, a KG series, a GS series, an R series, and then an RX and an EX series. Pianists sometimes had a difficult time deciding between say, Kawai's KG-6 (6'9\") and their GS-40 (6'1\") model for roughly the same price (around $16,000 in 1992, when both were available new.) The GS-40 was supposed to be a better quality piano, but the KG-6 was definitely a lot bigger piano. Although recently these two piano makers have discontinued many of the overlapping models and moved towards consolidating their respective lines, opting more towards a \"single quality\", there still remain some tough choices. For a list price of around $49,000 today (usually substantially discounted) do you get the top-of-the-lineYamaha model S4 (6'3\"), or the lesser (series-wise) but larger DC7IIXG (7'6\"), with Disklavier included? In such a dilemma pianists usually spend a good deal of time going back and forth between the two instruments to see which one sounds better to them.)", "In 1908 Bosendorfer extended the range down to C below bottom A on their large Imperial Concert Grand, which has eight octaves. The lowest note is C below the usual A, up to the top C, 97 keys in all. The piano is 9 feet 6 inches long Width: 5'9\", Waght net: 1.255 lb. The standard keyboard of today is 88 notes, A to C, seven and a quarter octaves. If you are learning how to play the piano for beginners today, you may want to check out other piano articles for your own benefit..", "With the Pianola evolves a new trend in designing compactness. The Pianola measures a little over 3 feet in width, yet has a greater playing range than Mozart's pianoforte. But the compactness is just part of the Pianola history. Well evident is a wholly new sense of design freedom and artistry. The tapering lines are clean, unspoiled; the styling crisp and distinctly modern. And through the grace of warm, superbly finished woods and delicately drawn trim-work along the sides, the Pianola was compatible to almost every decor. The Pianola  came with an electric motor for automatic play (with no distortion of tone) making it three fine pianos in one: manual, pedal-powered and electrically operated.", "The biggest piano ever made was by Challen England. They made an 11' 8\" long piano in 1935 for the Silver Jubilee of King George V and Princess Mary. This piano weighed about 1 ¼ tons. It had the combined tensile stress of the strings that amounted to over 30 tons.", "After the spinet and the console, pianos become much larger and more impressive. The studio piano is the sort of piano that you would find in a music school or a studio, and this piano ranges from 45 to 52 inches in height (the tone quality is excellent with this particular style). If you want to purchase the largest of all vertical pianos, you will be looking at an upright piano. Uprights are usually found in antique shops and older homes, and these pianos produce an entirely different sort of sound.", "Among vertical pianos the piano \"type\" usually corresponds with the height. Among the terms most often heard are \"spinet\" (usually around 36\" tall) \"console\" (around 40\"), \"studio\" (around 45\"), and \"professional\" (48\" and above). Older vintage designations include the \"upright\" (up to 60\"), and the \"player\" (ditto), piano types that are really no longer being built. There is some crossover in these categories, as each designation depends not only on height, but other factors such as the design of the action.", "Semiconcert or Ballroom - Next size up from the Parlor Grand piano, it is approximately 6 feet 2 inches to 7 feet long.", "* In 2014, Steinway received the Red Dot product design award for the Arabesque limited edition grand piano. The jury wrote: \"The design of the Arabesque impresses through elegance and individuality. It thus excellently complements the high-class product line of this renowned manufacturing house.\" ", "In 1857, Steinway began to make a line of art case pianos, designed by artists. In 1903, the 100,000th Steinway grand piano was given as a gift to the White House; it was decorated by the artist Thomas Wilmer Dewing. The 100,000th Steinway grand piano was replaced in 1938 by the 300,000th, which remains in use in the White House. The piano is normally placed in the largest room of the White House, the East Room. ", "112. November 18, 2008 – CCM, the College-Conservatory of Music at the University of Cincinnati (“UC”), purchased 165 New Steinway pianos, the largest unit purchase in Steinway’s 155-year history. (The price of the pianos is $4.1 million)", "This magnificent 7-foot grand piano is often referred to as \"the perfect piano.\" When it comes to balance, beauty, and power, this incredible piano has no equal. It is the choice of the top recording studios and the piano that a great number of Steinway Artists have in their homes. It’s a wonderfully balanced and versatile piano that does extremely well in intimate settings, as well as in mid-sized venues. It is the musical instrument that those who love the piano can’t wait to play. No matter where you want to go, this is the piano that will get you there.", "This 5-foot-10¾-inch piano has been a source of joy and inspiration since the very early 1900s—and it continues to be so today. It has a sound that is particularly warm and rich—far beyond what one would expect for a piano that is under 6 feet in length. Its action offers the sensitivity and control that has made Steinway famous; and no matter what you ask of this piano, it has an answer ready.", "MT Rudy had a seven foot Steinway. He liked that because the instrument wasn’t that big, as you would get in a nine foot, which is a very big piano. It is more of a balanced instrument, in terms of the bass strings are not that long. It’s a very well balanced instrument in that respect. Not as powerful as the nine foot, but it’s very very nice. He liked to record on that particular instrument, and he had that Steinway for years.", "Lauded luxury automotive brand Audi and master piano maker Bösendorfer recently celebrated their emphatic partnership with a stalwart objet d’art. “We had respect for the challenge of making a new design for such a sensitive instrument,” divulged Wolfgang Egger, the design director for Audi who led his Munich team to reimagine Bösendorfer’s iconic grand piano. Egger’s direction with the grand piano has rendered it one of percussion music’s most unique creations. The most attention-grabbing aspect of the new Audi Special Edition Bösendorfer grand is the closed side", "BABY GRAND PIANO - 1928 Steinway Medium M Grand with a mahogany case, serial number 261465. Per the company At 5 feet 7½ inches in length, our Music Room piano is a cherished member of Steinway & Sons’ amazing li...", "Designers and artists such as Karl Lagerfeld, Louis Comfort Tiffany, and Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema have created original designs for Steinway pianos. These specially designed pianos fall under the art case piano line or the limited edition piano line.", "35. 1902 -The 100,000th Steinway Piano was built and it was built by the “Art Piano case Department” for President Theodore Roosevelt to go in the East Room of the White House. It was gilded with gold leaf, and on the lid a painting entitled “America Receiving the Nine Muses” depicting 10 women in pink, mauve, and gray centennial revival style ball gowns against a vivid green background. American Eagles carved on the legs, valued at $7,500 (a D sold for $1600) and was given to the nation in 1903. The piano was donated to the Smithsonian when a new Steinway replaced it during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Today the historic Gold Steinway stands in the First Ladies Hall of the National Museum of American History.", "the pedal harp, or concert harp, is large and technically modern, designed for classical music and played solo, as part of chamber ensembles, and in symphony orchestras. It typically has six and a half octaves (46 or 47 strings), weighs about 80lb (36 kg), is approximately 6 ft (1.8 m) high, has a depth of 4 ft (1.2 m), and is 21.5 in (55 cm) wide at the bass end of the soundboard. The notes range from three octaves below middle C (or the D above) to three and a half octaves above, usually ending on G. Alexander Rannie adds: \"since the majority of concert harps allow this top note to be played as g-flat, g-natural, or g-sharp, the actual range of the harp is from c-flat at the bottom to g-sharp at the top\" (private communication). The tension of the strings on the sound board is roughly equal to a ton (10 kilonewtons). The lowest strings are made of copper or steel-wound nylon, the middle strings of gut, and the highest of nylon.", "The Grand Organ in the Concert Hall is the largest pipe organ in the world. The 16 metre high and 13 metres wide organ has over 10,000 pipes and can be played remotely with an electronic console. ", "The Concert Hall Grand Organ was designed and built by Australian, Ronald Sharp, between 1969 and 1979. It is the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world with 10,500 pipes. There are five manual and one pedal keyboards and 127 stops arranged in 205 ranks.", "The Concert Hall, with 2,679 seats, contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world with over 10,000 pipes.", "Radio City Music Hall seats 6000, and its Great Stage, designed by Peter Clark, measures 66.5 by 144 ft.  Its system of elevators was so advanced that the U.S. Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers. During the war, government agents guarded the basement to assure the Navy's technological advantage. This elevator system was also designed by Peter Clark, and was built by Otis Elevators. The Music Hall's \"Mighty Wurlitzer\" pipe organ is the largest theater pipe organ built for a movie theater. Identical consoles with four manuals (keyboards) are installed on both sides of the Great Stage. Installed in 1932, the instrument was the largest produced by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Manufacturing Company of North Tonawanda, New York; it was built as a serious concert instrument rather than to accompany silent movies, capable of playing many styles of music including classical organ literature. A total rebuild of the historic organ was completed in time for the theater's restoration in 1999.", "The ', or ' (Golden Hall), is about 49 m long, 19 m wide, and 18 m high. It has 1,744 seats and standing room for 300. The Skandalkonzert of 1913 was given there, and it is the venue for the annual Vienna New Year's Concert. Its lively acoustics are primarily based on Hansen's intuition as he could not rely on any studies on architectural acoustics. The room's rectangular shape and proportions, its boxes and sculptures allow early and numerous sound reflections. The original equipment comprised a historic pipe organ built by Friedrich Ladegast, the first organ recital was held by Anton Bruckner in 1872. The present–day organ was originally installed by the Austrian firm Rieger Orgelbau in 1907, highly esteemed by musicians such as Franz Schmidt or Marcel Dupré, and rebuilt in 2011.", "The Concert Hall contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ, the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world with over 10,000 pipes.", "In 1929 a two-keyboard piano was made by Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany. The two keyboards, one with the usual 88 notes, the other with only 76, The 76 note keyboard plays notes an octave above the ones on the 88 keyboard. Pressing a key on the shorter keyboard activates a mechanism inside the piano that pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. The piano was rebuilt by Steinways in 2007", "In 1905 modern harpsichord building was begun in Germany, initially taking the new Pleyel and Érard instruments as inspiration. Subsequent German building produced a highly characteristic instrument somewhat reminiscent of the harpsichords of the 18th-century Hamburg school in sound. Taking as their model an improperly restored instrument falsely said to have belonged to Bach, these instruments generally had the unhistorical stop arrangement of one 8-foot and the 4-foot on the upper manual, with the second 8-foot and a 16-foot on the lower manual." ]

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[ "Molasses is a viscous byproduct of the processing of sugar cane or sugar beets into sugar . The word molasses comes from the Portuguese word melaço, which ultimately comes from mel , the Latin word for \" honey \". [1] The quality of molasses depends on the maturity of the sugar cane or sugar beet, the amount of sugar extracted, and the method of extraction. Sweet sorghum syrup is known in some parts of the United States as molasses, though it is not true molasses.", "To put it simply, molasses is a highly viscous by-product of sugar refinement. Once you strip the sugar from the raw sugar cane juice, you end up with two products: white sugar and molasses, which contains a lot of minerals and only residual sugars. It is often used as a syrup in cooking, and is a great source of carbohydrates for the beneficial micro-critters that live in your soil.", "Molasses, or black treacle (British, for human consumption; known as molasses otherwise), is a viscous by-product of the refining of sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar. The word comes from the Proto-Indo-European mélid. Cognates include Ancient Greek μέλι (méli) (honey), Latin mel, Spanish melaza (molasses), French miel (honey), and Portuguese melaço. Molasses varies by amount of sugar, method of extraction, and age of plant.", "Molasses,viscous by product after refining of sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar. Molasses is thick, brown to deep black, honey-like substance. It is enjoyed as a sweetener in many countries, particularly in England where it is called treacle. Molasses are used primarily for baking. The word comes from the Portuguese melaco, derived from mel, the Latin word for \"honey\".", "�Molasses - This is a syrup resulting from the crystallization of raw sugar from the sap. Additional processing results in darker and stronger tasting molasses called black strap.", "4 The juice is pumped into an evaporator that boils the juice until the water dissipates and the syrup remains. The syrup is concentrated through several stages of vacuum boiling, a low temperature boil to avoid scorching the syrup. Eventually, the sugar crystallizes out of the syrup, creating a substance called massecuite. The massecuite is poured into a centrifuge to further separate the raw sugar crystals from the syrup. In the centrifuge, the sugar crystals fall away from the syrup that is being spun at a significant force. This remaining syrup is molasses, and it is forced out through holes in the centrifuge.", "Originally, golden syrup was a product made at the white sugar refinery from the recovered mother liquor (recovered molasses) \"washed\" of the raw sugar crystals in the process of creating white sugar. This liquor is generally known as refiners return syrup. Today most golden syrups are produced by a specialist manufacturer by inverting half the refiners return syrup to fructose and glucose and blending it back again; this ensures the product remains liquid and will never crystallize again. ", "In cooking, a syrup or sirup (from ; sharāb, beverage, wine, via ) is a condiment that is a thick, viscous liquid consisting primarily of a solution of sugar in water, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. Its consistency is similar to that of molasses. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups, and the water.", "Molasses, from the Latin word melaceres, meaning honey-like, is a thick dark syrup that is a byproduct of sugar refining. It results when sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. Molasses is sold both for human consumption, to be used in baking, and in the brewing of ale and distillation of rum, and as an ingredient in animal feed.", "Sucrose is also called \"table sugar\" and \"cane sugar.\" It is a disaccharide which is composed of one molecule of glucose and one of fructose. More precisely, it is dextrose plus levorotatory fructose. It must be broken apart before the yeasts can use it. When heated in an acidic solution the sugar is inverted to make D (+)-glucose and D (-)-fructose. Yeasts will invert the sucrose if it is not already in that form before using by using invertase. It is derived from sugar beets or sugar cane which are crushed and dissolved in water. The raw syrup is boiled down to concentrate it to a point where some fraction crystallizes. The remaining heavy syrup (see molasses) is separated from the 95+% pure sugar. The crystals are then further processed several times to increase its purity which eventually yields the pure white crystals we commonly use. Some other commonly used sugars are also produced during the processing. This simple colorless sugar can be completely fermented.", "The plant is crushed and put through a process that extracts the syrup in its raw form. It is then filtered and heated to a level that breaks down the raw sugar into fructose. At this stage, the syrup is either further refined to produce a pale, amber color or bottled as is, in its natural dark chestnut color.", "After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role. Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20–30 percent sucrose and 15–25 percent glucose and fructose.", "All types of the sugar come in blocks or pastes of solidified concentrated sugar syrup heated to 200 C. Traditionally, the syrup is made by boiling raw sugarcane juice or palm sap in large, shallow, round-bottom vessels.", "Molasses is a byproduct of the cane and beet sugar refining process. Cane or beet juice is boiled into a syrupy mixture before the sugar crystals are removed, and the color and flavor of the resulting molasses depends on how many times the sugar is extracted.", "By evaporating what little water is left in the sugar syrup, crystallization takes place. Inside a sterilized vacuum pan, pulverized sugar is fed into the pan as the liquid evaporates, causing the formation of crystals. The remaining mixture is a thick mass of large crystals, which is sent to a centrifuge to spin and dry the crystals. The dried product is raw sugar, still inedible.", "sugar syrup – pastry syrup made with granulated sugar and water that is briefly boiled to dissolve the sugar, and then cooled. The ratio of sugar to water varies depending on the desired sweetness. Sugar syrup may have a flavoring such as vanilla or almond extract added, and is used when preparing cakes and pastries, such as a soaking syrup for sponge cakes, dilute fondant when making poured fondant, poach or sweeten fruit, and to make glazes. See Sugar and Caramel Stages .", "Corn Syrup: A glucose type syrup made from cornstarch, water and fructose. Glucose: Glucose is an invert sugar (primarily dextrose with some maltose, water and dextrin) usually produced from corn; it does not crystallize and inhibits crystallization of sucrose (sugar). For that reason, a small amount of glucose or corn syrup is often used where crystallization may be a problem, such as making caramel. It is thicker than corn syrup with less water.", "The http://www.lylesgoldensyrup.com/syrups.php site says \"Lyle's Golden Syrup hasn't changed in 127 years and is still made the same way it was all those years ago. The secret to Lyle's is the perfect blend of sugar molecules, which are continually refined throughout the process. This ensures that the highest quality standards are met for consumers to enjoy the sweet glistening syrup that they know and love. For those of you who are scientifically minded ... the sucrose molecule splits in half to give glucose and fructose sugars. This inverted syrup is blended back with the original syrup to give a partially inverted syrup. The secret of Lyle's Golden Syrup is the final blend of sucrose, glucose and fructose, which allows the syrup to be so thick and velvety without crystallizing.\"", "A spoon is similarly useful in processing jelly, sugar and syrup. A test sample of jelly taken from a boiling mass may be allowed to slip from a spoon in a sheet, in a step called \"sheeting\". At the \"crack\" stage, syrup from boiling sugar may be dripped from a spoon, causing it to break with a snap when chilled. When boiled to 240°F. and poured from a spoon, sugar forms a filament, or \"thread\". Hot syrup is said to \"pearl\" when it forms such a long thread without breaking when dropped from a spoon.", "Syrup: One or more types of sugar dissolved in water, often with small amounts of other compounds or impurities that give the syrup flavor.", "Maple syrup is the next most common liquid sweetener. Real maple syrup comes from certain parts of northeastern North America and is obtained by tapping trees, collecting sap and boiling. The heat concentrates the watery sap and caramelizes the natural sugars.", "A sweet, nonalcoholic syrup made from almonds or almond extract, sugar and rose or orange flower water.", "A sweet syrup made from water and sugar. It is quite easy to make: take 1 part sugar and 1 part water. Bring the water to a boil on stove top and dissolve the sugar in it. Once the sugar is dissolved completely, remove it from the heat and let it cool down before bottling. Store it in the refrigerator for up to 2 months.", "Water is only intended to aid in the dissolving of the sugar, and should be kept to a bare minimum. In fact it can be ommited entirely if you use simple syrup.", "When dripped from a spoon the syrup forms thick threads that when dropped in cold water can still be removed and molded into a ball shape. This hard ball will hold its shape and cannot be flattened. Used when making nougat, divinity, and marshmallows.", "A sweet red syrup, often and easily homemade by pureeing raspberries in a blender with a little bit of sugar.", "This is an old-time piece which has lately come into favor once more. It is more or less a wholesale piece, but is simple to make if the small shop has a sucker machine. It is made as follows: 10 pounds sugar, 10 pounds corn syrup, 1 quart water. Cook to 290 degrees F., then pour out on a slab. Fold in edges and use work up bar...Color and flavor to suit then spin in strips 1 1/4 inches thick and feed into sucker machine.\"", "A sweet syrup made from the sap of certain species of maple trees. Available in grocery stores.", "Robert, I also notice that your syrup is tan.  What kind of sugar do you use to make it? ", "2 parts regular sugar, 1 part water. Warm up till the sugar is melted. Cool down and keep refrigated in a bottle.", "In a saucepan, bring water to a boil. Stir in the sugar until it has completely dissolved.", "In a saucepan, bring water to a boil. Stir in the sugar until it has completely dissolved." ]

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[ "Habitrail, a product made by the Hagen corporation, is a series of translucent plastic tubes and \"houses\" for use in home terrariums, designed specially for small pets, such as mice or hamsters. The design of the Habitrail is modular and can be configured however the owner likes, as well as disassembled for cleaning. The Habitrail is meant to mimic the habitat of the animal in question, usually a warren, or series of underground tunnels. The mascot for Habitrail is \"Herbie the Hamster\", who even has a video game based on him called Habitrail Hamster Ball produced by Data Design Interactive in 2005 and released for the PS2, and the PC.", "Although Habitrails make fun and unique homes for hamsters or mice, they are rather small. This tends to be a problem for Syrian hamsters, who may not be able to fit through the tubes. This is typically common for pregnant Syrian hamsters. They often get lodged into the small and narrow mazes, making it quite an issue to get them out. Habitrails do not work well for dwarf hamsters, such as the Roborovski and White Russian types, as they can not climb up the tubes. In 2007, the Rolf C. Hagen Corp. updated the venerable Habitrail by introducing the Habitrail OVO, which features a very contemporary modular design that makes it easier to observe hamsters and maintain their housing.", "Habitrail cages are currently one of the most popular and iconic small rodent cages available; however, since the release of the Habitrail OVO the company has received a large number of complaints regarding their products, such as the tubes being far too large for dwarf species of hamster while also being too small for adult Syrians (particularly pregnant or overweight hamsters), for whom the Habitrail OVO was designed, leading to many hamsters being unable to access the water supply. However, after the growing popularity of the four dwarf species, Habitrail made a similar cage to the 2007 model with narrower tubes, specially designed for dwarfs. Many purchasers also soon find that the products are much smaller than they were led to believe. This is reinforced by the fact that the cumulative room does not meet, or indeed come close to, the recommended floor space that many organisations set, such as the RSPCA.", "To approach a urinal in the context of an art exhibit is definitely both strange and estranging. I remember when I first discovered that a toilet could be considered art. I was shocked and confused, considering that my initial understanding of art was bound up in notions of beauty and representational rendering. But once the shock gives way, the implications arouse thought. To a male viewer in a museum, a urinal is an easily recognizable item, an item that probably could be found at another location in that very same museum. This ability to \"identify\" the item lends itself to Burke�s \"identification.\" Rather than identify with the artist, who has no voice and is not physically present, the viewer can identify with the object or the \"agency.\" The object is a \"commonplace.\" Like Aristotle�s topics it is a common ground, a language which even the illiterate can understand (Burke, A Rhetoric,56).", "To develop their classification, they scoured writings from traditions such as Confucianism, Buddhism, ancient Greek philosophy, and medieval Islam. They examined lists of traits from Charlemagne, Benjamin Franklin, the Boy and Girl Scouts, Hallmark greeting cards, and Pokémon characters (2004: 15, 33–52). Naturally they came up with a huge list of traits, and needed some criteria to use to pare them down. Here are the 10 criteria they came up with (2004: 17–27):", "(i) The \"THIS IS ME\" realm of our everyday self, the space-and-time bound personality that is heavily influenced by habit, social conditioning and cultural patterns.", "Habitual Offender: A person, who has been convicted of multiple felonies, and who by force or habit has grown accustomed to a life in crime. Such offenders are usually, in case of further criminal convictions, given a severe punishment.", "denizen , dweller , habitant , inhabitant , indweller - a person who inhabits a particular place", "must ever live in a house, or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink", "HABIT - The shape or form of a plant, growing vertical, laterally, or rounded. It is important to know the habit of a plant so one can expect certain growth patterns.", "2. The habit image is copyright Dr. Amadej Trnkoczy as featured on the Calphotos website at http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/", "One particularly nasty customs inspector searched through my book bag, looking for subversive literature. Since he read little English, he demanded to know what each book was about, His face turned livid when he found a sociology textbook among my belongings, with the word sociology prominently displayed on the cover. \"Socialism!\" he shouted in a Grim voice. \"This book is about socialism!\" I tried to calm him down by explaining that sociology is something like psychology. But when he opened the book to the first Chapter, which was titled \"Revolutions in Social Theory,\" things hit that proverbial fan. The book stayed behind at the border, though I was permitted to enter the country albeit with some suspicion. Another man had a khaki-colored field jacket expropriated because it was 'military equipment.\" should be in good condition, with new steel-belted tires, a spare, an emergency tool kit, road flares, and flashlights with extra batteries.", "*British poet, essayist, and lexicographer Samuel Johnson is an example of an historical figure with a retrospective diagnosis of OCD. He had elaborate rituals for crossing the thresholds of doorways, and repeatedly walked up and down staircases counting the steps. ", "11. In this chapter, you read about an example of Target using shopping habit information to predict habit changes that accompany pregnancy. Having a baby is only one kind of significant life event. What shopping habits might you expect Target to identify for individuals going through significant life events such as buying a new home, getting married, or moving to a new city?", "If somebody comes to visit our house and they have bad habits we will tolerate them on short-term basis. Out of the graciousness of our heart, we won’t say anything. We will just put up with it and once they leave we will clean up behind them. However, if somebody comes to live with us, the rules are different. We may say, “Wait a minute. We have rules in this house. This is how we live here. We do not do these things in this house.”", "People who score high on the trait of conscientiousness tend to be more organized and less cluttered in their homes and offices. For example, their books tend to be neatly shelved in alphabetical order, or categorized by topic, rather than scattered around the room. Their clothes tend to be folded and arranged in drawers or closets instead of lying on the floor. The presence of planners and to-do lists are also signs of conscientiousness. Their homes tend to have better lighting than the homes of people who score low on this trait. Recently, ten behaviors strongly associated with conscientiousness were scientifically categorized (the number at the end of each behavior is a correlation coefficient; a negative number means conscientious people were less likely to manifest the behavior): ", "A closer look at the hipster aesthetic reveals an amalgamation of emblems taken from various subcultures: the urban farming and locavore food movements, the freegan lifestyle, DIY and handcraft entrepreneurs, the Occupy movement, and artist communities. Much like the Beats before them, these real-life countercultures celebrate principles of minimal consumption, sustainable living, and authentic experience, searching for ways to live outside the mainstream economy.", "6. .:  You have to appreciate this name (at least I do).  I like it… short, punchy and on-point.  Dwell offers modern furniture and home décor products.  The selection is not huge, but what they do offers is in line with their focus on all things modern and minimalist.", "David Brooks speaks of two vital virtues that are the remnants of “ourselves”. Those things that are remembered about us while we are here; and those that are remembered after we are gone. These are usually bound by our ‘core beliefs’ and are established over a period of time by the experiences that we face on a daily basis.", "I am a daily ritual involving using a metal tool on the body. What am I ??", "He recently told CBSLA that the line will appeal to all people especially on the days you want to do nothing but veg out. The line’s tag – “Embrace your inner slacker.”", "In Robert Gober’s sculptures Disappearing Sink, 1986 and Two Doors, 1989, the domestic landscape is exposed to reveal the ambiguities of everyday household objects and how one’s own memories are projected onto inanimate objects. By positioning objects such as doors and sinks out of context and stripping them of their ordinary functions, Gober challenges their familiarity, allowing them to act as a conduit to deeper psychological reservoirs. In a similar manner, a rare sculpture by Vija Celmins, from 1969-70, entitled Pencil is a six-foot long, artist’s pencil. By shifting the scale, a particularly surrealist technique, the ordinariness of a pencil is subverted, and the meaning of the object bizarrely displaced. The artist’s very own tool becomes a vehicle for self-portraiture.", "With the seemingly limitless number of things that someone could start collecting, it provokes the question of what it is that makes collectors out of so many of us. And what is it that compels us to collect the specific things we’ve chosen to collect? I’ve never had the slightest attraction to key rings —if I get a new one, I toss the old one—but something about them struck my daughter when she was a child, and by middle school , the multitude of key rings attached to her backpack nearly outweighed the pack and all its contents. In the language of collectors, she was an avid copoclephilist, although her passion for key rings disappeared overnight a few years later. I have never seen a hint of “the collector” in her since, so I’m somewhat doubtful of her ever becoming a lexiconophilist, which means my prodigious collection of dictionaries will be a very disappointing inheritance!", "I spent my early childhood in the company of Chibie and Allie, our nanny and cook, who always made time for me. I'd show up at their apartment on the third floor with a satchel filled with shiny jewels raided from my mother's jewelry box — her tourmaline engagement ring, her pearls, and her Jensen necklaces — and gave them with a flourish to Allie, who had many fewer bracelets, necklaces, and earrings than my mother did. I knew instinctively that there was a socioeconomic gap between Allie and our family. Still, as my friend, why shouldn't Allie have the same jewelry as Mommy? My Robin Hood–like jewelry-filching became so habitual that a routine of sorts developed: I would pirate the jewelry to Allie, who would then drag it all back upstairs to my parents' apartment, and by dinnertime, my mother would be back wearing her pearls and rings, no fingers pointed, no harm done.", "Cynthia was a nomad who never liked to settle long anywhere.  She loved to travel and needed the continuous stimulus of a wide variety of people, cultures and religions.  She wore her erudition lightly, but was immensely knowledgeable and well read on any number of subjects.  Amongst her passions could be listed cats and horses, crossword puzzles and detective novels.  She cared little about what she wore or luxuries of any kind, and always travelled light – never going anywhere without her notebook, camera and more recently her trusty computer.", "Carl Jung, the Swiss psychologist, developed a way to systematically examine eight basic tendencies toward which different types of people tend to gravitate: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. This booklet examines what these tendencies mean and how people with different characteristics often behave in meetings, why \"opposites\" may quite unintentionally aggravate each other, and how the people who run meetings can make the best use of these tendencies. A set of five statements is presented for each of the four groups of tendencies to allow readers to determine their own tendencies. The possible combinations of the 4 preferences results in 16 possible types. A chart briefly illustrates the uniqueness and commonality of the 16 types and is followed with instructions for using the chart. A discussion of four type interactions, described as the four temperaments, concludes the booklet. (MLF)", "d. How would you train an animal to create a specific habit? e. What if you were trying to encourage a habit in a friend? How would your “training” be different for a person than an animal?", "She had a cleanliness obsession. She used to wash her hands every ten minutes and follow guests around her house wiping everything they touched, especially doorknobs and pieces from her china set. She would never smoke a cigarette unless she opened the pack herself, and would never use another cigarette out of that pack if someone else had touched it.", "A follow-up to Grant McCracken's groundbreaking Culture and Consumption, this new book trades the usual platitudes about the consumer society for a more detailed, exacting anthropological treatment. Each section of the book pairs a brief essay with an academic article. The essay is designed for a quick, provocative glimpse of the topic; the article provides a deeper anthropological treatment. The book opens with a broadside against the now thoroughly conventionalized attack on the consumer culture. Essays follow on homes, cars, people, and social mobility; celebrities, consumerism, and self-invention; museums and the power of objects; the anthropology of advertising; and marketing, meaning management, and value. Like McCracken's previous volume, this new book is an engaging, informative, and eye-opening foray into modern consumer culture.", "The suggestive resonances of this concealed close relation are usefully explored in an idiosyncratic book written by French psychoanalyst Dominique Laporte titled History of Shit ([1978] 2002). Echoing aspects of Bauman’s argument, Laporte proposes that language, commerce, and the state have historically sought to contain and also to exploit the wastes—and here he includes subjective experiences that elude and threaten secure representation, as well as the wasted life produced by economic progress—that underpin them. These mechanisms of containment translate into tasks that become part of subjective life, economic relations, and civic structures. Laporte provides the example of the modern city, a place of economic exchange that emerged in concert with new strictures about public and private hygiene. The cycle of accumulation and expenditure of human life in the city is perpetually threatened by proliferating, intoxicating wastes, and these threats are managed by disciplinary mechanisms. Here, the citizen is impelled to divide life into units of value that, assigned to their proper place, can be put to profitable use: “To each his shit! proclaims a new ethic of the ego decreed by a State that entitles each subject to sit his ass on his own heap of gold.” 28 For Laporte, order is reinforced by state injunctions to be good housekeepers: by taking care of our waste, the health and prosperity of the city might be secured. 29", "For me, the mere thought that our aesthetic predilections are predetermined by our demographic profile is disconcerting. Can it really be true, for example, that only young people are drawn to Jackson Pollock paintings, or that only retirees would buy a Norman Rockwell wall calendar? (I get one free each year from my Realtor. Is he trying to tell me something?)", "Nostalgia has a very real and very tangible influence on our consumer tastes. Studies of music, movies, movie stars, fashion products, and cars show that styles popular during our youth can influence our lifelong preferences. We form lifelong attachments to things that we encounter in our late teens and early twenties, and we prefer these things amongst others." ]

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[ "Sir Richard Burton, in full Sir Richard Francis Burton (born March 19, 1821, Torquay, Devonshire , England—died October 20, 1890, Trieste , Austria-Hungary [now in Italy]), English scholar-explorer and Orientalist who was the first European to discover Lake Tanganyika and to penetrate hitherto-forbidden Muslim cities. He published 43 volumes on his explorations and almost 30 volumes of translations, including an unexpurgated translation of The Arabian Nights.", "CAPTAIN SIR RICHARD FRANCIS BURTON (1821–1890), a British author, soldier, and adventurer, was notoriously remembered for his scandalously unexpurgated translations of \"The Arabian Nights\" and the \"Kama Sutra,\" which scandalized and titillated Victorian readers. Other works of his include the translation of classic Hindu stories of magic and romance, \"Vikram and the Vampire or Tales of \"Hindu Devilry,\" journals of his globetrotting exploits through Africa and the Middle East, such as \"The Lake Regions of Central Africa,\" and his history on the sword, \"The Book of the Sword,\" written out of his love for fencing and weaponry.", "Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890) was an renown British explorer, writer, translator, and linguist who is best known for his travels within Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Of his many achievements, one of his most recognizable contributions is a translation of One Thousand and One Nights, also commonly known as The Arabian Nights. Kenneth C. Mondschein earned his Ph.D. in History at Fordham University. He lives in New York, NY. show more", "Burton's best-known achievements include travelling in disguise to Mecca, an unexpurgated translation of One Thousand and One Nights (also commonly called The Arabian Nights in English after Andrew Lang's abridgement), bringing the Kama Sutra to publication in English, and journeying with John Hanning Speke as the first Europeans led by Africa's greatest explorer guide, Sidi Mubarak Bombay, utilizing route information by Indian and Omani merchants who traded in the region, to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile. Burton extensively criticized colonial policies (to the detriment of his career) in his works and letters. He was a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including human behaviour, travel, falconry, fencing, sexual practices and ethnography. A unique feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations and unexpurgated information\" (Wikipedia).", "\"A Thousand and One Nights\" is translated by Richard Burton (1821-1890); it includes the stories of “Sindbad the Sailor,” “Aladdin and the Magic Lamp,” and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves.”", "Other works of note include a collection of Hindu tales, Vikram and the Vampire (1870); and his uncompleted history of swordsmanship, The Book of the Sword (1884). He also translated The Lusiads, the Portuguese national epic by Luís de Camões, in 1880 and, the next year, wrote a sympathetic biography of the poet and adventurer. The book The Jew, the Gipsy and el Islam was published posthumously in 1898 and was controversial for its criticism of Jews and for its assertion of the existence of Jewish human sacrifices. (Burton's investigations into this had provoked hostility from the Jewish population in Damascus (see the Damascus affair). The manuscript of the book included an appendix discussing the topic in more detail, but by the decision of his widow, it was not included in the book when published).", "Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890), British consul, explorer, translator, and Orientalist, was born at Barham House, Hertfordshire, England.", "His English translation from a French edition of the Arabic erotic guide The Perfumed Garden was printed as The Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology (1886). After Burton's death, Isabel burnt many of his papers, including a manuscript of a subsequent translation, The Scented Garden, containing the final chapter of the work, on pederasty. Burton all along intended for this translation to be published after his death, to provide an income for his widow, and also, as a final gesture of defiance against Victorian society.", "*Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads: A Commentary. Richard Francis Burton. 2 vols. London: Quaritch, 1881. ", "The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883) by Sir Richard Francis Burton and Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot, translators (\"Bears the dubious distinction of being the filthiest", "Richard Francis Burton 1821-1890 Sir Richard Burton, the explorer, adventurer, translator, and student of Eastern sexual customs, was born in Torquay, England. He received an irregular education, which included an expulsion from Oxford University. In 1842 Burton enlisted in army of the East India Company and went to India, where he learned the Persian, Hindustani, Afghan, and Arabic languages. Burton was the first European to reach Harar, the religious capital of Somaliland. He was the discoverer of Lake Tanganyika and explored in the Congo, the Cameroons, Dahomey, and Brazil. He was a pioneer ethnologist and anthropologist.", "����������� Charles Wilkins (1750-1836), a British scholar �translated Hitopadesha and the Bhagavadgita in English. His translation of the Bhagavadgita (London 1785), was first Sanskrit book to be directly translated into an European language. For his book 'Sanskrit Grammar' (1808), Sanskrit type was used for the first time in Europe, a type that the author himself had made. The Shakuntala episode of the Mahabharata (1793) was also his work.���", "In the following years, Burton entered the Foreign Service as consul and explored West Africa's coast, he traveled through Brazil and was later occupied in Damascus due to his high knowledge of the local culture. In the 1860's he founded the Anthropological Society of London, aiming to \"supply travelers with an organ that would rescue their observations from the outer darkness of manuscript and print their curious information on social and sexual matters\". Burton used the last years of his active work years publishing several traveling books that were well discussed due to controversial content, listed as pornographic by officials. Richard Francis Burton was knighted in 1886 by Queen Victoria herself and passed away four years later in Trieste.", "Texts.-- Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts, 5 vols. (London, 1868-70); Mueller, Vedic Hymns in Sacred Books of the East, XXXII; Oldenberg, Vedic Hymns, op. cit. XLVI; Bloomfield, The Atharva Veda, op. cit., XLII; Eggeling, The Satapatha Brahmana. op. cit., XII, XXVI, XLI; Mueller, The Upanishads, op. cit., XV; Oldenberg and Mueller, The Grihya-Sutras, op. cit., XXIX, XXX; Buehler, The Sacred Laws of the Aryas, op. cit., II, XIV; idem, The Laws of Manu, op. cit., XXV; Thibaut, The Vedanta-Sutra, op. cit. XXXIV, XXXVIII; Telang, The Bhagavad-Gita, op. cit VIII; Bournouf-Roussel, Le Bhagavata Purana, 5 vols. (Paris, 1898).", "Burton's writings are unusually open and frank about his interest in sex and sexuality. His travel writing is often full of details about the sexual lives of the inhabitants of areas he traveled through. Burton's interest in sexuality led him to make measurements of the lengths of the sexual organs of male inhabitants of various regions which he includes in his travel books. He also describes sexual techniques common in the regions he visited, often hinting that he had participated, hence breaking both sexual and racial taboos of his day. Many people at the time considered the Kama Shastra Society and the books it published scandalous.", "Yogananda, a renowned spiritual leader who died in 1952, offers a translation of and commentary on the Bhagavad Gita (\"Song of the Lord\"), the classic religious and philosophical text of Hindi culture in India. Yogananda explores concepts found within the work such as karma, yoga, prana, and chakras. 1995.", "����������� H.T. Colebrooke, a French Scholar (1765-1837) who edited and/or translated. The Shakuntala (1830) the Amarushataka (1831). The Hitopadesa (1804), the Amarakosa (1808), the Shatakatraya of Bhartrihari (1804), Samkhyakarika of Ishvarakrishna (1837) and two treatises on Hindu law of inheritance (1810). His work on algebra with arithmetic and mensuration based on Sanskrit works of Brahmagupta and Bhaskara preceded by a dissertation on the state of science as known to Hindus was published in 1917 in London. His Digest of the Hindu Law on Contracts and Recessions (1997-98) was a translation of composition, prepared by native scholars, on the law of succession and contract, from the Indian law books. He also wrote the 'Grammar of the Sanskrit Language' (1805).", "You can read the full text of the poem here. There is a reading of the poem by legendary film actor Richard Burton here:", "����������� William Dawight Whitney (1827-94), an American scholar , edited the Atharvaveda (1856) and wrote the Sanskrit Grammar (1879) and The Roots, Verb-forms and Primary Derivations of Sanskrit language (1885). He edited the Atharvaveda Pratishakhya (1862) and the Taittiriya Pratishakhya, with commentary and translation. He also edited and translated the Surya Siddhanta, a treatise on Astronomy and Astrology and produced the Oriental and Linguistic Studies in two volumes (1873-74).", "A German edition of Samaveda was published in 1848 by Theodor Benfey, and Satyavrata Samashrami published an edited Sanskrit version in 1873. An English translation was published by Ralph Griffith in 1893. A translation in Hindi by Mridul Kirti called \"Samveda Ka Hindi Padyanuvad\" has also been published recently.", "PatānjaliAphorisms of Yoga. Translated into English with a commentary by Shree Purohit Swami. London: Faber, 1938.", "An early poetry translation by Romesh Chunder Dutt and published in 1898 condenses the main themes of the Mahabharata into English verse. A later poetic \"transcreation\" (author's own description) of the full epic into English, done by the poet P. Lal, is complete, and in 2005 began being published by Writers Workshop, Calcutta. The P. Lal translation is a non-rhyming verse-by-verse rendering, and is the only edition in any language to include all slokas in all recensions of the work (not just those in the Critical Edition). The completion of the publishing project is scheduled for 2010. Sixteen of the eighteen volumes are now available.", "rambachan, anantanand. the limits of scripture: vivekananda's reinterpretation of the vedas. honolulu: university of hawaii press, 1994.", "A related word Vedena appears in hymn 8.19.5 of the Rigveda. It was translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith as \"ritual lore\", as \"studying the Veda\" by the 14th century Indian scholar Sayana, as \"bundle of grass\" by Max Müller, and as \"with the Veda\" by H.H. Wilson. ", "On July 14, 1882 Mons Leon Delbios said in a paper read on the Vedas when Victor Hugo was in the chair, says: \"There is a no monument of Greece or Rome more previous than the Rig Veda.\" When Voltaire was presented with a copy of the Yajurveda he said, \"It was the most precious gift for which the West has been for ever indebted to the East.\" ", "The first complete English translation was the Victorian prose version by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, published between 1883 and 1896 (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) and by M. N. Dutt (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers). Most critics consider the translation by Ganguli to be faithful to the original text. The complete text of Ganguli's translation is in the public domain and is available online. ", "** Harold Walter Bailey, English scholar of Khotanese, Sanskrit, and the comparative study of Iranian languages (b. 1899)", "Ralph T. H. Griffith also presented English translations of the four Samhitas, published 1889 to 1899.", "Ramnath Vedalankar’s article entitled- Dayananda’s unique contribution to Vedic interpretation in World Perspectives on Swami Dayananda Saraswathi– Editor, Ganga Ram Garg, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1984, p.11", "Joshi, P. B., Victoria Mahotsava, or Verses in Commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee of Her Majesty’s Reign (Bombay: Tatva-Vivechaka Press, 1897)", "The Works of George Herbert in Prose and Verse ; 1881, New York: John Wurtele Lovell, Pub.; pp. 440 & 454.", "P. V. (Pandurang Vaman) Kane, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. V. Part II, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1962, Chapter XXV, pp. 1003–1030. [Back]" ]

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[ "In Basketball it’s called a Tip Off, in Football a Kick off what is it called in Ice Hockey? Face off", "A face-off is the method used to begin play in ice hockey and some other sports. The two teams line up in opposition to each other, and the opposing skaters attempt to gain control of the puck after it is dropped between their sticks by an official. Face-offs are generally handled by centres, although some wingers handle face-offs and very rarely, some defensemen as well. One of the referees drops the puck at centre ice to start each period and following the scoring of a goal. The linesmen are responsible for all other face-offs.", "Faceoff - A faceoff is the method used to begin play. The two teams line up in opposition to each other, and the opposing centres attempt to gain control of the puck after it is dropped between their sticks by an official.", "Kick-off : following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. [10]", "The opening kickoff - At the very beginning of the game, the head referee flips a coin and the home team captain calls out which side of the coin will be face up. If correct, that captain may choose to kick off or to receive the opening kickoff or allow the visiting team captain to make that choice. Once the kicking and receiving teams are decided, the team captain who lost the coin toss gets to decide which goal his or her team will defend during the first half. This initial play is called the kickoff, and typically involves a long kick down field from one team to the other, with the team that kicked the ball rushing towards the team receiving the ball in order to prevent them from running the ball a long ways back towards the kicking team's end zone. After halftime, there is a second kickoff by whichever team did not perform the opening kickoff. Throughout the second half, the end zones each team defends is the one opposite the end zone that team defended in the first half.", "Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponent’s goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport (typically field hockey or ice hockey[1]) is generally referred to simply as hockey.", "Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play. ( Law 8 ).", "Play is started (and restarted after a goal is scored and after half-time) by a pass-back in the centre of the field. A face-off, or bully, is used to restart the game after an injury or equipment time-out, following simultaneous penalties by both teams, or when the ball becomes trapped in a player’s clothing. In a face-off two players, one from each team, face each other with the ball on the ground between them. After alternately tapping the ground and then his opponent’s stick three times, each player tries to strike the ball, thus putting it into play. There are various provisions for putting the ball into play in case it goes off the field.", "The three major rules of play in ice hockey that limit the movement of the puck: \"offside\", \"icing\", and the puck going out of play. A player is \"offside\" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself. Under many situations, a player may not \"ice the puck\", shoot the puck all the way across both the centre line and the opponent's goal line. The puck goes \"out of play\" whenever it goes past the perimeter of the ice rink (onto the player benches, over the \"glass,\" or onto the protective netting above the glass) and a stoppage of play is called by the officials using whistles. It also does not matter if the puck comes back onto the ice surface from those areas as the puck is considered dead once it leaves the perimeter of the rink.", "Ice hockey is simply known as hockey in the United States and Canada. It is a team sport, until the goalie makes a mistake, played on a ice rink. Ice hockey is a fast and furious game in which 2 teams of 6 players aim to score points by hitting a small rubber puck into the opposing team’s goal using wooden sticks. The game is divided into 3 periods of 20 minutes. Ice hockey is an Olympic sport.", "Ice hockey is played on a hockey rink . During normal play, there are six players per side on the ice at any time, one of them being the goaltender, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the puck , into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players use their sticks to pass or shoot the puck.", "Ice hockey is played on a hockey rink . During normal play, there are six players per side on the ice at any time, one of them being the goaltender, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the puck , into the opponent’s goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players use their sticks to pass or shoot the puck.", "Rules and playing styles can differ from area to area depending upon the traditions a certain group has set aside. In informal play, the game often begins one of two ways: 1) a so-called \"NHL face-off\", in which the two opposing centers hit their sticks against each other three times saying \"N\", \"H\", \"L\". Immediately following the \"L\" the two players fight to see who claims possession of the ball or puck 2) One team simply takes the ball or puck out from behind their own goalie net, similar to how a basketball game resumes when one team scores a basket.", "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent’s net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender , and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team.", "Ice Hockey — a contact sport which is played on ice while wearing skates and using a stick to hit a puck into a goal.", "FACEOFFS The action of the Referee or Linesman in dropping the puck between the sticks of two opposing players to start or resume play.", "Ice hockey is played between two teams of skaters on a large flat area of ice, using a three-inch-diameter (76.2 mm) vulcanized rubber disc called a puck. This puck is often frozen before high-level games to decrease the amount of bouncing and friction on the ice. The game is played all over North America, Europe and to varying extents in many other countries around the world. It is the most popular sport in Canada, Finland, Latvia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Ice hockey is the national sport of Latvia and the national winter sport of Canada. Ice hockey is played at a number of levels, by all ages. ", "The ice hockey puck has gone through a number of changes over the years. The earliest games of ice hockey were played with balls: we know this because an 1875 article in the Montreal Gazette says so: “Hockey is played usually with a ball, but last night, in order that no accident should happen, a flat block of wood was used so that it should slide along the ice without rising, and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort.” The word puck itself supposedly appears in the pages of the Montreal Gazette the following year, though this can’t be substantiated by etymologists.", "However in in-line hockey clearing is equivalent of ice hockey’s icing. If the puck is passed by a defensive player over the center line and the goal line without being touched by a player the referee stops play and brings it back into the defensive zone for a face-off.", "A deflection is a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. Headmanning the puck, also known as breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. Loafing , also known as cherry-picking , is when a player, usually a forward, skates behind an attacking team, instead of playing defense, in an attempt to create an easy scoring chance.", "A deflection is a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. Headmanning the puck, also known as breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. Loafing, also known as cherry-picking, is when a player, usually a forward, skates behind an attacking team, instead of playing defense, in an attempt to create an easy scoring chance.", "hockey game , ice hockey , hockey - a game played on an ice rink by two opposing teams of six skaters each who try to knock a flat round puck into the opponents' goal with angled sticks", "The ball can be kicked in any direction and is used as an attacking option or to gain territory. There are three types of kicks used; the punt, drop kick and place kick. To punt the ball the player must kick the ball before it touches the ground. A drop kick occurs if the ball first bounces on the ground before being kicked. With a place kick the ball must be placed on the ground (usually on a kicking tee or in sand) before being kicked. Slight variations that commonly occur are taps, when a player kicks the ball a very short distance and regathers it, and toe-throughs, when a player kicks the ball along the ground instead of diving on it or picking it up.", "Though there are variations on what icing is, the most basic explanation for it is this: icing is when a player who is behind the center-ice line shoots the puck across the center ice line, the defensive zone blue line, and past the goal line without the puck ending up in the net or being touched by the defending goalie. Icing can be waved off (canceled) at the discretion of an official, and if a team that is shorthanded ices the puck, or the puck is iced immediately after a face-off , the penalty is always waved off.", "There are many other little tactics used in the game of hockey. Pinching is the term used when a defencemen pressures the opposition's winger in the offensive zone when they are breaking out, attempting to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone. A saucer pass is a pass used when an opposition's stick or body is in the passing lane. It is the act of raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammates' stick.", "roving a team's position on the ice by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line. NHL rules instated for the 2006 season redefined icing to make the two-line pass legal; a player may pass the puck from behind his own blue line, past both that blue line and the centre red line, to a player in front of the opponents' blue line. Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposely directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to shoot the puck.Peter Bondra of the Atlanta Thrashers shoots the puck and scores behind Roberto Luongo of the Florida PanthersA deflection is a shot which redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot which is struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. A deke (short for decoy) is a feint with the body and/or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Headmanning the puck, also known as cherry-picking or breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice.", "Main articles: Shot (ice hockey) , Slapshot , Wrist shot , Snap shot (ice hockey) , Backhand slapshot , Offside (ice hockey) , and Extra attacker", "A hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the \"biscuit\" in the \"basket\" (colloquial for the goal/net) is to score a goal.", "Goal - A goal provides a team with one point. A goal is scored when a puck completely crosses the goal line within the goal frame.", "Goal: When the puck crosses the goal line inside the net it is a goal.   The referee normally makes this determination. The word \"goal\" is also used to refer the net itself that a four foot by six foot structure of pipe enclosed by netting.", "Time is resumed the upon the first player touching the ball after the kick to restart.", "Goal line - The line that the puck must completely cross in order to be considered a goal." ]

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[ "1964 – Northern Rhodesia gained independence from the United Kingdom and was renamed Zambia after the Zambezi river which flows through the country.", "The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until takeover by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964.", "Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa, formed in 1911. It became independent in 1964 as Zambia.", "The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign in 2002, which resulted in the 2003 arrest of the previous president Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters. Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in the National Assembly.", "The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign in 2002, which resulted in the prosecution of former President Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters in late 2003. Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in the National Assembly.", "The British had already decided in 1962 that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede from the federation. A conference held in early '63 at Victoria Falls was seen a last-ditch attempt to maintain the federation. It failed. It was announced on 1 February 1963 that the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland would be broken up. Nyasaland achieved independence, within the Commonwealth, as Malawi on 6 July 1964. Northern Rhodesia became independent as Zambia on 24 October that year. White settlers in Southern Rhodesia announced a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965.", "* October 24 – Northern Rhodesia, a former British protectorate, becomes the independent Republic of Zambia, ending 73 years of British rule.", "The geographical the term ‘Rhodesia’ referred to a region generally comprising the areas that are today Zambia and Zimbabwe. Zambia was called Northern Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia. Between 1953 and 1963 the two were part of the three countries that formed the federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. After the federation Northern Rhodesia became independent, introduced majority rule and was named Zambia. However Southern Rhodesia was renamed the Republic of Rhodesia. In 1979 Southern Rhodesia was named Zimbabwe-Rhodesia during the transition to majority rule. It was renamed Zimbabwe at independence in 1980.", "While the chiefs conferred, Northern Rhodesia became independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, emulating Nyasaland, which had achieved statehood as Malawi three months earlier. Reasoning that it was no longer necessary to refer to itself as \"Southern\" in the absence of a northern counterpart, Southern Rhodesia began calling itself simply Rhodesia. The same day, the commander of the Rhodesian Army, Major-General John \"Jock\" Anderson, resigned, announcing publicly that he was doing so because of his opposition to UDI, which he said he could not go along with because of his oath of allegiance to the Queen. Interpreting this as a sign that Smith intended to declare independence if a majority backed it in the referendum, Wilson wrote a stiff letter to Smith on 25 October, warning him of the consequences of UDI, and demanding \"a categorical assurance forthwith that no attempt at a unilateral declaration of independence on your part will be made\". Smith expressed confusion as to what he had done to provoke this, and ignored it.", "Rhodesia was an earlier name for the country now called Zimbabwe. It was named after Cecil Rhodes, who was a British imperialist and colonist. He is not well loved by native Africans, which is why they changed the name.", "On January 1, 1964, the Federation of Rhodesia was dissolved upon the independence of Malawi and Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia). Southern Rhodesia remained a British colony and became known as Rhodesia. On March 2, 1970, the white minority Rhodesian Front government, led by Ian Smith, severed ties with the British crown; Smith declared Rhodesia an independent republic. An armed campaign was initiated by ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union) and ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union) against the Smith government. Due to the ongoing civil war, most of the Jewish population emigrated. After years of conflict, on April 18, 1980, the country became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe. The former capital, Salisbury was renamed Harare.", "Although the British government had initially told the White Southern Rhodesians that they would be granted independence, this undertaking was reneged upon. Incensed at the betrayal - particularly because White Rhodesians had been so loyal to Britain in the past, the majority party in the Southern Rhodesian Parliament, then issued the famous UDI - or Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. In 1970, the country declared itself a republic, changing its name from Rhodesia to the Republic of Rhodesia, and adopting a new flag, with a Latin logo: Nomine sit Digna - First with Dignity.", "In early 1964, Northern Rhodesia held another election, which was based on universal adult suffrage. The results of this election gave UNIP a decisive majority win, Kaunda was elected Prime Minister, and Northern Rhodesia was granted full independence on 24 October 1964.", "Tuesday trivia: What are the modern names of the African countries once called Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia?", "1979: Bishop Abel Muzorewa became Rhodesias first black Prime Minister. On 1 June, the country changed its name to Zimbabwe.", "Field's government was startled by Britain's announcement in October 1963 that Nyasaland would become fully independent on 6 July 1964. While no date was set for Northern Rhodesian statehood, it was generally surmised that it was going to follow shortly thereafter. Smith was promptly sent to London, where he held a round of inconclusive Southern Rhodesian independence talks with the new British Prime Minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Home. Around the same time, the presence and significance of Section 111 of the 1961 constitution emerged in Southern Rhodesia, prompting speculation in political circles that a future British government might, if it were so inclined, go against previous conventions by legislating for Salisbury without its consent, withdrawing devolved powers or otherwise altering the Southern Rhodesian constitution. Fearing what the Labour Party might do if it won the next British general election (which was projected for late 1964), the Southern Rhodesians stepped up their efforts, hoping to win independence before Britain went to the polls, and preferably not after Nyasaland. The Federation dissolved as scheduled at the end of 1963.", "Rhodesia was originally a British colony. Although decolonisation in Africa had begun after World War II, it began accelerating in the early 1960s, causing Britain to negotiate independence rapidly with several of its colonies. During this period, it adopted a foreign policy called NIBMAR, or No Independence Before Majority African Rule, mandating democratic reforms that placed governance in the hands of the majority black Africans. The governing white minority of Rhodesia, led by Ian Smith, opposed the policy and its implications. On 11 November 1965, Rhodesia's minority white government made a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) from the United Kingdom, as it became apparent that negotiations would not lead to independence under the white regime.", "Tuesday trivia: What are the modern names of the African countries once called Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia ?", "* In Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), a unique situation arose following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, unrecognised by the United Kingdom. The Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith recognised Elizabeth II as \"Queen of Rhodesia\", but refused to recognise the authority of her Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs, whose duties were performed by an Officer Administering the Government, Clifford Dupont (b. 1905–d. 1978). Dupont served in the post until 2 March 1970, when Rhodesia was declared a republic (an act also unrecognised internationally) and he became President. The country became an independent republic within the Commonwealth as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980.", "1980 - Independence / Zimbabwe - April 24th, 1980: \" Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia, gains independence from Britain.\"", "The British arrived in the 1880s, and with a royal charter for British South Africa Company, Matabeleland became Southern Rhodesia in 1898. Though the native people rebelled against the Europeans, Southern Rhodesia became a British colony in 1923. The British united Rhodesia with its other colony, Nyasaland in 1953, but the union was unsuccessful and ended a decade later with the division into three colonies. Southern Rhodesia declared independence from the UK in 1965, and became the Republic of Rhodesia in 1970. The country's independence was not recognized until 1979 when it became Zimbabwe, holding its first elections the following year. Since independence, Zimbabwe has suffered some unrest, particularly under the rule of Robert Mugabe. The Matabeleland Massacres from 1982 to 1985 saw the killing and mistreatment of many Matabele people. There have also been problematic elections in Zimbabwe, including those in 2005.", "     In 1965 its white minority government declared a \"Unilateral Declaration of Independence\" from the United Kingdom. This was not recognised and the country was considered to be in \"rebellion against the Crown\". All colonial ties were formally severed in 1970 when Rhodesia declared itself a republic. Following a short return to British rule in 1979, the country achieved its independence as the Republic of Zimbabwe in April of 1980 under an African majority rule.", "Rhodesia: Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia in 1928, 1960, and 1964.", "Zimbabwe Rhodesia was the (largely unrecognised) name of Zimbabwe during 1979 , adopted by Rhodesia soon after an Internal Settlement between the white minority Rhodesian Government led by Ian Smith and small, moderate African nationalist parties not involved in the war that had been raging in the country since 1977.", "Named after Cecil John Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company had acquired huge gold-mining rights under a 1888 treaty, Rhodesia became a British colony under white rule in 1923. By the 1950s, however, the independence movement was gathering force. The British government had issued a directive that was known as 'Nibmar': no independence before majority African rule. This was meant to ensure that countries such as Rhodesia could not receive independence without introducing majority rule. The white Rhodesian government under Ian Smith considered this a betrayal and, in 1965, Smith issued the infamous unilateral declaration of independence (UDI), freeing the country from British rule and heralding 15 years of international sanctions. Smith's decision would lead to a fierce guerrilla war (known as the bush war to the whites), led by two African liberation movements, Zanu, fronted by Robert Mugabe, who represented the majority Shona people, and the Zapu of Joshua Nkomo, a minority Matabele from the south, and financed by the Soviet Union, North Korea and China. Increasingly isolated and under severe economic pressure, Smith finally agreed to a form of majority rule in 1979. A year later, following a peace conference at Lancaster House in London, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia became plain Zimbabwe and Mugabe was the first freely elected black president.", "1965 – Southern Rhodesia, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom to become Rhodesia.", "The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was a semi-independent state in southern Africa that existed from 1953 to the end of 1963 , comprising the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland protectorates.", "The United Kingdom annexed Southern Rhodesia from the British South Africa Company in 1923, when the country got its own government and Prime Minister. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favoured whites in power. In 1965, the government unilaterally declared independence, but the UK did not recognize it and demanded more complete voting rights for the black African majority. UN sanctions and a guerilla struggle finally led to both free elections and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980.", "In 1965 Rhodesia, led by its leader Ian Smith, declared independence from United Kingdom. The country was run by a minority of approximately a quarter million whites, who had both the political and economic power. This illegal declaration of independence led to economic sanctions against the new country, first from the United Kingdom, later from the United Nations. 1972 saw the beginning of a seven year long guerilla war between black nationalists and the Rhodesian security forces.", "The Rhodesian government agreed to a ceasefire in 1979. For a brief period, Rhodesia reverted to the status of British colony, until early 1980 when elections were held. The ZANU party, led by the Shona independence leader Robert Mugabe, defeated the popular Ndebele candidate Joshua Nkomo, solidified their rule over independent Zimbabwe. Matabeleland and Mashonaland continued as provinces of this new nation.", "11 Nov - Prime Minister Ian Smith unilaterally declared Rhodesian independent under white minority rule, sparking international outrage and economic sanctions. Great Britain declared this action illegal and banned trade with Rhodesia. The Unilateral Declaration of Independence was issued under 1965 Constitution. The new Constitution was based on the 1961 Constitution, amended as necessary to suit a fully independent Sovereign State", "11 November – In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white minority regime of Ian Smith unilaterally declares independence." ]

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[ "Claim:   The Chevrolet Nova sold poorly in Spanish-speaking countries because its name translates as \"doesn't go\" in Spanish.", "Chances are you've heard how Chevrolet had problems marketing the Chevy Nova automobile in Latin America. Since \"no va\" means \"it doesn't go\" in Spanish, the oft-repeated story goes, Latin American car buyers shunned the car, forcing Chevrolet to embarrassedly pull the car out of the market.", "Origins:   It's the classic cautionary tale about the pitfalls of doing business in foreign countries that can be found in hundreds (if not thousands) of books about marketing: General Motors introduced their Chevrolet Nova model of automobile into a Spanish-speaking market, then scratched their heads in puzzlement when it sold poorly. GM executives were baffled until someone finally pointed out to them that \"nova\" translates as \"doesn't go\" in Spanish. The embarrassed automobile giant changed the model name to the Caribe, and sales of the car took off.", "* The Chevrolet Nova sold very well in Latin American markets; General Motors did not need to rename the car. While \"no va\" does mean \"it doesn't go\" in Spanish, \"nova\" is understood as \"new\" and drivers in Mexico and Venezuela where it was first sold bought it eagerly. There was no need to change the model name, as is still claimed there was. ", "This story is true, although there was no blunder involved because the car was marketed under a different name from the beginning. In Spanish-speaking countries, this model has been sold as the Montero.", "General Motors Company (also known as GM) is a United States based and world's third largest automaker with headquarters in Detroit. General Motors is responsible for the most striking and legendary automotive designs ever created in steel and glass. GTO, Camaro, Corvette, Cutlass, Riviera, El Camino, Eldorado are just few. These brands mean more than just vehicles becoming cultural icons, part of our collective identity as Americans. At GM, they take great pride in GM's history, mining it for inspiration even as they forge a new and brighter future. \"Becoming a legend requires innovation. Remaining a legend requires hard work, diligence, and commitment.\" Those two sentences completely describes the company's philosophy and politics. Together with its partners GM produces cars and trucks in thirty four countries, and sell these vehicles by the following brands: Chevrolet, Cadillac, GMC, Buick, Holden, GM Daewoo, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. Currently GM mainly focuses on 4 main American Brands. But as their customers are the most important part of GM's business, they remain committed to meeting your sales, warranty and service required for Pontiac, Hummer, Saab and Saturn brands.", "The one bit of supporting evidence offered to back up this legend is spurious as well. General Motors, we're told, finally wised up and changed the model name of their automobile from Nova to Caribe, after which sales of the car \"took off.\" One small problem with this claim: the Caribe sold in Mexico was manufactured by Volkswagen, not General Motors. (The Caribe was the model name used by VW in Mexico for the car more commonly known in the USA as the Volkswagen Golf.) The Nova's model name was never changed for the Spanish-speaking market.", "Sometime during April of 1965, long before any official announcement was made by General Motors’ Chevrolet Division, reports had begun circulating that Chevrolet was preparing to build a vehicle code-named “Panther” in the newly identified Pony/Musclecar category. This mysterious new vehicle was intended to compete directly with the highly successful Ford Mustang. The Ford Mustang was introduced in late 1964, as a “new for” 1965 model, and received rave reviews and huge sales numbers. Not to be outdone . . . GM had an ace up their sleeve to face this Ford rival, head on.", "(Spanish) In English: \"the road\". A trademark of Chevrolet , the 1959 El Camino was a half-car (front) and half-truck (back) with low walls surrounding the bed. In other words, it used the coupé utility body style. El Camino is used by some in the US as a generic term for any passenger car with an integral cargo bed. While the 1957 Ford Ranchero with similar body style debuted before the El Camino, it did not have the success of its Chevrolet counterpart.", "Historically, many Latin American-market vehicles from GM were modified derivatives of older models from GM's North American and European operations. The current S10 and Blazer exemplify this strategy. However, more modern vehicles are now being marketed as market conditions change and competition increases. Besides those older models made in Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, and Mercosur countries, Korean sourced cars from former Daewoo factories some markets also get Korean and U.S. made Chevrolet on top of their local line-ups.", "When the Second World War broke out the operations were complicated. In 1941, 250.000 Chevrolets were made, but shortage of parts made car production impossible. The last Chevrolet left the plant in August, 1942. though in order to avoid total stoppage, the company made electrical and portable refrigerators and car accessories in addition to other items. After the war, GM started producing the Oldsmobile and Pontiac lines and later Chevrolet was added.", "Chevrolet had a great influence on the American automobile market during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1953 it produced the Corvette, a two-seater sports car with a fiberglass body. In 1957 Chevy introduced its first fuel injected engine, the Rochester Ramjet option on Corvette and passenger cars, priced at $484. In 1960 it introduced the Corvair, with a rear-mounted air-cooled engine. In 1963 one out of every ten cars sold in the United States was a Chevrolet. ", "* Chevrolet Chevy – Mexico, for the 2004 Corsa-derived Chevy C2, facelifted in late 2008 as a 2009 model year. It was discontinued in spring 2012.", "Some Chevrolet dealers were disappointed with the El Camino being dropped for 1961. They had liked the extra sales provided by the half car/half truck. They were also aware, of course, that Ford was still very much in the game with the new compact Ranchero, which was selling well.", "Nissan's minivan Moco doesn't do so well in Spanish-speaking markets. Especially green ones. Distributors in Santiago, Chile asked that the vehicle be renamed since Moco is the Spanish word for mucous.", "The last Chevrolet went out of the plant in August, 1942. In order to avoid the total stoppage, the company made electrical and portable refrigerators and car accessories amongst other items. After the war, GM started producing the Oldsmobile and Pontiac lines and later Chevrolet is added.", "\"Go\" is the Japanese word for the number 5. Thus \"Mach-go\" is the name of the car (\"go\" also being a suffix attached to the names of ships, etc.), which would be called the Mach 5 in the American adaptation", "Oldsmobile was a brand of American automobiles produced for most of its existence by General Motors. Olds Motor Vehicle Co. was founded by Ransom E. Olds in 1897. In its 107-year history, it produced 35.2 million cars, including at least 14 million built at its Lansing, Michigan factory. When it was phased out in 2004, Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American automobile marque, and one of the oldest in the world, after Daimler, Peugeot and Tatra. Though it was closed in 2004, it still remains an active trademark of the General Motors Corporation. The closing of the Oldsmobile division presaged a larger consolidation of GM brands and discontinuation of models during the company's 2009 bankruptcy reorganization.", "General motors made a car named \"Opel Ascona\". This model sold poorly in Galicia, the northwestern region of Spain. In the galician and also portuguese languages, the term is similar to the term for female genitalia.", "There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula (\"Today Does Not Run\", or \"One Day without a Car\"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.", "Ford's Pinto didn't do well in Brazil. Pinto is Brazilian slang for \"male genitals\". Ford renamed the car the Corcel, which means horse or steed.", "SEAT. It’s a funny name for a car company. Until you realize they’re Spanish and that it’s an acronym for Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo. That means Spansih Touring Car Company. Still pretty silly really but they’re Spanish and they can’t help themselves. They have a number of cars, all economically minded and designed for those small but quaint streets of Europe. And one of SEAT’s most interesting cars I the little firecracker they call the Leon.", "The \"Deora\", Chrysler's concept pickup from 1965, was given that name because they thought it was the female form of \"golden\" in Spanish (it's actually \"Dorada\"). Maybe they got confused when they heard \"de oro\", which means \"(made) of gold\", and simply exchanged an \"o\" for an \"a\".", "The automaker would continue to draw upon the bullfighting connection in future years. The Islero was named for the Miura bull that killed the famed bullfighter Manolete in 1947. Espada is the Spanish word for sword, sometimes used to refer to the bullfighter himself. The Jarama's name carried a special double meaning; intended to refer only to the historic bullfighting region in Spain, Ferruccio was concerned about confusion with the also historic Jarama motor racing track.", "* A letter indicating the type of rolling unit: M for a car with both engines and driver's cabin (Spanish Motor), R for an engineless car, with or without drivers cabin (Spanish Remolque) and S for a cabinless car with engines (Spanish motor Sin cabina).", "In spite of their problems Yugo America and its plucky Serbian supplier were preparing a fightback in the late 1980s. They'd produced an ingenious Yugo cabriolet that was being tooled up for production. An automatic transmission was being sourced from Renault. A larger car, the Florida, had been styled by Giugiaro and was in the early manufacturing stages.", "The original Ducellier alternator supplied with the early production DMC-12s could not provide enough current to supply the car when all lights and electrical options were on; as a result, the battery would gradually discharge, leaving the driver stranded on the road. This happened to De Lorean owner Johnny Carson shortly after he was presented with the vehicle. Later cars were fitted from the factory with a higher output Motorola alternator which solved this problem.", "Although the Convertible firebird was not an Official Product of GM, and if your considering purchasing one and are worried about this fact keep the following in mind. ", "A letter indicating the type of rolling unit: M for a car with both engines and driver's cabin (Spanish Motor), R for an engineless car, with or without drivers cabin (Spanish Remolque) and S for a cabinless car with engines (Spanish motor Sin cabina).", "Little-Known Fact: The aluminum ZL-1 427 V-8 in the 9560 COPO Camaro is essentially a race engine. Chevy originally developed this 427 motor for the Chaparral racing team to use in the Can Am series. There are no external emblems on a ZL-1 Camaro that let you know what's under the hood—only plain-vanilla Camaro badges.", "The Toyota Corona () is an automobile manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota between 1957 and 2002. Traditionally, the competitor from Nissan was the Nissan Bluebird. The word Corona is Latin for \"crown\", a reference to an earlier vehicle Toyota offered called the Toyota Crown. It was exclusive to Toyopet Store dealership channels in Japan, while the larger Crown was available only at Toyota Store locations.", "1977. Lamborghini dise�a el Cheetah para Mobility Technology International Company. Es un todo terreno de motor central previsto para uso civil y militar." ]

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[ "Whenever we hear the name General Douglas MacArthur, the first thing that comes to our mind was the promise he made after he was forced to leave the Philippines in 1942 which is the famous “I shall return”. He was able to realize this oath on October 20, 1944. It is one of the most remarkable events not only here in the Philippines but of United States as well. Hence, both countries commemorate the Leyte Gulf Landing or more popularly known as Leyte Gulf Landing every 20th day of October. It had been written down on history as the turning point of the World War II, we have read about it since grade school but there are still so many things we don’t know about this momentous event and the person who became the symbol of our liberation from the oppression of Japanese Empire. So let me take you back to one of the darkest time in the history of mankind and let us get to know the man who did not only changed the course of World War II, but of the entire world’s future as well.", "October 20, 1944 - During World War II in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur set foot on Philippine soil for the first time since his escape in 1942, fulfilling his promise, \"I shall return.\"", "October 20, 1944 - During World War II in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur set foot on Philippine soil for the first time since his escape in 1942, fulfilling his promise, \"I shall return.\"", "In October 1944, General  Douglas MacArthur  and his Sixth Army returned to the  Philippines  by way of the island of Leyte. More than two and a half years had passed since MacArthur had reluctantly abandoned his troops in the Philippines, retreating to Australia, where he had vowed, \" I shall return. \" After he waded ashore MacArthur delivered his famous \"I have returned\" speech. Offshore the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Navy waged the largest naval battle in the history of warfare. The  Battle of Leyte Gulf  destroyed the Japanese Navy as an effective fighting force. It was during this battle that U.S. sailors first witnessed the  kamikaze  attacks that would become commonplace five months later in the battle of Okinawa. As many as sixty-five thousand Japanese soldiers died defending Leyte. More than 15,000 Americans were killed or wounded.", "In 1941, the Philippine Commonwealth was a semi-independent commonwealth of the United States. The Philippine Army was commanded by American General Douglas MacArthur, and the Philippines was one of the first countries invaded by the Empire of Japan; combined Filipino and American forces maintained a stubborn resistance against the invasion. General MacArthur was ordered by the President to withdraw his headquarters to Australia, where he made his famous statement \"I came out of Bataan, and I shall return\". The Americans in the Philippines surrendered at Corregidor, on 6 May 1942.", "In 1941, the Philippines was a semi-independent commonwealth of the United States. The Philippine Army was commanded by the U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and the Philippines was one of the first countries invaded by Japan. Filipino forces and the U.S. Army maintained a stubborn resistance (see: Philippines campaign of 1941-42). MacArthur withdrew his headquarters to Australia, where he made his famous statement \"I came out of Bataan and I shall return\". Allied forces in the Philippines officially surrendered at Corregidor, on May 8, 1942.", "For subsequent operations, Admiral Ernest J. King and other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and attacking Formosa (Taiwan) to give the Americans and Australians control of the sea routes between Japan and southern Asia. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur championed an invasion of the Philippines, which also lay across the supply lines to Japan. Leaving the Philippines in Japanese hands would be a blow to American prestige and a personal affront to MacArthur, who in 1942 had famously pronounced \"I shall return.\"", "1880 - Douglas MacArthur (U.S. Army General and Commander of Allied Forces, WWII: “I shall return.”, “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”; died Apr 5, 1964)", "Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964) was an American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr., the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.", "SUNDAY BOOK REVIEW Retreat and Advance â Supreme Commander â and âThe Most Dangerous Man in Americaâ By LYNNE OLSONAPRIL 25, 2014 The new York times On Sept. 2, 1945, Japan formally ended World War II by surrendering to the Allies aboard the American battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay . As a reminder of Japanâs brutality to captured Allied soldiers, Gen. Douglas MacArthur placed two skeletal survivors of Japanese prisoner-of-war camps â United States Gen. Jonathan Wainwright, whose troops had endured the infamous Bataan Death March, and British Gen. Arthur Percival, who surrendered Singapore â in the Japanese delegationâs direct line of sight. When MacArthur, who had been named to head the Allied occupation of Japan, stepped to the microphone to outline the terms of defeat, the Japanese braced for the worst. But instead of announcing draconian measures for the vanquished enemy, MacArthur rhapsodized about creating a âbetter worldâ for Japan, marked by âfreedom, tolerance and justice.â I ...", "According to William Manchester, General Douglas MacArthur was a chivalric warrior who fought a war with the intention to conquer the enemy, completely eliminating their ability to strike back, then treated them with the understanding and kindness due their honor and courage. One prominent model of his chivalrous conduct was in World War II and his treatment of the Japanese at the end of the war. MacArthur's model provides a way to win a war with as few casualties as possible and how to get the respect of the former enemy after the occupation of their homeland. On May 12, 1962, MacArthur gave a famous speech in front of the cadets of United States Military Academy at West Point by referring to a great moral code, the code of conduct and chivalry, when emphasizing duty, honor, and country. ", "MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand.", "As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, MacArthur and his staff helped Japan rebuild itself, eradicate militarism and ultra-nationalism, promote political civil liberties, institute democratic government, and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world's leading industrial powers. The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction, and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948. In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority. The constitution—which became effective on 3 May 1947—instituted a parliamentary system of government, under which the Emperor acted only on the advice of his ministers. It included the famous Article 9, which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army. The constitution also enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, outlawed racial discrimination, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government.", "In March 1942 General Douglas MacArthur, who was to become Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA), escaped from the Philippines to Australia. He landed at Batchelor, near Darwin, in the Northern Territory and during the subsequent rail journey south stopped at Terowrie, South Australia, where locals and reporters crowded the railway station. In an address to the assembled people, he famously declared:", "***A Bit of History. Douglas MacArthur was born in 1880 in Little Rock , Arkansas. He was educated at West Point Military Academy and gained a commission into the engineers in 1903. In 1905, MacArthur was sent to work in Tokyo where his father was Americaâs official observer of Japanâs military operations against Russia. When America joined World War One in 1917, Douglas MacArthur was sent to France where he distinguished himself at the second battle of the Marne. When the war ended in November 1918, MacArthur was the youngest divisional commander in the field. From 1930 to 1935, he was Chief of Staff of the American Army. In World War Two , after the attack on Pearl Harbour, Douglas MacArthur was put in charge of the Philippines where he had to defend the islands against an attack by the Japanese. In this he failed, but few western commanders had been successful against the Japanese at the start of the Pacific War â as the British had found at Singapore. The withdrawal of American forces from the Phi ...", "Statement by GENERAL MACARTHUR preceding the signing of the Surrender Instrument by Japan. Tokyo Bay. Aboard the battleship Missouri. September 2, 1945. [14]", "The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) (originally briefly styled Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers ) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Allied occupation of Japan following World War II.", "On September 2, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. On September 6, US President Harry S. Truman approved a document titled \"US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan\". The document set two main objectives for the occupation: (1) eliminating Japan's war potential and (2) turning Japan into a western style nation with pro-American orientation. Allied (primarily American) forces were set up to supervise the country, and \"for eighty months following its surrender in 1945, Japan was at the mercy of an army of occupation, its people subject to foreign military control.\" At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur who was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers, but in practice did everything himself. As a result, this period was one of significant American influence, having been already identified in 1951, that \"for six years the United States has had a freer hand to experiment with Japan than any other country in Asia, or indeed in the entire world.\"", "MacArthur was named Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) and he received the formal surrender and President Harry S. Truman appointed him as head of the Allied occupation of Japan . He was given responsibility of organizing the war crimes tribunal in Japan and was criticized for his treatment of Tomoyuki Yamashita , who was executed 23rd February, 1946. However he was praised for successfully encouraging the creation of democratic institutions, religious freedom, civil liberties, land reform, emancipation of women and the formation of trade unions.", "An Allied army, under U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and composed mainly of American forces, remained in Japan until 1952. Under MacArthur's administration, political, social, and economic reforms were introduced that greatly changed Japanese society.", "On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.", "1951 - General Douglas MacArthur gave his \"Old Soldiers\" speech before the U.S. Congress after being relieved by U.S. President Truman. In the address General MacArthur said that \"Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.\"", "1951 - General Douglas MacArthur gave his \"Old Soldiers\" speech before the U.S. Congress. In the address General MacArthur said that \"Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.\"", "198. \" Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. Behind Gen. MacArthur are Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright and Lt. Gen. A. E. Percival.\" Lt. C. F. Wheeler, September 2, 1945. 80-G-348366. National Archives Identifier: 520694", "1942 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as the Japanese victory becomes inevitable.", "MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949, but remained in Japan until relieved by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The Japanese subsequently gave him the nickname Gaijin Shogun (\"foreign military ruler\") but not until around the time of his death in 1964.", "On April 19, 1951, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, relieved of his command by President Harry S. Truman. . .cont'd", "�         20,000 U.S. troops led by General Douglas MacArthur withdrew to Bataan, close to Manila, but eventually surrendered.", "\"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - The United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan...As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense...With confidence in our armed forces - with the unbounded determination of our people - we will gain the inevitable triumph - so help us God.\"", "\"Old Soldiers Never Die\" (Farewell Address to Congress). Speech by General Douglas MacArthur. (April 19, 1951)", "Today in History (1950) General Douglas MacArthur was named commander-in-chief of the United Nations forces in Korea.", "* March 18 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, signs Executive Order 9102, creating the War Relocation Authority (WRA), which becomes responsible for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens." ]

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[ "Mornay A food served in a cheese sauce, for example cauliflower mornay. Named after the 17th century French writer Philip de Mornay.", "Freshly-picked asparagus is best served simply, with butter or a simple cream sauce. This Florentine is somewhat of a stretch, but given that the spears I’m using and likely those you will are well past their salad days, I feel justified. A Florentine is nothing more than a Mornay with spinach, and a Mornay itself is simply a Béchamel with a somewhat dry cheese, a Swiss of some ilk, though a good Parmesan isn’t totally out of order. Trim your spears of the tough ends, boil the tips in lightly-salted water until just tender, drain and cool immediately. Make your sauce with a butter roux, whole cream and the cheese of your choice, adding fresh stemmed and chopped spinach lightly cooked in butter. I recommend a thick sauce, and cool this slightly before placing the spears in a lightly buttered oven-proof dish, ladling over the spears, topping with a bit more grated cheese and broiling until lightly browned and bubbly.", "A cheese sauce made by using Béchamel sauce (white sauce made by cooking flour and butter and then adding milk) as the base with Swiss and Parmesan cheese added to thicken and flavor the sauce. Some recipes suggest adding fish or chicken stocks to enhance the flavor or other ingredients, such as egg yolks, cream and/or butter to provide a richer flavor. Mornay sauce is commonly served over vegetables, eggs, various meats, poultry, and shellfish.", "A béchamel sauce enriched with egg yolks and flavoured with grated gruyère cheese, the mornay sauce is used to coat dishes to be glazed under the grill or browned in the oven – including poached eggs, fish, shellfish and vegetables.", "It’s a running joke that just about any traditional French recipe begins with “make a roux,” but the mixture of butter and flour provides unctuous body to anything added to it. Throw some milk into a roux, and you’ve got béchamel. This is the base for scores of “daughter” sauces, like Mornay (béchamel + gruyere and egg yolk) and mustard sauce (béchamel + mustard) and soubise (béchamel + diced onions). It is named after the chief steward to King Louis XIV, though no one knows why, and it first appears in Le Cuisinier Francois, published in 1651. For each cup of milk in the sauce, there is 1-3 tablespoons for butter and flour mixed in (depending on how thick you’d like it).", "Mornay sauce is a classic French sauce named after the Duke of Mornay in the late 16th or early 17th century. The name itself is interesting, because Mornay is a mixture of melted cheese in a béchamel sauce, a cream sauce made from a roux . Béchamel sauce had not been invented when Mornay sauce was first made, however. As a result, it’s commonly thought that some the original cheese sauce that was given this name was probably a bit different, but that it was later improved upon by mixing cheese with béchamel.", "Mornay sauce – diplomat and writer Philippe de Mornay (1549–1623), a member of Henri IV 's court, is often cited as the name source for this popular cheese version of Béchamel sauce . The alternative story is that 19th-century French chef Joseph Voiron invented it and named it after one of his cooks, Mornay, his oldest son.", "Mornay sauce is not low in fat — a butter roux mixed with cream or whole milk and whole milk cheese is going to pack some calories. Chefs can lighten the calorie load a bit by using a low fat milk to add to the roux, and by using good low fat cheeses. Some people may also want to try using a little bit less of the sauce than they might normally, too, since this will lessen the overall calories. Sauces in France are used as accents to meals but not meant to obscure the flavors of good, fresh food.", "A Mornay sauce is a Béchamel sauce with shredded or grated Gruyère cheese added. Some variations use different combinations of Gruyère, Emmental cheese, or white Cheddar.", "Mornay Sauce - A basic b�chamel sauce to which cheese has been added. It is sometimes varied with the addition of eggs or stock.", "Sauce Mornay does not appear in Le cuisinier Royal, 10th edition, 1820. Perhaps sauce Mornay is not older than the great Parisian restaurant of the 19th century, Le Grand Véfour in the arcades of the Palais-Royal, where sauce Mornay was introduced. ", "Le dîner (dinner) often consists of three courses, hors d'œuvre or entrée (appetizers or introductory course, sometimes soup), plat principal (main course), and a cheese course or dessert, sometimes with a salad offered before the cheese or dessert. Yogurt may replace the cheese course, while a simple dessert would be fresh fruit. The meal is often accompanied by bread, wine and mineral water. Most of the time the bread would be a baguette which is very common in France and is made almost every day. Main meat courses are often served with vegetables, along with potatoes, rice or pasta. Restaurants often open at 7:30 pm for dinner, and stop taking orders between the hours of 10:00 pm and 11:00 pm. Some restaurants close for dinner on Sundays.", "In the African style, as practiced the French Chefs. Dishes that bear this title must convey the style of foods consumed in the vast continent of North, West, Central and East Africa and the Union of South Africa. It was, however indiscriminately applied by the French0 Chefs, to dishes during the reign of Napoleon III when Meyerbeer a opera L’Africaine enjoyed great popularity. The principal ingredients used as garnishes, giving dishes the right to bear this title are : chicken, mushroom, tomatoes, eggplant, tomatoes cooked in oil, curried and spiced foods, dishes garnished with savoury rice or flavoured with garlic or pimento and groundnuts, coconut and pistachio nuts find their way in the sweet course.", "It is sometimes served standing up like a miniature mountain. Pockets in the meat are made by small cuts, into which oysters are stuffed and sutured with toothpicks. As the dish is broiled, the flavour of the fresh oysters permeates the steak and blends with the juice of the tender meat. A strip of bacon may be wrapped around the serving and surrounded by peeled and browned baby potato halves. In one style, the steak is marinated in a sauce of thyme, pepper, tarragon, lemon, sugar and tamarind and served with a glass of dessert wine.", "A traditional French Provençal stewed vegetable dish of eggplant, onions, bell peppers, tomatoes, zucchini and herbs in olive oil, ratatouille is usually served as a side dish, but also may be served as a meal on its own – accompanied by rice or bread.", "The famous brandade de morue� of Provence is a pounded mixture of salt COD, olive oil, garlic, milk and cream. This flavorful puree is served with CRO�TES and often garnished with chopped black truffles. Other salted or smoked fish can also be used to make brandade.", "Consommés are usually served piping hot because they tend to cool down more quickly than other soups and form a gel. They are most often served with garnishes, which vary in complexity from a simple splash of sherry or egg yolk, to cut vegetables, to shaped savory custards called ‘royales’. Consommés are ideal for whetting the appetite of the diner, especially in the traditional seven-course meal format, as they are very rich and tasty in flavour, but are neither filling nor heavy-feeling after consumption.", "Moules Marinière and or Moules Frites Marinière  – Mussels cooked in the manner of a sailor or an admiral and often served with French fries on the side. With moules marinière the broth in which the mussels are cooked will be made with white wine, herbs, and butter or cream. The chef has plenty of freedom with this dish; the herbs and the vegetables added may differ with the season though the primary ingredient, which is the white wine broth, will remain. Despite the name of the dish let’s face it; the average French sailor would not have seen this dish on a ship even one-hundred-year ago, or even today, I’ll stick with Mussels as Cooked for an  Admiral.", "Brillat-Savarin acknowledges that this fondue “is nothing more or less than eggs scrambled with cheese, in certain proportions which time and experience have set.” 9 He goes on to say that this is a great dish to serve when unexpected guests arrive. He follows this with a story:", "A dish in gastronomy is a specific food preparation, a \"distinct article or variety of food,\" with cooking finished, and ready to eat, or be served.", "A mimosa is a cocktail frequently served at brunch and formal breakfasts, such as those held on the morning of a wedding. These drinks are also sometimes served in fancy hotels and in the first class section of aircraft. One contains orange juice and champagne , usually in a one-to-three ratio, and is served in a chilled champagne flute . When Grand Marnier is added, the drink is known as a Grand Mimosa.", "            Dumas made it a point of honour to dress the salad himself.  “I place in a salad bowl one hard broiled egg ;yolk for every two persons.  I pound it in oil tomake a paste, l then add chervil, crushed thyme, crushed anchovies, chopped gherkins, the chopped whites of the hard-boiled eggs, salt and pepper.   1 mix  it all with a good vinegar, then l put the salad into the salad bowl.  Then l call a servant and ask him to toss the salad.  When he has finished, l scatter a pinch of paprika over it.  It remains only to be served.   Another famous dumas salad was made with  truffles ‘peeled with a silver knife’ and seasoned, according to the mood of the h ost, with champagne, a liqueur or almond milk.", "The word soubise originally referred to a garnish or condiment (it is probably overstating it to call it a side dish) made of slow-cooked rice and onions, along with cream and Gruyere or Ementhaller cheese. There was a restaurant in L.A. some years ago that served it with roast meats, and it was rather nice. Note that the rice was not puréed. It was a sort of creamy, oniony porridge.", "MAITRE D: Uh, today we have, uh, for appetizers: Excuse me. Mhmm. Uh, moules marinieres, pate de foie gras, beluga caviar, eggs Benedictine, tart de poireaux-- that's leek tart,-- frogs' legs amandine, or oeufs de caille Richard Shepherd-- c'est a dire, little quails' eggs on a bed of pureed mushroom. It's very delicate. Very subtle.", "DANICHEFF The name is used for three quite separate dishes a salad, an iced dessert and a gateau.  The salad is a mixed one consisting of a julienne of cooked artichoke hearts, raw mushrooms, blanched celeriac, asparagus tips and thin slices of potato.  The salad is dressed with mayonnaise and garnished with hard-boiled (hand-cooked) eggs, truffles (either sliced or in a julienne) and crayfish tails. ", "\"A mirepoix is a mixture of finely chopped vegetables, typically onion, carrot, and celery, fried in butter and used for flavouring stews and other meat dishes, as a base for sauces, and as a garnish. It was reputedly devised in the eighteenth century by the cook to the Duc de Levis-Mirepoix, a French field marshal.\"", "Chevaler – A French culinary term for a dish where the ingredients are arranged overlapping each other, such as sliced beef or cutlets.", "a full-course meal offered at a fixed price. In French, it is a type of lodging where, unlike a hotel, you eat with other patrons and the host. Lit. \"the host's table\": one eats at the host's table whatever he has prepared for himself or herself, at the family's table, with a single menu. Generally, the menu is composed of traditional courses of the region and the number of patrons is limited.", "Morbier (AOC). Morbier is an aromatic and surprisingly mild cow’s milk cheese defined by the dark vein of vegetable ash (this is usually vegetable dye now, even in the most artisanal producers’ cheeses) streaking through it middle — a nod to the method by which it was once produced in Franche-Comté. Aged at least 60 days, Morbier has a mild taste and nutty aftertaste.", "Brimont A French term used when describing a decorative dish thata chef has dedicated to his master.", "Brimont – A French term used when describing a decorative dish that a chef has dedicated to his master.", "Alexandre Moreau at 63 Degrees talks about one of the most popular dishes on his menu" ]

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[ "Fat Actress is an American comedy television series starring Kirstie Alley. It aired on Showtime in the United States in the spring (U.S. March–May) of 2005, on Movie Central in Western Canada, The Movie Network in Eastern Canada, FX in the UK, Network Ten in Australia and VOX, and Das Vierte in Germany. The series was created and written by Kirstie Alley and Brenda Hampton.", "The downward drift in Kirstie Alley’s career – some cynics would say, her physiognomy – was never more evident than when she starred in the cable TV series, “Fat Actress” (Showtime, 2005). The one-time sexy starlet, who had skyrocketed to fame by first playing Lt. Saavik in the classic film “Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan” (1982), followed by successfully replacing Shelley Long as the neurotic but sympathetic barkeeper Rebecca Howe on the long-running hit TV sitcom “Cheers” (NBC, 1982-1993), was now reduced to playing herself: an overweight, aging actress trying to revive her Hollywood career. It was a bold move on Alley’s part to put her all-too-obvious weaknesses on TV for the world to see. The problem was, nobody wanted to see it. “Fat Actress” was panned by critics and cancelled after just one season.", "Edward Bridge \"Ted\" Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor, author, and producer well known for his role as lead character Sam Malone on the NBC sitcom Cheers and for his role as Dr. John Becker on the CBS sitcom Becker. He also starred in the CBS dramas CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and CSI: Cyber as D.B. Russell. He also plays a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm, starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama Damages and was a regular on the HBO comedy series Bored to Death.", "Cheers was an American situation comedy television series based in the bar Cheers ( was actually called The Bull & Finch Pub ) in Boston, Stars on the series included Sam Malone played by Ted Danson, Diane Chambers played by Shelley Long and Kelsey Grammer played by Frasier Crane . Series ran from 1982 - 1993.", "Also appearing as themselves are Kid Rock, Rhea Perlman (Carla from Cheers), Carmen Electra and Kirstie's fellow scientologists John Travolta and Leah Remini. However in 2006, Alley expressed some disenchantment with scientology, pointing out that it was of no help in her attempts to lose weight, and ultimately she turned to diet guru Jenny Craig. She has since been something of a poster women for her diets. In Fat Actress, there's a scene when Alley gets excited after her agent calls with a job offer, thinking someone has overlooked her size when casting, but ends up screaming in despair when the job turns out to be diet guru Jenny Craig wanting her as a spokesperson. Sometimes it's hard to see where the acting ends and the real Kirstie begins. For much of the time what you see is entirely unscripted and in many ways this is half of the appeal. You also get an eerie feeling that many of the things you see could well have actually taken place in the not-to-distant past. John Travolta (Alley's co-star in the Look Who's Talking movies) has a cameo in the first episode and a desperate Alley tries to convince him that there's some mileage in Look Who's Talking 4: 'But we haven't explored all the possibilities,' she begs. 'We haven't done talking cats.'", "New York (AP) -- Look who's joining Kirstie Alley. The former \"Cheers\" actress will be accompanied by John Travolta, who was featured with Alley in the \"Look Who's Talking\" films, in her upcoming Showtime series, \"Fat Actress.\"", "Rhea Perlman (born March 31, 1948) is an American actress, best known for her role as Carla Tortelli on the popular sitcom Cheers. She is married to actor Danny DeVito. She received an unprecedented 10 Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (Cheers ran 11 seasons). She won the Emmy four times. She later starred in the short-running sitcom \"Pearl\" as the title character, and was featured on the show \"Kate Brasher.\"", "Rhea Jo Perlman (born March 31, 1948) is an American actress, best known for her role as Carla Tortelli in the sitcom Cheers, for which she won four Emmy Awards.", "Perlman is most famous for her role on the classic sitcom \"Cheers.\" DeVito can currently be seen on FX's \"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\" which debuts its eight season on  Oct. 11 .", "In 1993, the actress returned to Cheers for its series finale, and picked up another Emmy nomination for her return as Diane. She also starred in the sitcom Good Advice with Treat Williams and Teri Garr, but the show lasted just two seasons. She later resurfaced as Diane for several episodes of the Kelsey Grammer spinoff series Frasier, for which she was nominated for another Emmy Award.", "Jean Kasem went on to star alongside Dan Hedaya on the short-lived \"Cheers\" spinoff \"The Tortellis.\" Kasem works mostly as a voice actor now, with rare appearances on television. She is the widow of radio legend Casey Kasem. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo by Michael Tullberg/Getty Images)", "Voluptuous Rebecca Howe is sent to \"Cheers\" by the Lillian Corporation to help manage the bar. She has a reputation for dating wealthy men, but eventually begins an ill-fated romance with Sam Malone. âXFINITY Entertainment Staff (Photo: NBC)", "The four-time Emmy winner's recurring role on the Fox programme also involves actor Dan Hedaya - who played her husband on Cheers - and now plays Danny's father on the show with Mindy Kaling.", "Caryn Elaine Johnson (born November 13, 1955), better known by her stage name Whoopi Goldberg (/ˈhwʊpi/), is an African American actress, comedian, and television host. She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards for her work in television, and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Emmy Award, a Grammy Award, an Oscar, and a Tony Award. She was only the second black woman in the history of the Academy Awards to win an acting Oscar.", "The show frequently featured guest appearances from up-and-coming actors and actresses, including: Laurence Fishburne, Viggo Mortensen, Dennis Farina, Stanley Tucci,Baby Blues\", aired November 21, 1986. Jimmy Smits, Bruce McGill, David Strathairn, Ving Rhames, Liam Neeson, Lou Diamond Phillips, Bruce Willis, Ed O'Neill, and Julia Roberts. Additionally Michael Madsen, Ian McShane, Bill Paxton, Luis Guzmán, Kyra Sedgwick, Esai Morales, Terry O'Quinn, Joaquim de Almeida, Wesley Snipes, John Turturro, Melanie Griffith and Annie Golden to name a few.", "Whoopi Goldberg (born Caryn Elaine Johnson, November 13, 1955), is an American actress, comedian and radio DJ. Goldberg is one of only ten individuals who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony Award, counting Daytime Emmy Awards. She is the second African American female performer to win an Academy Award for acting (the first being Hattie McDaniel); she has also won two Golden Globe Awards. Whoopi Goldberg was born on November 13, 1955 in New York City. Later in life, a DNA test would trace her ancestry to the Papel and Bayote peoples of Guinea-Bissau. Her stage name was taken from \"whoopie cushion\", which she initially wanted as her name, but chose the last moniker of Goldberg after her mother pointed out that her initial name pick was not Jewish enough to make her ric...", "Portia Lee James DeGeneres (born Amanda Lee Rogers; 31 January 1973), known professionally as Portia de Rossi, is an Australian-American actress, model and philanthropist, known for her roles as lawyer Nelle Porter on the television series Ally McBeal and Lindsay Fünke on the sitcom Arrested Development. She also portrayed Veronica Palmer on the ABC sitcom Better Off Ted and Olivia Lord on Nip/Tuck. She is married to American stand-up comedian, television host and actress Ellen DeGeneres. She currently appears on Scandal as Elizabeth North.", "Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an American actress, comedian, writer, television producer, director, and 2012 presidential nominee of the California-based Peace and Freedom Party. Barr began her career in stand-up comedy at clubs before gaining fame for her role in the classic sitcom Roseanne. The show was a hit and lasted nine seasons, from 1988 to 1997. She won both an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work on the show. Barr had crafted a \"fierce working-class domestic goddess\" persona in the eight years preceding her sitcom and wanted to do a realistic show about a strong mother who was not a victim of patriarchal consumerism.Barr, R. (May 15, 2011) [http://nymag.com/print/?/arts/tv/upfronts/2011/roseanne-barr-2011-5/ \"And I Should Know\"] New York Magazine", "It was with a then fairly unknown Hanks and Peter Scolari that she earned her biggest laughs with the two-year run of Bosom Buddies , which launched a number of inferior drag film/sitcoms. She also had series co-leads in Private Benjamin , Women in Prison , the plus-sized Babes and Hearts Afire . In between were roles on the L.A. stage, including \"Pizza Man,\" \"Isn't It Romantic,\" \"Reality and Other Nightmares\" and Shakespeare's \"As You Like It\" starring Ron Silver .", "Crawford has also been on TV and in films. From 1989 to 1995, Crawford was host of MTV's House of Style. In the early 1990s, Crawford starred in the Pepsi and Pepsi Stuff advertising. In 1995, Crawford broke into movies as the female lead in the movie Fair Game. Her performance was panned by critics—Leonard Maltin commented \"In her acting debut, supermodel Crawford makes a good jogger.\" The film was also a financial failure, with expenses of $50 million and $11 million takings at the box office. In 2001, she costarred as part of an ensemble cast in The Simian Line. Again the film was not successful or critically acclaimed, but Crawford's acting was not criticized. She has had many lesser roles guest starring on TV and as supporting roles, often playing herself. For example, in 2000, she was one of the celebrities (along with Victoria Silvstedt, Anna Falchi and Megan Gale) playing themselves in the Italian comedy Body Guards - Guardie del corpo. In the 1990s, Carol Shaw, her make-up artist, named a lipstick color after Crawford as a part of the Lorac Cosmetics lip-wear line. ", "Her career began in 2001 with a role in the television series The Fighting Fitzgeralds. She had a recurring role as Principal Duffy in the Fox sitcom ‘Til Death and has made guest appearances in over 20 other television series, including NCIS: Los Angeles , Trust Me , Gary Unmarried , Tell Me You Love Me , Castle , The Game and The Exes , among others. Perkins also has appeared in several TV movies. [2]", "She is best known for appearing alongside Clint Eastwood in his directorial debut, Play Misty for Me (1971) and for playing the role of Lucille Bluth in the sitcom Arrested Development (2003-2006). She guest-starred in \"Mind Over Mayhem\", a 1974 episode of Columbo alongside Lou Wagner , Robert Walker, Jr. , Arthur Batanides , and Charles Macaulay . In 1965, she co-starred with William Shatner in the short-lived television series, For the People. She also appeared as a regular in the first season of 90210 in 2008. Recently she starred in the TV Land sitcom, Retired at 35.", "Lisa Nicole Carson: \"Renee Raddick\" <p> Carson's character, Renee Raddick was McBeal's best friend and housemate on the show. Carson has been off the scene for several years after success in films like \"Love Jones\" and \"Eve's Bayou,\" but she told CNN in October 2009 that she is hoping to return to acting. \"What attracted me to the role is the fact that she was strong, professional and intelligent,\" Carson told CNN. \"Those things really appealed to me at that time. I thought that was a unique situation, to be able to play an African-American woman on television coming from that space, and I thought it was pretty cool.\"", "On television, she is a five-time Emmy Award nominee, including for her guest roles on the sitcoms Friends (2001) and Malcolm in the Middle (2002), and the TV films Bernard and Doris (2007) and You Don't Know Jack (2010). Her other films include Pretty Baby (1978), The Hunger (1983), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Bull Durham (1988), White Palace (1990), Little Women (1994), Stepmom (1998), Igby Goes Down (2002), Enchanted (2007), The Lovely Bones (2009), Arbitrage (2012) and Tammy (2014).", "After moving to Los Angeles, she appeared in over 80 television shows and films, She is best known for playing the Grande Dame Witch, Penny 'Grams' Halliwell, in \"Charmed\". Guest Starring roles include \"Lou Grant\", \"L.A. Law\", \"Murphy Brown\", \"Fame\", \"Designing Women\", \"Friends\", \"Ally McBeal\" and \"Grey's Anatomy\". In the cult film, \"Heathers\", she played Winona Ryder's off-the-wall mother.", "From 2005 to 2006, she starred in the UPN sitcom Love, Inc. She has also made guest appearances in numerous television shows and movies, including Two and a Half Men, Leverage, CSI: Miami, Without a Trace, Desperate Housewives, Ghost Whisperer, and Phat Girlz with Academy Award winner, Monique.", "In 2007, Aniston guest starred in an episode of Courteney Cox Arquette's series Dirt, playing Arquette's rival, Tina Harrod. She appeared in the third episode of Season 3 of NBC's 30 Rock playing Liz Lemon's old college roommate who stalks Jack Donaghy. ", "Morning Trivia: This actress, comedian, writer, and producer, is best known for her work on the NBC's Saturday Night Live. She received acclaim for her impression of former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin, and for creating the series 30 Rock and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt. She's also well known for appearing in films such as Mean Girls (2004), Baby Mama (2008), Date Night (2010), Muppets Most Wanted (2014), and Sisters (2015). Who is she?", "Ellia became a series regular (as Helen King) on \"The Jamie Foxx Show\". Beginning September 9, 2007 Ellia can be seen as a series regular (as Auntie Rae) on Larry David's\"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", on HBO. Some of her other television credits include: \"Martin\", \"Empty Nest\", \"Sinbad\", \"The Five Mrs Buchanans\", \"Love & War\", \"Get Smart\", and \"Thea\". She was also featured in the made for television movies, \"The Innocent\", \"Based On an Untrue Story\" and \"The Barefoot Executive\". On the silver screen Ellia was featured in \"Good Luck Chuck\", Wildcats\",\" \"Woman Thou Art Loosed\", \"Sidewalk Stories\", \"Rain Without Thunder\" and the soon to be released \"Semi-Pro\".", "The starlet, who is married to \"Arrested Development's\" David Cross, is best known for her roles in the “Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants” films and starring in CBS' \"Joan of Arcadia \"and FOX's \"House, M.D.\"", "She was nominated for an Emmy Award Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for playing herself in a 2005 episode of Extras. Read Less", "She also appeared on the hit HBO comedies Sex and the City and Curb Your Enthusiasm and starred in the play The Vagina Monologues." ]

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[ "The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8\" hard drive compared to the 2.5\" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes. The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry. Also, the iPod's success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone. After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based IPod Classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.", "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.", "On October 23, 2001, Apple lifted the curtain on the very first iPod , which packed 5GB of music storage into a sleek white box no bigger than a deck of cards.", "iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple Computer and launched in 2001.  ( link )", "2001 – The iPod, the line of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple, was launched.", "Jobs's endless quest for technological innovation soon led him to tackle the digital music industry. In 2001 Apple launched a sleek new handheld product, a portable digital music player called the iPod. Comparable to MP3 players introduced by other companies, the iPod allowed users to download music from CDs or from online sites. Thanks in part to a memorable advertising campaign and good word-of-mouth, Apple sold three million iPods in less than three years. By 2004, almost half of the digital music players bought by consumers were iPods.", "In 1996, Apple bought NeXT, returning Jobs to the then-struggling company he had co-founded. Within a year, he was running Apple again -- older and perhaps wiser but no less of a perfectionist. And in 2001, he took the stage to introduce the original iPod, the little white device that transformed portable music and kick-started Apple's furious comeback.", "In 2000, digital music players were either big and clunky or small and useless with terrible user interfaces. Apple saw an opportunity and introduced its first portable music player. The iPod was the first MP3 player to hold 1,000 songs and 5 gigabytes of data. It weighed only 6.5 ounces and was powered by a rechargeable lithium battery that enabled ten hours of continuous playback. At $400, critics thought it was too expensive, lacked Windows compatibility, and disliked the unconventional scroll wheel. Despite this, it sold beyond expectations and went on to revolutionize the entire music industry. Designed by an Apple project team, including industrial designer Jonathan Ive, it was a year in development after ordered by Steve Jobs. The name iPod was inspired by the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, in which the phrase ‘open the pod bay door, Hal,’ referred to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. The iPod was awarded a gold IDEA award in 2002, and by 2007, sales of various models, including Classic (2004), Mini (2004), Nano (2006), Shuffle (2005) and Touch (2007), exceeded 50 million units.", "iPod: The name of a portable (mobile) Media Player designed and marketed by Apple. The iPod first appeared in 2001. As well as being capable of storing and playing back audio recordings, newer models can also record and play back video. The iPod has become popular for storing recordings, mainly music, downloaded from the Web or transferred from audio CD to a computer and then moved across to an iPod using a software package known as iTunes . See Section 2.2.1, Module 2.2 , headed Media Players .", "The most momentous event of 2001, however, was the introduction of the iPod digital music player. Although not a new idea, Apple’s take on the device featured an easy-to-use interface and, thanks to new miniaturized hard drive technology, a prodigious amount of music storage. Jobs announced the iPod with the slogan “1,000 songs in your pocket.” Music was sync’d to the iPod through the iTunes software application, another Apple innovation. As of October 2011, more than 300 million iPods had been sold worldwide.", "Steve Jobs (second from right) of Apple poses with Interscope Geffen A&M Records Chairman Jimmy Iovine (left), Bono (2nd left) and The Edge of U2, at a celebration of the release of a new Apple iPod family of products, at the California Theatre on October 26, 2004 in San Jose, Calif.", "Technically, the invention of the iPod belongs to the engineering team at Apple, but the invention for the first portable digital media player was actually invented by a British man named Kane Kramer . In 1979, at the tender age of 23, Kramer developed a device which stored 3.5 minutes of music on a chip, and actually filed a worldwide patent for it. He was said to have an enormous amount of orders from the music business but, due to office politics, he was unable to raise the $90,000 needed to renew it and the patent lapsed.", "86 Over 100 million people worldwide now own an iPod. But in what year was it launched?", "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. ", "In September 2004, two rumors emerged from Cupertino. The first revolved around Apple stockpiling small, color LCD panels. The entire industry speculated that Apple would release a PDA or video iPod. The second was based on quantity flash memory purchases Apple made in large capacities (the hard drive-based iPod used only 32 MB of flash memory). Both rumors proved somewhat correct – Apple released the color iPod photo in October, and the iPod shuffle followed in January 2005.", "2003: Apple launches iTunes and so starts the decline of CD sales. It becomes the first widely-successful legal music download site, thanks to the emergence of the iPod, which lets people take their music with them. At first, the service was available only to Mac users and the music files were encoded in Apple’s proprietary format restricting where they could be played.", "The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store , the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone , a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that \"real artists ship\". [61]", "As mentioned above, Apple was far from the first company to bring a portable digital music player to the market. But would you believe that the basic concept for the iPod was invented in England in 1979?", "Wait a minute, the Inspector Gadget \"model\" now comes in smaller versions in a variety of colors? Holy shit! The show predicted the iPod Nano too, first introduced in 2005.", "2003: Apple releases a 12″ and a 17″ PowerBook G4, Safari web browser, Final Cut Express, iPhoto 2, iDVD 3, iMovie 3, Keynote presentation software and Airport Extreme.  At a special Apple Event Steve Jobs announces new iPods and iTunes 4. iTunes 4 features a music store in which 200,000 songs are available for download. Apple announces and releases Safari 1.0 and introduces the new Power Macintosh G5, the world’s fastest personal computer,  a new iMac model featuring USB 2.0 and new iPod sizes. Apple also announces that it has sold over 10,000,000 songs via iTunes Music Store making it a huge success and a 20-inch flat-panel iMac model.", "During his keynote speech at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would thereafter be known as \"Apple Inc.\", because the company had shifted its emphasis from computers to consumer electronics. This event also saw the announcement of the iPhone and the Apple TV. The following day, Apple shares hit $97.80, an all-time high at that point. In May, Apple's share price passed the $100 mark. Apple would achieve widespread success with its iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad products, which introduced innovations in mobile phones, portable music players and personal computers respectively. Furthermore, by early 2007, 800,000 Final Cut Pro users were registered. ", "The 29th June 2008 shaped the technological landscape we live in today, when Apple released the very first iPhone. Regular listeners may wonder why I’m dedicating an episode of HistoryPod to an event that only.... . .", "The Apple II (stylized as apple ][) is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak (Steve Jobs oversaw the development of the Apple II's foam-molded plastic case and Rod Holt developed the switching power supply). It was introduced in 1977 at the West Coast Computer Faire by Jobs and was the first consumer product sold by Apple Computer. It is the first model in a series of computers which were produced until Apple IIe production ceased in November 1993. ", "1997:  Apple celebrates its 20th Birthday and the 20th Anniversary Macintosh is announced to commemorate the occasion.  Apple and Microsoft enter into a partnership, agreeing to cooperate on several sales and technology fronts.  Mac OS7.6 and MacOS 8.0 are released that year.  Jobs Announces that Apple will sell computers directly to users over the Internet.  Apple’s online Apple store becomes an immediate success when within one week, it the third largest eCommerce site on the Internet.  CEO Amelio and VP Ellen Hancock are both forced to resign.  After 20 years, Jobs is finally named CEO (interim) of the company he created in his garage.  Apple buys Power Computing and both Motorola and IBM discontinue all Mac clones.  Later that year, Apple introduces its deal with CompUSA for the new brick and mortar locations of an “Apple Store” within each CompUSA location.  Apple and Microsoft form an alliance where Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple stock while Apple includes Microsoft’s Internet Explorer browser in every copy of the MacOS.", "Another hardware revision came in April 2003, bringing the iPod into its third generation. In a packed hall, Steve Jobs announced the new revision, which had no mechanical buttons. The function buttons were moved to just below the screen and were solid state, like the scroll wheel.", "On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Wal-Mart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple. ", "1989:   Apple Corps, the Beatle’s record company files a trademark infringement suit against Apple.  The NeXTstep OS is introduced.  Apple releases the Macintosh IIci, the Macintosh IIfx and the very first laptop known as the Macintosh Portable.", "The design was first released with the iPod Mini, and was last used with the iPod Classic.", "Apple has applied its legendary expertise in human interface engineering to make iPod the easiest to use digital device ever. Simply rotate iPod’s unique scroll-wheel with your thumb or finger to quickly access your entire music collection by playlists, artists or songs. The scroll-wheel makes it possible to hold and operate iPod with just one hand and features automatic acceleration when scrolling through long lists so you can find your music in seconds. iPod also features customizable settings such as shuffle, repeat, startup volume, sleep timer and menus in multiple languages including English, French, German and Japanese. iPod can display song data in any of these languages, enabling users to mix and match songs from all over the world.", "New year, new iPod. The digital music player went cheaper than ever before with the launch of the screen-less, entry-level \"shuffle,\" $99 for the 512MB model.", "*1994: Apple Quicktake, a consumer digital camera was debuted by Apple Computer. Some models were manufactured by Kodak.", "My whole life has been shaped by Apple. One of the best memories I have from childhood is from fourth grade, when my school district got a grant to put computers in each classroom." ]

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[ "\"Babyface\" Nelson -  Lester Joseph Gillis  (December 6, 1908[1] – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Usually referred to by criminal associates as \"Jimmy\", Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908[1] – November 27, 1934), known by the pseudonym George Nelson, was an American bank robber in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison during the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), known under the pseudonym George Nelson, was a bank robber and murderer in the 1930s. Gillis was better known as Baby Face Nelson, a name given to him due to his youthful appearance and small stature. Usually referred to by criminal associates as \"Jimmy\". Nelson entered into a partnership with John Dillinger, helping him escape from prison in the famed Crown Point, Indiana Jail escape, and was later labeled along with the remaining gang members as public enemy number one.", "Bank robber and murderer Lester Gillis was called \"George\" by his family and \"Baby Face\" by the members of his first gang in his mid-teens, due to his childlike appearance and shortness. The Nelson surname was an alibi. He started his criminal career as a petty shoplifter and car thief, then graduated to armed robbery and deadly gunfights. His known associates included Al Capone in the late 1920s and early 1930s, John Dillinger in the 1930s, and smuggler and bootlegger John Paul Chase, who was his best friend and sidekick. After Dillinger's death on 22 July 1934, Nelson was listed as the FBI's Public Enemy #1. He was involved in murders in Minneapolis, Reno, South Bend, Chicago, and small towns in Illinois and Wisconsin, and his victims included three FBI agents, including two killed in the shootout that left Nelson dead on 27 November 1934. His body, reportedly riddled with 17 bullets, was dumped in a cemetery near the small town of Niles Center, Illinois, presumably by his wife or his friend Chase. Nelson was said to have hated the nickname \"Baby Face\", and though he stood only five feet four inches tall, he preferred to be called \"Big George\".", "Public Enemy #1 throughout the 1930s, Lester Joseph Gillis better known as \"Baby Face\" Nelson, due to his young appearance, didn’t care for his nickname and at one point declared himself \"Big\" George Nelson. The problem? He was only 5 feet 4 inches tall. \"Where outlaws such as Pretty Boy Floyd…would kill to protect themselves when cornered, Nelson went out of his way to murder – he loved it,\" said Jay Robert Nash in Bloodletters and Badmen. \"His angelic, pear-smooth face never betrayed his instant ability to kill.\"", "The famed gangster was born Lester Gillis but wanted to be known as Big George Nelson. Unfortunately for him, his youthful looks caused everyone to call him \"Baby Face,\" although one had to be careful about using the nickname within earshot of the gangster. After a typical teenage criminal career, Nelson joined Al Capone’s gang in 1929, where he was known for his particularly brutal strong-arm tactics. In fact, his unpredictable violence got so out of hand that it eventually led to his expulsion from the gang.", "On April 22, 1934, George \"Baby Face\" Nelson kills Special Agent W. Carter Baum during an FBI raid in northern Wisconsin. Nelson was holed up with notorious bank robber John Dillinger's gang at the Little Bohemia resort but didn't follow the planned escape route. As he was stealing a car to escape, he shot several agents.", "Baby Face Nelson’s real name was George Nelson. (Actually George Nelson was a pseudonym and he hated his nickname “Baby Face Nelson.” His real name was Lester Joseph Gillis. Still, he was a homicidal maniac known for killing more FBI agents in the line of duty than any other person.)", "* Michael Badalucco as George Nelson, a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called \"Baby Face\". The real George Nelson died in 1934, three years before the story is set. Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair, as suggested in the film.", "American gangsters – George \"Baby Face\" Nelson, a car thief by age 14, associated with the likes of Al Capone and John Dillinger. Nelson died following a shootout with the FBI in 1934.", "“Baby Face,” based on a idea by Freddie Highmore, is the love story of a young couple rallying against the establishment in the throes of the Great Depression — one of whom happens to be “Baby Face” Nelson. The drama will chronicle his season-by-season rise from a small-time bootlegger and bank robber in Chicago to Public Enemy Number One, and ultimate death at the age of 25.", "From petty crime Nelson graduated into labour racketeering, working for Al Capone (1929–31) and other bootleg bosses; he was let go, however, proving too violent even for them. He then turned to bank robberies, joining with John Dillinger on two occasions (1934). Listed as Public Enemy Number One by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), he was killed in a wild shoot-out with FBI agents.", "Of his surviving companions, Van Meter was trapped and killed a month later in St. Paul. Shortly thereafter, Makley was killed and Harry Pierpont wounded in a failed jailbreak. Pierpont would soon go to the electric chair. Russell Clark received a life sentence for his part in the Sarber killing. On November 27, 1934, Baby Face Nelson, while traveling with Helen Gillis and armed companion John Paul Chase, were spotted by Federal Agents Samuel Cowley and H.E. Hollis. During the gun battle that followed, Nelson killed Cowley and Hollis, but was himself mortally wounded. His body, having been dumped not far away, was discovered the next morning.", "Nelson became acquainted with many local criminals whilst working at an oil station in the Chicago suburbs, becoming a member of notorious bank robber John Dillinger’s gang. He was killed in a short but furious gun battle with FBI agents in 1934.", "* Earle Nelson: also known as \"Gorilla Man\"; necrophiliac convicted and hanged for one murder; implicated in about 20 others", "Notorious bank robber and killer Baby Face Nelson was born Lester Joseph Gillis in Chicago, Illinois, on December 6, 1908. According to some reports, both of his parents were immigrants from Belgium. The New York Times listed his father's occupation as tanner. During his school years, Nelson was known to have a short temper and often got into fights with his classmates.", "The Grand Haven bank job apparently convinced Nelson he was ready to lead his own gang. Through connections in St. Paul's Green Lantern Tavern, Nelson recruited Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, and Eddie Green. With these men (and two other local thieves), Nelson robbed the First National Bank of Brainerd, Minnesota of $32,000 on October 23, 1933. Witnesses reported that Nelson wildly sprayed sub-machine gun bullets at bystanders as he made his getaway. After collecting his wife Helen and four-year old son Ronald, Nelson left with his crew for San Antonio, Texas. While here, Nelson and his gang bought several weapons from underworld gunsmith Hyman Lehman. One of those weapons was a .38 Colt automatic pistol that had been modified to fire fully automatic (Nelson used this same gun to murder Special Agent W. Carter Baum at Little Bohemia Lodge several months later).", "Baby Face Nelson was a bank robber and killer in the 1920s and '30s, and a criminal associate of John Dillinger.", "By December 9, a local woman tipped San Antonio police to the nearby presence of \"high-powered Northern gangsters\". Two days later, Tommy Carroll was cornered by two detectives and opened fire, killing Detective H.C. Perrin and wounding Detective Al Hartman. All the Nelson gang, except for Nelson himself, fled San Antonio. Nelson and his wife traveled west to the San Francisco Bay Area, where he recruited John Paul Chase and Fatso Negri for a new wave of bank robberies the following spring. ", "John Herbert Dillinger (June 22 1903–July 22, 1934) was a bank robber in the Midwestern United States during the early 1930s. He was a dangerous criminal, who was responsible for the murder of several police officers, robbed at least two dozen banks and four police stations, and escaped from jail twice, but some people idolized him as a modern-day Robin Hood . He was nicknamed \"the Jackrabbit\" for his graceful movements during heists, such as leaping over counters and his many narrow getaways from police. The exploits of Dillinger and his gang, along with those of other criminals of the Great Depression such as Bonnie and Clyde and Ma Barker , dominated the attention of the American press and its readers during what is sometimes referred to as the public enemy era (1931-1935), a period which led to the development of the modern, more sophisticated Federal Bureau of Investigation .", "Charles Arthur \"Pretty Boy\" Floyd was an American bank robber. He operated in the Midwest and West South Central States, and his criminal exploits gained heavy press coverage in the 1930s. Like most other prominent outlaws of that era, he was killed by policemen. He remains a familiar figure in American popular culture, sometimes seen as notorious, but at other times viewed as a tragic figure, partly a victim of hard times.…  Read More", "Director Don Siegel 's 1957 film Baby Face Nelson , starred Mickey Rooney as Nelson and Leo Gordon as Dillinger.", "Director Don Siegel's 1957 film Baby Face Nelson, starred Mickey Rooney as Nelson and Leo Gordon as Dillinger.", "It is alleged that the man referred to as Alf Thomas is Dennis (Danny) Pembroke. Following the robbery, Pembroke is said to have turned his back on crime and lived quietly in Kent, working as a cab driver. He died aged 79 from a heart attack, at home and in his sleep on 28 February 2015. Pembroke had five children, and his son Danny Jnr, said his father had never spoken about the Great Train Robbery. Certainly he showed no signs of increased wealth afterwards, but as he allegedly gave up £47,245 of the money as part of a deal with Frank Williams, 1/3 of his share was already lost.", "John Herbert Dillinger was a Depression-era bank robber from Indiana who's reign of illegal activity lasted only one year. From September 1933 until July 1934, he and his violent gang terrorized the Midwest, killing 10 men, wounding 7 others, robbing banks and police arsenals, and staging 3 jail breaks. In June 1934, Dillinger was named America's first Public Enemy Number One by the FBI. On July 22, 1934, Dillinger was shot and killed by the FBI as he walked out of the Biograph Theater on Chicago's north side. Anna Sage, his friend, had betrayed him to the FBI in return for not getting deported to her home country of Romania. Sage became known as the \"Woman in Red\" for her choice of clothing that day.", "The Great Train Robbery (originally called the Cheddington Mail Van Raid) is the name given to the £2.6 million train robbery (the equivalent of £41 million today) committed on 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge, Ledburn near Mentmore in Buckinghamshire, England. The bulk of the stolen money was not recovered. Three robbers were never found, two convicted robbers escaped. One convicted was most likely never involved, and died in prison. Though there were no firearms involved, the standard judgment was 30 years.", "1902- San Antonio, Texas- cowboy turned train robber Camillo Orlando Hanks, AKA Deaf Charley, was killed by lawman Pink Taylor after a saloon brawl. Hanks was one of the most notorious train robbers in the West during the late nineteenth century, often aligning himself with Butch Cassidy's Hole-in-the-Wall Gang. Despite his loss of hearing, Hanks was particularly adroit at covering an entire railroad car full of passengers, as associates stole their possessions.", "Bonnie Parker was born in Rowena, Texas in 1911, and died in 1934. She and Clyde Barrows�s gang were bank robbers and responsible for numerous murders. They continued to rob and murder until they were betrayed by a friend and shot dead at a police road-block in Louisiana.", "Buster Edwards, one of the gang that committed Britain's Great Train Robbery of 1963, in what was then called \"the crime of the century,\" was found dead after apparently hanging himself in a London garage. Police stressed that there were no suspicious circumstances in the death of the 62-year-old flower seller. The 15 thieves who took part in the robbery of the Glasgow-to-London mail train became instant celebrities after netting 2.", "Biggs became notorious for his role in a 1963 heist known as the \"Great Train Robbery\"", "John Herbert Dillinger (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American bank robber in the Depression-era United States. His gang robbed two dozen banks and four police stations.", "Ronald Christopher \"Buster\" Edwards (27 January 1931 – 28 November 1994) was a British criminal who was a member of the gang that committed the Great Train Robbery. He had also been a boxer and nightclub owner." ]

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[ "The Rio Grande (known in Mexico as the Río Bravo del Norte, or simply Río Bravo) is a river that flows from southwesternColorado in the United States to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way it forms part of the Mexico – United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was 1,896 miles (3,051 km) in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is the fourth or fifth longest river system in North America.[2]", "Known as the Rio Grande in the United States and as the Río Bravo (and more formally as Río Bravo del Norte) in Mexico . The river flows generally southward for 1,885 miles (3,034 km). It is the fourth longest river system in the United States and the fifth longest in North America. Worldwide, it is registered as the 20th longest. The river rises as a snowfall fed mountain stream 3,900 m (12,800 ft) above sea level in Colorado 's San Juan Mountains, in the Rocky Mountain range. Originating in a cold steppe climate, it descends through the Southwestern United States desert before watering rich agricultural regions near its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico .", "The Rio Grande’s length is approximately 1,885 miles, starting in southern Colorado and ending in a sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico.  It is the fourth longest river system in North America and forms the border between the U.S. and Mexico.  It is called the Río Bravo del Norte or Río Bravo in Mexico.  Principal tributaries are the Pecos, Devils, Conejos, Chama and Puerco rivers in the United States, and the Conchos, Salado and San Juan in Mexico.  In the Middle Rio Grande (home to Rio Rancho and Albuquerque), the largest tributary to the Rio Grande is Albuquerque’s Southside Water Reclamation Plant!", "The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest river system in North America.[3][4] Flowing entirely in the United States (though its drainage basin reaches into Canada), it rises in northern Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for 2,530 miles (4,070 km)[5] to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi'swatershed drains all or parts of 31 US states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and tenth largest river in the world. The river either borders or cuts through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.", "The New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. ", "This is the chief of the largest drainage system in North America. The river flows in the US; it rises in the northern Minnesota and Meanders slowly southwards for 2,340 miles to Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. The river has numerous tributaries and ranks as the 4th longest and 10th largest river in the world. This river passes and borders through Minnesota, Lowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas.", "The Missouri-Mississippi River system at about 3,900 miles (6,300 km) in length, it is the fourth longest river in the world. Its average discharge of water makes it the tenth largest river in the world. It is the only river located in North America that made the top ten longest rivers list. Also, its name comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “Great River”. About 98.5 percent of this river is located within the United States, the rest resides in Canada.", "combine to form the longest river system in the USA and North America. It is also the fourth longest in the world.", "There are few permanent streams in the arid Mesa del Norte, and most of these drain into the interior rather than to the ocean. By far the most important river in that part of the country is the Río Bravo del Norte (called the Rio Grande in the United States), which forms a lengthy part of the international border. The Conchos River , a tributary of the Río Bravo, is important for irrigation agriculture and hydroelectricity.", "The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America.About 2,320 miles (3,730 km) long,the river originates at Lake Itasca, Minnesota and flows slowly southwards in sweeping meanders, terminating 95 river miles below New Orleans, Louisiana where it begins to flow to the Gulf of Mexico. Along with its major tributary, the Missouri River, the river drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states stretching from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Appalachian Mountains in the east to the Canada-U.S. border on the north, including most of the Great Plains, and is the fourth longest river in the world and the tenth most powerful river in the world.The name \"Mississippi\" comes from a Native American name that means \"big river.\"", "Rio del Norte was the most common name for the Upper Rio Grande (roughly, within the present-day borders of New Mexico ) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-nineteenth century. Its use was first documented in 1582. The use of the modern English name Rio Grande began with the early American settlers in south Texas. By the late nineteenth century, the name Rio Grande for the entire river, from [Colorado] to the sea, had become standard in the United States .", "The Jefferson-Mississippi-Missouri River system is the fourth largest river system in the world and serves transportation, industry, and recreation as the most important inland waterway in North America. Its drainage basin collects water from 41% of the contiguous United States, covering a total area of more than 1,245,000 square miles (3,224,535 square kilometers) and touching 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces in all.", "The Pueblo Indians called this river P’osoge, which means the “river of great water.” In 1582, Antonio de Espejo of Nueva Vizcaya, Mexico, followed the course of the Río Conchos to its confluence with a great river, which Espejo named Río del Norte (River of the North). The name Rio Grande was first given the stream apparently by the explorer Juan de Oñate, who arrived on its banks near present-day El Paso in 1598.", "The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers combine to form the longest river system in the USA and North America.  Mississippi River is a river in the U.S. It is the second longest river in America. It originates in Lake Itasca in Minnesota and culminates in the Gulf of Mexico. The name “Mississippi” comes from a Native American language meaning “father of waters.” Mississippi flows to the south across the central U.S. Flowing through the state of Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Many of Mark Twain’s famous stories are related to or take place near the Mississippi River. This includes the well-known  book ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’.", "The Mississippi itself travels for 3,734 kilometers (2,320 miles), and the Missouri is about 3,767 kilometers (2,341 miles) long. The Mackenzie River flows 4,241 kilometers (2,635 miles) through Canada's Northwest Territories. The Yukon River flows through Alaska, British Columbia, and Yukon, stretching 3,185 square kilometers (1,979 miles). Farther south, the Rio Grande flows through the US Southwest, and down into Mexico, measuring 3,108 kilometers (1,931 miles).", "4. Rio Grande River, 1759 miles. Begins in Colorado, ends in the Gulf of Mexico in Texas. ", "One of the largest rivers in North America, the 1,885-mile (3,033-kilometer) Rio Grande runs from southwestern Colorado to the Gulf of Mexico. It defines much of the border between Texas and Mexico. But the once grande river is looking more poco these days, thanks to heavy use on both sides of the border.", "In Spanish, the word Rio means river, and the Rio Grande, of course, is the magnificent river that forms the southern border of Texas. From its headwaters in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, the Rio Grande flows 1,865 miles south on its way to the Gulf of Mexico. All but 600 of those miles form the U.S. border with Mexico. In an arid countryside of sagebrush, mesquite, and rattlesnakes, the Rio Grande has been the source of life for centuries of human occupation.", "Rio Grande fifth longest river of North America, and the 20th longest in the world, forming the border between the U.S. state of Texas and Mexico. Rising as a clear, snow-fed mountain stream more than 12,000 feet (3,700 metres) above sea level in the Rocky Mountains,...", "Several other river systems have played important roles in the economic and cultural growth of the United States. In the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River and its tributaries drain much of the northern Pacific coastal mountain ranges. The semiarid and arid lands of the Southwest get life-sustaining water from the R�o Grande and Colorado river systems. The Central Valley of California depends on irrigation networks linked to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. The rugged interior regions of Alaska have become accessible largely because of river transportation on the Yukon River and its tributaries.", "The Rio Grande is a major river found in the Southwest.  It forms the natural border between the United States and Mexico. It is almost 1,900 miles long and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.", "The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains, just east of the Continental Divide. From there, it flows through the San Luis Valley, then south into New Mexico, passing through Española, Albuquerque, and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico.", "Missouri River, longest tributary of the Mississippi River and second longest river in North America . It is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson , Madison , and Gallatin rivers in the Rocky Mountains area of southwestern Montana (Gallatin county), U.S. , about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) above sea level. The Missouri proper has a total course of 2,315 miles (3,726 km). Some sources, however, give the combined lengths of the Missouri proper and the Red Rock River (the upper course of the Jefferson River) of southwestern Montana as that of the Missouri River itself, instead of identifying it as a river system made up of both streams. The Missouri–Red Rock River system has a total length of some 2,540 miles (4,090 km), making it the third longest system in North America.", "East of the Continental Divide under Canby Mountain the Rio Grande heads south through the San Louis Valley before crossing over into New Mexico. The Rio is best known as creating the border between western Texas and Mexico. Boaters of all skill levels love the upper Rio Grande as it winds down from the San Juan Mountains.", "The river that forms the border between Mexico and the US state of Texas is the __________. A. Baja California B. Amazon River C. Rio Grande D. Colorado River", "The river that forms the border between Mexico and the US state of Texas is the __________. A. Baja California B. Amazon River C. Rio Grande D. Colorado River", "Río Grande is Spanish for “Big River.” (Río means “river” in Spanish, so there is no need to say Rio Grande River.)  Nearly all New Mexico mountain ranges, rivers, streams and towns have Spanish language or native language names, reflecting the influence of two very different cultures that have had a major impact on the history and development of the state.  Examples of water/geology-related Spanish language words that have been adopted into contemporary New Mexican culture include playa (dry lake), arroyo (dry river, creek or stream bed), mesa (elevated area of land with a flat top (table) and sides), bosque (riparian forest), acequia (community-based irrigation; also referred to as ditch irrigation) and mayordomo (ditch boss).  New Mexico’s community acequias are the oldest water management institutions in the U.S. of European origin.  To learn more about New Mexico’s acequia culture, click here .", "The Yukon River is the third longest river in the United States at 1,980 miles. It begins at Llewellyn Glacier in Canada and flows north to Alaska where it proceeds to travel west across the state to the Bering Sea.", "The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. The lower half of this river lies in Alaska. The Rio Grande in Texas is one of the major rivers in the southwestern US. The Saint Lawrence River is the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin.", "The two largest rivers are the Rio Grande and Pecos.  The Pecos is actually a tributary of the Rio Grande.", "Known for its dramatic canyons and whitewater rapids, the Colorado is a vital source of water for agricultural and urban areas in much of the southwestern desert lands of North America. The river and its tributaries are controlled by an extensive system of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts, which in most years divert its entire flow to furnish irrigation and municipal water supply for almost 40 million people both inside and outside the watershed. The Colorado's large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power, and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West. This intensive consumption has dried up the lower 100 mi of the river, such that it has reached the sea only a few times since the 1960s. ", "RED RIVER. The Red River is in the Mississippi drainage basin and is one of two Red Rivers in the nation. It is the second longest river associated with Texas. Its name comes from its color, which in turn comes from the fact that the river carries large quantities of red soil in flood periods. The river has a high salt content. The Spanish called the stream Río Rojo, among other names. It was also known in frontier times as the Red River of Natchitoches and the Red River of the Cadodacho (the Caddo Indians). Randolph B. Marcy and George B. McClellan identified the Prairie Dog Town Forkqv as the river's main stream in 1852. If one accepts their judgment the total length of the Red River is 1,360 miles, of which 640 miles is in Texas or along the Texas boundary. The drainage area of the river in Texas is 30,700 square miles. In 1944 Denison Dam was completed on the Red River to form Lake Texoma , which extends into Grayson and Cooke counties, Texas, and Marshall, Johnson, Bryan, and Love counties, Oklahoma, and was once the tenth-largest reservoir in the United States. Principal tributaries of the Red River, exclusive of its various forks, include the Pease and Wichita rivers in north central Texas, the Sulphur River in Northeast Texas, and, from Oklahoma, the Washita. The Ouachita is the main tributary in its lower course." ]

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[ "After Francisco Pizarro conquered and looted the mighty Inca Empire in the 1530’s, adventurers and conquistadors from all over Europe flocked to the New World, hoping to be part of the next expedition that would find, conquer and plunder a rich American empire. These men followed rumors of gold all across the unexplored interior of South America, many of them dying in the process. They even had a name for the city they were seeking: El Dorado, the city of gold . What are the facts about this legendary city?", "Since Europeans first arrived in the New World, there have been stories of a legendary jungle city of gold, sometimes referred to as El Dorado.  Spanish Conquistador, Francisco de Orellana was the first to venture along the Rio Negro in search of this fabled city.  In 1925, at the age of 58, explorer Percy Fawcett headed into the jungles of Brazil to find a mysterious lost city he called “Z”.  He and his team would vanish without a trace and the story would turn out be one of the biggest news stories of his day.  Despite countless rescue missions, Fawcett was never found. ", "Since Europeans first arrived in the New World, there have been stories of a legendary jungle city of gold, sometimes referred to as El Dorado. Spanish Conquistador, Francisco de Orellana was the first to venture along the Rio Negro in search of this fabled city. In 1925, at the age of 58, explorer Percy Fawcett headed into the jungles of Brazil to find a mysterious lost city he called “Z”. He and his team would vanish without a trace and the story would turn out be one of the biggest news stories of his day. Despite countless rescue missions, Fawcett was never found.", "The most popular association people make with the gold mines is the city of El Dorado. According to the legend, the Spanish explorers of South America encountered many people that wore gold jewelry and used gold products in their daily lives. There arose a myth of a gold city, which according to the legend, was located somewhere on the border of modern Columbia and Venezuela. This story of El Dorado drew the Spaniards deep into the heart of the continent. Although El Dorado has never been found, variations of the legend can still be heard across the land of Venezuela.", "Raleigh always had a deep desire to find Eldorado, 'The City of Gold'. When, in 1594, the reconnaissance mission to Guyana had seized Sarmiento de Gamboa, this Spanish aristocrat told Raleigh of the legend of Eldorado: the fantastic golden kingdom said to be hidden in remote South America. The Caribbean waters were swarming with English privateers like Drake who had sacked San Domingo and Cartagena; but Sir Walter wanted to take a broader approach and establish a real English foothold on the American continent from which to make an effective challenge to Spanish power in the area. The fabled Eldorado would be an ideal base for such a grand design. His fleet sailed in 1595: four ships manned by three hundred soldiers and adventurers, including Lawrence Keymis, an Oxford mathematician who had abandoned a Balliol fellowship to join him. However he was never able to find the city and also his attack on the Spanish during this expedition ultimately resulted in his execution.", "Francisco Coronado: ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians.", "Even though there are some facts supporting this legend, no actual proof exists of “the” El Dorado, and in later years it settled into mythical tradition as a place in the Americas where a city of gold lay. Centuries later, the New World was still being plundered, and its inhabitants murdered, as the Europeans continued their search for the fabled city. Even today, many still believe that the city exists, waiting to be found by the right adventurer at the right time.", "Spanish explorers in the mid-sixteenth century ranged over the American Southwest. They had come north from Mexico, looking for gold and gems and the legendary Seven Cities of Cibola (pronounced SEE-bow-lah), allegedly filled with such treasures. In their quest, they found neither gold nor riches. They did, however, become the first Europeans to view the geological wonders of the area, and they were amazed at what they saw.", "In 1595 Sir Walter Raleigh set sail following one of the many old maps to El Dorado, aiming to reach Lake Parime in the highlands of Guyana (the supposed location of El Dorado at the time). He was encouraged by the account of Juan Martinez, believed to be Juan Martin de Albujar, who had taken part in Pedro de Silva's expedition of the area in 1570, only to fall into the hands of the Caribs of the Lower Orinoco. Martinez claimed that he was taken to the golden city in blindfold, was entertained by the natives, and then left the city and couldn't remember how to return. Raleigh had set many goals for his expedition, and believed he had a genuine chance at finding the so-called city of gold. First, he wanted to find the mythical city of El Dorado, which he suspected to be an actual Indian city named Manõa. Second, he hoped to establish an English presence in the Southern Hemisphere that could compete with that of the Spanish. His third goal was to create an English settlement in the land called Guyana, and to try to reduce commerce between the natives and Spaniards.", "During the 1500s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By 1511 there were rumours of undiscovered lands to the northwest of Hispaniola. Juan Ponce de León equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Another early motive was the search for the Seven Cities of Gold, or \"Cibola\", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. In 1536 Francisco de Ulloa, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta. ", "An 1898 painting by Frederic Remington portrays Spanish explorer Francisco Vazquez de Coronado on his ill-fated quest in 1541 to find the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola. The expedition, which included hundreds of soldiers and Native American guides, lasted two years and traversed some 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) of the American West. In the end, no cities of gold were found, and Coronado returned empty-handed and in debt.", "An early version of the El Dorado legend placed the city near Lake Guatavita not too far from modern Bogotá, Colombia . The story was based on the Muisca people who performed a ceremony similar to that in the legend. The Muisca king, covered with gold dust, boarded a raft in the lake and made offerings to the gods. Both Spaniards and Germans searched the region in 1538 but failed to find El Dorado. They looked in a number of other places as well.", "T he most famous story about gold in the United States might be the Gold Rush of 1849. As early as the sixteenth century, records contained stories about a great El Dorado (\"the gilded one,\" in Spanish; gilded means \"covered in gold\") on the western coast of the United States. Tales of this magical city were repeated for centuries.", "The Muisca tribe of central Columbia has been known to exist since 800 AD. For them, El Dorado, “the gilded one,” represented their tribal chief. Research and ancient texts reveal that the El Dorado of Colombia was never originally considered a city of gold at all. Archeological evidence and Spanish accounts of the stories indicate that during initiation ceremonies their chiefs would be covered in gold dust and taken to the center of Lake Guatavita on a raft. Once in the center he would throw precious items made of gold and gems as an offering to the gods.", "Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima, took gold, silver and enslaved the Incas in 1532 .", "*Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (c. 1510 – 1554) – Spanish explorer. Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process.", "Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (c. 1510–1554) – Spanish explorer. Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process.", "And indeed, if the old Indian that the admiral took on board for a guide had piloted the Spaniards to his own country, they would have found there great cities and stone temples and hoards of gold to their hearts' content. But when they had come to Cape Honduras, where the shore of Central America runs east and west, they asked the old Indian which way the gold came from. He pointed to the east, away from his own country, and so Yucatan and Mexico were left to be conquered by Cortez in 1517.", "led the first European expedition to the southwestern USA, searching for the fabled Seven Cities of Gold", "In September 1540, under orders from the conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, Captain García López de Cárdenas, along with Hopi guides and a small group of Spanish soldiers, traveled to the South Rim of the Grand Canyon between Desert View and Moran Point. Pablo de Melgrossa, Juan Galeras, and a third soldier descended some one third of the way into the Canyon until they were forced to return because of lack of water. In their report, they noted that some of the rocks in the Canyon were \"bigger than the great tower of Seville, Giralda \" It is speculated that their Hopi guides likely knew routes to the canyon floor, but may have been reluctant to lead the Spanish to the river. No Europeans visited the Canyon again for more than two hundred years.", "With the final destruction of Nombre de Dios by Francis Drake, the atlantic terminus of the trans-isthmian route was moved to the hamlet of  Portobelo. One of the best natural harbors anywhere on the Spanish Main (the mainland of Spanish America), overlooking the calm bay discovered and named by Christopher Columbus in 1502. This was probably the best position on the Atlantic coast that could have been chosen as the next stronghold to store the King's gold. Here on the shores of the beautiful landlocked harbor, commanding a full view of the ocean and affording a ready means of intercourse with the interior, traversed by the Camino Real, the Spaniards built a fort they deemed impregnable. Portobelo then became the centre of Spain's commerce in the New World and the site of great ferias.", "The belief, which led Spanish conquistadors to converge on the area in search of treasure and Sir Walter Raleigh to lead his second expedition up the Orinoco, appears to have originated in rumours of an Indian ruler who ritually coated his body with gold dust and then plunged into a sacred lake while his subjects threw in gold and jewels. The name comes from Spanish, and means literally ‘the gilded one’.", "In 1695, bandeirantes in the south struck gold along a tributary of the São Francisco River in the highlands of State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The prospect of real gold overshadowed the illusory promise of \"gold men\" and \"lost cities\" in the vast interior of the north.", "On 3 August 1492 his expedition departed and arrived in America on October 12. He returned the next year and presented his findings to the monarchs, bringing natives and gold under a hero's welcome. Spain entered a Golden Age of exploration and colonization . In 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas , Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to divide the Earth, outside of Europe, with king John II of Portugal .", "Mexico yielded much gold and silver, and the conquerors imagined still greater wealth and wonders to the north. None of this existed, but it seemed real when a northern wanderer, Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , in 1536 brought to Mexico an exciting but fanciful report of the fabulous lands. Expeditions explored northern Mexico and the southern part of what is now the United States—notably the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo by sea along what are now the California and Oregon coasts and the expeditions of Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vázquez Coronado through the southeastern and southwestern U.S. regions. These brought geographical knowledge but nothing of value to the Spaniards, who for years thereafter ignored the northern regions.", "a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named. He is associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, reputed to be in Florida.", "After Christopher Columbus proved the existence of the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese made a number of voyages to lay claim to the lands of the New World, as well as the gold, silver, and other products. Many Spanish adventurers sought to lead expeditions for the glory of God and Spain (with a little self-aggrandizement as well). One of these gentlemen was Hernando Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro.", "Presentation on theme: \"Hernando Cortés and Montezuma II. Engraving (19th century), Gallo Gallina. NEXT European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700 Europeans explored and.\"— Presentation transcript:", "The Spanish tried to rob the country of all the gold they could find, but buried treasures in lost tombs preserved some of the glimmering metal. Today, those precious artifacts are displayed in the Museo del Oro, which also details the mythologies held by locals about their complex gold ornaments, statues and jewelry. The top floor is dedicated to the people of the Americas and makes a powerful plea for conservation through ecological exhibits, dioramas and films.", "The Spanish had no idea at first how lucky they were to be alive after they entered the capital city. The Spanish were looking for people to convert to the Catholic religion, and gold to capture. Boy, did they people and gold! The city was clean and bustling. There were restaurants and hairdressers and shops galore! Artists were everywhere, painting and sculpting. About 60,000 people sold and bought in the shops each day. There was clear evidence of gold. There were many pieces of gold jewelry encrusted with jewels for sale in some of the shops. Other displayed gold statues. Spanish eyes grew wide with wonder.", "In 1509 another unsuccessful attempt was made to establish a European settlement on the isthmus. Later, Martín Fernández de Enciso, with Spanish reinforcements, arrived on the isthmus. With him was the adventurous Vasco Nuñez de Balboa, [24] who at once got into trouble with the Indians, rebelled against the authority of Enciso, and declared himself alcalde. He defeated the Cimaco Indians and captured their village, which contained a vast amount of gold, and renamed the place Santa María la Antigua del Darién. He then started to capture the country, slaughter the Indians, and loot their villages at every turn.", "8/ What is the current name of the capital city founded in 1515 by the Spanish soldier and administrator, Diego Velasquez?" ]

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[ "The names that the famous swordsmen assumed when they joined the French King’s bodyguard of Musketeers were Athos, Porthos and Aramis. By these names they are known throughout Alexander Dumas’ magnificent novel The Three Musketeers.", "Athos is the leader of the group known as The Three Musketeers from Alexandre Dumas Pere's novel LE TROIS MOUSQUETAIRES/THE THREE MUSKETEERS (1844). Like his fellow Musketeers Porthos and Aramis, Athos makes a dueling opponent with the young D'Artagnan (when the Gascon accidentally bumps into his wounded shoulder), but eventually becomes his friend. Athos had a past as a nobleman known by the title of Comte de le Fere. However, his past turned tragic when he learned the woman he loved and married was a criminal branded with the fluer-de-lis. The betrayal broke the Comte into forsaking his past life and nobility. Now a cynical realist fond of drinking, Athos is nevertheless loyal to his Musketeer comrades, especially D'Artagnan whom he loves like a son. Unlike Porthos and Aramis, Athos is given a major role in many of the film adaptations, with his association with his former wife- now Milady de Winter- a major dramatic plot point carried over from the novel. However, like Porthos and Aramis, he is given a small role in many film adaptations of THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK.", "René d'Herblay, alias Aramis, is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He and the other two musketeers, Athos and Porthos, are friends of the novels' protagonist, d'Artagnan. ", "The Three Musketeer's [2] The three best of the disbanded Musketeers - Athos, Porthos, and Aramis - join a young hotheaded would-be-Musketeer...", "In the latter two novels, he is openly known as the Count de la Fère and is the adopted father of the young hero, Raoul, vicomte de Bragelonne (and it is ultimately revealed that he is his biological father as well). In Twenty Years After, it is left uncertain whether Athos is the father of Mordaunt (John Francis de Winter, son of Milady). Mordaunt attempts to avenge the death of his mother by killing those responsible. However, he himself dies while he and Athos struggle in the middle of the English Channel. Athos himself almost drowns in this struggle as well causing Aramis, Porthos, and d'Artagnan to lament his death for a few moments before he resurfaces.", "In The Three Musketeers, he and the other two musketeers Porthos and Aramis are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. He has a mysterious past connecting him with the villainess of the novel, Milady de Winter.", "*Porthos – M. du Vallon: A dandy, fond of fashionable clothes and keen to make a fortune for himself. The least cerebral of the quartet, he compensates with his homeric strength of body and character. ", "Delos , the birth place of Apollo and Artemis, used to be a religious centre for the whole of Greece in the ancient times, as well as the principal trading port in the Eastern Mediterranean during the roman times. Delos is uninhabited today and is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site, receiving large numbers of visitors who flock to admire remarkable monuments and impressive mosaics.", "Áthôs is the most north-eastern of three peninsulas that extend out into the Aegean Sea from the larger peninsula of the Chalcidice. There are still 20 active monasteries on the Mountain, with a number of smaller settlements and institutions. The road from the mainland ends at Uranopolis (or Ouranoupoli, one now usually sees spellings that reflect modern Greek pronunciation --", "The Epirotes, speakers of a Northwest Greek dialect, different from the Dorian of the Greek colonies on the Ionian islands, and bearers of mostly Greek names, as evidenced by epigraphy, seem to have been regarded with some disdain by some classical writers. The 5th-century BC Athenian historian Thucydides describes them as \"barbarians\" in his History of the Peloponnesian War, as does Strabo in his Geography. Other writers, such as Herodotus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Pausanias, and Eutropius, describe them as Greeks. Similarly, Epirote tribes/states are included in the Argive and Epidaurian lists of the Greek Thearodokoi (hosts of sacred envoys). Plutarch mentions an interesting element of Epirote folklore regarding Achilles: In his biography of King Pyrrhus, he claims that Achilles \"had a divine status in Epirus and in the local dialect he was called Aspetos\" (meaning unspeakable, unspeakably great, in Homeric Greek). ", "But Tantalus was also the founder of the cursed House of Atreus in which variations on these atrocities continued. Misfortunes also occurred as a result of these acts, making the house the subject of many Greek Tragedies . Tantalus's grave-sanctuary stood on Sipylus [19] but honours were paid him at Argos , where local tradition claimed to possess his bones. [20] In Lesbos , there was another hero-shrine in the small settlement of Polion and a mountain named after Tantalos. [21]", "The Dorians (; , Dōrieis, singular , Dōrieus) were one of the four major ethnic groups among which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece considered themselves divided (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians). They are almost always referred to as just \"the Dorians\", as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete.", "[N.B. Sipylos and Hermos were presumably named after the Lydian mountain and river which shared the name. Titanes (Titans) such as Prometheus and Atlas were often associated with that Anatolian kingdom.]", "Naxos (; Greek: ,) is a Greek island—at 429 km2 the largest of the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was the centre of archaic Cycladic culture. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern time was one of the best abrasives available.", "Lesbos is the birthplace of several famous persons. In archaic times, Arion developed the type of poem called dithyramb, the progenitor of tragedy, and Terpander invented the seven note musical scale for the lyre. Two of the nine lyric poets in the Ancient Greek canon, Alcaeus and Sappho, were from Lesbos. Phanias wrote history. The seminal artistic creativity of those times brings to mind the myth of Orpheus to whom Apollo gave a lyre and the Muses taught to play and sing. When Orpheus incurred the wrath of the god Dionysus he was dismembered by the Maenads and of his body parts his head and his lyre found their way to Lesbos where they have \"remained\" ever since. Pittacus was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. In classical times Hellanicus advanced historiography, Theophrastus, the father of botany, succeeded Aristotle as the head of the Lyceum. Aristotle and Epicurus lived there for some time, and it is there that Aristotle began systematic zoological investigations. In later times lived Theophanes, the historian of Pompey's campaigns, Longus wrote the famous novel Daphnis and Chloe, and much later the historian Doukas wrote the history of the early Ottoman Turks. In modern times the poet Odysseus Elytis, descendant of an old family of Lesbos received the Nobel Prize.", "\"There are also several Volcanos' [Hephaistos']; the first, the son of Caelus [Ouranos], was reputedly the father by Minerva [Athena] of the Apollo [Erikhthonios] said by the ancient historians to be the tutelary deity of Athens; the second, the son of the Nile, is named by the Egyptians Phthas [Ptah], and is deemed the guardian of Egypt; the third is the son of the third Jupiter [Zeus] and of Juno [Hera], and is fabled to have been the master of a smithy at Lemnos; the fourth [the Italian god Adranus-Volcanus] is the son of Memalius, and lord of the islands near Sicily which used to be named the Isles of Volcanus [the Lipari islands].\"", "Wikipedia (\"Ierissos (Greek: Ιερισσός) or Acanthus (Ancient Greek: Ἄκανθος) was an ancient Greek city on the Athos peninsula.\")", "Tarsus, a Cilician coastal city of southern Turkey settled by ancient Greeks renowned for its scholarship, attributed its name to the feather which fell to the ground from Pegasus at death (or birth).", "The island of Karpathos was in both ancient and medieval times closely connected with Rhodes. Its current name is mentioned, with a slight shift of one letter, in Homer's Iliad as Krapathos (). Apollonius of Rhodes, in his epic Argonautica, made it a port of call for the Argonauts travelling between Libya and Crete (). The island is also mentioned by Virgil, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo.", "[1.1] PETRAIOS, ASBOLOS, ARKTOS, OUREIOS, MIMAS, PEUKEUS and his sons PERIMEDES & DRYALOS (Hesiod Shield of Herakles 178)", "More than 30 islands comprise the Cyclades, an archipelago located southeast of the Greek mainland in the Aegean Sea. Their name—from the Greek for circle or circular—refers to the chain of islands that encircle Delos, an island considered sacred by the ancient Greeks.", "The Dodecanese (Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa), which means ' the Twelve Islands' in Greek, lie in a crescent chain down the Asiatic Turkish coast curving west towards Crete. The name \"Dodecanese\" is of comparatively recent origin. They are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, of which 26 are inhabited. They have a rich history, and many of even the smallest inhabited islands boast dozens of Byzantine churches and medieval castles.", "\"Akheron (Acheron) : A river in Haides mentioned in myth; [the name comes] from akhe rhein (flowing in misery or pain). And Aristophanes in Frogs, wishing to cause a scare, says : ‘and a blood-dripping Akherontian (Acherontian) crag [will prevent your escape].’ Because [he wishes to alarm] Dionysos.\"", "(Greek, Halikarnassos), in antiquity a major coastal city and commercial and cultural center in Caria in southwestern Asia Minor (present-day Bodrum in Turkey). The city was founded by Greek colonists from Argos (c. 1200", "THASOS (Thasus) The eponymous first king of the island of Thasos (Greek Aegean). According to some he was a son of Poseidon (though others identified his father as Agenor or Kilix).", "During the expedition of the  Argonauts , Pollux took part in a boxing contest and defeated King  Amycus  of the  Bebryces , a savage mythical people in  Bithynia . After returning from the voyage, the Dioskouri helped Jason and  Peleus  to destroy the city of  Iolcus  in revenge for the treachery of its king  Pelias .", "\"For Aras [one of the first men], they say, was a contemporary of Prometheus, the son of Iapetos (Iapetus), and three generations of men older than Pelasgos (Pelasgus) the son of Arkas (Arcas).\"", "The names of some Gorean cities and islands are also the names of ancient Greek locations. Some of these places share similar characteristics as well.", "KHARYBDIS (Charybdis) was a sea-monster whose gigantic whirlpool swirled in the straits of Messina opposite the cliffs of the monster Skylla (Scylla) . She was probably the daimon of the tides with her thrice daily sucking and expulsion of waters--mentioned by Homer--imagined as the cause of the three high and low tides of the day.", "The island of Delos (Greek: Δήλος, Dhilos), isolated in the centre of the roughly circular ring of islands called the Cyclades, near Mykonos, is one of the most important mythological, historical and archaeological sites in Greece.", "The Dodecanese or Dodecanisos is the name of the island complex in the north eastern Aegean. They are situated between the islands of Crete, the Cyclades, lkarias, Samos and the Asia Minor seaboard.", "The Acheron (; (Acheron) or Ἀχερούσιος (Acherusius); (Acherontas)) is a river located in the Epirus region of northwest Greece. Its source is near the village Zotiko, in the southwestern part of the Ioannina regional unit it flows into the Ionian Sea in Ammoudia, near Parga." ]

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[ "Where the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze. Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers, it is adapted from Maurice Sendak's 1963 children's book of the same name. It combines live-action, performers in costumes, animatronics, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). The film stars Max Records, and features the voices of James Gandolfini, Paul Dano, Lauren Ambrose, Forest Whitaker, Catherine O'Hara, and Chris Cooper. The film centers on a lonely nine-year-old boy named Max who sails away to an island inhabited by creatures known as the \"Wild Things,\" who declare Max their king.", "From the moment it was announced that director Spike Jonze and screenwriter Dave Eggers were adapting Maurice Sendak’s Where The Wild Things Are into a film, the Internet bubbled with contempt, wondering how it was possible to expand a 10-sentence picture book into a 100-minute movie without losing its essential emotional directness and simplicity. Turned out that Jonze and Eggers didn’t entirely need to: The film adaptation is richer and more complicated than the book, with more of a sense of the life of angry, frustrated 9-year-old protagonist Max. Eggers and Jonze spend the extra time letting the audience feel Max’s emotions, as expressed through interactions with the “wild things” that represent different parts of his psyche. It’s an adaptation that thoroughly respects its inspiration, both in the gorgeous visuals, taken from Sendak’s art, and in its storyline, but also in its expression of the storms, rages, confusions, and sudden coolings-off of childhood. And yet it isn’t a slavish adaptation; it’s one that draws out the ideas of a simple book for children, and turns it into a tender adult reminder about what childhood was like.", "A story about a boy Max who, when sent to his room, sails to the land of the wild things and leads a wild ruckus. When Max is ready to return home, he is wecomed back to the comfort of his bedroom where a warm supper is waiting for him. Childhood emotions are allowed to freely express themselves in the pages of Maurice Sendak’s book. Where the Wild Things Are feautures beautiful, textured illustrations and lyrical prose.", "1963. Maurice Sendak ’s children’s fantasy adventure Where the Wild Things Are. Forget the self-consciously sad live-action 2009 Spike Jonze/Dave Eggers feature-film adaptation — please! Dressed in a wolf costume, Max goes wild — and is sent to his room, which transforms into a jungle. Max sails to an island inhabited by magnificently grotesque Wild Things, whom he (the most feral thing on the island) subjugates. A Wild Rumpus ensues.", "2. Where The Wild Things Are (2009) We all know how active our imaginations were when we were kids, but in Where the Wild Things Are, nine-year-old Max (Max Records) creates and then escapes to his very own magical land where nobody can hurt or upset him. He befriends a group of huge hairy creatures and becomes their leader. Together, they embark on an adventure, where Max has to take responsibility and make adult decisions. However, he soon learns how tough it is to be an adult. The film was received well; Entertainment Weekly described it as \"one of the year's best', while the New York Times wrote that Spike Jonze's \"filmmaking exceeds anything he’s done'. The magical film is based on Maurice Sendak's 1963 children's picture book of the same name.", "Almost fifty years later, School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as top picture book. The librarian who conducted it observed that there was little doubt what would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed, \"ushering in the modern age of picture books\". Another called it \"perfectly crafted, perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book\" and noted that Sendak \"rises above the rest in part because he is subversive\". [10] [13]", "Sendak gained international acclaim after writing and illustrating Where the Wild Things Are, edited by Ursula Nordstrom at Harper & Row. It features Max, a boy who \"rages against his mother for being sent to bed without any supper\". The book's depictions of fanged monsters concerned some parents when it was first published, as his characters were somewhat grotesque in appearance. Before Where the Wild Things Are, Sendak was best known for illustrating Else Holmelund Minarik's Little Bear series of books.", "MOYERS: My friend Joseph Campbell once told me long before I met you that one of the great moments in literature is this scene in WHERE THE WILD THINGS ARE: \"And when he came to the place where the wild things are, they roared their terrible roars and gnashed their terrible teeth and rolled their terrible eyes and showed their terrible claws till Max said, 'Be still' and tamed them with the magic trick of staring into all their yellow eyes without blinking once. And they were frightened and called him the most wild thing of all and made him king of all wild things.\"", "Maurice Sendak is a Caldecott award-winning children's book author and illustrator best known for his book Where the Wild Things Are.", "Maurice Sendak was born on June 10, 1928 in New York City. The now-renowned children's author studied at the Art Students League and illustrated more than 80 books by other writers before authoring one himself. His most critically acclaimed work includes the dark and beloved story Where the Wild Things Are. Later in his career Sendak collaborated with Carole King on the musical Really Rosie and has done other work for the stage.", "Maurice Sendak (1928-2012) published Where the Wild Things Are in 1963 receiving the Caldecott medal and selling more than 19 million copies. His books like In the Night Kitchen and Outside Over There included Holocaust themes from his childhood. In addition to his writing, he was also an acclaimed illustrator of books like the Little Bear series.", "\"Maurice Sendak remembered by Tony Kushner: The author of Where the Wild Things Are was driven to make rich, complex, even dangerous art for children\", Tony Kushner, The Observer, December 22, 2012", "In 1983, John Lasseter directed a 30-second film test of Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are, which Disney then owned the rights to. Universal acquired the rights in 2001, but you can still see part of the John Lasseter test and imagine what could have been:", "The popular children's book author wrote \"Where The Wild Things Are\" in 1963. He won a Caldecott Medal for the book in 1964, and was adapted into a movie in 2009.", "To sum up, Where the Wild Things Are is an excellent book. What makes it so extraordinary is the creative imagination of both Maurice Sendak the writer and Maurice Sendak the artist. (To learn more about him, see my article The Artistry and Influence of Maurice Sendak ). The text and the artwork complement one another, moving the story along seamlessly.", "When director Spike Jonez made the movie version of \"Where the Wild Things Are,\" Sendak said he urged the director to remember his view that childhood isn't all sweetness and light. And he was happy with the result.", "However, after more than 50 years, what keeps the book Where the Wild Things Are popular is not the impact of the book on the field of children's literature, it is the impact of the story and the illustrations on young readers. The plot of the book is based on the fantasy (and real) consequences of a little boy's mischief.", "• What Maurice Sendak book was adapted for the screen by director Spike Jonze? Where the Wild Things Are", "^ Maurice Sendak: \"Where the Wild Things Are\". 2004 interview by Bill Moyers. Audio-video with preface and transcript. Now on PBS. PBS (pbs.org).", "In 1987, the soundtrack was replaced, complete with a new, annoying narrator.  Unfortunately, the original version is very elusive today, but the updated edition is available on Scholastic’s Where the Wild Things Are and 5 More Stories by Maurice Sendak DVD .", "..... Click the link for more information. , in recognition of his contribution to children's literature. His Where the Wild Things Are (1963) won him international acclaim and was followed by two sequels, In the Night Kitchen (1970) and Outside Over There (1981).", "new friends. The larger-than-life characters exaggerate Max’s jealousy, rage, depression and isolation. All the Wild Things seem encompassed with a great sadness that drags the scenery into a brooding sepia, the music into soft wisps, and the tone into aggravating depression. Max tries to make everyone happier by running through the forest, tearing down trees and throwing dirt clods at unsuspecting creatures. But everything stays sad and tension builds to a breaking point. In the middle of the movie, I heard a little girl across the aisle say, in an innocent voice that little girls have when something beyond their grasp enters their bubble, “Daddy, is this a true story?” Such a genuine question made me realize that this movie portrayed a harsh world. Starting with bullies, negligence, fighting, and ending with destruction, loss, departure, the story captured the essence of a misunderstood boy who realizes the world is not always good. But the loss of boyish innocence is a bildungsroman, or coming-of-age, concept, not a childhood fantasy. There were so many adult perceptions of childhood threaded into the characters that the little girl couldn’t understand why Max was so angry all the time, or why KW left the family, or why everything just seemed so sad. This interpretation of the movie was", "* Caldecott Medal from the ALA as illustrator of \"the most distinguished American picture book for children\", Where the Wild Things Are, 1964 (Sendak was also one of the Caldecott runners-up seven times from 1954 to 1982, more than any other illustrator, although some have won multiple Medals)", "The brevity of picture books naturally necessitates that film adaptations expand upon the source material, and The Lorax film does just that. While in the book, the Once-ler shares his story with a nameless boy (ostensibly, the reader), the film is more kid-focused, centering on 12-year-old Ted (Efron) who lives in an artificial community called 'Kneed-Ville.' In an effort to impress his love interest, Audrey (Swift) he goes on a quest to bring her a rarity of rarities in their manufactured world—a seed for a real tree. His journey takes him to the land of the Lorax, who is played by DeVito, and where Ted meets the aging Once-ler, played by Ed Helms. The film introduces additional original characters, including Ted’s grandmother, played by Betty White, and a new villain, O’Hare, played by Rob Riggle. The film also diverts from Seuss’s whimsical, yet melancholy classic with its eye-popping special effects, a wisecracking Lorax, and a far more sympathetic—perhaps even relatable—Once-ler, portrayed in his youth as a starry-eyed entrepreneur whose avarice leads him down the wrong path.", "Parents need to know that Lindsay Mattick's Finding Winnie: The True Story of the World's Most Famous Bear, which won the 2016 Caldecott Medal for illustrator Sophie Blackall ( The Baby Tree , Ivy + Bean ), is a nonfiction picture book about the real-bear inspiration for the children's classic Winnie-the-Pooh -- though it reads like spellbinding fiction. The story is complex, written as three stories in one, so it could be confusing for kids under 4. The true story is told as a bedtime tale by the author, who's actually the great-granddaughter of the protagonist, and begins in Canada, when a young veterinarian, a soldier in World War I, saves a bear cub and brings her with his unit to Europe. Before they see active fighting, he gives the bear, Winnie, to the London Zoo, where she's befriended by Christopher Robin, the son of A.A. Milne . And the rest, of course, is literary history. For best effect, pair this book, very artfully illustrated and told, with the original, glorious Pooh stories.", "Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012) brings computer animation to a 1971 book written by the famous author of The Cat In the Hat. Published a year after the first Earth Day launched the modern environmental movement, the book is about a world that chops down all its trees to make a silly consumer product. Years later, a boy tries to find a surviving tree. The film adaptation (released in both 2D and 3D) has the same environmental zeal, adding musical numbers and voices by Danny DeVito, Zac Efron, Taylor Swift, and Betty White. By preaching against clear cutting, blind consumerism, and corporate greed, it has won the embrace of tree-huggers and the ire of conservatives. Putting politics aside, however, it presents a contradiction: Who wouldn't want to live in the ersatz but wonderful city portrayed in this movie?", "The story is based on the hugely popular first book of the series by J.K. Rowling and is directed by Chris Columbus (''Home Alone'').", "The author penned many works here, including his children’s classic, which Disney has remade into a new movie due out April 15", "In case you're unaware, Disney's 101 Dalmatians was actually based on a novel, The Hundred and One Dalmatians, by Dodie Smith. You may also be further unaware that Smith wrote her own sequel that Disney ignored, titled The Starlight Barking.", "When I was age 9-11, I read Mr. Mysterious & Company, by Sid Fleischman, over and over about 30 times because I loved it. I would have read it more, but other kids liked it, too, and our library had only one copy. The story was about a traveling magic show in the Old West. I was intrigued by The Twenty-One Balloons, by William Pene du Bois -- I read it maybe 15 times. Until today I didn't know that it won the Newbery Award. Garth Seldon's The Cricket in Times Square enchanted me, although I didn't reread it. (Sid Fleischman is author of the Newbery Award winner The Whipping Boy, which I've been intending to pick up sometime because it sounds interesting even if it was written for children.)", "Home Alone (ISBN 0-590-55066-7) was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1990 to coincide with the film.", "Who was this lterary character who has captured the imagination of generations of readers, has spawned movies and popular TV series, and even provided the inspiration for a hit Broadway musical?" ]

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[ "The Simpsons is the creation of Matt Groening, a comic strip writer/artist who until the debut of the program was mostly known for his syndicated newspaper strip \"Life in Hell.\" Attracting the attention of influential writer-producer and Gracie Films executive James L. Brooks, Groening developed the cartoon family as a series of short vignettes featured on the FOX variety program The Tracey Ullman Show beginning in 1987. A Christmas special followed in December 1989, and then The Simpsons became a regular series.", "The Simpsons is the creation of Matt Groening, a comic strip writer/artist who until the debut of the program was mostly known for his syndicated newspaper strip \"Life in Hell.\" Attracting the attention of influential writer-producer and Gracie Films executive James L. Brooks, Groening developed the cartoon family as a series of short vignettes featured on the FOX variety program The Tracey Ullman Show beginning in 1987. A Christmas special followed in December 1989, and then The Simpsons became a regular series.", "The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". ", "The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette. Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. The Simpson family made their debut on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.", "When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show, he decided to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening's Life in Hell comic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts. Groening initially intended to present an animated version of his Life in Hell series. However, Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons. He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name, adopting an anagram of the word \"brat\".", "Bart made his debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\". In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Bart and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show. ", "The Simpson family first appeared in animated form as shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show , with the first short \"Good Night\" airing on April 19, 1987. Matt Groening admits the reason that they were so crudely drawn in the beginning was because he could not draw well and the animators did nothing more than just trace over his drawings. The shorts were never aired by the BBC in the UK, though some of them, including \"Good Night\", were included in a Simpsons anniversary episode. The Simpsons was converted, by a team of production companies that included what is now the Klasky-Csupo animation house, into a series for the Fox Network in 1989 and has run as a weekly show on that network ever since. The first full length episode shown was \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", however the intended first episode was \"Some Enchanted Evening\", but when \"Some Enchanted Evening\" was completed it was rejected due to poor animation, so Fox aired \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\" first.", "Krusty has a heart attack in 1986Tracey Ullman style Simpsons It was on April 5 1987 that 20th Century Fox Television that The Tracey Ullman Show made its debut on American TV. In this new series that premiered we are introduced to the Simpson family the in segments called The Simpson Shorts. The appearance of the Simpsons is compared to that of poorly drawn animation. Later in 1989, these Simpson people get their own television series named after them call The Simpsons. It becomes discernible that the appearance of this family is considerably different. Some say that a larger budget allows for better animation techniques. I say otherwise.", "The Simpson family are cartoon characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, U.S. and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening who conceived the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. The family debuted April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short \"Good Night\" and were later spun off into their own series which debuted on December 17, 1989. Alongside the five main family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer's father Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson; Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family's two pets, Santa's Little Helper and . Other family members include Homer's mother Mona Simpson, Homer's half-brother , Marge's mother , and other minor relatives.", "Though the episode Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire was the first appearance of the family in a 30-minute format, the concept behind the series debuted in a much shorter form on The Tracey Ullman Show . Series creator and Life in Hell cartoonist Matt Groening was called in to pitch a version of Life in Hell that could be animated and broadcast, but once Groening realized that this would require him giving up publishing rights to his comic strip, he quickly sketched out what would become the first incarnation of the Simpson family and named them after his own family. His idea was accepted by James L. Brooks as a suitable replacement for what he was originally supposed to pitch and he was told to go forward on the shorts.", "The Simpsons first appeared as short vignettes on the Tracey Ullman Show. These cartoon shorts acted as bumpers that are shown before and after commercials. The shorts were written by Matt Groening and animated at Klasky-Csupo by a team consisting of David Silverman , Bill Kopp and Wes Archer (in the later seasons, the shorts were animated by Silverman and Archer) Dan Castellaneta , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith and Julie Kavner provided the voices of characters Homer Simpson , Bart Simpson , Lisa Simpson , and Marge Simpson .", "That all the content ever recorded for The Simpsons was all done before April 1987, the date of when the Simpson family first appears on American television for the first time on the Tracey Ullman Show.", "The shorts were featured on the first three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show. By the fourth and last season of The Tracey Ullman Show the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons the shorts were divided into three or four parts, but in the third season they were played as a single story. Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of The Simpsons success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network. ", "The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and became an early hit for Fox, becoming the network's first series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–90).", "After continuing to search for acting work, in 1987 Cartwright auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she ...", "After working with Chicago's Second City improvisation group, actor Dan Castellaneta landed a gig on \"The Tracey Ullman Show\" in the 1980s. The writers for the show decided to feature a cartoon segment about a dysfunctional family, and asked Castellaneta to provide the voice for the dad, Homer Simpson. The segments were a hit and eventually turned into a nightly animated show. Castellaneta originally modeled Homer's vocals after \"Odd Couple\" star Walter Matthau, but was unable sustain the impression for long amounts of time.", "She emigrated from the UK to the US and created her own network television series, The Tracey Ullman Show , from 1987 until 1990, from which The Simpsons was spun off in 1989. She later produced programmes for HBO , including Tracey Takes On... (1996–1999), for which she has won numerous awards. She has also appeared in several feature films. Ullman's most recent sketch comedy series, Tracey Ullman's State of the Union , ran from 2008 to 2010 on Showtime .", "Not long before the anticipated release of their movie, and after celebrating the 400th episode and 20 years, The Culture Show paid homage to the great success of The Simpsons with this special half-hour documentary about them. Hosted by Lauren Laverne (who co-hosts Culture Show along with the great film critic Mark Kermode), this programme basically looked back from their first appearance on The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987 and episodes gone by to see why everyone loves this cartoon sitcom so much. This included the key and supporting characters, the jokes, the celebrity appearances, the writers, the mocking of everyday things, and much more, a great one-off documentary with plenty of clips, information and opinion to keep you interested. With contributions from creator Matt Groening, Ricky Gervais, Nick Park, Stephen Hawking, Phill Jupitus, Helen Fielding and Johnny Vegas.", "British comedian Tracey Ullman landed on American primetime with a variety show of sketch comedy, song-and-dance routines, and animated vignettes.", "Ullman returned to television in 1993, but this time in cable television. Two specials were created allowing Ullman to bring life to a host of new characters. The first, Tracey Ullman: A Class Act , took a humorous jab at the British class system, and co-starred Monty Python alumnus Michael Palin . [19] For the second, Tracey Ullman Takes On New York , Ullman decided to take on a more American subject, New York City . [20] Both specials drew praise and awards. HBO became interested in doing a Tracey Takes On... series, and Ullman and her husband, Allan McKeown, set up production in Los Angeles in 1995.", "In an interview with Amanda Root for The Musical Express magazine, Ullman was asked about critics labeling the show 'non-sexist humour.' Did it exist? \"Not unless it’s cleverly done. When we did Three of a Kind we kept getting sketches sent in about me as a traffic warden, or me being a busty barmaid. Writers that have no idea about women - their typical way of starting a sketch is to say, Tracey is sitting there, filing her nails and chewing gum, as if all girls are stupid. Sketches beginning like that used to really get on my nerves. But as soon as we found the right team of writers, they weren’t into that sort of thing, so it worked out OK.\" She went on to win her first BAFTA Award in the category of Best Light Entertainment Performance for Three of a Kind in 1984. ", "Follow the hilarious antics of America's favourite family in the longest-running scripted show in television history.", "The show's basic premise centers on the antics of the family: Homer and Marge, their children Bart, Lisa and Maggie, the colorful citizens of Springfield, and occasional guest stars.", "in 1959 - Tracey Ullman, pop singer (comedienne and actress), 2009 Lifetime Achievement BAFTA Award winner, is born.", "Over the run of the show, various episodes guest starred at least eight different members of the Van Dyke family:", "Tracey Ullman - Early life, Music career, Television career, Filmography, Discography, UK Top 40 Singles, Awards, Bibliography", "Ullman was born in Slough, Berkshire, England to a Polish Catholic immigrant father and an English mother with Gypsy heritage. Her early appearances were in British TV sketch comedy shows with Rik Mayall in A Kick Up the Eighties and Three of a Kind with Lenny Henry and the English comedian David Copperfield. She also appeared with French and Saunders and Ruby Wax in Girls On Top.", "In one episode of Mama's Family her fictional family appeared on the game show Family Feud, over 30 years later she appeared on the celebrity version of the game with her real family.", "A 90-minute retrospective, All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special, was produced to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary which aired on CBS February 16, 1991. It was hosted by the creator, Norman Lear, and featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments including interviews with cast members Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers. Reiner and Lear promoted the special the previous week on The Arsenio Hall Show.", "A 90-minute retrospective, All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special, was produced to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary which aired on CBS February 16, 1991. It was hosted by the creator, Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments including interviews with cast members Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers . Reiner and Lear promoted the special the previous week on The Arsenio Hall Show .", "For the first two years, the show was performed live, every other week. After that it became a weekly, but was filmed. Theirs was one of the first shows to use cue cards. It was also one of the first television programs to be filmed in color, the first color episode airing on October 4, 1954. In 1955, the couple's son joined the show playing their son, another innovation. Daughter Sandy appeared on the show 30 times.", "A 90-minute retrospective, All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special, was produced to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS February 16, 1991. It was hosted by Norman Lear, and featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments, and interviews with the four main cast members." ]

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[ "Halifax (, locally), legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The metropolitan area had a population of 414,400 in 2014, with 297,943 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour. The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996; Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County.", "Halifax is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia , Canada. The largest urban area in the Atlantic provinces , Halifax looks out over one of the world's largest natural harbours and is an important seaport. Nature lovers will find sandy beaches, beautiful gardens and hiking, birding and beachcombing. Urbanites can enjoy the symphony, live theatre, art galleries and museums, and a lively nightlife. Halifax is an affordable city that provides a mix of Canadian history and modern living, with the constant influence of the sea.", "Nova Scotia (Latin for \"New Scotland\", pronounced in English as) (French: Nouvelle-Écosse; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada, with an area of 55284 km2, including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second most-densely populated province in Canada with almost 20 PD/km2.", "Nova Scotia is Canada’s second-smallest province (following Prince Edward Island ) and is located on the southeastern coast of the country. The province includes Cape Breton , a large island northeast of the mainland. The name Nova Scotia is Latin for “New Scotland,” reflecting the origins of some of the early settlers. Given its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, Nova Scotia’s economy is largely influenced by the sea, and its harbours have served as military bases during many wars.", "Alberta is a prairie province and the fourth largest in Canada. It has a population of 3.6 million, and its capital city is Edmonton . British Columbia is part of the Pacific Northwest, and it is the westernmost Canadian province. The capital city is Victoria , and the largest city is Vancouver . Manitoba is a prairie province with a flat topography, largely continental climate , and more than 110,000 lakes. Major industries are agriculture, tourism, energy, forestry, mining, and manufacturing. Winnipeg is the capital and the largest city of Manitoba. New Brunswick is one of the 3 maritime provinces of Canada and the only bilingual province . The largest city is Saint John, and the capital city is Fredericton . Newfoundland and Labrador incorporates mainland Labrador and the island Newfoundland. It is the easternmost Canadian province, and its largest city and capital is St. John�s . The island has its dialects of Irish, French, and English. Nova Scotia is the second smallest Canadian province and one of the Maritime Provinces. The provincial capital of Nova Scotia is Halifax .", "The Scots have influenced the cultural mix of Nova Scotia for centuries and constitute the largest ethnic group in the province, at 29.3% of its population. The name of Nova Scotia literally means \"New Scotland\" in Latin, and its flag was designed as a combination of the Scottish Saltire and the Royal Standard of Scotland.", "Nova Scotia, Canadian province located on the eastern seaboard of North America , one of the four original provinces (along with New Brunswick , Ontario , and Quebec ) that constituted the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Roughly 360 miles (580 km) long but not more than about 80 miles (130 km) wide at any point, the province comprises the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island (separated from the mainland to the southwest by the narrow Strait of Canso ), and a number of small adjacent islands. Along the narrow Chignecto Isthmus , which seems to thrust the peninsula into the Atlantic Ocean , runs the province’s only land boundary, with New Brunswick to the west. Two arms of the Gulf of St. Lawrence , the Northumberland and Cabot straits, separate Nova Scotia respectively from Prince Edward Island to the north and the island of Newfoundland to the northeast. To the east and south lies the Atlantic and to the northwest the Bay of Fundy . Halifax is the capital.", "The Scots have influenced the cultural mix of Nova Scotia for centuries and constitute the largest ethnic group in the province, at 29.3% of its population. The name of Nova Scotia literally means \" New Scotland \" in Latin , and its flag was designed as a combination of the Scottish Saltire and the Royal Standard of Scotland .", "26. Cabot Links, Inverness, Canada: Developers Ben Cowan-Dewar and Mike Keiser handed over a rolling plot of coastal Nova Scotia terrain to architect Rod Whitman and the result is Canada’s first authentic links -- and a world ranking of 82. Firm, rumpled, fescue fairways, coastal breezes and endless views of the Gulf of St. Lawrence make it abundantly clear why Nova Scotia is the Latin name for “New Scotland.”", "Origin of the Name Nova Scotia: The name for the province of Nova Scotia is Latin, and means New Scotland.", "Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotiaand New Brunswick, which are all peninsulas , make up what is known as the Atlantic Provinces. Halifax is the largest city, and serves as an important port, as it remains free of ice year-round, making it easily accessible to ships in the winter, when many other ports are iced in. The bulk of the population of the Atlantic Provinces lives along the coast, and many make their livelihoods from the sea.", "Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia are the original provinces, formed when British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom. Ontario and Quebec were united before Confederation as the Province of Canada. Over the following six years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces.", "Nova Scotia is the most populous Atlantic Province, with a rich history as the gateway to Canada. Known for the world’s highest tides in the Bay of Fundy , the province’s identity is linked to shipbuilding, fisheries and shipping. As Canada’s largest east coast port, deep-water and ice-free, the capital, Halifax, has played an important role in Atlantic trade and defence and is home to Canada’s largest naval base. Nova Scotia has a long history of coal mining, forestry and agriculture. Today there is also off-shore oil and gas exploration. The province’s Celtic and Gaelic traditions sustain a vibrant culture. Nova Scotia is home to over 700 annual festivals, including the spectacular military tattoo in Halifax.", "Latin for “New Scotland,” Nova Scotia has been the historic home of a colourful Maritime culture spread by immigrants from England, Scotland and Ireland. Well into the 20th century, it was not uncommon to come across rural Nova Scotian families who spoke Gaelic as their first language, and musicians like Ashley MacIsaac  (b. 1975) and Natalie MacMaster (b. 1972) have kept a distinctive Celtic tradition of aggressive fiddle-playing alive and popular.", "Nova Scotia is a province found in the nation of Canada . Home to 944,500 people, it is the 7th largest division in Canada in terms of population.", "The original Canadian provinces are New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. These comprised the Dominion of Canada, which had a central government in the current capital of Ottawa. Three more provinces joined the country during the six years after confederation: Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island. In 1905, two more, Alberta and Saskatchewan, came on board. The last to join up was Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1949.", "A large peninsula shaped like the lobster claws it’s famous for, Nova Scotia is the biggest and wealthiest of the four Maritime provinces. Home to Halifax Harbour, the main port of Atlantic Canada, Nova Scotia was originally known as a major hub for shipbuilding and naval bases, as well as a welcoming point for many European immigrants, embodied by its famous Pier 21 . In the 20th century, the provincial economy was heavily based around two notoriously unstable natural resource industries — coal and fishing — but by the 1990s both had collapsed, and now most residents work in tourism or the “service” sector.", "At Confederation in 1867 no arms were assigned to the new Dominion of Canada . In 1868 the original provinces — Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Québec and Ontario — received arms by a royal warrant that also provided for a great seal of Canada, a shield bearing the arms of the four provinces. On the great seal assigned to Canada in 1869, the arms of each province appeared separately, two on each side of the figure of Queen Victoria . The four province shield survived and came to be considered the arms of the Dominion.", "Quebec It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking identity and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level. Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.", "Canada, term applied to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, which before the formation of the Canadian confederation (1867) were politically distinct from Canada proper.", "Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay, and Hudson Bay; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; it is bordered on the south by the province of New Brunswick and the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.", "Many in the Maritime provinces – Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island – have an accent that sounds more like Scottish English and, in some places, Irish English than General American. Outside of major communities, dialects can vary markedly from community to community, as well as from province to province, reflecting ethnic origin as well as a past in which there were few roads and many communities, with some villages very isolated. Into the 1980s, residents of villages in northern Nova Scotia could identify themselves by dialects and accents distinctive to their village. The dialects of Prince Edward Island are often considered the most distinct grouping.", "The list of Scots who influenced Canada's history is indeed a long one. The explorer Alexander MacKenzie completed the first known transcontinental crossing of America north of Mexico. John Sandfield Macdonald (1812-1872) became prime minister of the province of Canada in 1862 and the first premier of Ontario in 1867. Sir John A. Macdonald (1815-1891), who emigrated in 1820, became the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada, leading the country through its period of early growth. Under his leadership, the dominion expanded to include Manitoba, British Columbia and Prince Edward Island.", "In the Scottish settlement of Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario, there is a lake called Loch Garry. [http://www.lochgarrylakeassociation.ca/lgla-action/ Loch Garry] was named by those who settled in the area, Clan MacDonell of Glengarry after the well-known loch their clan is from, Loch Garry in Scotland. Similarly, lakes named Loch Broom, Big Loch, Greendale Loch, Loch Lomond can be found in Nova Scotia, along with Loch Levenin Newfoundland and Loch Leven in Saskatchewan.", "Nova Scotia was one of the four founding provinces and the thistle and salmon arms granted on 26 May 1868 were approved for use on the Union Jack of the Lieutenant-Governor afloat in 1870. I do not known whether it was used on land.", "The current Flag of Nova Scotia, created in 1858, is based on the coat-of-arms granted to the Scottish colony by Charles I, King of Scots. The flag, a blue saltire on a white field, is a simple color reversal of the flag of Scotland, bearing the royal arms of Scotland, a gold shield with a red lion. The royal arms were added to the Nova Scotia flag to distinguish the flag from the Naval Ensign of Russia which is also a blue saltire on a white field. Nova Scotia was one of the few Canadian colonies to be granted its own coat-of-arms, and the flag is the only one of the Canadian provinces dating back to before confederation.", "Newfoundland and Labrador (, , Irish: Talamh an Éisc) is the most easterly province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it comprises the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of 405212 km2. In 2013, the province's population was estimated at 526,702. About 92% of the province's population lives on the island of Newfoundland (and its neighbouring smaller islands), of whom more than half live on the Avalon Peninsula. The province is Canada's most linguistically homogeneous, with 97.6% of residents reporting English (Newfoundland English) as their mother tongue in the 2006 census. Historically, Newfoundland was also home to unique varieties of French and Irish, as well as the extinct Beothuk language. In Labrador, local dialects of Innu-aimun and Inuktitut are also spoken.", "Charlottetown is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, and the county seat of Queens County. Named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom, Charlottetown was originally an unincorporated town that incorporated as a city in 1855. It was most famously the site of the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, the first gathering of Canadian and Maritime statesmen to debate the proposed Maritime Union and the more persuasive British North American Union, now known as Canadian Confederation. From this, the city adopted as its motto \"Cunabula Foederis\" – \"Birthplace of Confederation\".", "Lismore is stated to be located in the mouth of Loch Abir, which is evidence that Loch Linnhe was then called Loch Abir. The name, however, had already transferred itself to the district, Loquahabir, or Lochaber. Lorn is not mentioned among the other fourteen “prouinces” of Scotland, but “Argadia,” or Argyll, is, suggesting that Lorn was part of Argyll. The Coast of Lorne is mentioned in connection with the tides. The islands along the coast of Lorn are listed. The next leg of the circumnavigation doubles back on itself to the harbor of Loch Spelve on Mull, from there to Colonsay, from there to Islay, and from there to Kintyre. This preference for the west of the firth is perhaps clarified by Lindsay’s description of the passage between Jura and Scarba as “the most dangerous waters of Europe.” ", "John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir PC GCMG GCVO CH (26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation. --This text refers to the Paperback edition.", "John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, (; 26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.", "In 1629, King Charles I of England \"erected into a province,\" all the land from Albemarle Sound on the north to the St. John's River on the south, which he directed should be called Carolina. The word Carolina is from the word Carolus, the Latin form of Charles." ]

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[ "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881 in Tombstone , Arizona Territory . It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West . The gunfight was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne , Ike and Billy Clanton , and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp , Special Policeman Morgan Earp , Special Policeman Wyatt Earp , and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps' interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second shootout between lawmen and members of a loosely organized group of outlaws called the Cowboys that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881 in Tombstone , Arizona Territory . It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West . The gunfight was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne , Ike and Billy Clanton , and Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp , Special Policeman Morgan Earp , Special Policeman Wyatt Earp , and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. All three Earp brothers had been the target of repeated death threats made by the Cowboys, who objected to the Earps’ interference in their illegal activities. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton claimed that he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The shootout has come to represent a period of the American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers who were spread thin over vast territories.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , and is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Old West . The gunfight, believed to have lasted only about thirty seconds, was fought between the outlaw Cowboys Billy Clanton , Tom McLaury and his brother Frank McLaury , and the opposing lawmen Virgil Earp and his brothers Morgan and Wyatt Earp , aided by Doc Holliday acting as a temporary deputy of Virgil. Cowboys Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Ike's brother Billy Clanton, along with both McLaurys, were killed. Lawmen Holliday and Morgan and Virgil Earp were wounded. Only Wyatt Earp came through the fight unharmed. The fight has come to represent a time in American history when the frontier was open range for outlaws opposed by law enforcement that was spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "October 26, 1881 - The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, occurred between the feuding Clanton and Earp families. Wyatt Earp, two of his brothers and \"Doc\" Holliday gunned down two Clantons and two others.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen that is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud between Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury, and opposing lawmen: town Marshal Virgil Earp, Assistant Town Marshal Morgan Earp, and temporary deputy marshals Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a gunfight that occurred at about 3 P.M. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, United States.", "The Earps shoot it out at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona - Oct 26, 1881 - HISTORY.com", "Wyatt Earp was a lawman, professional gambler and buffalo hunter, among other occupations, who famously took part in the shootout at the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, on October 26, 1881. Find out more about this Old West icon, from how he met his friend Doc Holliday to what happened to him after the Tombstone gunfight.", "The gunfight at O.K. Corral took place on October 26 in Tombstone, Arizona, where Virgil, Morgan, and Wyatt Earp, together with Doc Holiday, faced off against Tom and Frank McLaury, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Billy Claiborne; both McLaurys as well as Billy Clanton were killed", "Tom McLaury (June 30, 1853 – October 26, 1881) and his brother Frank owned a ranch outside Tombstone, Arizona, Arizona Territory during the 1880s. He was a member of group of outlaw Cowboys and cattle rustlers that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The McLaury brothers repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboys' illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Tom and Frank were both killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. The Tombstone shootout was his only gunfight.", "Billy Clanton (1862 – October 26, 1881) was a rancher in Cochise County, Arizona Territory. He worked with his father Old Man Clanton and his brother Ike Clanton on their ranch and stole livestock from Mexico and later U.S. ranchers. He was a member of group of outlaws that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The Clantons repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboy's illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Billy, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury were killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory. The shoot out was his only gunfight.", "On a blustery day toward the end of October, 1881, the town of Tombstone, Arizona, witnessed the most notorious shoot-out in the history of the West. In a vacant lot at the rear of the O.K. Corral, City Marshal Virgil Earp and his brothers Wyatt and Morgan, joined by a gambler friend, Doc Holliday, exchanged gunfire with four local cowboys, the Clanton and McLaury brothers. \"Three Men Hurled into Eternity in the Duration of a Moment,\" blared the headline over the first report of the affair in The Tombstone Epitaph. The duration, in fact, was slightly more than half a minute, although a deadly staccato of vengeful gunfire echoed for months afterward.", "Arizona history is rich in legends of America's Old West. It was here that the great Indian chiefs Geronimo and Cochise led their people against the frontiersmen. Tombstone, Ariz. , was the site of the West's most famous shoot-out—the gunfight at the O.K. Corral . Today, Arizona has one of the largest U.S. Indian populations; more than 14 tribes are represented on 20 reservations.", "But even though there really was a Gunfight at the OK Corral, there really WASN'T a Gunfight at the OK Corral.  Or rather what happened on October 26, 1881 in Tombstone, Arizona wasn't really at the OK Corral.  But years later, after just about everyone involved was dead and gone, it DID happen at the OK Corral.  If this seems confusing, it'll be explained later.  But you better get used to it.  The Gunfight at the OK Corral was without doubt the most confusing fifteen second gunfight in history.", "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American Old West gambler, a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone, although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day, and had far more experience as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier in combat.", "No. The \"O.K. Corral, Livery and Feed Stable\" was founded in Tombstone in February 1879 by partners “Honest John” Montgomery and Edward Monroe Benson (in 1882, Benson sold his interest to Montgomery). At the time of the Gunfight on October 26, 1881, the O.K. Corral was one of seven liveries and corrals in Tombstone.", "Since the Oct. 26, 1881, \"gunfight at the O.K. Corral,\" the famed frontier lawman has loomed large over this former boomtown. The silver deposits that gave birth to the city have long since been played out, but Tombstone has survived largely by mining the legend of the West's most infamous shootout.", "We recall Tombstone, Arizona, with its storied Boot Hill Cemetery and Gunfight at the OK Corral. Even though history records several gunfights with more combatants and a much higher body count, the OK Corral shootout is acknowledged by historians to be the most famous gunfight in the history of the American West.", "When in Tucson, Arizona a great place to visit is the OK Corral in Tombstone, Arizona. Here in the town the old west comes alive, with daily shows every 30 minutes and exciting exhibits on display", "1881- Tombstone Arizona Territory- shootout at the O.K. Corral. Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan Earp & Doc Holiday kill Billy Clanton, Frank & Tom McLaury. Ike Clanton escaped.", "The gunfight occurred on the morning of October 26, 1881, on Fremont Street beside the home of W.A. Harwood, which was located directly in back of the O.K. Corral. [7]", "Gunfight at OK Corral Visit Tucson Southern Arizona Arizona America Tombstone Gunfight at the OK Corral", "On October 26, 1881, Virgil Earp was both Deputy U.S. Marshal and Tombstone's city police chief. He received reports that Cowboys were armed in violation of the city ordinance that required them to deposit their weapons at a saloon or stable soon after arriving in town. Fearing trouble, Virgil temporarily deputized Holliday and sought backup from his brothers Wyatt and Morgan. Virgil retrieved a short messenger shotgun from the Wells Fargo office and the four men went to find the Cowboys. ", "On October 26, 1881, long-simmering friction between the Earps and the Clanton-McLaury gang erupted in the vacant lot behind the O.K. Corral. In a fateful thirty seconds, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral left three men dead and three wounded.", "*The Clanton/McLaury–Earp feud (see also Earp Vendetta Ride), also known as the \"Gunfight at the O.K. Corral\" (1881; Arizona, United States)", "Whatever the truth may be, the Gunfight at the OK Corral remains the most legendary gun battle in the history of the American west.", "Then there’s the official gunfight at the OK Corral. $10 each, but includes entrance into the corral, the Historama, the museum buildings next to the gunfight sight and a special commemorative version of the Tombstone Epitaph, the local paper, with headlines and story describing the events that took place that day in 1881.", "Tombstone is a historic Old West town in Cochise County, Arizona, founded in 1879 by Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory.", "Tombstone , near the Mexican border, was founded in March 1879. After silver was discovered in the area, Tombstone grew rapidly into a frontier mining boomtown . At its founding, it had a population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, the population was more than 7,000 (excluding Chinese , Mexicans , women, and children), making it the largest boomtown in the Southwest. Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town’s elite. By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house , a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons , 14 gambling halls , [3] and numerous brothels , all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines . [4]", "Tombstone , near the Mexican border, was founded in March 1879. After silver was discovered in the area, Tombstone grew rapidly into a frontier mining boomtown . At its founding, it had a population of just 100, and only two years later, in late 1881, the population was more than 7,000 (excluding Chinese , Mexicans , women, and children), making it the largest boomtown in the Southwest. Silver mining and its attendant wealth attracted many professionals and merchants, who brought their wives and families. With them came churches and ministers. They brought a Victorian sensibility and became the town's elite. By 1881 there were fancy restaurants, a bowling alley, four churches, an ice house , a school, an opera house, two banks, three newspapers, and an ice cream parlor, along with 110 saloons , 14 gambling halls , [3] and numerous brothels , all situated among a number of dirty, hardscrabble mines . [4]", "In the mid-1880s, the silver mines penetrated the water table and the mining companies made significant investments in specialized pumps. A fire in 1886 destroyed the Grand Central hoist and pumping plant, and it was unprofitable to rebuild the costly pumps. The city nearly became a ghost town, only saved from that end because it was the Cochise County seat until 1929. The city's population dwindled to a low of 646 in 1910, but in 2010 the population was 1,380. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.", "In the mid-1880s, the silver mines penetrated the water table and the mining companies made significant investments in specialized pumps. A fire in 1886 destroyed the Grand Central hoist and the pumping plant, and it was unprofitable to rebuild the costly pumps. The city nearly became a ghost town, saved only because it was the Cochise County seat until 1929. The city's population dwindled to a low of 646 in 1910, but it was 1,380 in 2010. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. " ]

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[ "The Great Pumpkin is a holiday figure (comparable to Santa Claus or the Easter Bunny) in whom only Linus van Pelt seems to believe. Every year, Linus sits in a pumpkin patch on Halloween night waiting for the Great Pumpkin to appear. Invariably, the Great Pumpkin fails to turn up, and a humiliated but undefeated Linus vows to wait for him again the following Halloween. The Great Pumpkin was first mentioned by Linus in Peanuts in 1959, but the premise was reworked by Schulz many times throughout the run of the strip, and also inspired the 1966 animated television special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and had a brief mention in You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown (in which the mention of it blows Linus' chances in a school election). The best-known quote regarding Linus and the Great Pumpkin, originally from the comic strip but made famous by the TV special, is: \"There are three things I have learned never to discuss with people: religion, politics, and the Great Pumpkin.\" ", "The classic Peanuts Halloween tradition of Linus waiting for the Great Pumpkin, who rises out of the most sincere pumpkin patch and delivers toys to all good little children.", "It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown [1] The Peanuts gang celebrates Halloween while Linus waits for the Great Pumpkin.", "While Charlie Brown goes trick-or-treating (where he repeats the immortal line \"I got a rock\" in response to not getting candy) and to a Halloween party; his friend Linus and Charlie Brown's love-struck younger sister, Sally, wait in a pumpkin patch all night in hope of finally seeing the Great Pumpkin.", "One of the most notable aspects of both the Peanuts specials and the comic strip is the complete absence of any parents whatsoever. They’re never seen caring for the children, never witnessed inside the house, and though one could argue that since the children go to school there must be at least some teachers present, the students may very well be sitting at their desks, staring straight ahead in the hopes someone, some day, will come in and teach them to read or at least survive the brutal winters on their own. Over the years several theories have cropped up to explain this lack of anyone over the age of ten, from creator Charles Schulz wanting to focus solely on childhood from a child’s perspective, to a horrible plague that wiped out anyone preteen and older, to the idea the comic strip takes place in a post-apocalyptic society in which those over the age of ten is sacrificed to the new god, the kite-eating tree. But those who watch the Halloween special once too often believe it was the Great Pumpkin who indeed showed up and devoured the adults in a scene of such shocking carnage that everyone erased it from their minds but Linus. And so Linus must come to the pumpkin patch every October, hoping to lure a friend that he could then feed to the insatiable gourd so that the rest of the community can live for one more year.", "October 30, 1960 : This is the first time Linus mistakes an object for the Great Pumpkin (and the second year Linus waits for the Great Pumpkin). Linus and Charlie Brown spend the evening waiting in the pumpkin patch. When they hear rustling nearby and then see something rising out of the patch, Linus, thinking it was indeed the Great Pumpkin, faints, at which point Charlie Brown notices it is only Snoopy . After coming to, Linus asks Charlie Brown if the Great Pumpkin left any toys, to which Charlie Brown replies, \"No toys. Just a used dog\". This strip's storyline was the basis for the main plot in It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown , only Charlie Brown is replaced by Sally .", "You’ve probably heard of Charles Shultz, creator of the Peanuts comic strip and cartoon series. Many people know and love his Christmas special, but another classic is the Halloween one called “ It’s The Great Pumpkin Charlie Brown ”. The Charlie Brown Christmas was extremely popular and the CBS Company was more than happy to air another show that would be just as popular – and that’s where the Halloween special came from. Not just a one-off show, but something that could be shown every year to a new group. And it worked. A lot of people, since its first release on Oct 26, 1959 have seen it.", "Oh, Great Pumpkin! Where are you? This Halloween, hang out with Charlie Brown and the entire Peanuts gang to find out for yourself!", "The Great Pumpkin was first referred to on October 26, 1959 and went on to become an annual feature of the Peanuts comic strip. It provided the basis for an animated television special, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and, to some extent, has entered into the wider popular culture.", "CBS held broadcast rights to the special from 1965 until 2000. Afterwards, ABC took over broadcast rights to this and other Peanuts animated holiday specials (including the traditional Halloween special, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown ) in 2001.", "Parodied in the Peanuts Halloween Special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown !, after Sally flips out at Linus for convincing her that the Great Pumpkin exists:", "During Halloween, like other kids, Charlie Brown went trick-or-treating along with most of his friends. During this holiday, he always wore a ghost costume by making two oval holes on a white blanket to give the impression of a ghost with two hollow eyes. Sometimes, Charlie Brown wore this costume after Halloween, usually due to a screw-up, like his laundry coming in late. Charlie Brown got rocks whenever he goes trick-or-treating, resulting in depression, but he remained hoping that he will get a chance to receive candy on the next year's Halloween. When the special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown was first aired in 1966, the viewers sympathized so much with Charlie Brown that they sent Halloween candy to the studio in order to show their sympathy towards him. Charlie Brown's best friend, Linus frequently got him to wait in a local pumpkin patch in order to see Linus's mythological being, \"The Great Pumpkin\". Charlie Brown was always shown trying to convince Linus that The Great Pumpkin didn't exist, but Linus was always shown to hope that The Great Pumpkin will arise from a \"sincere\" pumpkin patch and bless him with toys, making Charlie Brown's efforts in vain.", "created the Great Pumpkin myth himself? Does he assume that since Christmas has Santa, Halloween must have something similar? Are we to believe the practice of writing to, and waiting for, the Great Pumpkin — while rare compared with the practice of trick-or-treating — is recognized? Is Linus engaging in a culturally sponsored make-believe (like Santa), or does Schulz intend us to see him as actively delusional? If yes, his need to drag others into his belief system is disturbing. Linus exploits young Sally Brown’s crush on him and tries to indoctrinate her into the quasi-religious practice of waiting for the", "Peanuts had several recurring characters who were actually absent from view. Some, such as the  Great Pumpkin or the Red Baron , may or may not have been figments of the cast's imaginations. Others were not imaginary, such as the Little Red-Haired Girl (Charlie Brown's perennial dream girl), Joe Shlabotnik (Charlie Brown's baseball hero),  World War II a vicious cat who terrifies his neighbor, Snoopy, and Charlie Brown's unnamed pencil pal . After some early anomalies, adult figures never appeared in the strip.", "After Linus mails his letter to the Great Pumpkin (using his blanket to open the mailbox after Lucy refuses to help), Charlie Brown dances when he receives an invitation to go to Violet's Halloween party. His bubble is quickly burst by Lucy who mentions there were two lists, people to invite and people not to invite; Lucy is certain Charlie Brown's name was on the wrong list.", "Snoopy is Charlie Brown 's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz . He can also be found in all of the Peanuts movies and television specials, like The Peanuts Movie . Since his debut on October 4, 1950, Snoopy has become one of the most recognizable and iconic characters in the comic strip. The original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs. [1] [2]", "Linus was one of my favorite characters in the Peanuts’ gang.  He is the intelligent one of the group, the philosopher and the theologian, and Charlie Brown’s best friend.  Linus is often seen with his blue blanket and sucking his thumb.  He is often ridiculed by his older sister, Lucy, for his childish actions and his belief in a Santa-like character Linus calls The Great Pumpkin.  Linus is also the love interest of Charlie Brown’s sister, Sally, but he doesn’t return the feelings.  The real Linus was the friend of Charles M. Schulz from art school.  His name was Linus Maurer who was a cartoon instructor and colleague of Schulz.  He was the person who originally critiqued the character who would soon bear his name.  He would go on to write several lesser-known comic strips and do the internationally syndicated numbers puzzle, Challenger, for King Features. Schulz and Maurer would remain friends their entire lives.", "Charles M. Schulz with a few of his Peanuts characters, including (from left) Linus (with blanket) Lucy van Pelt, Charlie Brown, and Snoopy. (Credit: CBS Photo Archive/Getty Images)", "Peanuts had several recurring characters that were actually absent from view. Some, such as the Great Pumpkin or Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron ), were merely figments of the cast's imaginations. Others were not imaginary, such as the Little Red-Haired Girl (Charlie Brown's perennial dream girl who finally appeared in 1998, but only in silhouette), Joe Shlabotnik (Charlie Brown's baseball hero), World War II (the vicious cat who lives next door to Snoopy—not to be confused with Frieda's cat, Faron ), and Charlie Brown's unnamed pen pal , referred to as his \"pencil-pal\" after Charlie Brown's failed mastery of the fountain pen. Adult figures only appeared in the strip during a four-week Sunday-comic sequence in 1954 in which Lucy plays in an amateur golf tournament, with Charlie Brown \"coaching\" her. At no time, however, were any adult faces seen (it was also in this story that Lucy's family name, \"van Pelt\", was first revealed.) There are adult voices in a few of the strips in its early years.", "In the opening sequence of the episode, the Peanuts gang appear wearing their costumes from the popular animated television special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.", "Later, Linus writes a letter to The Great Pumpkin , to Charlie Brown's disbelief, Snoopy's laughter, Patty 's assurance that the Great Pumpkin is a fake, and even to Lucy's violent threat to make Linus stop (\"You better cut it out right now or I'll pound you!\"). Linus laments in the letter that \"more people believe in Santa Claus than in you (The Great Pumpkin), but let's face it; Santa Claus has had more publicity. But being number two, perhaps you try harder\" (a tongue-in-cheek jab at Avis Rent-A-Car's popular slogan of the day). Only Sally , Charlie Brown's younger sister, who is in love with Linus, supports him before Charlie Brown takes her away.", "*The Great Pumpkin, a holiday figure whom Linus believes to appear in the most sincere pumpkin patch to deliver presents to good children, but never confirmed to be real and is likely a legendary creation of Linus's imagination.", "The Great Pumpkin is really a satire on Santa Claus, because Linus, of course, writes for gifts and expects to get them, Schulz said. And when the great Pumpkin doesn't come, Linus is crushed. It shows that you can't always get what you hoped for, but you can still survive and you can keep trying. Linus never gives up, and neither does Charlie Brown.", "One of the most remarkable facts about [Peanuts] is the way its popularity cuts across every kind of classification. People from very young children to the very old admire it, for all kinds of special reasons. Schroeder, the Beethoven-loving character who is usually seen playing the piano when he isn't playing baseball, appeals to people who had never heard of Beethoven before. The little tyrant Lucy is seen by the small fry as a deliciously contrary girl, and by some adults as the typically abrasive female in American life. Linus, with his security blanket, seems to speak to everyone who would like to have a blanket of his own in troubled times. And Snoopy, the beagle who has Van Goghs hanging in his doghouse...", "Charles M. Schulz’s “Peanuts” is, without question, not only among the world’s iconic comic strips but also one of the most well-loved. The very first strip of this long running series was published on October 2, 1950, a Monday , in nine newspapers across the USA – The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe, as listed on the comic’s Wikipedia page – and starred Charlie Brown, Shermy, and the original Patty.", "Cartoon tributes have appeared in other comic strips since Schulz' death in 2000, and are now displayed at the Charles Schulz Museum. In May 2000, many cartoonists included a reference to Peanuts in their own strips. Originally planned as a tribute to Schulz' retirement, after his death that February it became a tribute to his life and career. Similarly, on October 30, 2005, several comic strips again included references to Peanuts, and specifically the It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown television special.", "Description : Garfield is awakened early in the morning by the Binky the Clown Show and learns that it is Halloween, the night you can get a lot of candy. Garfield's excitement about this is expressed with his \"candy, candy, candy!\" mantra during the episode. Garfield gets out of bed a few hours later in a good mood. He puts on his blanket and scares Jon (voiced by Thom Huge), who is busy carving a jack-o'-lantern. Garfield then scares Odie (voiced by Gregg Berger), but then he then gets an idea and asks Odie to help in Trick-or-treating, in order to get twice as much candy for himself. The two of them head for the attic to find costumes. After trying on old clothes in a trunk, they settle on pirate costumes.", "This is a list of characters from the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz. This list contains limited information on the characters; for more, visit their respective articles.", "Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz , which ran from October 2, 1950, to February 13, 2000 (the day after Schulz's death). In total 17,897 different Peanuts strips were published. The strip was one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, and considered the most beloved comic strips of all time. It was \"arguably the longest story ever told by one human being,'\"' according to Professor Robert Thompson of Syracuse University. At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries, and was translated into 21 languages. It helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in many newspapers.", "When the kids are putting on their Halloween costumes, Charlie Brown's ghost sheet has many holes in it. Shortly after, when Snoopy is walking out the front door as the World War I Flying Ace, Charlie Brown holds the door open for him and salutes. When he does this the many holes in his ghost costume disappear, only to re-appear later. See more »", "Regarding the Halloween special-I know Charlie Brown is supposed to be a Butt Monkey and all, but what kind of bastard gives a little kid a rock on Halloween?", "Christmas Creep : They joked about this concept a lot. The Halloween-Thanksgiving period was the usual victim of the creep, but in the special It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, an entire scene takes place in a Christmas display when the gang go to buy eggs." ]

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[ "And Then There Were None is a detective fiction novel by Agatha Christie , first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 under the title Ten Little Niggers and in the United States by Dodd, Mead and Company in January 1940 under the title And Then There Were None. In the novel, ten people, who have previously been complicit in the deaths of others but have escaped notice and/or punishment, are tricked into coming onto an island. Even though the guests are the only people on the island, they are all mysteriously murdered one by one, in a manner paralleling, inexorably and sometimes grotesquely, the old nursery rhyme, \" Ten Little Indians \". The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) and the US edition at $2.00. The novel has also been published and filmed under the title Ten Little Indians.", "And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was not released until December 1939; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None, the last five words in the original American version of the nursery rhyme (\"Ten Little Indians\"). ", "And Then There Were None is a detective fiction novel by Agatha Christie , first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 [1] under the title Ten Little Niggers [2] [3] and in the United States by Dodd, Mead and Company in January 1940 under the title And Then There Were None. [4] In the novel, ten people, who have previously been complicit in the deaths of others but have escaped notice and/or punishment, are tricked into coming onto an island. Even though the guests are the only people on the island, they are all mysteriously murdered one by one, in a manner paralleling, inexorably and sometimes grotesquely, the old nursery rhyme , \" Ten Little Indians \". The UK edition retailed at seven shillings and sixpence (7/6) [2] and the US edition at $ 2.00. [4] The novel has also been published and filmed under the title Ten Little Indians.", "And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries. Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, \"If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders.\" He continued, \"There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer. It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.\" Many other reviews were as complimentary; in The New York Times Book Review of 25 February 1940, Isaac Anderson detailed the set-up of the plot up to the point where 'the voice' accuses the ten people of their past misdemeanors and then said, \"When you read what happens after that you will not believe it, but you will keep on reading, and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading. The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating. It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written, and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory. We are referring, of course, to mysteries that have logical explanations, as this one has. It is a tall story, to be sure, but it could have happened.\"", "And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written. Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, \"If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer\", he continued. \"It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.\" ", "Agatha Christie was once arguably the most famous writer in the world, and And Then There Were None is considered to be her masterpiece (originally published under a title that would be considered wildly politically incorrect today). This story of ten people guilty of crimes who are lured to a remote island and murdered one by one remains one of the greatest mystery stories of all time.", "I rarely come across a book that I am able to summarise in so few words, but here it is: And Then There Were None is the story of ten individuals who are invited to an isolated house on Soldier Island, Devon. During their first dinner together, a recorded message accuses each of them of a terrible crime. One by one, they begin to die. One of guests must be the killer, but who is it? The idea for And Then There Were None is so simple yet it must’ve been extremely difficult to execute. Agatha Christie does it brilliantly and the book deserves its praise and critical acclaim.", "And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work of Agatha Christie . However, they often used Christie's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play, with the setting often being changed to locations other than an island.", "I did my book critique on And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie. Agatha Christie was born on September 5, 1890, in Torquay England. In 1914 she", "And Then There Were None, written in 1939, breaks more rules of the mystery genre. No detective solves the case, the murderer escapes from the law’s grasp, and the plot construction makes guessing the killer’s identity nearly impossible. Despite this rule-breaking, or perhaps because of it, And Then There Were None ranks as one of Christie’s most popular and critically acclaimed novels. It was made into a stage play, and several film versions have been produced, the most celebrated of which is the 1945 version starring Barry Fitzgerald and Walter Huston.", "A three-part adaptation of And Then There Were None, Christie's most-read book, is also being made to mark the anniversary of Agatha Christie's birth.", "Many of the most popular books of the Golden Age were written by Agatha Christie, who produced long series of books featuring her detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, amongst others, and usually including a complex puzzle for the reader to try to unravel. Christie's novels include, Murder on the Orient Express, Death on the Nile, and And Then There Were None.", "The first adaptation for cinema was in 1945 with René Clair’s seminal film. This escalated Christie’s stories to a whole new level and paved the way for an influx of adaptations, some of which Christie approved of and some which were made without her permission. 1949 saw And Then There Were None (again adapted under its original UK title) broadcast on the BBC, making it the first of Christie’s novels to appear on TV. Another British channel, ITV, produced their own version in 1959 and an American TV version was also made. Subsequent adaptations include the 1965 film by George Pollock (famed for the Margaret Rutherford Marple films) and the 1974 version by Peter Welbeck, the first to be made in colour.", "The Guinness Book of World Records lists Christie as the best-selling novelist of all time. Her novels have sold roughly 2 billion copies, and her estate claims that her works come third in the rankings of the world's most-widely published books, behind only Shakespeare's works and the Bible. According to Index Translationum, she remains the most-translated individual author – having been translated into at least 103 languages. And Then There Were None is Christie's best-selling novel, with 100 million sales to date, making it the world's best-selling mystery ever, and one of the best-selling books of all time.", "Christie's amazing impossible crime masterpiece, And Then There Were None (1939), also has links to these alibi stories. It uses their alibi techniques, to create a full-fledged impossible crime.", "*And Then There Were None (1945 film), René Clair's cinema adaptation, was a successful US production", "Christie, Agatha (January 1940). And Then There Were None. New York: Dodd, Mead. OCLC   1824276 .  Hardback, 264 pp. (First US edition)", "Christie also created some important non-series works during this period. And Then There Were None and Easy to Kill (both 1939) are the best; the former is a virtuoso summing up of Christie's mystery technique, a \"fantasia on detective themes\", to modify a phrase of Arnold Bennett's, and is one of Christie's best books.", "I was 12 years old when I first encountered Christie’s novel, AND THEN THERE WERE NONE.", "And Then There Were None, the author's most-read book, is to be adapted by Sarah Phelps into a three-part drama.", "A series of mystery novels written by Carole Nelson Douglas features Irene Adler as the protagonist and sleuth, chronicling her life shortly before (in the novel Good Night, Mr. Holmes) and after her notable encounter with Sherlock Holmes and which feature Holmes as a supporting character. The series includes Godfrey Norton as Irene's supportive barrister husband; Penelope \"Nell\" Huxleigh, a vicar's daughter and former governess who is Irene's best friend and biographer; and Nell's love interest Quentin Stanhope. Historical characters such as Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, Alva Vanderbilt and Consuelo Vanderbilt, and journalist Nellie Bly, among others, also make appearances. In the books, Douglas strongly implies that Irene's mother was Lola Montez and her father possibly Ludwig I of Bavaria. Douglas provides Irene with a back story as a pint-size child vaudeville performer who was trained as an opera singer before going to work as a Pinkerton detective.", "HarperCollins is proud to present its new range of best-loved, essential classics. 'The woman who first gives life, light, and form to our shadowy conceptions of beauty, fills a void in our spiritual nature that has remained unknown to us till she appeared.' One of the earliest works of 'detective' fiction with a narrative woven together from multiple characters, Wilkie Collins partly based his infamous novel on a real-life eighteenth century case of abduction and wrongful imprisonment. In 1859, the story caused a sensation with its readers, hooking their attention with the ghostly first scene where the mysterious 'Woman in White' Anne Catherick comes across Walter Hartright. Chilling, suspenseful and tense in mood, the novel remains as emotive for its readers today as when it was first published. show more", "It was retitled And Then There Were None. It’s listed under Standalone Novels. It was published in 1939. Here is more info (although don’t read too much if you don’t want spoilers):", "And Then There Were None (miniseries) (airdates 26-28 December 2015), is a BBC One adaptation based on the original novel. This was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the original novel. ", "Peterson, Audrey. 1984. Victorian Masters of Mystery: from Wilkie Collins to Conan Doyle. New York: F. Ungar Publishing Co.", "Day-Lewis's early mystery novels are full of literary references, from Shakespeare to Blake, Keats, Arthur Hugh Clough and A.E. Housman. A Question of Proof was set in similar preparatory school milieu, where he was teaching at the time. Head of a Traveller (1949) was dedicated to Rosamond Lehmann's children. Among Day-Lewis's best mysteries are The Beast Must Die (1938), a story of a father seeking revenge on the hit and run driver who killed his child, The Case of the Abominable Snowman (1941), A Tangled Web (1956), based on a real murder case, and End of Chapter (1957).", "Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are \"Treasure Island\", \"Kidnapped\", and \"The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde\".", "C.S. Harris, What Remains of Heaven (2009), about a young English nobleman who must investigate the deaths of two men whose bodies are discovered in an ancient crypt, with a suspect list that includes the son of Benjamin Franklin; #5 in the Sebastian St. Cyr mystery series.", "The Daughter of Time was originally published in 1951 and has become one of the most well-known mystery books ever written. It is very sad that Josephine Tey (real name Elizabeth Macintosh) died the next year and was not able to see how far reaching and lasting was the impact of her novel.", "The nine tellerstrokes from the belfry of an ancient country church toll out the death of an unknown man and call the famous Lord Peter Whimsey to investigate the good and evil that lurks in every person. Steeped in the atmosphere of a quiet parish in the strange, flat fen-country of East Anglia, this is a tale of suspense, character, and mood by an author critics and readers rate as one of the great masters of the mystery novel.", "Where were the men? There were British men who also wrote whodunits in this period, such as Michael Innes, Nicholas Blake, and Edmund Crispin, but I don’t remember seeing their titles on our shelves.", "Subject: British Literature , World Literature , Mysteries & Thrillers , Historical , Short Stories & Anthologies , Suspense , Thrillers" ]

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[ "The Zombie, (also known as skull-puncher), is a cocktail made of fruit juices, liqueurs, and various rums. It first appeared in late 1934, invented by Donn Beach (formerly Ernest Raymond Beaumont-Gannt) of Hollywood's Don the Beachcomber restaurant. It was popularized soon afterwards at the 1939 New York World's Fair.", "The Zombie is a strong cocktail made of fruit juices and rum, so named because of its perceived effects on the drinker. Scottish comedian and actor Billy Connolly commented on the concoction's potential to make one drunk from the feet up; he felt fine until he got up to go to the bathroom, whereupon he collapsed to the floor having temporarily lost the use of his legs.", "The Zombie is a fruity cocktail made from three different types of rum, lime juice, falernum, Angostura bitters, Pernod, grenadine, cinnamon syrup and grapefruit juice", "The Zombie Celebrate the undead by raising a glass of the cocktail that supposedly contains enough alcohol to add any man or woman to the ranks of the walking dead, or at least the severely hung over. The Zombie is complicated, with a variety of fruit juices and a hefty slug of no less than seven different types of booze. Not a drink for the faint of heart. 3/4 oz. Lime Juice 1/2 oz. Grapefruit Juice 1/2 oz. Falernum tropical syrup) 1/2 oz. Simple Syrup 1 ¼ oz. aged rum 1 oz. Demerara 151 1 oz. dark rum 1 oz. spiced rum – 1 oz. oak aged rum 2 dashes Angostura bitters 1 dash Absinthe 3 dashes Grenadine 3/4 oz. Maraschino Liquor Combine all the ingredients in a shaker full of ice and shake briskly. Pour into a tall glass filled halfway with ice and decorate with whatever fruit you feel appropriate. This is the drink to go over the top with, so if plastic monkeys, half a banana, an orange wedge and a bowl of maraschino cherries find their way into the drink, more power to you.", "Like zombies themselves, this cocktail packs a powerful punch thanks to apricot brandy and three types of rum: light, dark and high-proof Bacardi 151. Grenadine and orange juice give the drink its lovely pumpkin hue. A few of these and you may indeed feel like the walking dead the next day. Get the recipe .", "Zombies, the walking dead, are empty shells of men, automatons with no inner life at all....corpses raised from the dead to be slaves to their Voodon master. In Hollywood movies, they are creatures to be afraid of, who come seeking brains to eat, undead monsters that cannot be reasoned with or fought. In pubs a zombie is a drink made from Light Rum ,Jamaica Rum , Apricot-flavored Brandy , Pineapple Juice , lime Juice , Orange juice, passion fruit juice and powdered sugar over crushed ice.", "A variation of The Zombie, this Cuban Zombie (left)  is made with three types of aged rum and passion fruit syrup. A Long Island Ice Tea has five types of alcohol - gin, vodka, tequila, rum and triple sec - in it ", "Introduced at the 1939 World’s Fair, the “Zombie” has endured as one of the most popular rum drinks. A Zombie makes for a great party drink as well as a nice relaxing drink after a hard day at work! If you haven’t yet tried the Zombie, give it a whirl. But be forwarned, this drink packs a serious punch!", "Grasshopper : Alcoholic Drink Recipes Main Alcoholic Ingredient(s) : Crème de Cacao, Crème de Menthe Type : Alcoholic Cocktail", "Legend has it that Donn Beach originally concocted the Zombie to help a hung-over customer get through a business meeting. The customer returned several days later to complain that he had been turned into a zombie for his entire trip. Its smooth, fruity taste works to conceal its extremely high alcoholic content. Don the Beachcomber restaurants limit their customers to two Zombies apiece. ", "The ingredients alone here should scare any hardened drinker and if you’ve got an aversion to a cocktail glass then this will at least ease you into the world of a mixed drink. It comes in a rocks glass and if you can’t endorse the machismo of a rocks then you’re probably just an obstinate freak and we give up. Served at the Sazerac Coffee House in New Orleans in the 1850s it included the hit of Antoine Amedee Peychaud’s bitters and a substantial slug of whiskey. He made the stiff drink considerably stiffer by adding the stink of an outré liquid obstacle in absinthe. Whisky, bitters, absinthe. It’s large. For the serious sipper then, this is the king of cocktails but it’s great to aim, and indeed be, high.", "Illustrated by Anna Elez The Zombie cocktail was a quick cult favourite upon creation due to the secrecy surrounding its original recipe, which was closely guarded by inventor Don the Beachcomber, a founding father of America’s Tiki scene. Ever the prankster, Don would divulge different parts of his recipe to different people, assembling a patchwork of ‘what ifs’ as to the perfect mix. The Zombie got its name not from any historical association with Voodoo culture, but for the absolute brain beating it inspired after one too many. The Zombie is also a notable hair of the dog drink, and counted one Howard Hughes among its many fans. www.hotrumcow.co.uk", "A tall, iced cocktail made with liquor (gin, rum, vodka, whiskey or brandy), lemon juice, sugar and soda water, and garnished with a lemon slice. The drink is served in a 10- to 12-ounce \"collins\" glass. The most popular of this genre is the Tom Collins, which is made with gin and is said to have been named for its creator.", "In addition to being drunk with water poured over sugar, absinthe was a common cocktail ingredient in both the United Kingdom and the United States, [43] and continues to be a popular ingredient today. One of the most famous of these is Ernest Hemingway ’s \"Death in the Afternoon\" cocktail, a concoction he contributed to a 1935 collection of celebrity recipes. His directions are as follows: \"Pour one jigger absinthe into a Champagne glass. Add iced Champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly.\" [44] .", "To put this into perspective, that is close to the average Corpse Reviver , a cocktail known for \"waking the dead.\" Consider, too, that those cocktails average about 4 ounces and we've estimated our Long Island to be double that. You're drinking the equivalent of two Corpse Revivers in an hour (or less)!", "A cocktail that consists of five ingredients: white rum, sugar (traditionally sugar cane juice), lime juice, sparkling water and mint.", "In addition to being drunk with water poured over sugar, absinthe was a common cocktail ingredient in both the United Kingdom and the United States, [45] and continues to be a popular ingredient today. One of the most famous of these is Ernest Hemingway ’s \" Death in the Afternoon \" cocktail, a concoction he contributed to a 1935 collection of celebrity recipes. His directions are as follows: \"Pour one jigger absinthe into a Champagne glass. Add iced Champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly.\" [46] .", "I have added the Sazerac mainly out of historical interest as it is one of the earliest (and in fact, may be the earliest cocktail known. Due to the combination of absinthe and whiskey, it is not to the liking of many people.", "Try an absinthe sazerac. The sazerac, created by Antoine Amédée Peychaud in the early 1800s, is one of the oldest known cocktails. [2] Add a little absinthe to this stellar recipe to make it really stand out.", "a Vietnam-era cocktail made of tequila, lime or lemon juice, an orange-flavored liqueur, and served (like a SALTY DOG) in a salt-rimmed glass; eponymously derived from Margarita Sames. See BREW, HOOCH, GROG, JUICE, MOONSHINE, THE DRINK, HOIST, GUSTO.", "* Included in a set of Munchkin Zombies!, a treasure card contains the recipe for this drink", "that Don created the cocktail to help a hung-over customer make it through a business meeting. Several days later the same customer showed up complaining he had been turned into a Zombie for the entire trip.", "The Zolezzi Cocktail has a bit of a story. It was invented by an unknown bartender at Cane's Cantina in San Diego for a couple by the last name of Zolezzi. The couple tweaked the drink for four months until it reached what they considered perfection. This drink features six ounces of liquor ingredients and about as many ounces of mixers. Three of … [Read more...]", "In New Orleans, the Hurricane is a popular cocktail, but did you know about the Sazerac -- sometimes referred to as the oldest American cocktail? Mixologists believe this drink originated in the period before the American Civil War. This stiff drink is a mixture of cognac or rye whiskey, absinthe or Herbsaint, sugar and Peychaud’s Bitters.", "jannyshere Ghosts in the Graveyard ~ 2 oz black vodka 2 oz coffee-flavored liqueur 1 scoop vanilla ice cream Pinch of nutmeg", "Other drinks popular in this period and which later influence cocktail culture are: infusions, where botanicals are macerated in wine and spirit; muddled drinks, where leaves and plants are mushed into spirit; shrub, a blend of spirit, fruit, wine, sugar and spices; and the ‘toddy’ – like punch, its name comes from a Hindi word, ‘tadi’, meaning a wine made from palm tree sap, although its European form was spirit diluted with water. “All of the innovations and ideas in this era come from a very base source, called ‘necessity’,” says Brown. “The number one cause of death, and also of discomfort in life, throughout history was water-borne pathogens. And the only known remedy or preventive was daily consumption of alcohol. So there was obviously reason to make that alcohol taste good, because you had to drink it every day. All of this is coming from a medical background and these drinks were made either in apothecaries, or in the home.”", "Channel your inner mad scientist to create this creepy-looking shooter. Add chilled vodka and lime juice to a shot glass, then use a straw to drip Irish cream on top. The acidic lime juice will cause the cream to curdle, creating realistic blobs of 'brain.' Get the recipe .", "a shot of Polish vodka mixed with a shot of Jack and a dash of black pepper. Shoot it back and you’re cured", "A number of those original recipes are long gone and forgotten, but a few have held out through the years. The Corpse Reviver No. 2 is now the most popular of this classic lot of drinks.", "something called a sazerac cocktail. Keep in mind, the recipe we found is for four cocktails:", "Other great sour drinks came about at the same time. Among the greats are the Brandy Daisy , the Whiskey Sour , and the Margarita .", "Recipe source: adapted from a beverage featured in the short novel \"The Haunted Hotel    A Mystery of Modern Venice\" (1878), Collins, W. (2006) The Haunted Hotel and Other Strange Tales. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Limited." ]

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[ "It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King . The story follows the exploits of seven children as they are terrorized by an eponymous inter-dimensional predatory life-form that exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself whilst hunting its prey. \"It\" primarily appears in the form of \"Bob Gray\" a.k.a. \"Pennywise the Dancing Clown,\" described by characters who see It as resembling a combination of Bozo , Clarabell and Ronald McDonald , in order to attract its preferred prey of young children, though it occasionally feeds on adults. The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, which is largely told in a third-person omniscient view . It deals with themes which would eventually become King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking beneath a façade of traditional small-town values. The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. [1] Publishers Weekly listed It as the best-selling book in America in 1986.", "It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. The story follows the exploits of seven children as they are terrorized by the eponymous being, which exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself while hunting its prey. \"It\" primarily appears in the form of a clown in order to attract its preferred prey of young children. The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, and is largely told in the third-person omniscient mode. It deals with themes that eventually became King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking behind a façade of traditional small-town values. The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. Publishers Weekly listed It as the best-selling book in the United States in 1986.", "This clown was originally created by Stephen King in his 1986 horror novel “It”.   In 1990 “It” was made into a TV movie.  “It” primarily appears in the form of a sadistic, wisecracking clown called “Pennywise the Dancing Clown” in order to attract it’s preferred prey of young children.  Tim Curry plays Pennywise in the movie.", "On television, the 1990 miniseries Stephen King's It is based on his novel It, where the true form of Pennywise the Dancing Clown resembles a monstrous spider. The character Kamen Rider Leangle from the 2004 Japanese TV show Kamen Rider Blade has a motif based on the onigumo spider.", "Pennywise the Dancing Clown in a still from the 1990 TV miniseries, “It,” based on the Stephen King horror novel.", "Description :  Once upon a time, in the haunted city of Derry (site of the classics <i>It</i> and <i>Insomnia),</i> four boys stood together and did a brave thing. Certainly a good thing, perhaps even a great thing. Something that changed them in ways they could never begin to understand. <br /> Twenty-five years later, the boys are now men with separate lives and separate troubles. But the ties endure. Each hunting season the foursome reunite in the woods of Maine. This year, a stranger stumbles into their camp, disoriented, mumbling something about lights in the sky. His incoherent ravings prove to be dis-turbingly prescient. Before long, these men will be plunged into a horrifying struggle with a creature from another world. Their only chance of survival is locked in their shared past -- and in the Dreamcatcher. <br /> Stephen King's first full-length novel since <i>Bag of Bones</i> is, more than anything, a story of how men remember, and how they find their courage. Not since <i>The Stand</i> has King crafted a story of such astonishing range -- and never before has he contended so frankly with the heart of darkness.", "By the 1980s, clown phobia had reached a peak. Rumors of ritual abuse of children were rampant, and clowns figured heavily into many of the stories. Spontaneous reports of clown harassment began pouring in from children nationwide. Even urban legends began to focus on killer clowns lying in wait for hapless babysitters. Soon Stephen King tapped into the national consciousness with the definitive killer clown work of fiction, \"It.\"", "Published in 1986, It is a horror novel in every sense of the word. Moving back and forth between 1958 and 1985, the story tells of seven children in a small Maine town who discover the source of a series of horrifying murders. Having conquered the evil force once, they are summoned together 27 years later when the cycle begins again. The novel is famed for starring one of the scariest clowns in literature.", "In a novel filled with mutilation and death and supernatural horror of the highest order, Will Hanlon’s description of the fire is one of the most frightening passages. It’s not horrific—save for its final moments, in which Will lets his son know that It was indeed present at the scene, floating in bird form—but filled with raw, claustrophobic terror as dozens of bodies are slowly, agonizingly turned into nothing more than piles of oozing, burning meat (King emphasizes the almost pleasant smell of roasting human flesh, a trademark bit of sensory description that should by all rights have exhausted itself but nevertheless always manages to faintly turn one’s stomach). The sheer senseless atrocity depicted is far worse, in its way, than anything Pennywise could ever have performed, because the reader knows that it is a microcosm of over three centuries of history. The supernatural horror at the heart of It is frightening because it cannot happen; the evil of the Black Spot is frightening because it did happen, over and over and over again, and has not stopped.", "In a graveyard in Maine, Carrie's head stone is briefly mentioned in Stephen King's novel \"IT\".", "\"IT\" is a story of a group of children who are not among the most popular, strongest or smartest; a tale about the group of seven friends living in Derry, Maine in 1958. They form the self-called \"losers\" club and encounter a horrible, awesome force lurking in their hometown...a force feeding on fear and devouring young children. A force that adults do not seem to see; a force that appears as a clown, holding a hand full of baloons.", "Derry, Maine, in 1958 is a bad place to be if you’re a kid. Child disappearances and murders are occurring with astonishing regularity, and while the adults set curfews and hunt for maniacs, a group of 11-year-old outcasts know the truth. A supernatural entity has been terrorizing and killing the children of Derry. These 7 kids eventually band together into a self-proclaimed Loser’s Club dedicated to destroy the evil they call It.", "For King to pull off this scene is a balancing act that is far harder than it initially appears. If It is to succeed in linking Pennywise and Derry as one evil, it needs the supernatural entity to have been behind this senseless evil, as it is behind every other evil that happens within the city limits. However, to reduce the fire to the depredations of a shape-shifting clown, no matter how horrifying said clown is, is to cheapen the incredible (and incredibly banal) pestilence that is American racism. The thinnest of lines needs to be balanced on—more than anything else, it is this nightmare vision of black bodies and their torment at the hands of white oppressors that symbolizes the evil lurking at the heart of Derry, but it cannot be limited to Derry.", "After the grown-up Losers Club kills It in second Ritual Of Chüd in 1985, a huge storm ensues, destroying many buildings and landmarks in Derry, including the Standpipe. In Dreamcatcher, Mr. Gray drives to Derry to find the Standpipe, only to discover a memorial featuring a cast-bronze statue of two children and a plaque underneath, dedicated to the victims of the 1985 flood and of It. The plaque has been vandalized with graffiti reading, \"PENNYWISE LIVES\". In 11/22/63, Jake Epping buys a pillow with a picture of the standpipe on it. He hides a gun in it, the gun he uses to kill Frank Dunning.", "It’s impossible to talk about It without talking about Derry. The setting is ultimately just as much the villain as the monster, if they’re even separate entities—”It is Derry” is one of the more harrowing revelations that the Losers’ Club is privy to in the course of their fateful summer. The atmosphere of perversity that King lends the town is absolutely crucial to It‘s success, and it’s emblematic of a talent he’s not praised for often enough: his sense of place.", "Tom Rogan : When he arrives in Derry to kill Beverly, Pennywise hypnotizes him. It convinces Tom to capture Audra Phillips and bring her to It's lair beneath the city. Upon seeing It's true form, Tom drops dead in shock. He was killed in June 1985.", "It apparently originated in a mysterious void containing and surrounding the Universe, a place referred to in the novel as the \"Macroverse\" (a concept later established as the  Todash Darkness of the Dark Tower Novels ). It's real name (if, indeed, It has one) is unknown—although at several points in the novel, It claims its true name to be Robert Gray—and is named \"It\" by the group of children who later confront It. Throughout the book, It is generally referred to as male; however, late in the book, the protagonists come to believe that It may be female (due to its manifestation as a monstrous female spider). This is, however, not It's \"true form,\" it is simply the closest the human mind can come to approximating it. It's natural form exists in a realm beyond the physical, which It calls the \"deadlights\" (described as writhing, destructive orange lights). Coming face to face with the deadlights drives any living being instantly insane. Bill comes dangerously close to seeing the deadlights; after looking into It's eyes, he saw the shape behind the shape for a brief moment. He described the sight as an endless, crawling hairy creature made of orange light. But he and Richie successfully defeat It before the deadlights can impact Bill. The only known person to face the deadlights, survive, and regain her sanity is Audra Phillips .", "You read Dreamcatcher which features a brief scene where a character goes to Derry and sees a memorial placed there by the Loser’s Club for all the kids who died, but which has the ominous graffiti message of ‘Pennywise Lives!’ on it.", "Hello, welcome to Derry.. I'm Pennywise the Clown and at some point, especially if your a kid, I will eat your face off! Have a nice day!", "* Morecambe and the neighbouring village of Heysham are the setting of the Cthulhu Mythos novel The Weird Shadow over Morecambe, published by the writer Edmund Glasby in 2014. The title of the book is a reference to H.P. Lovecraft's story \"The Shadow over Innsmouth\", which is also set in a seaside town. ", "Similarly, there is a short story called The Stone Thing (A Tale of Strange Parts) in the anthology The Flying Sorcerers (Souvenir Press, 1997) where Moorcock attempts to take the mickey out of his own portentous high-camp style of writing, before anyone else does.-- AgProv 17:02, 9 May 2007 (CEST). This anthology also features a Terry Pratchett short story called Turntables of the Night. Recommended by AgProv .", "John W. Campbell's novel Who Goes There inspired the 1951 sci-fi movie The Thing From Another World, where a group of Antarctic researchers battled a plant-based alien life-form. However, most horror fans know \"The Thing\" as the titular monster in John Carpenter's 1982 classic. More faithful in tone and execution to Campbell's novel, The Thing easily ranks among Carpenter's scariest movies. The scene of the Thing consuming a room full of dogs and its inhuman scream upon being torched with fire still give us nightmares even today. The fact that the monster rarely appeared in the flesh, but rather disguised itself as various human characters, only added to the creep factor. Until the end, viewers could never be sure who was real and who had been consumed by the Thing (and some argue that even the final scene is ambiguous in that regard).", "The sight he sees is Alloway Kirk, ablaze with light, where a weird hallucinatory dance involving witches and warlocks, open coffins and even the Devil himself is in full swing. The scene is told with grimly enthusiastic gothic attention to detail. Tam manages to watch silently until, the dancing witches having cast off most of their clothes, he is beguiled by one particularly comely female witch, Nannie, whose shirt (cutty-sark) is too small for her. He cannot help shouting out in passion:", "The prologue contains the enigmatic sentence, “One year Halloween came on October 24, three hours after midnight.” The subject of time and its distortion by evil forces becomes a crucial element in the novel. The sentence refers to the arrival of Cooger and Dark’s Pandemonium Shadow Show in Green Town. The show is heralded by Tom Fury, a mysterious lightning-rod peddler, who appears to the protagonists Will Halloway and Jim Nightshade and sells Jim a lightning rod in anticipation of an approaching storm. It is significant that Fury sells the rod to Jim, a dark-haired, intent boy born one minute after midnight on October 31, in contrast with his best friend and next-door neighbor, Will, a blond, good-natured boy born one minute before midnight on October 30. While Will participates joyously in uncomplicated, boyish activities, Jim has a desire for strange, often forbidden experiences, a desire which attracts him to the Cooger and Dark carnival and nearly causes...", "A young bald albino boy with unique powers shakes up the rural community he lives in.When sheriff Barnum investigates the death of an elderly rural resident, he discovers a teenage grandson living in the basement. Raised by his grandparents, he has experienced the world only through books, never leaving the family farm. He is sent to a state home for boys where he has trouble fitting in socially. His odd appearance and unusual abilities cause the small town residents to fear and ridicule him. However, not all are afraid. Some begin to view his potential and gifts with wonderment.", "The Shining centers on the life of Jack Torrance, an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic who accepts a position as the off-season caretaker of the historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies. His family accompanies him on this job, including his young son Danny, who possesses \"the shining,\" an array of psychic abilities that allow Danny to see the horrific past of the hotel. Soon, after a winter storm leaves them snowbound, the supernatural forces inhabiting the hotel influence Jack's sanity, leaving his wife and son in incredible danger. The Shining (and many of its details, like the abandoned hotel, a bartender named Grady, and a creepy bathtub) were inspired by a real life vacation Stephen & Tabitha King spent at the Stanley Hotel in Colorado the night before it closed for the winter. Fun fact: the book was originally called \"The Shine\", a nod to John Lennon's song \"Instant Karma.\"", "Halloween Town , is a dream world filled with citizens such as deformed monsters, ghosts, ghouls, goblins, vampires, werewolves and witches. Jack Skellington (\"The Pumpkin King\") leads them in a frightful celebration every Halloween, but he has grown tired of the same routine year after year. Wandering in the forest outside the town center, he accidentally opens a portal to \" Christmas Town .\" Impressed by the feeling and style of Christmas, Jack presents his findings and his (somewhat limited) understanding of the festivities to the Halloween Town residents. They fail to grasp his meaning and compare everything he says to their idea of Halloween. He reluctantly decides to play along and announces that they will take over Christmas.", "Darkness had come to the town. Strange things are happening in the dead of night. Children put a tooth under their pillow for the tooth fairy, but in the morning they wake up to find... a dead slug; a live spider; hundreds of earwigs creeping and crawling beneath their pillow. Evil is at work. But who or what is behind it...?", "In case it has slipped your mind, The Thing began life as Benjamin Jacob Grimm, a poor kid in a New York neighborhood called Yancy Street, curiously reminiscent of the Lower East Side. Though a cosmic space accident transformed him into a giant stone monster circa 1961, Grimm has continued to visit his neighborhood in sporadic episodes over the years. In those books, local toughs taunted the hero for abandoning his urban, streetfighting roots. They heckled and jeered at him, accusing him of being a traitor to his class. But no mention was ever made of The Thing's religion. In Remembrance of Things Past, published last August, Ben Grimm makes another trek to the old neighborhood, this time to return a Star of David that he stole as a teenager from a pawnshop owner named Mr. Sheckerberg.", "Eight fantasy stories from the 1940s and 1950s. Real-world characters are challenged by inexplicable events in \"Magic, Inc.,\" \"And He Built a Crooked House,\" \"They,\" \"Waldo,\" \"The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag,\" \"Our Fair City,\" \"The Man Who Traveled in Elephants,\" and \"All You Zombies.\" 1999.", "Eric Frank Russell 's short story \"The Rhythm of the Rats\", published in the July 1950 issue of Weird Tales , is a retelling of the Pied Piper legend as a 20th century horror story.", "Eric Frank Russell 's short story \"The Rhythm of the Rats\", published in the July 1950 issue of Weird Tales , is a retelling of the Pied Piper legend as a 20th century horror story." ]

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[ "Nancy Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist . She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons . Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz , Ralph Wiggum , Todd Flanders , Kearney , and Database .", "Nancy Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, and Database.", "Nancy Campbell Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. She is best known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons . Cartwright voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney and Database.", "Nancy Cartwright was born on October 25, 1957 in Dayton, Ohio, USA as Nancy Jean Cartwright. She is an actress, known for The Simpsons (1989), The Simpsons Movie (2007) and The Replacements (2006). She was previously married to Warren Murphy . See full bio »", "Cartwright is best known for her role as Bart Simpson on the long-running animated television show The Simpsons. On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright auditioned for a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show, a sketch comedy program. Cartwright originally intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the eldest daughter. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Creator Matt Groening let her try out for Bart, and gave her the job on the spot. Bart's voice came naturally to Cartwright, as she had previously used elements of it in My Little Pony, Snorks, and Pound Puppies. Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform compared with other characters. The recording of the shorts was often primitive; the dialog was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio above the bleachers on the set of the The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright, the only cast member to have been professionally trained in voice acting, described the sessions as \"great fun\". However, she wanted to appear in the live-action sketches and occasionally showed up for recording sessions early, hoping to be noticed by a producer. ", "Nancy Cartwright, the voice behind Bart Simpson in the cartoon 'The Simpsons' has been elected as the Mayor of Northridge in Los Angeles.", "Nancy Cartwright, the voice of that iconic TV character on The Simpsons, commemorated the Fox animated comedy’s 25-year run by creating a bronze statue of Bart’s masked alter ego, Bartman, who first appeared in the show’s second season in the episode “Three Men and a Comic Book.”", "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". [28] [29] [30] [31] Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette [32] and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly . [33] Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. [34] Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", [21] and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", [21] since she is rarely recognized in public. [4] When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks [them] out\". [21] Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show. [35]", "Nancy Cartwright originally auditioned for the role of Lisa, but soon thought that her voice was too deep for Lisa. Matt Groening let her try out for the part, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot. Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was at college. His other catchphrases included \"¡Ay, caramba!\" and \"Don't have a cow man!\" - the former being his first words after seeing Homer and Marge 'enjoying themselves' in bed - but these dropped out of use as the series progressed (as mentioned in \" Summer of 4 Ft. 2 \", when Bart complains that Lisa stole his line). Whenever he introduces himself, he often says, \"I'm Bart Simpson, who the hell are you?\"", "In addition to her work on The Simpsons, Cartwright has voiced many other characters on several animated series, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, Margo Sherman in The Critic, Mindy in Animaniacs and Rufus the naked mole-rat in Kim Possible. For the role of Rufus, Cartwright researched mole-rats extensively, and became \"a font of useless trivia\". She was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program in 2004 for her work on the show. In 2001, Cartwright took over the Rugrats role of Chuckie Finster when Christine Cavanaugh retired. Cartwright describes Rufus and Chuckie as her two most difficult voices: \"Rufus because my diaphragm gets a workout while trying to utilize the 18 vocal sounds a mole makes. Chuckie because ... he's an asthmatic with five personalities rolled into one—plus I have to do the voice the way [Cavanaugh] did it for 10 years.\" Other television shows that have used her voice work include Galaxy High; God, the Devil and Bob; Goof Troop; Mike, Lu & Og; The Replacements; Pinky and the Brain and Timberwolf. Cartwright has appeared on camera in numerous television shows and films, including Fame, Empty Nest, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Flesh and Blood, Godzilla and 24.", "She actually intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson but when she saw a picture of Bart Simpson and under it is said that he is a class clown, underachiever, and a daredevil, she knew that she would rather do Bart, which worked perfectly because Yeardley Smith was about to do the voice of Bart and ended up doing Lisa because she had more of a girly voice. Ms. Cartwright does the voices of Bart Simpson , Nelson Muntz , Todd Flanders , Ralph Wiggum , Kearney Zzyzwicz , Database and more. In the 1998 remake of Godzilla she and fellow Simpsons voice cast members Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer appeared.", "Cartwright has voiced dozens of animated characters, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up! , Rufus in Kim Possible , Mindy in Animaniacs , Margo Sherman in The Critic and Chip in The Kellys. In 2000, she published her autobiography, My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy , and four years later adapted it into a one-woman play .", "Cartwright has voiced numerous animated characters, including Chuckie Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up! (the former of which was previously held by Christine Cavanaugh), Rufus in Kim Possible, Mindy in Animaniacs, Margo Sherman in The Critic and Chip in The Kellys. In 2000, she published her autobiography, My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy, and four years later adapted it into a one-woman play.", "Cartwright continued to do voice work for projects including Pound Puppies , Popeye and Son , Snorks , My Little Pony and Saturday Supercade . [19] She joined a \" loop group \", and recorded vocals for characters in the background of films, although in most cases the sound was turned down so that very little of her voice was heard. She did minor voice-over work for several films, including The Clan of the Cave Bear (1986), Silverado (1985), Sixteen Candles (1984), Back to the Future 2 (1989) and The Color Purple (1985). [20] The most notable of these was a role in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) as a shoe that was \"dipped\" in acid. She described it as her first \"off-screen death scene\", [20] and worked to correctly convey the emotion involved. [21]", "Cartwright has shown an interest in stock car racing and as of 2007 was seeking a NASCAR license. In 2001, she founded a production company called SportsBlast and created an online animated series called The Kellys. The series is focused on racing; Cartwright voices a seven-year-old named Chip Kelly. In 2002, SportsBlast received a Silver Remi Award from the WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival for The Kellys.", "After continuing to search for acting work, in 1987 Cartwright auditioned for a role in a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the middle child; when she arrived at the audition, she ...", "She screamed the show's opening line, \"HEY, YOU GUYS!\" Her roles on the show included Millie the Helper, the naughty little girl Pandora, and Otto, a very short-tempered director.<br /><br /> Rita Moreno appeared in the variety series The Muppet Show, and she has made numerous guest appearances on television series since the 1970s, including The Love Boat, The Cosby Show, George Lopez, The Golden Girls, and Miami Vice.<br /><br /> One notable guest appearance was a three-episode arc on The Rockford Files in 1977 as former call girl Rita Kapcovic. For her portrayal, Moreno won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress - Drama Series. As a result, she became the third person (after Richard Rodgers and Helen Hayes) to have won an Oscar (1962), a Grammy (1972), a Tony (1975), and an Emmy (1977). Read Less", "Columbo would appear about 20 minutes into each episode (usually parking his car badly) to solve a crime the viewers had already witnessed. Occasionally he was accompanied by his ironically named, bored Bassett hound Fang. Stars as varied as William Shatner and Johnny Cash played the \"villain of the week\" (often a hero of the unseen Mrs Columbo). They dreaded the detective's dogged pursuit for the truth and especially his catchphrase \"Just one more thing...\".", "During the 1950s and 1960s, Kaye graced nearly every talk/variety show there was including those for Ed Sullivan , Jack Paar , Johnny Carson , Steve Allen , Perry Como , Red Skelton , Carol Burnett , Merv Griffin and Mike Douglas . Two of her classic TV roles were her ugly stepsister Portia (the other sister being fellow scene-stealer Alice Ghostley ) in the Julie Andrews version of Cinderella , and as one of The Mothers-In-Law (the other being fellow veteran Eve Arden ) in the popular but short-lived sitcom produced by Desi Arnaz . Both showcases catered perfectly to Kaye's brash comedy instincts. She also pitched in as a meddling second banana for Doris Day for one season of the star's 70s TV show.", "For the following 30 years, Stubbs became one of the most recognisable faces on the small screen: in the 70s she was Aunt Sally in the children's TV series Worzel Gummidge; in the 80s she was team captain in the weekly game show Give Us a Clue; in the 90s, she was Miss Bat in The Worst Witch; and more recently she appeared on The Catherine Tate Show and EastEnders.", "Skilled as a comedian and gaining a national profile from 'Laugh-In,' she appeared on the top TV shows of the time, including the Ed Sullivan Show and the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson.", "The show is set around the 1860s and it centers on the Cartwright family, who live in the area of Virginia City, Nevada , bordering Lake Tahoe . The series stars Lorne Greene , Dan Blocker , Michael Landon , Pernell Roberts (who left after six seasons), and later David Canary and Mitch Vogel .", "Almost immediately, Garry Marshall signed Walker for another series, Blansky's Beauties. The main character of the series was introduced a week before the series premiere in an episode of the hit sitcom, Happy Days. The show premiered on ABC-TV in February 1977 with Walker playing Nancy Blansky, den mother to a group of Las Vegas showgirls. It also failed to find an audience and was cancelled in May 1977, giving Walker the unenviable distinction of being in two failed series in the same year. She returned to Rhoda at the beginning of the 1977–78 season (giving the show a much needed boost in the ratings, which had fallen the previous year), and remained with the series for the rest of its run. During this time, Walker began directing, including episodes of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, 13 Queens Boulevard, and Alice. ", "Lynn Cartwright (actress) -- Dead. Died January 2, 2004. Born February 27, 1927. Played the older Dottie in A League of Their Own, appeared in many B movies.   IMDb   FindAGrave", "Born: Julie Kavner , American comedian, voice artist and TV actress, who voices Marge Simpson on The Simpsons , in Los Angeles ; and John Friedrich , \"Australia's greatest conman\", as Johann Friedrich Hohenberger, in Munich, West Germany (suicide, 1991)", "Though not familiar stars in 1959, the cast quickly became favorites of the first television generation. The order of billing at the beginning of the broadcast appeared to be shuffled randomly each week, with no relation whatsoever to the current episode featured that week. The main cast of actors portraying Cartwrights is listed here in the order of their characters' ages, followed by an array of recurring supporting players:", "Louise Lasser (born April 11, 1939) is an American actress and television writer. She is known for her portrayal of the title character on the soap opera satire Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. She was married to Woody Allen and appeared in several of his early films.", "30 Rock's Alec Baldwin, right, with Jack McBrayer, dressed as Leap Day William, a fictional mascot that appeared on last week's episode.  (NBC)  ", "Hank is married to Peggy Hill, a substitute Spanish teacher who has a poor grasp of the language (referring to it phonetically as \"es-puh-nole\"). Peggy is also a freelance newspaper columnist, real estate agent, notary public, and Boggle champion. She often displays her naïveté and arrogance with an inflated sense of her intelligence and appearance. She considers herself knowledgeable, clever, and very physically attractive. More often than not, Peggy's ego will preempt better judgement, leading to actions that, while initially \"helping\" her, ultimately lead to a path of agonizing realization of what she has done.", "Punky Brewster had a Halloween episode in season two. She was dressed as a 50s girl in a poodle skirt.", "In 1950, Davis gave one of her most indelible performances in the show-business drama All About Eve, starring as Margo Channing, a theater actress who fends off the insecurities of approaching middle age (and the scheming of a manipulative protégé) with sarcastic wit and more than a few cocktails. In one of her many memorable lines, she quipped, \"Fasten your seatbelts: it's going to be a bumpy night.\"", "Julie Kavner is an American film and television actress, comedian and voice artist. Noted for her role ..." ]

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[ "Manson appears with an \"X\" cut into his forehead when the trial starts on June 16, 1970. It was said to symbolize being crossed out of society. He later altered the scar to become a swastika.", "Charles Manson and three of his followers (Krenwinkel, Atkins, Van Houten) were charged with the Tate/LaBianca murders. The trial was spectacular. Manson spent much of the time with his back to the judge; his actions were repeated by his co-defendants and other followers. He shaved his head and carved an swastika on his forehead; his \"family\" followed suit. All four were found guilty and sentenced to execution. Manson and other family members later received death sentences for the Hinman and Shea killings. The death penalties were commuted to life imprisonment in the 1970's when California law was changed.", "On the night of August 8, 1969, Charles Manson and friends committed several brutal and bloody murders of actress Sharon Tate and four other people in Hollywood. The leader, ex-con and failed musician, was later found to be responsible for ordering the murder spree—his name was Charles Manson. During the trial, which started on June 15, 1970, Manson’s followers—followed his every move, even carving swastikas into their foreheads. After the longest trial in US history, the members of Manson’s group were found guilty and sentenced to death, but in 1972 California revoked the death penalty—before Manson or the murderers could be executed. Right after the trial, there were a number of articles written that were favorable to Manson and his followers. For a while, it appeared that he might become some sort of cult hero. While that never really materialized, Manson still receives a large amount of mail, much of it from young followers. There have been several plays about him, movies and documentaries– even an opera.", "In March 1971, after the longest and most expensive trial in Los Angeles history in which Bugliosi insisted that Manson was a charismatic cult leader who believed he received secret messages from The Beatles' \"White Album\" -- a veritable demon who threatened the very basis of Western civilization itself -- all four were found guilty of first-degree murder. Bugliosi, with the aid of the Manson clan's bizarre, attention-seeking courtroom behavior, had got his convictions, with the unintended consequence of transmogrifying Charles Manson -- who most likely was nothing more than a sometime pimp and minor career criminal with a pimp's savvy on how to control young women, who out of a drug-induced paranoia engineered the Tate-LaBianaca killings in a misguided attempt to free Bobby Beausoleil and ironically divert what he assumed was the attention of the Black Panthers away from himself by embroiling them with the L.A.P.D. (if 10050 Cielo Drive had not then been inhabited by a beautiful young actress married to a famous director and her wealthy and sophisticated friends but someone more mundane, the likelihood is that Manson and the killings would have been forgotten long ago) -- into a huge cult figure, as well as a cultural bellwether, one of the great symbols of an America run amok.", "1970, Charles Manson released an album called Lie to help raise money for his defense in the Tate-LeBianca murder trial. The album jacket was made to look like a cover of Life magazine with the letter f removed from the word Life.", "Manson, who first appeared to the jury with a bloody X that he had carved into his forehead, insisted on defending himself. He was assisted by an older lawyer named Irving Kanarek who was a legendary for his attention to detail (much to the frustration of witnesses, judges and juries) and Ronald Hughes, \"the hippie lawyer\" who was Leslie Van Houten’s attorney.", "The image — complete with a swastika carved into Manson's forehead — was released to the Los Angeles Times because the newspaper requested a copy the next time it was taken.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. He was convicted of conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders, carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was found guilty of the murders themselves through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's object.", "Charles Milles Manson (born 12 November 1934) is a convict who led the \"Manson Family,\" a quasi-commune that arose in the U.S. state of California in the later 1960s. He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder in the cases which became known as the Tate-LaBianca murders, which members of the group carried out at his instruction.", "Charles Milles Manson (born November 12, 1934) is an American criminal and musician who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s.:163�4, 313 He was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He was convicted of the murders through the joint-responsibility rule, which makes each member of a conspiracy guilty of crimes his fellow conspirators commit in furtherance of the conspiracy's objective.", "against Manson, who was described as a “Top Hippie”. Bugliosi claimed that Manson thought the lyrics of The Beatles’ White Album – especially the tracks Piggies and Helter Skelter – were written for him and were directing him to try and start the apocalypse. The murder trial sought to prove that Manson’s followers, including Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, Leslie Louise van Houten, Patricia Krenwinkel and Charles “Tex” Watson, had committed the murders in an attempt to frame the Black Panthers and start a race war to herald the apocalypse itself. Bugliosi’s prosecution was successful and, despite no evidence ever placing him anywhere close to the murders, Manson remains in prison and is not due for another parole hearing until 2027.", "Seemingy possessed of a histrionic personality that he failed to satisfy through music, Manson played the part, getting the attention prison psychiatrists sad he always had sought. Bugliosi and many others have made a great deal of money off of the mythological figure of Charles Manson as the Flower Power/Baby Boomer Anti-Christ.", "Charles Manson is clean-shaven for the second time since his arrest, as he walks to the room where he listens to proceedings in his trial on murder charges in the Sharon Tate slayings, Oct. 21, 1970. Manson and three women defendants in the case have been banished from the courtroom because of their misbehavior. (AP Photo/George Brich)", "in 1970 - Awareness records released the Charles Manson album 'Lie' in the US. Manson was unable to promote the LP due to the fact he was serving a life sentence for the Sharon Tate murders.", "In a 1971 trial that took place after his Tate/LaBianca convictions, Manson was found guilty of the murders of Gary Hinman and Donald \"Shorty\" Shea and was given a life sentence. Shea, a Spahn Ranch stuntman and horse wrangler, had been killed approximately ten days after the August 16, 1969, sheriff's raid on the ranch. Manson, who suspected that Shea helped set up the raid, had apparently believed Shea was trying to get Spahn to run the Family off the ranch. Manson may have considered it a \"sin\" that the white Shea had married a black woman; and there was the possibility that Shea knew about the Tate/LaBianca killings. In separate trials, Family members Bruce Davis and Steve \"Clem\" Grogan were also found guilty of Shea's murder.", "** FILE ** In a Dec. 17, 1970 file photo, right, Charles Manson is pictured en route to a Los Angeles courtroom. At right Manson is shown in a photo made and released Wednesday March 18, 1970 by California corrections officials.. The photo of the 74-year-old Manson was taken Wednesday as part of a routine update of files on inmates at Corcoran State Prison. (AP Photo/ho/files) less", "In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island. Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September 1961 annual review noted he had a \"tremendous drive to call attention to himself,\" an observation echoed in September 1964. In the interval, in 1963, Leona was granted a divorce, in the pursuit of which she alleged that she and Manson had had a son, Charles Luther.", "Charles Manson, who is serving a life sentence for nine murders committed in July and August of 1969 near Hollywood, California. Manson did not actually commit any of the murders, but orchestrated the killings. He was initially sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted when California's death penalty was overturned in 1972.", "In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island. There, he took guitar lessons from Barker-Karpis gang leader Alvin \"Creepy\" Karpis, and obtained a contact name of someone at Universal Studios in Hollywood from another inmate, Phil Kaufman. According to Jeff Guinn's 2013 biography of Manson, Charlie's mother Kathleen moved from California to Washington state to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.", "Near the end of 1959, Manson conned a young woman out of $700 in savings to invest in his nonexistent company. To make matters worse, he got her pregnant and then drugged and raped her roommate. He fled to Texas but was arrested and put in prison to serve out his ten-year sentence. \"If there ever was a man who demonstrated himself completely unfit for probation, he is it,\" the judge said. Eventually at the age of 26 he was sent to the U.S. Penitentiary at McNeil Island , Washington .", "1971: Charles Manson is sentenced to life in prison for the murder of actress Sharon Tate.", "In January 1972, Manson and three others were found guilty, and on March 29 all four were sentenced to death. The trial of another defendant, Charles “Tex” Watson, was delayed by extradition proceedings, but he was likewise found guilty and sentenced to death. In 1972, the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty in California, and Manson and his followers’ death sentences were reduced to life imprisonment.", "In later years Manson became inspired by a belief in \" Helter Skelter ,\" a term taken from The Beatles' song of the same name, which signified an apocalyptic race war he believed would arise between blacks and whites. As well as the music of The Beatles, Manson's scenario was also inspired by the New Testament's Book of Revelation.", "In September of 1952, he was sent to a more secure institution in Chillicothe, Ohio. His keepers there saw him as \"criminally sophisticated despite his age and grossly unsuited for retention in an open reformatory type institution.\" For some reason, Manson suddenly changed his attitude. He was more cooperative and genuinely improved educationally so that he was able to read and understand basic math. This improvement lead to his parole in May of 1954 at the age of nineteen.", "Manson's death sentence was automatically commuted to life imprisonment when a 1972 decision by the Supreme Court of California temporarily eliminated the state's death penalty. California's eventual reinstatement of capital punishment did not affect Manson, who is currently incarcerated at Corcoran State Prison.", "On September 25, 1984, while imprisoned at the California Medical Facility at Vacaville, Manson was severely burned by a fellow inmate who poured paint thinner on him and set him alight. The other prisoner, Jan Holmstrom, explained that Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna chants and had verbally threatened him. Despite suffering second- and third-degree burns over 20 percent of his body, Manson recovered from his injuries.", "Gary Hinman, a musician whom Manson was acquainted with, was held captive and murdered on July 27, 1969. According to testimony by Mary Brunner at Bobby Beausoleil's trial, Beausoleil killed Hinman because he would not join Manson's rock band. The words \"Political piggy\" were written on a wall in Hinman's blood. On August 6, 1969, Beausoleil was arrested in possession of Hinman's car and the bloody murder weapon.", "In early August of 1969, Charles Manson lead his followers on a killing spree reportedly because of the Beatles song Helter Skelter. He thought the Beatles were talking directly to him and told him to kill those people.", "Manson is also far from a model prisoner. In the years he has been behind bars he has committed 108 infractions - including one where he was found with an inmate-made weapon.", "Manson was denied parole for the 12th time on April 12, 2012. According to the California Parole Board, he has accrued 108 serious disciplinary violations in prison since 1971 and has shown no remorse for the murders.", "Within three months, Fromme was convicted of trying to kill Ford and sentenced to life in prison. She is now in a federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas, and still pledges allegiance to Manson, the mastermind behind Los Angeles' notorious Tate-LaBianca murders of 1969.", "Fromme was a college student before joining Manson's \"family,\" where she reportedly got her nickname because of her voice. She was never implicated in the 1969 murders of actress Sharon Tate and eight others, for which Manson is serving a life term in Corcoran State Prison in California. By many accounts, Fromme took over the group after that because Manson had always relied on her." ]

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[ "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham \"Brom Bones\" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer. As Crane leaves a party, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during \"some nameless battle\" of the American Revolutionary War, and who \"rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head.\"", "In a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow, Ichabod Crane, an extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, competes with Abraham Van Brunt for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman. The Headless Horseman, is said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball, and \"rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head,\" though the story implies that the Horseman was really Brom in disguise.", "“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” represents Irving’s second comic masterpiece, a ghostly tale about things that go bump in the night. The specter in question here is the mysterious Headless Horseman, said to be a Hessian trooper who lost his head in a nearby battle. Each night he roams the countryside in search of it. The unlikely hero in this tale is Ichabod Crane, an itinerant schoolmaster, whose name suits him perfectly: “He was tall, but exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together.”", "Ichabod Crane was an extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham \"Brom Bones\" Van Brunt, for the hand of Katrina Van Tassel. Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home and is pursued by the Headless Horseman. Allegedly, this headless rider was the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during \"some nameless battle\" of the American Revolutionary War. Nightly ee rides to the scene of battle in quest of his head.", "In October 1790, Ichabod Crane, a lanky, gluttonous, superstitious yet charming man arrives in Sleepy Hollow, New York, a small village north of Tarrytown and New York City that is renowned for its ghostly hauntings, to be the town's new schoolmaster. Despite his odd behavior and awkward appearance, Ichabod soon wins the hearts of the village's women. Brom Bones, the roughish town hero, does his best to bully Ichabod. However, he is very good at ignoring these taunts and continues to interact with the townspeople. Ichabod then falls in love with eighteen-year-old Katrina van Tassel, the beautiful daughter and only child of Baltus van Tassel, who is the richest man in the village (unlike in most films, Katrina does not have spoken dialogue in this segment). Despite the fact that he is falling in love with her, Ichabod mainly desires to take her family's money for himself. Brom, who is also in love with her, proceeds to compete with the schoolmaster. Ichabod wins Katrina over at every opportunity, although, unbeknownst to him, Katrina, who thinks Brom is too sure of himself, is only using Ichabod to make Brom jealous and force him to try harder for her affections.", "The Headless Horseman has been haunting Sleepy Hollow. An itinerant teacher named Ichabod Crane moves to Tarry Town in Sleepy Hollow. A Yankee, Crane is unfamiliar with the ways and superstitions of his new home. He starts flirting with Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter of the richest man in town. The townsfolk are displease with this, because it appears he only wants her for her family's money. After a party given by Katrina's father, the Headless Horseman drives Ichabod out of town.", "The climax of the tale takes place when Crane, rejected by Katrina after a country dance, mounts a borrowed horse to make his way back home.  The thoroughly frightened Crane then meets a gigantic, silent, headless horseman who chases him through the countryside, over a bridge, and into the churchyard where, instead of vanishing as Ichabod had hoped, the apparition flings his head at the schoolteacher, knocking him off his horse.  The next day, the horse was found without a saddle, and Ichabod’s hat near a smashed pumpkin, but Crane himself had disappeared without a word or a trace.", "This story takes place in the modern Tarrytown, NY. A schoolmaster begins to court Katrina Van Tassel and insults the locals by scoffing at their folklore. Another suitor, Brom Bones, disguises himself as a demonic apparition and rides down the schoolmaster at night. FTP, name this legendary Washington Irving tale.", "First penned in 1820, Washington Irving's humorous, yet haunting, narrative tells of a local schoolmaster whose lonely trot home turns into a night of fright when he is met on the road by the Headless Horseman. Adapted here for younger readers and accompanied by rich acrylics, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow endures as the finest of American ghost stories.", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is a short story of speculative fiction by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" was first published in 1820. Along with Irving's companion piece \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during the Halloween season.", "* In Sleepy Hollow, police captain Frank Irving is tricked into selling his soul to the Horseman of War when he signs a contract appointing Henry Parrish— the Horseman's human identity— as his lawyer, cutting his finger on the pen in the process and thus essentially signing it in blood. The Horsemen depicted in the series— including Henry as the Horseman of War and Abraham van Brunt as the Horseman of Death— have been revealed to have come into their powers after making a deal with the demon Moloch for power, with Moloch's words implying that he has made similar deals to create other Horsemen in the past. These deals can apparently be broken with the death of the soul's new 'owner', with Henry being freed from his deal after he kills Moloch and Frank being restored to normal— despite being briefly being killed and resurrected under Henry's control— when Henry is killed, although Abraham remains the Headless Horseman of Death even after Moloch is killed.", "Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, written in 1819 and 1820 (respectively) by Washington Irving, are the product of a Manhattan native. Besides the two short stories mentioned above, Irving also wrote longer works of note, such as a five-volume biography of George Washington, after whom his mother named him, and his 1809 A History of New York.", "Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \"Rip Van Winkle\". His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846.", "The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book, which Irving issued using the pseudonym \"Geoffrey Crayon\" in 1820. Alongside \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" is one of Irving's most anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism. Irving's depictions of regional culture and his themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in a homogeneous community permeate both stories and helped to develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early nineteenth century. ", "Keywords: legend , sleepy hollow , Rip Van Winkle , washington , irving , crane , halloween", "Author: Washington Irving - Washington Irving was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He was best known for his short stories \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" and \"Rip Van Winkle\", both of which appear in his book \"The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.\" His historical works include biographies of George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and Muhammad, and several histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with subjects such as Christopher Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving also served as the U.S. minister to Spain from 1842 to 1846.", "Ichabod Crane is a newcomer to the Hudson Valley; unlike the generations of Dutch settlers that have preceded him, he has neither the strength nor the means to become a farmer and landowner. His single marketable skill is teaching, and in the isolated hamlet of Sleepy Hollow this pays meager rewards. His schoolhouse is decrepit, one large room constructed of logs; its broken windows have been patched with the leaves of old copybooks. Ichabod’s quarters are whatever rooms the neighboring Dutch farmers who board him for a week at a time are willing to provide. Ichabod thus makes the rounds of the neighborhood, and his small salary, combined with his constantly changing address, allows him to store all of his personal possessions in a cotton handkerchief.", "The Legends of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ... called Rip van Winkle and his grandson is called Rip Gardenier..", "The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (now historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. A place renowned for its ghosts and haunting atmosphere. The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper who lost his head during a battle of the American Revolutionary War.", "\"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\", \"Rip Van Winkle\", \"The Devil and Tom Walker\", and \"The Specter Bridegroom\" by Washington Irving.", "The town’s most dominant spirit is that of a headless man riding on horseback, believed by many to be the ghost of a Hessian soldier from the Revolutionary War, who is frequently seen rushing quickly through the village, often near the church. It is thought that he is rushing in search of his head, and he is known throughout the region as The Headless Horseman of Sleepy Hollow.", "     In this by-place of nature there abode, some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane, a native of Connecticut, who \"tarried\" in Sleepy Hollow for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity. He was tall and exceedingly lank, with narrow shoulders, long arms and legs, hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves, and feet that might have served for shovels. His head was small, and flat at top, with huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long snipe nose, so that it looked like a weathercock perched upon his spindle neck, to tell which way the wind blew. To see him striding along on a windy day, with his clothes bagging and fluttering about him, one might have mistaken him for some scarecrow eloped from a cornfield.", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle pdf - Washington Irving. The woods he who armed with colorful eloquence backed by way merely surface ones..", "The more spectral elements of \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" were likely based on German folktales concerning \"The Wild Huntsman\", a ghoulish phantom that would chase interlopers through the woods at maddening speeds. Often this apparition was headless and its victims lacking in virtue or morality. Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and German ghost stories proved especially inspiring to his imagination. One particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus. Headless horsemen were staples of Northern European storytelling, featuring in German, Irish (e.g. Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g. the Wild Hunt), and English legends. Decapitated riders were known to race through the countryside, heads tucked under their arms, followed by hordes of coal-black hounds with fiery tongues. Usually viewed as omens of ill-fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters found their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance. Source: Wikipedia", "The legend of the Headless Horseman begins in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The Horseman was a Hessian of unknown rank, one of many hired to suppress the American Revolution. During the war, the Horseman was one of 51 Hessians killed in a battle for Chatterton Hill, wherein his head was severed by an American cannonball. He was buried in a graveyard outside a church. Thereafter he appears as a ghost, who presents to nightly travelers an actual danger (rather than the largely harmless fright produced by the majority of ghosts), presumably of decapitation.", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Irving, Washington. 1917. Rip Van Winkle & The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Vol. X, Part 2. Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction", "After departing the party, Ichabod rides home through the woods with a heavy heart. He passes several haunted spots, until he encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a putrid swamp. The teacher is horrified to discover that the riders head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. Ichabod rides for his life in a frantic race to the bridge, desperately goading his temperamental plow horse to gallop faster. To the pedagogue's horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, and hurls his severed head into Ichabod's terrified face.", "author: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Life of Washington; died Nov 28, 1859", "     He was, moreover, esteemed by the women as a man of great erudition, for he had read several books quite through, and was a perfect master of Cotton Mather's 'History of New England Witchcraft'. His appetite for the marvelous was extraordinary. It was often his delight, after his school was dismissed, to stretch himself on the clover bordering the little brook and there con over old Mather's direful tales in the gathering dusk. Then, as he wended his way to the farmhouse where he happened to be quartered, every sound of nature, the boding cry of the tree toad, the dreary hooting of the screech owl, fluttered his excited imagination. His only resource on such occasions was to sing psalm tunes; and the good people of Sleepy Hollow were often filled with awe at hearing his nasal melody floating along the dusky road.", "Washington Irving character who falls asleep for 20 years while hunting in the Catskill Mountains and is not recognized when he returns home", "The midnight quiet of the countryside, the gathering clouds, and the ghost stories that Ichabod has heard do not improve Ichabod’s mood. Indeed, he becomes increasingly uneasy as he approaches the tree from which Major Andre had been hanged. Ichabod knows that he will be safe if only he can cross the church bridge, but just then the goblin rider appears on his black horse, closing in fast behind him. Instead of disappearing in a burst of fire and brimstone as he has always been said to do, the rider throws his head at Ichabod. It strikes Ichabod’s own cranium, and the rider passes on like a whirlwind.", "Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porkington - a ghost at the school, also known as Nearly Headless Nick" ]

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[ "On Oct. 30, 1938 (Sun.) (Halloween night) George Orson Welles (1915-85) panics naive isolationist Americans with his CBS-Radio rendition of H.G. Wells' 1898 novel War of the Worlds on Mercury Theatre on the Air (H.G., Mercury - get it?), starting with Mt. Jennings Observatory (Chicago) Prof. Farrell reporting several explosions on Mars, then Prof. Morse of Macmillan U. reporting more, then live descriptions of Martians invading New Joisey and kicking the U.S. army's butt like the Nazis would if they had spaceships; Orson Welles plays Princeton U. prof. Richard Pierson; on Oct. 31 (after talking to his lawyers?) Welles expresses \"deep regret\" but also bewilderment that anyone had thought it was real; the Edgar Bergen show is airing at the same time, and when its music segment comes on many listeners switch to CBS, catching it in the middle and becoming more freaked - if they were busy studying instead of listening to the radio, they wouldn't be so dumb?", "1938 - Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing a nationwide panic in the United States.", "Oct 30: Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of HG Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing panic in the USA", "\"The War of the Worlds\" is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on Sunday, October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898). It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic, although the reality of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners. ", "30 October 1938 - Orson Wells scares the nation with his Halloween radio production of \"War of the Worlds\" on the Columbia Broadcasting System.", "1938: The novel \"The War of the Worlds\" written by H.G. Wells is read over a radio broadcast. The broadcast causes a mass panic across the country.", "First written in 1898 by the well-known science fiction writer H.G. Wells, War of the Worlds was dramatized on October 30, 1938 in a CBS radio drama series Mercury Theatre on the Air. The infamous broadcast was produced by John Houseman and primarily written by Howard Koch and Anne Froelich with scattered input from Orson Welles and staff. The radio rendition was presented in such a way that it caused general unrest and panic, attracting a lot of press coverage. In fact, it caused such a disturbance that for the next few years there was legislation banning the “news” format in any and all radio drama.", "receiver. Specific audience-friendly programming was introduced to lure listeners, from half-hour sitcoms to daytime dramas and music programs. Radio had a grip on the nation's psyche, as seen on Halloween 1938 when Orson Welles narrated a dramatization of the book War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells. A panic ensued when listeners believed the news that invaders from Mars were attacking the world, despite many disclaimers that were run throughout the broadcast.", "The Halloween episode of the CBS radio series Mercury Theatre on the Air, broadcast on October 30, 1938, was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds. The program was directed by Orson Welles. The script was written by Howard Koch and Anne Froelick with some contributions from Welles and other members of the cast. The action is moved from 19th century England to New Jersey and New York in the year 1939, one year in the future at the time that the program was initially broadcast. The first two thirds of the program are presented in the form of a live news broadcast. Many listeners, who had not heard the announcement at the beginning of the program that it was a fiction, believed that they were hearing genuine news of an alien invasion.", "Orson Welles causes a nationwide panic with his broadcast of \"War of the Worlds\"�a realistic radio dramatization of a Martian invasion of Earth.", "1938 - Widespread panic in the USA when Orson Welles's adaptation of War of the Worlds was broadcast", "performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds", "In our very first live hour, we take a deep dive into one of the most controversial moments in broadcasting history: Orson Welles' 1938 radio play about Martians invading New Jersey. \"The War of the Worlds\" caused panic when it originally aired, and it's continued to fool people since--from Santiago, Chile to Buffalo, New York to a particularly disastrous evening in Quito, Ecuador.", "The War of the Worlds is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells's novel The War of the Worlds (1898).", "The War of the Worlds was an episode of the American radio drama anthology series Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938 and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds.", "The War of the Worlds was an episode of the American radio drama anthology series Mercury Theatre on the Air . It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on October 30, 1938 and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by Orson Welles , the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds .", "1938 – The radio drama The War of the Worlds, based on the science fiction novella by English writer H. G. Wells, frightened many listeners in the United States into believing that an actual Martian invasion was in progress.", "I well recall the panic caused by Orson Welles' broadcast of \"War of the Worlds\". Like so many others we missed the starting disclaimer and thought the report of the end of the world was real.", "In the Arthur episode \"D.W. Aims High\", the character of D.W. Read shows fear of aliens. Her father explains that it's okay to be afraid by telling D.W. about Orson Welles's radio broadcast of \"The War of the Worlds\".", "On 28 October 1940, on radio station KTSA in San Antonio , Texas , Wells was interviewed by Orson Welles , who two years previously had performed an infamous radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds . In the interview, Wells admitted his surprise at the widespread panic that resulted from the broadcast, but acknowledged his debt to Welles for increasing sales of one of his \"more obscure\" titles. [55]", "H. G. Wells and Orson Welles met for the first and only time in late October 1940, shortly before the second anniversary of the Mercury Theatre broadcast, when they both happened to be lecturing in San Antonio, Texas. On October 28, 1940, the two men visited the studios of KTSA radio for an interview by Charles C. Shaw, who introduced them by characterizing the panic generated by \"The War of the Worlds\": \"The country at large was frightened almost out of its wits\". ", "The novel has been adapted to other media numerous times, the best known adaptations including a 1953 movie produced by George Pal and a 2005 one directed by Steven Spielberg. The most infamous adaptation remains the radio version, directed by Orson Welles, which was conceived as a Halloween entertainment and first broadcast on October 30, 1938. The first sixty minutes of the drama take the form of a \"live news broadcast\". Many listeners who heard the program in October 1938 believed that they were hearing genuine news of an alien invasion and panic ensued.", "* Orson Welles broadcast a radio adaptation via The Mercury Theatre on the Air on July 1938; half in England, half on the Island; omits \"My Sea Adventure\"; music by Bernard Herrmann; [http://www.mercurytheatre.info/ Available online].", "H. G. Wells' novel is about an alien invasion of Earth, set in Woking, England at the end of the 19th century. The radio play's story was adapted by and written primarily by Howard Koch , with input from Orson Welles and the staff of CBS 's Mercury Theatre On The Air. The action was transferred to contemporary Grover's Mill , an unincorporated village in West Windsor Township, New Jersey in the United States. The program's format was to simulate a live newscast of developing events. To this end, Welles played recordings of Herbert Morrison 's radio reports of the Hindenburg disaster for actor Frank Readick and the rest of the cast, to demonstrate the mood he wanted.", "It all started with the story written by H.G. Wells many years ago. As many of us know, the story was modified by Orson Wells and broadcast on Halloween night as a radio drama. This story took place in the New York City area instead of London. It caused quite a stir as some people thought it was a real newscast. As far as I know, it was never broadcast in the New York City area again until the early 1960s on WBAI-FM during an afternoon. This page is devoted to the 1953 movie based on the story.", "[http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/wells_h_g \"Wells, H. G.\"]. Revised 20 May 2015. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (sf-encyclopedia.com). Retrieved 2015-08-22. Entry by 'JC/BS', John Clute and Brian Stableford.—was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels, and is called the father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.", "190. Wells, H. G., and Arthur Conan Doyle. Science fiction classics. Renton, WA: Topics Entertainment, 2001. Sound Recording 8 sound cassettes (ca. 11 hrs.).", "*On 25 July 1938, The Mercury Theatre on the Air produced a radio adaptation starring Orson Welles. Welles also starred in a version broadcast on Lux Radio Theater on 26 March 1945.", "On 31 October 2013 the science fiction radio station Krypton Radio presented a modernized adaptation of the play, [83] written and produced by Christopher H. Baum , drawn from the original work by H.G. Wells . It was streamed over the internet to commemorate the original drama's 75th anniversary.", "Orson Welles Meets H.G. Wells - A very interesting meeting between literary giants Orson Welles and H.G. Wells. Originally aired on Radio KTSA San Antonio on October 28, 1940", "On 1 August 1939, Orson Welles starred in a radio adaptation of the novel on The Mercury Theatre on the Air .", "\"The Screen Guild Theater\" broadcast a 30 minute radio adaptation of the movie on March 6, 1943 with Edward Everett Horton reprising his film role. See more »" ]

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[ "The Man Who Would Be King tells the story of two British adventurers in British India who become kings of Kafiristan, a remote part of Afghanistan. It was inspired by the exploits of James Brooke, an Englishman who became the “white Raja” of Sarawak in Borneo, and by the travels of American adventurer Josiah Harlan, who claimed the title Prince of Ghor. The story was first published in The Phantom Rickshaw and other Tales (Volume Five of the Indian Railway Library, published by A H Wheeler & Co of Allahabad in 1888). It also appeared in Wee Willie Winkie and Other Stories in 1895, and in numerous later editions of that collection. It is the basis for John Huston’s 1975 film of the same name, starring Sean Connery and Michael Caine as the “kings”, and Christopher Plummer as Kipling. (Summary from Wikipedia adapted by Philippa)", "The Man Who Would Be King is a 1975 Technicolor film adapted from the Rudyard Kipling novella of the same title. It was adapted and directed by John Huston and starred Sean Connery, Michael Caine, Saeed Jaffrey, and Christopher Plummer as Kipling (giving a name to the novella's anonymous narrator). The film follows two rogue ex-non-commissioned officers of the Indian Army who set off from late 19th-century British India in search of adventure and end up as kings of Kafiristan.", "This adaptation of the famous 1888 novella by Rudyard Kipling tells the story of Daniel Dravot and Peachy Carnehan, two ex-soldiers roaming through British India. They decide that the country is too small for them, so they trek beyond the Northwest frontier to \"Kafiristan\" in order to become kings in their own right. Kipling appears briefly as a character in his own fictional tale.", "Both Michael Caine and Sean Connery turned out to be perfected as the arrogant, snobbish and slightly strange British imperialists and complemented each other perfectly. The film was a throwback to the adventures of yesteryear and consequently a bit of an oddity at a time when Hollywood was breaking with much of its past. An epic and often hilarious and thrilling adventure, The Man Who Would Be King ended up being nominated for four Oscars (Best Adapted Screenplay, Editing, Art Direction and Costumes) and is a must-see film for lovers of grand old school adventure.", "Shot on location in Morocco, it was about two roguish British soldiers-adventurers, Peachy Carnehan (Michael Caine) and Daniel Dravot (Sean Connery) at the turn of the century who set out from Raj-ruled India.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (1894) (a collection of stories which includes \"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi\"), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), The White Man's Burden (1899) and If— (1910). He is regarded as a major \"innovator in the art of the short story\"; his children's books are enduring classics of children's literature; and his best works are said to exhibit \"a versatile and luminous narrative gift\".", "Kipling was best known known for his tales about British soldiers in India and Burma, and particularly The Jungle Book and Just So stories and fables. Such was his success as a writer that he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1907. He was born in 1865 in Bombay, India, but lived most of his life in Great Britain, dying in London, England, in 1936. He lived at Bateman's for the last half of his life from 1902 to 1936.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 – January 18, 1936) was an English author and poet, born in India, and best known today for his children's books, including The Jungle Book (1894), The Second Jungle Book (1895), Just So Stories (1902), and Puck of Pook's Hill (1906); his novel, Kim (1901); his poems, including Mandalay (1890), Gunga Din (1890), and \"If—\" (1910); and his many short…  (more)", "In John Huston's film from 1975, Sean Connery played an eccentric Briton, who becomes a ruler in Kafiristan, a historical region in what is now Afghanistan. Off screen, Connery was critical of Great Britain and a proponent of Scottish independence.", "Born a British subject in Bombay, India, in 1865, Rudyard Kipling is remembered mainly for his significant contributions to English literature.  His novels, short stories, and poetry earned him an immense following and in 1907, a Nobel Prize in literature.  Before the age of 40, he was acclaimed the world over for his \"Jungle Books,\" poems like \"Recessional\" and \"Barracks Room Ballads,\" and his masterpiece novel about life in India, \"Kim.\"  He was unofficial Poet Laureate of Great Britain—unofficial only because he could have had the title but declined it.  His professional writing spanned 50 years until his death in 1936.", "Rudyard Kipling's early stories and poems about life in colonial India made him a great favorite with English readers. His support of English imperialism (the policy of extending the rule of a nation over foreign countries) at first contributed to this popularity but caused a reaction against him in the twentieth century. Today he is best known for his Jungle Books and Kim, a Story of India.", "an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was born in Bombay, in the Bombay Presidency of British India, and was taken by his family to England when he was five years old. Kipling is best known for his works of fiction, including The Jungle Book (a collection of stories which includes \"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi\"), Just So Stories (1902) (1894), Kim (1901) (a tale of adventure), many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888); and his poems, including Mandalay ... more »", "Rudyard Kipling's classic tale of Mowgli, the boy raised by wolves in the jungles of India. Mowgli is taught the language and laws of the jungle, with help from Baloo, the bear and Bagheera, the panther. He also has to deal with enemies such as Shere Khan, the tiger and Kaa, the snake. Also included in this book are other classic stories, such as \"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi,\" the heroic mongoose. Join us for the original, timeless adventure. show more", "English short-story writer, novelist and poet, who celebrated the heroism of British colonial soldiers in India and Burma. \"It is true that Mr Kipling shouts, 'Hurrah for the Empire!' and puts out his tongue at her enemies,\" Virginia Woof wrote in 1920. Kipling was the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). His most popular works include THE JUNGLE BOOK (1894) with such unforgettable characters as Mowgli, Baloo, and Bagheera. The book was adapted into screen by Zoltan Korda and André de Toth in 1942. Walt Disney's cartoon version was produced in the 1960s.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865- January 18, 1936) was a British author and poet, born in India.", "Rudyard Kipling's classic novel of maturation & responsibility has been expanded & updated and turned into a wonderful film by MGM. The production values, especially those dealing with the fishing boat sequences, are exceptional.", "Rudyard Kipling was an English poet who lived from 1865-1936. He also wrote many children's stories. The poem's line, \"If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the same,\" is written on the wall of the players' entrance at Wimbledon.", "The genesis of Captains Courageous came from famed British author Rudyard Kipling's 1897 novel of the same name. The story about a spoiled rich boy who finds redemption aboard a Gloucester fishing schooner was Kipling's only American novel, and MGM had been mulling over the idea of turning it into a major motion picture for several years. In 1934 MGM Production Head Irving Thalberg purchased the screen rights to the book for $25,000 and assigned producer Louis D. Lighton to put the project together. Victor Fleming, with whom Lighton had collaborated on the 1929 western The Virginian, was chosen to direct.", "Afghanistan and the Khyber Pass became the nineteenth century's legendary Northwest Frontier, patrolled by British military units like the Bengal Lancers. Campaigning through the \"hills,\" their deeds of glory provided colorful material for Rudyard Kipling. In his \"Arithmetic on the Frontier,\" Kipling paid tribute to the price paid by those early \"few\" with slightly racist overtones, not uncommon of that ear.: \"", "The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by English Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling. The stories were first published in magazines in 1893--94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by Rudyard's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Vermont. There is evidence that it was written for his daughter Josephine, who died in 1899 aged six, after a rare first edition of the book with a poignant handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire in 2010.", "Joseph Rudyard Kipling was born on December 30, 1865, in Bombay, India. His father was professor of architectural sculpture at the Bombay School of Art. In 1871 Kipling was sent to England for his education. In 1878 Rudyard entered the United Services College at Westward Ho!, a boarding school in Devon. There young \"Gigger,\" as he was called, endured bullying and harsh discipline, but he also enjoyed the close friendships, practical jokes, and merry pranks he later recorded in Stalky & Co. (1899).", "An old-fashioned, rousing costume adventure film and morality tale told in flashback from writer/director John Huston and based on Anglo-Indian novelist Rudyard Kipling's (Christopher Plummer) short story tale.", "Kipling, Rudyard English short-story writer, poet, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, his tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1907. Life Kipling’s...", "Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay , in the Bombay Presidency of British India , to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and John Lockwood Kipling . [14] Alice (one of four remarkable sisters) [15] was a vivacious woman [16] about whom Lord Dufferin would say, “Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room.” [3] [17] [18] Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Bombay. [16]", "Rudyard Kipling was born on 30 December 1865 in Bombay, in British India to Alice Kipling (née MacDonald) and (John) Lockwood Kipling. Alice (one of four remarkable Victorian sisters) was a vivacious woman about whom a future Viceroy of India would say, \"Dullness and Mrs. Kipling cannot exist in the same room.\" Lockwood Kipling, a sculptor and pottery designer, was the Principal and Professor of Architectural Sculpture at the newly founded Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art and Industry in Bombay.", "Lest film buffs fear the movie adaptations of Kipling's spy stories have been slighted here, it's worth noting that on January 26, 1951, MGM released its lush on-location version of Kim giving top billing to screen swashbuckler, Errol Flynn. The actor played Mahbub Ali, the Red Beard, despite the relatively minor role played by the character in the novel. Dean Stockwell was Kim and Paul Lukas played the Lama, the latter to mixed reviews for his credibility in the part. Telescoping the novel, the plot focused on Kim disguising himself as an Indian to avoid school and indulge in some espionage for the British, via Errol Flynn's shady horse-trading. In 1984, a made-for-television movie headlined Peter O'Toole as the Lama and young Indian actor Ravi Sheth as Kim. Most reviewers found this version truer to the letter and spirit of the novel, albeit with an inserted sub-plot not in the novel involving a British soldier and his Indian wife.", "Rudyard Kipling got his name from Rudyard Lake in Staffordshire, the place where his parents first met.", "\"In the Rukh\" describes how Gisborne, an English forest ranger in the Pench area in Seoni at the time of the British Raj, discovers a young man named Mowgli, who has extraordinary skills in hunting, tracking, and driving wild animals (with the help of his wolf brothers). He asks him to join the forestry service. Mueller, the head of the Department of Woods and Forests of India as well as Gisborn's boss, meets Mowgli, checks his elbows and knees, noting the callouses and scars, and figures Mowgli is not using magic or demons, having seen a similar case in 30 years of service. Muller also offers Mowgli to join the service, to which Mowgli agrees. Later, Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli's almost superhuman talents: he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle (explaining the scars on his elbows and knees from going on all fours). Mowgli marries the daughter of Gisborne's butler, Abdul Gafur. By the end of the story, Mowgli has a son and is back to living with his wolf brothers.", "Forster achieved his greatest success with A Passage to India (1924). The novel takes as its subject the relationship between East and West, seen through the lens of India in the later days of the British Raj. Forster connects personal relationships with the politics of colonialism through the story of the Englishwoman Adela Quested, the Indian Dr. Aziz, and the question of what did or did not happen between them in the Marabar Caves. Forster makes special mention of the author Ahmed Ali and his Twilight in Delhi in his Preface to its Everyman's Library Edition. A Passage to India was adapted as a film in 1984, directed by David Lean.", "In Kipling’s classic boy’s own spy story, an orphan in British India must make a choice between east and west.", "On the Northwest Frontier of India, circa 1880, contact has been lost with a British outpost at Tantrapur in the midst of a telegraph message. Colonel Weed (Montagu Love) dispatches a detachment of 25 British Indian Army troops to investigate, led by three sergeants of the Royal Engineers, MacChesney (Victor McLaglen), Cutter (Cary Grant), and Ballantine (Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.), long-time friends and veteran campaigners. Although they are a disciplinary headache for their colonel, they are the right men to send on a dangerous mission. Accompanying the detail are six Indian camp workers, including regimental bhisti (water carrier) Gunga Din (Sam Jaffe), who longs to throw off his lowly status and become a soldier of the Queen.", "                The year is 1854.  A unit of lancers led by Capt. Geoffrey Vickers (Flynn) escorts a British diplomat to the northwestern Indian frontier province of Suristan.  The diplomat has to break the bad news to the rajah Surat Khan (C. Henry Gordon) that the East India Company will not be renewing the subsidy it had been paying his recently deceased father.  Surat snidely insists he will maintain the peace in spite of this insult.  He treats the Brits to a leopard hunt using elephants.  During the hunt, Vickers saves the Khan’s life so now Surat owes him one.  Cliché alert!  By the way, those shot guns sound just like rifles (Best Sound?) and did they actually shoot two leopards (ask the charging horses:  see below)." ]

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[ "There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin (to make things even more challenging, try removing the stems from the apples). A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. Kids can play a \"kill the witch game\" by drawing and coloring a witch on a large piece of paper, cutting out circles from black construction paper and sticking tape on the back to make the witch's warts. Then blindfold the players, spin them around three times and have 'em pin ugly warts on the witch! The player who sticks the wart closest to the nose wins.", "There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called \"dooking\" in Scotland[143] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is thought by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[71] A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.", "The rules are simple for this fun kid Halloween party game. Hang your pumpkin piñata by its string, low enough that your smallest kids can reach it with a hitting stick. Each kid gets a turn. When it's her turn, each player is blindfolded and given a 'witches broom' to hit the piñata with. Spin her around once, twice, three times, and point her in the direction of the target.", "Many American children have bobbed for apples on Halloween. This child�s game may have originated from and Irish Tradition, �La mas nbhal.� This was �the feast of the apple gathering� which took place on All Hallow Eve. There was a spicy cider and toast beverage in which apples were floated. �It was usual for each person who partook of the spicy beverage to take out an apple and eat it, wishing good luck to the company.� ", "A Monopoly party in the Atlantic City home of the Harveys on New Year's Day, 1933. After a version of the game had spread to the northeastern U.S., Ruth Harvey (at right in back row) painted the game on oilcloth, and many elements survive today.  (Anspach Archives.)  ", "Yahtzee is a dice game made by Milton Bradley (now owned by Hasbro), which was first marketed as \"Yatzie\" by National Association Service of Toledo, Ohio, in the early 1940s. Yatzie was included in a game set called \"LUCK - 15 Grand Dice Games\". It was marketed under the name of Yahtzee by game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe in 1956. Lowe is also responsible for introducing Bingo to the U.S. market. The game is a development of earlier dice games such as Poker Dice, Yacht and Generala. It is also similar to Yatzy, which is popular in Scandinavia.", "Milton Bradley celebrated their centennial in 1960 with the re-release of The Checkered Game of Life, which was modernized. It was now simply called The Game of Life and the goal was no longer to reach Happy Old Age, but to become a millionaire. Twister made its debut in the 1960s as well. Thanks to Johnny Carson's suggestive comments as Eva Gabor played the game on his show, Twister became a phenomenon. In the 1960s Milton Bradley games were licensed in Australia by John Sands Pty Ltd.", "Halloween Otome : All the guests at the party have this, to avoid gold-diggers and keep the game from becoming political, due to their celebrity status. Emma has this so she can fit in. Especially seen with The Count, who�s really Erik, the host!", "Halloween is an observance annually celebrated on October 31. Some people hold Halloween parties on or around this date, where the hosts and guests often dress up as skeletons, ghosts or other scary figures. Common symbols of Halloween include pumpkins, bats and spiders.", "A 168-card Munchkin Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas-themed Munchkin was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington, Oogie Boogie, Doctor Finklestein and Lock, Shock and Barrel. The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film.", "you are about to recreate your mother’s winter wonderland in the style that fits your holiday cheer. The object of the game is to move all of the trinkets, table ornaments and other “decorative” items so that the dungeon of family festivity is entirely rearranged by the time the sun sets. The stakes: For every time you are asked about why you are moving an object, you must either a) take a drink of your beverage or b) ask to hear a story you’ve already heard. If granted the luxury of one tolerable and equally mischievous cousin or sibling, consider inviting them to join and increase the competition. Please note: Items are not limited by size, nor are they considered “moved” if they are less than a foot from their original placement. This game is best for those with high tolerance levels, because necessary mobility will undoubtedly result in conversations with all guests. Cocktail pairing: Spiked eggnog. You’ll be doing a lot of socializing, so consider a slow-sipper.", "Submitted for patent and marketed by Milton Bradley in 1966, Twister became a success when actress Eva Gabor played it with Johnny Carson on television's The Tonight Show on May 3, 1966. However, in its success, Twister was also controversial. The company that produced the game, Milton Bradley, was accused by its competitors of selling \"sex in a box\". That accusation was probably because Twister was the first popular American game to use human bodies as playing pieces. ", "Touch Tag is probably the most popular child's game in America. Almost all kids have played some", "The Game of Life, also known simply as Life, is a board game originally created in 1860 by Milton Bradley, as The Checkered Game of Life. The Game of Life was America's first popular parlor game. The game simulates a person's travels through his or her life, from college to retirement, with jobs, marriage, and possible children along the way. Two to six players can participate in one game. Variations of the game accommodate eight to ten players.", "This is similar but all guests bring the bride to be a pair of knickers! She then has to guess who gave them to her. The Present Game is a big hen party hit. It’s thoughtful and also can act as an icebreaker!", "Many schools around the world, including international schools, celebrate Halloween by hosting costume parades and award prizes for creative costumes. Schools also provide fun classroom activities such as bobbing for apples, Halloween-themed coloring or drawing contests, and other games associated with Halloween. Students also learn about the observance’s origins and history.", "The game was originally created in 1860 by Milton Bradley as The Checkered Game of Life. This was the first game created by Bradley, a successful lithographer, whose major product until that time was a portrait of Abraham Lincoln with a clean-shaven face, which did not do well once the subject grew his famous beard. The game sold 45,000 copies by the end of its first year. Like many games from the 19th century, such as The Mansion of Happiness by S. B. Ives in 1843, it had a strong moral message. ", "Button, Button, Who’s Got the Button?: Played inside or outside, the group sits or stands in a circle and holds their hands together in front of them. One person takes the button and goes around the circle, pretending to put the button in someone else’s hands. They actually deposit the button in one person’s hands, but then continue the rest of the way around the circle, pretending to put it in everyone else’s hands. Then going around the circle, each player tries to guess who has the button now. Before each person’s guess, the group asks together, “Button, button, who’s got the button?” Then the player can state their guess. Once the player with the button is finally guessed, that person distributes the button during the next round. Because a button is used in this game, be sure that all the kids playing are old enough so as to not choke on the button. In another version of this game (and the one that I am more familiar with), one child stands in the middle of the circle, and the button gets passed around the backs of the rest of the group. Those without the button pretend to pass it. When the passing stops, the player in the middle has to guess as to who actually has the button.", "Carve Jack o' Lanterns out of pumpkins, decorate the house with a ghoulish theme, parties, go trick or treating door to door wearing costumes", "In 1983, Halloween was adapted as a video game for the Atari 2600 by Wizard Video. None of the main characters in the game were named. Players take on the role of a teenage babysitter who tries to save as many children from an unnamed, knife-wielding killer as possible. The game was not popular with parents or players and the graphics were simple, as was typical in Atari 2600 games. In another effort to save money, most versions of the game did not even have a label on the cartridge. It was simply a piece of tape with \"Halloween\" written in marker. The game contained more gore than the film, however. When the babysitter is killed, her head disappears and is replaced by blood pulsating from the neck. The game's primary similarity to the film is the theme music that plays when the killer appears onscreen.", "The third-ever episode of Marry Me : Annie and Jake hold a haunted house in defiance of their building's take charge helicopter parent and get in trouble when a boy refuses to leave; Dennah \"eliminates the middleman\" in her sexy whatever outfits and opts to \"just go as a slut\"; Gil and Kay go on an adult trick-or-treat that allows Gil to stalk his ex-wife.", "According to tradition, Dolley Madison, the wife of President James Madison, began the event in 1814 and hundreds of children brought their decorated eggs to join in games. The original site was on the grounds of the United States Capitol, but in 1877 a new lawn was planted and the gardeners cancelled the event. Congress then passed a law making it illegal to use the grounds as a children's playground. At the request of a number of children, including his own, then President Rutherford B. Hayes and his wife Lucy Hayes brought the event to the White House lawns. In 1953 Mamie Eisenhower proposed that event be opened to black children, who were allowed to participate starting in 1954. ", "(voice-over): \"Hey, kids... looking for Halloween fun in Washington, D. C.? Come trick or treat at the White House! It's easy to participate.", "Popular: The board game has charmed families for decades - but it wouldn't be the same if made today (Photo: fir0002 / Wikimedia Commons)", "One of the most elaborate children's Christmas parties was President Andrew Jackson's \"frolic\" for the children of his household in 1834. This party included games, dancing, a grand dinner, and ended with an indoor \"snowball fight\" with specially made cotton balls.", "Ms Pimentel said: �We wanted to give kids something fun around this time of year, so are hosting a tea party for girls and boys and hope they come dressed up in their princess and prince outfits.", "Delmar’s Annual Trick or Treat night, sponsored by the Key Club at Delmar High School, will be held Thursday, Oct. 30, from 6 to 8 p.m. All Elementary kids are welcome.", "What was the purpose of the Halloween pageant? What practical joke had persuaded the grown ups to have an organized event?", "C Unwrap your gift. D Please blow out the candles. E Are we going to play games?", "c unwrap your gift. d please blow out the candles. e are we going to play games?", "In December 1982, an 8-year-old boy, Jeffrey R. Yee, supposedly received a letter from U.S. President Ronald Reagan congratulating him on a worldwide record of 6,131,940 points, a score only possible if he had passed the unbeatable Split-Screen Level. In September 1983, Walter Day , chief scorekeeper at Twin Galaxies, took the US National Video Game Team on a tour of the East Coast to visit video game players who claimed they could get through the Split-Screen Level. No video game player could demonstrate this ability. In 1999, Billy Mitchell offered $100,000 to anyone who could pass through the Split-Screen Level before January 1, 2000. The prize was never claimed.", "In December 1982, an eight-year-old boy, Jeffrey R. Yee, supposedly received a letter from U.S. President Ronald Reagan congratulating him on a worldwide record of 6,131,940 points, a score only possible if he had passed the unbeatable Split-Screen Level. In September 1983, Walter Day, chief scorekeeper at Twin Galaxies, took the US National Video Game Team on a tour of the East Coast to visit video game players who claimed they could get through the Split-Screen Level. No video game player could demonstrate this ability. In 1999, Billy Mitchell offered $100,000 to anyone who could pass through the Split-Screen Level before January 1, 2000. The prize was never claimed." ]

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[ "Henry Ford is commonly reputed to have made the statement \"Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black.\" Actually, Model Ts in different colors were produced from 1908 to 1914, and then again from 1926 to 1927. It is often stated that Ford chose black because the paint dried faster than other colored paints available at the time, and a faster drying paint would allow him to build cars faster since he would not have to wait as long for the paint to dry.", "One of Henry Ford's famous quotes about the Model T was, \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants, so long as it is black.\"", "With 16,500,000 sold cars, T model is the second best selling car in the world, but also much more than that. This is the first car manufactured by the so called assembly line manufacturing, which simplified the car making, and more importantly, made it cheaper and started more massive production. The famous line of the founder Henry Ford refers to T model: “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black” since, due to express production, no other color could dry as fast as black.", "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black.", "Henry Ford was also said to have offered the Ford Model T with the famous Hobson's choice: \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants as long as it is black.\" However, factually speaking, the car was actually offered in a variety of colors in the earliest days. ", "\"Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black\".", "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black\". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years.", "Whether Henry actually said, “Any colour the customer wants, as long as it is black,” is open to debate, since the Model T was available in several shades until 1914. The car became a single hue because black was the cheapest and most durable paint, and it eliminated the extra time and work of changing colours on the line.", "Henry Ford (1863-1947) documented that he made the “any color so long as it is black” comment during a meeting in 1909 (Henry Ford in collaboration with Samuel Crowther in My Life and Work. 1922. Page 72). An simplified analysis suggest that he said it because he believed that he had product-market fit. He believed that the product was good enough. A more insightful explanation examines his vision:", "However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black but rather only grey, green, blue, and red. Green was available for the touring cars, town cars, coupes, and Landaulets. Grey was only available for the town cars, and red only for the touring cars. By 1912, all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders. It was only in 1914 that the \"any color so long as it is black\" policy was finally implemented. It is often stated that Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1926 due to the cheap cost and durability of black paint. During the lifetime production of the Model T, over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car. These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts, and had distinct drying times, depending on the part, paint, and method of drying.", "As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5-man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes). It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan Black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1913, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's apocryphal remark, \"any color as long as it's black\". In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay.", "Try telling that to Henry Ford, however, as Tutt says he resisted the change because of the elaborate process he already had built for painting his cars. In fact, Tutt says, any Model Ts that were repainted in a different color other than black would have their warranties voided.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.", "This came up in the Consumerist newsroom we call a conference call — everyone remembers that one car with the special paint color — Polynesian Green, Clover Green Pearl, Deep Maroon 347 — perhaps more than any other aspect of the beloved former ride.", "Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. Ford did not invent the automobile, but he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle class Americans could afford to buy. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with \"Fordism\": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout most of North America and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation and arranged for his family to control the company permanently.", "STEVE EMBER: In nineteen three, a doctor in Detroit, Michigan, bought the first car from the Ford Motor Company. That sale was the beginning of Henry Ford's dream. He wanted to build good, low-priced cars for the general public. As he said many times: \"I want to make a car that anybody can buy.\"", "In 1914, Henry Ford announced his famous profit-sharing promotion. An ad for the Ford Coupelet read, \"Buyers of this car will share in profits if we sell at retail 300,000 new Ford cars between August 1914 and August 1915.\"", "Making automobiles was a hobby for many Americans, and Henry Ford began as a hobbyist, but he brought to his hobby an unsurpassed ambition. In 1899, he started his own automobile manufacturing company; he wanted to produce cars in large enough quantities to make them available to everyone. In 1908, he divided up the tasks involved in manufacturing an automobile; he broke these tasks down to the function of each autoworker, conceiving of each worker as a part of a machine that made cars. At first, he tried having chassis pulled along factory floors with towropes. Men walked alongside the chassis to stations, at each station parts were added. Manufacturing time for a single automobile decreased from twelve hours to five and one-half hours. In 1913, he installed conveyor belts in his factories. With these, workers stood at their stations, each doing the same repetitive task over and over again. Manufacturing time for one car fell to around an hour and a half. At such a pace, Ford could make a small profit on each car but could make much more money from selling the cars in the millions. By The end of 1914, his employees were the highest paid industrial workers in the world; a worker performing the simplest of tasks could, and some did, become rich.", "In 1909 Ford made the important decision to manufacture only one type of car—the Model T, or the \"Tin Lizzie.\" By now he firmly controlled the company, having bought out Malcomson. The Model T was durable, easy to operate, and economical; it sold for $850 and came in one color—black. Within four years Ford was producing over forty thousand cars per year.", "Ford's manufacturing principles were adopted by countless other industries. Henry Ford went beyond his 1907 goal of making cars affordable for all; he changed the habits of a nation, and shaped its very character.", "One of the oldest automakers in America with a focus on the middle class, Ford Motor Company pioneered the assembly line under the guidance of founder Henry Ford, and wrote the book on auto sales in the United States through two World Wars and the Great Depression. You should expect nothing less from Ford’s marketing team in terms of slogans, and Ford’s “Have you driven a Ford lately?” personifies the automaker’s history of steady development and basic ideals.", "In 1922, Henry had bought Lincoln from its founder Henry Leland, but although he paid $8 million for it, he almost immediately lost interest. Uncharacteristically, he let Edsel take almost complete command of it. The younger Ford turned the well-engineered but blandly-designed models into stylish cars, and the luxury marque flourished under his care. He also founded the mid-range Mercury brand, which turned out to be a money-maker for the company.", "Fast forward to the 1920s, when General Motors worked with the Dupont chemical company to create something known as pyroxylin, a substance that could be mixed with pigments to come up with new automobile coatings in a rainbow of colors, was more durable than previous pigments, and even better — could dry in minutes instead of hours.", "The Ford Motor Company was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Sorensen recounted that a distraught Henry Ford was very close to following through with a threat to break up the company rather than cooperate, but his wife Clara told him she would leave him if he destroyed the family business. In her view, it would not be worth the chaos it would create. Henry complied with his wife's ultimatum, and even agreed with her in retrospect. Overnight, the Ford Motor Company went from the most stubborn holdout among automakers to the one with the most favorable UAW contract terms. The contract was signed in June 1941.", "During the 1920s, under Edsel Ford’s nominal presidency, the company diversified by acquiring the Lincoln Motor Car Company, in 1922, and venturing into aviation. At Edsel’s death in 1943 Henry Ford resumed the presidency and, in spite of age and infirmity, held it until 1945, when he retired in favour of his grandson, Henry Ford II .", "By the mid 1920's, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.", "Henry Ford with Thomas Edison and Harvey Firestone . Ft. Myers , Florida , February 11, 1929.", "Henry Ford with Thomas Edison and Harvey Firestone. Ft. Myers , Florida , February 11, 1929.", "Henry Ford’s right-hand-man, Harold Wills, printed business cars to earn money as a teen, and when Mr. Ford needed a logo, Wills pulled out his old printing set and used a font that he had used for his own cards. Although the name is pretty simple where it came from.", "\"Edsel was responsible for many good things in the Company's history - insistance on verve and dash in product styling, on a reliable and safer product, on fair and courteous relationships with dealers and the public.  He posessed an unquenchable sense of fitness, an insistance on doing the right thing.  A single instance amoung many would be his little-known acheivement in making Ford Overseas a strong segment in the Ford marketing empire.  He did all the essential things that Henry refused to do, and consequently held the Company together during several crisis periods in the 1930's. In true retrospect, he seems less a tragic figure than popularly supposed.  Without him, the Company might never have attained the solid image it was today.\"", "The company's Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac divisions were shaped by Alfred P. Sloan Jr., the legendary marketer and chairman of General Motors, to each pursue customers of a different income range. Buyers were expected to start with a Chevrolet and work up to a Cadillac as they became more prosperous.", "Singer was the first motor manufacturer to make a small economy car that was a replica of a large car, showing a small car was a practical proposition. With a four-cylinder ten horsepower engine the Singer 10 was launched at the 1912 Motor Show. William Rootes, Singer apprentice and consummate car-salesman, contracted to buy the entire first year’s supply. It became a best-seller. Ultimately Singer’s business was acquired by his Rootes Group in 1956, which continued the brand until 1970." ]

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[ "Candy corn is a candy most often found in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. The three colors of the candy – a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip – mimic the appearance of kernels of corn. Each piece is approximately three times the size of a real kernel from a ripe or dried ear.", "Candy corn is a confection in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. Candy corn was created in the 1880s; the three colors of the candy - a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip - mimic the appearance of kernels of corn.", "A popular variation called \"Indian corn\" features a chocolate brown wide end, orange center and pointed white tip, often available around Thanksgiving. During the Halloween season, blackberry cobbler candy corn can be found in eastern Canada. Confectioners have introduced additional color variations suited to other holidays. The Christmas variant (sometimes called \"reindeer corn\") typically has a red end and a green center; the Valentine's Day variant (sometimes called \"cupid corn\") typically has a red end and a pink center; In the United States during Independence Day celebrations, corn with a blue end, white center, and red tip (named \"freedom corn\") can be found at celebratory cook outs and patriotic celebrations; the Easter variant (sometimes called \"bunny corn\") is typically only a two-color candy, and comes with a variety of pastel bases (pink, green, yellow, and purple) with white tips all in one package. In 2011, there were caramel apple and green apple candy corn variants. In 2013 there were s'mores and pumpkin spice variants. In 2014, carrot corn was also introduced for the Easter season, typically being green and orange, and having a carrot cake type flavor.", "M&M Plain Chocolate Candies come in brown packaging of various sizes (either boxes or bags, depending on where one purchases them), and, since 1995, come in the following colors: brown, yellow, red, orange, green, and blue. The red M&Ms were part of the original palette, but health concerns over the dye used caused the makers to stop using red coloring in the 1970s. This was reversed some 20 years ago and red was reintroduced after the panic had died down. Violet, too, was another of the original colors, but later it morphed into tan, then blue.", "In 1950, a black \"M\" was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark. It was changed to white in 1954.[7]", "Flint corn is a type of corn that is usually associated with the multicolored ears that are used as a popular decoration in the autumn months. The decorative ears are often referred to as \"Decorative Corn\" or \"Indian corn\" and contain kernels of vibrant colors ranging from yellow, orange, and red to blue, purple, and black. The kernels are very hard, but they can be ground into meal and used for human consumption. The Italian dish polenta is most often made from cornmeal ground from flint corn. Hominy, or posole, is usually made from flint corn, as is masa harina, which is dried posole meal, used for making tamales and tortillas.", "The source material for candy floss is usually both dyed and flavored. In the US, so-called 'floss sugar' is available in a wide variety of flavors, but two flavor-blend-colors predominate - 'blue raspberry' and 'pink vanilla', both originally formulations by the Gold Medal brand (which uses the names 'Boo Blue' and 'Silly Nilly'). Cotton candy also comes out purple, when mixed, making a significant favorite at fairs. Cotton candy machines were notoriously unreliable until Gold Medal's invention of a sprung base in 1949, and since then they have manufactured nearly all commercial cotton candy machines and much of the floss sugar in the US. ", "Yellow (bottom section): \"It tastes like the wax you wrap a Babybel cheese in. It has a slightly sweet taste, but it doesn't really identify with any kind of food, or any other kind of candy. Kinda tastes a little chalky. I think it's the bottom piece, because of the size and how flavorless it is. Why would they put the flavorless part as the biggest piece, right?\"", "Candy cane is a cane-shaped hard candy stick associated with Christmas. It is traditionally white with red stripes and flavored with peppermint; but is also made in a variety of other flavors and colors.", "Black and white pepper corns are native to Asia and are an imported product in Germany. They are the small berries of a plant called Piper Nigrum. Both black and white pepper corns come from the same basic plant, and are used abundantly in all German dishes. Black kernels have been picked still red when the pepper berry is not yet fully mature while white kernels are simply the mature pepper product removed of its outer coating. The difference is in appearance and in flavor. Black peppercorns have a stronger flavor; white peppercorns have a milder aroma.", "A fluffy, cottony confection made from long, thin SPUN SUGAR threads, which are wound onto a cardboard cone for easy eating. Cotton candy is often tinted with food coloring, most commonly pink, and is sometimes also flavored. It dates back to the early 1900s, and has been a favorite at amusement parks, county fairs and circuses ever since.", "A chewy fruit candy which had two colours per flavour (an outside colour and a colour hidden underneath). For example, the watermelon flavour was green with pink inside", "In the 1950s an automated machine was invented that could put on the red stripes on candy canes. What color were they before the 1950s?", "The old-fashioned American stick candy is sometimes also referred to as \"barber pole candy\" due to its colorful, swirled appearance. See also, Candy cane. \"Candy stripe\" is a generic description of the candy cane color scheme. Among many other names, the candy has been called Polkagris. ", "One serving of candy corn contains about 140 calories; a single piece is around 7 calories.", "Candy corn is not just for Halloween anymore. Candy makers have made Christmas, Valentine’s Day and Easter themed candy corn in recent years. They’ve also introduced several additional flavors of candy corn – from peppermint to pumpkin spice.", "Typical machines used to make cotton candy include a spinning head enclosing a small \"sugar reserve\" bowl into which a charge of granulated, colored sugar (or separate sugar and food coloring) is poured. Heaters near the rim of the head melt the sugar, which is squeezed out through tiny holes by centrifugal force. Pre-colored sugar packaged specially for the process is milled with melting characteristics and a crystal size optimized for the head and heated holes; granulated sugar used in baking contains fine crystals which spin out un-melted, while rock sugar crystals are too large to properly contact the heater, slowing the production of cotton candy.", "Run out a batch of any flavor stick candy, usually peppermint and lemon are the best sellers, spin these sticks any size you wish and in cutting these cut off at angles. Now have your helper roll them so as to keep them round an when they begin to get cold crook the angle, then set them to one side to harden. Your helper's rolling them until they become cold keeps them from getting flat on one side which affects the sale of them greatly. It is best when spinning these out to make one end of the stick smaller than the other, then place the crook on the large end and have the small end ofr the end of the cane. Candy canes can be made in any flavor or color, or any size desired.\"", "the handful. By far, the vast majority of candy corn is consumed during the Fall months, with", "A fluffy, creamy candy made from sugar, corn syrup, and beaten egg whites. Nuts, chocolate, and other flavorings are often added to the mixture.", "\"Corn syrup. A sweet, thick liquid derived from cornstarch treated with acids or enzymes and used to sweeten and thicken candy, syrups, and snack foods. By far the most popular and best-known corn syrup is Karo, introduced in 1902 by Corn Products Company of Edgewater, New Jersey. The name \"karo\" may have been in honor of the inventor's wife, Caroline, or, some say, derivative of an earlier trademark for table syrup, \"Karomel.\" So common is the use of Karo in making pecan pie that the confection is often called \"Karo pie\" in the South.\"", "Taste-Test: Do the Sections of Candy Corn Taste Different From One Another? | The Huffington Post", "An ice cream cone, poke or cornet is a dry, cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, which enables ice cream to be held in the hand and eaten without a bowl or spoon. Various types of ice cream cones include wafer (or cake) cones, waffle cones, and sugar cones.", "Can be made with a mixture of heated Candy Melts and corn syrup. Dough-like consistency that is rolled out before applied to cake. ", "candy thermometer – A candy thermometer is very useful for cooking sugar syrups and caramels. A candy thermometer has a mercury bulb with a long glass column. It is normally clipped to the inside of the pan, directly in the syrup but not touching the bottom of the pan, allowing you to watch as the syrup heats to the correct temperature. Shop for candy thermometers .", "An indicator on a box of confectioners sugar of how many times it has been ground. The higher the number of X's the finer the grind.", "powdered sugar or confectioners sugar (US) is icing sugar (UK, CA, AU); contains cornstarch (~3%) as an anti-clumping agent.", "When you need to add coloring to icing, use color paste; if you use liquid coloring, you may need to add more confectioner's sugar.", "Candy Thermometer – A specific tool for measuring the temperature of boiling sugars, or oils. The instrument registers temperatures from 100° to 400° F.", "Candy Thermometer - A large glass, mercury kitchen thermometer used for testing the temperature while making candy, jams, and jellies.", "dipping tool – small thin tools that resemble long pronged and spiraled forks and are used to hold fruit, candy, nuts, and petit fours while dipping them into melted chocolate or other coatings. Shop for dipping tools .", "I agree with VaBookworm87, I just don’t like the shape of the tongue. When I first looked at it I had no idea it’s for Skittles and that it it’s suppose to be a tongue. Like I mentioned earlier about using it for some kid painting product and as VaBookworm87 says, looks like some paint being splashed." ]

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[ "On October 14, 1947, Captain Charles E. Yeager became the first person to fly an aircraft faster than the speed of sound when he piloted the rocket-powered Bell X-1, nicknamed “Glamorous Glennis” after his wife, past Mach 1 - a speed of 700 miles per hour. The sonic boom first heard that day heralded a new era in aviation. During the coming years, Yeager, who had flown more than 60 combat missions during World War II and would later fly more than a hundred in Vietnam, would become one of the world’s most famous test pilots while breaking many more aviation records and advancing to the rank of general in the Air Force.", "On October 14, 1947, USAF pilot Captain Chuck Yeager became the first man to break the sound barrier in a Bell X-1 at Edwards Air Force Base. He had named his aircraft \"Glamorous Glennis\", after his wife. The .50 caliber bullet shape of the fuselage, strong thin wing sections, and an adjustable horizontal stabilizer were engineering developments used in the design of the X-1. In order to reach its testing altitude, the X-1 was air-launched from the bomb bay of a Boeing B-29 Super Fortress, and then used its four-chambered rocket engine to climb to 13000 meters (43000 feet).", "We began this chapter by transporting ourselves back to October 14, 1947, and riding with Chuck Yeager as he flew the Bell X-1 through the sound barrier, becoming the first human to fly faster than sound. The detailed events of 1946 and 1947 that finally resulted in this flight �the design, construction and early flight testing program by Bell, and the Army's intense preparations for the handling of the X-1 at Muroc� are nicely related by historians Richard P. Hallion and James O. Young. 43 Nothing is served by repeating them here. Rather, we return to the purpose of this chapter as stated in the introductory paragraphs. The first supersonic flight of the Bell X-1 represented the culmination of 260 years of research into the mysteries of high-speed aerodynamics. It was especially the fruition of 23 years of insightful research in high-speed aerodynamics by the NACA �research that represents one of the most important stories in the history of aeronautical engineering.", "Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager (born 1923) is a retired brigadier general in the United States Air Force and record-setting test pilot. Yeager became the first pilot confirmed to have traveled faster than sound.As the first human to break the sound barrier, on October 14, 1947, he flew the experimental Bell X-1 at Mach 1 at an altitude of 45,000 ft (13,700 m).", "Oct. 14, 1947: American test pilot Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier for the first time in the X-1, also known as Glamorous Glennis.", "1.06. A stronger bow shockwave now formed in the air ahead of the needlelike nose of the X-1 as Yeager reached a velocity of 700 miles per hour, Mach 1.06, at 43,000 feet. The flight was smooth; there was no violent buffeting of the airplane and no loss of control as feared by some engineers. At this moment, Chuck Yeager became the first pilot to fly faster than the speed of sound, and the small but beautiful Bell X-1, became the first successful supersonic airplane in the history of flight. 2", "The success of these programs attracted a new type of research activity to the base in late 1946. The rocket-powered Bell X-1 was the first in a long series of experimental airplanes designed to prove or disprove aeronautical concepts—to probe the most challenging unknowns of flight and solve its mysteries. Further evidence of things to come was experienced on 14 October 1947 when Captain. Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager flew the small bullet-shaped airplane to become the first human to exceed the speed of sound.", "Jet pilots flying at Mach 1 report that there is a noticeable \"wall\" or \"barrier\" which must be penetrated before achieving supersonic speeds. This \"wall\" is due to the intense pressure front, and flying within this pressure front produces a very turbulent and bouncy ride. Chuck Yeager was the first person to break the sound barrier when he flew faster than the speed of sound in the X-1 rocket-powered aircraft on October 14, 1947. Check out the movie The Right Stuff for more about this significant milestone, and the beginnings of the US space project. The figure at right shows an F-18 Hornet at the exact instant it goes supersonic. Click on the figure to see more information and a MPEG movie of this event.", "They utilized the information to initiate work on the Bell X-1. The final version of the Bell X-1 was very similar in design to the original Miles M.52 version. Also featuring the all-moving tail, the XS-1 was later known as the X-1. It was in the X-1 that Chuck Yeager was credited with being the first person to break the sound barrier in level flight on October 14, 1947, flying at an altitude of 45,000 ft (13.7 km). George Welch made a plausible but officially unverified claim to have broken the sound barrier on 1 October 1947, while flying an XP-86 Sabre. He also claimed to have repeated his supersonic flight on October 14, 1947, 30 minutes before Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1. Although evidence from witnesses and instruments strongly imply that Welch achieved supersonic speed, the flights were not properly monitored and are not officially recognized. The XP-86 officially achieved supersonic speed on April 26, 1948. ", "First piloted supersonic flight in an airplane. Capt. Charles E. Yeager , U.S. Air Force, flew the X-1 rocket-powered research plane built by Bell Aircraft Corp., faster than the speed of sound at Muroc Air Force Base, Calif. (Oct. 14).", "1954 George Welch (b 1918) World War II flying ace, a Medal of Honor nominee, and an experimental aircraft pilot after the war. Welch is best known both for being one of over 17 United States Army Air Forces fighter pilots able to get airborne to engage Japanese forces in the attack on Pearl Harbor and for allegedly being the first pilot to break the sound barrier (two weeks before Chuck Yeager) in his prototype XP-86 Sabre. However, the flight is generally not recognized as an official record because of a lack of a verifiable speed measurement and the fact that it was done in a dive, whereas Yeager's X-1 completed the feat in level flight.", "IN 1947, Chuck Yeager became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound, reaching Mach 1.06 in the experimental Bell XS-1 rocket plane.", "Several people involved with the development of the F-86, including the chief aerodynamicist for the project and one of its other test pilots, claimed that North American test pilot George Welch had unofficially broken the sound barrier in a dive with the XP-86 while on a test flight on 1 October 1947. [19] Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on 14 October 1947 in the rocket -propelled Bell X-1 during level flight, making it the first true supersonic aircraft. [20] Five years later, on 18 May 1953, Jacqueline Cochran became the first woman to break the sound barrier, flying a \"one-off\" Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk 3, alongside Chuck Yeager. [2] Col. K. K. Compton won the 1951 Bendix air race in an F-86A with an average speed of 553.76 mph.", "Yeager made his history-setting flight on Oct. 14, 1947 in an airplane he dubbed Glamorous Glennis, after his wife. The Bell X-1 rocket plane (which today hangs in the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum) passed Mach 1 following a drop from a B-29 airplane.", "The Bell XS-1 (later shortened to X-1) rocket research plane, piloted by Captain Charles E. Yeager, flies faster than the speed of sound.", "Aviator and test pilot, born in Myra, West Virginia, USA. A fighter pilot ace during World War 2, he became the first to break the sound barrier, when he flew the Bell X-1 rocket 670 mph in level flight (14 Oct 1947). He broke the sound barrier for the last time aged 79 when his F-15 Eagle reached Mach 1·45 (26 Oct 2002). He held various air-force command assignments during 195462. He was vice…", "Never intended for production, Bell constructed three X-1s for the USAAF and NACA. The first began glide flights over Pinecastle Army Airfield on January 25, 1946. Flown by Bell's chief test pilot, Jack Woolams, the aircraft made nine glide flights before being returned to Bell for modifications. Following Woolam's death during practice for the National Air Races, the X-1 moved to Muroc Army Air Field (Edwards Air Force Base) to begin powered test flights. As the X-1 was not capable of taking off on its own, it was carried aloft by a modified B-29 Superfortress .", "The first manned supersonic flight occurred on 14 October 1947, less than a month after the U.S. Air Force had been created as a separate service. Captain Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager piloted USAF aircraft #46-062, nicknamed Glamorous Glennis for his wife. The airplane was drop launched from the bomb bay of a modified B-29 Superfortress bomber and reached Mach 1.06 (700 mph).Hallion, Richard, P. [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/7095890/the-naca-nasa-and-the-supersonic-hypersonic-frontier \"The NACA, NASA, and the Supersonic-Hypersonic Frontier.\"] NASA. Retrieved: 7 September 2011. Following burnout of the engine, the plane glided to a landing on the dry lake bed. This was XS-1 flight number 50.", "There are two other flights that don't count, both accomplished by George Welch, a civilian test pilot for North American Aviation. On October 1, 1947, just 13 days before Yeager broke the sound barrier in the X-1, Welch took the new XP-86 fighter prototype up for its maiden flight. In a powered dive from 35,000 feet, Welch reported Mach jump on his airspeed indicator, showing that he was traveling supersonic. Anecdotal stories say that a sonic boom was heard on the ground. Welch's airspeed was not being officially recorded, and no official record states that he broke the sound barrier. If he did, it was either unverified or classified. Welch believed that he did, and to hammer the point home, he gave a repeat performance. While Yeager was strapped into the X-1 still attached to its B-50 mother ship, just before the historic flight, Welch again put his XP-86 into a steep dive. Some stories say that he buzzed the B-50 close enough for those onboard, Yeager included, to hear his sonic boom. He made a 4g pullout from his dive, and those same stories say that his sonic boom was louder than Yeager's just 20 minutes later.", "After three glide flights in the Bell XS-1 rocket research plane which he named Glamorous Glennis, he flew it to a speed of 0.85 Mach on his first powered flight on 29 August. He encountered severe buffeting and sudden nose-up and -down trim changes during his next six flights. Then, during his eighth flight on 10 Oct., he lost pitch control altogether, as a shock wave formed along the hingeline of the X-1 elevator. He reached Mach 0.997 but without pitch control it would have been foolhardy to proceed. The X-1 had been designed with a moving horizontal tail and Capt Jack Ridley convinced Yeager that by changing its angle of incidence in small increments, he could control the craft without having to rely on the elevator. This had never been attempted at extremely high speeds but Yeager was game to give it a try on the next flight.", "As the sonic boom from the X-1 propagated across the California desert, this flight became the most significant milestone in aviation since the Wright brothers' epochal first flight at Kill Devil Hills fourty-four years earlier. But in the history of human intellectual accomplishment, this flight was even more significant; it represented the culmination of 260 years of research into the mysteries of high-speed gas dynamics and aerodynamics. In particular, it represented the fruition of twenty-three years of insightful research in high speed aerodynamics carried out by the National Advisory Committee for Aerodynamics (NACA) �research that represented one of the most important stories in the history of aeronautical engineering. The purpose of this chapter is to tell this story. The contribution by the NACA to the Bell X-1 was much more technical than it was administrative. Therefore, this chapter will highlight the history of that technology.", "John Herschel Glenn Jr. flew into the history books on Feb. 20, 1962, when he became the first American to go into orbit. But his trajectory to greatness was set years earlier, as a Marine Corps pilot. Glenn flew 59 combat missions in World War II and 90 combat missions in the Korean War. Here we see Glenn climbing out of the cockpit of his F-8-UI Crusader jet at Brooklyn's Floyd Bennett Field in 1957, after making the first nonstop, supersonic flight from Los Angeles to New York. The flight was called \"Project Bullet\" because Glenn traveled faster than a bullet. The 3-hour, 23-minute trip set a transcontinental speed record, and put Glenn on the radar screen for selection as an astronaut a couple of years later. (Anthony Camerano / AP) Share Back to slideshow navigation", "Yeager went on to break many other speed and altitude records. He was also one of the first American pilots to fly a MiG-15, after its pilot, No Kum-sok, defected to South Korea. Returning to Muroc, during the latter half of 1953, Yeager was involved with the USAF team that was working on the X-1A, an aircraft designed to surpass Mach 2 in level flight. That year, he flew a chase aircraft for the civilian pilot Jackie Cochran, a close friend, as she became the first woman to fly faster than sound.", "The first flight at faster than four times the speed of sound occurred on 7 March 1961. The aircraft was the North American X-15 and the pilot was Captain Robert White.", "Glenn had fallen in love with flying at an early age, building model airplanes while growing up in Ohio. In 1941, Glenn discovered a U.S. Department of Commerce program looking for students to train as pilots. Just six months after Glenn received his license, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and he enlisted and was eventually assigned to the U.S. Marine Corps. Glenn flew 59 missions in the South Pacific, where one of his wingmen was baseball legend Ted Williams. After serving in the Korean War, Glenn was appointed to a naval test pilot program, where he completed the world’s first supersonic transcontinental flight in 1957. Glenn received an enormous amount of publicity following this feat, which brought him to the attention of the NACA, the predecessor to NASA, who selected him to become one of the Mercury 7 astronauts.", "Another area of exploration is with rocket-powered aircraft. These airplanes use engines that run on rocket propellant for propulsion, allowing them to soar at higher speeds and achieve faster acceleration. An early rocket-powered aircraft called the Me 163 Komet was deployed by the Germans during World War II. The Bell X-1 rocket plane was the first plane to break the sound barrier in 1947. Currently, the the North American X-15 holds the world record for the highest speed ever recorded by a manned, powered aircraft. More adventurous firms have also begun experimenting with rocket-powered propulsion. Examples include SpaceShipOne, designed by American aerospace engineer Burt Rutan and Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo.", "1953 - The first woman to fly faster than the speed of sound, Jacqueline Cochran, piloted an F-86 Sabrejet over California at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour.", "United States Marine Major John Glenn flies a F8U Crusader supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds setting a new transcontinental speed record. (1957)", "John Herschel Glenn, Jr. (born July 18, 1921), (Col, USMC, Ret.), is a former aviator, engineer, astronaut, and United States senator. He was selected as one of the \"Mercury Seven\" group of military test pilots selected in 1959 by NASA to become America's first astronauts and fly the Project Mercury spacecraft. On February 20, 1962, Glenn flew the Friendship 7 mission and became the first American to orbit the Earth and the fifth person in space, after cosmonauts Yuri Gagarin and Gherman Titov and the sub-orbital flights of Mercury astronauts Alan Shepard and Gus Grissom. Glenn is the earliest-born American to go to orbit, and the second earliest-born man overall after Soviet cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy. Glenn received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1990. With the death of Scott Carpenter on October 10, 2013, Glenn became the last surviving member of the Mercury Seven.", "1953 --- 1st woman to fly faster than speed of sound. (She piloted an F-86 Sabrejet over California at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour.)", "November 11, 1957 General Curtis E. LeMay flies a Boeing KC-135A nonstop from Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, to Buenos Aires. He flies 6,350 miles in 13 hours, 2 minutes, to set a world record for nonstop, nonrefueled jet flight.", "Glenn returned to Naval Air Station Patuxent River, appointed to the Test Pilot School (class 12). He served as an armament officer, flying planes to high altitude and testing their cannons and machine guns. On July 16, 1957, Glenn completed the first supersonic transcontinental flight in a Vought F8U-1 Crusader. The flight from NAS Los Alamitos, California to Floyd Bennett Field, New York took 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8.4 seconds. As he passed over his hometown, a child in the neighborhood reportedly ran to the Glenn house shouting “Johnny dropped a bomb! Johnny dropped a bomb! Johnny dropped a bomb!” as the sonic boom shook the town. Project Bullet, the name of the mission, included both the first transcontinental flight to average supersonic speed (despite three in-flight refuelings during which speeds dropped below 300 mph), and the first continuous transcontinental panoramic photograph of the United States. Glenn received his fifth Distinguished Flying Cross for the mission." ]

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[ "9. Morton Salt: When it rains, it pours.  A common expression that you are likely to hear from friends and family when everything seems to be going wrong in your life: When it rains, it pours. It’s that expression that allows us to say something when there’s really nothing to say. This expression, when it rains, it pours, which helps us make sense of a string of bad luck, comes from a very unusual source – from an advertising slogan created for a brand of table salt that is free-flowing. N. W. Ayer & Son, the oldest advertising agency in the United States created this irreplaceable slogan for Morton Salt, When it rains, it pours in 1914 – almost a hundred years ago.", "A 1911 advertising campaign for Morton's Salt was the origin of the Umbrella Girl and their slogan, \"When it Rains it Pours.\" The girl's look has been modernized over the years, but her salt still pours even in inclement weather.", "It was 1914 when the little girl with the umbrella was introduced on the familiar blue round package of Morton Salt and in a print ad in the October issue of Good Housekeeping. The Morton Salt Girl and “When It Rains It Pours®” slogan were created over a century ago for the company’s national advertising campaign to help illustrate that Morton Salt could flow freely even in damp weather, a major product innovation at the time.", "The Morton Umbrella Girl has been an enduring icon since she first appeared on Morton's table salt packaging in 1914. The idea for the little girl and her slogan, \"When it Rains, it Pours,\" was the result of Morton's first advertising campaign in 1911. The agency (Name ???) was charged with creating a series of ads to run in Good Housekeeping magazine.", "The original Morton Salt Umbrella Girl appeared in 1914 with the now familiar slogan 'When It Rains It Pours\".", "The famous umbrella girl was the first idea decided upon, and from there the team worked on coming up with the copy. The original pitch was \"Even in rainy weather, it flows freely,\" but they found that too long and clunky. They tried the old proverb, \"It never rains, but it pours,\" but found it too negative. And, just like Goldilocks and the three bears, they eventually found one that was just right: \"When it rains, it pours.\"", "More suggestions included \"Flows Freely,\" \"Runs Freely\" \"Pours\" and finally, an old proverb, \"It never rains, but it pours.\" The adage was vetoed as being too negative, and a more positive spin on it resulted in the now famous slogan, \"When it Rains It Pours.\"", "While promoting her fourth album Red, Swift offered exclusive album promotions through Target, Papa John's Pizza and Walgreens. She became a spokesmodel for Diet Coke and Keds sneakers, released her third Elizabeth Arden fragrance titled Taylor by Taylor Swift, and continued her partnerships with Sony Electronics and American Greetings. Swift also partnered with a number of companies during the Red Tour; AirAsia and Qantas acted as the official airlines for the Australian and Asian legs, while Cornetto sponsored the Asian leg of the tour. While promoting 1989, Swift had tie-ins with Subway, Keds, Target and Diet Coke. In 2014, Swift released her fourth fragrance Incredible Things. ", "The slogan has been used to adorn other products, the most famous of which are all of ChinaÂs intercontinental Ballistic Missiles and the modern car company.", "The raincoat, a garment worn to protect the upper body from rain, is a compromise between fashion and utility. Important styles of raincoat are often associated with particular manufacturers, such as Mackintosh , Barbour , and there was also Gannex from UK. (Special thanks for Nicole’s father Christopher for sending me the links.) (Images via  here ,  here , and  here )", "PepsiCo also answered the needs of the growing ethnic population of the United States. According to Tom Pirko, president of beverage consultant Bevmark, in a 2001 Advertising Age article, \"More than one third of America's youth are Hispanic or black. Soft drinks are more popular among minorities than Caucasians and among youth than their parents.\" In response, PepsiCo launched three new drinks to meet these demands: Sierra Mist (a lemon-lime soda), Mountain Dew Code Red, and Pepsi Blue (a cola and berry beverage). According to a 2002 New York Times article, \"Both Code Red and Pepsi Blue have sixteen-year-old males as their target consumer.\"", "General Motors South Africa used the term braai in the 1970s in its localized jingle \"Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies, and Chevrolet\" to advertise their cars in South Africa — equivalent to the slogan \"baseball, hot dogs, apple pie, and Chevrolet\" in the US and, to a lesser extent, \"football, meat pies, kangaroos & Holden Cars\" used in Australia.", "The Travelers umbrella clearly symbolizes coverage, conveying a sense of protection. The insurer uses the icon effectively in its television ads—especially its popular Travelers Dog commercials—with the umbrella displayed above cars and homes, safeguarding them from the risks featured in the TV spots.", "Firms often spend millions of dollars in slogan development and promotion … Yet, while some, such as DeBeers’ 1938 slogan, “A Diamond is Forever,” or Allstate Insurance Company’s 1956 slogan, “You’re in Good Hands with Allstate,” endure the test of time, others, such as Dodge’s 1954 slogan, “Elegance in Action,” or Pepsi’s, “Any Weather is Pepsi Weather,” do not. Such wide variation in their effectiveness or longevity raises questions about what makes customers like some slogans and not others.", "Athletes have traditionally represented the brand, including, in the United States, American football player Joe Namath, baseball player Hank Aaron, basketball player Wilt Chamberlain, boxer Muhammad Ali, and tennis great Vitas Gerulaitis. The star of the 1970s United Kingdom advertising campaign was boxer Henry Cooper who used the slogan \"splash it all over\". Motor Cycle World Champion Barry Sheene, athlete David Hemery, show-jumper Harvey Smith and footballer Kevin Keegan also appeared in the campaigns. In Germany the brand was endorsed in the 1970s by famous football player Franz Beckenbauer. The footballer Paul Gascoigne also starred in an advertising campaign although he was later dropped amid domestic violence allegations made by his ex-wife. In 1973, Allan Moffat drove a Brut 33 sponsored Ford Mustang in the Australian Touring Car Championship followed by a Brut 33 sponsored XB Ford Falcon GT in 1974. The West Indies Cricket Team in the 1970s also did a commercial for Brut.", "\"Don’t Leave Home Without It.\" In 1975, Ogilvy & Mather created this slogan for American Express. The commercials were among the first to include celebrity cameos, including Jim Henson, Stephen King, and Jerry Seinfeld. In 1985, BBDO responded with \"Visa, It’s Everywhere You Want to Be.\" And not to be outdone in the plastic slogan war, in 1997, MasterCard brought the heat with \"There are some things money can’t buy. For everything else, there’s MasterCard.\" Priceless.", "WEATHERPRO APP Not especially glitzy, but that ubercool umbrella/ poncho combo won’t be useful all the time. This is the most reliable way to find out when. Price: £1.99 Stockist: iTunes", "In 2014, it appeared in an ad for the Chevy Cruze, playing when a regular customer enters a gas station. This guy is greeted by name like Norm on Cheers, and he then proceeds to purchase gas. When the Cruze owner walks in, he's a stranger, since his vehicle gets far better mileage.", "PepsiCo stuck with a hillbilly theme for the product until 1972, when it shifted its advertising and graphics package toward action-oriented scenes. This switch was exemplified by the soft drink's new slogan for 1973, \"Put a Little Yahoo in Your Life.\" Sales jumped appreciably. Two years later the \"Hello Sunshine\" campaign was launched. This campaign remained intact for almost six years, although the tagline was modified in 1979 to \"Reach for the Sun, Reach for Mountain Dew.\" In 1981 it was succeeded by \"Give Me a Dew,\" which gave way to \"Dew It to It\" in 1983.", "While the rain falls, the water collected by the funnel falls into the container and raises the buoy ... , that makes the pen arm raising in the vertical axis marking the cardboard accordingly. If the rainfall does not vary, the water level in the container remains constant, and while the drum rotates, the pen's mark it's more or less a horizontal line, proportional to the amount of water that is falling. When the pen reaches the top edge of the recording paper, it means that the buoy is \"up high in the tank\" leaving the tip of the conic needle in a way that uncovers the regulating hole (i.e. the maximum flow that the apparatus is able to record) . If the rain suddenly decreases, making the container -as it empties- to quickly lower the buoy, that movement corresponds to a steep slope line that can reach the bottom of the recorded cardboard, if it stops raining.", "\"Aquafina Plays Up Pure Water Necessities in First National TV Advertising Campaign.\" PR Newswire, May 15, 2000.", "Aquafina, with ad agency BBDO New York, debuted its \"Drink More Water\" campaign on July 13, 2004, during the broadcast of Major League Baseball's 75th All-Star Game. To the 30 million viewers who tuned in, Aquafina revealed an entirely new kind of \"watering hole.\" The \"Drink Up\" TV spot opened at a city intersection, empty except for a lone male accordion player and his dog. The reason that the streets were empty was quickly revealed: everyone was at a local Bavarian-style beer garden, singing and carousing. \"Drink! Drink! Drink!\" they sang. \"To eyes that are bright as stars when they're shining on me!\" Then came the final twist. The patrons were not toasting beer, as one might expect. Instead, each and every glass, bottle, and jug was filled with (Aquafina) water. The spot concluded with a voice-over stating, \"Drink to your health; because the more water you drink, the better you'll feel. So make your body happy. Drink more water!\" For 60 seconds the viewer was transported to pure fun. Or, as ad critic Lewis Lazare of the Chicago Sun-Times put it, the commercial hit the viewer \"like a giant burst of energy unlike any we've experienced in television advertising in quite some time.\" The spot ran through the end of 2004 and continued in 2005.", "During the raining season, rubber boots, a long, lightweight raincoat, and a rainhat are desirable. Umbrellas are also a necessity during the rainy season.", "As of 2009, the slogan of the product is \"Drink it slow. Doctor's orders\". Advertising supporting the slogan has celebrities with famous relations to the word \"doctor\" ( Dr. Dre", "Rain Usually Silver rain or Gold Rain, in modern fireworks the long lasting stars from ashell or rocket that fall all the way to the ground. Care must be taken in the use of rainshells. In older terminology a \"Golden Rain\" was a particularly attractive type of handheld fountain.", "Later, Alice Cooper appeared in a back-to-school campaign from 2004. Within the ad, a hand is seen selecting various supplies while a girl looks on unhappily. She finally says, \"I thought you said, 'School's out forever.'\" Alice is shown behind the cart, saying, \"The song goes 'School's out for summer'. Nice try, though.\" The hit song then plays as supplies are shown. The tagline, \"That was easy,\" is heard playing over the company logo, formed to resemble a stapler. ", "On Sunday you are expected to say “It’s raining, but they said on Friday it was going to be sunny”", "DRIP - A projecting part of a sill or cornice that sheds rain water and protects structural parts below.", "Snap-in Wipers - A rod wiper which is made from one homogeneous material, either rubber or polyurethane, which is designed to snap-fit into a matching machined groove.", "In the acronym SMART (cars), S and M stand for 2 of the companies that supplied the original sponsorship. Name either.", "It was introduced to the car buying public with a television add featuring a catchy tune and jingle proclaiming: \"It’s whatever you want it to be.\"", "Fact: Rainwater collected from the venue’s roof will be used to flush lavatories and reduce water usage by 40%." ]

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[ "The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween specials, is a series of Halloween specials in the animated series The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments. These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They take place outside the show's normal continuity and completely abandon any pretense of being realistic. The first, entitled \"Treehouse of Horror\", aired on October 25, 1990, as part of the second season and was inspired by EC Comics horror tales. The episodes are known for being far more violent and much darker than an average Simpsons episode. As of 2015, there are 26 Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year.", "The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween episodes, are a series of episodes in the animated series The Simpsons. They are Halloween specials, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments. These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They take place outside the show's normal continuity and completely abandon any pretense of being realistic. The first, entitled \" Treehouse of Horror \", aired on October 25, 1990, as part of the second season and was inspired by EC Comics horror tales. The episodes are known for being far more violent and much darker than an average Simpsons episode. As of 2012, there are 23 Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year.", "The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween specials, is a series of Halloween specials in the animated series The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate,… [ More ]", "During the series' long and illustrious network run, a long list of notable celebrities have lent their voices in guest appearances, including Tony Bennett, Dustin Hoffman, Michael Jackson, Larry King and Leonard Nimoy. The series also has spawned its share of prime-time specials, including The Simpsons Christmas Special (1989) and The Simpsons Halloween Special: Tree House of Horror, the first in a series of annual Halloween shows.", "In last year’s annual \"Treehouse of Horror Halloween\" special, The Simpsons took on a Guillermo del Toro-movie theme. This year Springfield’s favourite family are all visited by ghosts of their former selves as Bart finds his ideal school in hell.", "In 2006 IGN.com published a list of the top ten Treehouse of Horror segments, and they placed \"The Shinning\" from \" Treehouse of Horror V \" at the top, saying it was \"not only a standout installment of the annual Halloween episode, but of The Simpsons, period.\" [70] Rounding out the list were \" Dial \"Z\" for Zombies \", \" The Devil and Homer Simpson \", \" Time and Punishment \", \" Hungry Are the Damned \", \" Clown Without Pity \", \" Citizen Kang \", \" If I Only Had a Brain \", \" Bart Simpson's Dracula \" and \" Starship Poopers \". The third, fourth and fifth episodes were each represented by two segments. The most recent episode on the list was \" Treehouse of Horror IX \", which first aired in 1998. [70]", "In The Simpsons Halloween special, \"Treehouse of Horror XVIII\" in the \"Heck House\" part, Ned Flanders, as the devil, takes Bart, Lisa, Milhouse, and Nelson on a tour of hell to warn them of the seven deadly sins on a magic globe such as Homer Simpson turning into a spaghetti after being a glutton, and Willie with his wrath kicking his tractor so hard, it turns into a Transformer-like robot and cuts Willie's head off. ", "Both of the Anthology of Interest episodes (and to a lesser extent, the Comics ) are similar in nature to The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Halloween episodes .", "Unlike several of the Treehouse of Horror episodes, this episode uses a Halloween-style version of the cut-and-condensed opening. In the classroom, Bart writes \"The Simpsons Halloween Special IX.\" in blood (dipping the brush into a jack-o-lantern bucket when it's time for a refill). After he exits, Homer pulls into the driveway. Bart skateboards in from the right, jumps the retaining wall, and bounces off the roof of Homer's car only to land with a thud in the driveway. Lisa races in on her bike and slams into Bart's battered body. The impact launches her from the bike, and Lisa is firmly lodged into the wall of the garage, just above the door. Marge and Maggie cheerily drive in, beeping their horn, but Homer is too slow in getting out of the way. He becomes a permanent hood ornament for Marge's car. Meanwhile, in the Simpson living room Freddie Krueger and Jason Voorhees wait vainly for the family to arrive. Freddie glances at his watch, and says they should have arrived by now. Jason just shrugs and takes things in stride.", "In a section of \" Treehouse of Horror VI \" called \"Homer³,\" Homer and Bart go into a three-dimensional world, which Homer likens to Tron , created by Pacific Data Images, a computer animation company that would later produce Shrek. This segment from the Halloween episode was also used as a segment of a film shown in the IMAX 3D film Cyberworld. This was the first and one of the few times The Simpsons have strayed from their traditional 2D animation, and the longest, as other moments consisted of live action couch gags or short claymation or CGI television and film parodies. Other Treehouse segment name parodies include \"Citizen Kang\" (Citizen Kane), \"Nightmare on Evergreen Terrace\" (Nightmare on Elm Street), \"The Thing and I\" (The Thing) , \"Hex and the City\" (Sex and the City) \"House of Whacks\" (House of Wax), \"I've Grown a Costume On Your Face\", \"The Shinning\" (The Shining) and \"Reaper Madness\".", "While the early Treehouse of Horror episodes featured a Halloween themed opening sequence, the later ones only included the title and the \"created by\" and \"developed by\" credits. Every episode between \"Treehouse of Horror II\" and \"Treehouse of Horror X\" featured a couch gag with a Halloween theme, including the Simpson family dressed as skeletons, zombies and characters from previous Halloween episodes.", "Treehouse of Horror IV is the fifth episode of season 5 and the fourth episode in the Treehouse of Horror series of Halloween specials.", "The Simpsons' 2009 Halloween episode Treehouse of Horror XX features a segment based on the show prominently featuring Moe, Homer and Marge Simpson. The segment is presented as a show-within-a-show style stage musical, even at one point showing Moe improvising his lines onstage while Homer is applying prosthetics and fake blood.", "The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening (also the creator of Futurama ) for the Fox Broadcasting Company . It is the longest running sitcom in television history.", "     The Simpsons begins its season in trademark fashion on Sunday, November 3rd, with Treehouse of Horror XIII, episode DABF19. Details on this episode are still a little sketchy, but we do know that Maggie Roswell returns to voice Maude Flanders' ghost. Roswell was the voice of Maude Flanders, Helen Lovejoy, Elizabeth Hoover and several other incidental characters until she left after season 10 due to a pay dispute. In the first section, entitled Send in the Clones, Homer's new hammock starts to make clones of him. Then, Lisa gets Springfield to start a cash-for-guns program, leaving the town defenceless against gun-bearing zombies, in The Fright to Creep and Scare Harms. The final part is entitled The Island of Dr. Monroe, likely a parody of The Island of Dr. Moreau.", "The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror (1989) (includes parodies of Night of the Living Dead,The Shining, Francis Ford Coppola's Dracula, and other horror films) DVD 1259 (Treehouse of horror I), DVD 1844 (Treehouse of horror II), DVD 2882 (Treehouse of horror III), DVD 4204 (Treehouse of horror V), DVD 4290 (Treehouse of horror IV), (Treehouse of horror V), DVD 4864 (Treehouse of horror VI), DVD 6035 (Treehouse of Horror VII), DVD 6797 (Treehouse of horror VIII), DVD 8297 (Treehouse of horror IX)", "The character is parodied in The Simpsons \"Treehouse of Horror XIX\" episode, as the Grand Pumpkin. The character returned in the Simpsons: Tapped Out game during the 2014 Treehouse of Horror update.", "In 1995, Matt Groening's Bongo Comics Group, a company specializing in Simpsons-based publications, began a series of comic book adaptations of the Treehouse of Horror series. These annual editions are released in September each year, and as of September 2007 there will be thirteen issues available. Originally, guest writers from other comic book companies were invited to submit scripts to Bongo, where the comics themselves would then be drawn by Bongo staff. Beginning with #5 (1999), the \"guests\" were allowed to submit both stories and art, wherein at the most Bongo would only supply the lettering and colorings of the stories [however, there are few cases of this rule being broken; i.e., \"The Catastrophe on Substitute Springfields\" (#7, 2001) and \"The Legend of Batterface\" (#10, 2004). The comics were also more surreal than the episodes, with more gore, and more scary scenarios than the show would do.", "Treehouse of Horror episodes typically consist of four parts: an opening and Halloween-themed version of the credits, followed by three segments. These segments usually have a horror, science fiction or fantasy theme and quite often are parodies of films, novels, plays, television shows, Twilight Zone episodes, or old issues of EC Comics. Although they are sometimes connected by \"wraparounds\", the three segments rarely have any kind of continuing connection within the episode. The exception is \"Treehouse of Horror V\", in which Groundskeeper Willie is killed by an axe in a similar fashion in all three segments. The episodes are considered to be non-canon and always take place outside the normal continuity of the show.", "Regular Show had \"Terror Tales of the Park\", à la Treehouse of Horror , consisting of a series of smaller episodes. In true Treehouse of Horror fashion, none of the episode is canon. The first part of the episode is about a Victorian age doll named Percie that Pops had as a child who has a compulsive need to draw on people's faces, which climaxes as the doll comes to life and attempts to kill Mordecai, Rigby and Pops to fulfill his need. The second part features Muscleman and High Five Ghost as they plan to crash an RV into a bottomless pit only to find the late owners, a metal band named Skull Bash, have not left. The third part features Mordecai and Rigby trick-or-treating. Rigby eggs the Halloween Wizard's house and pays for his crime. It is revealed that the entire story was told by the Halloween Wizard, disguised as Rigby the entire time.", "In 1996, the \"Homer³\" segment of \"Treehouse of Horror VI\" was awarded the Ottawa International Animation Festival grand prize. In 1998, \"Treehouse of Horror VIII\" won a Golden Reel Award for \"Best Sound Editing – Television Animated Specials\"; the recipients were Robert Mackston, Travis Powers, Norm MacLeod and Terry Greene. Bob Beecher also received a nomination for \"Best Sound Editing in Television Animation – Music\" for \"Treehouse of Horror X\". ", "\" Treehouse of Horror XXIII \": In this year's scary installment, a botched Mayan sacrifice in the past brings about The End of the World as We Know It in the future; Lisa keeps a black hole as a pet; The Simpsons catch paranormal activity on tape; and Bart goes Back to the Future and ends up being the son of Artie Ziff.", "For several years the characters broke the fourth wall and introduced their three stories directly to the audience. In \" Treehouse of Horror II \" the writers decided to give the cast and crew of the show 'scary names' in the opening and closing credits (like \"Bat Groening\" and \"James Hell Brooks\"). This also became a classic tradition, and has been done in every Halloween episode since Treehouse of Horror except for Treehouse of Horror XII and Treehouse of Horror XIII. Their names have changed in subsequent seasons, with the exception of Sam Simon 's, who left during the fourth season. Sam has since (with the exception of Treehouse of Horror XXII and Treehouse of Horror XXIII ) remained \"Sam 'Sayonara' Simon.\"", "The second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, fourteenth and fifteenth and eighteenth Treehouse of Horror episodes were nominated for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)\" at the Primetime Emmy Awards. The second and third \"Treehouse of Horror\" episodes were also nominated for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special\". In 1996, \"Treehouse of Horror VI\" was submitted for the Primetime Emmy Award in the \"Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour)\" category because it had a 3D animation sequence, which the staff felt would have given it the edge. The episode failed to win and Bill Oakley later expressed regret about submitting the episode. The twenty-third and twenty-fifth Treehouse of Horror episodes were nominated for the same award in 2013 and 2015 respectively.", "The second , third , fifth , eighth , ninth , fourteenth and fifteenth and eighteenth [75] Treehouse of Horror episodes were nominated for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)\" at the Primetime Emmy Awards . The second and third \"Treehouse of Horror\" episodes were also nominated for \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special\". [46] In 1996, \" Treehouse of Horror VI \" was submitted for the Primetime Emmy Award in the \" Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour) \" category because it had a 3D animation sequence, which the staff felt would have given it the edge. [46] The episode failed to win and Bill Oakley later expressed regret about submitting the episode. [76]", "Beginning with \"Treehouse of Horror II\", the producers decided to give the cast and crew of the show \"scary names\" in the opening and closing credits. Although the names quickly became more silly than scary, there have been a wide variety of special credits, from simple names like \"Bat Groening\" to complex ones like \"David²+S.²=Cohen²\". Sam Simon, who left the show during the fourth season but still receives \"developed by\" and \"executive producer\" credits, has ever since been listed in Treehouse of Horror episodes as \"Sam 'Sayonara' Simon\". Since his death in 2015 he has been credited simply by his real name.", "During the scene where the heroes get ready for Halloween and Mr. Ratburn's vacation/reunion to Miss Grimwood's school, there is a scene (similar to the opening scene of the Family Guy crossover episode The Simpsons Guy) where the heroes are watching The Haunted Hathaways and Thundermans crossover episode, despite the fact that the entire cast from Thundermans and the entire cast from The Haunted Hathaways are guest starring in this film.", "In \"Treehouse of Horror I\" (aired October 25, 1990), Walt Disney's name is on a grave in the beginning.", "The show also had two other horror-themed episodes that would have fit this trope, only they weren't set on Halloween. \"Curse of Reptar\" was an Affectionate Parody of Poltergeist and \"Interview With a Campfire\" had the kids get lost in a colonial mine that was said to be haunted.", "Frequently used in the Treehouse of Horror episodes. Appropriate, considering these are supposed to be more horror-based.", "The Simpsons is an Emmy and Peabody Award-winning American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Network. It became one of the first hits for the network, and is one of the most successful and critically acclaimed television shows in the history of the medium. The television series is a spin-off of a series of animated shorts originally aired on The Tracey Ullman Show.", "The Brady Bunch : \"Fright Night,\" from Season 4, is all about ghosts and ghouls and the kids scaring each other. Originally aired in late October 1972, this episode is often rerun on Halloween." ]

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[ "Shepard Fairey is an American contemporary artist, graphic designer, and illustrator who emerged from the skateboarding scene. He first became known for his \"André the Giant Has a Posse\" (-OBEY-) sticker campaign. His work became more widely known in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, specifically his Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster.", "The Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster is an image of Barack Obama designed by artist Shepard Fairey, which was widely described as iconic and came to represent his 2008 presidential campaign. It consists of a stylized stencil portrait of Obama in solid red, beige and (light and dark) blue, with the word \"progress\", \"hope\" or \"change\" below (and other words in some versions).", "Shepard Fairey is an American contemporary street artist who first became known for his \"Andre the Giant Has a Posse\" (OBEY) sticker campaign. His art is distinctly political, and Fairey frequently supports social causes and opposes corporate influence. He became widely known during the 2008 U.S. presidential election for his Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston calls him one of today's best known and most influential street artists.", "Fairey created a number of posters for Presidential hopeful Barack Obama, using stylized portraits of the Senator with words like “Progress,” “Vote,” “Change” and “Vote” displayed across the bottom in large letters.", "So far, it seems that neither major party candidate for the U.S. presidency has inspired many artists to include their images in posters promoting President Barack Obama or former Governor Mitt Romney (There are a number of posters that show the Libertarian candidate, Gary Johnson, however). For Obama, this is a remarkable departure from 2008, when a multitude of graphic designers and painters created posters that depicted the then-Senator from Illinois in a very positive manner. Among the dozens of pro-Obama posters produced four years ago, the most popular were Shepard Fairey's \"Hope\" and \"Change\" creations , which were inspiring, patriotic, and conveyed, as Fairey stated, \"noble confidence,... a suggestion of looking into the future.\"", "Forget the issues buzzing around Shepard Fairey, the well-known graphic designer, illustrator and street artist who created the Obama “Hope” poster. There have been copyright suits and countersuits, accusations of plagiarism and criticism about the corporate ad campaigns created by his company, Student Number One. Forget also the possible inconsistency of someone whose recent efforts earnestly emphasize free speech but who came to prominence with Big Brotherish, if tongue-in-cheek, street art: slightly sinister stencils and stickers featuring the wrestler Andre the Giant, scowling through a five-pointed star, and a single word, Obey. And forget most of all how good Mr. Fairey’s designs can look as posters, album covers and murals or on T-shirts and skateboards.", "    The poster is indisputably a powerful one. Obama is depicted in a stylized stencil format of four colours; navy, pastel blue, cream and bright red, the colours of the American flag. He looks away from the viewer into the distance. It seems that Obama is looking towards the future, his gaze serious yet confident, with the message HOPE emblazoned across the bottom of the poster.", "After the initial 700 posters, the Obama campaign conveyed through Sergant that they wanted to promote the theme of hope, and most of the posters sold by Fairey subsequently had the word \"\" and later \"\" instead of \"\"; the star was also absent from later versions. By October 2008, Fairey and Sergant claimed to have printed 300,000 posters (with less than 2,000 sold and the rest given away or displayed) and 1,000,000 stickers, as well as clothing and other items with the image sold through Fairey's website, in addition to copies printed by others. According to Fairey and Sergant, proceeds from sales of the image were used to produce more posters and other merchandise in support of the Obama campaign, rather than direct profit for Fairey.", "Although the HOPE poster reached even more people than OBEY and catapulted Fairey to international fame, the artist immediately faced legal issues for using a copyrighted picture of Obama without a license.", "*On January 20, 2009, Fairey made a radio appearance on the Fresh Air program from WHYY, an NPR affiliate, discussing his \"Hope\" poster, the official Obama inauguration poster and his many arrests (14 times) in connection with the installation of his \"street\" works. On February 26, 2009, he was again a guest on Fresh Air discussing the Associated Press lawsuit over the Obama Hope poster. ", "Shepard Fairey began creating street art as early as in 1989 with a viral campaign known as Andre the Giant Has a Posse , [2] which evolved into the OBEY [3] sticker campaign in the following year and has since appeared in numerous locations all over the world. [4] In October 2007, publicist Yosi Sergant suggested to Fairey that he make a piece of art in support of Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. Fairey then used a photograph (shown below, right) from April 2006, taken by Associated Press freelance photographer Mannie Garcia [5] as the basis for his stenciled poster. The first image he created (shown below, right) had the word “Progress” centered underneath the portrait, with a small OBEY symbol placed inside of Obama’s campaign logo.", "On November 5, 2008, Chicago posted banners throughout the downtown business district featuring Fairey's Obama \"HOPE\" portrait.[http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?sectionnews/politics&id", "    The Obama ‘Hope’ poster was created in April 2008 by Los Angeles based artist Shepard Fairey. In one day the image was printed, taken to the streets and sold out of the original 350 copies. It was an overnight success and is widely regarded as an iconic poster, an assertion which can be supported by the fact that it is now available to purchase from numerous websites such as www.allposters.com. The poster is a particularly interesting one in that it can be set into an historical context of political art but was not initially commissioned as such. Fairey is a street artist who originally found recognition through his guerilla art campaign ‘Obey’ in which he fly-posted the urban environment with stickers instructing the viewer to obey, illustrated with the image of pro-wrestler Andre the Giant. On his website, www.obeygiant.com,  Fairey explains that his work was inspired by the concept of phenomenology, a philosophical doctrine that states all knowledge comes from sense perception. He continues to expound that...", "    The typeface used on the poster supports this powerful message of hope. Gotham, a strong slab sans serif,  was originally designed by Hoefler and Frere-Jones for GQ magazine but, as a result of Fairey’s poster, is now more often associated with the Obama administration and indeed is used repeatedly by them. Of the font Hoefler and Frere-Jones (www.typography.com) commented:", "He became widely known during the 2008 U.S. presidential election for his Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston calls him one of today's best known and most influential street artists.[http://www.icaboston.org/exhibitions/upcoming-exhibitions/ Upcoming Exhibitions, SHEPARD FAIREY, The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston] His work is included in the collections at The Smithsonian, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. ", "Shepard Fairey created an adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster for satirical Kentucky politician Honest Gil Fulbright. The poster for Honest Gil Fulbright features a portrait of Frank L. Ridley, the actor who portrays Fulbright, with the words \"SOLD,\" which refers to Fulbright's \"honest\" political message: \"I'm only in this thing for the money, but at least I'm honest about it.\" ", "“Question everything” is street artist Shepard Fairey’s motto. As an art student Shepard created the “Andre the Giant has a Posse” sticker that transformed into the OBEY GIANT art campaign, prompting viewers to question their beliefs about propaganda, commercialism, and fine art. His most famous work is his colorful portrait of Barack Obama in the 2008 election for the president of the United States, of which art critic Peter Schjeldahl of The New Yorker called “the most efficacious American political illustration since ‘Uncle Sam Wants You.’” Keeping in line with his activism, Shepard is a major supporter of several charities. He founded the Obey Awareness Program, created original artwork in support of the We Are Human Campaign, and is a supporter of the ACLU of Southern California. ", "Originally, Fairey had claimed his HOPE poster was based on a 2006 copyrighted photo of then-Senator Barack Obama seated next to actor George Clooney, taken in April 2006 by Mannie Garcia on assignment for the Associated Press, which wanted credit and compensation for the work. Garcia believes that he personally owns the copyright for the photo, and has said, \"If you put all the legal stuff away, I’m so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it, and the effect it's had\". Fairey said his use of the photograph fell within the legal definition of fair use. Fairey claims he used pieces of the photo as raw material to create a heroic and inspirational political portrait, the aesthetic of which was fundamentally different from the original photo. Lawyers for both sides tried to reach an amicable agreement. ", "Katherine White: an analysis of the obama ‘hope’ poster in relation to visual and cultural theory", "Fairey's \"Change\" poster was available on Obama's Web site, and has sold out. It was featured on the front page of The New York Times, and has also been seen on bumper stickers and billboards. His Andre posters and stickers (and others he created) were often used in guerrilla-marketing campaigns, meaning they were put up illegally in a variety of places. And before his poster was distributed officially by the Obama campaign, it reportedly authorized Fairey to do so in a guerrilla campaign. Since his creation was posted online, it also spread virally.", "Hope: A Collection of Obama Posters and Prints by Hal Elliott Wert. With more than 170 posters (many little known) from Wert's collection and a foreword by Ray Noland, the street artist who created \"The Dream.\" Wert is a professor at the Kansas City Art Institute.", "Fairey's artwork follows the style of his predecessors. His Obama posters (and lots of his commercial and fine art work) are reworkings of the techniques of revolutionary propagandists -- the bright colors, bold lettering, geometric simplicity, heroic poses -- the \"art with a purpose\" created by constructivists in the early Soviet Union, like Alexander Rodchenko and the Stenberg brothers, and by America's own Depression-era Works Projects Administration.", "Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008. [252] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video \" Yes We Can \", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month [253] and received a Daytime Emmy Award . [254] In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as \"the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments\". [255]", "In a manifesto he wrote in 1990, and since posted on his website, he links his work with Heidegger's concept of phenomenology. His \"Obey\" Campaign draws from the John Carpenter movie They Live which starred pro wrestler Roddy Piper, taking a number of its slogans, including the \"Obey\" slogan, as well as the \"This is Your God\" slogan. Fairey has also spun off the OBEY clothing line from the original sticker campaign. He also uses the slogan \"The Medium is the Message\" borrowed from Marshall McLuhan. Shepard Fairey has also stated in an interview that part of his work is inspired by other street artists.", "On October 16th, 2009, the Associated Press released a statement [25] claiming Shepard Fairey destroyed and fabricated documents relating to the fair use case. Later that day, Fairey spoke with TechCrunch [26] , where he admitted that he submitted false images and deleted others as proof of the photo he actually used as a reference to create the Obama poster. After this admission, his suit with the Associated Press was privately settled in January 2011 [27] , but Fairey plead guilty [28] to a count of criminal contempt in February 2012. With his guilty plea, Fairey was facing up to six months in jail and scheduled to be sentenced on July 16th, 2012. [29] However, there was no news coverage on the sentencing results.", "In January 2009, after Obama had won the election, Fairey's mixed-media stenciled portrait version of the image was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution for its National Portrait Gallery. Later in January 2009, the photograph on which Fairey based the poster was revealed: a June 2006 shot by former Associated Press freelance photographer Mannie Garcia. In response to claims by the Associated Press for compensation, Fairey sued for a declaratory judgment that his poster was a fair use of the original photograph. The parties settled out of court in January 2011, with details of the settlement remaining confidential.", "Fairey rummages around on his desk and produces a letter from Obama himself. \"Dear Shepard,\" the candidate writes. \"I would like to thank you for using your talent in support of my campaign. The political messages involved in your work have encouraged Americans to believe they can help change the status quo. Your images have a profound effect on people, whether seen in a gallery or on a stop sign.\"", "On August 22, KMBC News of Kansas City spotted bumper stickers of an Obama/Bayh '08 ticket that were being printed in Lenexa, Kansas. Three sources close to a local printing plant reported that such material was being produced. The image of the bumper sticker circulated on the internet. However, NBC News later quoted sources stating that Bayh had been informed by Obama's campaign that he was not the pick. According to an Associated Press report that same evening, Joe Biden was selected as Obama's candidate. The Associated Press report was confirmed several hours later, on August 23, on Barack Obama's official campaign website and by a mass text message to supporters. Obama selected Biden to be vice president for three reasons: he could relate to blue-collar Americans (i.e. he is originally from Pennsylvania—arguably a blue-collar state); he has a multitude of connections on Capitol Hill; and he has more personal connections in foreign policy than Obama. ", "figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated. \"the president declared\" ➡️\"the White House declared\"", "As far as I can tell, the Obama campaign was the first ever to sell t-shirts with the candidate's portrait on it. And there were a lot of different designs that featured his image, often sold independently.", "In 1989, 22-year-old Polish graphic designer Tomasz Sarnecki transformed Marian Stachurski's 1959 Polish variant of the High Noon poster into a Solidarity election poster for the first partially free elections in communist Poland. The poster, which was displayed all over Poland, shows Cooper armed with a folded ballot saying \"Wybory\" (i.e., elections) in his right hand while the Solidarity logo is pinned to his vest above the sheriff's badge. The message at the bottom of the poster reads: \"W samo południe: 4 czerwca 1989,\" which translates to \"High Noon: 4 June 1989.\"", "In 1989, twenty-two-year-old Polish graphic designer Tomasz Sarnecki transformed Marian Stachurski's 1959 Polish variant of the High Noon poster into a Solidarity election poster for the first partially-free elections in communist Poland. The poster which was displayed all over Poland shows Cooper armed with a folded ballot saying \"Wybory\" (i.e. election) in his right hand while the Solidarity logo is pinned to his vest above the sheriff's badge. The message at the bottom of the poster reads \"W samo południe: 4 czerwca 1989\" which translates to \"High Noon: 4 June 1989.\"" ]

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[ "Shrek is a green ogre that has always enjoyed living in peaceful solitude in his swamp, finds his life disrupted when numerous fairytale beings, including Pinocchio, the Three Little Pigs, and Donkey, are forced into the swamp by order of the obsessive and fairytale-hating Lord Farquaad .", "Shrek, a green ogre who loves the solitude in his swamp, finds his life interrupted when many fairytale characters are exiled there by order of the fairytale-hating Lord Farquaad. Shrek tells them that he will go ask Farquaad to send them back. He brings along a talking Donkey who is the only fairytale creature who knows the way to Duloc.", "When a green ogre named Shrek discovers his swamp has been 'swamped' with all sorts of fairytale creatures by the scheming Lord Farquaad, Shrek sets out with a very loud donkey by his side to 'persuade' Farquaad to give Shrek his swamp back. Instead, a deal is made. Farquaad, who wants to become the King, sends Shrek to rescue Princess Fiona, who is awaiting her true love in a tower guarded by a fire-breathing dragon. But once they head back with Fiona, it starts to become apparent that not only does Shrek, an ugly ogre, begin to fall in love with the lovely princess, but Fiona is also hiding a huge secret. Written by Film_Fan", "Shrek [9] When a green ogre called Shrek discovers his swamp has been 'swamped' with all sorts of fairytale creatures, by the scheming Lord Farquaad. With a very loud donkey by his side, Shrek sets out to 'persuade' Farquaad to give his swamp back. Instead a deal is made. Farquaad, who wants to become the King, sends Shrek to rescue Princess Fiona, who is waiting for her one true love. But once they head back Fiona, it starts to become apparent that not only do Shrek like Fiona, but Fiona is keeping something secret.", "Shrek is a 2001 animated film about an ogre who, in order to regain his swamp, travels along with an annoying donkey in order to bring a princess to a scheming lord who wishes to become King. Directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson. Written by William Steig (book) and Ted Elliott.", "* The wolf appears in the Shrek franchise of films. He is wearing the grandmother's clothing as in the fairytale, though the films imply he merely prefers wearing the gown and is not dangerous. ", "Having had his swam invaded by fairytale creatures, Shrek is determined to reach Lord Farquad to make him remove the fairytale creatures from his swamp. Along his way he meets his trusty sidekick Donkey, a magical donkey who can talk. Once Shrek reaches Du Lock, the kingdom of Lord Farquad, he finds himself in the middle of a battle to weed out the strongest knight, who would be sent out to save Princess Fiona and return her to Lord Farquad so they can marry.", "Once upon a time in a far away swamp there lived an ornery ogre named Shrek whose precious solitude is suddenly shattered by an invasion of annoying fairytale characters. There are blind mice in his food, a big, bad wolf in his bed, three little homeless pigs and more, all banished from their kingdom by the evil Lord Farquaad.", "In Shrek Forever After, he is shown to have a dark, violent side. In an alternate universe with Rumpelstiltskin as king, he fights and kills gingerbread animals as a gladiator for a living. He also tries to attack and bring in Shrek for Rumpel, despite being so much smaller. He is eaten by an overweight Puss in Boots in the alternate universe, but is seen alive again at the ogre triplets birthday party when the original timeline is restored.", "Relive every moment of Shrek's(Mike Myers) daring quest to rescue feisty Princess Fiona (Cameron Diaz) with the help of his lovable loudmouthed Donkey (Eddie Murphy) and win back the deed to his beloved swamp from scheming Lord Farquaad (John Lithgow). Enchantingly irreverent and \"monstrously clever\" (Leah Rozen, People Magazine), Shrek is ogre-sized adventure you'll want to see again and again.", "Based on the award-winning DreamWorks Animation film, direct from the West End and larger than life, Shrek the Musical is must-see show for your whole family. Welcome to the world of Far Far Away a land of princesses in towers, terrifying dragons and a handsome oops, wrong story. If you’ve seen the films, you’ll know that grouchy green ogre Shrek is no Prince Charming. He is, however, a lot more fun.", "Shrek opens up like a run of the mill fairy tale story with a reading of a fairy tale book. Turns out, an ogre named Shrek is the one, who read the book while taking a dump and the pop song \"All Star\" by \"Smash Mouth\" has taken over the intro Sequence. Now i'm not a fan of pop songs in animated films, but the further you get into the film, the more you notice that it fits the style that Dreamworks was going for with \"Shrek\". A film full of pop culture references, adult jokes and witty dialogue.", "Shrek 2 features fairy-tale and Disney characters with a modern twist. The use of recurring Disney character spoofs is just one example how two texts are cross referencing. For example the mirror on the wall especially in Shrek, is originally from Snow White. However this time the mirror has a sense of humour and a game show host quality when he shows Lord Farquaad the princesses. Other characters that are in Shrek 2 are sleeping beauty, Cinderella, Zorro and more. This gives viewers a sense of reminiscence through the familiar characters. The adorable little cat Shrek and Donkey meet in the forest is another notion of how they used an old text and made it into a new one. Puss N’ Boots is hired by Fiona’s father to dispose of Shrek. The thick Spanish accent, sword and hat signify the well-known character Zorro.  The actor Antonio Banderas plays both Puss N’ Boots and The Legend of Zorro (2005). This is an interesting case of Hispanic intertextuality related to a character, Antonio plays Puss N’ Boots in both original and Spanish version (Berger and Komori, 2010. P. 66).This is a prime example of how intertextuality is used when we didn’t know it was happening. For adult audiences this adorable fiery cat is an almost mick-take of what was a legend. This is reinforced for younger audiences where the cat is played and portrayed as a thief and a villain that redeems itself and helps two heroes (Shrek and Donkey).", "Shrek 2 is the story of two ogres’ who meet in the very un-stereotypical way. After returning from their honeymoon, Fiona (Cameron Diaz) learns that her parents have heard she’s married her ‘true love’, Shrek (Mike Myers). When they visit the kingdom Far Far Away, her parents are unaware that rather than marrying Prince Charming, she has married a gruesome ogre (McCann, 2004).", "‘1)Shrek: The friendly green ogre with the odd Scottish accent also has a Yiddish name. The meaning is ‘terror’ or ‘fright’. Not a very common word before the film but it does now get used outside the film series.", "a legendary monster with a man's head, a lion's body, and the tail of a dragon or a scorpion.", "What Features of fairy tales or legends are evident in the movie ‘Shrek’? The animated film ‘Shrek’ is a modern portrayal of a... traditional story. It displays most, if not all qualities of both legend and fairy-tale. As the opening scene begins with non-diegetic music (audible to audience only) and a magical light shining on a large book with the traditional starting of a fairy tale ‘Once Upon a time’. This opening scene demonstrates one feature of the fairy-tale genre. This can also be seen through...", "He despises creatures of any kind and sought to relocate the fairytale creatures to Shrek 's swamp. He attempts to cut a deal with Shrek by promising to remove the monsters from his swamp if Shrek could bring Princess Fiona to him, as he wanted to marry her.", "Shrek : The S in both \" DreamWorks \" and \"SKG\" turn green and grow ogre ears.", "Last week I watched “Shrek”. While watching this movie, I realized that there were numerous mythological archetypes from Greek and Roman mythology in the movie, which you will see shortly. First, here is a short summary of the movie.", "Some sketches of Shrek were done in 1996-1997 using Photoshop, where they showed Shrek living in a garbage dump near a human village called Wart Creek. At one time it was thought that he lived with his parents and kept rotting fish in his bedroom.", "Shrek the Third The affable animated ogre with the voice of Mike Myers goes looking for a new king when Princess Fiona's father dies. Directed by Chris Miller and Raman Hui; with the voices of Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Julie Andrews and Antonio Banderas.", "Departure: Fairytale creatures invade Shrek's swamp, so Shrek must go to see Lord Farquad to rid them from his swamp.", "Various Cyclopes like him appear in the Shrek the Third video game, but it is unknown if he is there or not.", "** Rumpelstiltskin (voiced by Conrad Vernon) makes an appearance in Shrek the Third as a member of the gang of fairy tale villains Prince Charming rounds up in an attempt to take over Far, Far Away. Prince Charming mispronounces his name as \"frumpypigskin\".", "Description : Rumpelstiltskin tricks a mid-life crisis burdened Shrek into allowing himself to be erased from existence and cast in a dark alternate timeline where Rumpel rules supreme.", "Rumpelstiltskin is a minor antagonist in DreamWorks's 14th full-length animated feature film, Shrek The Third, and the main antagonist of it's sequel and DreamWorks's 20th full-length animated feature film, Shrek Forever After.", "This was also intended with Shrek himself. He was to be played by Chris Farley (a classic Farleyesque role) before his death.", "He appears in the background of the theater with Mabel on his shoulder when Shrek wakes from his nightmare. He and Mabel may be in a relationship.", "Shrek is the first feature film in the Shrek franchise , starring Mike Myers , Eddie Murphy , Cameron Diaz , and John Lithgow .", "This is a list of characters that appear in the Shrek franchise and spin-offs from it.", "Have you seen the foreign versions of the Shrek films, with your character speaking foreign languages?" ]

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[ "7 Synopsis \"The Raven\" follows an unnamed narrator on a night in December who sits reading \"forgotten lore\" as a way to forget the loss of his love, Lenore. A \"rapping at [his] chamber door reveals nothing, but excites his soul to \"burning\". A similar rapping, slightly louder, is heard at his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven steps into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bustof Pallas above the door.bustPallas Amused by the raven's comically serious disposition, the man asks that the bird tell him its name. The raven's only answer is \"Nevermore\".The narrator is surprised that the raven can talk, though at this point it has said nothing further. Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment in silence, and his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels, and wonders if God is sending him a sign that he is to forget Lenore. The bird again replies in the negative, suggesting that he can never be free of his memories. The narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a \"thing of evil\" and a \"prophet\".prophet", "\" The Raven \" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe . First published in January 1845, the poem is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven 's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student, is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas , the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word \"Nevermore\". The poem makes use of a number of folk and classical references.", "\"The Raven\" follows an unnamed narrator on a dreary night in December who sits reading \"forgotten lore\" by a dying fire as a way to forget the death of his beloved Lenore. A \"tapping at [his] chamber door\" reveals nothing, but excites his soul to \"burning\". The tapping is repeated, slightly louder, and he realizes it is coming from his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven flutters into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas above the door.", "Edgar Allan Poe 's narrative poem, \"The Raven\" , is told by a man sitting alone in his room. Late one night, he hears a tapping sound at his door. At first he thinks it is merely someone coming to visit him. Instead of opening the door, he begins to reminisce on his lost love, Lenore, who has recently died. Finally, the man begins to fear what is on the other side of the door. When he works up the courage to open the door, all he sees is darkness.", "\"The Raven\" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. First published in January 1845, the poem is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student,Meyers, 163Silverman, 239 is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas, the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word \"Nevermore\". The poem makes use of a number of folk, mythological, religious, and classical references.", "Madeline Bragulla Joe Kane American Literature 6 December 2013 The Raven and its Remorseful Reasoning Perhaps one of Edgar Allan Poe’s... most famous works, “The Raven” sets a tone of Stygian mania. The narrator, a man nearly napping in his study and filled with grief over his lost love Lenore, hears something rapping and tapping on his door. When he rises intrigued to greet the visitor, there is no one there. He calls for Lenore in vain, and turns back to his empty chamber when there is no answer...", "The Raven \"The Raven\" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845. It is often... noted for its musicality, stylized language, andsupernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow descent into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student, is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas, the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant...", "Edgar Allan Poe's poem The Raven is considered a classic of gothic literature.  A man, probably of middle age, sits alone in his well-adorned library one cold, \"bleak December\" evening, and contemplates the dissolution of his relationship with \"the lost Lenore.\"  He is clearly heartbroken, but becomes uneasy when a mysterious tapping on his chamber door captures his attention.  Attempting to ignore it, the unidentified source of the unwelcome noise continues to distract him.  As he focuses on the possible nature of this disturbance, his mind goes back to the source of his sorrow, \"the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.\"  Poe's poem continues with its haunting theme, the narrator unable to grasp the meaning of this persistent intruder:", "Lost Love in The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe - Edgar Allan Poe tells the story of a bereaved man who is grieving for his lost love in the poem, “The Raven.” During a dark and gloomy night, the man hears a knock at his door. Hoping that it is Lenore, his dead lover, coming back to him, he goes to open the door. Unfortunately, he is only met with emptiness and disappointment. Shortly after, a raven flies into the room through the window and lands on the bust of Pallas. The man begins to converse with this dark and mysterious bird. In response to everything the man says, the raven repeats one dreadful word: “Nevermore.” The symbolism of the raven being connected to death, and the man’s interaction with the dark bird reveals to readers that...   [tags: poem, leonor, symbolism]", "The Raven Symbolism The narrator never gives his name. He is a mournful man after his love's death. He hides away in his chamber, not... wishing to speak to anyone. Instead, he reads his books, showing that he is a scholarly man. He admits he \"sought to borrow / From [his] books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore,\" but he is unable to forget her (line 9-10). This is why he starts to see the bird. He cannot move on. When the narrator meets the bird, he does not think it unusual that...", "64: \"The Raven\" was, for me, an incredible experience. I think that Poe managed to portray his grief and sorrow very well. I really like the imagery he conjures with the words and the symbols he used. | This is one of the most amazing poems I`ve ever read, even though horror is not a genre I am used to reading. However, the different rhetorical devices are used so well that they make the poem a great piece of art. I really enjoyed working on this project since the poem contains a very rich vocabulary that lets me appreciate the narrator`s situation in a more specific way. | I think that âThe Ravenâ is a great poem, because I really like creepy stories like this. I especially like when the narrator is always thinking about Lenore. I think he used to be very lovely and sweet with her, and this poem makes me sad because then he lost Lenore. Also, I like all the literary devices that Poe uses in the poem. | Naomi Ishii | Raul Espinoza | SofÃa Deustua", "Within the poem, the repetition means simply that the speaker is obsessed with \"the lost Lenore.\" Once he realizes that the raven will reliably repeat \"nevermore\" in response to anything he says to it, he turns the encounter into a perverse game in which the word \"nevermore\" reminds him of the grief, what Poe called \"Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance,\" that will occupy him forever. The narrator transforms the bird into both an instrument of self-torture and a symbol of his personal mourning. The poem performs those functions as well through repetition. It is impossible to escape the insistent rhymesnternal, external, they are everywherehe thudding trochaic octameter (lines of eight stressed/unstressed \"beats\": ONCE uPON a MIDnight DREARy, WHILE i PONdered WEAK and WEARy), the simple verbal repetitions (\"followed fast and followed faster\" [l. 64]; \"Is therei>is there balm in Gilead?ell meell me, I implore!\" [l. 89]), or the alliteration (\"this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore\" [l. 71]), all of which, like the ecstatic pain of grief, both excites and torments the reader.", "The Raven and The Haunted Palace by Edgar Allan Poe - “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,” (“The Raven” 1). “The Raven” arguably one of the most famous poems by Edgar Allan Poe, is a narrative about a depressed man longing for his lost love. Confronted by a talking raven, the man slowly loses his sanity. “The Haunted Palace” a ballad by Poe is a brilliant and skillfully crafted metaphor that compares a palace to a human skull and mind. A palace of opulence slowly turns into a dilapidated ruin. This deterioration is symbolic of insanity and death....   [tags: poem, symbolism, romanticism]", "1: Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Raven\" (1845) A Final Project in Phonetics, Vocabulary, Poetic Devices and Syntax A classic poem of lost love, madness and the macabre, \"The Raven\" has tantalized readers and scholars for nearly 170 years. The poem has inspired nightmares, plays, full-length movies (The Raven, starring John Cusak), rock songs, TV series (\"The Following\") and even a cartoon version by The Simpsons. Regardless of how many times the poem has been adapted or analyzed, there always seems to be something mysterious about \"The Raven\" that enchants and provokes new responses. This Mixbook is proof of that. This past semester (2013-2) at the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), in Lima, Peru, seventeen advanced students of English embarked on a joint project exploring this masterpiece of American literature. Each student transcribed a stanza using International Phonetic Alphabet symbols, defined key words and wrote an essay on the poem's poetic devices or syntax. Students gave oral presentations in class and created the beautiful layouts in these pages. Their personal responses to the poem can be found at the back of the book. On November 20, 2013, they debuted their online flipbook at UPC's Bancalari Auditorium. We are proud of their efforts and hope that you will enjoy them, too. Barbara Drake & Dean Lenton Professors, English TI5, UPC November 2013", "The Raven Response - The Raven is a poem that tells of the emotional turmoil in the mind of a man. First of all, Poe’s use of Greek, Roman God’s and terminology in this poem was overwhelming compared to his other stories. There are many Gods and phrases that he references to that help the reader understand the story. Also, there is evidence that Poe has portrayed bits of his life through the narrator. Poe lost a loved one, and he is reflecting it through the narrator. Next, when the raven arrives the narrator is extremely curious....   [tags: Literature Analysis]", "Darker Look at “The Raven” Guilt and regret are two emotions that have transcended time and have constantly been used as literary... topics for countless years and countless works. Literature captures the essence of humanity and expresses it in ways that most cannot do, therefore we look to literature as a way to relate and guide us through whatever it is we are trying to deal with, whether it be positive or negative. In this essay I will be exploring Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Raven,” to demonstrate...", "...The Aspects of a Raven & a Loved One An Analysis of “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe How would you feel if you were thinking about your lost love and a raven appears and starts to talk to you, only saying nevermore? Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts. When Edgar Allan Poe was...", "60: What We Think: English TI5 Students Respond to \"The Raven\" | I think that the poem \"The Raven\" develops the theme of pain and suffering caused by the loss of someone special in our lives. \"The Raven\" also reveals all the love that Edgar Allan Poe felt for that special person. I think he also wanted to show that even if we lose someone, we are still going to continue loving that person and we also going to remember him or her in our hearts. | \"The Raven\" is awesome. At the beginning, it was difficult to understand all the vocabulary because the poem was written in the 19th century. But then I could get the message and feel all that the narrator describes and expresses. It has helped me to know more about literature and about this fabulous writer, Edgar Allan Poe. | Ariana Aguilar | Yéssica Alcántara", "2: Table of Contents About Edgar Allan Poe.....................................................3 THEMES in \"THE RAVEN\" Who Was Lenore?...........................................................4 Theme of Lost Love in \"The Raven\"................................5 Symbol of the Raven.....................................................6-7 \"THE RAVEN\" The Complete Poem, with IPA Transcription........8 - 43 POETIC DEVICES USED IN \"THE RAVEN\" Allusions.....................................................................44-45 Metaphors and Similes.............................................46-47 Personification.........................................................48-49 Alliteration..............................................................50-51 Internal Rhyme......................................................52-53 Assonance..............................................................55 LANGUAGE IN \"THE RAVEN\" Inverted Syntax...................................................56-57 Archaic Language.................................................58-59 WHAT WE THINK English TI5 Students Respond to \"The Raven\"..................58-65", "It will be observed the words, “from out my heart,” involve the first metaphorical expression in the poem. They, with the answer, “Nevermore,” dispose the mind to seek a moral in all that has been previously narrated. The reader begins now to regard the Raven as emblematical – but it is not until the very last line of the very last stanza, that the intention of making him emblematical of Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance is permitted distinctly to be seen….", "The narrator continues to hear the tapping, so he checks the window. In flies a raven who lands on a sculpture of Athena above his door. The narrator asks the raven what its name is. The raven answers, \"Nevermore\" (line 48). He then muses that \"on the morrow he will leave\" like everyone else in his life (line 59). Again, the raven answers with \"Nevermore\" (line 60). This is the only word the raven speaks to the narrator.", "Every time the narrator speaks, the raven responds with “Nevermore.” The speaker assumes the raven learned it from a melancholy master.", "Once the lost Lenore is projected as the source of the student’s sorrow, the appearance of the raven as a sort of objectification of this sorrow seems poetically justified. When he asks the raven its name and hears the ominous word, “nevermore,” the student marvels at the bird’s ability to utter the word but realizes that the word has no inherent meaning or relevance. The relevance of the bird’s answer depends solely on the nature of the questions or remarks the student puts to it. For example, when he says that the bird will leave tomorrow, like all his “hopes have flown before,” he is startled by the seemingly relevant reply, “nevermore.”", "The Raven Edgar Allan Poe. The Raven Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten. - ppt download", "Stanza 16: The narrator asks the raven if he will ever see Lenore in heaven. The raven answers, \"nevermore.\"", "Edgar Allan Poe's \"The Raven\" Poe's \"The Raven\" is not only an American classic, it's a favorite of high school students around... the world, as well as their teachers. That being said, it's still poetry and therefore can be difficult to understand. Read this summary to review the contents and get a better understanding. * Stanzas: 1-2 Make everyone in class think you're really smart when you bust out everything you've learned in this summary: Stanza 1: It's late. The poem's speaker is tired...", "The opening lines of the The Raven and [Stevens'] Domination of Black establish strikingly similar settings: in The Raven it is \"the bleak December,\" \"a dreary midnight,\" and a chamber lit by \"dying ember\"; in Stevens' work it is a windy autumn night and a room warmed by the fire. In the latter however, the inner-outer relation is more dynamic. While the student's abode is isolated from the world outside, Stevens' room is open for the contact with reality.", "Poe, Edward, Allan. “The Raven.”The Norton Introduction to Literature.11th ed. Ed. Kelly J. Mays. New York: Norton, 2014. 518-519. Digital file.", "Stanza 18: The raven remains sitting. He overshadows the narrator, whose soul will never see happiness again.", "Analysis: Boo! Hoo! Get a gun and shoot that freaking bird already! The raven's shadow most likely symbolizes sadness. It covers the narrator's soul, symbolic of the narrator never being happy again. Some claim the last stanza relates the narrator's death. They're wrong. The shadow remains on the floor and It's the narrator's soul that will never climb out from under the shadow of sadness. If your teacher tells you he died, tell him he's wrong. If he disagrees, ask him how a dead man can narrate a poem.", "The Aspects of a Raven & a Loved Onean Analysis of the Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper", "From his poem \"The Raven\". This inscription appears on his original grave marker. The current marker, in the same cemetery, bears just his name." ]

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[ "Igor Sikorsky, in full Igor Ivan Sikorsky (born May 25, 1889, Kiev , Ukraine , Russian Empire—died October 26, 1972, Easton, Connecticut, U.S.), pioneer in aircraft design who is best known for his successful development of the helicopter .", "26/10/1972, Igor Sikorsky, Russian-born US aeronautical engineer who developed the first successful helicopter in 1939, died in Easton, Connecticut.", "Igor Sikorsky (Mei 25, 1889 – 26 Oktober 1972), [1] lahir Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky ( Rusia : Игорь Иванович Сикорский,  Ukraina : Ігор Іванович Сікорський), adalah seorang  Rusia-Amerika pelopor  penerbangan di kedua  helikopter dan  bersayap pesawat . Dia dirancang dan terbang pertama dunia-sayap multi-mesin pesawat tetap tersebut,  Vityaz Russky pada tahun 1913, dan yang pertama  pesawat ,  Ilya Muromets , pada tahun 1914.", "Igor Sikorsky 1889 � 1972), was a Russian American aviation pioneer in both helicopters in connecticut and fixed-wing aircraft.", "Igor Sikorsky was a renowned aviation pioneer who achieved distinction in three separate fields of aviation starting in Russia in 1913 and continuing in the United States until his passing in 1972. These fields included multi-engine fixed wing aircraft in Russia, multi-engine transcontinental seaplanes in the United States, and culminating in his life-long dream that was the rotary-wing, vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. Additionally, aircraft built during the Vought-Sikorsky years are tabulated separately as well as non-aircraft surface vehicles. Also, \"Historical Essays\" tabulates events in which Sikorsky helicopter models were featured with a link to a description of the events.", "Sikorsky was recognized with countless honors and awards during the course of his life, such as the National Medal of Science, the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, induction into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame and the Aviation Hall of Fame. He was said to be a kind and spiritual man who was interested in philosophy and the effect of science on humanity. He wrote two books, \"The Message of the Lord's Prayer\" and \"The Invisible Encounter.” Sikorsky officially retired in 1957, but he continued to work as a consultant until his death in 1972 at the age of 83. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation continues to operate in Stratford, as a division of United Technologies. It is the oldest helicopter manufacturer in the world.", "One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern single-rotor helicopters. He also designed and built the first military helicopter , XR-4, which he delivered to Colonel Franklin Gregory of the U.S. Army.", "One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern single-rotor helicopters. He also designed and built the first military helicopter, XR-4, which he delivered to Colonel Franklin Gregory of the U.S. Army.", "Pan Am worked closely with manufacturers to develop aircraft capable of servicing the developing transoceanic routes. Although Pan Am’s first aircraft had been the Fokker Trimotor, it was soon apparent that more advanced designs were required. Pan Am began to rely heavily on the designs of Russian American aeronautical engineer Igor Sikorsky, who produced large flying boats. Pan Am decided that the flying boat was the most appropriate design for their operation, because many of the countries to which they were operating had no majorairports. Virtually all, however, had adequate areas for waterborne operations. Sikorsky designed multiengined flying boats that could carry up to forty-two passengers at 140 miles per hour. These aircraft serviced the routes throughout Central and South America and conducted proving runs across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.", "Aeronautical engineer who designed the first multi-engine aircraft and the first mass-produced helicopter. Sikorsky trained as an aeronautical engineer in Paris and gained his pilot’s license in 1911. In 1912, he became Chief Engineer for the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works, where he designed the world’s first four-engine aircraft, which he would convert into a four-engine bomber in the First World War. After the war, Sikorsky emigrated to the United States, where he taught aeronautical engineering and founded the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in 1923. His company would build Pan-American Airways’ ‘flying boats’ and the first mass-produced helicopter.", "* January 21 – Pan Am Flight 1104, a Martin M-130 nicknamed the Philippine Clipper, crashes into a mountain near Boonville, California, United States, killing all 19 passengers and crew, including Rear-Admiral Robert H. English, commander of the U.S. Pacific Submarine Fleet.", "1961 : 73 people, including 18 figure skaters from the United States, were killed in the crash of a Boeing 707 in Belgium. The skaters were en route to a world meet in Czechoslovakia.", "* September 15 – Air Vietnam Flight 706, a Boeing 727, is hijacked and crashes in Phan Rang, Vietnam; all 75 on board die.", "* July 11 – Angara Airlines Flight 5007, an Antonov An-24, ditches in the Ob River after an engine fire, killing 7 of 37 on board.", "* December 20 – Ozark Air Lines Flight 650, a DC-9, collides with a snow plow in Sioux Falls, South Dakota; all on board survive, however the driver of the snow plow is killed.", "* On 20 April 1978, Korean Air Lines Flight 902 a Boeing 707 was shot down by the Soviet Air Force while flying from Paris, France to Anchorage, Alaska and continuing to Gimpo Airport. Two passengers were killed in the explosive decompression and the flight was able to land on a frozen lake where the remaining passengers and crew were transported to safety and then flown out of the Soviet Union back to South Korea ", "* September 30 – Aeroflot Flight 3932, a Tupolev Tu-104, crashes shortly after takeoff from Koltsovo Airport in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union. All 108 passengers and crew on board are killed.", "Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (also known as KAL007 and KE007) was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage.. On September 1, 1983, the airliner serving the flight was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor near Moneron Island, west of Sakhalin Island, in the Sea of Japan.. The interceptor's pilot was Major Gennadi Osipovich.. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Lawrence McDonald, representative from Georgia in the United States House of Representatives. The aircraft was en route from Anchorage to Seoul when it flew through prohibited Soviet airspace around the time of a U.S. reconnaissance mission..", "1937 – Sigizmund Levanevsky (35), famous Soviet aviator, together with his five crew and their Bolkhovitinov DB-A aircraft, disappeared in the vicinity of the North Pole after reporting loss of power from one of their four Mikulin AM-34 engines while attempting to prove a trans polar route between Asia and North America commercially viable . [47]", "* September 2 – Aeroflot Flight 721, an Ilyushin Il-18, crashes into a hillside while on approach to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport due to pilot error, killing 87 of 93 on board.", "* June 20 – RusAir Flight 9605, a Tupolev Tu-134, crashes onto the Russian highway A133 near the village of Besovets, Petrozavodsk, Russia, while on approach to Petrozavodsk Airport, killing 47 of 52 on board.", "* 2002 – Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over Überlingen, southern Germany, killing all 71 on board.", "* July 6 – The 2011 Silk Way Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 crash: An Ilyushin Il-76 crashes into a mountain 25 km short of Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, killing all 9 people on board the cargo flight from Baku, operated on behalf of NATO.", "* March 14 – LOT Flight 7, an Ilyushin Il-62, crashes near Warsaw, Poland, after the No. 2 engine disintegrates and severs the elevator and rudder control lines; all 87 on board are killed.", "1994: When the teenage son of the pilot disconnected the plane's autopilot, an Aeroflot Airbus A-310 crashed near Novokuznetsk in Russia. 70 people were killed in the crash.", "After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1, 1983, carrying 269 people, including Georgia congressman Larry McDonald, Reagan labeled the act a \"massacre\" and declared that the Soviets had turned \"against the world and the moral precepts which guide human relations among people everywhere\". The Reagan administration responded to the incident by suspending all Soviet passenger air service to the United States, and dropped several agreements being negotiated with the Soviets, wounding them financially. As result of the shootdown, and the cause of KAL 007's going astray thought to be inadequacies related to its navigational system, Reagan announced on September 16, 1983 that the Global Positioning System would be made available for civilian use, free of charge, once completed in order to avert similar navigational errors in future.", "1992: A Gambian Convair 640 chartered by Club Mediterranean crashed minutes before landing at Cap Skirring in Senegal. 30 people were killed and 26 wounded in the accident.", "1996 – A military cargo plane (C-130) crashed in Wyoming killing eight crewmembers and a Secret Service employee. The plane was carrying gear for President Clinton.", "1987 : Soviet Defense Minister Sergei L. Sokolov and the chief of Soviet air defenses were fired, two days after West German pilot Mathias Rust entered Soviet airspace in a small plane and flew all the way to Moscow's Red Square.", "On January 26, 1972, a Yugoslav Airlines DC-9 departed from Copenhagen for Belgrade (via Zagreb) with 28 passengers and crew. At an altitude of 33,000 feet, a bomb in the cargo section, planted by the Ustashe Croatian separatist group, exploded. The plane disintegrated and crashed on the mountains.", "The Soviet Union shot down a commercial airliner, Korean Airlines Flight 007, on September 1, 1983, after it strayed into Soviet airspace. This unfortunate incident was part of discussions between U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko at their meetings at the Madrid Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe seven days later.", "LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 crashed near Warsaw, Poland, on March 14, 1980, due to mechanical failure as the crew aborted a landing and attempted to go-around. All 87 crew and passengers died. On board were many members of the 1980 US amateur boxing team, many of whom were contenders to qualify for the 1980 US Olympic Boxing Team (the US subsequently boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow). The team was going to Poland for boxing matches against Polish and Russian amateur boxers. Flight 007 departed New York City at 21:18, and after nine hours of an uneventful flight, it was approaching Warsaw Airport at 11:13 local time. During their final approach, about one minute before the landing, the crew reported that the landing gear indicator light was not operating, and that they would go-around and allow the flight engineer to check if it was caused by a burnt-out fuse or light bulb, or if there was actually some problem with the gears deploying." ]

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[ "The day after Halloween is called All Saints Day. Celebrated on Nov. 1 each year, it is a Christian day of solemnity that is also referred to as Solemnity of All Saints, All Hallows or Hallowmas.", "Halloween . Halloween, the light-hearted modern festivity of ghosts and ghoulies, frights and feast, trick or treat, has much more serious (and scary!) origins in the ancient Celtic Feast of the Dead. All Saints' Day (November 1), also known as All Hallows' Day is followed by All Souls' Day (Nov 2), a christianized version of the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, the Feast of the Dead. The Christian theological basis for the feast is that the faithful on earth can aid the salvation of the departed souls by prayers, good deeds and especially by the sacrifice of the Mass, but the customs of Samhain are just a bit spookier! This festival has survived, due to its connection with the archetypal energies that it evokes and due to its more recent connection with the Christian festival of All Souls, which the Church has instituted as a substitute for this pagan celebration. Check out Halloween .", "All Saints' Day (also known as All Hallows' Day or Hallowmas) is the day after All Hallows' Eve (Hallowe'en). It is a feast day celebrated on 1st November by Anglicans and Roman Catholics .", "Halloween (also spelled Hallowe'en) is an annual holiday celebrated on October 31. It has roots in the Celtic festival of Samhain and the Christian holy day of All Saints.", "In the United States, Dodd used the \"Fathers' Day\" spelling on her original petition for the holiday,[3] but the spelling \"Father's Day\" was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday,[12] and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress.[20] Halloween or Hallowe'en (/?hæl?'wi?n, -o?'i?n, ?h??l-/; a contraction of \"All Hallows' Evening\"),[6] also known as Allhalloween,[7] All Hallows' Eve,[8] or All Saints' Eve,[9] is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It initiates the triduum of Allhallowtide,[10] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed believers.[11] Within Allhallowtide, the traditional focus of All Hallows' Eve revolves around the theme of using \"humor and ridicule to confront the power of death.\"[12]", "In the Christian Calendar, February 2 marks the presentation of the baby Jesus to the Temple, 40 days after the festival of his birth. This is Candlemas, a major Christian Feast, one of the \"cross-quarter days\", marking the mid-point between the solstice ( Christmas ) and the equinox ( Easter ). The other cross-quarter days are Walpurgis Night (April 30) followed by May Day (May 1), Lammas (August 1) and Halloween (Oct. 31) followed by All Saints Day (Nov. 1).", "This concept of warding off evil spirits is also the reason behind the scary costumes and masks that we wear each year. Following the same reasoning, is the ritual of carving frightening faces into pumpkins to make jack-o’-lanterns. Halloween is also commonly referred to as All Hallows Eve which takes place on the day preceding All Saints Day. Samhain, with its emphasis on the supernatural, was decidedly pagan and therefore, when Christian missionaries were attempting to spread the word of Catholicism, they believed that this worship of the supernatural and evil deities strongly conflicted with their cause. Subsequently, on November 1, All Saints Day was established: a day to honour every Christian saint, especially those that did not otherwise have a special day devoted to them. This feast day was meant to substitute Samhain and to replace it forever. However as is evident, this was not in the least successful. Despite the fact that we are committed wholeheartedly to our Halloween celebrations in this country, it is safe to say that our American", "The vigil, or eve of the feast, October 31, is commonly known as All Hallows Eve, or Halloween. For more than a millennium the entire Church has celebrated the feast of All Saints on November 1st, and, of course, Hallowe'en on October 31st. It is a principal feast of the Catholic Church. It is a Holy Day of Obligation, which means that all Catholics are to attend Mass on that day.", "Halloween is celebrated on October the 31st every / all year. It originated from a pagan holiday and the Christian holiday of All Saints’ Day. The name Halloween is a shortened vision / version of All Hallows’ Eve. Today, it is more of a fan / fun day for children and has largely lost its religious roots. Halloween is probably most famous in the U.S.A. Irish immigration / immigrants took it to America in the mid-1600s and it slowly spread / spreads across the country. Halloween is not celebrated in many countries around the world although many people known / know about it. Some Christians are not so happy that people celebrate Halloween. They belief / believe the holiday is un-Christian because of its origin / original as a pagan \"festival of the dead.\"", "In North America, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are quite diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions of All Saints’ Day, while some other Protestants celebrate the holiday as Reformation Day, a day of remembrance and prayers for unity. Celtic Christians may have Samhain services that focus on the cultural aspects of the holiday, in the belief that many ancient Celtic customs are \"incompatible with the new Christian religion. Christianity embraced the Celtic notions of family, community, the bond among all people, and respect for the dead. Throughout the centuries, Pagan and Christian beliefs intertwine in a gallimaufry (hodgepodge) of celebrations from October 31st through November 5th, all of which appear both to challenge the ascendancy of the dark and to revel in its mystery.\"", "In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.[177] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use \"Hell houses\", themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[175] Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[178] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, the Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers and/or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[179]", "The celebration of Halloween has dual origins. The first is in a pre-Christian Celtic feast associated with the Celtic New Year. The second is in the Christian celebration of All Saints Day (Nov. 1st) and All Souls Day (Nov. 2). In the British Isles November 1st is called All Hallows, thus the evening before is All Hallows Eve.", "In modern vernacular Samhain is called Halloween, abbreviated from All Hallow’s Eve, the name given to the holiday because of it’s placement near the Christian church’s holiday of All Saints day, or “All Hallows”. Originally the Catholic holidays that take place on and around Samhain of All Souls and All Saints days were in February having been set during the Roman feast of Feralia, but when the Church spread to the Celtic lands the dates were shifted to November.", "Oíche Shamhna refers to Halloween, or November's Eve, in Ireland. The Celts, early settlers of the British Isles, proclaimed Oíche Shamhna as the time when souls visited the Earth. When Ireland adapted the Christian religion years later, Oíche Shamhna became Hallowmas (later called Halloween) and All Saints' Day. October 31 is the official Halloween date, November 1 is All Saints’ Day, and November 2 is All Souls’ Day. On these days, people commemorated the lives of the dead and honored them through offerings, prayers, and sacrifices.", "In the 9th century AD, Western Christianity shifted the date of All Saints' Day to 1 November, while 2 November later became All Souls' Day. Over time, Samhain and All Saints'/All Souls' merged to create the modern Halloween. Historians have used the name 'Samhain' to refer to Gaelic 'Halloween' customs up until the 19th century.Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp.365–369", "All Saints’ Day, which is celebrated on the first Sunday in November, was originally a commemoration day for the dead saints held on 1 November. The day survived the Reformation, but the Protestants combined it with All Souls’ Day, which was on 2 November. The day was abolished as a church festival in 1770, but is celebrated by the church on the first Sunday in November. In recent years, it has become common in many churches to commemorate those dead during the year on the day itself. The tradition of placing candles on the graves the evening before All Saints’ Eve is becoming more common. So is the American Halloween where the children dress up as ghosts etc and go around ringing door bells like at Shrovetide. When the door is opened, they say ‘trick or treat’ (in English). If they are not given a cookie or money, they make trouble – like at Shrovetide.", "Notice that the celebration of Halloween, the eve of the day, is as old as the celebration of All Saints� Day in the Catholic Church. On page 6 of his book, Ralph Linton says of this holiday, �All Saints� Day was introduced into the church calendar because the year was not long enough to make it possible to dedicate a special day for each spirit of the Catholic Church . . . .� That the day chosen was one already associated in the popular mind with a thronging of spirits of the dead which was quite in line with church policy of incorporating harmless pagan folk ideas.�", "On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve.[153] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows' Eve \"as a meatless day with pancakes or Callcannon\" being served instead.[154] In Mexico, on \"All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar to invite the angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit.\"[155] The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil \"when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.\"[156] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[157][158] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[159][160] After the service, \"suitable festivities and entertainments\" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day.[161][162] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light votive candles there, they \"are known as valomeri, or seas of light.\"[163]", "In fact, in post-Reformation England, the celebration of Halloween and All Saints Day were outlawed not because they were considered pagan but because they were Catholic. Later, in the Puritan areas of the Northeastern United States, Halloween was outlawed for the same reason, before Irish Catholic immigrants revived the practice as a way of celebrating the vigil of All Saints Day.", "It’s true that the ancient Celts of Ireland and Britain celebrated a minor festival on October 31--as they did on the last day of most other months of the year. However, Halloween falls on the last day of October because the Feast of All Saints, or \"All Hallows,\" falls on November 1. The feast in honor of all the saints in heaven used to be celebrated on May 13, but Pope Gregory III (d. 741) moved it to November 1, the dedication day of All Saints Chapel in St. Peter’s at Rome. Later, in the 840s, Pope Gregory IV commanded that All Saints be observed everywhere. And so the holy day spread to Ireland.", "Halloween, 31 October, is an ancient festival and has roots in the pagan festival to mark the beginning of winter. Young people will often dress up in frightening costumes to play ‘trick or treat’. People give them treats to stop them playing tricks on them. A lot of people carve lanterns out of pumpkins and put a candle inside.", "All Hallows Eve, which has also been called All Saints Day, is a Christian holiday that takes place on October 31 every year. It is the holiday that falls right before All Hallows Day, which is celebrated on November 1 every year. In the Eight Century, Pope Gregory III dedicated a chapel in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome to all the saints. From then on, November 1 was officially All Saints Day.", "All Hallows Eve falls on the 31st of October, which also happens to be the day for the Protestant celebration of the Reformation . Pope Gregory IV set the date for All Saints Day in the early ninth century to specifically interact with the Celtic festival Of Samhain. The prevailing belief within the Church Catechism was that \"a perennial link of charity exists between the faithful who have already reached their heavenly home, those who are expiating their sins in purgatory and those who are still pilgrims on earth. Between them there is, too, an abundant exchange of all good things,\" (#1475).", "Holy day customs vary around the world. In the United States, the day before is Halloween and is usually celebrated by dressing in costumes with themes of death commonly associated. Children go door-to-door in costume, trick-or-treating, that is soliciting candy from their neighbors. The holiday has lost much of its connection to its religious origins.", "At no time, either in the druid religion nor in the Christian, was Halloween connected with the devil or devil worship. Modern Satanists have appropriated a holiday that is not their own.", "So Halloween was celebrated among the pagans long before Jesus was born in Bethlehem. This pagan holiday, however, was not celebrated alone among the Druids. It was also a Roman festival! The Britannica continues: �On the Druidic ceremonies were grafted some of the characteristics of the Roman festival in honour of Pomona held about November 1, in which nuts and apples, representing the winter store of fruits, played an important part.�", "Hallowe'en (Samhain) - October 31st, on the night when spirits rise, children wear fancy dress and celebrations include a parade and fireworks", "The content of this article is drawn from a Rose Publishing pamphlet titled Christian Origins of Halloween , ©  2012. Used with permission.", "But if Halloween is merely the evening in honor of the devil, how did the day � called Allhallows or All Saints� Day � come to be celebrated in the professing Christian Church?", "But if Halloween is merely the evening in honor of the devil, how did the day � called Allhallows or All Saints� Day � come to be celebrated in the professing Christian Church?", "The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Anglican Church and in many Lutheran churches. In the Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden, it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the Swedish calendar, the observance takes place on the Saturday between October 31st and November 6th. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the Church of England it may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between October 31st and November 5th. It is also celebrated by other Protestants of the English tradition, such as the United Church of Canada, the Methodist churches, and the Wesleyan Church.", "Every October 31st, hundreds of thousands of children dress in costumes which range from the cute and sweet to the macabre and Satanic. This custom is ritually repeated because, well, because its always been done. That is what makes it a ritual. After all, it is a great way for children to get candy, have harmless fun, and pretend they are someone else." ]

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[ "1919 - On October 28th the Volstead Act passes the US Congress and establishes the enforcement of prohibition.", "1919 – The U.S. Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, reinforcing Prohibition in the United States.", "1919 - The U.S. Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for Prohibition to begin the following January.", "On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act providing for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was ratified nine months earlier. Known as the Prohibition Amendment, it prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors” in the United States.", "The Volstead Act (formally known as the National Prohibition Act) was the piece of legislation that effectively enabled the Eighteenth Amendment which ultimately established prohibition in the United States. Introduced to Congress in 1919, the Volstead Act was deemed necessary to elucidate on the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment. ", "The Volstead Act was a piece of legislation passed in 1919. It enabled the United States government to enforce the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and is formally known as the National Prohibition Act. In combination with the 18th Amendment and other supporting legislature, it is included under the blanket term “Prohibition.” In 1933, this act and other Prohibition-related laws were repealed in response to popular outcry.", "After a prolonged struggle, Congress had enacted a temporary wartime ban on liquor in November 1918, which the U.S. Supreme Court subsequently upheld, just as World War I drew to a close. The Volstead Act served as enabling legislation for the recently ratified 18th Amendment, which was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933, thus ending the Prohibition era.", "The Eighteenth Amendment empowered Congress to pass laws banning the production, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. Congress passed the Volstead Act in the fall of 1919 over outgoing President Wilson’s veto. The law outlawed the production of any beverage with an alcohol content higher than 0.5 percent, although it was later amended to permit the production of wine for home use. The law left enforcement largely to states and local police for most of the 1920s. Penalties for violators of the Volstead Act were usually fines that did little to discourage those willing to break the law from doing so.", "Andrew J. Volstead, Republican representative from Minnesota, was the driving force behind the National Prohibition Act (popularly the Volstead Act), written to provide for the enforcement of the recently ratified 18th Amendment . It was passed by Congress in October, 1919, but was vetoed by President Wilson on October 27. The House again passed the measure, with enough votes to override Wilson's veto, on the same day and the U.S. Senate did the same on the next day.", "Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The Volstead Act provided for the enforcement of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, also known as the Prohibition Amendment.", "The Great Depression brought the Jazz Age to a crashing end, when the stock market crash of Black Tuesday 1929 ushered in a new, darker era for the United States. As businesses suffered, unemployment soared, and the nation’s mood dropped, the campaign to repeal the 8th Amendment grew.", "On this day in 1870, the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified.  The 13th Amendment had outlawed slavery, and the14th gave full U.S. citizenship to former slaves.  However, Republicans worried that ex-Confederates would attempt to regain political control, so congress passed the 15th Amendment hoping to secure forever the rights of freed slaves.  This amendment empowered blacks across the South during Reconstruction.  Thousands of African Americans were elected to political office. The Congress and the state legislatures began passing radical measures to eliminate all race-based laws.  At the same time they instituted reforms such as a universal public education.  The Democrats saw this as an intolerable threat.  President U.S. Grant ended up sending troops to New Orleans to disband a white mob angry over interracial government.  Grant's successor, Rutherford B. Hayes, withdrew the troops and ended many of the policies that protected African Americans.  Reconstruction was essentially over.  Southern legislatures passed various measures establishing Jim Crow segregation.  White terrorist groups such as the KKK frightened blacks into submission.  The bleak state of affairs lasted 100 years after the civil war, when the 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed by president Lyndon B. Johnson.", "The Eighteenth Amendment required one year between ratification by the states and the beginning of enforcement. Congress needed that time to create the new law's specific regulations. Minnesota Congressman Andrew Volstead, as chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, was responsible for writing the National Prohibition Act, a law that became known as the Volstead Act. The stern-faced congressman from Granite Falls set out to moderate the strict philosophy of the amendment’s primary promoting group, the Anti-Saloon League. They and other unwavering prohibitionists had sought to prevent even one drop of alcohol from being sold.", "the laws and regulations that were brought into play at this time. One of the most prominent examples of this was prohibition. The 18th... Amendment to the Constitution, also known as the Volsted Act, which got its name from its sponsor, Representative Andrew Volsted of Minnesota, was created to eliminate the use of alcohol in the United States. In doing this, the proponents of prohibition hoped to end the social problems associated with alcohol, such as domestic abuse. \"It was an attempt to promote Protestant...", "�...In the first years of this century (now the last century) Americans were free and prideful and independent. We were an ambitious people, and any social injustices were being slowly but steadily eliminated. We were a kind and generous people, guardful of our liberties. But, after 1917, the black plague spread over Europe, and we were infected long before 1939, when a new and deliberately plotted war broke out. We were infected in the very halls of Congress, in the very inmost chambers of Washington. The disease was already in our flesh, and its foul breath was already in the mouths of our children, and its cries were ringing in every schoolroom, every college, decades before we were plunged into this series of wars which have lasted over twenty years. We were a diseased nation long before we were slaves. We were impotent before we knew we were impotent.", "Two years after the Civil War, the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts, where new state governments, based on universal manhood suffrage, were to be established. Thus began the period known as Radical Reconstruction, which saw the 14th Amendment, which had been passed by Congress in 1866, ratified in July 1868. The amendment resolved pre-Civil War questions of African American citizenship by stating that �all persons born or naturalized in the United States�are citizens of the United States and of the state in which they reside.� The amendment then reaffirmed the privileges and rights of all citizens, and granted all these citizens the �equal protection of the laws.�", "Congress’ passage of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 marked the beginning of the Radical Reconstruction period, which would last for the next decade. That legislation divided the South into five military districts and outlined how new state governments based on universal (male) suffrage–for both whites and blacks–were to be organized. The new state legislatures formed in 1867-69 reflected the revolutionary changes brought about by the Civil War and emancipation: For the first time, blacks and whites stood together in political life. In general, the southern state governments formed during this period of Reconstruction represented a coalition of African Americans, recently arrived northern whites (“carpetbaggers”) and southern white Republicans (“scalawags”).", "In ten states, [4] coalitions of freedmen, recent arrivals from the North ( Carpetbaggers ), and white Southerners who supported Reconstruction ( Scalawags ) cooperated to form Republican state governments, which introduced various reconstruction programs, offered massive aid to railroads, built public schools, and raised taxes. Conservative opponents charged that Republican regimes were marred by widespread corruption. Violent opposition towards freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction emerged in numerous localities under the name of the Ku Klux Klan , which led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 that closed down the Klan. Conservative Democrats calling themselves \" Redeemers \" regained control state by state, sometimes using fraud and violence to control state elections. A deep national economic depression following the Panic of 1873 led to major Democratic gains in the North, the collapse of many railroad schemes in the South, and a growing sense of frustration in the North.", "These years were marked by growth in the power of political parties. The watershed event was the Civil War which resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority, but weakened the power of states rights. A Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress as well as calls for reform; sometimes reformers would attack lobbyists as corrupting politics. The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon. The Senate was effectively controlled by a half dozen men.", "Following the Civil War, the United States experienced a depression in the 1870s that contributed to a slowdown in immigration.", "1907 - Financial depression in the United States. Public outcry, especially from labor groups, against the flood of \"new immigrants\" from southern and eastern Europe has Congress forming a presidential panel on immigration reform. (The foreign-born make up fourteen percent of the U.S. population and half of the U.S. labor force.)", "On this day in 1865, Congress passed the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery in the United States forever. At the start of the 19th century, abolitionists gained footholds in many major American cities, eventually birthing a political party, the Republicans, using the slogan, \"Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men.\" The Compromise of 1850, between the North and South, to improve the conflict had the opposite effect. John Brown's failed revolt of 1859, combined with volatile viewpoints of the North and South, eventually led to the Civil War. Slavery was an essential motivation, the South to save its precious economic institution and the North to eliminate the practice. At the end of the war, the North occupied the South during Reconstruction. Sadly, Reconstruction failed, and southern whites regained power. Jim Crow segregation and economic subjugation resulted. The 13th Amendment remained, but no one seemed ready to act on it. It would be almost another hundred years before the United States government would revisit these broken promises.", "The ensuing Reconstruction Acts placed the former CSA states under military rule, and prohibited their congressmen's readmittance to Congress until after several steps had been taken, including the approval of the 14th Amendment . The 14th was designed to ensure that all former slaves were granted automatic United States citizenship, and that they would have all the rights and privileges as any other citizen. The amendment passed Congress on June 13, 1866, and was ratified on July 9, 1868 (757 days).", "President Ulysses S. Grant supported Radical Reconstruction and enforced the protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the Enforcement Acts passed by Congress. Grant suppressed the Ku Klux Klan, but was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party between the Carpetbaggers and the Scalawags (native whites in the South). Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives (in close cooperation with the Democratic Party) strongly opposed Republican rule. They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. The opposition violently counterattacked and regained power in each \"redeemed\" Southern state by 1877. Meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies faded in the North, as voters decided the Civil War was over and slavery was dead. The Democrats, who strongly opposed Reconstruction, regained control of the House of Representatives in 1874; the presidential electoral vote in 1876 was very close and confused, forcing Congress to make the final decision. The deployment of the U.S. Army was central to the survival of Republican state governments; they collapsed when the Army was removed in 1877 as part of a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president.", "In the two years following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the end of the Civil War in April 1865, Lincoln’s successor Andrew Johnson angered many northerners and Republican members of Congress with his conciliatory policies towards the defeated South. Freed African Americans had no role in politics, and the new southern legislatures even passed “black codes” restricting their freedom and forcing them into repressive labor situations, a development they strongly resisted. In the congressional elections of 1866, northern voters rejected Johnson’s view of Reconstruction and handed a major victory to the so-called Radical Republicans, who now took control of Reconstruction.", "As shown in the next section, this analysis is supported by the decline in the importance of the National Labor Relations Act after 1938. The Southerners turned against the act in 1937 when the new CIO unexpectedly tried to organize integrated industrial unions in the South, raising the possibility that they would make use of a tactic, the sit-down strike, that was proving to be very effect in the North. This sudden and very adamant change of heart on the part of Southern Democrats meant that the entire ownership class became united against the National Labor Relations Act. At the same time, the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations entered into an intraclass war, which meant that the working class was divided at a time when the ownership class was united. When the Republicans gained enough seats in the House and Senate in 1938 to forge an effective conservative voting coalition with the Southern Democrats, which could stop any legislation that employers North and South did not want, the handwriting was on the wall for the development of a strong union movement in the United States. In fact, it was only World War II that saved the union movement and hampered the corporate community for the three decades after the war ended.", "After northern voters rejected Johnson’s policies in the congressional elections in late 1866, Republicans in Congress took firm hold of Reconstruction in the South. The following March, again over Johnson’s veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which temporarily divided the South into five military districts and outlined how governments based on universal (male) suffrage were to be organized. The law also required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which broadened the definition of citizenship, granting “equal protection” of the Constitution to former slaves, before they could rejoin the Union. In February 1869, Congress approved the 15th Amendment (adopted in 1870), which guaranteed that a citizen’s right to vote would not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”", "The 14th amendment of the US constitution, adopted the July 9th 1868 (notice the 9 th- 14 th), was an amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.", "Free! Post-Civil War reforms focused on injustices to African Americans. The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868 to", "1868 – The 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is passed, establishing African-American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.", "One section of the new price lowering law said that settlers could buy land on credit.  They could live on the land and pay for it later.  This law started a mass migration to the Indiana Territory.  Congress also divided the territory into two parts.  One part became the Ohio Territory and the other became the Indiana Territory.  The Indiana Territory stretched from Indiana's present eastern border to the Mississippi River.", "States that immigration should be greatly limited or banned altogether, since immigrants hurt the United States economically and also threaten the the social well-being of the country. These groups and parties have developed on several occasions in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries their sentiment was especially strong in the 1920s." ]

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[ "The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum,) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. A heavy, slow-moving lizard, up to 60 cm (2.0 ft) long, the Gila monster is the only venomous lizard native to the United States and one of only two known species of venomous lizards in North America, the other being its close relative, the Mexican beaded lizard (H. horridum).", "There is only one species of venomous lizard that is native to the United States, which is the species Heloderma suspectum, commonly referred to as the Gila Monster. There are two subspecies that exist:", "A lizard, as mentioned in the article, is a reptile. Only one lizard native to the U.S. is venomous: the gila monster. They live in the Southwest, in areas like New Mexico and Arizona.", " Gila monster is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora and largest lizard in us. The only 2 venomous species of lizards, Gila monsters & beaded lizard, are native to north america.", "For many years scientists believed only two species of truly venomous lizard existed: the Gila monster and the Mexican beaded lizard. Both of these species are members of the Helodermatidae family and both are native to the Sonoran desert of North America. These lizards produce venom in glands within their lower jaws. They bite to inject, and they will often chew on prey to make the venom penetrate deeper. Though bites from Gila monsters and beaded lizards can cause painful bites, nausea and respiratory issues, human deaths from envenomation are rare.", "The Gila monster is a venomous lizard found throughout Sonora, Mexico and in the southwestern United States. This long lizard can grow to 2 feet long and while its venom is particularly dangerous the slow speed of this “monster” makes it little threat to adult humans. The Gila monster spends most of its time living in burrows of small mammals and they crush and swallow their prey. This venomous lizard only feeds a handful of times per year. When the Gila monster does feed it injects prey through chewing prey items since it does not have the ability to inject via fangs as many snakes do. The salivary glands of the Gila monster produce the venom which is then expressed through the teeth and in to chewing wounds. The venom of this lizard contains neurotoxins and no confirmed human fatalities have been made recorded in over 80 years. With that said however, a bite from a Gila monster can cause death in those with compromised immune systems. Symptoms associated with a Gila bite include: pain, weakness, a rapid drop in blood pressure, lethargy, paralysis and even hypothermia. Ironically, while the venom of this lizard is considered to be poisonous to humans, it has also been proven to inhibit the growth of lung cancer.", "There are some 5000 different species of lizards worldwide and, until a few years ago, only two (the Gila Monster and the Mexican Beaded Lizard) were thought to be venomous. Scientists also believed that those two species had evolved venom production independently from snakes.", "The Gila monster is one of only a few known species of venomous lizard, out of approximately 4,000 species of lizards worldwide.  It does not appear to inject venom into prey; instead, it most likely uses its venomous bite as a defense mechanism.  There are no documented cases of human mortality due to its bite.  Several components found in the venom of Gila monsters have valuable research and pharmacological applications including the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and possibly memory disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.", "Fearsome in appearance and deliberate in movement, the Gila monster and its Mexican cousin, the beaded lizard, are the only lizards that are poisonous. These docile, slow-moving creatures are unlikely to bite pets or people, and their venom delivery system is not as efficient as that of a snake. But once one of these lizards clamps on, prying it off can be very difficult. The longer he hangs on, the more venom will be injected into the victim. Venom is injected from glands within the lower jaw.", "The Iguanian Lizard retains characteristics of the ancestral venom system, having venom-secreting glands on both the upper and lower jaws, whereas the advanced snakes and anguimorph lizards (including Monitor Lizards, Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard) have glands only on one of the jaws, lower or upper.", "A few specific species of lizards are worth mentioning. Gila monsters live predominantly in the Southwestern United States where they burrow under the hot desert ground. The unique banded design of their scales is often colored red and black. Bright colors warn other animals that they are venomous. Indeed, although they scavenge bird and reptile eggs, they deliver a poisonous bite as a defensive measure.", "There are 8 families of lizards native to North America, with 155 species, including established introduced species. Known from the Triassic Period to the present, lizards today comprise the largest living group of reptiles. They come in a bewildering array of sizes, shapes, and colors, from tiny gecko species less than 3 inches long to the giant dragon lizard of Komodo nearly 10 feet long. Typical lizards superficially resemble salamanders, but their dry skin, clawed feet, and external ear openings quickly separate them from their distant moist skinned ancestors. Legless lizards may be confused with snakes, but unlike snakes, they possess moveable eyelids. The pattern and color of lizards vary greatly, males and females of the same species often show color differences, juveniles are frequnetly distinct from adults. Subspecies, too, may differ stikingly.", "It has recently been suggested that all snakes may be venomous to a certain degree, with harmless snakes having weak venom and no fangs. Most snakes currently labelled \"nonvenomous\" would still be considered harmless according to this theory, as they either lack a venom delivery method or are incapable of delivering enough to endanger a human. This theory postulates that snakes may have evolved from a common lizard ancestor that was venomous—and that venomous lizards like the gila monster, beaded lizard, monitor lizards, and the now-extinct mosasaurs may also have derived from it. They share this venom clade with various other saurian species.", "The beaded lizard is surrounded by myth and superstition in much of its native range. It is incorrectly believed, for example, to be more venomous than a rattlesnake, can cause lightning strikes with its tail, or make a pregnant woman miscarry by merely looking at her. As a result of this superstition, locals often kill the lizard on sight. ", "Reptiles - the most impressive reptile that can be found in the Sonoran desert is the venomous Gila Monster, although they are generally shy and retiring creatures. Other reptiles include the desert iguana, collard lizard, zebra-tailed lizard, sonoran sidewinder, western diamondback rattlesnake , sonoran mountain kingsnake and the black mexican kingsnake.", "Though Monitor Lizards have recently been discovered to be venomous, there has never been a recorded death by one of them in the USA (where they are popular pets). There have also been very few injuries reported. Injuries can come from scratches by their well-developed claws or from bites inflicted by powerful jaws, and also, of course, from the venom sipping into the wound.", "Gila Monster -- Despite the fearful name, this is actually just a lizard, albeit a large, ugly, and poisonous lizard. In fact, Gila monsters are one of only two poisonous lizards in the world. With their mottled black-and-pink coloring, their warty-looking scales, and their fat, stubby tails, these slow-moving lizards are indeed a monstrous sight. However, because they are relatively uncommon, your chances of encountering one in the wild are slight. By the way, the Gila monster's warty appearance is caused by osteoderms, bony plates that were common among dinosaurs but are rare in modern reptiles.", "Small scorpions (like the southern devil scorpion) found in the Southeastern United States are sometimes called \"stinging lizards.\"  Strangely, the broad-headed skink, a common lizard found in the Southeastern U.S., is often called a \"scorpion.\"  Coincidence?", "Does this lizard wear beads? Well, sort of: Its head and back are covered with bead-like scales. The Mexican beaded lizard and its cousin, the gila monster , are the only two lizard species that have this beady appearance. And they have another claim to fame: They're the only two species of venomous lizard in the world.", "The Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma) is native to North America. Phrynosoma is a lizard (reptile) member of the Phrynosomatidae family. The Horned Lizard is also known as a horny toad, horned frog or horned toad.", "Some species of monitor lizard are thought to carry a fairly weak venom, for example, the komodo dragon which is the largest of the species . The komodo dragon is native to the small Indonesian island that it is named after and is the largest species of lizard in the world.", "The 36 known rattlesnake species live only in North and South America. The sidewinder rattlesnake is indigenous to desert regions across southeastern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Sidewinder rattlesnakes are venomous, but of little threat to humans, except for young children. The toxin is capable of killing an animal weighing up to 30 pounds; in a larger animal or grown human, it typically causes transient pain, swelling, and general symptoms of illness.", "The horned toad is a common name for a genus of short-tailed, short-legged lizards in the iguana family. They are called “horned†for the hornlike spines on the back of the head and sides of the body, and “toad†for their rounded, toadlike shape. Found mostly in dry regions of the western United States and Mexico, they are diurnal and can often be seen sitting motionless near ant mounds. Most species feed heavily on ants, but they will also eat other types of small insects and spiders. Their wide, flat bodies are about 8 to 13 cm (about 3 to 5 in) long. For defense, many species, including the coast horned lizard, can spray an intruder with blood from the corners of their eyes. The horned toad was adopted as the State Reptile on February 18, 1993.", "These lizards are carnivores. Unlike snakes, they don't inject their venom in the wound; venom merely flows into the wound. Luckily, attacks on people are uncommon for these reptiles are known to bite with tenacity. Their venom causes paralysis, difficulty in breathing and sometimes convulsions, but is normally not fatal to humans.", "A closely related species, the Mexican beaded lizard (H. horridum), is slightly larger (to 80 cm [about 32 inches]) and darker than the Gila monster but otherwise similar in appearance. The species inhabits much of the Pacific coast of Mexico from the border between the states of Sinaloa and Sonora south to Mexico’s border with Guatemala.", "Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with approximately over 6,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains. The group, traditionally recognized as the suborder Lacertilia, is defined as all extant members of the Lepidosauria (reptiles with overlapping scales) that are neither sphenodonts (i.e., tuatara) nor snakes – they form an evolutionary grade. While the snakes are recognized as falling phylogenetically within the Toxicofera clade from which they evolved, the sphenodonts are the sister group to the squamates, the larger monophyletic group, which includes both the lizards and the snakes.", "North American spiny lizards. This group traditionally includes earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards. There are 136 species in 10 genera.", "Responding to question No. 23 - the Bradenton, FL, snake-looking lizard? Sounds like a skink to me, but I'm no expert. Was it's skin like a snake's, too? As far as I know they are harmless. I used to see them in Sarasota.", "Saw a lizard in my backyard with a blue tail, body was dark with yellowish type of streaks and a face shaped more like a snake. I live in Bradenton, Florida. what type of lizard could this be and is it poisonous?", "I was wondering: a. What kind of lizard is it? b. Is it poisonous? c. What/when does it eat?", "Does anyone have a clue as to what kind of lizard it was and happened to it? I live in Arkansas and am not a mental patient.", "i found a long snake-like silver lizard with an orange head. does anyone know what kind of lizard this is?" ]

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[ "Lee Majors was Steve Austin, astronaut; a man barely alive...... There was nothing Stone Cold about this Steve Austin, except maybe his wardrobe. Lee Majors was quite entertaining as Col. Steve Austin; part James Bond, part Buzz Aldrin/Chuck Yeager, and part Superman. Lee gave Austin a nice mix of serious and fun. Yes, his acting could be as mechanical as his bionics; but, Majors always had a bit of a twinkle in his eye (may have been the lens in the bionic one). He never took himself too seriously in the role, but could convey that emotion when the script called for it.", "Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American film, television and voice actor. Majors is best known portraying the roles of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley (1965–1969), Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action series The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978), and, Colt Seavers in American television action series The Fall Guy (1981–1986).", "The Six Million Dollar Man is an American science fiction and action television series about a former astronaut, Colonel Steve Austin, portrayed by American actor Lee Majors. Austin has superhuman strength due to bionic implants and is employed as a secret agent by a fictional U.S. government office named OSI. The series was based on the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg, which was the working title of the series during pre-production. ", "Steve Austin is an science fiction character created by Martin Caidin for his 1972 novel, Cyborg. The lead character, Colonel Steve Austin, became an iconic 1970s television science fiction action hero, portrayed by American actor Lee Majors, in American television series 'The Six Million Dollar Man', which aired on the ABC network as a regular series for five seasons from 1974 to 1978. In the television series, Steve Austin takes on special high-risk government missions using his superhuman bionic powers. The television character Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s.", "Lee Majors became famous for his portrayal of Colonel Steve Austin, the bionic man on the hit series The Six Million Dollar Man.  The Six Million Dollar Man ran from 1974 until 1979 and sparked a succession of superheroes on television in the mid 1970s.  Lee's character was an astronaut who had been severely injured when his experimental moon-landing craft crashed in a desert.  In an attempt to save his life, government doctors performed a new kind of operation in which certain human parts were replaced by atomic-powered electromechanical devices. ", "Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary on April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor, best known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965–69), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–78) and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–86).", "When ace test-pilot Steve Austin's ship crashed, he was nearly dead. Deciding that \"we have the technology to rebuild this man\", the government decides to rebuild Austin, augmenting him with cybernetic parts which gave him superhuman strength and speed. Austin becomes a secret operative, fighting injustice where it is found. Written by Murray Chapman <muzzle@cs.uq.oz.au>", "Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965–69), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–78), and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–86).In the late 1980s and 1990s, he reprised the role of Steve Austin in a number of TV movies, and appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in feature films and TV series, and lent his voice to a number of animated TV series and video games.", "About the show.................. Long before \"Cyborg\" became famous with Arnold Scwarzenegger in the \"Terminator\" films,Lee Majors was everyone's favorite cyborg,and for every fan out there,this show delivered the goods since this was indeed part science fiction/action-adventure genre mixed in with some international espionage and political intrigue for a great effect. Lee Majors' role as Steve Austin was in fact a combination of James Bond,part Buzz Aldrin/Chuck Yeager,part Road Runner and part Superman in which gave this series a nice mix of seriousness and fun. Let's face it,he was part-human,part-mechanical;the world's first bionic man. Better than he was before...BETTER,STRONGER,FASTER...............", "Lee Majors.  Best known for his role as Victoria Barkley’s (Barbara Stanwyck) illegitimate son, Heath Barkley, in “The Big Valley.”  He beat out over 400 other young actors for this coveted part.  The show ran from 1965 to 1969.   Majors later played Colonel Steve Austin , in the “Six Million Dollar Man,” a TV series about a bionic man.  He married actress Farah Fawcett in 1973, and they divorced in 1979.", "The Six Million Dollar Man was played by Lee Majors, who became a pop culture icon during the 70’s. The show was about an astronaut who was involved in a terrible accident while working for the OSI (which was usually referred to as the Office of Scientific Intelligence, the Office of Scientific Investigation or the Office of Strategic Intelligence.", "Steve Austin was a former astronaut who was severely injured when his experimental plane crashed. He lost his legs, his right arm and his left eye in the crash, and his life was only saved by extensive bionic surgery, performed at the behest of the U.S. government, who were looking for a test subject for the new technology. Now equipped with state of the art mechanical replacements for his missing appendages, he works as a special operative for The Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), a covert branch of the US government.", "Lee Majors had his first big break on the TV western “The Big Valley” in the 1960s and his last big role as the stuntman at the center of “The Fall Guy” in the ’80s, but it was playing Col. Steve Austin on “The Six Million Dollar Man” from 1974 to 1978 that made him a pop culture touchstone.", "When astronaut Colonel Steve Austin pilots the test-flight of a new delta-wing plane for the government, the aircraft suddenly suffers a mechanical malfunction and crashes to the ground below; critically injured, Steve is rushed to hospital for treatment, but all seems hopeless. That is, until Oliver Spencer, the head of the O.S.I. - a top secret U.S. special intelligence organisation - authorises Doctor Rudy Wells to rebuild Steve�s ruined body using state-of-the-art bionic parts. With his right arm and both legs replaced by powerful mechanical parts, and his left eye now equipped with a telephoto lens, Steve begins a slow, painful recovery. However, it is not long before he agrees to carry out missions for the O.S.I. � missions that are beyond the ability of a normal man, but easily possible for one equipped with bionics�", "�The Six Million Dollar Man� was created by Kenneth Johnson and television veteran Harve Bennett, and was based on the novel �Cyborg� by Martin Caldin. The pilot movie had a simple but innovative premise, coming at a time when the concept of replacement, mechanical limbs was still regarded as science fiction; of course now the idea is commonplace, but shows how ahead of its time the series was. An inspired piece of casting saw Lee Majors given the role of Steve Austin, a part he played with charismatic charm, masculine posing and trendy outfits, proving a hit with the ladies and inspiring men and boys to be just like him. When a second television movie followed the character of Oscar Goldman was introduced, played with great authority by Richard Anderson, and Doctor Rudy Wells changed from Martin Balsam to Alan Oppenheimer.", "Injured astronaut Steve Austin gains amazing powers to battle crime after receiving experimental limbs in this cult series, which inspired a wave of superhero shows in the 1970s. The ABC adventure originated as a trio of TV-movies in 1973, before joining t", "Steve Austin realizes Rudy and Oscar are deceiving him when he sees a man take a classified tape, and everyone denies it. Steve follows Carla Peterson , a nurse on Rudy's cyborg project who had a \"Florence Nightingale\"-relationship with him while he himself was recovering, to a club where he discovers the truth: there is another bionic man.", "Majors appeared in the role of God in \"Jim Almighty\" a 2007 episode of According to Jim. He would later return to the role in that show's 2009 series finale, \"Heaven Opposed to Hell\". Also in 2008, Majors played a member of the Minutemen (dedicated to preventing illegal border crossings) in season four of the Showtime series Weeds, where he recruits Kevin Nealon's character. Majors reprised his role (voice only) as Col. Steve Austin in the \"Bionic Woman\" segment of the Robot Chicken season four episode \"Love, Maurice\" (2009).", "Steve Austin was born Steven James Anderson on December 18, 1964. He is better known by his ring name \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin is an American film and television actor and retired professional wrestler. Original Steve Austin Autograph, signed on Cut Paper (mounted to a 8 x 10 inch matt board - with Steve Austin Figi Photo). Regular Price - $ 85.00 / Sale Price - $ 39.95.", "It wasn't just the exciting premise (and title sequence) that worked; the show would have been nothing without star Lee Majors. A picture of cornfed American health and movie-star good looks, Majors (who was married to the world's number one pinup girl, Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) gave Austin an abundance of charm. His slight squint in one eye made him look a bit cocky, but his bionic man was decent, polite, assured, witty and brave.", "Majors was married to Kathy Robinson, with whom he had a son, but the pair divorced in 1968. In 1973, the year he became Steve Austin, he married Farrah Fawcett, herself famous for U.S. hit 'Charlie’s Angels'. The couple were, for a while, the toast of the town. Despite their divorce in 1982 it was rumoured that they became close before Fawcett died of anal cancer in 2009. Since then he’s been married a further two times, in 1988 to Playboy model Karen Velez, mother to their daughter and twin boys, and following their divorce in 1994 he married actress Faith Cross in 2002.", "The first half of the novel details Austin’s operation and both his reaction to his original injuries—he attempts to commit suicide—and his initially resentful reaction to being rebuilt with bionics. The second involves the kind of spy adventure usually associated with Steve Austin.", "Prior to the Montreal Screwjob, which took place at the 1997 Survivor Series, former WCW talent were being hired by the WWF, including Stone Cold Steve Austin, Mankind and Vader. Austin was slowly brought in as the new face of the company despite being promoted as an anti-hero, starting with his \"Austin 3:16\" speech shortly after defeating Jake Roberts in the tournament finals at the King of the Ring pay-per-view in 1996. ", "This is one of the ways you can tell you're getting old: when someone says the name \"Steve Austin.\" Do you think of a bald wrestler rolling around on the mat groping other guys, or Lee Majors moving in slow motion and squinting? I think of the latter.", "Owen Hart infamously crushed \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin 's neck with a piledriver during a match at SummerSlam 1997, which left Austin briefly paralyzed in the ring (which Owen interpreted as having killed Austin at first). This incident forced Austin to change his style for the rest of his career (having been a fairly technical and mat-oriented wrestler prior to a brawler later on) and left him with several lingering neck and knee pains that ultimately forced his retirement in 2003.", "Sir Augustine Danger \"Austin\" Powers, KBE, is a fictional character from the Austin Powers film series, and is created and portrayed by comedian Mike Myers. He is the protagonist of Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). He is a womanizing, hard-partying British spy embodying the Swinging London mod culture and hippie culture of the 1960s who, with his nemesis Dr. Evil, was frozen in a cryogenics experiment until being eventually awakened in 1997. The series' humor follows his attempts to adjust to the modern world as he continues to try to save it from terrorism. In the final film, he is revealed to be Dr. Evil's twin brother.", "Although never mentioned in the song, an astronaut, possibly Major Tom, does make an appearance in the music video for the song Slow Burn off his album Heathen (released in 2002). ", "Harris reprised his role as Dr. Smith in the one-hour TV special Lost in Space Forever in 1998. However, unlike his costars in the original series (June Lockhart, Mark Goddard, Marta Kristen and Angela Cartwright) he refused to make a cameo appearance in the motion picture version of Lost in Space earlier that year. He announced, \"I've never played a bit part in my life and I'm not going to start now!\" Bill Mumy also did not appear in the feature film. Gary Oldman played the part of Dr. Smith in the film, but as a more genuinely menacing and less likeable character than Harris' on TV. An episode of The Simpsons has a cameo of Dr. Smith along with the Robot; multiple episodes of Freakazoid had the character of a cowardly Professor Jones; Professor Jones utters his catchphrase \"Oh, the pain!\" In case there was any question about the parody, numerous characters would ask him, \"Weren't you on a TV show with a robot?\"", "Clint Howard already had indulged in this with his B-movie career (to the point that an MTV Lifetime Achievement Award was given to him on the 1998 MTV Movie Awards). But he parodied his role as a flight controller in his brother's Apollo 13 by appearing on both the Austin Powers series and the second Night at the Museum as part of Mission Control .", "Celebrity SuicidesCharles RocketCharles Rocket was considered a gifted comedian and smart actor when he joined the cast of “Saturday Night Live” in 1980. In a 1981 sketch he uttered the F word and was subsequently fired. While it took his career a few years to catch fire again, he did make appearances in “Dumb & Dumber” and “Dances With Wolves.” Having turned 56 two months prior, Rocket was found dead, his throat slashed, in a field near his house in Connecticut in 2005.(credit: AP)", "\"This is ground control to _______.\" Who is the astronaut in David Bowie's \"Space Oddity\"? Major Tom", "At the Drive-In's song \"Cosmonaut\" (2000) was sometimes introduced at live shows by a recorded \"final message\" from Major Tom before he dies in space. The message does not appear in the recorded version of \"Cosmonaut\", which itself has no apparent connection to Major Tom." ]

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[ "Jedi Master: Jedi Master is a rank granted to a few Jedi Knights, depending on their experience, intelligence, wisdom, mastery of the Force or skills in lightsaber combat; it is the highest rank in the Jedi Order.", "A Padawan, also known as a Padawan learner or Apprentice, referred to a Force-sensitive adolescent who trained in the Jedi Order to one day become a Jedi . Padawans were known as Jedi younglings at first, and trained in classroom settings with multiple students and a teacher. [9] After reaching a certain age, Padawans were normally apprenticed to a Jedi Knight or Jedi Master , beginning their one-on-one training. Apprentices would often go on missions with their masters as part of this one-on-one training. Jedi were only allowed to have one Padawan as an apprentice at a time. Most of the Padawans were known to grow or wear Padawan braids to symbolize their rank. After completing ' the trials ' to become a Jedi, a Padawan would be promoted to the rank of Knight. [1]", "A Jedi Master is the highest formal rank in the Jedi Order. It is given to the most skilled Jedi after great accomplishments as a Jedi Knight, such as training several apprentices to Knighthood or performing a great service for the Republic. ", "Padawan trainees would grow or wear a Padawan braid and train in a classroom setting with multiple other students and a teacher. After reaching a certain age, and being apprenticed to a Jedi Knight or Jedi Master to begin one-on-one training, Padawan apprentices went on missions to strengthen their skills in the ways of the Force. The Padawan braid is then cut off with a lightsaber when promoted to the rank of Knight. More »", "In Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships. After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant, the Republic capital. Their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakin's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, although Obi-Wan expresses concerns.", "In Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan (or student) of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships. After they are attacked by battle droids and forced to retreat to Naboo, Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon rescue Queen Padmé Amidala through the help of native Gungan Jar Jar Binks and escape in a spaceship toward Coruscant, the Republic capital. Their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakin's extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, although Obi-Wan expresses concerns.", "Jedi Knight: Jedi Knight is a rank granted to Padawans who has passed the Jedi Trials (the Trial of Skill, the Trial of Courage, the Trial of the Flesh, the Trial of the Spirit and the Trial of Insight) becoming full members of the Jedi Order; it is the second highest rank in the Jedi Order.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi – He is, of course, the iconic Jedi master of the original Star Wars films. For all his status, he wears the simple dark brown robes of the Jedi and is, of course, armed with a light sabre.", "Grand Master or Master of the Order, is one of the two separated titles given to the leader of the Jedi Order, and head of the Jedi High Council.", "In Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, set three years later, Obi-Wan Kenobi is a Jedi Master on the Jedi Council and a General in the Army of the Republic. Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker remains Obi-Wan's partner and the two have become war heroes and best friends. The film opens with the two on a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Supreme Chancellor Palpatine from Separatist leader General Grievous onboard his starship. Count Dooku discovers the attempt and fights the Jedi, knocking Obi-Wan unconscious; while Obi-Wan is out cold, Dooku is brutally murdered by Anakin. The mission succeeds and soon after returning to Coruscant, Obi-Wan is called away to the planet Utapau to track down the escaped Grievous.", "(19 Years before Episode IV) Three years after the onset of the Clone Wars, the noble Jedi Knights have been leading a massive clone army into a galaxy-wide battle against the Separatists. When the sinister Sith unveil a thousand-year-old plot to rule the galaxy, the Republic crumbles and from its ashes rises the evil Galactic Empire. Jedi hero Anakin Skywalker is seduced by the dark side of the Force to become the Emperor's new apprentice - Darth Vader. The Jedi are decimated, as Obi-Wan Kenobi and Jedi Master Yoda are forced into hiding. The only hope for the galaxy are Anakin's own offspring - the twin children born in secrecy who will grow up to become Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa.", "Grand Master: Grand Master is one of the two separate titles that is granted to a Jedi Master who is the elected leader of Jedi Order and head of the Jedi High Council, it is usually granted to the strongest, wisest and most powerful member of the Jedi Order, it is equally the highest title in the Jedi Order along with Master of the Order; Yoda is particularly a notable Grand Master.", "A Jedi Knight has completed training as a Padawan and passed the Jedi Trials, or similarly proven his worthiness to become a Knight.", "Yoda was the wise, knowledgeable, experienced, and powerful Grand Master of the Jedi Order, and a Jedi Master on the Jedi Council. He was a high-ranking general of Clone Troopers in the Clone Wars, and later trains Luke Skywalker to fight against the Galactic Empire, and further carrying on in his after-death existence as a Jedi Ghost using his influence to help Jedi that live after his passing.", "During his Padawan years, Anakin would participate in numerous Clone War battles. He would encounter Dark Jedi Asajj Ventress whom he defeated on the temples of Yavin IV . It is during this Clone Wars period that he would be knighted, albeit in a controversial decision. After this, he would have a second encounter with Asajj Ventress and persevere, but not before receiving facial scars in the duel. He would then temporarily be assigned Ahsoka Tano as his new Padawan.", "In this film, Anakin Skywalker appears as a nine-year-old slave. He used to serve Gardulla the Hutt, but now he serves Watto, a Toydarian, after he gained Anakin and his mother through betting. He is raised on the planet Tatooine by his mother, Shmi Skywalker, who says Anakin had no father, implying miraculous birth. He is a gifted pilot and engineer, and has the ability to \"see things before they happen\". He even creates his own protocol droid, C-3PO . Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn meets him after an emergency landing on Tatooine and becomes convinced the boy is the \"Chosen One\", foretold by a Jedi prophecy as the one who will bring balance to the Force. Anakin wins his freedom in a podrace, but is forced to part with his mother. ", "Greater Scope Paragon : Yoda becomes this during the original trilogy, being a very old, very wise, and very powerful Jedi Master, who nevertheless serves only to train Luke to go on to fight Darth Vader and The Emperor. The prequels make attempts to address why this is the case, though how well they succeeded is a matter for debate.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi (later known as Ben Kenobi) is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, played by Sir Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to the protagonist Luke Skywalker to whom he teaches the ways of the Jedi. In the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. In the sequel trilogy, he appears to Rey as a voice in a dream-like-flashback in Maz Kanata's castle. He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media.", "Considered by many to be the greatest Jedi Master of the era, Yoda was one of the most skilled users of the Force in the history of the galaxy. Yoda's powers awestruck even the Dark Jedi Beldorion, who grouped him among three elite Jedi Masters, along with Thon and Nomi Sunrider who had lived several millennia earlier than him. Beldorion considered the trio to be truly great as they were prodigiously talented in the Force, specifically in the directing of pure light side energies. [15]", "Thisspiasian Jedi Master and Jedi Council member in the prequel trilogy, master of Battle Meditation. [82]", "Former Padawan to Mace Windu who served as a Jedi General during the Clone Wars. Went into hiding after Order 66 was given, and re-emerged during the Galactic Civil War to fight for the Rebel Alliance.", "Mentor Archetype : He is a mentor to the entire Jedi Order in the prequels, but more specifically, he was once Dooku's Jedi Master, and trains Luke in \"The Empire Strikes Back''.", "Because the title of Master was so prestigious, some Jedi Knights — particularly in the early Jedi Order — declared themselves Jedi Masters. This was discouraged, as wisdom in the Force, not just success in battle, is necessary to become a Jedi Master. More »", "Anakin has grown into the accomplished Jedi apprentice of Obi-Wan, who himself has transitioned from student to teacher. The two Jedi are assigned to protect Padm�, whose life is threatened by a faction of political separatists. As relationships form and powerful forces collide, these heroes face choices that will impact not only their own fates but the destiny of the Republic.", "Yoda : [Yoda is training children to be Jedi at the Jedi Temple. Obi-Wan comes in and explains he's looking for a planet] Mmm. Lost a planet, Master Obi-Wan has. How embarrassing. How embarrassing. Find it, we will try.", "Grand Moff Tarkin seems perfectly comfortable with acting like he's Darth Vader's superior — and Vader doesn't give any hint of having a problem with it. This sort of dynamic would never happen in the later two movies (or even Revenge of the Sith , for that matter) — where Vader is answerable only to the Emperor, and commands Admirals and even disposes of them as he sees fit. It is possible to justify this fairly easily in-universe, however, as Tarkin and presumably a lot more of the Imperial leadership were killed in the explosion of the Death Star, causing Vader to be moved up to The Dragon fully.", "Revenge of the Sith. Star Wars: Episode 3: Anakin Skywalker turns to the dark side, emerging as a Sith lord, Darth Vader. He soon faces his teacher, Jedi knight Obi-Wan Kenobi, in a fight that threatens to destroy the Jedi. Based on the screenplay for the movie. For grades 4-7. 2005. DB060480 , DB061807", "Luke fighting Jabba Desilijic Tiure's henchmen Skywalker finally arrived on Tatooine early on in 4 ABY. When Organa and half the rescue party were held captive by Hutt crime lord Jabba Desilijic Tiure, Skywalker went to free them and Solo. Skillful use of the Force allowed Skywalker to get past Jabba's Gamorrean guards and his majordomo, Bib Fortuna, but the Hutt was not so easily swayed and attempted to feed Skywalker to his rancor.[12]", "\"This is Darth Duster from StarWars Union . I've contacted the German publisher of the Jedi Apprentice books and they told me that JA #18 will be the last book in that series. They think that there will be a sequel-series and my guess is, that it will be about the new duo Obi-Wan/Anakin. That's all the information I could get.\"", "The apprentice of Darth Plagueis, Palpatine is \"the most powerful practitioner of the Sith ways in modern times.\" Palpatine is so powerful that he is able to mask his true identity from the Jedi. In the novel Shatterpoint, Mace Windu remarks to Yoda, \"A shame [Palpatine] can't touch the Force. He might have been a fine Jedi.\"", "Master-Apprentice Chain : He trained Count Dooku, one of the villains of the prequel trilogy, who in turn trained Qui-Gon, then Obi-Wan, and finally Anakin in the films. On his deathbed, Yoda entrusts Luke with passing down what he has learned from Obi-Wan and him.", "Christopher Lee as Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus: He is a Sith apprentice to Darth Sidious, Leader of the Separatists, and Grievous' superior." ]

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[ "Swede Alfred Nobel was a chemist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He was born on 21 October 1833, in Stockholm and died on 10 December 1896, in San Remo. He was devoted to the study of explosives, and his inventions include a blasting cap, dynamite and smokeless gunpowder. Nobel became famous across the world when the St. Gotthard Tunnel was built in 1882 and dynamite was used for the first time on such a large scale.", "Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions of which dynamite is the most famous. He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. Keeping abreast of scientific findings, he was generous in his donations to Ivan Pavlov's laboratory in Russia, and was optimistic about the progress resulting from scientific discoveries made in laboratories. ", "Alfred Nobel, in full Alfred Bernhard Nobel (born October 21, 1833, Stockholm , Sweden —died December 10, 1896, San Remo , Italy ), Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist, who invented dynamite and other, more powerful explosives and who also founded the Nobel Prizes .", "Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous. ", "Alfred Nobel (1833 – 1896) Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Nobel invented dynamite and held 350 other patents, including for a gas meter. Perhaps most famous for his legacy of Nobel awards.", "Prize awarded annually (began 1901) as recognition for great achievements in several areas, including Peace, Literature and Medicine. Named after their instigator, Alfred Nobel (1833- 1896), a Swedish engineer and chemist who invented dynamite (1867).", "Alfred B. Nobel (1833–1896), the Swedish chemist and engineer who invented dynamite , left $9 million in his will to establish the Nobel Prizes, which are awarded annually, without regard to nationality, in six areas ( peace , literature , physics , chemistry , physiology or medicine , and economic science ) \"to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\"", "ALFRED NOBEL Alfred Nobel is one the most accredited scientist and industrialist in history. With over 300 patents held, he has... made numerous amounts of contributions to science. Although Alfred Nobel had accomplished many things, the most significant things he had done, in my opinion, was the creation of dynamite and his involvement in the establishment of the Nobel Prize. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. His family had descended from Olof Rudbeck, a well-known...", "Timeline Description: Alfred Nobel was the founder of the Nobel Prize. He invented dynamite, and it was his goal later in life to award monumental discoveries. This is a timeline of his life.", "Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm on 21 October 1833. The menfolk of the family were engineers and businessmen. In 1842, Alfred moved with his mother and brothers to St. Petersburg, where his father Immanuel Nobel had opened an armaments factory a few years prior. He manufactured landmines for the Tsar's army, and made good profits. Alfred did not attend school but received private tutoring from good teachers. He was quick to master four foreign languages, and showed great ability in the natural sciences, especially chemistry.", "# Alfred Nobel, in whose name the Nobel prizes are instituted, was the inventor of dynamite.", "Alfred Nobel Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), Swedish inventor and philanthropist, was a man of many contrasts. He was a son... of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature. He made a large fortune but lived a simple life. He was cheerful in company, and often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He discovered a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the...", "The Nobel Prize was established in accordance with the will of Swede, Alfred Nobel – inventor of dynamite and holder of more than 350 patents. Awarded annually since 1901, the Nobel Prize is the first annual international award to recognise achievements in Physics, Medicine, Chemistry, Peace and Literature. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to members of Cambridge University for significant advances as diverse as the discovery of the structure of DNA, the development of a national income accounting system, the mastery of an epic and narrative psychological art and the discovery of penicillin.", "The annual Nobel Prizes are usually announced in October and are handed out on Dec. 10, the anniversary of the 1896 death of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite.", "Annual prizes for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, peace and literature were established in the will of Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite who died in 1896, and the first prizes were handed out in 1901. The economics award was set up by Sweden’s central bank in 1968.", "Alfred Nobel () was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm , Sweden , into a family of engineers.", "Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. In 1842, when Alfred was nine years old, his mother (Andrietta Ahlsell) and brothers (Robert and Ludvig) moved to St. Petersburg, Russia to join Alfred's father (Immanuel), who had moved there five years earlier. The following year, Alfred's younger brother, Emil, was born.", "Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was an engineer and inventor. In 1842, Nobel's family moved to Russia where his father had opened an engineering firm providing equipment for the Tsar's armies. In 1850, Nobel's father sent him abroad to study chemical engineering. During a two-year period Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. He returned to Sweden in 1863 with his father after the family firm went bankrupt.", "Alfred B. Nobel - Swedish engineer, chemist and industrialist; commercially manufactured chemical explosives throughout the world and did other chemical research; manufactured glyceryl nitrate - nitroglycerine (1862); the difficulty and danger of handling liquid nitroglycerine led him to experiment with ways of making it safer; he mixed nitroglycerine with powder, kieselguhr, and called it \"dynamite\" (1866); received a patent for dynamite (1867); establish a fund in his ill for the annual Nobel Prizes, awarded in the areas of chemistry, physics, physiology or medicine, literature and international peace.", "After his return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred Nobel concentrated on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive. Several explosions, including one (1864) in which his brother Emil and several other persons were killed, convinced the authorities that nitroglycerine production was exceedingly dangerous. They forbade further experimentation with nitroglycerine within the Stockholm city limits and Alfred Nobel had to move his experimentation to a barge anchored on Lake Mälaren. Alfred was not discouraged and in 1864 he was able to start mass production of nitroglycerine. To make the handling of nitroglycerine safer Alfred Nobel experimented with different additives. He soon found that mixing nitroglycerine with kieselguhr would turn the liquid into a paste which could be shaped into rods of a size and form suitable for insertion into drilling holes. In 1867 he patented this material under the name of dynamite . To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator (blasting cap) which could be ignited by lighting a fuse. These inventions were made at the same time as the diamond drilling crown and the pneumatic drill came into general use. Together these inventions drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock, drilling tunnels, building canals and many other forms of construction work.", "Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Carolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel (1805–1889). The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished, and only Alfred and his three brothers survived past childhood. Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age. Alfred Nobel's interest in technology was inherited from his father, an alumnus of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. ", "Alfred Nobel was born in October 1833 in Stockholm, but his family moved to St Petersburg when he was nine. His father ran an engineering firm that supplied the Tsar's armies with equipment.", "Nobel Prize In this paper I am going to discuss the Nobel Prize. Firstly I will inform you of the... history of the prize, secondly its origin, and how it is awarded today. After that I will discuss the 2010 Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1901 Nobel Prize for Physics, and the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Alfred Nobel The Nobel Prize was named after a Swedish inventor and industrialist, Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden on October 21, 1833. He was born into...", "Origins:   The renowned Nobel Prize is the legacy of Swedish chemist, inventor, and industrialist Alfred Nobel,", "It took Alfred Nobel several years to complete the drawing up of his will. The final version, dated 27 November 1895, laid down that the bulk of his immense fortune should be reserved for a fund for the financing of annual honorary awards to be made in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine or physiology, literature and peace.", "Between 1901 and 2016, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times to 911 people and organizations. The Nobel Prize is an international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden, and based on the fortune of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and entrepreneur. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. Each Prize consists of a medal, a personal diploma, and a cash award.", "1833-1896 - Alfred Nobel - Industrialist. Posthumously instituted the Nobel Prizes. Click here for monuments related to the Nobel Peace Prize.", "The will of the Swedes inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.", "Nobel's family were surprised and upset that he had not left all of his fortune to them, but rather to establish the prizes. Although they contested the will his last wishes were respected and the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901, on the 5-year anniversary of his death. The funds and assets that are made available for the awards of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace are managed by the Nobel Foundation. This private institution was established in 1900 and is responsible for all arrangements surrounding the awards.", "1901 – The first Nobel Prizes were awarded, on the anniversary of the 1896 death of their founder, Swedish chemist and industrialist Alfred Nobel.", "On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to £1,687,837 (GBP) at the time. In 2012, the capital was worth around SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital, taking inflation into account.", "The Olympics were happening in Greece in 1896 and there was a general sense of wanting to create a world family and to honor people who were helping mankind. Ragnar found more and more support as he worked steadily to set up the Nobel Foundation, and to make Nobel’s wishes a reality. In 1901, five years after Nobel’s will was first read, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded in Sweden and Norway. A century later, the museum opened in Stockholm." ]

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[ "\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from the album Back in Black. The song also reappeared on their later album Who Made Who. It is AC/DC's first single to feature Brian Johnson as the lead singer and reached number 35 on the USA's Hot 100 pop singles chart in 1980. The single was re-released internationally in 1986, following the release of the album Who Made Who. The re-released single in 1986 contains the B-side(s): B1. \"She's Got Balls\" (Live, Bondi Lifesaver '77); B2. \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" (Live '83 – 12-inch maxi-single only).", "\"Guns for Hire\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from their album Flick of the Switch, released on 15 August 1983. Written by band members, Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson, it was also released in August as a single with \"Landslide\" as the B-side. It charted at No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 84 on the United States Billboard Hot 100. It also reached No. 19 in Ireland. ", "With a hard and loud sound now recognized as influencing nearly all heavy metal music that followed, AC/DC quickly earned a loyal following among hard-rock audiences in the mid-to-late 1970s, but it was \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" that first gave a hint of their mainstream appeal. \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" was the lead single from what would prove to be AC/DC's biggest-ever album, Back In Black (1980). Their previous release, Highway To Hell (1979) had been the first by the group to land on the U.S. album charts, but the group's planned follow-up was put in jeopardy by the March 1980 death of lead singer Bon Scott, who choked on his own vomit during a bout of heavy drinking. With new singer Brian Johnson put in place just two months later, the group formed in the early 1970s by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young recorded Back In Black in the summer of 1980. The album would spend a solid year on the U.S. album charts, spawning a second Top 40 hit in the form of its title track and a sports-stadium anthem in the form of \"Hells Bells\" and ultimately selling more than 20 million copies worldwide.", "In February 1980, not long after AC/DC's American breakthrough, Bon Scott died from choking on his own vomit after an all-night drinking binge. Two months later he was replaced by comparably gruff ex-Geordie vocalist Brian Johnson, and less than four months after that, Back in Black began a yearlong run on the U.S. chart, peaking at Number Four (1980). Spurred by the never-say-die title track and the hard-swinging double-entendre \"You Shook Me All Night Long,\" both of which ultimately proved standard source material for acts ranging from country to hip-hip, the album has sold more than 22 million copies to date, making it the fifth best-selling album in U.S. history.", "The Sex Pistols evolved from The Strand, a London band formed in 1973 with working-class teenagers Steve Jones on vocals, Paul Cook on drums, and Wally Nightingale on guitar. According to a later account by Jones, both he and Cook played on instruments they had stolen.[4] Early line-ups of The Strand—sometimes known as The Swankers—also included Jim Mackin on organ and Stephen Hayes (and later, briefly, Del Noones) on bass.[5] The band members hung out regularly at two clothing shops on Kings Road, in London's Chelsea neighbourhood: John Krivine and Steph Raynor's Acme Attractions (where Don Letts worked as manager)[6] and Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood's Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die. The McLaren-Westwood store had opened in 1971 as Let It Rock, with a 1950s revival Teddy Boy theme. It had been renamed in 1972 to focus on another revival trend, the rocker look associated with Marlon Brando.[7] As John Lydon later observed, \"Malcolm and Vivienne were really a pair of shysters: they would sell anything to any trend that they could grab onto.\"[8] The shop was to become a focal point of the punk rock scene, bringing together participants such as the future Sid Vicious, Marco Pirroni, Gene October, and Mark Stewart, among many others.[9] Jordan, the wildly styled shop assistant, is credited with \"pretty well single-handedly paving the punk look\".[10]", "On 8 October 1976, the major record label EMI signed the Sex Pistols to a two-year contract.[70] In short order, the band was in the studio recording a full-dress session with Dave Goodman. As later described by Matlock, \"The idea was to get the spirit of the live performance. We were pressurized to make it faster and faster.\"[71] The riotous results were rejected. Chris Thomas, who had produced Roxy Music and, ironically, mixed Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon, was brought in to produce.[72] The band's first single, \"Anarchy in the U.K.\", was released on 26 November 1976.[71] John Robb—soon to be a cofounder of The Membranes and later a music journalist—described the record's impact: \"From Steve Jones' opening salvo of descending chords, to Johnny Rotten's fantastic sneering vocals, this song is the perfect statement...a stunningly powerful piece of punk politics...a lifestyle choice, a manifesto that heralds a new era\".[73] Colin Newman, who had just cofounded the band Wire, heard it as \"the clarion call of a generation.\"[74]", "The Sex Pistols evolved from The Strand, a band formed in 1972 with Jones on vocals, Cook on drums and Wally Nightingale on guitar. By 1973 the band members were spending time at Don Letts's Acme Attractions and the more upmarket Let It Rock , a 1950s-themed clothes shop in the Kings Road, Chelsea, area of London. Let It Rock was owned by former New York Dolls manager Malcolm McLaren and his partner Vivienne Westwood; the shop specialised in \"anti-fashion\", selling the drapes, slashed T-shirts, brothel creepers and fetish gear later popularised by the punk movement . McLaren took over management of the band around this time. Renamed The Swankers, they began rehearsing at the Crunchy Frog, a studio near the London Docklands. In 1974, they played their first gig at Tom Salter's Café in London.", "By 1975, the shop had transformed into a subversive S&M boutique called Sex (later Seditionaries), and McLaren was putting together another band lineup with three of his customers, Steve Jones, Paul Cook and Glen Matlock. When Lydon walked in, sporting green hair and an \"I hate Pink Floyd\" T-shirt, they found their frontman. McLaren came up with the Sex Pistols name (he wanted something that sounded like \"sexy young assassins\"), and together they took on the torpor of mid-1970s British pop. Wearing safety-pinned Westwood gear and bondage trousers, the Pistols played on a boat on the Thames (it was raided by the police), took God Save the Queen to No 2 in jubilee week, teased huge sums out of successive record companies and were banned from playing by local councils.", "Son of Sam has been popularly (and mistakenly) associated with the contemporaneous song \"Psycho Killer\" (1977) by Talking Heads; compositions more directly inspired by the events include \"Son of Sam\" (1978) by The Dead Boys; \"Son of Sam\" by Elliott Smith; and \"Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun\" (1989) by Beastie Boys. Guitarist Scott Putesky used the stage name \"Daisy Berkowitz\" while playing with Marilyn Manson in the 1990s, additionally, Manson's song \"Sam, son of man\" is quite conspicuously describing Berkowitz; several other rock musicians established a full ensemble called Son of Sam in 2000. ", "The Sex Pistols were the brainchild of young entrepreneur Malcolm McLaren. The owner of a London clothes boutique, Sex, which specialized in \"anti-fashion,\" McLaren had conceived the idea of a rock & roll act that would challenge every established notion of propriety when, in 1975, he found himself managing the New York Dolls in their final months as a group. A part-time employee of Sex, Glen Matlock, played bass with Paul Cook and Steve Jones; he let McLaren know they were looking for a singer. McLaren approached 19-year-old John Lydon, whom he had seen hanging around the jukebox at Sex and who was known mainly for his rudeness.", "Guns N' Roses' late 1980s shows were often eventful for more than just the band's performance. During a November 1987 show in Atlanta, Rose assaulted a security guard and was held backstage by police, while his band mates continued playing with a roadie singing. Riots nearly broke out during two August 1988 shows in New York State. At England's Monsters of Rock festival, held that same month, two fans were crushed to death during the group's set by the slam-dancing crowd. During the first of four October 1989 dates opening for the Rolling Stones at the L.A. Coliseum, Rose announced that the shows would be the group's last if certain members of the band did not stop \"dancing with Mr. Brownstone,\" a reference to the band's song of the same name about heroin. Events such as these helped earn Guns N' Roses the moniker \"The Most Dangerous Band in the World.\" ", "For these reason the next year, he travelled to New York for a boutique fair where he met the emergent American rock band the New York Dolls. It was here he started to take his first steps in the rock music system. In fact he took over their management, he dressed them in red leather clothes supplied by his London store and promoted them using Soviet iconography. The Dolls broke up soon after, but served their purpose as a dry run for the management style he would soon deploy to spectacular effect with the Sex Pistols.", "The band finished its tour in December 1997 and had several releases during the two-year writing process to make its follow-up to Tragic Kingdom. [4] Live in the Tragic Kingdom , a live long-form video of the band's performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim , was released and The Beacon Street Collection was re-released while the band was on tour that year. The band recorded \"I Throw My Toys Around\" with Elvis Costello for The Rugrats Movie , and it contributed to The Clash 's tribute album Burning London: The Clash Tribute . Stefani began to make recordings without the band, contributing vocals to tracks for The Brian Setzer Orchestra , Prince , Fishbone & Familyhood Nextperience, and her boyfriend Gavin Rossdale 's band Bush . After some time in-between albums, No Doubt included its song \" New \" on the soundtrack to the movie Go in 1999. \"New\", inspired by Gwen's budding relationship with Rossdale, was one of the first songs written after the release of Tragic Kingdom.", "The band finished its tour in December 1997 and had several releases during the two-year writing process to make its follow-up to Tragic Kingdom. [3] Live in the Tragic Kingdom , a live long-form video of the band's performance at the Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim , was released and The Beacon Street Collection was re-released while the band was on tour that year. The band recorded \"I Throw My Toys Around\" with Elvis Costello for The Rugrats Movie , and it contributed to The Clash 's tribute album Burning London: The Clash Tribute . Stefani began to make recordings without the band, contributing vocals to tracks for The Brian Setzer Orchestra , Prince , Fishbone & Familyhood Nextperience, and her boyfriend Gavin Rossdale 's band Bush . After some time in-between albums, No Doubt included its song \" New \" on the soundtrack to the movie Go in 1999. \"New\", inspired by Gwen's budding relationship with Rossdale, was one of the first songs written after the release of Tragic Kingdom.", "It wasn’t long before they came to the attention of record companies; the ever-ambitious Sex Pistols together with Malcolm McLaren’s entrepreneurial (aka blagging) skills had no intention of signing to a small label. They wanted the biggest and best. EMI eventually won the war. The band signed for £40,000 on October 8th 1976. A recent composition penned by Rotten was set to be their debut single, ‘ Anarchy in the UK ‘! Like his stage presence, Rotten wasn’t scared of saying, or doing, anything. He was more than happy to sow seeds of discontent. ‘Anarchy in the UK’ was eventually released November 26th, 1976; much to the bewilderment of the mainstream music press.", "The press and the record industry ignored the Sex Pistols at first, but by the end of the summer the uproar — both acclamatory and denunciatory — was too loud to be ignored. In November EMI outbid Polydor with a recording contract worth £40,000. The Sex Pistols' first single, \"Anarchy in the U.K.,\" was released in December. That month the band used the word \"fucker\" in a nationally televised interview. The consequent outrage led promoters and local authorities to cancel all but five of the dates scheduled on the group's national tour and EMI to withdraw \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Number 38 on the U.K. chart in January 1977) from circulation and terminate its contract with the Sex Pistols.", "The band's first single, a cover of the Kinks song \"Stop Your Sobbing\" (produced by Nick Lowe and recorded at the July Regents Park sessions) was released in January 1979 and gained critical attention. It was followed in June with \"Kid\", and then in January 1980 the band got to No. 1 in the UK with \"Brass in Pocket\", which was also successful in the US, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "In the United States, the band's best-known songs were \"The Killing Moon\" and \"Lips Like Sugar\". \"Bring on the Dancing Horses\" is well known as one of the songs on the soundtrack to the John Hughes film Pretty in Pink. \"The Killing Moon\" was featured in the films Grosse Pointe Blank and Donnie Darko, and in Series 2, Episode 5 of the E4 series Misfits. The band also contributed a cover version of The Doors song \"People Are Strange\" to The Lost Boys soundtrack.", "Just after the tour the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway, about 60 km east of San Francisco. The biker gang Hells Angels provided security, and a fan, Meredith Hunter, was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised that he was armed. Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles’ film Gimme Shelter. As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings (in particular the still sought-after Live’r Than You’ll Ever Be), the album Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! (UK 1; US 6) was released in 1970; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever.", "The group released its next album, Return of Saturn , four years later, but despite positive reviews the album was considered a commercial failure. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady , which incorporated reggae and dancehall music into their work. The album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer , Sly and Robbie , and Lady Saw . The album produced two Grammy -winning singles, \" Hey Baby \" and \" Underneath It All \".", "Secunda got them a weekly residency at London's Marquee Club in 1966, where they appeared dressed in gangster regalia. Their early career was marked by a series of publicity stunts, high-profile media events and outrageous stage antics masterminded by Secunda; they included Wayne taking an axe to television sets. Eventually, Secunda also managed to persuade Wood to begin writing songs for the band in his time off. They secured a production contract with independent record producer Denny Cordell, but that was turned into a media event by Secunda, who arranged for the band to sign their contracts on the back of Liz Wilson, a topless female model. Wood wrote their first single, \"Night of Fear\", a No.2 hit in the UK Singles Chart in January 1967, which began the Move's practice of musical quotation (in this case, the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky). Their second single, \"I Can Hear the Grass Grow\", was another major hit, reaching No.5 in the UK.", "He certainly wasn't the last. Young guns Razorlight strutted on stage, determined to make an impact. Frontman Johnny Borrell got the crowd going with chart hits Somewhere Else, Golden Touch and Vice. \"We are here to make poverty history and we have a chance,\" said the singer. \"If we can make enough noise then we can make them listen so have a good time and whatever you do, make sure you make a lot of fucking noise.\"", "On September 21, 2010, the band released their third studio album entitled \" Hands All Over \". It was re-released in 2011 to include the single \" Moves like Jagger \" (featuring Christina Aguilera ). While the original version of the album received mixed reviews, \"Moves like Jagger\" reached the number one position on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The band released their next album, \" Overexposed \", on June 26, 2012. All four singles of the album were really successful on the charts - for example, the second single from Overexposed, \" One More Night \" (released on June 19, 2012), reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2014, the band signed with Interscope Records and released their fifth studio album, \" V \", with the very-first line-up of six official band members, as keyboardist and backing vocalist PJ Morton became an official member in 2012. The album debuted at top of the weekly Billboard 200 chart. Since its debut in 2002, the band has sold more than 15 million albums in the United States and over 100 million singles and 27 million albums worldwide.", "Revolution Calling and the rest of Operation Mindcrime by Queensryche. \"I'm tired of all this bullshit /They keep selling me on TV/About the communist plan/And all the shady preachers /Begging for my cash.\"", "In October, 1982,  Arista Records pulled Frankie out of the sporadic campaign of gigs which had occupied them throughout the summer, and paid £1,500 for the band to record “Two Tribes” and “Relax.”  It was a deal fixed up by Bob Johnson, manager of Ruts DC, who Frankie supported at the Liverpool Warehouse.  The band were hot that night – literally as well as figuratively.   Under the guidance of Rutherford, and the influence of Mad Max II, Frankie had finally discarded their jeans and T-shirts in favor of hard core leather’n’studs, butch bikers with an axe to grind.", "Following the release of the second album, things changed somewhat within the group. Partly owing to the pressures of touring and the public's expectations of \"genius,\" and also to the growing press fixation on Robbie Robertson at the expense of the rest of the group, the other group members remained familiar enough that their names and personalities were well-known to the public. The Band was still a great working ensemble, as represented on their brilliant third album, Stage Fright, but gradually exhaustion and personal pressures took their toll. Additionally, the huge amounts of money that the members started collecting, against hundreds of thousands and ultimately millions of record sales, led to instances of irresponsible behavior by individual members and their spouses and raised the pressure on the group to perform. The members had always engaged in a certain amount of casual drug use, mostly involving marijuana, but now they had access to more serious and expensive chemical diversions. Some private resentments also began manifesting themselves about Robertson's dominance of the songwriting (some reality of which was questioned openly in Levon Helm's autobiography years later), and the fact that the group was now constantly in the public eye didn't help.", "As well as producing a string of hits such as 'Young Guns (Go For It!)', 'Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go', and 'Club Tropicana', the band must also be remembered for initiating a number of the major fashion blunders of the decade. These include wearing different coloured fluorescent socks on each foot with white slip-on shoes, and putting on really cheap T-shirts with rubbish slogans printed on them.", "The band was famed for its sensational live shows and nonstop touring. However, early studio albums did not sell very well – until the release of Fire and Water which featured the massive hit \"All Right Now\". The song helped secure them a place at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 where they played to 600,000 people.", "In 2001 the band released The Gunman and Other Stories a concept album themed on the American Wild West. The opening track \"Cowboy Dreams\" was a hit for the British actor-singer Jimmy Nail. Though critically acclaimed, neither enjoyed major commercial success.", "The band takes its name from the song by Free, which was eventually covered by the band on their 1993 album, Bump Ahead.", "The band’s third album was titled Because of the Times and was released on April 2, 2007, in the UK, and a day later in the United States, preceded by the single “On Call”, which became a hit in the UK and Ireland. It debuted at number one in the UK and Ireland and entered the European charts at No. 25, selling approximately 70,000 copies in its first week of release. Although it was lauded by some critics others found the album inferior to their previous efforts.", "In 1993, they released the album Size Isn't Everything , which contained the UK top five hit \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\". Four years later, they released the album Still Waters , which sold over four million copies, and debuted at #11 in the US. The album's first single, \"Alone\", gave them another UK Top 5 hit and a top 30 hit in the US." ]

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[ "A gill gaff is basically a pole with a sharp hook on the end, for snaring large fish beside the boat. Generally, a partner will hook the fish through the gills and under the backbone, probably wounding the fish mortally. If you want to hook a gar and release it, don't do this.", "Other methods of catching and handing pike that are now frowned upon are the gaff and the gag. The gaff is a metal hook on the end of a pole used to hook through the fish's body in place of a more humane landing net. A gag is a device for holding open the pike's mouth whilst unhooking. These are now illegal in Scotland, as they put a huge amount of pressure on a pike's jaw, thus causing irreparable damage.", "Fishing with a hook and line is called angling. In addition to the use of the hook and line used to catch a fish, a heavy fish may be landed by using a landing net or a hooked pole called a gaff.", "Flying gaff   A detachable gaff, designed for big fish. The steel hook is attached to a strong rope. The pole is used to jerk the hook into the fish, detaches, and the fish is suddenly attached to the boat by a rope.", "A length of fishing line is threaded along a long, flexible rod or pole; one end terminates in a barbed hook for catching the fish, while most of the rest of the line is wound around a reel at the base of the pole. The pulley-like arrangement of the reel allows the fish to be \"reeled in\" once caught. The use of a fishing rod is known as angling . Fishing rods vary in length and strain capabilities. Usually fishing rods will vary in size between 6 and 16 feet (2 and 5 m). This length advantage increase the amount of force which the fish exerts on the fisherman's arms.", "Trolling from a moving boat involves moving slowly through the water. Multiple lines are often used with the help of outriggers (poles that help spread the lines more widely and reduce tangling) and downriggers (devices that keep the lures or baits trailing at a desired depth). Other devices used to aid in trolling include paravanes (typically used in commercial fishing, devices that place the lure or bait at designated depth and positions), spreaders (allow multiple baited hooks or lures to be trolled from a single line), and planer boards (devices designed to spread fishing lures away from the fishing vessel to allow for multiple trolling lines).", "boat hook. Pole with a hook to lift and handle line; as in: Use the boat hook to", "6. A Fast-Fish is somehow secured to a boat, either directly or by signs of ownership such as a waif pole.", "A long sturdy pole fitted with a blunt hook at one end designed to catch a line when coming alongside a pier or mooring, to facilitate putting a line over a piling, recovering an object dropped overboard, or in pushing or fending off.", "Push pole  A long, 20-foot pole made of wood or graphite, used for silently pushing the boat across the flats, easing within casting ranger of various fish, such as bonefish.", "A long, 20-foot pole made of wood or graphite, used for silently pushing the boat across the flats, easing within casting ranger of various fish, such as bonefish.", "    * Longlining - is a commercial technique that uses a long heavy fishing line with a series of hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from the main line by means of branch lines called \"snoods\". Longlines are usually operated from specialised boats called longliners. They use a special winch to haul in the line, and can operate in deeper waters targeting pelagic species such as swordfish, tuna, halibut and sablefish.", "Trolling is a method of fishing where one or more fishing lines, baited with lures or bait fish, are drawn through the water. This may be behind a moving boat, or by slowly winding the line in when fishing from a static position, or even sweeping the line from side-to-side, e.g. when fishing from a jetty. Trolling is used to catch pelagic fish such as salmon, mackerel and kingfish.", "A net, usually suspended between two poles, which is pulled through the water to capture fish for  bait .", "to catch eels in a snare of sliding knots; pole used in this manner of fishing, with a perforation for the line.", "A fishing net is a net used for fishing. Nets are devices made from fibers woven in a grid-like structure. Fishing nets are usually meshes formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Early nets were woven from grasses, flaxes and other fibrous plant material. Later cotton was used. Modern nets are usually made of artificial polyamides like nylon, although nets of organic polyamides such as wool or silk thread were common until recently and are still used.", "There is virtually no by-catch (<0.5%) associated with the trolling or pole and line techniques, which are regarded as the best fishing methods for tuna, a fact worth remembering when you buy.  Pole and troll caught tuna are considered the very best method for sustainability by a consensus of many Non-Government Environmental Organizations (ENGOs).", "The most common type of fishing done with handheld equipment is angling, in which a person uses a rod with a line attached to hook fish. The fisher attempts to get the fish to bite the hook by placing lures near the hook or by placing live bait on the hook. A variation of this is fly fishing , in which a special rod and line are used.", "Commercial trolling vessels catch fish by towing astern one or more trolling lines. The trolling lines are fishing lines with natural or artificial baited hooks trailed by a vessel near the surface or at a certain depth. Several lines can be towed at the same time using outriggers to keep the lines apart. The lines can be hauled in manually or by small winches. A length of rubber is often included in each line as a shock absorber. The trolling line is towed at a speed depending on the target species, from 2.3 knots up to at least 7 knots. Trollers range from small open boats to large refrigerated vessels 30 meters long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical and efficient way of catching tuna, mackerel and other pelagic fish swimming close to the surface. Purpose built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays. Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines. [http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/IRS?iid=7979 Drawing (FAO)]", "Trolling baits and lures are either tied with a knot, such as the improved clinch knot, or connected with a tiny safety pin-like device called a \"snap\" onto the fishing line which is in turn connected to the reel. The reel is attached to a rod. The motion is of the lure is made by winding line back on to the reel, by sweeping the fishing rod, jigging movements with the fishing rod, or by trolling behind a moving boat. Lures can be contrasted with artificial flies, commonly called flies by fly fishers, which either float on the water surface, slowly sink or float underwater, in imitation some form of insect fish food. However some flies, such as the trolling tandem streamer fly, are designed for trolling behind a moving boat.", "Long line fishing is a commercial fishing technique that uses hundreds or even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line. Swordfish, tuna and Patagonian toothfish are commonly caught by this method. It is also practiced on a smaller scale in NewZealand, where a twenty five hook maximum is perscribed by law. Long-line fishing is controversial because the lines can lead to significant bycatch, often of endangered species such as sea turtles and albatrosses.", "An open flatbottom boat with squared ends, used in shallow waters and usually propelled by a long pole.", "Also: 1. A pole for propel ling a barge or punt , typically having a prong or flange at the bottom to prevent it from becoming embed ded in mud .", "Fishing Rod  A rod of wood, steel, or fiberglass used with a line for catching fish.", "Fishing Rod  A rod of wood, steel, or fiberglass used with a line for catching fish.", "n. plural An iron instrument with four or more barbed points, and a line attached to it, used at sea for striking and taking fish.", "Hook with a decreasing radius bend design, originally used by commercial fishermen because it requires no hookset. If a fish swallows the bait and swims away, increasing tension will pull the hook back out through the throat without sticking until it lodges in the corner of the jaw. Many sport fishermen now use this hook because bait-caught fish may be safely released with almost zero mortality.", "Fishing lines serve as the link between the  angler's   reel  and the  lure  or  bait . The most popular fishing line used for sportfishing is monofilament nylon line, which is strong and durable and has a certain amount of stretch, which helps when an angler sets the hook. The line comes in a variety of strengths, from 2-pound test to more than 100-pound test. (Pound test is the amount of pressure that can be put on a line before it breaks.) Most monofilament is clear, making it difficult for fish to see.", "Baitholder Hook or Bait Hook  A name and shape of a fish hook. See more detailed information here", "A method of fishing that utilizes an  artificial fly , a long flexible rod, a reel, and line.", "A technique that involves attaching a fishing line to a kite to present bait at a distance from the boat.", "Pintle Hook Hooking device normally found on the rear of a piece of equipment and used to pull or attach a cable or trailer." ]

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[ "Sumo is an old sport that was practiced well over a millennium ago. But it is more than sport. It is rooted in Shinto, and even Christian, prayers, blessings and offerings. The four-minute ritual before each match is totally symbolic. When the wrestlers throw the salt, it is a purification ritual. When they stamp the ground, they are driving away evil spirits. The strings on the loincloth, or mawashi, that the wrestlers wear are derived from the sacred ropes hanging in front of Shinto shrines. Everything about sumo is rooted in something very, very old.", "There is a ceremony before every fight. These ceremonies usually last longer than the fight. One ritual that is performed prior to a fight is sprinkling salt. In Japan, salt is part of a purification ritual. The wrestlers  throw handfuls of salt into the ring, several times, before a match starts.", "Each day of the tournament (basho), a ring entering ceremony is held, wherein each wrestler's body and spirit undergoes purification. Yokozuna are dressed in mawashi with five white zigzag folded strips of paper on the front, the same as those found at the entrance of Shinto shrines. On the front of all mawashi are sagari, which are fringes of twisted string tucked into the belt, and they represent the sacred ropes in front of shrines. Numbers of strings are odd, between seventeen and twenty-one, which are lucky numbers in the Shinto tradition. And of course, the salt that is tossed before each bout is an agent for purification and one of sumo's most visible rituals.", "The shikiri (pre-match ritual) takes several minutes. The wrestlers clap to attract the attention of the gods, lift their hands to show they are unarmed, stomp the ground to scare away demons and throw salt in the ring to purify it. They repeatedly crouch as if about to start the match and then stand up after a few moments of glaring at each other. When they are finally ready, they creep toward their starting stance.", "Once in the changing room the wrestlers change into their fighting mawashi and await their bouts. The wrestlers reenter the arena two bouts prior to their own and sit down at the side of the ring. When it is their turn they will be called into the ring by a yobidashi and they will mount the dohyo. The referee or gyoji will coordinate the bout. On mounting the dohyo the rikishi performs a number of ritual moves involving leg stomps and clapping whilst facing out towards the audience. He also cleans his mouth out with chikara-mizu or power water. He then throws some salt into the ring to purify it. The rikishi perform another brief ritual when facing each other and then adopt a crouch position to \"charge\" at each other (called the tachi-ai). The wrestlers do not need to charge on the first occasion but can instead stare and return to their corner. This can happen a number of times (about four, or even more in the case of the highest ranks) until on the last occasion the gyoji informs them they must start the bout. The total length of time of this preparation and attempts to psyche themselves or opponents is around four minutes for all rikishi, but in the lowest divisions the wrestlers are expected to start more or less immediately.", "Sumo is a Japanese style of wrestling and Japan's national sport. It originated in ancient times as a performance to entertain the Shinto deities . Many rituals with religious background, such as the symbolic purification of the ring with salt, are still followed today. In line with tradition, only men practice the sport professionally in Japan.", "Once the actual bouts begin, the two rikishi spend several minutes before their match lifting their legs high in the air and stomping them down, a practice said to scare away any demons. They also throw several handfuls of salt into the ring, which is said to purify the ring. Many rikishi will also sprinkle salt around their bodies as a means of protecting them from injury. After the last bout of the day, the yumi-tori (bow twirling) ceremony is performed by a makushita-ranked rikishi from the same stable as a Yokozuna. True fans of the sport will not leave their seats until this ritual is performed.", "Once the actual bouts begin, the two rikishi spend several minutes before their match lifting their legs high in the air and stomping them down, a practice said to scare away any demons. They also throw several handfuls of salt into the ring, which is said to purify the ring. Many rikishi will also sprinkle salt around their bodies as a means of protecting them from injury. After the last bout of the day, the yumi-tori (bow twirling) ceremony is performed by a makushita-ranked rikishi from the same stable as a Yokozuna. True fans of the sport will not leave their seats until this ritual is performed.", "Once in the changing room the wrestlers change into their fighting mawashi and await their bouts. The wrestlers reenter the arena two bouts before their own and sit down at the side of the ring. There are no weight divisions in sumo, and considering the range of body weights in sumo, an individual wrestler can sometimes face an opponent twice his own weight. When it is their turn they will be called into the ring by a yobidashi (announcer) and they will mount the dohyō.[15] Kitazakura throws salt before the bout, October 2007On mounting the dohyō the wrestler performs a number of rituals derived from Shinto practice. Facing the audience, he claps his hands and then performs the leg-stomping shiko exercise to drive evil spirits from the dohyō as the gyōji, or referee, who will coordinate the bout announces the wrestlers' names once more.", "On mounting the dohyō the wrestler performs a number of rituals derived from Shinto practice. Facing the audience, he claps his hands and then performs the leg-stomping shiko exercise to drive evil spirits from the dohyō as the gyōji, or referee, who will coordinate the bout announces the wrestlers' names once more. Stepping out of the ring into their corners, each wrestler is given a ladleful of water, the chikara-mizu (\"power water\"), with which he rinses out his mouth; and a paper tissue, the chikara-gami (\"power paper\"), to dry his lips. Then both step back into the ring, squat facing each other, clap their hands, then spread them wide (traditionally to show they have no weapons). Returning to their corners, they each pick up a handful of salt which they toss onto the ring to purify it.", "Sumo -- The Japanese form of wrestling, known as sumo, began perhaps as long as 1,500 years ago and is still the nation's most popular sport, with wrestlers -- often taller than 6 feet and weighing well over 300 pounds -- revered as national heroes. A sumo match takes place on a sandy-floored ring less than 4.5m (15 ft.) in diameter; the object is for a wrestler to either eject his opponent from the ring or cause him to touch the ground with any part of his body other than his feet. This is accomplished by shoving, slapping, tripping, throwing, even carrying the opponent. Altogether, there are 48 holds and throws, and sumo fans know them all. Most bouts are very short, lasting only 30 seconds or so. The highest-ranking players are called yokozuna, or grand champions; in 1993, a Hawaiian named Akebono was promoted to the highest rank, the first non-Japanese ever to be so honored. Nowadays, there are many high-ranking foreigners.", "Sumo wrestling is a sport of discipline and physical power which originated in Japan. In the old times, the sport was held to amuse the Shinto gods. The rikishi or the sumo wrestlers live in a manner of certain strictness and strong organization in the way they dress, eat, sleep and train, following the teachings and standards of their coach or otherwise called their stable master. Their costume varies depending on their rank. The belt worn is called the ‘mawashi’, while the cloth worn when they enter the ring is called the ‘kesho-mawashi’. The customary meal of a rikishi is a sumptuous poaches of meat, fish and vegetables called the ‘chanko-nabe’ they undergo a rigorous training of human combat from time to time to be stronger and competitive.", "In one of the many typical sumo rituals the rikishi wipe their lips with these sheets of paper just before matches, after rinsing out their mouths with \" chikara mizu \".", "Sumo matches take place in a dohyō: a ring, 4.55 metres in diameter and 16.26 square meters in area, of rice-straw bales on top of a platform made of clay mixed with sand. A new dohyō is built for each tournament by the yobidashi. At the center are two white lines, the shikiri-sen, behind which the wrestlers position themselves at the start of the bout. A roof resembling that of a Shinto shrine may be suspended over the dohyō.", "Sumo matches take place in a dohyō (土俵): a ring, 4.55 metres in diameter and 16.26 square meters in area, of rice-straw bales on top of a platform made of clay mixed with sand. A new dohyō is built for each tournament by the yobidashi. At the center are two white lines, the shikiri-sen, behind which the wrestlers position themselves at the start of the bout. A roof resembling that of a Shinto shrine may be suspended over the dohyō.", "Shinto is the native religion of Japan and is more a set of rituals and ceremonies than a system of beliefs or a definite code of ethics. The word itself means \"way of the gods.\" Sumo was originally performed to entertain the gods (kami) during festivals (matsuri). Sumo as part of Shinto ritual dates as far back as the Tumulus period (250-552), but it wasn't until the 17th century that it began adopting the intense purification rituals that we see in sumo today.", "Shinto is the native religion of Japan and is more a set of rituals and ceremonies than a system of beliefs or a definite code of ethics. The word itself means \"way of the gods.\" Sumo was originally performed to entertain the gods (kami) during festivals (matsuri). Sumo as part of Shinto ritual dates as far back as the Tumulus period (250-552), but it wasn't until the 17th century that it began adopting the intense purification rituals that we see in sumo today.", "Sumo matches take place in a ring called a dohyō (土俵). The dohyō is made of a mixture of clay and sand spread over the top. It is between 34 and 60 cm high. It is removed after each sumo tournament, and in the case of Nagoya, pieces are taken home by the fans as souvenirs. A new dohyō is built prior to each tournament by the yobidashi, who are responsible for this activity. The yobidashi also build the dohyō for training stables and sumo touring events.", "Sumo, a sport in which one giant athlete tries to push, slap and shove another out of a ring, is steeped in ancient traditions and the Shinto religion. Legend has it that the first two wrestlers were gods. Akebono will participate in a three-hour Shinto ceremony at Meiji Shrine in Tokyo.", "The winner of a sumo match is the wrestler who either throws his opponent out of the ring, or throws them to the ground. It is rare for a fight to go on longer than over a minute, they are usually over in seconds. There is a hierarchy of sumo wrestlers, with the top position being yokozuna, grand champion. This title cannot be lost. If a wrestler who is a yokozuna begins to lose, he is expected to retire. Wrestlers are trained athletes who abide by a very strict regime. In order to gain weight they go to bed straight after eating. They live in special sumo wrestling places were they improve their skills and live the life that is appropriate to being a wrestler.", "This salt is meant to purify the arena upon which the battle will take place, and to drive away any malicious spirits. The wrestlers now place themselves at the center of the dohyo k, exactly behind the shikiri-sen, these \"starting lines\" drawn on the ground. Separated by only centimeters, the wrestlers stare again deep into each other's eyes, and perform another shiko: clapping their hands, lifting up their right leg, and then their left.", "watch the slow, sad figure of the yobidashi with his broom, endlessly sweeping the edges of the ring. For the long minutes between bouts, while the wrestlers move through their preparations, this slight man circles gravely and patiently, smoothing sand, erasing footprints. No mark can be allowed beyond the line because the judges must be able to tell, from a glance, whether a toe has landed outside the dohyo, whether a heel has slipped. Each rikishi is called into the ring by a singer, then announced over the stadium loudspeakers by a voice that sounds strangled and furious, like an oboe filtered through the dive alarm on a submarine. Through this, the yobidashi sweeps.", "n addition to its use as a trial of strength in combat, sumo has also been associated with Shinto ritual, and even certain shrines carry out forms of ritual dance where a human is said to wrestle with a kami (a Shinto divine spirit); see Shinto origins of sumo. It was an important ritual at the imperial court. Representatives of each province were ordered to attend the contest at the court and fight. They were required to pay for their travels themselves. The contest was known as sumai no sechie, or \"sumai party.\"", "Sumo wrestlers are powerhouses of strength and balance. In the beginning of a match, the two opponents face off while performing a special type of squat in slow motion. Lifting one leg while leaning to the side, the wrestler uses his full weight and power to strike the mat. After repeating this move with the other leg, the wrestler then sinks down into a deep, wide-legged squat.", "Sumo wrestling has developed from a ritual to honour the Shinto gods into the competitive sport that it is today", "On entering sumo, they are expected to grow their hair long to form a topknot, or chonmage, similar to the samurai hairstyles of the Edo Period. Furthermore they are expected to wear the chonmage and traditional Japanese dress when in public. Consequently, sumo wrestlers can be identified immediately when in public.", "Sumo, while considered a martial art, diverges from the typical Eastern style both at the surface and at its heart. Whereas most martial arts award promotions through time and practice, sumo ranks can be gained and lost every two months in the official tournaments. Conversely, in more common Japanese martial arts (such as karate ), ranks are gained after passing a single test, and practitioners of karate are not normally demoted, even after repeated poor performances at tournaments. This divergence from other martial arts creates a high-pressure, high-intensity environment for sumo wrestlers. All the benefits that sekitori wrestlers receive can be taken from them if they fail to maintain a high level of achievement in each official tournament.", "             Sumo was not always like it is today. There have been many versions of Sumo throughout history. During 645-794 (the Nara Period) Sumo was known as Sechiezumo. These matches were only held once a year, usually in late August. Sumo during 1185-1334 (the Kamakura Period) had few rules implemented during the matches. Sumo was a combination of wrestling and boxing. During this time period the military Shogunate took control over Japan. They fought many wars throughout their country. Sumo was used as a part of their combat techniques.", "form of a wrestler, may be singled out. At the right a peasant carrying two baskets suspended on a carrying pole (ryogake) approaches a group seated around a table on which are laid out five sticks with baked bean-curd (dengaku)", "The winner, on the other hand, assumes the sonkyo position for the final time j, while the gyoji steps in front of him k. If at least one kensho was placed on the bout, the gyoji places the envelope with the money on his war fan and presents it to the happy winner. The winner then performs, with his right hand, a series of gestures meant as thanks to the three gods of creation, Amenominakanushi no kami, Takamimusubi no kami et Kamimusubi no kami: with the edge of his hand he performs a downward chopping motion (tegatana), first on his left, then on his right, and finally in the middle. Then he takes the envelope containing the kensho, still with his right hand, and makes a horizontal movement with the same arm. Then he rises, and descends from the dohyo k (if he wasn't fortunate enough to receive the kensho, he simply makes that horizontal movement with his right hand when the gyoji steps in front of him).", "During the Edo Period (1600–1867), carrying out seppuku came to involve a detailed ritual. This was usually performed in front of spectators if it was a planned seppuku, not one performed on a battlefield. A samurai was bathed, dressed in white robes, and served his favorite foods for a last meal. When he had finished, the knife and cloth were placed on another sanbo and given to the warrior. Dressed ceremonially, with his sword placed in front of him and sometimes seated on special clothes, the warrior would prepare for death by writing a death poem.", "*He may be called on to represent the wrestlers on formal occasions such as when VIPs visit a sumo tournament, or on formal visits to Shinto shrines." ]

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[ "Highlander: The Series is a fantasy science fiction action-adventure television series featuring Duncan MacLeod (Adrian Paul) of the Scottish Clan MacLeod, as the eponymous \"Highlander\". A slight retcon of the 1986 feature film of the same name, it features a storyline in which the protagonist of the film (Connor MacLeod, a member of a race of \"Immortals\") did not win \"the Prize\" sought by all Immortals, who still exist post-1985. Christopher Lambert reprised his role as Connor in the pilot episode, which introduced series protagonist Duncan MacLeod, an Immortal who was taken in by the same clan of Scottish Highlanders who had found and raised Connor generations before.", "Join Scott and Tom as they break down this week's pilot: Highlander! Highlander: The Series is a fantasy science fiction action-adventure television series featuring Duncan MacLeod (Adrian Paul) of the Scottish Clan MacLeod, as the Highlander. It was an offshoot and another alternate sequel of the 1986 feature film with a twist: Connor MacLeod did not win the prize and Immortals still exist post-1985. In fact, original Highlander star Christopher Lambert appeared in the Pilot episode so as to pass the torch to Adrian Paul. The series was an international hit and was nominated three times for the Gemini Awards and once for a Saturn Award in 1998.", "Highlander: The Series is a fantasy science fiction action-adventure television series featuring Duncan MacLeod (Adrian Paul) of the Scottish Clan MacLeod, as the eponymous \"Highlander\". A slight retcon of the 1986 feature film of the sa...", "Taken from the film, Highlander, Duncan MacLeod, clansman of Connor in the film also finds he is being stalked by not only other immortals trying to kill him before the time of the gathering, but also a secret society of mortals who call themselves 'The Watchers' and also seem intent on killing him but \"The Watchers\" observe and record and never interfere. Duncan and the other immortals can only be killed by decapitation and often live for centuries. Written by John Vogel <jlvogel@comcast.net>", "Dragonfly in Amber by Diana Gabaldon (1992, London) is a detailed fictional tale, based on historical sources, of the Scots, High and Lowlanders, mostly the Highlanders within Clan Fraser. It has the element of time travel , with the 20th Century protagonist knowing how the battle would turn out and still - once transported to the 18th century - caught up in the foredoomed struggle.", "This is one of the most famous of Scottish clan surnames. It originates from the Barony of Urquhart on Loch Ness in Invernesshire, and as such the clan have always been geographically centrally placed to influence the course of 'Highland' history... [more]", "HIS tribe is designated by the Highlanders as the Clan Anrias, which is altogether different from their name, as in a similar way, the Robertson's are called the Clan Donnachie. In the ancient genealogical history they are called \" Clan Anrias,\" and it begins with Paul MacTire, to whom William, Earl of Ross, Lord of Skye, granted a charter for the lands of Gairloch in 1366, witnessed by Alexander, Bishop of Ross, Hergone, brother of Earl William, Henry the Seneschal, and others.", "*In the 1986 film Highlander, Connor MacLeod orders Glenmorangie in a bar while following Brenda Wyatt.", "In Scotland, 1713, Robert Roy MacGregor (Liam Neeson) is the Chief of Clan MacGregor. Providing the Lowland gentry with protection against cattle rustling, he barely manages to feed his people. Hoping to alleviate their poverty, MacGregor borrows £1,000 from James Graham, Marquess of Montrose (John Hurt) in order to trade cattle.", "Highland Fling (11.29.83): A visit to the Scottish Highlands turns perilous for the Harts when Jennifer learns she may become the leader of a clan.", "jHIS tribe is called by the Highlanders the clan Donnachie, being descended from tlie family of Athole, which was the designation of the ancestors of the chiefs of the clan for four centuries; \"and it distinctly points out,\" pays James Robertson, \"that they must derive from the ancient Celtic Comes de Atholia ; and, like other clans, they appear in independence upon the extinction of the Celtic Earls, and were in possession of very large landed properties in the north and west of Perth- shire. As to the descent of the chiefs of the clan, and which has always been allowed by themselves, it is from the MacDonalds.\"", "*Highlander: The Series – in the 3rd-season episode, \"Take Back the Night\", Ceirdwyn, an Immortal, is living under the name of \"Flora MacDonald\" when Bonnie Prince Charlie and his party stop there on their way to the coast, and the boat to take him from Scotland.", "James of the Glens  -  The leader of the Stewart clan (the clan of Alan Breck). Like most Highland chieftains, James has been stripped of his powers by the English government. When Colin Campbell is murdered, James is quickly accused of having been involved.", "Colin Campbell of Glenure  -  The King's Factor, or agent, in the Highlands. Unlike most of the Highland clans, the Campbells are not Jacobites, and are loyal to England. Colin Campbell is plotting to evict all the Jacobite Stewarts from their homes when he is murdered.", "The old genealogy (of 1450) makes them descend from two brothers, Muirach Mhor and Dai Dhu, sons of Gillecattan Mhor, chief of the Confederation. Mae- pherson of Cluny, as the lineal representative, is chief of Muirach Mhor, and is chief of Clan Mhuirach, or MacPherson, says a writer in the \"Scottish Journal of Anti- quities\" : \"Dhai Dhu, brother of Muirach Mhor, and second son of Gillecattan, left issue, who are represented by Davidson of Invernahaven. The descendants of Dhai Dhu are called Clan Dhai, or Davidson. They are the Clan Kay of Sir Walter Scott and Inch of Perth celebrity (1396). The descendants of Muirach Mhor are called the Clan Mhuirach or MacPhersons.\"", "In the Civil Wars, the Cmnerons were ever loyal to the House of Stuart ; and, in 1745, their chief, popularly known tut \" the gentle Locheil,\" wa the same who said, with loving ardour, to Prince Charles, \"Come weal, come woe, I'll follow thee !\" He died in 1748, and his great-great- grandson is Donald Cameron of Locheil, born 1835. His steel Highland pistols, found on the fatal Id of CuUoden, and marked with his initials, are now preserved in the Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh.", "Meg: It’s my understanding that most Scottish clans can claim among their ancestors a mix of different races that include the Picts, the Celts, Viking and Norse raiders and Norman and Flemish knights. Could you tell me about the Campbell clan ancestry?", "Several flashback sequences in various episodes of Highlander: The Series deal with or reference the Battle of Culloden and the actions of the Series protagonist Duncan MacLeod, in the battle's aftermath.", "   The McCoys trace their origin back to Scotland. The family was first found in Sutherland, where they were seated from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D. Their origin there is possibly Lowland, but they had intermarried with the Highland Celtic strain, giving some a slight olive complexion and some dark or auburn hair. They were in general tall and lithe and handsome. They had a great deal of family pride and clannishness.", "* The Picts (Scots) use a typical dress with kilt (skirt), have the habit of drinking \"malt water\" (whisky) and throw logs (caber tossing) as a popular sport and, of course, the names of the characters all start with Mac.", "*The Highlander series features numerous duels between immortal warriors destined to fight. In the first film, a humorous duel occurs where a very drunk immortal fences with a sober man, is repeatedly run through but keeps getting back up to fight.", "Description : While the gang travel to Scotland to visit Daphne's cousin and witness the Highland Games, they find themselves terrorized by the legendary Loch Ness Monster.", "The phrase \"A Kind of MagicK\" is used in Highlander by Connor MacLeod (Christopher Lambert) as a description of his immortality. Roger Taylor liked the phrase so much that he used it as inspiration for the song. There are references to the film in the lyrics: \"one prize, one goal\"; \"no mortal man\"; and \"there can be only one\".", "In 1396 the Battle of the Clans took place on the North Inch. This was a gladiatorial fight to the death to settle a long running feud between the powerful Chattan and Mackay clans. 30 warriors from each formed before Robert III. All Mackays died, except one who swam the Tay, to the loss of 10 Chattans. Legend has it that the Chattans were a man short so a local saddler was paid to take the place. He survived, having joined the winning side!", "Commonly misquoted reference to the Highlander movies and TV series. The actual line is \"There can BE ONLY one.\"", "tlie origin of thi* fierce and turbulent tribe two accounts are given, in the Statis- tical Account of Kildonan it is stated they are descended from the Norse Kings of Man ; and that Guin, their progenitor, was the eldest son of the King of that island, by his wife Christina, Daughter of Farqnhar, Earl of Ross, who, according to Douglas, flourished in the reign of Alexander II. But Calder, in his \" History of Caithness,\" assert* that their progenitor was Gunnias, or Gunn, brother of Sweynt- , a famous Freswick pirate, who had been banished from Orkney by Earl Harold the Wicked, and on arriving in Caithness, fixed his residence at Ulbster, where he rose to such wealth and power that in time he became known as \"The Great Gunn of Ulbster.\"", "The MacVnrichs were the hereditary Sennachies to Clanranald. Murdoch Albanach (i.e. t of Scotland) was the first of them, and they kept the Leabhar Deary, or Red Book of Clanranald.", "about the year 1100, when ne transplanted tue . the family were mostly carried away or destroy* wards (3rd) Marquis of Huntly, burnt Brodie Ho of Brodie, living temp. King Alexander III., de", "The use of the target in Scotland was not confined to the Highlands. The statutory equipment appointed by the Act of 1425, for such yeomen or burgesses as were not archers, was \"sword and buckler, and a good axe or broggit staff;\" and in 1481 the axemen who had neither spear nor bow were required to provide themselves with targes \"of tree \"or leather, according to patterns which were sent to each of the sheriffs. The watchers of the burgh of Peebles, in 1569, were armed with jack and spear, sword and buckler. In an account of Queen Mary's journey to Inverness in 1562, the English Ambassador, Randolph, writing to Cecil * describes her cheerful behaviour in the midst of troubles, and says that \" she repented nothing but (when the lords and others at Inverness came in the morning from the watch) that she was not a man to know what life it was to lie all night in the fields, or to walk on the causeway with a jack and knapschalle, a Glasgow buckler and a broadsword.\" It may be inferred from this incidental expression that such bucklers as were then used at Inverness, by the \" lords and others,\" were manufactured in Glasgow. But the probability is, that the manufacture of the Highland targets, as we now know them, was not confined to any particular locality.", "Title Card: At the dawn of the 1700's, famine, disease and the greed of great Noblemen were changing Scotland forever. With many emigrating to the Americas, the centuries-old Clan system was slowly being extinguished. This story symbolises the attempt of the individual to withstand these processes and, even in defeat, retain respect and honour.", "6. Which infamous incident of treachery in Scotland is said to have inspired the extremely bloody \"Red Wedding\" massacre scene in the TV series Game of Thrones?", "^Hobilars in Gaelic society during the early medieval period were in effect skirmishers that were formed up of nobles" ]

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[ "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , and is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Old West . The gunfight, believed to have lasted only about thirty seconds, was fought between the outlaw Cowboys Billy Clanton , Tom McLaury and his brother Frank McLaury , and the opposing lawmen Virgil Earp and his brothers Morgan and Wyatt Earp , aided by Doc Holliday acting as a temporary deputy of Virgil. Cowboys Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Ike's brother Billy Clanton, along with both McLaurys, were killed. Lawmen Holliday and Morgan and Virgil Earp were wounded. Only Wyatt Earp came through the fight unharmed. The fight has come to represent a time in American history when the frontier was open range for outlaws opposed by law enforcement that was spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a roughly 30-second gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on October 26, 1881 in Tombstone, Arizona Territory of the United States. Although only three men were killed during the gunfight, it is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the Old West and has come to symbolize the struggle between legal authority and outlaws during an era where law enforcement was often weak or nonexistent.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen that is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud between Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury, and opposing lawmen: town Marshal Virgil Earp, Assistant Town Marshal Morgan Earp, and temporary deputy marshals Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a roughly 30-second gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday October 26, 1881 in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, Cochise County, of the United States. Frank and Tom McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed; Morgan Earp, Virgil Earp, and Doc Holliday were wounded and survived. Wyatt Earp was the only individual who came through the fight unharmed. It is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the Old West and has come to represent a time in American history when the frontier was open range for outlaws who were confronted by law enforcement that was often sparse, or nonexistent. More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral", "October 26, 1881 - The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, occurred between the feuding Clanton and Earp families. Wyatt Earp, two of his brothers and \"Doc\" Holliday gunned down two Clantons and two others.", "Cattle rustler and old west ruffian Frank McLaury rode with his brother Tom McLaury and Billy and Ike Clanton, and their gang was bullied into a duel against Wyatt Earp and his allies in the gunfight near the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, on 26 October 1881. McLaury is believed to have been the first man shot in the duel, taking a bullet in the stomach, and Earp later said he targeted McLaury because he was believed to be the best marksman among the Clanton gang. Mortally wounded, McLaury managed to continue shooting, and before dying he and Billy Clanton shot and wounded Doc Holliday and Morgan and Virgil Earp . The McLaurys' brother William, a Texas judge, came to Tombstone shortly after the gunfight, and numerous experts believe that he organized the vigilante retribution that soon left Morgan Earp dead and his brother Virgil crippled.", "Arguably the most famous gunfight in the history of the American west, the Gunfight at the OK Corral is more than just the clash between Wyatt Earp and the Clanton brothers. It is now recognized as a symbolic cultural battle between old and new, hired lawmen versus outlaw gunmen, western values against eastern business. Even so, the Gunfight remains an exciting example of western lore, entertaining and educating generation after generation of western aficionados. Depicted countless times in books and on film, the historic 30 shots that rang out across the town of Tombstone, in the Arizona Territory, ring as loud today as they did on October 26, 1881.", "The Earp brothers had long been competing with the Clanton-McClaury ranching families for political and economic control of Tombstone, Arizona, and the surrounding region. On October 26, 1881, the simmering tensions finally boiled over into violence, and Wyatt, his brothers Virgil and Morgan, and his close friend, Doc Holliday, killed three men from the Clanton and McLaury clans in a 30-second shoot-out on a Tombstone street near the O.K. Corral. A subsequent hearing found that the Earps and Holliday had been acting in their capacity as law officers and deputies, and they were acquitted of any wrongdoing. However, not everyone was satisfied with the verdict, and the Earps found their popularity among the townspeople was on the wane. Worse, far from bringing an end the long-standing feud between the Earps and Clanton-McLaurys, the shoot-out sparked a series of vengeful attacks and counterattacks.", "Tom McLaury (June 30, 1853 – October 26, 1881) and his brother Frank owned a ranch outside Tombstone, Arizona, Arizona Territory during the 1880s. He was a member of group of outlaw Cowboys and cattle rustlers that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The McLaury brothers repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboys' illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Tom and Frank were both killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. The Tombstone shootout was his only gunfight.", "Tom McLaury (June 30, 1853 - October 26, 1881) was a cowboy of the Old West, best known for being a member of the \"Cow-boy\" faction that faced off against the Earp faction in Tombstone, Arizona, eventually leading to his involvement and death during the Gunfight at the OK Corral. Although he has since, at times, been referred to as a gunfighter, this was incorrect. The Gunfight at the OK Corral is believed to have been his first violent confrontation.", "In Tombstone, Holliday quickly became embroiled in the local politics and violence that led up to the famous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in October 1881.", "Site of the infamous gun battle between Wyatt Earp and the Clanton's it is a fantastic place full of history. With five museums and daily gunfights, this old west town takes the visitor back to the 1880's and the life and times of Wyatt Earp and his lawmen companions. Life size figures of lawman Earp and Doc Holliday stand in the exact position they were in on October 26, 1881. With gunfights three times a day, a great place to get the feel of the old west. Also in Tombstone, is The Tombstone Epitaph newspaper office, oldest newspaper office in the west, with the original printing press there on display.", "Frank McLaury (March 3, 1848 - October 26, 1881) was a cowboy of the Old West. He is notable as being a member of the \"Cow-boy\" faction that faced off against lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp during the early days of the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona, and for being killed by the Earp faction during the Gunfight at the OK Corral. Although he has been dubbed a gunfighter by some accounts, he was not. The Gunfight at the OK Corral is believed to have been his first violent confrontation.", "The fantastic history comes to life here at the OK Corral. With Tombstone's humble beginnings as a silver mining town, one can see historic blacksmiths at work and enjoy horse-drawn wagon rides through town. With many old photographs of Geronimo, and a tour of Doc Holliday's hotel room, Tombstone has it all for one interested in the old west and the gunfight that made Wyatt Earp famous.", "On October 25th, 1881 Ike Canton and Tom McLaury would arrive in Tombstone. Doc Holliday would eventually have words with Ike in the Alhambra Saloon and invite Ike outside to settle the matter. Ike refused and walked away. Clanton and McLaury were arrested by Virgil Earp the following day for disobeying the city ordinance of no firearms within the city limits. Having been disarmed and released, Ike and Tom met up with Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury at the OK Corral on Fremont Street. In the ensuing gunfight Virgil Earp, Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday were all wounded but continued to fire. There is some disagreement as to who shot Frank McLaury - Doc Holliday or Morgan. The Earps were arrested for the killings and eventually released after a thirty day trial. I’m not saying they were guilty of anything but the presiding judge, Wells Spicer, was a relative and determined that the shooting was justified.", "Packed with history, Tombstone’s also packed with tourists. Vendors hawk gunfights practically on the hour, including a re-creation of that deal near the O.K. Corral where Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp, and Doc Holliday sent Billy Clanton and two McLaury brothers to their reward on October 26, 1881. Judging from the umpteen shoot-outs today, the town’s firearms ban is history.", "Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another. He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil, where a silver boom was underway. There, the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys. Wyatt, Virgil, and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury, and Ike and Billy Clanton, who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps. The conflict escalated over the next year, culminating on October 26, 1881 in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys. In the next five months, Virgil was ambushed and maimed, and Morgan was assassinated. Pursuing a vendetta, Wyatt, his brother Warren, Holliday, and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible. Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights, unlike his brothers Virgil and James or Doc Holliday, which only added to his mystique after his death.", "On Wednesday, October 26, 1881, the tension between the Earps and the Cowboys came to a head. Ike Clanton, Billy Claiborne, and other Cowboys had been threatening to kill the Earps for several weeks. Tombstone city Marshal Virgil Earp learned that the Cowboys were armed and had gathered near the O.K. Corral. He asked Wyatt and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday to assist him, as he intended to disarm them. Wyatt was acting as a temporary assistant marshal, Morgan was a Deputy City Marshal, and Virgil deputized Holliday for the occasion. At approximately 3 p.m. the Earps headed towards Fremont Street, where the Cowboys had been reported gathering. [36] [92]", "Tombstone, Arizona was a turbulent mining town that flourished longer than most, from 1877 to 1929. Silver was discovered in 1877, and by 1881 the town had a population of over 10,000. In 1879 the newly arrived Earp brothers bought shares in the Vizina mine, water rights, and gambling concessions, but Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan Earp obtained positions at different times as federal and local lawmen. After more than a year of threats and feuding, they killed three outlaws in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, the most famous gunfight of the Old West. In the aftermath, Virgil Earp was maimed in an ambush and Morgan Earp was assassinated while playing billiards. Wyatt and others, including his brothers James Earp and Warren Earp, pursued those they believed responsible in an extra-legal vendetta and warrants were issued for their arrest in the murder of Frank Stilwell. The Cochise County Cowboys were one of the first organized crime syndicates in the United States, and their demise came in the hands of Wyatt Earp. ", "Although specific minutiae of the battle remains a widely contested issue (who drew first, who was armed and who not, whether the gunplay was pre-meditated on the part of either side etc. etc.) the basic scenario is that on October 26, 1881, the Earps, headed by Acting Marshall Virgil Earp and including crony Doc Holiday, responded to an ongoing campaign of threats leveled against them by the so-called “cowboy element” of the area, confronted Ike and Billy Clanton and Frank and Tom McLaury in a vacant lot directly adjacent to the more colorfully named OK Corral and for thirty seconds — and at extremely close range — traded gun shots with lethal intent. While all cowboys were killed in the melee (save Ike who beat a hasty retreat when the shooting began) the Earps and Holiday survived their wounds and were later — amidst much public debate and clamor — exonerated by the courts.", "Around 3 p.m., the Earps and Holliday spotted the five members of the Clanton-McLaury gang in a vacant lot behind the OK Corral, at the end of Fremont Street. The famous gunfight that ensued lasted all of 30 seconds, and around 30 shots were fired. Though it’s still debated who fired the first shot, most reports say that the shootout began when Virgil Earp pulled out his revolver and shot Billy Clanton point-blank in the chest, while Doc Holliday fired a shotgun blast at Tom McLaury’s chest. Though Wyatt Earp wounded Frank McLaury with a shot in the stomach, Frank managed to get off a few shots before collapsing, as did Billy Clanton. When the dust cleared, Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers were dead, and Virgil and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday were wounded. Ike Clanton and Claiborne had run for the hills.", "The gunfight occurred on the morning of October 26, 1881, on Fremont Street beside the home of W.A. Harwood, which was located directly in back of the O.K. Corral. [7]", "On October 26, 1881, a feud that had developed between the Earp brothers and a gang led by Ike Clanton culminated in the most celebrated gun-fight in western folklore -- the Gunfight at the OK Corral. Three of the Clanton gang were killed, while Ike and another wounded member escaped. The three Earp brothers -- Virgil, Wyatt and Morgan -- along with Doc Holliday survived. Both Morgan and Virgil were wounded, and Virgil was later terminated as marshal for his role in the homicides.", "By that point, the tension between the Earp and \"Cow-boy\" factions had reached a boiling point. On October 26, 1881, the McLaury brothers took part in the Gunfight at the OK Corral, and by accounts afterward it was Frank and Billy Clanton who first drew their weapons, although that has been disputed in other reports of the shootout.", "Around 3 p.m., the Earps and Holliday spotted the five members of the Clanton-McLaury gang in a vacant lot behind the OK Corral, at the end of Fremont Street. The famous gunfight that ensued lasted all of 30 seconds, and around 30 shots were fired. Though it's still debated who fired the first shot, most reports say that the shootout began when Virgil Earp pulled out his revolver and shot Billy Clanton point-blank in the chest, while Doc Holliday fired a shotgun blast at Tom McLaury's chest. Though Wyatt Earp wounded Frank McLaury with a shot in the stomach, Frank managed to get off a few shots before collapsing, as did Billy Clanton. When the dust cleared, Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers were dead, and Virgil and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday were wounded. Ike Clanton and Claiborne had run for the hills.", "Even while deviating from the actual historical drama of 1881, “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral” provides its own gripping tale about this legendary confrontation between the Earp Brothers, Doc Holliday and the Clantons.", "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, American western film, released in 1957, that was loosely based on the shootout (1881) that made mythical heroes of Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday .", "This Day In History: October 26, 1881 Shootout at the OK Corral | D. K. Smith | Amen 940", "Ike Clanton , who had been threatening to kill the Earps for more than a day, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed and ran from the fight unwounded. [2] Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the alley, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McClaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse, [6] [60] and Tom was killed. Along with Tom, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury were killed.", "By October 1881, tensions between the Earps and Cowboys had increased dramatically. Ike Clanton, a good friend of Tom's, had repeatedly threatened the Earps. On October 26 he been drinking most of the previous night and that morning. He was armed and told others he was looking for Holliday or an Earp. At about 1:00 pm, Virgil and Morgan Earp surprised Ike on 4th Street and Virgil buffaloed (pistol-whipped) him from behind. Disarming him, Virgil took Ike to appear before Judge Wallace for violating the city's ordinance against carrying firearms in the city. While Wyatt waited with Clanton, Virgil went to find Judge Wallace so the court hearing could be held.", "But as with much of the Wild West, myth has replaced history. The 1881 shootout took place in a narrow alley, not at the corral. Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday weren't seen as heroic until later; they were initially charged with murder.", "Former lawman, faro dealer, and gambler Wyatt Earp worked in or owned several saloons during his lifetime, outright or in partnership with others. He and two of his brothers arrived in Tombstone, Arizona on December 1, 1879 and during January 1881, Oriental Saloon owner Lou Rickabaugh gave Wyatt Earp a one-quarter interest in the faro concession at the Oriental Saloon in exchange for his services as a manager and enforcer. Wyatt invited his friend, lawman and gambler Bat Masterson, to Tombstone to help him run the faro tables in the Oriental Saloon. In 1884, after leaving Tombstone, Wyatt and his wife Josie, Warren, James and Bessie Earp went to Eagle City, Idaho, another boom town. Wyatt was looking for gold in the Murray-Eagle mining district. They opened a saloon called The White Elephant in a circus tent. An advertisement in a local newspaper suggested gentlemen \"come and see the elephant\"." ]

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[ "The German Shepherd Dog ( German : Deutscher Schäferhund), also known as anAlsatian or just the German Shepherd, is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany. [2]  The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with its origin dating to 1899. As part of the  Herding Group , the German Shepherd is a working dog developed originally for herding and guarding sheep. Because of its strength, intelligence and abilities in obedience training it is often employed in police and military roles around the world. [3]  German Shepherds currently account for 4.6% of all dogs registered with the American Kennel Club . Due to its loyal and protective nature, the German Shepherd is one of the most registered of breeds. [4]", "The German Shepherd (,) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language, sometimes abbreviated as GSD and was also formerly known as the Alsatian in Britain. The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time, however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and even acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most popular breed of dog in the United States and fourth-most popular in the United Kingdom. ", "The dachshund - sometimes called the “wiener dog” or “hot dog” - is among the most popular dog breeds in the U.S. and has been since the 1950s. The dachshund as we know it today originated in Germany, where it is called Teckel. It is believed that the dachshund was developed slowly, over a hundred years or so, and it was bred specifically to hunt badgers. In German, \"Dachs\" means badger and \"Hund\" means dog; thus, dachshund = badger dog, and even the smallest dachshund is a fearless hunter. You won’t find any timid dogs who are willing to go after a badger, which is a powerful and ferocious animal. The original German dachshunds were larger than the dachshunds we know today - averaging between 30 and 40 pounds - but today’s dachshunds retain that fearless quality for which the breed was originally developed. As the breed standard states, the dachshund should be “courageous to the point of rashness.” Unlike the dogs included in the AKC Sporting Group, dachshunds were trained not just to retrieve their prey, but to kill it. You can see this trait today if you give your dachshund a squeaky toy; dachshunds are notorious for attacking the toy and “killing” it by destroying the squeaker as quickly as possible.", "The sport rose in popularity in North America after a 1993 Miller Lite television commercial that listed odd sports, and continued to grow after the release of Wiener Takes All a documentary film that chronicles two years of the Wiener Nationals circuit. In 2009, the Wiener Dog Nationals in Fort Wayne, Indiana, held its 16th annual Dachshund race. Zeus, the Germanfest champ from 2006-2009, is generally recognized as the greatest racing dachshund of all time. Germantown, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis, also hosts its own '[http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/dachshund-dash/Content?oid=1139311 Running of the Wienies]' for charity.", "The breed originated around 1900 in Germany, taking its name from Louis Dobermann of Apolda, a tax collector, who desired a medium size dog to perform as a guard dog as well as companion. The Doberman emerges from old shorthaired shepherd-dog stock combined with Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier, and Smooth-haired German Pinscher.", "Although they originally were bred to hunt ferocious badgers and other animals, today's Dachshunds are ideal family companions. Additionally, many people show them in conformation, obedience, agility, field trials, and earthdog trials. They are also hard-working and well-appreciated therapy dogs. Some people enter their Dachshunds in Dachshund races, such as the Wiener Nationals. Although these races are popular, the Dachshund Club of America opposes \"wiener racing\" because many Greyhound tracks use the events to draw large crowds and because the DCA worries that such races could injure Dachshunds' backs.", "Some people train and enter their dachshund to compete in dachshund races, such as the Wiener Nationals. Several races across the United States routinely draw several thousand attendees, including races in Germantown, Tennessee; Bossier City, Louisiana; Buda, Texas; Davis, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Los Alamitos, California; Findlay, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Kansas City, Kansas; Palo Alto, California; and Shakopee, Minnesota. There is also an annual dachshund run in Kennywood, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, called the Wiener 100, and in Huntington, West Virginia called the Dachshund Dash.", "German Shepherd also known as an Alsatian is a breed of large-sized dog that originated in Germany with its origin dating to 1899.  working dog developed originally for herding and guarding sheep. Because of its strength, intelligence in obedience training it is often employed in police and military roles around the world.", "The Rottweiler did not get its name from a rotten disposition. Instead, it's a geographic name. Rottweil is a city in southwest Germany. Another German breed has an unusual name: the Doberman pinscher was named after the originator of the breed, Ludwig D. Doberman, a 19th century German dog breeder. For \"pinscher,\" half of the name refers to a terrier and comes from a region of Austria noted for its dog breeding, Pinzgau. Another dog of Germanic origin is the Weimaraner. In this case, the breed's name is a reference to the short-lived Weimar Republic in Germany 1919-1933, prior to Hitler's reign.", "No matter what their size, Dachshunds are a delightful addition to any family, which is why they have ranked near the top of most popular dogs lists since the 1950s. Their cute appearance and lively disposition have inspired many affectionate nicknames for the breed, including wiener dog, hot dog, sausage dog, Doxie, Dashie, and (especially in Germany) Teckels, Dachels, or Dachsels", "The Dachshund is an energetic, lovable breed with a big personality. Known affectionately as the Doxie, Weiner, hotdog, or sausage dog, this breed of short stature leaves a lasting impression. The Dachshund is bred as standard or miniature size, but traits of this breed are similar for both sizes.", "‘Dachshund’ is German for ‘Badger Dog’ but in English the breed is commonly known as the ‘Sausage Dog’ (or ‘Wiener Dog’ in America). There are three varieties in varying shades of brown and black: the smooth-haired, the long-haired and the wire-haired. A stretch version is also available for weddings and other special occasions.", "Dachshund: Dachshund translates to \"badger dog\" in German. Their original purpose was, you guessed it, hunting badgers. The dachshund's unique build lends to its nicknames, which include \"hot dogs,\" \"wiener dogs\" and \"sausage dogs.\"", " It is an old German breed by name and received the nickname \"German sausage\" from the English people. Regarding its origin and age are several theories. One of them, based on the paintings from the Egyptian bas-reliefs, says that this breed is over 4000 years old and it was used as a watchdog. On the funerary statue of a Pharaoh was found the name \"daschund\". However this theory is not supported because at the beginning of our era, this breed disappeared from the Nile Valley and no traces were found. The second theory says that the breed comes from the crossbreeding the Basset with the Pinscher dogs, from which resulted todays short-haired Dachshund from. Later, through several crossbreedings between this Dachshund and other breeds resulted the other varieties of Dachshund. There are three varieties of size: standard, dwarf and Kaninchen or little bunny and three varieties of fur: short, straight (have smooth), long and wiry.", "Lop off the hund (German for dog), and you end up with dachs, which is German for badger – what these dogs were originally trained to hunt. You might also know these dogs as wiener dogs, a reference to their long, thin bodies, which are reminiscent of sausages.", "The German shepherd is an obedient and loyal breed of herding dog recognized all over the world for its courage, trainability, intelligence, and adaptability. Until the 1970s the breed was known as the Alsatian in the United Kingdom. The dog’s coat consists of coarse, medium-long outer hair and shorter, dense inner hair that ranges in color from white or pale gray to black and is often gray and black or black and tan. The ears are large, erect, and slightly pointed at the tip. The eyes are dark, almond-shaped, and deep-set. The tail is long, slightly bushy, and carried low, and it ends in a slight natural curve. The adult German shepherd stands 22-26 inches (56-66 centimeters) tall and weighs 75-95 pounds (34-43 kilograms). The dog is noted for its intelligence, alertness, and loyalty. The father of the breed was German breeder Max von Stephanitz, who developed the dog as a shepherd in Germany in the late 19th century. The German shepherd is also immensely capable as a police dog, search-and-rescue dog, military dog, watchdog, and companion to the blind and disabled. A famous member of this breed was film star Rin Tin Tin, who appeared in some two dozen movies in the 1920s (his descendants continued his film work, starring in movies and a television series).", "Some writers and dachshund experts have theorized that the early roots of the dachshund go back to ancient Egypt, where engravings were made featuring short-legged hunting dogs. Recent discoveries by the American University in Cairo of mummified dachshund-like dogs from ancient Egyptian burial urns may lend credibility to this theory. In its modern incarnation, the dachshund is a creation of German breeders and includes elements of German, French, and English hounds and terriers. Dachshunds have been kept by royal courts all over Europe, including that of Queen Victoria, who was particularly enamored of the breed. They were originally bred for hunting badgers by trailing scent.", "The name of this breed comes from its first breeder, Ludwig Dobermann (1834–94), a 19th-century German tax-collector. The origin of pinscher, on the other hand, has not been verified, though it has been suggested that Pinzgau, a region of north-western Austria, may be the source.", "Beginning in 1970 European breeders imported North American White German Shepherd dogs, some originally registered as AKC or CKC white coat German Shepherd Dogs, to start their White German Shepherd Dog breeding programs. (A few small lines of German Shepherd Dogs carrying the recessive white coat gene did manage to survive WWII in Germany and Holland. Even though these populations of dogs have not enjoyed registration by the German breed club since 1933, they can \"unofficially\" trace their heritage directly to the original early 20th century German population of German Shepherd Dog lines.)", "The breed has three sizes (although the larger sizes are combined as one size for breed standard and show purposes). The large or standard Dachshund is from 16 to 35 pounds, and the smaller, miniature Dachshund is less than 11 pounds. The smooth coated Dachshund, specifically, was first developed by crossing the Bracke French pointer and the vermin-killing Pinscher. Meanwhile, the long-haired version is thought to have been the result of crossbreeding between the smooth Dachshund, the German Stoberhund and spaniels. And the wire-coated Dachshunds which were developed in the late 1800s, was a mix of smooth Dachshunds with Dandie Dinmont Terrier and German Wire-haired Pinschers. These three varieties were excellent hunters in their respective climatic conditions and terrain, and were all very strong and powerful dogs that hunted small mammals, foxes, and badgers.", "Due to the association of the breed with Germany, as well as its popularity among dog keepers in Munich, the dachshund was chosen to be the first official mascot for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, with the name Waldi. ", "The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed, dating back to 1899, and he owes his existence to one man: Captain Max von Stephanitz, a career captain in the German cavalry with a goal of creating a German breed that would be unmatched as a herding dog .", "The original name is German shepherd Dog. During the world war britishers named it Alsatian, after the German French border area of Alsace-Lorraine.", "Dachshunds often have been seen as a symbol of Germany. Because of this association, Dachshunds lost popularity in the United States during World War I and World War II. Their appeal was too great for this to resist, however, and they quickly made a comeback in popularity. Because of the association with Germany, a Dachshund named Waldi was chosen to be the first official mascot for the 1972 Summer Olympics.", "Carl Hinderer is credited with bringing his Schloss Adelsburg Kennel, which he founded in 1922 in Germany, with him to America in 1923. His German Champion Wolfspitz followed him two by two in 1926. At that time, less than ten years after World War I, Germany was not regarded fondly in England and America; and the Wolfspitz/Keeshond was not recognized by the AKC. Consequently, Carl had to register each puppy with his club in Germany. Despite this, Carl joined the Maryland KC and attended local shows.", "In the United States, the breed was originally known as the 'German sheep dog' by the AKC despite its breed club calling it the 'German shepherd dog.' Initial requests to change the name were denied. Part of the problem with calling the dog 'sheep dog' is that in Germany there is a separate breed whose name translates as 'German sheep dog.' In the fall of 1917, the name was changed to 'Shepherd dog' due to WW1 anti-German sentiments. The breed club also did this, calling themselves the Shepherd Dog Club of America. It wasn't until 1931 that 'German' was once again added back on and accepted by the AKC, finally giving the breed the proper translation of its German name.", "Who doesn’t love wiener dogs? Head down to Buda, Texas, and you’ll enjoy the annual wiener dog race (and parade!).", "one of a German breed of dogs having very short legs, a long body and ears, and a usu. reddish brown or black-and-tan coat.", "Dachshunds were brought to the USA as early as 1885, but especially increased in popularity in the 1930s and 40s. They remain extremely popular dogs to this day.", "Waldi, the mascot of the 1972 Munich Games, was the first official Olympic mascot. A dachshund, chosen to represent athletic tenacity and agility, Waldi had a light blue head and vertical stripes with at least three of the five Olympic colors.", "In fact, it's one of the few dog breeds named after a person. The dogs are believed to be named after Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a German tax collector who developed the breed in the 1890s to be strong guard dogs. ", "Centuries before von Stephanitz came along, farmers in Germany, as in the rest of Europe, relied on dogs to drive and protect their herds. Some dogs were legendary for their skill, and sheepherders would travel days to breed their female dogs to a notable sire. However, as von Stephanitz noted, no one had developed the herding dogs of the region into a distinct breed." ]

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[ "Marriott – operates the Marriott Hotels & Resorts, JW Marriott Hotels & Resorts, Renaissance Hotels, Courtyard, Residence Inn, Fairfield Inn, TownePlace Suites, SpringHill Suite and Marriott Vacation Club properties", "Courtyard by Marriott is a brand of hotels owned by Marriott International. Courtyard by Marriott is designed for business travelers but also accommodates families. Its rooms have desks, couches, and free Internet access. The majority of locations have a bistro which sell fresh cooked and prepared breakfast,(not complimentary) appetizers, sandwiches, and more. All have 24-hour \"mini-marts.\"", "The company operates and franchises hotels and licenses vacation ownership resorts under 17 brands, including: Marriott Hotels & Resorts, The Ritz-Carlton, JW Marriott, Bulgari, EDITION, Renaissance, Autograph Collection, AC Hotels by Marriott, Courtyard, Fairfield Inn & Suites, SpringHill Suites, Residence Inn, TownePlace Suites, Marriott Executive Apartments, Marriott Vacation Club, Grand Residences by Marriott, and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club. ", "sion, the pipeline is still looking as strong as it ever was. In total, 19 chains each declared more than 1000 rooms under development, compared to 23 in 2009 and 20 in 2008. Marriott topped the 2010 rankings for both hotels and rooms, with 29 properties and 9572 rooms planned bearing the Marriott, JW Marriott, Courtyard by Marriott, Renaissance and RitzCarton brands. In second place, Accor’s pipeline comprises 23 hotels with 6433 rooms under its www.hoteliermiddleeast.com", "Marriott has cut the ribbon on a dual-branded Courtyard and Residence Inn in Raleigh , N.C. Each of the two has 128 rooms, at 10600 Little Brier Creek Lane; that’s five miles from the airport, close to Research Triangle Park and in between NC State and Duke universities. They share an indoor pool, fitness center and other amenities. Rates start at $135.", "Wyndham Worldwide – operates the Wyndham hotels, Ramada, Days Inn, Super 8, Wingate, Baymont Inn, Microtel, Hawthorn Suites, Howard Johnson, Travelodge and Knights Inn properties", "Morgans Hotel Group (MHG) is a hospitality company that owns & operates boutique hotels as well as acquiring and redeveloping in the United States and Europe .", "The Courtyard by Marriott Houston Medical Center is located 26 miles from George Bush Intercontinental/Houston Airport and 14 miles from Houston/William P Hobby Airport. Nearby attractions and landmarks include Reliant Stadium/Arena Minute Maid Stadium George R Brown Texas Medical Center Museum District Houston Zoo and Toyota Center. The nearby restaurants include Olive Garden Pappacito's Cantina and Joe's Crab Shack.The guests can enjoy at the Hermann Park Golf Course and other activities like biking trail bowling jogging/fitness trail miniature golf Sport Court® and volleyball. The hotel amenities include free parking restaurant Bistro outdoor pool whirlpool safe deposit boxes at the front desk coffee in lobby toll-free telephone calls and fitness center. Pets are not allowed. Hotel is 100 percent non-smoking.The guest room amenities include air conditioning alarm clocks bottled water for a fee coffeemaker/tea service individual climate control iron and ironing boards cable/satellite TV and hairdryers.All Courtyard by Marriott Hotels in the USA and Canada have a smoke-free policy that applies to guest rooms restaurants lounges meeting rooms public space and associate work areas. To accommodate the needs of smoking guests hotels will have designated smoking areas outside of the property.", "2006: A good year for hotels in London with growth in the revenue per room and good occupancy levels. Changes in marketing also environmentally policies becoming an important part of selling a hotel. Marriott became the first chain to have all their hotels given the Green Globe certification for sustainable travel and tourism. Hilton also make play of reducing wastage with polices such as giving the guest the choice of having towels washed every other day to save water.", "HOSPITALITY Ben E Keith Company Brinker International, Inc Carlson Restaurants CEC Entertainment Cheddar’s Casual Café CiCi’s Pizza ClubCorp Holdings, Inc Dave & Buster’s Fiesta Restaurant Group Frito-Lay North America, Inc Glazer’s Distibutors Hilton Reservations Worldwide Hotels.com La Madeleine LQ Management LLC LSG Sky Chefs USA, Inc NYLO Hotels Omni Hotels Pizza Hut, Inc Pizza Inn Silverleaf Resorts, Inc Six Flags Entertainment Park Taco Bueno Company Vasari, LLC", "Late last year Marriott surprised nearly everyone when it announced that it would acquire Starwood to become the world’s largest hotel chain. It’s not a “done deal” yet, but seems to be moving in that direction. (NOTE: Be sure to take our one-question poll below!)", "Hyatt Hotels Corporation is an American multinational owner, operator, and franchiser of hotels, resorts, and vacation properties. The Hyatt Corporation came into being upon purchase of the Hyatt House, at Los Angeles International Airport, on September 27, 1957. In 2016, Fortune magazine listed Hyatt as the 47th-best U.S. company to work for.", "Sofitel is a luxury hotel chain managed by Accor. It operates 192 hotels internationally, on six continents.", "The first location was built in 1983 in Atlanta and was Marriott's first sister brand. The brand was always meant to target business travelers. However, over the years, it has come to cater to the leisure traveler, too. Most now have a swimming pool or fitness center, microwaves and mini-fridges for rent, and family rates. Many properties have a mini-fridge in every room and usually have a complimentary guest microwave in The Market. Usually, microwaves are found in suite rooms.", "Other facilities in the region have different amenities. Sands, which is owned and operated by the Las Vegas-based company with the same name (it owns Palazzo and the Venetian in Las Vegas), has an extensive shopping mall. Valley Forge, the newest of the bunch, has a 486-room hotel.", "The unsolicited bid for Starwood comes from an investor group led by Anbang Insurance Group, a Chinese company that made headlines last year when it bought the Waldorf-Astoria in New York for almost $2 billion. The Beijing-based company has also reportedly made a deal to buy Strategic Hotels & Resorts from the Blackstone Group for $6.5 billion. Strategic owns 16 U.S. luxury properties, including some Four Seasons and Ritz-Carlton resorts as well as the JW Marriott Essex House in New York and the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego.", "On October 28, 2015, Hyatt announced that they were in advanced talks to acquire Starwood Hotels in the coming weeks in a cash and stock transaction. The transaction was not completed, and Starwood was acquired by Marriott International instead.", "Super 8 Motels Inc. is the world's largest budget hotel chain, with motels in the United States and Canada, as well as newer properties in China. The company is a subsidiary of Wyndham Worldwide, formerly a part of Cendant.", "HOSPITALITY Ben E. Keith Foods Brinker International CEC Entertainment ClubCorp Dave & Buster’s Fiesta Restaurant Group Glazer’s Distributors Hotels.com LQ Management LSG Sky Chefs USA Inc. NYLO Hotels Omni Hotels Pizza Hut Inc. Silverleaf Resorts Inc. Six Flags Entertainment Park Taco Bueno Co. TGI Friday’s", "*Ramada Renaissance—a division of upscale business and resort hotels begun in 1982. When Ramada was sold in 1989, the new owners divided the Renaissance Hotels brand into its own chain, and then sold it to Marriott in 1997.", "Ramada Renaissance - a division of upscale business and resort hotels begun in 1982. When Ramada was sold in 1989, the new owners divided the Renaissance Hotels brand into its own chain, and then sold it to Marriott in 1997.", "Kempinski Hotels S.A. is an international hotel chain founded as the Hotelbetriebs-Aktiengesellschaft in Berlin, Germany, in 1897. The Corporate Office is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Thailand's Crown Property Bureau (CPB Equity Co. Ltd) has the majority holding in the group. ", "The hotel underwent an £80,000 refurbishment in 1972 and was relaunched as a Berni Steak House . [10] It was later sold to Whitbread who turned it into a Beefeater restaurant and subsequently a Brewers Fayre before it was closed. The hotel was acquired by Sunrise Senior Living who demolished it and built a residential care home on the site.", "Through listed subsidiary, Mandarin Oriental International Limited , which operates some of the world's most prestigious hotels and resorts, the Jardine Matheson Group has an interest in the Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park Hotel, one of London's most prestigious hotels located in the heart of Knightsbridge with picturesque views over Hyde Park.", "Okura Hotels & Resorts is a brand of upscale and luxury hotels, with properties in Japan and abroad. They also own the midscale chains Hotel Nikko and JAL Hotels , operated as a joint venture with Japan Airlines, Japan's flag carrier and member of oneworld.", "In 2002 Gordon Ramsay Holdings Limited took over the food and drink operation at The Connaught Hotel, a member of the Savoy Group. In 2004 'Menu' at The Connaught won its first Michelin star.", "Delta Hotels is a chain of 44 hotels and resorts across Canada. On October 2, 2007, British Columbia Investment Management Corporation announced that it had acquired Delta Hotels. The hotel chain was formerly a 100% holding of Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.", "Grand Metropolitan plc was a property conglomerate headquartered in England. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index until it merged with Guinness plc to form Diageo in 1997.", "In 1894 the Compagnie Internationale des Grands Hotels was founded as a subsidiary and began operating a chain of luxury hotels in major cities. Among these were the Hôtel Terminus in Bordeaux and Marseille, the Hôtel Pera Palace in Istanbul, the Hôtel de la Plage in Ostend, and the Grand Hôtel des Wagons-Lits in Beijing (Peking).", "Both sites were opened in 1972 by Taverna (Esso), the current owner is Moto. In 2006, Moto changed the branding to Marks and Spencer and Costa Coffee. Also on site are the brands Burger King and Travelodge", "While there are independent properties throughout the country, there is a relatively high presence of international and local hotel chains. Some of the more popular are:", "The Queen Alia international airport's hotel, the Golden Tulip, is planned to be refurbished into an international four-star hotel. The contract in this regard, worth $8.5m, was awarded to Noor in partnership with Invest Abu Dhabi (AD) on 1 August 2008. It includes the refurbishment of the hotel and operating it for 25 years." ]

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[ "The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt was the executive branch of the United States government from September 14, 1901 to March 4, 1909. Before serving as 26th President of the United States of America, Roosevelt, a Republican, was 25th Vice President. He also previously served as Police Commissioner of New York City, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Governor of New York. Roosevelt was sworn-in as President upon the assassination of William McKinley. Owing to his charismatic personality, his extremely high energy levels and span of interests, and his reformist policies, which he called the \"Square Deal\", Roosevelt is considered one of the ablest presidents and an icon of the Progressive Era. ", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as T.R. and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the 26th President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement, as well as being the youngest President in the United States's history. He served in many roles including Governor of New York, historian, naturalist, explorer, author, and soldier. Roosevelt is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" persona. His last name, often mispronounced, per Roosevelt, is correctly pronounced \"Rosavelt.\"[2][3]", "Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, and is well known for his energetic persona and his cowboy image. He served as the twenty-sixth President of the United States, and was a key figure in the Republican Party during his political career. He is also known for inviting the press into the White House for daily briefings, which later became a tradition, and for adding on to the Monroe Doctrine, and passing the Pure Food and Drug Act. Theodore Roosevelt was known to have said, \"A man who is good enough to shed his blood for the country is good enough to be given a square deal afterwards.\"", "Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ( 27 October 1858 – 6 January 1919 ), also known as T.R. or Teddy, was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "Teddy Roosevelt was a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most robust and ambitious U.S. presidents ever. A former New York City police commissioner (1895-97), author, and hero of the Spanish-American War (1898), he reluctantly accepted an offer to become William McKinley 's vice president upon McKinley's re-election in 1900. When McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Roosevelt became the youngest man ever to become president. (He was 42.) He served two terms, built up the Navy, used \"battleship diplopmacy\" to create an independent Panama and then build the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905 for helping to end the Russo-Japanese War, designated dozens of national forests, parks, and monuments, and strengthened the executive branch through his progressive agenda and the sheer force of his personality. He is often remembered for his policy pronouncement, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" He was succeeded in 1909 by William Howard Taft . Roosevelt ran for president again in 1912, as a candidate of the National Progressive (or \"Bull Moose\") Party; he beat Taft but came in second to the next president, Democrat Woodrow Wilson . In the last years of his life he traveled widely, explored Brazil, supported America's entry into World War I, and published several books including Theodore Roosevelt - An Autobiography in 1913.", "In 1882, Roosevelt became the youngest member of the New York State Assembly. In 1884 he moved to the Dakota territory and worked as a cattle rancher. From 1889-1895, Roosevelt was a U.S. Civil Service Commissioner. He was President of the New York City Police Board from 1895-97 and then Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1897-98). He resigned to join the military. He was elected Governor of New York (1898-1900) and Vice President from March-September 1901 when he succeeded to the presidency.", "Theodore Roosevelt’s prominence in the political arena came when he was appointed as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley in 1897. He prepared the Navy for the Spanish-American war in 1898 by building up the weapons and supplies inventory. Upon the declaration of the war, Roosevelt formed the First US Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, better known as the “Rough Riders”.", "In 1886 Roosevelt once more entered into politics. President Harrison, after his election in 1889, appointed Roosevelt as a member of the Civil Service Commission of which he later became president. This office he retained until 1895 when he undertook the direction of the Police Department of New York City. In 1897 he joined President McKinley’s administration as assistant secretary of the Navy.", "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals.", "Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his \"cowboy\" image. Originating from a story from one of Roosevelt's hunting expeditions, Teddy bears are named after him.", "Roosevelt became president of the board of the New York City Police Commissioners for two years in 1895 and radically reformed the police force. The New York Police Department (NYPD) was reputed as one of the most corrupt in America; the NYPD's history division records that Roosevelt was \"an iron-willed leader of unimpeachable honesty, (who) brought a reforming zeal to the New York City Police Commission in 1895\". Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams; he appointed 1,600 recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications, regardless of political affiliation, established Meritorious Service Medals and closed corrupt police hostelries. During his tenure, a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities, and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board; he also had telephones installed in station houses. ", "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold the nation's highest office. He succeeded from the Vice Presidency on the death of President Zachary Taylor, becoming the second U.S. President to gain the office in this manner.", "Harry S Truman (May 8, 1884 — December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (serving from 1945 - 1953 ), following FDR and preceding Eisenhower , and was the eleventh from the Democratic Party. He was the seventh Vice President to succeed to the presidency, taking over from Franklin D. Roosevelt after he died three months into his fourth term. His middle name is actually just an \"S\" ; it was tradition among Scots-Irish families to name boys after their grandfathers, and his parents wanted to please both of his grandfathers, �Solomon� and �Shippe,� that way. The Twenty-second Amendment, which limits presidents to a maximum of two complete terms, was ratified while he was in office, but it grandfather-claused him, making him the last president who could have served more than two terms.note The actual amendment is a bit more nuanced than that; it prohibits any holder of that office from serving more than two full terms and more than half of another president's term, which meant that Lyndon Johnson could technically have run for a second full term in 1968 and would have been above board. He still decided not to run for a third term both to honor George Washington �s tradition and because of his massive unpopularity during his second term.note As did LBJ.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States. His death, two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration, made his tenure the second shortest (after William Henry Harrison) in United States history.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the twentieth President of the United States, and, as a result of his assassination, served only six months in that office—the second shortest administration in United States history.", "In 1895, Roosevelt became the President of the board of New York City Police Commissioners. At that time, the NYPD was one of the most corrupt police force in America. Under Roosevelt’s term, significant reforms were made. These included new disciplinary rules, standardization of the use of pistols, monitoring traffic problems, regular inspection of firearms, and physical examination of new recruits.", "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 - September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States. His death, two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration, made his tenure, at 199 days.", "Chester A. Arthur became the twenty-first American president. He served during a fairly successful time in American history. He helped create the Civil Service.", "Thomas R. Marshall, (born March 14, 1854, North Manchester, Ind., U.S.—died June 1, 1925, Washington, D.C.), 28th vice president of the United States (1913–21) in the Democratic administration of President Woodrow Wilson . He was the first vice president in almost a century to serve two terms in office. A popular public official, he was heard to make the oft-quoted remark: “What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar.”", "Roosevelt and Bonaparte both were \"Progressives.\" They shared the conviction that efficiency and expertise, not political connections, should determine who could best serve in government. Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1901; four years later, he appointed Bonaparte to be Attorney General. In 1908, Bonaparte applied that Progressive philosophy to the Department of Justice by creating a corps of Special Agents. It had neither a name nor an officially designated leader other than the Attorney General. Yet, these former detectives and Secret Service men were the forerunners of the FBI.", "FILLMORE, Millard, a Representative from New York, Vice President and 13th President of the United States; born in Locke Township (now Summerhill), Cayuga County, N.Y., January 7, 1800; reared on a farm; largely self-taught; apprenticed to a clothier; taught school in Buffalo while studying law; admitted to the bar in 1823 and commenced practice in East Aurora, N.Y.; moved to Buffalo, N.Y., in 1830; member, State assembly 1829-1831; elected as a Whig to the Twenty-third Congress (March 4, 1833-March 3, 1835); elected to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1837-March 3, 1843); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1842; unsuccessful Whig candidate for Governor in 1844; State comptroller 1847-1849; elected Vice President of the United States on the Whig ticket headed by Zachary Taylor in 1848, and was inaugurated March 4, 1849; became President upon the death of President Taylor and served from July 10, 1850, to March 3, 1853; unsuccessful candidate for the Whig nomination for president in 1852; unsuccessful candidate for president on the National American ticket in 1856; commanded a corps of home guards during the Civil War; traveled extensively; died in Buffalo, N.Y., March 8, 1874; interment in Forest Lawn Cemetery.", "The policies of Woodrow Wilson's administration reunited reformers with the city's Republican Party and World War I temporarily halted the reform movement. In 1917 the murder of George Eppley, a police officer defending City Council primary candidate James Carey, ignited the reformers again. They passed legislation to reduce the City Council from two houses to one, and provided council members an annual salary. With the deaths of McNichol in 1917 and Penrose in 1921, William Vare became the city's political boss. In the 1920s the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led Mayor W. Freeland Kendrick to appoint Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety. Butler cracked down on bars and speakeasies and tried to stop corruption within the police force, but demand for liquor and political pressure made the job difficult, and he had little success. After two years, Butler left in January 1926 and most of his police reforms were repealed. On August 1, 1928, Boss Vare suffered a stroke, and two weeks later a grand jury investigation into the city's mob violence and other crimes began. Numerous police officers were dismissed or arrested as a result of the investigation, but no permanent change resulted. Strong support among some residents for the Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith, who was Catholic, marked the city's turning away in the 20th century from the Republican Party. ", "Alphonse Gabriel Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947), popularly known as Al Capone, was an American gangster who led a crime syndicate dedicated to the smuggling and bootlegging of liquor and other illegal activities during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s and 1930s.", "James Rowan O'Beirne (1844-1917) was a graduate of Fordham University, a Union general and recipient of the Congressional Medal for bravery in the Civil War, deputy U.S. marshal and provost of Washington, D.C., and officially in charge at the deathbed of President Abraham Lincoln. O'Beirne became Commissioner of Immigration at the barge office at the Port of New York in 1890.", "For the next twelve years, the 5 foot 2, sometimes belligerent chief executive dominated life in New York City. He fulfilled many of his pledges, ferreting out corruption in city government and bringing in talented professionals. LaGuardia earned a reputation for placing the city's interests ahead of political considerations. Although technically a Republican, he worked closely with the New Deal administration of President Franklin Roosevelt to secure funding for large public works projects. The federal subsidies enabled New York City to create a transportation network the envy of the world, and to build parks, low-income housing, bridges, schools, and hospitals. He achieved the unification of the city's rapid transit system, a goal that had long eluded his predecessors, and reformed the structure of city government by pushing for a new City Charter. He presided over construction of New York City's first municipal airport on Flushing Bay, later appropriately named LaGuardia Airport...", "President Roosevelt personified Progressivism at the national level. A federal investigative force consisting of well-disciplined experts and designed to fight corruption and crime fit Roosevelt's Progressive scheme of government. Attorney General Bonaparte shared his President's Progressive philosophy. However, the Department of Justice under Bonaparte had no investigators of its own except for a few Special Agents who carried out specific assignments for the Attorney General, and a force of Examiners (trained as accountants) who reviewed the financial transactions of the federal courts. Since its beginning in 1870, the Department of Justice used funds appropriated to investigate federal crimes to hire private detectives first, and later investigators from other federal agencies. (Federal crimes are those that were considered interstate or occurred on federal government reservations.)", "Cavalry Regiment, the “Rough Riders”, during the Spanish-American War. Returning to New York as a war hero he was elected Republican governor in 1898. He was a professional historian, naturalist and explorer of the Amazon Basin. He wrote on subjects as diverse as outdoor life, natural history, U.S. Western and political history, Naval Battles of the War of 1812, and an autobiography. The dominant personality of the era, he helped redefine masculinity. He preached and lived the “strenuous life,” ridiculing the sedentary life of luxury and attempting the most strenuous and dangerous feats–which finally cost his life.", "The FBI originated from a force of Special Agents created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt. The two men first met when they both spoke at a meeting of the Baltimore Civil Service Reform Association. Roosevelt, then Civil Service Commissioner, boasted of his reforms in federal law enforcement. It was 1892, a time when law enforcement was often political rather than professional. Roosevelt spoke with pride of his insistence that Border Patrol applicants pass marksmanship tests, with the most accurate getting the jobs. Following Roosevelt on the program, Bonaparte countered, tongue in cheek, that target shooting was not the way to get the best men. \"Roosevelt should have had the men shoot at each other, and given the jobs to the survivors.\"", "He initiated the bicycle squad for New York policemen and the giving out of meritorious service medals to deserving officers. He also established the foundation for present-day police academies when he ordered that all policemen should attend target practice. His final act as president of the board of NYCPC was to appoint a single Police Commissioner instead of having several people assuming this post.", ", 1882–1947, U.S. public official, congressman, and mayor of New York City (1934–45), b. New York City. He spent his early years in Arizona with his father, an army bandmaster who had come from Italy to the United States.", "He became the Deputy Attorney General of New York in 1914. In 1916 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives where he developed a reputation as a fiery and devoted reformer. In Congress, LaGuardia represented then-Italian East Harlem. He would later oppose prohibition and fight for labor unions.", "From 1922 to 1924, he was US Attorney for the Western District of New York, famous for his energetic enforcement of Prohibition. President Calvin Coolidge named him to the United States Department of Justice's Antitrust Division. He ran unsuccessfully as a Republican for Lieutenant Governor of New York in 1922, and for Governor of New York in 1932." ]

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[ "Dividend is a payment made to the shareholders of a company in proportion to the number of shares held. Dividends are not paid automatically; it is the decision of the board of directors whether a dividend will be paid in a particular year, and how much dividend will be paid per share. This decision will normally be made on the basis of the company's profits.", "Stock dividends are in the form of additional shares of stock instead of cash. The number of additional shares you receive depends on the number of shares you currently own. For example, a company may issue a stock dividend equal to five shares of stock for every 100 owned by each shareholder. If you have 500 shares, you would receive 25 shares. The price of the stock will likely respond to the dividend so that shareholders' post-dividend wealth remains the same. The stock dividend increases the number of shares each stockholder owns but does not necessarily have an immediate effect on the overall value of each stockholder's shares.", "Where ownership of a company is divided into a number of equal parts or \"shares\", ordinary shareholders are entitled to a distribution of the profits (known as dividends) and have the right to vote at company meetings. If the company is wound up, ordinary shareholders are entitled to any assets left after all other obligations have been met. These residual assets are known as the equity of the company, hence the term \"equities\" sometimes used to describe ordinary shares. Ordinary shares rank after debentures and preference shares. Known in the US as common stock.", "Dividend - A portion of profits paid by a company to its shareholders. Shareholders of commercial private and public limited companies generally receive a return/profit from their investment in two ways: firstly the increasing value of the business is reflected in an increasing value of the shares held; secondly the value of a dividend paid (typically annually), based on a per-share rate, normally determined by the board of directors, which represents a proportion of the profit made by the business for the year. For smaller owner-managed and family businesses a dividend usually offers a more tax-efficient way to extract profit from a business by its owners, compared to salaries/bonuses subject to high personal taxation rates. For larger corporations, especially big public corporations providing essential services such as utilities, transport, communications, etc., shareholder dividends can be highly controversial, because dividends are paid from profits of a which a portion must also be reinvested in the business for improvements, efficiences, growth, future liabilities, etc., and which also customers can argue could be used to contain or reduce prices. Within modern free market economics, shareholder dividends are a major and neglected aspect of the psychological contract .", "When a company pays a portion of its profits to shareholders, it does so through the payment of dividends. A dividend is a payment made to eligible shareholders, paid on a quarterly or yearly basis that represents a portion of the company's profits. Companies in the United States typically pay quarterly dividends, while non-U.S. companies generally pay annual or semi-annual dividends. Not all companies pay dividends to shareholders, and companies that do pay may increase, decrease or eliminate future dividend payments, depending on the performance of the business. For example, a company may decrease its dividend to free up cash to acquire another company. Most companies, however, try to maintain or increase dividends to keep shareholders happy and avoid drawing negative publicity.", "Cash dividends are what we normally think about when referring to dividends. These are cash payments made to stockholders, paid on a per share basis, quoted as a dollar amount (such as $5 per share) or as a percentage of the current market value (for example, a 2.5% dividend). Cash dividends are typically paid out of the company's current earnings or accumulated profits. Often, investors are able to reinvest the dividends to purchase additional shares of stock.", "On a particular day, called the “declaration date,” the board of directors announces they will pay a dividend and specifies how much it will be. For example, the board might announce that they intend to pay a dividend of 85 cents/share to every shareholder. If you owned, say, 1000 shares, you would receive $850 (1000 x $0.85). The moment a dividend is announced, a liability is created, because the company now owes money to its shareholders. This liability is immediately recorded on the company’s books as a future expense.", "The magnitude of dividends. When a corporation earns profits it can divide the money up in several different ways. Profits can be used to pay bonuses to high ranking corporate officers (and sometimes to the employees down the line). A portion of the profits can be distributed to stock shareholders in the form of dividends. The general rule is that the greater the dividend pay out, the higher the valuation of a company's stock.", "Payout Ratio – Also known as Dividend Payout Ratio. The percentage of a company’s net earnings paid to shareholders in dividends.", "When the executives use a company’s profits in the ways I described above, they are using the money for the good of the company itself. Money used in this way is referred to as “retained earnings,” because the money is kept by the company for its own use and not distributed to shareholders. Since the executives are responsible for making the company profitable, it is crucial that they know how to use retained earnings wisely. Specifically, they must decide how much profit should be retained and how much should be distributed to shareholders.", "The dividend paid by a company to shareholders at the end of the financial year. Normally added to the interim dividend to produce the total dividend for the year.", "The payment of dividends in the form of extra shares, rather than cash. The advantage to the company is that cash resources are retained while the shareholder gets more shares at no cost. The disadvantage is that it increases the amount of stock and can therefore dilute earnings.", "Distributions - Payment by a business entity to its owners of items such as cash ASSETS, stocks, or earnings.", "Retained Profits – A business profit, after tax and dividend payments to shareholders, which is retained by the business and often used for reinvestment.", "Earnings For a company, the net profits available for distribution to shareholders. For a an individual and his renumeration.", "Shareholders are the people who own shares of stock in a company. Collectively, the shareholders are the owners of the company, since each share of stock entitles the owner to a say in how the corporation is run. Shareholders elect a board of directors to make the company's major decisions, such as the number of shares to be issued to the public.", "There are two ways in which this can happen. First, the company may use some of the money to increase the value of its shares. (I’ll describe how this works in a moment.) This pleases the shareholders, of course, because the shares they already own become more valuable. Alternatively, the company may choose to distribute cash directly to the shareholders.", "A means of reinvesting dividends, which would otherwise be paid to the shareholder in cash, in additional stock of the company.", "A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.", "earning per share (the portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock)", "Any person, company or institution that owns at least one share in a company. Also called stockholder.", "A business organisation, such as an insurance company or building society, owned by its members or policyholders. Any profits are shared among the members through bonus payments, dividends or reductions in future premiums.", "The resulting organization is the joint-stock company, in which investors can contribute variable sums of money to fund the venture. In doing so they become joint holders of the trading stock of the company, with a right to share in any profits in proportion to the size of their holding.", "Owner's or stockholders' equity also reports the amounts invested into the company by the owners plus the cumulative net income of the company that has not been withdrawn or distributed to the owners.", "A dividend/distribution paid in securities of the same issue or a different issue of the same issuer or another issuer. A stock dividend/distribution can be used as a means to list a new issuer. The issuer or its representative provides the amount, payable date, and record date. The exchange that the issue is listed on sets the ex-dividend/distribution (ex-d) date for entitlement.", "To take into consideration the size of the firm, profits are calculated as a percentage of several different aspects of the business, including the firm�s level of sales, employment, and stockholders� equity. Various individuals will use one of these different methods to evaluate a company�s performance, depending on what they want to know about how the firm operates. For example, an efficiency expert might examine the firm�s profits as a percentage of employment to determine how much profit is generated by the average worker in that firm. On the other hand, potential investors and a company�s chief executive would be more interested in profit as a percentage of stockholder equity, which allows them to gauge what kind of return to expect on their investments. A sales executive in the same firm might be more interested in learning about the company�s profit as a percentage of sales in order to compare its performance to the performances of competing firms in the same industry.", "Outstanding Shares – Also called Outstanding Stock. A company’s ordinary shares which have been issued and are owned by investors.", "Paid-Up Share – A share for which the shareholder has paid the full amount, as stated in the contract.", "Paid-Up Share - A share for which the shareholder has paid the full amount, as stated in the contract.", "Running a company in a way that seeks to increase the value of each shareholder's stake in the business.", "It is an employee benefit plan in which company stock is used for providing deferred compensation to the employees.", "a company controlled by another company. The control is normally a result of having more than 50% of the voting rights." ]

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[ "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (original title in , literally, the air castle that was blown up) is the third novel in the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.; It was published Swedish in 2007; in English, in the UK, in October 2009; and in the US and Canada on 25 May 2010. The first three novels in the series, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005), The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006), and The Girl who Kicked the Hornet's Nest were written by Stieg Larsson before being shown to a publisher and were published posthumously after his fatal heart attack in 2004. Additionally, all three novels were adapted as films.", "The Girl who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest is the third novel and movie of the late Swedish Communist Stieg Larsson’s Millennium Trilogy . The trilogy has sold 65 million copies as of December 2011, and in 2010, The Girl who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest was the best-selling novel in the US.", "[C] 1954 - Stieg Larsson (d. 2004), Swedish author and journalist, born. Editor of the magazine 'Expo', a member of the Communist Workers' League and editor of the Trotskyist journal 'Fjärde Internationalen'. A leading expert on anti-democratic right-wing extremist and Nazi organisations. He died in 2004, shortly after delivering the manuscripts of the Millennium series: 'Män Som Hatar Kvinnor' (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo; 2005), 'Flickan Som Lekte Med Elden' (The Girl Who Played with Fire; 2006) and 'Luftslottet Som Sprängdes' (The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest; 2007), novels featuring the characters Lisbeth Salander and Mikael Blomkvist.", "Stieg Larsson was a crusading Swedish journalist, committed to the fight against political extremism and racism in his home country. In his spare time he completed a trilogy of striking crime novels, which he delivered to his publishers just before his untimely death in 2004. The first novel, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, centred on Mikhail Blomkvist, a crusading journalist with a social conscience; its sequel, The Girl Who Played with Fire, shifts focus onto the socially awkward computer hacker Lisbeth Salander, who becomes entangled in an investigation into sex trafficking, murder, and establishment corruption. This unusual central character is the story's main strength, allowing it to stand apart from the raft of contemporary and classic crime novels which Larsson fondly draws on. An expert hacker and mathematics-obsessive, Salander is a clenched fist of a character; difficult, psychologically traumatised, and capable of extreme violence.", "First, there was The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . Then, she Played With Fire and Kicked the Hornet’s Nest . Now, more than 10 years since Lisbeth Salander’s creator Stieg Larsson died, his British publisher is preparing for the release of the fourth novel in the bestselling Millennium series, which it has announced will be called The Girl in the Spider’s Web.", "The first in the sequence, The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, introduced readers to diminutive Lisbeth Salander. A brilliant computer hacker, she's a woman prepared to use violence to achieve her ends, a vigilante with no faith in the authorities, someone who – we gradually learn – has been the victim of a colossal miscarriage of justice. She is the daughter of a brutal, psychopathic Russian defector, Zalachenko, whose perceived importance to the state and national security is deemed more significant than the fact that he is a wife-beater and abuser. At the age of 13, Salander is declared insane and locked away in a psychiatric unit in order to prevent her blowing her father's cover. The second book in the sequence, The Girl Who Played With Fire, develops these themes of the abuse of legal power, of retribution and debts being paid, rough justice all round, and finishes with an extraordinary shoot-out during which Salander is buried alive.", "Upon his unexpected death, Larsson left behind manuscripts of three completed but unpublished novels in an unnamed series. He had written them for his own pleasure in his spare time after returning home from his job in the evenings, and made no attempt to have them published until shortly before his death. The first was published in Sweden in 2005 as Män som hatar kvinnor (\"Men who hate women\"), published in English as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo . It garnered the prestigious \"Glass Key\" award as the best Nordic crime novel in 2005. Following in suit, his second novel, Flickan som lekte med elden ( The Girl Who Played with Fire by it's English title), won the Best Swedish Crime Novel Award in 2006. The third novel in the Millennium trilogy, Luftslottet som sprängdes (\"The air castle that was blown up\"), published in English as The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest , was published in the United States in May of 2010.", "Girl With the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larson is the first book in the Millennium Trilogy. Lisbeth Salander, the leading female character, is a 23 year old computer hacker and social outcast; tattooed, pierced and angry.   She, from a young age, was under legal guardianship due to a history of violence and had been deemed mentally incompetent and unable to provide for herself, which is far from the truth as she has a eidetic memory, is rather intelligent and is very skilled with computers despite her complete lack of social skills. She also fights fiercely, able to defend herself from men regardless of her tiny stature.   She works for a security company, Milton Security, her official position that of fetching coffee and making copies, but off the books she does investigations for clients, Dirch Frode. When she complies an incredibly detailed profile on Mikael Blomkvist, a journalist, the client asks to meet with her. He is shocked by her eccentric appearance and angry demeanor, but finds her competent.", "Stieg Larsson may have passed away back in 2004, but his work lives on in his iconic character Lisbeth Salander, from his Millenium trilogy (The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo et al). Back when his novels made it over stateside from Sweden posthumously, his unique storytelling ability swept across the country. The worldwide popularity even spawned three movie adaptations over in Sweden, and one over here in America directed by David Fincher, starring Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara.", "Despite all this, Larsson is said to have been a happy man, who lived the life he wanted. He smoked three packs a day, subsisted on hamburgers, and often worked around the clock. He consumed popular novels, especially crime fiction, by the cartload. And then, in 2001, in a move that no one has been able to explain satisfactorily—and about which, for a long time, he told almost no one—he began writing crime fiction. Later, he said that he did it for fun. Or he said that it was for money—that the books were going to be his “retirement fund.” He wrote fast, easily, and late at night. By 2003, he had the trilogy’s first volume, which, in English, is called “The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.” This is a rather conventional detective novel, except that the villains are Nazis and neo-Nazis, and the crimes are unusually grisly: incestuous rape (homo and hetero), plus murders of the most appalling sort. One victim is gagged with a sanitary napkin and stoned to death. Another is tied up and placed with her face in a bed of dying embers.", "*Lisbeth Salander is a computer hacker and private investigator in the Millennium Trilogy by Swedish journalist and novelist Stieg Larsson begun 2005; (Noomi Rapace) in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film), The Girl Who Played with Fire (film), and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (film).", "Lisbeth Salander is back. The latest book featuring the infamous girl with the dragon tattoo is being published internationally today, and will be out next week here in the U.S. But this fourth book in the Millennium series has a new author — the man who created Salander, Stieg Larsson, died before the books were published, and never had a chance to see how popular they would be.", "27. Q In Stieg Larsson’s novels, what is the name of the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo?", "In case you didn’t know, the original author of the Millennium Series, Stieg Larsson, unfortunately died shortly after submitting the manuscripts for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl who Played with Fire, and The Girl who Kicked the Hornet’s Nest. That means Larsson died before he could see the huge success and impact that his stories had. With a partially written fourth novel, no one was sure if there would be another story, but Larsson’s estate wanted it to be completed. David Lagercrantz, a Swedish journalist and best selling author, was chosen to do the job. While Larsson’s estate chose Lagercrantz, I wonder how much freedom he was given. The inner fan in me hopes that Lagercrantz will write similarly to Larsson and stay true to his vision. Having not read anything by Lagercrantz, I just hope that Larsson’s estate took their time to choose the right guy.", "Now comes The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, with Salander fighting for her life in intensive care, her father lying a few doors along the corridor as a result of wounds inflicted on him by Salander herself. Throughout the novel, the covert workings of the Swedish secret service are laid bare, as are the cut-throat realities of the world of newspapers and the immorality of some in authority. The theme of how words can be a force for justice permeates the narrative; and the story of Millennium, for which Larsson's other protagonist, campaigning journalist Mikael Blomkvist, works, continues to develop.", "The girl with the dragon tattoo is a 2011 American mystery thriller based on a Swedish novel of the same title.", "BIBLIOGRAPHY: Anonymous. 2009. Astrid Lindgren � Her life and popular children�s stories. Retrieved October 16th 2009, from www.pippisworld.com. Bostrom, E. 2008. Stieg Larsson. Retrieved October 16th 2009, from www.stieglarsson.com. Larsson, S. 2008. The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo. London; Machelose Press.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and its sequels, the Girl who Played with Fire and the Girl who Kicked the Hornet's Nest were released throughout 2009 throughout Europe and in the following year, throughout the rest of the world. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo has garnered international critical acclaim. Oplev, Rapace (who starred as Lisbeth Salander, female protagonist of the trilogy) and Nyqvist all gained international recognition Nyqvist has said that his role as Blomkvist 'put him on the map internationally.' He has recently finished filming The Chinese Man based on the novel The Man from Beijing by well-known Swedish crime writer Henning Mankell, and Abduction directed by John Singleton. There has been speculation and talk from Mankell that Nyqvist would be his first choice to play Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme who was assassinated in 1986. Nyqvist is currently filming Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol and is reportedly starring as the lead male villain of the film.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Millennium Series #1) by Stieg Larsson, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®", "In the third Millennium novel, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (2007), Salander is arrested for the three murders while she recuperates in the hospital. Zalachenko, who is a patient in the same hospital, is murdered by someone in the Section, who then tries to kill Salander; fortunately, Salander's lawyer (Annika Giannini, Blomkvist's sister) has barred the door. The would-be assassin then commits suicide.", "In the third book: The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest note Swedish title translates as The Air Castle That Was Blown Up; the Scandinavian idiom \"air castle\" is roughly akin to the English idiom \"pipe dream.\"(2007) Blomkvist discovers that a shadowy faction within the Swedish Security Service have manipulated the traumatic events of Lisbeth's past, including her history with the mysterious \"Zala,\" and will stop at nothing to hide their decades-old deeds. Lisbeth's latest actions threaten to bust the conspiracy wide open, so the faction moves to clean up all evidence of their misdeeds — including Lisbeth herself...", "The outrage that drives unlikely Katniss compatriot Lisbeth Salander, a.k.a. the girl with the dragon tattoo, has so far defied reduction in the move from bestsellers to screen (particularly in the ferocity of Noomi Rapace in the trilogy of Swedish films). Lisbeth is by no means a YA heroine, but she is, like Katniss, an unprecedented creation of take-no-prisoners intensity. And she, too, is a kind of hunter in a world gone mad.", "* In the novel The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest by Stieg Larsson, Evert Gullberg, a former intelligence officer, although not fond of alcohol, pours himself a glass of Glenfiddich.", "The Character: The literary sensation of recent years, Stieg Larsson's pierced punk avenger - The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo herself - overcomes the most appalling of odds to bust heads in the name of justice.", "Wasp (1957) is a science fiction book by the English writer Eric Frank Russell; it is generally considered Russell's best novel. In Stieg Larsson's book The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006) and its film adaptation, Lisbeth Salander has adopted her kickboxing ringname, \"The Wasp\", as her hacker handle and has a wasp tattoo on her neck, indicating her high status among hackers, unlike her real world situation, and that like a small but painfully stinging wasp, she could be dangerous. ", "The Girl Who Sold Out? Swedish publishers Nordstedt has announced that there will be a fourth book in The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo series which saw its heroine translated onto the screen by Noomi Rapace in 2008", "Writers have described Salander as a \"fiercely unconventional and darkly kooky antiheroine\", a \"superhero\",Rosenberg, Robin S., Ph.D. [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-superheroes/201112/salander-superhero \"Salander as Superhero: Is the Girl With the Dragon Tattoo a superhero?\"] Psychology Today, Published on December 9, 2011 in The Superheroes a \"misfit\", and \"an androgynous, asocial, bisexually active... loner who makes a living as a computer hacker...\"Peele, Stanton, Ph.D., J.D. [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/addiction-in-society/201112/the-worlds-and-my-love-affair-lisbeth-salander \"The World's -- and My -- Love Affair with Lisbeth Salander. Lisbeth Salander -- a misfit -- may be the most beloved figure in the world\"]. Psychology Today, Published on December 16, 2011 in Addiction in Society", "Noomi Rapace stars as heroine Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptation of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Män som hatar kvinnor)(Sweden | Denmark | Germany | Norway, 2009)", "The new “Tattoo” book will follow the story of Mikael Blomkvist and Lisbeth Salander as well as familiar characters from the first three novels. Its Swedish title is “Det som inte dödar oss” (”What doesn’t kill us”), but it will have a different U.S. title containing one “four-letter word,” according to the release. Lagercrantz is a Swedish author and journalist.", "The new Tattoo book will follow the story of Mikael Blomkvist and Lisbeth Salander as well as familiar characters from the first three novels. Its Swedish title is Det som inte dödar oss (\"What doesn't kill us\"), but it will have a different U.S. title containing one \"four-letter word,\" according to the release. Lagercrantz is a Swedish author and journalist.", "The new Girl With the Dragon Tattoo novel will be written in the hardboiled style of Raymond Chandler, according to its Swedish author David Lagercrantz." ]

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[ "The Maine Coon is a popular cat — the breed ranks third among those registered by the Cat Fanciers' Association . And it’s no wonder: This big guy is typically intelligent, sweet and loving. Plus, he usually gets along with children as well as other cats and dogs . Learn more about this gentle giant to see if he could be the right breed for you.", "Maine Coon cats are one of the most popular cat breeds in the US, which is fitting since they’re also one of the oldest natural breeds in America. Maine Coons are said to be native to the state of Maine (where they’re also the official state cat), but how they originated remains a mystery.", "The Maine Coon is a truly native American cat. They were mentioned by the earliest colonists, but the exact origin of the breed is unclear. Stories and myths abound, including the biologically impossible notion that the Maine Coon is the descendent of a domestic cat and a raccoon. These cats have long, thick hair that evolved naturally to help them survive the harsh winters of the northeast coast. Once regarded as basic barn cats, the breed was thought to have disappeared completely in the 1950s. Enthusiasts worked to rescue the Maine Coon from extinction, however, forming the Maine Coon Breeders and Fanciers Association in 1968. The breed was accepted for championship status by the CFA in 1976, and is currently the second most popular breed in the U.S.", "Maine Coons are the largest domestic cat breed. They’re big boned and muscular, with males weighing up to 18 pounds. Maine Coons can be up to 40 inches in length and come in 75 different color combinations. They’re also called the American Longhair.", "There are many legends about this impressive Goliath. One story states the Maine Coon is a crossbreed between a Lynx and a Raccoon.  But the real origin lays in crossbreeds between big long-haired domestic cats. These big cats are know for their sweet and gently character.", "The transition from adorned or glorified “Barn Cat” to pedigreed CFA finalist was neither an easy one nor did it happen quickly. The Maine Coon Cat was all the rage in the early 20th century but lost popularity after the introduction of other long-haired breeds to the U.S. The Maine Coon Cat was even thought extinct in the 1950’s. Luckily, rumors of their death were greatly exaggerated and thanks to the dedication and perseverance of breeders, the Maine Coon Cat breed was accepted for CFA championship status in 1976. At present, sometimes the largest number of entries in a CFA show will be Maine Coon Cats and it is not unusual for one of them to be named Best Cat in a ring or even of the entire show. Recently, GC, NW, Highlander Tony Bennett of Wenlock achieved one of CFA’s top awards: Highest Scoring Cat in Premiership.", "If you’re thinking of the worlds biggest purebred cat, totally domestic cat (meaning no wild cat parents), the Maine Coon does it across the board. Fantastic cat. The Maine Coon is the largest breed registered by the Cat Fanciers Association.", "Above: Largest Domestic Cat Breed – Maine Coon Cat Daisy – Photograph is copyright © Dani Rozeboom – The Maine Coon is the largest cat breed recognized by the Cat Fanciers Association (CFA). This cat, Daisy is for me one of the most beautiful and impressive cats that I have seen and I have seen a lot while building this website. Also Dani takes a great photograph of Daisy.", "This last story has at least a ring of truth. Seafarers who used cats to control rodent populations on their sailing ships probably brought some long haired buccaneers with them to the New World. Some of the cats went ashore when they reached the northeastern coast and established themselves on the farms and in the barns of the early settlers. Given Maine's severe climate, those initial years must have been tough on cat and human alike. Only the breed's strongest and most adaptable survived. Through natural selection, the Maine Coon developed into a large, rugged cat with a dense, water-resistant coat and a hardy constitution.", "No breed has a monopoly on love and affection, but there's got to be some good reason that the Maine Coon has clawed his way up from near extinction to the prized place of America's second most popular breed (according to the CFA's registration totals). Maine Coon fanciers say that the popularity is due to the breed's large size, intelligence, luxuriant coat, hardy disposition, and devotion to their human family.", "The Maine Coon cat is sometimes referred to as a “Gentle Giant”. They are good with children and dogs and are intelligent, agile and playful.  Some like to swim.  They make excellent companions but are not considered lap cats.", "However, in the early 1900s, as new and more exotic breeds were imported into the country, the cat fanciers of the era abandoned Maine Coons for Persians, Angoras, and other imports. By 1950 the breed had all but vanished.", "The first mention of Maine Coons in a literary work was in 1861, in Frances Simpson's The Book of the Cat (1903). F.R. Pierce, who owned several Maine Coons, wrote a chapter about the breed. During the late 1860s, farmers located in Maine told stories about their cats and held the \"Maine State Champion Coon Cat\" contest at the local Skowhegan Fair.", "Maine Coons are known as the \"gentle giants\" and possess above-average intelligence, making them relatively easy to train. They are known for being loyal to their family and cautious—but not mean—around strangers, but are independent and not clingy. The Maine Coon is generally not known for being a \"lap cat\" but their gentle disposition makes the breed relaxed around dogs, other cats, and children. They are playful throughout their lives, with males tending to be more clownish and females generally possessing more dignity, yet both are equally affectionate. Many Maine Coons have a fascination with water and some theorize that this personality trait comes from their ancestors, who were aboard ships for much of their lives. Maine Coons are also well known for being very vocal cats. They are known for their frequent yowling or howling, trilling, chirping, and making other loud vocalizations. ", "Humphrey Our Maine Coon Our cat Humphrey is a two-year-old male ginger Maine Coon weighing 7.5 kilos. He was recently referred to as “a fat cat” by one of my visitors. Fat? Definitely …", "One of the largest domestic breeds, male Maine Coons weigh in at 12 to 18 pounds, while the females fall into a 'petite' 10 to 14 pound range. Slow to mature, the Maine Coon takes three to four years to fully develop. Although brown tabby is the most common color and pattern, Maine Coons come in a wide variety of colors.", "Franklin A 25 Pound Maine Coon Cat Franklin is a Maine Coon that now fits in to the HUGE category of cats weighing 25 pounds and above because he is on a diet and lost a few pounds to get.", "Cat, Domestic, small, mainly carnivorous animal, Felis catus, member of the family Felidae, popular as a household pet, and valuable for killing mice and rats.", "Another option? Apply to one of the many Maine Coon rescue organizations for your new friend. They exist across the US, and adoption fees typically range from about $115 to $300 (or even less for a senior ) and may be far less at animal control facilities. And don’t be alarmed if your Maine Coon doesn’t start out very large. Like the Manx , Maine Coons are slow growers and may not reach their full size until they are 3 to 5 years old.", "The domestic cat () or the feral cat () is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called house cats when kept as indoor pets or simply cats when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin. There are more than 70 cat breeds; different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards.", "Some authors estimate the percentage of polydactyls in the breed to be originally as high as 40%. In an interview in 1976 (not long after the Maine Coon was first accepted for showing) one of the foremost experts in the breed Beth Hicks stated: \"I don’t know if you are familiar with it but there was a study done by someone connected with a university in the 1950’s which showed that 40% of the Maines were polydactyls. Now, this was before they came back on the show circuit.” Sadly, it appears that this trait is being bred out of the Maine Coon simply to fit in with the dictates of the show world.", "Tom (named \"Jasper\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. (\"Tom\" is a generic name for a male cat – the Warner Bros. cartoon character Sylvester was originally named Thomas). He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"Jinx\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's brains and wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts. Although cats typically chase mice to consume them, it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry. Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry, sometimes in revenge, and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry. By the final \"fade-out\" of each cartoon, Jerry usually emerges triumphant, while Tom is shown as the loser. ", "             * Moggy or moggie (plural: moggies)  In England, is an affectionate term for a domestic cat, but is also used as an alternate", "The definition of a Moggy is a cat or kitten that does not belong to any recognised breed. It is also an informal name in the United Kingdom for a cat whether the cat is a recognised breed or not (kind of confusing isn't it - that's the English Language for you!). Of dialect origin, from what region of Britain this comes from I do not know! The word was originally a pet name for a cow!", "Full-grown male Maine Coons can grow to be 30 lbs., with females weighing a little less. These gentle giants generally reach full size by age three to five.", "American Bobtails are loving and incredibly intelligent cats possessing a distinctive wild appearance. They are extremely interactive cats that bond with their human family with great devotion. They can both entertain through their antics at one moment and provide their owners a warm, soft shoulder to cry on in times of distress. American Bobtails are known for their love of games and can play fetch or hide and seek for hours on end. They will often initiate games with their owners, and they demonstrate their hunting instincts in the home by catching in mid-air flying insects that make the fatal mistake of entering their territory. They also love to stalk their toys and carry them in their mouths, as if they were a freshly caught rodent. Basically a quiet cat, the American Bobtail is known to trill, chirp, and click when delighted. They are easily leash trained and love to go for walks with their people. An easy going breed, they get along well with most dogs and welcome newcomers, whether they are two-legged or four-legged.", "Relaxed and easy-going, Maine Coons are not overly dependent. They have a very small voice for their large size; their voice is more of a chirp than it is a meow.", "The American Bobtail is a powerfully built cat, medium to large in size. It has a naturally occurring short tail and above average intelligence. It is known for its devotion to family and is more dog-like than feline in regards to their responsiveness to people. Contact the cat breeders below for your next family friend.", "Weight: Owing to their large size, the male Maine Coon can weigh between 15 lbs to 25 lbs, whereas the female weighs around 10 to 15 lbs.", "PET PORTRAITS When WAG started our “Pet Portraits” page, we expected to be inundated with photographs of playful puppies and adorable kittens. Well, you can imagine our surprise when a couple of rats landed in our inbox. The arrival sparked quite the debate among the editorial team: Is a rat a pet? Would you want one? We decided to give the floor to Ralph M. Newman, the owner of two of these “pets” – and founder with wife Suzanne of Dott-Communications L.L.C. (Dott-Comm), an Ardsley-based company that offers digital solutions to businesses’ challenges.", "The Ragamuffin is a breed of domestic cat that is notable for their friendly personalities and thick, rabbit-like fur.", "The Ragamuffin (often spelled RagaMuffin) is a breed of domestic cat. It is a variant of the Ragdoll cat and was established as a separate breed in 1994. Ragamuffins are notable for their friendly personalities and thick, rabbitlike fur." ]

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[ "South Korea’s economy and markets are dominated by export-oriented companies, particularly those that are now household names in the U.S. — consider Samsung Electronics , LG Electronics,Hyundai Motorsand Kia Motors .", "Samsung is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. Its primary products are apparel, chemicals, consumer electronics, electronic components, medical equipment, semiconductors, ships, telecommunications equipment.", " Samsung and LG: Financial Analysis \\ SAMSUNG AND LG:... FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Samsun and LG’s are among the leading companies in South Korea. Samsung is a multinational corporation with several subsidiaries and associated business, mainly under the brand name Samsung. LG is also an international electronics organization that operates through its four divisions: Home Appliances, Mobile Communications, Air Conditioning and Energy...", "Daewoo was a South Korean conglomerate that started exporting cars in the mid-1990s. Like fellow South Korean \"chaebols\" Hyundai, Kia, Samsung, and LG, Daewoo produced a vast range of products and services with the significant support from the government, from electronics to ships to pipelines and refineries, and its company history dated back to the 1930s. But the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s pushed the heavily leveraged company beyond the brink, and Daewoo declared bankruptcy in 1999. Subsequently acquired as a subsidiary of General Motors, GM would soon abandon the tarnished Daewoo name in all markets save for South Korea and Vietnam.", "Hyundai branded vehicles are manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company, which along with Kia comprises the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Hyundai operates the world's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, which is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The company employs about 75,000 people around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms worldwide. In 2012, Hyundai sold over 4.4 million vehicles worldwide. Popular models include the Sonata midsize sedan and Elantra compact. ", "According to 2012 census data, the population of the Seoul area makes up around 20% of the total population of South Korea, Seoul has become the economic, political and cultural hub of the country, with several Fortune Global 500 companies, including Samsung, SK Holdings, Hyundai, POSCO and LG Group headquartered there. ", "Hyundai Group has the number of business units along with car manufacturing. Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967. Its headquarter is in Seoul, South Korea. Currently Hyundai Motor Company and Kia comprise the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Hyundai sold 725,718 cars in the U.S. in 2014 with the market share 4.4%.", "Kia cars are built at several different manufacturing plants, the majority of them located in Kia's home country, South Korea. Headquartered in Seoul, Kia Motors is South Korea's second largest automobile manufacturer. Its history dates back to 1944, where it started producing bicycles and steel tubes. In 1952, Kia started producing automobiles, motorcycles and trucks, mostly for the domestic Korean market.", "Samsung Group (Hangul: 삼성그룹; hanja: 三星그룹; Korean pronunciation: [sʰamsʰʌŋ ɡɯɾup], stylized as SΛMSUNG) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate).", "Samsung is the largest South Korean chaebol by far, with nearly 500,000 employees, total assets of around $530-billion (U.S.) and total group net sales of about $305-billion in 2013, according to its annual report. It is most well known for its Samsung Electronics unit, which is not only the largest mobile phone maker in the world but churns out fridges, air conditioning units, TVs, laptops, semiconductor and memory chips, and a host of other components it sells to other phone makers. The group also has hotel assets, a heavy industries division that makes ships and oil platforms, a chemicals arm and a global ad agency, as well as insurance and financial services units.", "The Hyundai chaebol, which also owns Kia, builds much more than cars. Hyundai Heavy Industries is the world’s largest shipbuilder – with a shipyard in Ulsan, South Korea, that stretches over four kilometres of coastline – and has expanded into construction for offshore oil and gas projects around the world. Hyundai Rotem, another division, builds everything from advanced train rolling stock to K2 tanks for the South Korean army.", "In the company’s homeland of South Korea, Kia operates three major vehicle assembly plants at Hwasung, Sohari and Gwangju, as well as a world-class research and development centre employing around 12,000 vehicle development engineers and staff at Namyang. Kia’s Eco-Technology Research Institute near Seoul is working on next-generation hydrogen fuel-cell powertrains. Kia spends around 6% of its annual revenues on R&D, and also operates research centres in the USA, Japan and Germany.", "Kia Motors Corporation (KMC), founded in 1944, is South Korea's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group. Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries, which are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries. Kia today has 40,000 full-time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US$14.6 billion. Kia Motors Corporation's brand slogan is \"The Power to Surprise\". From August 2009 until December 2012, the company has been led by Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee. ", "Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Kia Motors is South Korea's second largest automobile manufacturer. Since 2005, Kia started focusing on the European market and is currently the UK's fastest growing car company besides experiencing various levels of success elsewhere Europe. Kia was founded in 1944 as a manufacturer of steel tubing and bicycles. In 1952, it changed its name and later built motorcycles, trucks and cars. It has, since 1986, in partnership with Ford, produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and exports into other countries. Kia Motors America (KMA) is the sales, marketing and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased US market share.", "Hyundai operates the world’s largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, South Korea, which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units. The company employs about 75,000 people worldwide. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms.", "The Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) is a South Korean company manufacturing automobiles. Their automobiles are available in many countries around the globe. In 2003 it was South Korea’s largest car maker and the world’s seventh largest car maker.Its slogan is “Drive your way”. Hyundai Motor Company is a division of Hyundai Motor Group which also manages Kia Motors", "Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after  Intel  (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year ). [26]  In 1995, it created its first  liquid-crystal display  screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels.  Sony , which had not invested in large-size  TFT-LCDs , contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006,  S-LCD  was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers.  S-LCD  was owned by Samsung (50% plus 1 share) and Sony (50% minus 1 share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South Korea. As on 26 December 2011 it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture. [27]", "The traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by information technology, electronics and assembly-type of industries, however, food and beverage production, as well as printing and publishing remained among the core industries. Major manufacturers are headquartered in the city, including Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia and SK. Notable food and beverage companies include Jinro, whose soju is the most sold alcoholic drink in the world, beating out Smirnoff vodka; top selling beer producers Hite (merged with Jinro) and Oriental Brewery. It also hosts food giants like Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Nongshim Group, Ottogi, CJ, Orion, Maeil Dairy, Namyang dairy and Lotte.", "Samsung became the largest producer of memory chips in the world in 1992, and is the world’s second-largest chipmaker after Intel (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year).[26] In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world’s largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers.S-LCD was owned by Samsung (50% plus one share) and Sony (50% minus one share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South Korea. As of 26 December 2011 it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture.[27]", "Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Kōnan Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Samsung Electronics is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea.", "Hyundai has three plants in Korea that have a combined capacity of about 1.86 million units a year. The plants are located in Ulsan, Asan and Jeonju.", "Kia Motors America (KMA) is the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.", "goods such as electronics, automobiles, ships, machinery, petrochemicals and robotics, headed by Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia. It is a member of the United Nations, WTO, OECD and G-20 major economies. It is also a founding member of APEC and the East Asia Summit, and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. In the 21st century, there has been increased interest in Korean culture throughout Asia.", "Samsung Electronics is a multinational electronics and information technology company headquartered in Suwon and the flagship company of the Samsung Group. Its products include air conditioners, computers, digital televisions, liquid crystal displays (including thin film transistors (TFTs) and active-matrix organic light-emitting diodes (AMOLEDs)), mobile phones, monitors, printers, refrigerators, semiconductors and telecommunications networking equipment. It is the world's largest mobile phone maker by unit sales in the first quarter of 2012, with a global market share of 25.4%. It is also the world's second-largest semiconductor maker by 2011 revenues (after Intel). ", "The Hyundai Sonata () is a mid-size car produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai since 1985. The first generation Sonata was introduced in 1985, which was a facelifted Stellar with an engine upgrade, and was withdrawn from the market in two years due to poor customer reactions. While the original was only sold in South Korea, with limited exports to Canada and New Zealand, the second generation of 1988 was widely exported. ", "Hyundai was founded by Chung Ju-Yung, a South Korean, who was born in a poor family in 1915 and was the eldest of eight children of poor tenant farmers in Asan, Tongchon. Ju-Yung had eight sons and a daughter. Ju-Yung supported himself by peddling rice for a Seoul vendor and later purchased the rice shop in 1937. His company was shutdown when the Japanese made it illegal for Koreans to own rice shops.", "Samsung comprises around 80 companies.[66] It is highly diversified, with activities in areas includingconstruction, consumer electronics, financial services, shipbuilding, and medical services.[66]", "Samsung was founded by  Lee Byung-chul  in 1938 as a  trading company . Over the next three decades the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities and retail. Samsung entered the  electronics industry  in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s; these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lee's death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group,  CJ Group  and Hansol Group. Since the 1990s Samsung has increasingly globalized its activities, and electronics, particularly mobile phones and semiconductors, have become its most important source of income.", "Established in 1967, Hyundai Motor Co. has grown into the Hyundai Motor Group, which was ranked as the world’s fifth-largest automaker since 2007 and includes over two dozen auto-related subsidiaries and affiliates.", "Geely (officially Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd) is a Chinese multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Its principal products are automobiles, taxis, motorcycles, engines, and transmissions. It sells passenger cars under the Geely and Volvo brands and taxis under the London Taxi brand.", "In 1998 Hyundai Motor Company acquired 51% of Kia, outbidding Ford Motor Company which had owned an interest in Kia Motors since 1986. After subsequent divestments, Hyundai Motor Company currently owns less than 50% of the company.", "Samsung Electronics Co Ltd, Sony Corp and LG Electronics Inc have released their own smartwatches, many powered by software developed by Internet company Google Inc." ]

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[ "Last year, Hyundai – the second largest chaebol – stunned investors by outbidding Samsung and paying $10-billion (U.S.) for a single plot of land in Seoul’s famed Gangnam District for a new corporate headquarters. It was three times the appraisal value and the priciest land deal in Asia since the financial crisis, and renewed criticism that the family-run chaebol didn’t care about corporate governance or maximizing shareholder value.", "The Seoul Capital Area is home to the most affluent and livable cities and apartments in Korea but there are significant discrepancies between cities and districts, particularly between those built in the older and newer generations. Newer areas with more modern and luxurious apartments and infrastructure are more expensive, along with proximity to Gangnam District , the commercial center of the region. [5]", "Insadong is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. Hwanghak-dong Flea Market and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products. Some shops for local designers have opened in Samcheong-dong, where numerous small art galleries are located. Itaewon caters mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. The Gangnam district is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and is noted for the fashionable and upscale Apgujeong-dong and Cheongdam-dong areas and the COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market. The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia. ", "The World Trade Center Seoul, located in Gangnam District, hosts various expositions and conferences. Also in Gangnam District is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam District is Yeouido, an island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the Yoido Full Gospel Church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa District, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam District. Two new modern landmarks of Seoul are Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park, designed by Zaha Hadid, and the new wave-shaped Seoul City Hall, by Yoo Kerl of iArc.", "Gangnam, Hong said, is a symbol of that aspect of South Korean culture. The neighborhood is the home of some of South Korea's biggest brands, as well as $84 billion of its wealth , as of 2010. That's seven percent of the entire country's GDP in an area of just 15 square miles. A place of the most conspicuous consumption, you might call it the embodiment of South Korea's one percent. \"The neighborhood in Gangnam is not just a nice town or nice neighborhood. The kids that he's talking about are not Silicon Valley self-made millionaires. They're overwhelmingly trust-fund babies and princelings,\" he explained. ", "The Capital Area occupies a plain in the Han River Valley. It contains some of the most fertile land on the Korean peninsula , although relatively little of it is now used for agriculture. The Gimpo Plain , one of the country's larger expanses of level arable land, covers much of the area of the cities of Gimpo and Bucheon .", "Seoul is the largest city in South Korea as well as the political and economic capital. The city houses 11.8 million people, and the metropolitan area has 25.6 million, which is just over half of the population of South Korea. By some measures it is the world's second largest urban agglomeration, after Tokyo .", "Inchon is the port of Korea's booming capital, a shopping paradise which vies with Hong Kong. But historic Seoul also brims with treasures. Begin with a bird's-eye view atop Namsan Hill. Visit Kyonbok Gun, the Palace of Bright Happiness, and the 14th-century Changdok Palace, home of the royal family. Stroll through its beautiful Secret Garden, 80 acres of ponds, tea houses and pavilions. Discover the extensive collection of Korean art in the National Museum. Or travel beyond Seoul's ancient gates to the Nanhan Mountain Castle or historic Suwon and its wonderful Folk Village of Minsokchon.", "Seoul is the capital and largest city of South Korea. With over ten million people, and 23 million in the wider metropolitan area, Seoul is one of the world's largest cities proper and metropolitan cities. As a Special City, it is administered directly by the national government.", "Seoul Land [15] . Theme park located in Gwacheon. This park was opened just before the Olympics in 1988. It is easy to get to by subway and is open year round.", "Seoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003, and the city generated 23 percent of the country's GDP overall in 2012. In 2008 the Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index ranked Seoul No.9. The Global Financial Centres Index in 2015 listed Seoul as the 6th financially most competitive city in the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of \"Overall 2025 City Competitiveness\" regarding future competitiveness of cities. ", "5. Seoul (Capital of South Korea, Asia) : Seoul — officially the Seoul Special City — is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. The Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25.6 million people, home to over half of South Koreans along with 632,000 international residents. Area: 605.2 km². Population: 9.82 million.", "South Korea is situated in the southern Korean Peninsula in East Asia, along the Sea of Japan (East Sea), Korea Strait, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. The territory includes about 3,000 islands along its west and south coasts. The largest island in South Korea is called Jeju-do (Jeju Island), and is located 100 kilometers (60 miles) to the south of the mainland. The highest point in South Korea is an extinct volcano called Hallasan on Jeju-do, which stands 1,950 meters (6,398 feet) above sea level.", "As the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea, Seoul is home to over half of all South Koreans in addition to about 678,102 residents. In 2015, it was rated as Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life.", "Apgujeong (압구정) is the upmarket area of Seoul. Walk around the streets and you'll see teenagers valet parking their new Benz or Audi, strutting their new designer threads, and looking generally, well, rich. That said, a lot of people who party here aren't necessarily rich and live far away. Apgujeong is rather subdued when it comes to nightlife though it has a few posh clubs and bars. Places where valet is unavailable are unlikely to be great hits traditionally. There are, however, a few small clubs in the area. Expect English to be more commonly spoken in this area, too, due many Koreans in the area having studied abroad or received a lot of private tutoring. This has also meant, however, a certain desensitization to foreigners, so don't expect people to stare or approach you as much as they would in other parts of Seoul. Consider Apgujeong a great place to hang out, not party. If you want to impress a date for example, this is a great place to go to. The backstreets of Apgujeong tend to sprout and lose new clubs seemingly at random throughout the year, so getting off the main drag from time to time can yield a new \"hot club of the month.\"", "Highly urbanized at 92%, South Koreans lead a distinctive urban lifestyle; half of them live in high-rises concentrated in the Seoul Capital Area with 25 million residents and the world's sixth leading global city with the fourth largest economy. ", "The largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the Dongdaemun Market, is located in Seoul. Myeongdong is a shopping and entertainment area in downtown Seoul with mid- to high-end stores, fashion boutiques and international brand outlets. The nearby Namdaemun Market, named after the Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul. ", "Next, head to Bukchon Hanok Village, once a neighborhood for aristocrats whose tile-roofed houses have been preserved through the rapid growth and modernization of the city around them. A visit to the Bukchon Cultural Center shows off a traditional experience hall and offers a chance to look back at the golden age of Korean nobility.", "With its cinemas, cafés, luxury specialty shops and clipped horse-chestnut trees, the Avenue des Champs-Élysées is one of the most famous streets and one of the most expensive strips of real estate in the world.", "5 Seoul Seoul is the capital and largest city of South Korea, and it is occupying the 5th place.", "Seoul features a mind-bogglingly large array of nightspots catering to every taste and budget, often being considered the best and most vibrant in the world. While most cities feature only a few areas for nightlife, Seoul features many such districts in staggering size and array of locations to choose from. Not only the sheer volume of bars and restaurants but also the relatively low cost of soju (the number one alcohol sold in the world) attributes to the lively nightlife atmosphere in the city.", "Changdeokgung (Hangul, 창덕궁, 昌德宮; literally, \"Prospering Virtue Palace\"), also known as Changdeokgung Palace or Changdeok Palace, is set within a large park in Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the \"Five Grand Palaces\" built by the kings of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897). As it is located east of Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeokgung—along with Changgyeonggung—is also referred to as the \"East Palace\" (동궐, 東闕, Donggwol).", "After his death, Byung-chul's estate (Ho-Am) was opened to the public for tours. His collection of Korean art is considered one of the largest private collections in the country and it features a number of art objects that have been designated \"National Treasures\" by the Korean government. Ho-Am is located a short distance from the Everland park, South Korea's most popular amusement park (Everland is also owned by the Samsung Group).", "Seoul was Asia's most expensive city to live in 2007, and the third most expensive city worldwide.", "High-rise apartment buildings dominate the cityscape. The government launched a mass construction campaign aiming to build 100,000 new homes in 2011. The Changjon Street Apartment Complex was part of this effort. Construction of the complex began after late leader Kim Jong-il reportedly described the area as \"pitiful\". Other housing complexes are being upgraded as well, but most are still poorly insulated while elevators and central heating remain rare. These new buildings foresaw the start of an urban renewal program that continues under Kim Jong-un's leadership, with the old apartments of the 70s and 80s now replaced by new, taller high rise buildings and new leisure parks like the Kaesong Youth Park, as well as renovations of older buildings. ", "Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the Seoul Metropolitan Area to alleviate housing demands in Seoul . They include:", "In the quarter century following the policy shift in the early 1960s, the South Korean per capita output grew at an unusually rapid rate of 7 percent per year, a growth performance paralleled only by Taiwan and two city-states, Hong Kong and Singapore. The portion of South Koreans enjoying the benefits of the growth increased more rapidly from the end of 1970s, when the rising trend in the Gini coefficient (which measures the inequality of income distribution) since the colonial period was reversed. The growth was attributable far more to increased use of productive inputs — physical capital in particular — than to productivity advances. The rapid capital accumulation was driven by an increasingly high savings rate due to a falling dependency ratio, a lagged outcome of rapidly falling mortality during the colonial period. The high growth was also aided by accumulation of human capital, which started with the introduction of modern education under the Japanese rule. Finally, the South Korean developmental state, as symbolized by Park Chung Hee, a former officer of the Japanese Imperial army serving in wartime Manchuria, was closely modeled upon the colonial system of government. In short, South Korea grew on the shoulders of the colonial achievement, rather than emerging out of the ashes left by the Korean War, as is sometimes asserted.", "Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. The investment in the property sector, including offices, commercial buildings, new town development, and highrise apartments and hotels grew substantially. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons. ", "In addition to being a major tourist attraction for Hong Kong, The Peak is also the summit of Hong Kong's property market. At the peak of The Peak, properties are more expensive than anywhere else in the world. Most of the super-rich in Hong Kong – including Cheung Kong (Holdings) chairman Li Ka-shing and the Kwok brothers of Sun Hung Kai Properties – live in detached houses in Island South or The Peak. In May 2010 a house at Barker Road (where Hong Kong's most expensive residential buildings are located) sold for HK$1.8 billion. At HK$68,228 per square foot, it is the most expensive location in the world. The buyer is Martin Lee, the son of Hong Kong billionaire Lee Shau-kee. On 12 January 2014, a Barker Road property sold at over HK$100,000 (US$13,000) per square foot for HK$690 million. ", "Los Angeles has always been home to some of the world’s most expensive real estate. But forget Beverly Hills, 90210: The new hot spot for multimillion-dollar mansions is Duarte, 91008.", "The Upper West Side, sometimes abbreviated UWS, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River and between West 59th Street and West 110th Street. The Upper West Side is sometimes also considered by the real estate industry to include the neighborhood of Morningside Heights. ", "An island of tranquility in the Japanese garden tradition in the middle of a bustling urban setting," ]

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[ "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , and is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Old West . The gunfight, believed to have lasted only about thirty seconds, was fought between the outlaw Cowboys Billy Clanton , Tom McLaury and his brother Frank McLaury , and the opposing lawmen Virgil Earp and his brothers Morgan and Wyatt Earp , aided by Doc Holliday acting as a temporary deputy of Virgil. Cowboys Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Ike's brother Billy Clanton, along with both McLaurys, were killed. Lawmen Holliday and Morgan and Virgil Earp were wounded. Only Wyatt Earp came through the fight unharmed. The fight has come to represent a time in American history when the frontier was open range for outlaws opposed by law enforcement that was spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between outlaw Cowboys and lawmen that is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud between Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Tom and Frank McLaury, and opposing lawmen: town Marshal Virgil Earp, Assistant Town Marshal Morgan Earp, and temporary deputy marshals Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran from the fight unharmed, but Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "On this day in 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, USA, the Gunfight at the OK Corral took place.   The brothers Wyatt, Morgan and Virgil Earp, together with their good friend Doc Holliday (is there anything more terrifying than a dentist with an attitude?) fought Frank and Tom McLaury, Ike and Billy Clanton, and Billy Claiborne.   Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed.   Morgan Earp, Virgil Earp, and Doc Holliday were wounded.   Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne ran away from the fight, unharmed, and lived to get shot dead another day.   Trouble had been brewing between the two groups for a long time.   The Earps represented the establishment, and were often accused of abusing their power.   The other faction were the �Cowboys�, often complained of as being rowdy and lawless.   Virgil Earp was the City Marshal and Deputy US marshal for the area, and Morgan Earp was also a City Marshal, but neither Wyatt Earp nor Doc Holliday were law officers, and had no real business being involved.   The two were later charged with murder, but not indicted.   Who was to blame for the gunfight and who precisely did what to whom are topics that have sustained historical controversy, and Tombstone�s tourist industry, to this day.", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a roughly 30-second gunfight that took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday October 26, 1881 in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, Cochise County, of the United States. Frank and Tom McLaury and Billy Clanton were killed; Morgan Earp, Virgil Earp, and Doc Holliday were wounded and survived. Wyatt Earp was the only individual who came through the fight unharmed. It is generally regarded as the most famous gunfight in the history of the Old West and has come to represent a time in American history when the frontier was open range for outlaws who were confronted by law enforcement that was often sparse, or nonexistent. More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral", "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a gunfight that occurred at about 3 P.M. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, United States.", "Tombstone is a historic western city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It was one of the last wide-open frontier boomtowns in the American Old West. The town prospered from about 1877 to 1890, during which time the town's mines produced US$40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years. It is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and draws most of its revenue from tourism.", "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American Old West gambler, a deputy sheriff in Pima County , and deputy town marshal in Tombstone , Arizona Territory , who took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral , during which lawmen killed three outlaw cowboys . He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone, although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day, and had far more experience as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier in combat.", "The famous October 26, 1881 “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral” pitted Wyatt Earp, his brothers Virgil and Morgan, and Doc Holliday against the McLaurys and Clantons. In 30 seconds of gunfire, three men were killed and three were wounded. The Gunfight did not actually take place inside the O.K. Corral itself. Instead, it began in a 18-foot wide vacant lot behind the Corral next to C.S. Fly’s Boarding House and Photography Studio where Doc Holliday was living. Today, visitors to the O.K. Corral Museum Complex in Tombstone, AZ can visit the actual site of the gunfight, tour the O.K. Corral as it was in the 1880s, and even see Doc Holliday’s room.", "Billy Clanton (1862 – October 26, 1881) was a rancher in Cochise County, Arizona Territory. He worked with his father Old Man Clanton and his brother Ike Clanton on their ranch and stole livestock from Mexico and later U.S. ranchers. He was a member of group of outlaws that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The Clantons repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboy's illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Billy, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury were killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory. The shoot out was his only gunfight.", "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp (March 19, 1848 – January 13, 1929) was an American Old West gambler, a deputy sheriff in Pima County, and deputy town marshal in Tombstone, Arizona Territory, who took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, during which lawmen killed three outlaw Cowboys. He is often regarded as the central figure in the shootout in Tombstone, although his brother Virgil was Tombstone city marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal that day, and had far more experience as a sheriff, constable, marshal, and soldier in combat.", "Dodge was not a frontier town for long; by 1879, it had become too respectable for the kinds of people who had seen it through its early days. For many, it was time to move on to places not yet reached by the civilizing railroad, places money was to be made. Holliday, by this time, was as well known for his prowess as a gunfighter as for his gambling, though the latter was his trade and the former simply a reputation. Through his friendship with Wyatt and the other Earp brothers, especially Morgan and Virgil, Holliday made his way to the silver-mining boom town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, in September 1880. The Earps had been there since December 1879. Some accounts state the Earps sent for Holliday when they realized the problems they faced in their feud with the Cowboy faction. In Tombstone, Holliday quickly became embroiled in the local politics and violence that led up to the famous Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in October 1881.", "During this time, with thousands of treasure hunters seeking to strike it rich, Tombstone gained a reputation as a town steeped in violence and lawlessness. This reputation culminated with the infamous Earp-Clanton Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 16, 1881. The Tombstone Courthouse was the first Cochise County Courthouse, constructed shortly after. Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park is now operated by the City of Tombstone.", "For over 135 years, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral has captured the imagination of filmmakers, historians, and novelists – masking the complex backdrop behind the deadly tensions that exploded on October 26, 1881. After the Civil War, America’s industrial growth spurred rapid Westward expansion. Boomtowns like Tombstone provided fertile ground for continuing the war’s sectional strife. Northern businessmen and Texas cowboys brought their economic, political, and social conflicts with them into the Arizona Territory.", "Under the surface were tensions that grew into deadly conflict. The mining capitalists and townspeople were largely Republicans from the Northern states. Many of the ranchers in the area were Confederate sympathizers and Democrats. The booming city was only 30 miles (48 km) from the U.S.–Mexico border and was an open market for beef stolen from ranches in Sonora, Mexico, by a loosely organized band of outlaws known as The Cowboys. The Earp brothers—Virgil, Wyatt, Morgan and Warren—arrived in December 1879 and summer 1880. They had ongoing conflicts with Ike and Billy Clanton, Frank and Tom McLaury, and other Cowboys members. The Cowboys repeatedly threatened the Earps over many months until the conflict escalated into a confrontation that turned into a shootout, the now-famous Hollywood-ized Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The actual gun fight was on Fremont Street a block or 2 away from the O.K. Corral.", "Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another. He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil, where a silver boom was underway. There, the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys . Wyatt, Virgil, and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury , and Ike and Billy Clanton , who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps. The conflict escalated over the next year, culminating on October 26, 1881 in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys. In the next five months, Virgil was ambushed and maimed, and Morgan was assassinated. Pursuing a vendetta , Wyatt, his brother Warren, Holliday, and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible. Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights, unlike his brothers Virgil and James or Doc Holliday, which only added to his mystique after his death.", "Earp moved constantly throughout his life from one boomtown to another. He left Dodge City in 1879 and moved to Tombstone with his brothers James and Virgil, where a silver boom was underway. There, the Earps clashed with a loose federation of outlaws known as the Cowboys. Wyatt, Virgil, and their younger brother Morgan held various law enforcement positions that put them in conflict with Tom and Frank McLaury, and Ike and Billy Clanton, who threatened on several occasions to kill the Earps. The conflict escalated over the next year, culminating on October 26, 1881 in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, in which the Earps and Holliday killed three of the Cowboys. In the next five months, Virgil was ambushed and maimed, and Morgan was assassinated. Pursuing a vendetta, Wyatt, his brother Warren, Holliday, and others formed a federal posse that killed three of the Cowboys whom they thought responsible. Wyatt was never wounded in any of the gunfights, unlike his brothers Virgil and James or Doc Holliday, which only added to his mystique after his death.", "Despite its name, the gunfight did not take place within or next to the O.K. Corral , which fronted Allen Street and had a rear entrance lined with horse stalls on Fremont Street. The shootout actually took place in a narrow lot on the side of C. S. Fly's Photographic Studio on Fremont Street, six doors west of the O.K. Corral's rear entrance. Some members of the two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet (1.8 m) apart. About 30 shots were fired in 30 seconds. [2] Ike Clanton's brother Billy had been killed, and he filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday. The lawmen were eventually exonerated by a local justice of the peace after a 30-day preliminary hearing and then by a local grand jury .", "The historic O.K. Corral has been preserved but is now surrounded by a wall. Mannequins are used to depict the location of the participants as recorded by Wyatt Earp. Visitors may pay to see a reenactment of the gunfight. Until April 2013, the reenactment was performed at 2:00 p.m. each day, but a new version is now performed three times daily at 12:00, 2:00, and 3:30 PM. Fremont Street (modern Arizona Highway 80), where portions of the gunfight took place, is open to the public.", "Despite its name, the gunfight actually occurred in a narrow lot six doors west of the rear entrance to the O.K. Corral on Fremont Street, and also in the street. The two opposing parties were initially only about 6 feet (1.8 m) apart. About thirty shots were fired in thirty seconds. Ike Clanton filed murder charges against the Earps and Doc Holliday but they were eventually exonerated by a local judge after a 30-day preliminary hearing and then again by a local grand jury.", "On October 26, 1881 the infamous gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurred. On the \"law\" side were Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp accompanied by Doc Holliday. On the \"bad guy\" side were Ike and Billy Clanton, Billy Claiborne, and Frank and Tom McLaury. Allegedly unarmed, Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne escaped the fight uninjured. Billy Clanton, Tom McLaury and Frank McLaury were killed.", "Around 3 p.m., the Earps and Holliday spotted the five members of the Clanton-McLaury gang in a vacant lot behind the OK Corral, at the end of Fremont Street.The famous gunfight that ensued lasted all of 30 seconds, and around 30 shots were fired.", "Ike Clanton was the main instigator of the gunfight near the O.K. Corral. He was unarmed when the fight took place and quickly fled the scene. This is a detail from a photograph taken by C. S. Fly in his gallery at the site of the gunfight. Ike was involved in rustling and stagerobbing.", "Legendary Lawman Wyatt Earp, along with his brothers Virgil and Morgan and John Henry \"Doc\" Holliday, win the Wild West era's most famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "The following day Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury were arrested by Virgil Earp and charged with carrying firearms within the city limits. After they were disarmed and released, the two men joined Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury, who had just arrived in town. The men gathered at a place called the OK Corral in Fremont Street.", "Even while deviating from the actual historical drama of 1881, “Gunfight at the O.K. Corral” provides its own gripping tale about this legendary confrontation between the Earp Brothers, Doc Holliday and the Clantons.", "Rickards, Colin. \"Wyatt Earp Tells About the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.\" Real West, February 1970.", "Ike Clanton, who had been threatening to kill the Earps for several months, including the day before, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed. They ran from the fight unhurt. Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the lot, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McLaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse. Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury exchanged gunfire with the lawmen. During the gunfight, Doc Holliday was bruised by a bullet fired by Frank that struck his holster and grazed his hip. Virgil Earp was shot through the calf, he thought by Billy Clanton. Morgan Earp was struck across both shoulder blades by a bullet that Morgan thought Frank McLaury had fired. Wyatt Earp was unhurt. Tom McLaury, his brother Frank, and Billy Clanton were killed.", "Ike Clanton , who had been threatening to kill the Earps for more than a day, and Billy Claiborne were both unarmed and ran from the fight unwounded. [2] Wesley Fuller, a Cowboy who had been at the rear of the alley, left as soon as the firing began. Both Wyatt and Virgil believed Tom McClaury was armed and testified that he had fired at least one shot over the back of a horse, [6] [60] and Tom was killed. Along with Tom, Billy Clanton and Frank McLaury were killed.", "The showdown was near at hand. The outlaw menace around the town was so great that peace-loving citizens formed a Citizens' Safety Committee - a vigilance group of a hundred men on call to support City Marshal Virgil Earp. Loud-mouthed Ike Clanton was fulsome in his boasts about what he was going to do to the Earps \"one of these days.\" The day chosen - by fate or by design - was Wednesday, October 26, 1881. Ike Clanton and Doc Holliday had quarreled bitterly the day before, a quarrel that ended with threats from both. Shortly before noon on the 26th, Wyatt Earp was awakened and told Ike Clanton, armed with a rifle and revolver, was visiting the Allen street bars, threatening Doc Holiday. Carrying weapons inside the town limits was a violation, and the three Earp brothers went looking for Ike. It was Virgil and Morgan who found him, tramping down Fourth Street. Virgil's six-shooter made a dull thudding sound as it crashed against Ike's head, and the braggart, alternately whimpering and threatening, was dragged to Police Court, fined $25, and his weapons confiscated. Wyatt and Ike exchanged bitter words during the brief court hearing, each threatening the other. An angry Wyatt Earp stalked from the courtroom and came face-to-face with Tom McLaury. Another argument started - and quickly ended when Wyatt \"buffaloed\" his enemy and walked away.", "‘Fight is my racket, and all I want is 4 feet of ground,’ Clanton responded. ‘If you fellows had been a second later, I would have furnished a Coroner’s Inquest for this town.’ Morgan Earp held up Ike’s gun and taunted him, saying he would pay the fine if Ike would make a fight. Ike refused, saying he did not like the odds. Wallace fined Ike $25 for carrying firearms in the city limits. As Wyatt stepped out of the courtroom, he encountered Tom McLaury and engaged in an argument that led to Earp slapping the cowboy with his left hand, then beating him over the head with a six-shooter. Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton rode into town and stopped at the saloon in the Grand Hotel. Cowboy pal Billy Claiborne told them of the beatings delivered to their brothers, and Frank dropped his whiskey glass without taking a sip.", "Former lawman, faro dealer, and gambler Wyatt Earp worked in or owned several saloons during his lifetime, outright or in partnership with others. He and two of his brothers arrived in Tombstone, Arizona on December 1, 1879 and during January 1881, Oriental Saloon owner Lou Rickabaugh gave Wyatt Earp a one-quarter interest in the faro concession at the Oriental Saloon in exchange for his services as a manager and enforcer. Wyatt invited his friend, lawman and gambler Bat Masterson, to Tombstone to help him run the faro tables in the Oriental Saloon. In 1884, after leaving Tombstone, Wyatt and his wife Josie, Warren, James and Bessie Earp went to Eagle City, Idaho, another boom town. Wyatt was looking for gold in the Murray-Eagle mining district. They opened a saloon called The White Elephant in a circus tent. An advertisement in a local newspaper suggested gentlemen \"come and see the elephant\"." ]

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[ "\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem.", "Poetry: Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) writes \"The Charge of the Light Brigade,\" a poem about a tragic battle in the Crimean War.", "October 25, 1854 - During the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade occurred as Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians at Balaclava. Of 673 British cavalrymen taking part in the charge, 272 were killed. The Charge was later immortalized in the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson .", "Alfred, Lord Tennyson was England's Poet Laureate from 1850 to 1892, and the author of the poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade.\" He wrote poems as a child and published his first important work in 1830, while still a student at Cambridge. His poem \"Mariana\" became popular, followed in 1832 by poems such as \"The Lotos-Eaters\" and \"The Lady of Shallott.\" His elegy to a close friend, In Memoriam, was published in 1850, the same year Queen Victoria named him Poet Laureate (successor to William Wordsworth ). A critical and popular success during his lifetime, Tennyson wrote skillfully crafted poems informed by the values of the Victorian age. He wrote \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" shortly after a 1854 Crimean War incident in which British forces were slaughtered in a futile attack against superior Russian forces. The poem was hugely popular at the time, but tends to be sneered at by modern audiences for depicting blind loyalty as valor. His other famous works include Idylls of the King (1859-85), an epic based on the legend of King Arthur , and the poem \"Crossing the Bar.\"", "Charge of the Light Brigade - As poet laureate and patriot, Alfred, Lord Tennyson was very influential in 19th century England. He successfully showed the ignorance of the English Army leaders while still reflecting his strong nationalist views in an attempt to create propaganda for the Crimean War in his poem, “The Charge of the Light Brigade.” The charge was a tragic incident that took place in 1854 during the Crimean War, which was England, France and Sardinia against Russia, when English Army generals blundered and sent over six hundred soldiers on a charge that was destined for disaster....   [tags: Poetry Analysis ]", "1854: The Battle of Balaklava, an indecisive engagement during the Crimean War, best known as the inspiration of the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson's \"Charge of The Light Brigade.\" In the battle, the Russians failed to capture Balaklava, the Black Sea supply port of the British, French and Turkish forces in the southern Crimea, but the British lost control of their best supply road connecting Balaklava with the heights above Sevastopol, the major Russian naval center that was under siege. The battle ended with the loss of 40% of the Light Brigade.", "Just three weeks after the bloody battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War, Alfred Lord Tennyson penned his famous poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, immortalizing the valor of men who carried out a brutal, blundered order, and did so with matchless bravery, riding resolutely \"into the mouth of Hell.", "After William Wordsworth's death in 1850, Tennyson succeeded to the position of Poet Laureate , which he held until his own death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. He fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII . In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best known works, \" The Charge of the Light Brigade \", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War . Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.", "Cardigan, James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of British general who led the charge of the Light Brigade of British cavalry against the Russians in the Battle of Balaklava, Oct. 25, 1854, during the Crimean War —an incident immortalized in Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem “The Charge of the Light Brigade...", "Charge of the Light Brigade - The battle of Balaclava took place on October 25, 1854, and a tragic military disaster like no other, was about to be caught by the eyes of the nation. A blunder sparked by the animosity between two English Army leaders led to the death of over two hundred solders. The Battle took place during the Crimean War which was a war between Britain, Sardinia and France against Russia. Over six hundred soldiers forming the Light Brigade charged towards the Russian soldiers under orders of the two blundering army leaders....   [tags: Poetry Analysis ]", "This November 14, 1854 dispatch in the London Times , written by William Howard Russell from the front of the Crimean War , later led Alfred Tennyson to compose the famous poem of the same name, The Charge of the Light Brigade .", "The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce et Decorum Est - The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce et Decorum Est Alfred Tennyson and Wilfred Owen present different ideas about War in their poems, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est.’ Write about these poems and their effect on you. The first poem, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ by Alfred Tennyson was based on a newspaper article he read in the Times Newspaper on November 14th, 1854. The article was about the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War. It described how the soldiers were wounded and killed because one man in their cavalry had made a mistake....   [tags: Alfred Tennyson Wilfred Owen Poems Essays]", "The poem that we are going to analyse is titled �The Charge of the Light Brigade�. As we can easily see it is going to deal with a military event that, as we will see later on, took place in the Crimea War fought between", "* The Charge of the Light Brigade. Crimean War, 1854. A British officer misinterpreted an order and led a suicidal charge against the Russian guns. (\"Not tho' the soldier knew, someone had blunder'd\", Tennyson)", "Among its other passages is a symbolic voyage ending in a vision of Hallam as the poet’s muse. Some critics have seen in the work ideas, that anticipated Darwin’s theory of natural selection. “Who trusted God was love indeed / And love Creation’s final law – / Tho’ Nature, red in tooth and claw / With ravine, shriek’d against his creed – “, the poet wrote. He was born in the same year as Darwin, but his view about natural history, however, was based on catastrophe theory, not evolution. The patriotic poem ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’, published in MAUD (1855), is one of Tennyson’s best known works, although first Maud was found obscure or morbid by critics ranging from George Eliot to Gladstone. Later the poem about the Light Brigade inspired Michael Curtiz’s film from 1936, starring Errol Flynn. Historically the fight during the Crimean war brought to light the incompetent organization of the English army. However, the stupid mistake described in the poem honored the soldier’s courage and heroic action.", "Descriptions of Battle in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ and ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’ - In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the differences between ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ and ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’. ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ is written by Poet Lauriat Lord Tennyson and ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’ is written by Lord Byron. They both contain different poetic techniques and write about a battle in completely different ways. The historical context behind ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ is that it is a battle in October 1854, which was a disastrous charge of British cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War, Tennyson wrote the poem pointing out the courageous and the tragic....   [tags: battle, Charge of the Light Brigade, Destruction ]", "It was perhaps his very isolation that made him so interested in the Crimean War, for he read the newspapers voraciously in order to keep current with world affairs. \" The Charge of the Light Brigade \" was one result in 1854 of his fascination with the heroism of that unpopular war. Maud, in which the hero redeems his misspent life by volunteering for service in the Crimea, was published the following year. In spite of that somewhat conventional-sounding conclusion, the poem is Tennyson's most experimental, for it tells a thoroughly dramatic narrative in self-contained lyrics; the reader must fill in the interstices of the story by inference. The lyrics are not even like one another in scansion, length, or style. The narrator of the poem is an unnamed young man whose father has committed suicide after being swindled by his partner. The son then falls in love with Maud, the daughter of the peccant partner; but since he is poor and she is rich, there is no possibility of their marrying. When he is bullied by her brother, he kills him in a duel. After Maud also dies the narrator goes temporarily insane; he finally realizes that he has been as selfish and evil as the society on which he has blamed his bad fortune. In an attempt to make up for his wasted life, he goes to the Crimea, with his subsequent death hinted at in the last section of the poem.", "...military engagement of the Crimean War, best known as the inspiration of the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s “", "The title is, of course, a reference to the poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson .", "The battle is famed for two British cavalry charges and the 93rd Highlanders’ ‘thin red streak tipped with a line of steel’ which repulsed a Russian cavalry attack. The Charge of the Light Brigade led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava was the result of a miscommunication which saw the Light Brigade charge, unsupported by infantry, into the mouths of massed Russian cannon. The charge is commemorated in Lord Tennyson’s poem.", "Comparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and the Defence of Lucknow by A. Tennyson - Comparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and the Defence of Lucknow by A. Tennyson Introduction Both poems 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and the 'Defence of Lucknow' are written by Alfred Lord Tennyson. (1809-1892).Both of these poems are related to two battles in the 19th century, both of these battles concerned the British which were praised highly in the poems as you will discover later on in my essay. When writing these poems Tennyson was very proud of the British for their bravery, he describes this in both the poems 'The Charge of the Light Brigade' and the 'Defence of Lucknow'....   [tags: Papers]", "On the other hand, the insane bravery of the charge unnerved the Russians. And the Light Brigade were immortalized by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, in his poem \"The Charge of the Light Brigade,\" which portrayed the charge as more doomed than it was, thanks to a mistaken news report. When given a correction, Tennyson refused to change his poem. Why would he? It sounded better his way.", "*Alfred Tennyson's poems The Charge of the Light Brigade and The Charge of the Heavy Brigade", "A Comparison of Dulce et Decorum est and The Charge of the Light Brigade - A Comparison of Dulce et Decorum est and The Charge of the Light Brigade “The Charge of the Light Brigade” written by Lord Alfred Tennyson and “Dulce et Decorum est” written by Wifred Owen have different perspectives of the wars as they are two different wars written at different times. Tennyson was not at the battle and never saw or experienced anything, which occurred. On the other hand Owen was present and experienced everything; he saw a friend dying knowing he was helpless to save him. Tennyson was only able to write the poem as he read a press report and expanded on it; the press report was written as propaganda, glorifying the British soldiers and making out that they were all able t...   [tags: Lord Alfred Tennyson Wifred Owen Essays]", "An adaptation of a line from the well-known poem by Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854): 'Their's not to make reply, Their's not to reason why, Their's but to do or die: Into the valley of Death/Rode the six hundred'. The charge was at Balaclava, near Sebastopol; 272 of the 673 Brigade members were killed or wounded in the charge because of a misunderstood order.", "The Charge of the Light Brigade - The Charge of the Light Brigade War poetry is a theme that has inspired many poets. Compare and contrast poems by 2 poets from different eras and cultures. Say which one you prefer and why. The two poems and the poets that I am going to look at are The Charge of the Light Brigade written by Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Dulce ET Decorum Est. Pro Patria Mori by Wilfred Owen. The first poem was written during the reign of Queen Victoria in England. During this time the Victorians as the people were called had a very religious outlook on life....   [tags: English Literature]", "The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack - The Charge of the Light Brigade and Attack ' The Charge of the light Brigade' by Alfred Lord Tennyson and 'Attack' by Siegfried Sassoon are two very dissimilar poems. Both of them are on the same topic of war but have many contrasts in how they treat the subject matter, war. The main difference between these two poems is the audience that they were written for. Tennyson, as poet laureate, was written for public reading, but Sassoon's work which showed more emotion and feeling, was therefore more of a private poem....   [tags: Alfred Lord Tennyson Siegfried Sassoon Essays]", "The Main Theme of Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade - The Main Theme of Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade From the first few lines of 'The Charge of the Light Brigade,' Tennyson plunges you into the poem, creating an awesome, in depth feeling of reality. His words are so powerful, that they make you feel as if you are one of the Light Brigade. With this war language he uses he gives the reader a feeling of heroism and bravery, an inexorable feeling. 'Charge for the guns. Into the valley of death rode the six hundred.' This illustrates the great irony or war, as they are marching into the valley on a misinterpreted command....   [tags: Papers]", "The result was disastrous. An estimated 278 of the Light Brigade were killed or wounded. Observing the charge, a French Marshall remarked: \"It is magnificent, but it is not war. It is madness.\" When news of the action reached London, it caused a national scandal that prompted Tennyson to pen his poem. History remembers the charge of the Light Brigade as an example of the extraordinary bravery of the British soldier in the face of enemy fire in spite of poor leadership.", "Views of War in Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade and Whitman’s Drum-Taps - Views of War in Tennyson’s Charge of the Light Brigade and Whitman’s Drum-Taps       Even though Walt Whitman and Alfred, Lord Tennyson wrote with different styles and ideals, the common theme of war gave them the similar purpose of exposing the destructive nature of battle while remaining inspiring and even optimistic. Tennyson’s \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" reveals a fatal \"blunder\" that cost the lives of many English soldiers, while asserting that the unquestioning loyalty of the British troops causes tremendous pride....   [tags: Charge of the Light Brigade Essays]", "** The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854) – an early recording exists of Tennyson reading this.", "William Howard Russell was a correspondent for the London Illustrated News and was present at the battle. It was his description that prompted Tennyson's poem. We join Russell's account as the Light Brigade begins its charge:" ]

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[ "Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (Latin: kalium, from Arabic: al-qalyah plant ashes, cf. Alkali from the same root), atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash.", "Today, we are meeting potassium, the chemical element with the atomic number 19 and the symbol K (from Latin, kalium, which was taken from the word for \"alkali\", which in turn came from Arabic for \"plant ashes\"). The English name, \"potassium\", is derived from the word \"potash\". Notice the theme for this element's names?", "Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals). All elements in Group 1 have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight ), and is part of many minerals.", "Potassium (chemical symbol K; atomic number 19) is an alkali metal. At room temperature and pressure, these metals are generally soft, shiny and a pale silvery colour. Potassium reacts violently with water, making enough heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction, which burns with a lilac flame. Potassium also reacts strongly to oxygen in air, forming potassium peroxide, turning the metal dull grey. Potassium is so reactive that the metal is never found in nature; it is obtained instead from compound minerals and salts in seawater and rocks.", "The name is derived from the english word potash. The chemical symbol K comes from kalium, the Mediaeval Latin for potash, which may have derived from the arabic word qali, meaning alkali.", "Potassium is a soft, silvery metal that reacts extremely vigorously with water, and tarnishes rapidly in air.  Its name is derived from the English word \"potash,\" for potassium carbonate, a compound found in high concentrations in wood ashes.  The symbol \"K\" is derived from the Latin name for the element, kalium.  Potassium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust (2.1%).  The main ores in which potassium is found are sylvite [potassium chloride, KCl], carnallite [KMgCl3�6H2O], and alunite [KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6].", "^ The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.", "(pətăs`ēəm), a metallic chemical element; symbol K [Lat. kalium=alkali]; at. no. 19; at. wt. 39.0983; m.p. 63.25&degC;; b.p. 760&degC;; sp. gr. .862 at 20&degC;; valence +1.", "From the English word potash, meaning pot ashes, and the Arabic word qali, meaning alkali. The symbol K comes from the Latin word kalium, meaning alkali.", "a silvery-white metallic element that oxidizes rapidly in the air and whose compounds are used as fertilizer and in special hard glasses. Symbol: K; atomic weight: 39.102; atomic number: 19; specific gravity: 0.86 at 20°C.", "What's in a name? From the English word potash. Potassium's chemical symbol comes from the Latin word for alkali, kalium.", "An alkaline metallic element (atomic number 19; atomic weight 39.09), potassium is the principal intracellular cation (positive ion) and is critical in the synthesis of new molecules, transferring energy, muscle contraction, transmitting neural impulses and maintaining blood pressure. Potassium-rich foods include bananas, cereals, legumes, potatoes, prunes and raisins.", "Neither elemental potassium nor potassium salts (as separate entities from other salts) were known in Roman times, and the Latin name of the element, kalium, is not Classical Latin but rather neo-Latin. Kalium was taken from the word alkali, which in turn came from ' al-qalyah \"plant ashes.\" The similar-sounding English term alkali is from this same root, whereas the word for potassium in Modern Standard Arabic is بوتاسيوم būtāsyūm. ", "Francium, formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K, is the second rarest naturally occurring element, the first being Astatine . Francium has the lowest electronegativitiy of all known elements and it was the last element discovered in nature. Outside of the laboratory, only trace amounts of francium can be found in uranium and thorium ores. Out of all of the naturally occurring elements, francium is the most unstable. Due to its rarity and instability, commercial applications for francium do not exist. Francium information, including technical data, properties, research, and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, conductivity and thermal properties are also included.", "Word History The symbols that scientists use for the chemical elements are usually abbreviations of the elements' names. Thus the symbol for hydrogen is H, and the symbol for oxygen is O, both from the first letter of the name. But if you look at the Periodic Table at Periodic Table , you'll notice that some symbols are entirely different from the corresponding element names. The symbol for iron is Fe, and the symbol for tin is Sn, for example. Why is this? It happens that some elements were already known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, such as familiar metals like iron, copper, silver, gold, tin, and lead. For these elements scientists use abbreviations of the Greek and Latin words for them. The Latin words for the six metals listed above are ferrum, cuprum, argentum, aurum, stannum, and plumbum. From these names come, quite straightforwardly, the chemical symbols Fe, Cu, Ag, Au, Sn, and Pb.", "Medieval Latin: magnesia) Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into \"manganese\" in Italian and into \"manganèse\" in French. 109 Meitnerium Mt Meitner, Lise eponym Named in honour of Lise Meitner , who shared discovery of nuclear fission . [12] It has also been called eka-iridium [25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une). [12] 101 Mendelevium Md Mendeleyev, Dmitri eponym Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev , who invented periodic table . [32] It has also been called eka-thulium [25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time. [12] 80 Mercury Hg Latin Mercurius Mercury mythological Named after Mercury , the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god.", "All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope: sodium-22 and sodium-24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically, potassium-40 and rubidium-87 have very long half-lives and thus occur naturally, and all isotopes of francium are radioactive. Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century, although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes. (Francium had not been discovered yet at that time.) The natural radioisotope of potassium, potassium-40, makes up about 0.012% of natural potassium, and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive. This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 (the next alkali metal after caesium) in 1925. ", "Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin: natrium) in the periodic table and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na.  Salt has been an important commodity in human activities, as shown by the English word salary, which derives from salarium, the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages. In medieval Europe, a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy. The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda, meaning headache, as the headache-alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times.[27] The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols,[28] and is a contraction of the element's new Latin name natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron,[27] a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Although sodium, sometimes called soda, had long been recognised in compounds, the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide.[29][30]", "\"Francium\" : \"Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon.\",", "Caesium ( Latin caesius meaning \"sky blue\" or \"light blue\") was spectroscopically discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860 in mineral water from Dürkheim, Germany. Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis. The first caesium metal was produced in 1882 by Carl Setterberg. Historically, the most important use for caesium has been in research and development, primarily in chemical and electrical applications.", "Although the official IUPAC name for the element is cesium, several countries, including England, retain the original Latin spelling of the element: caesium. Either spelling is correct.", "Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. The metal is extremely reactive and pyrophoric, reacting with water even at −116 °C (−177 °F). It is the least electronegative element. It has only one stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined mostly from pollucite, while the radioisotopes, especially caesium-137, a fission product, are extracted from waste produced by nuclear reactors.", "Alkali metals: The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table of elements, with the exception of hydrogen. The alkali metals all have one valence electron in the s1 orbital, and are highly reactive.", "\"Cesium\" : \"Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium.\",", "Unnilpentium, was the temporary name for element 105. It was first synthesized and identified at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California. They proposed the name hahnium (symbol, Ha), honoring the German physicist Otto Hahn. A conflicting claim from Dubna urged the name nielsbohrium and in 1994 a panel of the IUPAC recommended it be called joliotium , for the French physicist Frederic Joliot-Curie. Eventually in 1997, the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry resolved that element 105 be called dubnium (symbol, Db), in honor of Dubna.", "Lawrencium, symbol Lr, atomic number 103, is the last element in the actinide series and is radioactive with its longest-lived isotope having a half-life of only 3.6 hours. It was first produced in 1961 at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, California, by bombarding a californium target with boron ions. Its name honours Ernest O Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron.", "Ununtrium Uut systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium. [25]", "\"Americium\" : \"Americium is a radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Am and atomic number 95. This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas.", "Late in its discovery is francium, an alkali metal which is highly reactive. All its isotopes are radioactive.", "Francium. A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, atomic number 87, and atomic weight 223. The mass numbers of other known isotopes are 204-213, 217-222, and 224. Its valence is +1.", "Chemical element, symbol B, atomic number 5 - crossword puzzle clues & answers - Dan Word", "Francium is a heavy chemical element. Its atomic number is 87 and its chemical symbol is Fr. It is highly radioactive alkali metal." ]

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